title: Rafael Benítez

text: On 11 March 2016, Benítez was appointed as the manager of relegation threatened Newcastle United, signing on an initial three-year deal. He suffered defeat in his first match in charge, losing 1–0 away to eventual champions Leicester City on 14 March. Benítez would have to wait until 16 April for his first win in charge of "The Magpies", recording a convincing 3–0 victory over Swansea City in the Premier League.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Newcastle ended the season with a six match unbeaten run, including a 5–1 final day win over third-place Tottenham Hotspur. However, the team was relegated to the Championship due to rivals Sunderland claiming 12 points from their final six fixtures. On 25 May 2016, it was confirmed he would remain as manager.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: In May 2017, Newcastle won the 2016–17 EFL Championship and made an immediate return to the Premier League after one season in the Championship.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: On 24 June 2019, Newcastle announced that Benítez would step down as Manager upon the expiration of his contract, and he departed the club on 30 June 2019. Ashley criticised Benítez following his departure, stating that Benítez's demands made it impossible for him to remain as manager. However, in an interview with The Athletic in December 2020, Benítez stated he was left no choice but to leave the role due to disagreements with Ashley, describing him as "a businessman who I don’t believe really cares about his team."


title: Rafael Benítez

text: On 2 July 2019, Benítez was appointed manager of Chinese Super League side Dalian Professional (formerly Dalian Yifang), signing a two-and-a-half-year deal. On 23 January 2021, Benítez left the club by mutual consent, citing concerns over the health and wellbeing of his family due to the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason for his departure.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Benítez was appointed manager of Premier League club Everton on a three-year contract on 30 June 2021, replacing Carlo Ancelotti who left to join Real Madrid. Before signing the contract, he was a subject to threats from a group of Everton supporters who opposed his appointment and who left a banner near his home, reading "We know where you live. Don't sign." Benitez is only the second person to manage both Liverpool and Everton, since William Edward Barclay in 1890s.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Under Benitez Everton enjoyed a winning streak across the Premier League and EFL Cup in their first four games. He won his first league game in charge, beating Southampton 3–1. This win was followed up with a 2–2 draw at Leeds United, a 2–1 win at Huddersfield in the EFL Cup and a 2–0 win against Brighton in the Premier League. Due to this unbeaten run, Benitez was nominated for the Manager of the Month award.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Everton's form declined in the following months, and after a 2–1 defeat to bottom-placed Norwich City at Carrow Road, Benitez was relieved of his duties on 16 January 2022 after six-and-a-half months in charge, with Everton in 15th place, six points above the relegation zone, having lost nine of their previous 13 games. With his sacking, Benitez became the fifth Everton manager to lose his job in the previous six years.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Benítez has had confrontations with both José Mourinho (Chelsea manager from 2004 to 2007) and Manchester United's Sir Alex Ferguson during his time in English football. Benítez made a number of suggestions during Mourinho's tenure as manager that Roman Abramovich's money had bought Chelsea's success, and the pair refused to shake hands after some matches (although Mourinho declared the feud to be over after a league game in 2006). When Mourinho exited Chelsea in 2007, Benítez said, "You know my relationship with him, it is better that I do not say anything", declining to comment as Ferguson and Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger had.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: On 9 January 2009, Benítez delivered a controversial appraisal of certain aspects of Sir Alex Ferguson's tenure, accusing Ferguson and Manchester United of being nervous because Liverpool were at the top of the league, then accused the Manchester United manager of not being punished for breaking FA rules, suggesting he was "the only manager in the league that cannot be punished for these things", referring to Ferguson not being punished following an FA charge for comments he made about officials Martin Atkinson and Keith Hackett following an FA Cup tie with Portsmouth. In his 2013 autobiography, Ferguson said that "Benitez bought badly and made the feud personal".


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Benítez has also had confrontations with Sam Allardyce when he was manager of Newcastle United and Blackburn Rovers. When Allardyce was manager of Newcastle, he suggested Benítez would have been dismissed had Liverpool's European form been as bad as their league form. In a match in April 2009 when Allardyce was manager of Blackburn, he accused Benítez of arrogance over a gesture he made when Fernando Torres scored Liverpool's second goal. Allardyce suggested that Benítez had signalled the game was over despite Liverpool only having a two-goal lead. This view was later supported by Sir Alex Ferguson. Benítez, however, later explained this gesture: he said he had previously told Xabi Alonso to take a short free-kick. This instruction was ignored, which resulted in a goal. Benítez said that he had jokingly signalled to Alonso to ignore his instructions and not that he thought the game was effectively over.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Benítez has developed a reputation in English football as a hard man to please, with former Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard admitting he longed for a "well done" from Benítez after good performances. Benítez's ruthlessness can also be seen in the way he disposed of all but Gerrard and Jamie Carragher from his Champions League winning squad within four seasons, with penalty shoot-out hero Jerzy Dudek made back-up goalkeeper the very season after the European triumph.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Benítez's preferred formation is a 4–2–3–1 which he adopted during his time at Valencia and Liverpool. He was highly regarded for his tactical acumen particularly in European ties, setting his team up to exploit opposition weaknesses. His calm demeanour and tactical changes at half time of the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final were said to give players belief they could battle back from 3–0 down, although he had to correct his plans when it was pointed out to him his new formation would require 12 players on the pitch. Benítez often plays key players in unorthodox positions to suit a formation – notably converting both Steven Gerrard (in the 2005–06 season) and Dirk Kuyt into right-wingers. As a right winger/midfielder, Steven Gerrard had the most productive seasons trophy-wise, claiming a Champions League title, and an FA Cup.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Benítez is a firm believer in squad rotation and zonal marking. Despite heavy criticism from the English press Benítez persisted with the reward of a Champions League and FA Cup triumph in his first two seasons. Benítez argued he needed to rotate his small squad to ensure key players were fit for the latter stages of these knockout competitions.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: The tactic of zonal marking has been criticised by pundits when Liverpool concede from set-pieces in spite of the fact that Benítez's squads are usually renowned for their defensive nature and low number of goals scored against them. Benítez stands by his tactic, pointing out that teams who man-mark concede just as many, if not more, goals from set pieces.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Benítez instigated a host of backroom changes at the end of the 2008–09 season to improve the club's youth development, including the appointment of club legend Kenny Dalglish in a senior role at the academy.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Benítez's father, Francisco, worked as a hotelier. His mother is Rosario Maudes. Rosario is a big football fan and supported Real Madrid, while his father supported Atlético Madrid. Francisco died in December 2005 while Benítez was in Japan for the FIFA Club World Championship.


title: Rafael Benítez

text: Rafael Benítez married Maria Montserrat in 1998. They have two daughters, Claudia, who was born in Madrid in 1999, and Ágata who was born in Valencia in 2002. Benítez is fluent in Spanish, English, French and Italian.


title: Goose

text: A goose (: geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family Anatidae. This group comprises the genera "Anser" (the grey geese and white geese) and "Branta" (the black geese). Some other birds, mostly related to the shelducks, have "goose" as part of their names. More distantly related members of the family Anatidae are swans, most of which are larger than true geese, and ducks, which are smaller.


title: Goose

text: The term "goose" may refer to either a male or female bird, but when paired with "gander", refers specifically to a female one (the latter referring to a male). Young birds before fledging are called goslings. The collective noun for a group of geese on the ground is a gaggle; when in flight, they are called a skein, a team, or a wedge; when flying close together, they are called a plump.


title: Goose

text: The word "goose" is a direct descendant of,"*ghans-". In Germanic languages, the root gave Old English "gōs" with the plural "gēs" and "gandres" (becoming Modern English goose, geese, gander, and gosling, respectively), Frisian "goes", "gies" and "guoske", New High German "Gans", "Gänse", and "Ganter", and Old Norse "gās".


title: Goose

text: This term also gave , (goose, from Old Irish "géiss"), Hindi: "कलहंस," , , Ancient ("khēn"), , swans), , Avestan "zāō", , , ("huska" / "husak"), ("gusyna" / "gus"), , and ("ghāz").


title: Goose

text: The two living genera of true geese are: "Anser", grey geese and white geese, such as the greylag goose and snow goose, and "Branta", black geese, such as the Canada goose.


title: Goose

text: Two genera of geese are only tentatively placed in the Anserinae; they may belong to the shelducks or form a subfamily on their own: "Cereopsis", the Cape Barren goose, and "Cnemiornis", the prehistoric New Zealand goose. Either these or, more probably, the goose-like coscoroba swan is the closest living relative of the true geese.


title: Goose

text: Fossils of true geese are hard to assign to genus; all that can be said is that their fossil record, particularly in North America, is dense and comprehensively documents many different species of true geese that have been around since about 10 million years ago in the Miocene. The aptly named "Anser atavus" (meaning "progenitor goose") from some 12 million years ago had even more plesiomorphies in common with swans. In addition, some goose-like birds are known from subfossil remains found on the Hawaiian Islands.


title: Goose

text: Geese are monogamous, living in permanent pairs throughout the year; however, unlike most other permanently monogamous animals, they are territorial only during the short nesting season. Paired geese are more dominant and feed more, two factors that result in more young.


title: Goose

text: Geese honk while in flight to encourage other members of the flock to maintain a 'v-formation' and to help communicate with one another.


title: Goose

text: Geese fossils have been found ranging from 10 to 12 million years ago (Middle Miocene). "Garganornis ballmanni" from Late Miocene (~ 6-9 Ma) of Gargano region of central Italy, stood one and a half meters tall and weighed about 22 kilograms. The evidence suggests the bird was flightless, unlike modern geese.


title: Goose

text: Geese like the Canada goose do not always migrate. Some members of the species only move south enough to ensure a supply of food and water. When European settlers came to America, the birds were seen as easy prey and were almost wiped out of the population. The species was reintroduced across the northern U.S. range and their population has been growing ever since.


title: Goose

text: Geese typically migrate in the fall and in order to prepare for this travel they start in the summer by igniting a process called molting. A process where the birds shed their old feathers and grow new ones to prepare for the journey ahead. During the process of molting, geese are unable to fly and tend to reside in the water for protection. Baby geese that are born in the spring are typically ready for travel by the time fall comes around. Much like how animals who hibernate, geese eat more during the time they prepare for migration.


title: Goose

text: Migratory geese, unlike other migratory birds, wait until their environment is no longer supplementing them with resources before they decide to travel. In order to travel, geese remember landmarks as well as use the sun and the moon, and past experience to navigate their journey. For orientation, geese use earth's magnetic field. Different flocks in the same area typically travel along the same path. They do not travel nonstop, they take breaks at common landmarks for other flocks to gain fat that was lost during flying. Geese have to adjust and accommodate their migration habits for changes in the environment, they must remain flexible. In just 24 hours the most commonly seen migratory goose, the Canada goose, can travel 1,500 miles.


title: Goose

text: Geese, like other birds, fly in a V formation. During flight, communication between each bird is important and the V formation can make that easier. They use this technique for two reasons, to slow down energy loss and to keep track of every bird in the formation. The birds in the back of the formation use pockets of air from the movement of the birds in front to help keep them aloft. Each bird takes a turn in the front of the formation to ensure longer flights with fewer stops. Taking turns allows the birds at the front of the formation to take rests. Typically it is older birds in the front of the formation and younger birds in the back. The placement of the birds and their movements during flying are very important in how this formation works.


title: Goose

text: Some mainly Southern Hemisphere birds are called "geese", most of which belong to the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae. These are:


title: Goose

text: The oldest collection of Medieval Icelandic laws is known as ""Grágás""; i.e., the "Gray Goose Laws".


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Call of Duty: Black Ops III is a 2015 first-person shooter game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It is the twelfth entry in the "Call of Duty" series and the sequel to the 2012 video game "". It was released on PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on November 6, 2015. A feature-limited version developed by Beenox and Mercenary Technology that only supports multiplayer modes was released on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and was also the final "Call of Duty" title released on those platforms.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: "Black Ops III" takes place in 2065, 40 years after the events of "Black Ops II", in a world facing upheaval from climate change and new technologies. Similar to its predecessors, the story follows a group of black ops soldiers. The game's campaign is designed to support 4-player cooperative gameplay, allowing for bigger, more open level design and less corridor shooting. As the player character is cybernetically enhanced, players have access to various special activities. The game also features a standalone Zombies campaign mode, and a "Nightmares" mode which replaces all enemies as zombies.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Announced in April 2015, the game is the first "Call of Duty" video game released after Activision ended its partnership with Microsoft Studios and instead partnered with Sony Computer Entertainment, which secured the timed exclusivity of the game's downloadable content. Upon release, the game received generally positive reviews from critics, praising the gameplay, Zombies mode, and amount of content. However, it was also criticized for its story and lack of innovation. The seventh-generation console versions in particular were singled-out for their lack of a campaign and numerous features, as well as them being online-only. It was a commercial success, with it becoming the top-selling retail game in the US in 2015, and one of the most successful titles released for the eighth generation of video game consoles.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The campaign in "Black Ops III" is designed to support 4-player cooperative gameplay, allowing for bigger, more open level design and less corridor shooting. In addition, the player can customize their character's appearance and clothing. The campaign features its own progression system, featuring unlock tokens which must be used to acquire different weapons and gears as they progress through the campaign. The game features a "realistic" difficulty mode, in which players will get defeated if they are hit by one bullet. Finishing all campaign missions will also unlock "Nightmares" mode, where players can replay the entire campaign with a new narrative, as well as zombies replacing most of the normal enemies.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The multiplayer introduces a new momentum based movement system, which utilizes thruster packs to allow players to perform slow boosts into the air, as well as perform wall running and sliding, all the while giving players complete gun control. In addition to the Pick 10 class system from "Black Ops II", Treyarch implemented a character system called "Specialists", where players can pick from 9 different soldiers, each with either a special weapon or ability unique to them. In a later update, a tenth specialist named Blackjack was added to the game. Blackjack is able to mimic the abilities of other specialists, and is only playable for a short amount of time upon completing a set of challenges. A new "Gunsmith" feature offers aesthetic variations in weapon attachments, allowing various weapon customization combinations. The Paintshop feature allows players to create their own custom prints onto specific portions of a gun, further emphasizing the depth of customization in the game.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Call of Duty: Black Ops 3 Zombies takes place over a variety of different locations as well as different points in time. Zombies features a new XP progression system, which allows players to unlock items in a similar fashion to multiplayer and campaign. Unlockable items include "Gobblegums", which grant players with temporary bonuses, and weapon kits that allow players to modify the appearance and attributes of the guns with various camos and attachments. "Shadows of Evil" was revealed as a new map for the Zombies mode on July 9, 2015, at San Diego Comic-Con International 2015. The map features four brand new characters: Nero the Magician, Jessica the Femme Fatale, Vincent the Cop and Campbell the Boxer as the main cast, and takes place in a new setting called Morg City. "The Giant" includes the original characters, Tank Dempsey, Edward Richtofen, Nikolai Belinski and Takeo Masaki. These characters return from the Black Ops II map "Origins", in their alternate timeline versions. They reappear in the DLC maps "The Giant", "Der Eisendrache", "Zetsubou no Shima", "Gorod Krovi" and "Revelations". The zombies gamemode involves a story, which links with every DLC. On May 16, 2017, Treyarch released a fifth DLC including the remastered versions of Zombies maps from their previous "Call of Duty" games, called "Zombies Chronicles". These maps are "Nacht der Untoten", "Verrückt", "Shi No Numa", "Kino der Toten", "Ascension", "Shangri La", "Moon" and "Origins". These maps retain most of the original aesthetics updated with Black Ops III's graphics engine, while also adding to the gameplay elements of Black Ops III, with the introduction of new Gobblegums, Weapons and Sound Design.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: "Call of Duty: Black Ops III" takes place in 2065, 40 years after the events of "Black Ops II", in a world facing upheaval from conflicts, climate change and new technologies. A Third Cold War is ongoing between two global alliances, known as the Winslow Accord and the Common Defense Pact. In response to the drone assaults caused by the Nicaraguan narco-terrorist Raul Menendez on June 19, 2025, several countries around the world have developed Directed Energy Air Defense systems that render conventional air forces virtually useless. As such, most of the warfare between countries is done by covert operatives fighting behind enemy lines. Military technology has progressed to the point where robotics play a major role in combat, and both fully robotic humanoid drones and cyborg supersoldiers have been developed to fight in the battlefield. There is speculation and fear about an eventual robotic takeover.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Like previous installments in the "Black Ops" series, the campaign follows a team of black ops soldiers, who work for Winslow Accord. The player character (voiced by Ben Browder if male and Abby Brammell if female) and Jacob Hendricks (Sean Douglas) are members of the faction's wetwork team, while Commander John Taylor (Christopher Meloni) and his team Sebastian Diaz (Reynaldo Gallegos), Sarah Hall (Katee Sackhoff), and Peter Maretti (Ary Katz), compose the faction's cybernetics division. Rachel Kimsey voices CIA agent Rachel Kane, Robert Picardo voices the Coalescence Corporation CEO Sebastian Krueger, Tony Amendola voices the therapist Dr. Yousef Salim, and Lynn Chen voices the 54 Immortals criminal organization leader, Goh Xiulan. NFL running back Marshawn Lynch makes a cameo appearance in the game as a 54 Immortals mercenary.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Included in the game is the "Nightmares" campaign mode, which is a retelling of the main campaign with the plot changed to incorporate zombies and other supernatural beings. In this campaign, the lethal Virus 61-15 is released in various cities around the world, turning whoever it infects into zombies. In response, the governments of the world seal off the worst infected areas into Quarantine Zones and form the Deadkillers, cybernetic soldiers trained to exterminate zombies.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: On October 27, 2065, the Winslow Accord black ops initiate a successful mission in Ethiopia to rescue hostages from the tyrannical Nile River Coalition. However, the Player is critically wounded by a combat robot. Rescued by Taylor, the Player undergoes cybernetic surgery to save their life, being installed with a direct neural interface (DNI) and receiving virtual training from Taylor and his team during surgery. Hendricks also undergoes surgery.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: After five years of wetwork, the Player and Hendricks are put under the command of Rachel Kane and tasked with investigating a CIA black site in Singapore that has gone quiet. They find the area attacked by the 54 Immortals and the site's data stolen. Kane concludes that Taylor and his team defected and murdered the staff. The Player and Hendricks then disguise themselves as arms dealers and meet with the 54 Immortals. The mission goes awry when their cover is blown, causing the death of one of the 54i's leaders, Goh Min. They manage to recover data regarding Taylor's last known location, a facility of the Coalescence Corporation in Singapore (destroyed ten years prior in a mysterious explosion that killed 300,000 people and turned most of the island's east inhospitable).


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The Player and Hendricks travel to the facility and discover a hidden CIA research laboratory. The pair find Diaz leaking CIA information and are forced to kill him. Interfacing with Diaz's DNI, Hendricks discovers Taylor is trying to find the survivors of the explosion: Sebastian Krueger and Dr. Yousef Salim. The leaked information allows the Immortals to capture Kane. The Player disobeys Kane's orders to leave and rescues her by killing the Immortals' other leader, Goh Min's sister Xiulan. The trio then heads to Egypt and finds Salim, who reveals that he performed secret DNI experiments involving comforting humans via a calming exercise involving imagining a frozen forest.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Salim is then interrogated and executed by Taylor. The Player, Hendricks, and Kane pursue Taylor with assistance from the Egyptian Army. After killing Hall, the Player connects to her DNI and encounters Corvus, a gestalt intelligence created during the experiments to monitor thoughts of DNI users, which malfunctioned, causing the explosion. Infecting Taylor and his team, Corvus made them obsessed with finding the forest, with the Player and Hendricks also becoming infected after interfacing with Hall and Diaz.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: After killing Maretti, the pair track down Taylor in Cairo. After wounding the Player, Taylor manages to resist Corvus and tear his DNI out, sparing the Player. However, Hendricks succumbs to Corvus and kills Taylor before abandoning the Player, leaving for Zürich to find Krueger. The Player races to Zürich with Kane to stop him. Reaching Zürich's Coalescence Corporation, the pair find Corvus caused the explosion with the gas Nova 6. Kane attempts to contain it, but Corvus locks her in the compound room, leaking the gas to kill her in front of a helpless Player.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Continuing on, the Player finds Hendricks holding Krueger hostage. After Hendricks kills Krueger, the Player kills him in turn. The Player then tries to kill themselves to end Corvus' infection, but ends up in a simulated frozen forest created by Corvus to retain the consciousness of dead DNI users. Still alive after becoming a glitch in the forest, Taylor reunites with the Player, stating that they must purge their DNI to end Corvus. With Taylor's help, the Player resists Corvus' last-ditch manipulation and purges their DNI, erasing the virus. Stumbling out of the Zurich headquarters, the Player identifies themselves to Zürich Security Forces as "Taylor."


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Taylor's mission reports reveal that the Player actually died during their cybernetics surgery during the mission New World, due to complications. The resulting events until Taylor's death occur in a simulation deviating from Taylor's and Hendricks's experience of hunting down Dylan Stone and his team (Javier Ramirez, Alice Conrad, and Joseph Fierro), their teammates who defected after finding the CIA black site. The Player's consciousness is shown living in Taylor's mind throughout the simulation, indicating that the Player manages to take over Taylor's body after his simulated death until the DNI purge sees Corvus and the Player erased as Taylor regains control.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The Player wakes up only to be told by Dr. Salim that they are dead, and that the Player must recount their memories. The Player tells Dr. Salim that they are a Deadkiller who was sent to investigate the disappearance of Taylor's Deadkiller team. However, upon investigating, the Player and Hendricks discover that Taylor's team has used their DNI connections to disable the Quarantine Zone defenses all over the world. Teaming up with Rachel Kane, the Player and Hendricks chase Taylor's team all from Singapore to Egypt, eventually being forced to kill the entire team. However, Hendricks is infected by the same virus that turned Taylor and his team mad, and heads for Zurich. The Player discovers that Dr. Salim is in fact Deimos, the demigod responsible for unleashing the undead plague on humanity. Deimos had entered the Player's mind when they interfaced with Hall, and attempts to manipulate them into opening a portal to his home dimension, Malus. The Player is then contacted by another demigod, Dolos, who is sympathetic to humanity and seeks to kill Deimos, her brother. Dolos transports both the Player and Deimos to Malus, where Deimos is vulnerable. Under Dolos' guidance, the Player kills Deimos, ending the undead plague on Earth, but trapping the Player in Malus. Dolos then explains to the Player that her true plans are to kill every other demigod and supernatural being that can challenge her, and the Player agrees to help her.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The Multiplayer mode of "Black Ops III" features a shared narrative setting with the campaign, in which players battle in virtual simulations across a variety of battlefields, while wielding the avatars of nine elite soldiers, referred to collectively as "Specialists": infantry grunt Donnie "Ruin" Walsh; scoutswoman Alessandra "Outrider" Castillo; engineer David "Prophet" Wilkes; demolitions expert Erin "Battery" Baker; 54 Immortals enforcer He "Seraph" Zhen-Zhen; survivalist Tavo "Nomad" Rojas; specialized combat robot "Reaper"; assassin "Spectre"; and arsonist Krystof "Firebreak" Hejek.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Through progression of each Specialist, players can unlock audio logs that provide backstories of each of the soldiers. Full progression of all Specialists unlocks a final audio log, in which an unknown informant reports to their superior about keeping tabs on "eight other soldiers", implying that one of the Specialists is not a simulated avatar, but the real person injecting themselves into the simulation to monitor the others.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Like in previous games, the Zombies storyline in "Call of Duty: Black Ops III" is told in an episodic format, with one map, "Shadows of Evil", available at launch, and the rest to follow in the downloadable content season. "Shadows of Evil" focuses on a new group of characters: Nero Blackstone (Jeff Goldblum), Jessica Rose (Heather Graham), Jack Vincent (Neal McDonough) and Floyd Campbell (Ron Perlman), who reside in the fictional Morg City. Treyarch describes the new characters as "troubled individuals" with "a long and sordid history of past misdeeds". The four characters are thrown into a twisted version of the city, overrun by zombies, and are guided by a mysterious, unreliable figure called the Shadowman (Robert Picardo).


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: "Shadows of Evil" acts as a prologue that leads into the core storyline, focusing on the Dimension 63 version of the original characters: "Tank" Dempsey (Steven Blum), Nikolai Belinski (Fred Tatasciore), Takeo Masaki (Tom Kane) and Edward Richtofen (Nolan North), who were introduced in the "Black Ops II" map "Origins", referred to collectively as Primis. Their story continues from where "Origins" left off, as they attempt to prevent from ever occurring across the multiverse. Other characters include the leader of Group 935, Doctor Ludvig Maxis (also voiced by Tatasciore), and his daughter Samantha. The downloadable content maps feature the original versions of Primis, referred to as Ultimis, and reintroduce various minor characters mentioned/featured in previous games, including Group 935 scientist Doctor Groph (also voiced by Blum), the OSS spy Peter McCain, Dr. Maxis' assistant Sophia (Christa Lewis), the Ascension Group scientist Gersh, as well as introduces the mysterious omnipotent being Doctor Monty (Malcolm McDowell). Robert Picardo also briefly reprises his role from "Call of Duty: Black Ops" as United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Following , Doctor Ludvig Maxis, whose brain resided in a mechanical drone at the time, arrives at Agartha and is given a new body by Doctor Monty, a self-proclaimed omnipotent being and member of the Order of the Keepers. After helping to cleanse the soul of his daughter Samantha from the original timeline, Monty instructs Maxis to retrieve an artifact called the Summoning Key, a powerful artifact that can fix their world back to its original state. To do so, Maxis instructs his friend Doctor Edward Richtofen to retrieve the Kronorium, an ancient book detailing the events of every universe and dimension, which contains the location of the Key.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: After learning of the Key's location, Richtofen travels to Dimension 63 and arrives in Morg City in 1944, where the Apothicons, former Keepers who were corrupted and mutated by the dark energy of the Aether, manipulated four individuals: Jessica Rose, a burlesque dancer; Jack Vincent, a corrupt cop; Floyd Campbell, an up-and-coming boxer; and Nero Blackstone, a washed-up magician. Misled into doing the bidding of the head Apothicon named the Shadowman, the four opened a rift beneath the city using the Summoning Key, thereby freeing an ancient Apothicon beast. With the Keepers' aid, the four manage to trap the Shadowman inside the Key, and banish the beast from their dimension. Before they could retrieve the Summoning Key from the Keepers, however, Richtofen snags the Key from them, thanks them for their effort and exits through a portal, leaving the four and the rest of Dimension 63 to be doomed by the Apothicons.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The Dimension 63 versions of "Tank" Dempsey, Nikolai Belinski, and Takeo Masaki pursue Richtofen in his interdimensional journey, and arrive in the Der Riese facility in the original timeline, only moments after Maxis and Samantha were teleported away by the original Richtofen. The three attempt to convince him to awaken their original selves, but are interrupted by the Dimension 63 Richtofen, who appears out of the teleporter and kills his counterpart, triggering various timeline fractures. The four then band together to fend off the zombie horde once more; eventually, they activate a beacon within the facility, allowing Maxis to locate them from Agartha.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: In pursuit of the original Dempsey, the four then travel to Der Eisendrache, Group 935's fortress in Austria. Despite Group 935 member Doctor Groph's attempt at preventing the group from retrieving the test subject, he ultimately fails and perishes when Richtofen overrides the castle's defense system and sends a barrage of missiles to destroy the moon and Group 935's base on it. As the four retrieve the original Dempsey, Richtofen reveals his plan to prevent their original incarnations from wreaking havoc upon the universe. Dimension 63 Dempsey then volunteers to kill his own counterpart before allowing Richtofen to absorb his soul with the Key.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Afterwards, the group attempts to teleport to a new fractured timeline to locate the original Takeo, who is held prisoner at a Pacific island by the Japanese research group Division 9. They discover that Division 9 had been experimenting with plant life mutation using Element 115, with the original Takeo also a victim of the experimentation. After they manage to release him from the mutation, Dimension 63 Takeo is shocked to learn that the Emperor of Japan betrayed his original self and sent him to this island out of petty jealousy. The original Takeo proceeds to commit seppuku, with his Dimension 63 self decapitating him. After absorbing the original Takeo's soul with the Key, Richtofen takes the crew to Alcatraz in Dimension 63, where they retrieve several blood vials, the purpose of which he refuses to explain at the time.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The crew then teleports to another fractured timeline and lands in a war-torn Stalingrad in 1945, where the Soviet Union has stolen Group 935's technology to create their own giant robots and mechanical soldiers, while Germany is aided by ancient dragons resurrected and bred by Division 9. As the crew traverses across the city, they are forced to help Sophia, Maxis' former assistant who has been transformed into a machine, to initiate the Ascension Protocol, allowing her to gain knowledge of interdimensional travel. Monty also introduces himself to the crew, as he informs them of the state of the multiverse. Amidst the chaos, the original Nikolai, who has taken control of a modified drone unit, teams up with the group to destroy the alpha dragon. However, upon the dragon's death, Nikolai refuses to surrender, forcing the four to take out his drone. The original Nikolai is angered by his Dimension 63 self as he mentions their deceased wife, and attempts to shoot him, only to be killed in retaliation. With all souls collected, Richtofen calls out to Maxis to summon a portal, and release the souls into it.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The group returns to Agartha and arrives in "The House", a place built by Monty to prevent all forces of evil from infecting it, ensuring the safety of the children (Samantha and cleansed versions of the original souls in child form). After sealing off the House from the rest of the multiverse, Maxis is manipulated by the voice of the Shadowman into releasing him upon contact with the Summoning Key. The Shadowman then uses his power to merge various other dimensions, including the Dark Aether, allowing the Apothicons to enter and wreak havoc. Richtofen and the crew manage to help Sophia enter the dimension, and with her assistance, retrieve the Summoning Key and the Kronorium. They then confront the Shadowman together, and defeat him once and for all using the combined power of the two artifacts. Maxis, who still resides within the Key, then absorbs the souls of the children into the Key, and joins Sophia as they fly toward the Apothicon sun, banishing all Apothicon presences from Agartha. Richtofen and the crew are able to remain in the dimension without fading from existence, thanks to the blood vials they retrieved earlier. Monty, worried about the four becoming a paradox in his perfect world, contemplates between erasing their existence and sending them to a distant corner of the universe. In a moment, the four begin to fade away, then reappear in ancient medieval times, where they would be remembered as "Primis", heroes who aided the Keepers in sealing away the Apothicons in the Great War, effectively "completing the cycle" of the universe.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: "Call of Duty: Black Ops III" is the twelfth game in the "Call of Duty" franchise, and the fourth entry in the "Black Ops" series. The game was the second to benefit under publisher Activision's three-year development cycle, the first being "". The cycle allows each of the development teams of the "Call of Duty" series (Infinity Ward, Treyarch, and Sledgehammer Games) to develop games in a three-year timespan, as opposed to the two allowed previously. "Black Ops III" uses a heavily modified version of the IW engine used previously in "Black Ops II".


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: On June 9, 2015, versions for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 were confirmed to be under development by Beenox and Mercenary Technology. These versions lack some features available on other platforms, such as the game's campaign mode and the remaining DLC contents. On June 15, 2015, it was announced that as part of a new exclusivity deal with Sony Computer Entertainment, all downloadable content for future "Call of Duty" games, beginning with "Black Ops III", would be released first on PlayStation platforms as timed exclusives. This ends a similar exclusivity deal with Microsoft dating back to "".


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: According to gaming journalist Jason Schreier, "Call of Duty: Black Ops III" was initially intended to include an open-world campaign, but was scrapped during development, resulting in a period of crunch for employees.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: A multiplayer beta was released for the PlayStation 4 on August 18, 2015, and was released for Windows and the Xbox One on August 26, 2015. All versions of the multiplayer beta ran for six days.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Jack Wall, who previously composed the score for "", returned along with Treyarch's Audio Director Brian Tuey to compose the score for the game. The game also featured an instrumental score entitled "Jade Helm", provided by Avenged Sevenfold, for use in the multiplayer mode. Additionally, both Wall, Tuey and Treyarch's Sound Designer Kevin Sherwood contributed to the composition of the Zombies mode's soundtrack, including several new songs performed by Elena Siegman and Malukah for each of the maps.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Teasers were released beginning with Snapchat links appearing in the gameplay of "Black Ops II" as well as a teaser video released by Treyarch. On April 26, 2015, the first reveal trailer for the game was released and revealed the return of the Zombies mode and beta access for people that pre-order the game for the PC, PS4, and Xbox One. The full game was released on November 6, 2015.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: On September 29, 2015, the official Twitter account of "Call of Duty" was temporarily renamed to "Current Events Aggregate". It then began tweeting messages about real-life fashion, movies and a terrorist attack that takes place in Singapore. Activision later revealed that these tweets are fake, and served to promote the game's story campaign. This marketing campaign was strongly criticized for faking news, and publisher Activision was blamed for being "irresponsible". The game's director Jason Blundell said that the team was "shocked" by the negative reaction of the marketing campaign, and offered an apology.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: "Seize Glory" is an official live action trailer for "Call of Duty: Black Ops 3" that was directed by Wayne McClammy and starring Michael B. Jordan, Cara Delevingne and Marshawn Lynch. The trailer features Michael B. Jordan following a man named Kevin as he runs through warfare while destroying zombies and robots. The trailer first aired during November 2015.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The trailer begins with “Paint It Black” by The Rolling Stones as the background music. The setting is a war zone of explosions, soldiers, and a demolished city. Michael B. Jordan standing on a tower, watching over the battle, looks at the camera and says, “What? Y’all don't know about Kevin?” Kevin, a younger man, explodes onto the battle field with a large assault rifle. Kevin runs through the chaotic city enjoying himself as he shoots at everything and Michael B. Jordan builds up Kevin's character. Kevin performs exciting moves like sliding down stairs and running on walls. Kevin even eats a sandwich while setting off explosives on enemies. Then, Marshawn Lynch, a star running back in the National Football League, fully geared with weapons and armor slides in, ready to take out a whole room of zombies. Kevin flies in and steals Marshawn's glory. Kevin makes the classic cool guy move by setting of explosives behind him without looking while he walks away. Suddenly, a girl that Michael B. Jordan introduces as Cara, jumps down from the sky and sends Kevin off the screen. Cara, a young woman, takes Kevin's spotlight and starts wreaking havoc on the battle field. Cara, smiling, throws her handguns to the side while walking away from explosions in the background. In the middle of the screen, in bold white letters, appears the slogan, “There's a Soldier in All of Us.”


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: Activision hired Wayne McClammy as the director. Wayne has been the director of many "Call of Duty" advertisements. According to Activision Publishing CMO Tim Ellis, the trailer's intent was to show that “The gaming population is so much bigger and more diverse than people may think". Actors Michael B. Jordan and Cara Delevingne were chosen to star in the trailer as both were known by Activision to be fans of the "Call of Duty" series.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: "Call of Duty: Black Ops III" and the Digital Deluxe Edition counterpart were available to pre-order on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC. The Digital Deluxe Edition comes with the season pass, which can also be ordered separately. Pre-ordering provided access to the "Call of Duty: Black Ops III" multiplayer beta and in-game items for "Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare", such as custom reticles, an emblem, a calling card, and Advanced Supply Drops. Sony also announced that the "Black Ops III" beta would come to the PS4 first on August 19 through August 23, 2015. The beta for the PS4 went live on August 18, 2015, several hours earlier than originally announced. After the beta period ended, it was announced that all pre-orders would include the bonus multiplayer map "NUK3TOWN", a remake of the original "Nuketown" map, featured in "Call of Duty: Black Ops", and in "Call of Duty: Black Ops II" as "Nuketown 2025". Owing to the lack of the campaign mode, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions included a digital copy of "Black Ops" as an added bonus, as well as having their price reduced by 10 dollars compared to the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: A comic book titled "Call of Duty: Black Ops III" was announced on July 1, 2015. Serving as a prequel to the game, the first issue was released worldwide on November 4, 2015, and was published by Dark Horse Comics. The story is written by Larry Hama, while Marcelo Ferreira served as the artist for the comic book. The story takes place several years prior to the main events of the game, and stars Jacob Hendricks and John Taylor along with their black ops squadmates in an attempt to stop a Russian terrorist plot. Subsequent issues were released throughout 2016.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: On July 11, 2016, Treyarch announced a new comic book series titled "", to expand upon the story of the Zombies mode. The story features the return of the TranZit team: Abigail "Misty" Briarton, Marlton Johnson, Russman and Samuel Stuhlinger, previously the main protagonists of "", as they embark on a search for an artifact known as the Kronorium, while discovering the truth behind Edward Richtofen's reappearance. The miniseries, also published by Dark Horse, features Justin Jordan as the writer and Jonathan Wayshak as the main artist, while Simon Bisley draws the cover art of each issue. The first issue was released on October 28, 2016, and subsequent issues were released throughout 2017.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: In addition to the Digital Deluxe Edition, other special editions include the "Hardened Edition" and the "Juggernog Edition". The "Juggernog Edition" includes a mini-refrigerator, a season pass and multiple in-game content. A Collector's Edition bonus map for the Zombie mode, "The Giant" was announced. It is a remake of the "" map "Der Riese", and features the original characters, Dempsey, Nikolai, Takeo, and Richtofen. A multiplayer-only starter pack for Windows was announced and released on February 16, 2016. It features the multiplayer mode's core mechanics, though certain features, such as the Zombie mode and the Nightmare mode, were excluded. This version of the game is available for players to purchase until the end of February 2016, though it has been made available permanently since.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: In December 2015, during Sony's PlayStation Experience event, Activision announced the first downloadable content map pack for "Black Ops III", titled "Awakening", and was released first on PlayStation 4 on February 2, 2016. Releases for Windows and Xbox One happened in March 2016. The map pack contains four new multiplayer maps: "Skyjacked" (a remake of the "Black Ops II" multiplayer map "Hijacked"), "Rise", "Splash", and "Gauntlet", a new Zombies map, Der Eisendrache, and several new gumballs for the Zombie mode. In March 2016, Treyarch revealed the second map pack, titled "Eclipse". The map pack has four new multiplayer maps, including a remake of the "World at War" map "Bonzai" and a new Zombies map, "Zetsubou no Shima". The map pack was released on April 19 for PlayStation 4 and May 19 for Xbox One and PC.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The third map pack, Descent, was revealed on June 28, 2016, featuring four new MP maps, including a remake of the "Black Ops II" map "Raid" and a new Zombies map, "Gorod Krovi". The map pack was released on July 12 for PlayStation 4 and August 11 for Xbox One and PC. The PC release of Descent received controversy, for Activision and Treyarch announced that the map packs would no longer be sold separately, and PC players must purchase the season pass to receive all map packs, while owners of Awakening and/or Eclipse would receive discounts upon purchasing the season pass. The fourth map pack, Salvation, was revealed on August 25, 2016, with remakes of the MP maps "Standoff" from "Black Ops II" and "Outskirt" from "World at War", along with the final Zombies map, "Revelations". The map pack was released on September 6 for PlayStation 4, and October 6 for Xbox One and PC.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: A fifth and final map pack, Zombies Chronicles, contains remastered versions of 8 Zombies maps from previous games: "Nacht Der Untoten", "Verrückt", and "Shi no Numa" from "World at War", "Kino Der Toten", "Ascension", "Shangri-La", and "Moon" from "Black Ops", and "Origins" from "Black Ops II", and is not included in the season pass of the game. The map pack was released on May 16, 2017, for PlayStation 4, and June 16 for Xbox One and PC.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: On May 24, 2017, Activision and Treyarch announced a Multiplayer DLC Trial Pack for the PC version of "Black Ops III", allowing all players to play on all multiplayer maps from the four map packs for free for a limited time, while also offering XP bonuses to players who previously owned the map packs and/or the season pass. On March 20, 2018, the Zombies maps from the four map packs were made available for separate purchase on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with PC to follow on May 2. On June 11, 2018, Activision and Treyarch announced the "Back in Black" map pack, which contains four remastered versions of fan-favorite multiplayer maps from "Black Ops" and "Black Ops II": "Summit", "Jungle", "Firing Range", and "Slums". These four maps, which are also included in "" at launch, are offered exclusively to the PlayStation 4 version of the game for players who pre-order "Black Ops 4" on the aforementioned platform.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: According to review aggregator Metacritic, "Call of Duty: Black Ops III" received "generally favorable" critic reviews for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and "mixed or average" critic reviews for PC. GameSpot awarded it a score of 7 out of 10, saying, ""Black Ops III" doesn't offer anything remarkable to the series, but does just enough to maintain the "Call of Duty" status quo. The franchise, however slowly, continues its inexorable march." Polygon also gave the game a score of 7 out of 10, saying ""Black Ops III"s biggest point of recommendation may be the breadth of content there, and that's a valid point of view. But Treyarch doesn't meaningfully move the series forward here." IGN awarded it a score of 9.2 out of 10, saying "With fun 4-player co-op, new powers, and a fleshed out Zombies mode, "Black Ops 3" is the biggest "Call of Duty" game yet." Stuart Andrews of "Trusted Reviews" criticized the setting and narrative, writing ""Black Ops 3" is a solid installment that will please the series' hardcore fans, but it's not a mainstream crowd-pleaser in the way that last year's "Advanced Warfare" was", and unfavorably compared it to its predecessors, disparaging that it "focuses entirely on the sci-fi stuff, loses most of its conspiracy theory trappings and brings augmented super-soldiers in. The result sometimes feels less like a third "Black Ops" game than "Call of Duty": Even More "Advanced Warfare".


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: The PS3 and Xbox 360 versions received less praise than the other versions. IGN's Brian Albert criticised the lack of the campaign in these versions, as well as the poor graphics and long waiting times, but concluded that despite these versions issues, they were still very fun to play.


title: Call of Duty: Black Ops III

text: "Black Ops III" sold over 6.6 million copies in its first week of sales and grossed over $550 million in sales during its first three days of release. In the United Kingdom, the game bested "" to become the top selling game. "Black Ops III" was the top best selling game in the US according to NPD's figures. "Black Ops III" later became the top selling game of 2015. According to Activision, "Black Ops III" was one of the best-selling games released for the eighth generation of video game consoles, and that its financial performance is significantly better than its predecessor, "".


title: Calcium oxide

text: Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at room temperature. The broadly used term ""lime"" connotes calcium-containing inorganic materials, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium, silicon, magnesium, aluminium, and iron predominate. By contrast, "quicklime" specifically applies to the single chemical compound calcium oxide. Calcium oxide that survives processing without reacting in building products such as cement is called free lime.


title: Calcium oxide

text: Quicklime is relatively inexpensive. Both it and a chemical derivative (calcium hydroxide, of which quicklime is the base anhydride) are important commodity chemicals.


title: Calcium oxide

text: Calcium oxide is usually made by the thermal decomposition of materials, such as limestone or seashells, that contain calcium carbonate (CaCO; mineral calcite) in a lime kiln. This is accomplished by heating the material to above , a process called calcination or "lime-burning", to liberate a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO), leaving quicklime. This is also one of the few chemical reactions known in prehistoric times.


title: Calcium oxide

text: The quicklime is not stable and, when cooled, will spontaneously react with CO from the air until, after enough time, it will be completely converted back to calcium carbonate unless slaked with water to set as lime plaster or lime mortar.


title: Calcium oxide

text: Annual worldwide production of quicklime is around 283 million tonnes. China is by far the world's largest producer, with a total of around 170 million tonnes per year. The United States is the next largest, with around 20 million tonnes per year.


title: Calcium oxide

text: Approximately 1.8t of limestone is required per 1.0t of quicklime. Quicklime has a high affinity for water and is a more efficient desiccant than silica gel. The reaction of quicklime with water is associated with an increase in volume by a factor of at least 2.5.


title: Calcium oxide

text: In 80 BC, the Roman general Sertorius deployed choking clouds of caustic lime powder to defeat the Characitani of Hispania, who had taken refuge in inaccessible caves. A similar dust was used in China to quell an armed peasant revolt in 178 AD, when "lime chariots" equipped with bellows blew limestone powder into the crowds.


title: Calcium oxide

text: Quicklime is also thought to have been a component of Greek fire. Upon contact with water, quicklime would increase its temperature above and ignite the fuel.


title: Calcium oxide

text: David Hume, in his "History of England", recounts that early in the reign of Henry III, the English Navy destroyed an invading French fleet by blinding the enemy fleet with quicklime. Quicklime may have been used in medieval naval warfare – up to the use of "lime-mortars" to throw it at the enemy ships.


title: Calcium oxide

text: Limestone is a substitute for lime in many applications, which include agriculture, fluxing, and sulfur removal. Limestone, which contains less reactive material, is slower to react and may have other disadvantages compared with lime, depending on the application; however, limestone is considerably less expensive than lime. Calcined gypsum is an alternative material in industrial plasters and mortars. Cement, cement kiln dust, fly ash, and lime kiln dust are potential substitutes for some construction uses of lime. Magnesium hydroxide is a substitute for lime in pH control, and magnesium oxide is a substitute for dolomitic lime as a flux in steelmaking.


title: Calcium oxide

text: Because of vigorous reaction of quicklime with water, quicklime causes severe irritation when inhaled or placed in contact with moist skin or eyes. Inhalation may cause coughing, sneezing, and labored breathing. It may then evolve into burns with perforation of the nasal septum, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Although quicklime is not considered a fire hazard, its reaction with water can release enough heat to ignite combustible materials.


title: Calcium oxide

text: It is noteworthy that CaO is also a separate mineral species, named lime. A pyrometamorphic mineral, it is rare, as it is unstable in moist air quickly turning into portlandite, Ca(OH).


title: Jessica Tandy

text: Jessie Alice Tandy (7 June 1909 – 11 September 1994) was a British-American actress. Tandy appeared in over 100 stage productions and had more than 60 roles in film and TV, receiving an Academy Award, four Tony Awards, a BAFTA, a Golden Globe Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award. She acted as Blanche DuBois in the original Broadway production of "A Streetcar Named Desire" in 1948. Her films included Alfred Hitchcock's "The Birds" and "The Gin Game". At 80, she became the oldest actress to receive the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in "Driving Miss Daisy".


title: Jessica Tandy

text: The youngest of three siblings, Tandy was born in Geldeston Road in Hackney, London to Harry Tandy and his wife, Jessie Helen Horspool. Her mother was from a large fenland family in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, and the head of a school for mentally handicapped children, and her father was a travelling salesman for a rope manufacturer. She was educated at Dame Alice Owen's School in Islington.


title: Jessica Tandy

text: Her father died when she was 12, and her mother subsequently taught evening courses to earn an income. Her brother Edward was later a prisoner of war of the Japanese in Asia.


title: Jessica Tandy

text: Tandy was 18 years old when she made her professional debut on the London stage in 1927. During the 1930s, she acted in many plays in London's West End, playing Ophelia (opposite John Gielgud's legendary Hamlet) and Katherine (opposite Laurence Olivier's Henry V).


title: Jessica Tandy

text: She entered films in Britain, but after her marriage to Jack Hawkins failed, she moved to the United States hoping to find better roles. During her time as a leading actress on the stage in London, she often had to fight over roles with her two rivals, Peggy Ashcroft and Celia Johnson. In the following years, she played supporting roles in several Hollywood films.


title: Jessica Tandy

text: Like many stage actors, Tandy also worked in radio. Among other programs, she was a regular on "Mandrake the Magician" (as Princess Nada), and then with her second husband Hume Cronyn in "The Marriage" which ran on radio from 1953 to 1954, and then segued onto television.


title: Jessica Tandy

text: She made her American film debut in "The Seventh Cross" (1944). She had supporting appearances in "The Valley of Decision" (1945), "The Green Years" (1946, as Cronyn's daughter), "Dragonwyck" (1946) starring Gene Tierney and Vincent Price and "Forever Amber" (1947).


title: Jessica Tandy

text: She appeared as the insomniac murderess in "A Woman's Vengeance" (1948), a film noir adapted by Aldous Huxley from his short story "The Gioconda Smile".


title: Jessica Tandy

text: Over the next three decades, her film career continued sporadically while she found better roles on the stage. Her roles during this time included "" (1951) opposite James Mason, "The Light in the Forest" (1958), and a role as a domineering mother in Alfred Hitchcock's film, "The Birds" (1963).


title: Jessica Tandy

text: On Broadway, she won a Tony Award for her performance as Blanche Dubois in the original Broadway production of "A Streetcar Named Desire" in 1948. After this (she lost the film role to actress Vivien Leigh), she concentrated on the stage. In 1976, she and Cronyn joined the acting company of the Stratford Festival, and returned in 1980 to debut Cronyn's play Foxfire. In 1977, she earned her second Tony Award, for her performance (with Cronyn) in "The Gin Game" and her third Tony in 1982 for her performance, again with Cronyn, in Foxfire.


title: Jessica Tandy

text: The beginning of the 1980s saw a resurgence in her film career, with character roles in "The World According to Garp", "Best Friends", "Still of the Night" (all 1982) and "The Bostonians" (1984). She and Cronyn were now working together more regularly on stage and television, including the films "Cocoon" (1985), "*batteries not included" (1987) and "" (1988) and the Emmy Award winning television film "Foxfire" (1987, recreating her Tony winning Broadway role).


title: Jessica Tandy

text: However, it was her colourful performance in "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), as an aging, stubborn Southern Jewish matron, that earned her an Oscar.


title: Jessica Tandy

text: She received a Best Supporting Actress nomination for her work in the grassroots hit "Fried Green Tomatoes" (1991) and co-starred in "The Story Lady" (1991 TV film, with her daughter Tandy Cronyn), "Used People" (1992, as Shirley MacLaine's mother), television film "To Dance with the White Dog" (1993, with Cronyn), "Camilla" (1994, with Cronyn). "Nobody's Fool" (1994) proved to be her last performance, at the age of 84.


title: Jessica Tandy

text: In 1932 Tandy married English actor Jack Hawkins and together they had a daughter, Susan Hawkins. Susan became an actress and was the daughter-in-law of John Moynihan Tettemer, a former Passionist monk who authored "I Was a Monk: The Autobiography of John Tettemer", and was cast in small roles in "Lost Horizon" and "Meet John Doe".


title: Jessica Tandy

text: Tandy and Hawkins divorced in 1940. She married Canadian actor Hume Cronyn in 1942. Prior to moving to Connecticut, she and Cronyn lived for many years in nearby Pound Ridge, New York, and they remained together until her death in 1994. They had two children, daughter Tandy Cronyn, an actress who would co-star with her mother in the TV film "The Story Lady", and son Christopher Cronyn. Tandy became a naturalized citizen of the US in 1952.


title: Jessica Tandy

text: In 1990, Jessica Tandy was diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and she also suffered from angina and glaucoma. Despite her illnesses and age she continued working. On September 11, 1994, she died at home in Easton, Connecticut, at the age of 85.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: The 2022 Double or Nothing was the fourth annual Double or Nothing professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). It took place during Memorial Day weekend on May 29, 2022, at the T-Mobile Arena in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada. The event returned Double or Nothing to its home of Las Vegas, after the previous two years had to be held at Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Thirteen matches were contested at the event, including one on The Buy In pre-show. In the main event, CM Punk defeated "Hangman" Adam Page to win the AEW World Championship, which was Punk’s first world championship win since 2011. In other prominent matches, Adam Cole and Dr. Britt Baker, D.M.D. were the inaugural winners of the men's and women's Owen Hart Cup, The Jericho Appreciation Society (Chris Jericho, Daniel Garcia, Jake Hager, Angelo Parker, and Matt Menard) defeated The Blackpool Combat Club (Bryan Danielson and Jon Moxley), Eddie Kingston, Santana, and Ortiz by technical submission in an Anarchy in the Arena match, and in the opening bout, Wardlow defeated MJF, which freed Wardlow from his "contract" with MJF and officially "signed" with AEW.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: The event saw the AEW debuts of Stokely Hathaway (who aligned himself with Jade Cargill), Athena (previously known as Ember Moon in WWE), and Rush (who aligned himself with Andrade El Ídolo and became a member of the Andrade Family Office). It additionally featured a special appearance from Owen Hart's widow Dr. Martha Hart, the in-ring debut of mixed martial artist Paige VanZant, and the first-ever Anarchy in the Arena match.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Double or Nothing is considered All Elite Wrestling's (AEW) marquee event, having first been held in 2019, which was the promotion's first pay-per-view (PPV) produced. It is held annually during Memorial Day weekend and is one of AEW's "Big Four" PPVs, which includes All Out, Full Gear, and Revolution, their four biggest shows produced quarterly. After the previous two years' events had to be held at Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2022 event returned Double or Nothing to Las Vegas, which is where the inaugural event was held. On February 23, 2022, it was confirmed that the fourth Double or Nothing event would take place on May 29, but unlike the inaugural event, which was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, the 2022 event was held at the T-Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. Additionally as part of Double or Nothing week, both of AEW's weekly television programs, "Wednesday Night Dynamite" and "Friday Night Rampage", aired live on May 25 and May 27, respectively, at the nearby Michelob Ultra Arena at the Mandalay Bay. There was also a fan fest on Saturday, May 28, held at the Mandalay Bay Convention Center.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Tickets for Double or Nothing went on sale on March 4, 2022, in which first day sales drew over $1 million at the gate, marking the first time AEW crossed $1 million at the gate. In addition to PPV, AEW partnered with Joe Hand Promotions to air Double or Nothing in select movie theaters across the United States.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Double or Nothing featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Storylines were produced on AEW's weekly television programs, "Dynamite" and "Rampage", the supplementary online streaming shows, "Dark" and "", and The Young Bucks' YouTube series "Being The Elite".


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: In September 2021, AEW announced the establishment of the Owen Hart Cup, an annual tournament to honor the legacy of Owen Hart, a prominent wrestler for WWE (at the time was known as the World Wrestling Federation) during the 1990s, who tragically died at that company's 1999 Over the Edge PPV. The tournament was established in collaboration with The Owen Hart Foundation. On December 17, AEW revealed that there would be both a men's and women's tournament of the Owen Hart Cup, and the winners would receive a trophy called "The Owen". It was also confirmed that the tournaments would begin in May with the finals to be held at Double or Nothing. AEW President and Chief Executive Officer Tony Khan revealed that he had originally considered concluding the Owen Hart Cup at the Revolution, but decided on Double or Nothing so that Dr. Martha Hart could be involved due to her schedule. In deciding why there would be both a men's and women's tournament, Khan likened it to the Wimbledon tennis tournament, which also has both men's and women's tournaments.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: In the wake of CM Punk's victory at Revolution, he set his sights on the AEW World Championship. Over the following weeks, Punk would defeat the likes of Dax Harwood, Max Caster, and Penta Oscuro. After conquering Dustin Rhodes on the April 20 episode of "Dynamite", reigning champion "Hangman" Adam Page confronted Punk as the latter had ascended the top of the rankings to become the number one contender for Page's championship. The following week, the match was subsequently scheduled for Double or Nothing.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: During MJF's match at Revolution, Wardlow, who began developing tension with MJF in December 2021, turned on the latter, thus turning face. On the following episode of "Dynamite", Wardlow cemented his turn in a promo, declaring that he was no longer MJF's bodyguard and no longer a member of the Pinnacle. On the May 18 episode of "Dynamite", Wardlow, as part of a set of contract stipulations which would make him able to wrestle MJF, was lashed 10 times by MJF, only to be also ambushed by Shawn Spears. The succeeding week, Wardlow completed the final stipulation which guaranteed him a match with MJF at Double or Nothing by defeating Spears in a steel cage match, with MJF serving unsuccessfully as the special guest referee; should Wardlow win, he would be officially released from his contract with MJF, but would be banned from obtaining a new AEW contract and be required to remain under MJF's employment if he loses.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Following the match between Eddie Kingston and Chris Jericho at Revolution, where Kingston emerged victorious, Kingston attempted to shake the hand of Jericho, who stated before the match he would do so if Kingston defeated him, but Jericho instead refused and left the ring. On the following episode of "Dynamite", Jericho turned heel by attacking Kingston and Santana & Ortiz with the help of 2.0, Daniel Garcia, and Jake Hager, ending The Inner Circle, and forming a new stable named "The Jericho Appreciation Society". The following week, Jericho stated that the fans and the Inner Circle did not appreciate him, and that Kingston embarrassed him by making him tap out. He then dubbed the stable as "sport-entertainers" who beats up "pro-wrestlers". On the May 11 episode of "Dynamite", Kingston along with Santana and Ortiz, united with the Blackpool Combat Club to fight off the Jericho Appreciation Society. The following week, Kingston agreed to team with Jon Moxley and Bryan Danielson, along with Santana and Ortiz, to wrestle the Jericho Appreciation Society in an Anarchy in the Arena match at Double or Nothing.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: After remaining undefeated for a year, Scorpio Sky defeated Sammy Guevara to win the AEW TNT Championship on the March 9 episode of "Dynamite". After the match, Paige VanZant, who helped Sky win the title, signed her AEW contract on top of Guevara's real-life girlfriend, Tay Conti. Although Sky lost the title back to Guevara at Battle of the Belts II, he regained it two weeks later on the April 27 episode of "Dynamite" after defeating Guevara in a ladder match. On the May 13 episode of "Rampage", Sky successfully defended the title against his former tag team partner Frankie Kazarian, following interference from Ethan Page and Dan Lambert. On the May 27 episode of "Rampage", it was announced that Guevara, Conti, and Kazarian would face American Top Team (Sky, Page, and VanZant) at Double or Nothing where if Guevara's team loses, neither Guevara or Kazarian can challenge for the TNT Championship as long as Sky is champion.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: During the Double or Nothing Buy-In pre-show, Hookhausen (Hook and Danhausen) faced Tony Nese and Mark Sterling. In the end, Hook suplexed Sterling and tagged in Danhausen, who pinned Sterling to win the match.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with MJF facing Wardlow. At the start of the match, MJF ducked to ringside and told the referee to make Wardlow back up. A short time later, MJF donned the Dynamite Diamond Ring, but the referee saw it and took it away. MJF tried to shake hands with Wardlow, who obliged and then held onto his hand. Wardlow would then perform ten consecutive powerbombs on MJF to win the match; since Wardlow won, he was granted his release from his contract with MJF and free to officially join AEW.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Next, The Hardys (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy) faced The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson), who were accompanied by Brandon Cutler. During the match, Nick performed a springboard into a facebuster on Jeff. Later, Matt Jackson gave Jeff a Twist of Fate. Outside the ring, Jeff landed a Swanton Bomb on Matt Jackson through the steel steps. Back in the ring, Matt Hardy performed a Twist of Fate on Nick for a nearfall. In the end, Matt Hardy performed a second Twist of Fate on Nick and tagged in Jeff, who followed with a Swanton Bomb on Nick to win the match.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: After that, Jade Cargill defended the AEW TBS Championship against Anna Jay. Mark Sterling made his way to ringside with a crutch in hand and argued with the referee. Jay performed a leg sweep on Cargill with the crutch for a nearfall. John Silver ran out and performed a brainbuster on Sterling. Stokely Hathaway walked out and stood at ringside, making his unannounced AEW debut. Cargill performed a Jaded on Jay from the top rope to retain the title.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Following the match, Kiera Hogan and Red Velvet held up Jay for Cargill. Kris Statlander ran out and stared down the trio. They were interrupted by Athena in her unannounced AEW debut, who allied with Jay and Statlander. Hathaway led The Baddies out of the ring without any physicality.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: The next match was between Death Triangle (Pac, Penta Oscuro, and Rey Fénix), who were accompanied by Alex Abrahantes, against The House of Black (Malakai Black, Buddy Matthews, and Brody King) in a six-man tag team match. Penta landed a Canadian Destroyer on Matthews on the apron. Pac performed a 450 splash on Black from the top rope. Abrahantes distracted the referee while Pac took advantage and hit Black with a low blow. Pac went up top for a Black Arrow, but the lights went off. When the lights turned on, Julia Hart was standing in the ring and blew a mist in the face of Pac. Black hit a Black Mass on Pac to win the match. After the match, Hart celebrated the victory with The House of Black, becoming the stable's newest member, finally leaving The Varsity Blonds, and leaving Brian Pillman Jr. and Griff Garrison in shock.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Next, the Men's Owen Hart Foundation Tournament finals took place as Adam Cole faced Samoa Joe. As the match was continuing, Bobby Fish distracted Joe long enough for Cole to take advantage and perform the Boom on Joe for the victory and to win the Men's Owen Hart Foundation Tournament.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: The sixth match was the Women's Owen Hart Foundation Tournament finals as Dr. Britt Baker, D.M.D faced Ruby Soho. Soho applied a sharpshooter on Baker, who grabbed the rope to void the submission. In the end, Soho went to the ropes and put herself on the shoulders of Baker before performing a victory roll for a nearfall. Baker reversed it and got the victory and to win the Women's Owen Hart Foundation Tournament.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: After the match, Dr. Martha Hart was introduced by commentator Tony Schiavone, who thanked the fans for the warm welcome while Cole and Baker stood on opposite sides of the stage. She thanked various people from AEW and her children. Martha presented the Owen Hart Foundation Tournament belt that she handed to Cole first, and handed the second Owen Hart Foundation Tournament belt to Baker.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Later, American Top Team (Ethan Page, Scorpio Sky, Paige VanZant) were accompanied by Dan Lambert to face Frankie Kazarian, Sammy Guevara, and Tay Conti in a six-person mixed tag team match. During the match, VanZant performed a Michinoku Driver on Conti for a nearfall. In the end, Guevara attempted a superkick on Kazarian, who ducked, causing him to hit Conti instead. Kazarian tossed Guevara to ringside, allowing Page to perform a roundhouse kick on Kazarian, with Sky following up with a TKO on the latter for the victory; since American Top Team won, neither Kazarian nor Guevara are allowed to challenge for the TNT Championship again as long as Sky is champion. This marked Paige VanZant's first win in AEW.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Next, Darby Allin took on Kyle O'Reilly. When Allin went for another suicide dive, O'Reilly countered and applied a guillotine choke on Allin. Back in the ring, Allin performed the Last Supper cradle pin attempt on O'Reilly for a nearfall. In the final moments, O'Reilly performed three PK kicks on Allin, and landed a knee drop from the top rope for the victory.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Subsequently, Thunder Rosa defended the AEW Women's World Championship against Serena Deeb. Rosa performed a Death Valley Driver on Deeb for a nearfall. Deeb then applied a figure-four leglock on Rosa, where they ended up rolling out of the ring to the floor, which broke the hold. Back in the ring, Deeb applied the Serenity Lock, which she released and put Rosa down with a powerbomb. Moments later, Deeb avoided a charging Rosa, who crashed in the corner. Deeb went to the ropes and was cut off by Rosa, who executed a top rope superplex. Rosa followed with a Fire Thunder Driver on Deeb to retain the title.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Following this was an Anarchy in the Arena match between The Jericho Appreciation Society (Chris Jericho, Daniel Garcia, Jake Hager, Angelo Parker, and Matt Menard) against The Blackpool Combat Club (Bryan Danielson and Jon Moxley), Eddie Kingston, Santana, and Ortiz. When the latter were entering from various places in the arena, the brawl started while Moxley’s "Wild Thing" theme song continued to play. Later, Jericho smashed the soundboard to stop the music from playing. Garcia performed a piledriver on Ortiz through the steel steps. Jericho put Moxley in the Walls of Jericho on a table, but it collapsed a second after he applied the move. As Danielson and Moxley were applying the LeBell Lock and bulldog choke on Jericho and Hager respectively, Kingston walked down the ramp with a can of gasoline and poured it on Jericho while Danielson had him in a hold. Danielson took exception and fought with Kingston, with Moxley trying to break them up. Danielson drove a steel chair into Jericho's face and performed a running knee at the same time for a nearfall. Hager hit Danielson from behind with Jericho’s bat. Jericho applied the Walls of Jericho on Danielson while Hager choked the latter with a cable. Danielson passed out, thus the Jericho Appreciation Society won the match by technical submission.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: In the penultimate match, Jurassic Express (Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus) (accompanied by Christian Cage) defended the AEW World Tag Team Championship against Swerve In Our Glory (Keith Lee and Swerve Strickland) and Team Taz (Powerhouse Hobbs and Ricky Starks). Boy attempted another suicide dive on Strickland, but Lee caught him and powerbombed him onto the back of Luchasaurus. As Luchasaurus went for a double chokeslam, Lee and Hobbs both grabbed him and slammed him instead. Hobbs leapt from the ropes and performed a double blockbuster on Lee and Luchasaurus. Moments later, Starks had Boy pinned and used the ropes for leverage until Cage shoved his feet off the ropes. Lee held up Boy while Strickland performed a Swerve Stomp. In the end, Boy and Luchasaurus performed the Thoracic Express on Strickland to retain the titles.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: In the main event, "Hangman" Adam Page defended the AEW World Championship against CM Punk. Page went for a Buckshot Lariat, but Punk countered and applied the sharpshooter on Page, who managed to touch the ropes to void the submission. Punk landed a roundhouse kick on Page, who performed the Go To Sleep on Punk for a nearfall. As Page went to the apron and attempted another Buckshot Lariat on Punk, the latter caught him and when he hoisted up Page for the GTS, Page’s boots incapacitated the referee. Page picked up the AEW World Championship belt and wanted to strike Punk with the belt, however, Page looked conflicted and tossed the belt back in a corner of the ring. In the culmination of the match, Page's knee buckled during the execution of a Buckshot Lariat, allowing Punk to perform the GTS and win the title. This marked Punk's first world championship win since 2011.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Double or Nothing received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics; however, much criticism was drawn towards the overall runtime of the event. For "CBSSports.com", Brent Brookhouse wrote that the event was an "uncharacteristically uneven" pay-per-view event for AEW. Cargill-Jay was "rough", the trios match between Death Triangle and House of Black was a "thrilling" action from start to finish, Baker-Soho was "a solid match that had a questionable winner", Deeb-Rosa was "a very nice showing for the AEW women's division" as both showed some solid technical skills and grit to put on a "fine match", the Anarchy in the Arena match was "a wild bloodbath", the tag team championship three-way between Jurassic Express, Swerve in Our Glory and Team Taz was "fun", and the main event was "a bit clunky at times" and "fine" when they just went at each other.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Justin Barrasso of "Sports Illustrated" opined that although Double or Nothing "ran too long", it still had its "share of standout moments". Barasso thought there was no more significant moment at Double or Nothing than Punk regaining his place atop the wrestling world, the tag team championship three-way match was "outstanding", the Anarchy in the Arena match was an "unforgettable gore", Rosa-Deeb was a "technical brilliance", O'Reilly-Allin was "very good", and Baker-Soho was "one of the best on the card".


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Writing for "Pro Wrestling Dot Net", Jason Powell stated that the event was "enjoyable". The Hardys-Bucks tag match exceeded his expectations, the six-man tag team was a "very good spotfest", Rosa-Deeb was "well-worked", the Anarchy in the Arena was "crazy enough that it could spark more interest in the feud", the tag team championship three-way was "entertaining", and the AEW World Championship was "a good main event."


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: Combat sports journalist Dave Meltzer for the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" assigned star ratings to the event, with the highest rated match being the Anarchy in the Arena, which was rated 5 stars. Elsewhere on the card, the main event, the three-way tag, and the six-man tag team all received 4 stars out of 5. Rosa-Deeb was assigned 4 stars, and the Hardys-Bucks tag match received 4 stars. The lowest rated match on the show was Cargill-Jay, which was given 1 stars.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: During the Double or Nothing weekend, MJF no-showed a fan fest. When management tried calling him, he did not answer his phone. This came after months of rumors about the backstage tension between MJF and AEW owner Tony Khan about MJF's contract and payment he felt he should have, as well as doing an interview with Ariel Helwani without telling management. On the following episode of "Dynamite", MJF stated that he was not being respected by the fans and Khan. He eventually mentioned all the "ex-WWE" guys that he believes Khan treats better than him. The segment ended with MJF demanding to be fired by Khan, calling Khan a "fucking mark", his microphone being cut off, and the screen going black. The next day, MJF's profile was removed from AEW's website and his merchandise was pulled on AEW’s merchandise site.


title: Double or Nothing (2022)

text: On the June 3 episode of "Rampage", CM Punk announced that he was injured and required surgery. He initially wanted to relinquish the title; however, Tony Khan decided that an interim champion would be crowned until Punk's return. Punk will then face the interim champion to determine the undisputed champion. To determine the interim champion, AEW set up matches called the AEW Interim World Championship Eliminator Series that will culminate in a match at on June 26, a co-promoted event between AEW and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The first two matches took place on the June 8 episode of "Dynamite". A Casino Battle Royale opened the show, which Kyle O'Reilly won. Then O'Reilly faced the number one ranked singles competitor Jon Moxley in the main event of the episode, which Moxley won. The third match took place on June 12 at Dominion 6.12 in Osaka-jo Hall between Hiroshi Tanahashi and Hirooki Goto, which Tanahashi won. Moxley and Tanahashi competed in a match for the interim championship at Forbidden Door, in which Moxley won.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: St. Augustine ( ; ) is a city in the Southeastern United States and the county seat of St. Johns County on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in what is now the contiguous United States.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: St. Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. He named the settlement ""San Agustín"", as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine. The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years. It was designated as the capital of British East Florida when the colony was established in 1763; Great Britain returned Florida to Spain in 1783.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine was designated the capital of the Florida Territory upon ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1821. The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters that same year. The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the capital of Florida in 1824.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: St. Augustine is part of Florida's First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area. Since the late 19th century, St. Augustine's distinctive historical character has made the city a tourist attraction. The fort continues to be a major tourist attraction. Much of the fort is made of coquina.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: Founded in 1565 by the Spanish "conquistador" Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States. It is the second-oldest continuously inhabited city of European origin in United States territory after San Juan, Puerto Rico (founded in 1521).


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: In 1560, King Philip II of Spain appointed Menéndez as Captain General, and his brother Bartolomé Menéndez as Admiral, of the Fleet of the Indies. Thus Pedro Menéndez commanded the galleons of the great "Armada de la Carrera", or Spanish Treasure Fleet, on their voyage from the Caribbean and Mexico to Spain, and determined the routes they followed.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: In early 1564 he asked permission to go to Florida to search for "La Concepcion", the "galeon Capitana", or flagship, of the New Spain fleet commanded by his son, Admiral Juan Menéndez. The ship had been lost in September 1563 when a hurricane scattered the fleet as it was returning to Spain, at the latitude of Bermuda off the coast of South Carolina. The crown repeatedly refused his request.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: In 1565, however, the Spanish decided to destroy the French outpost of Fort Caroline, located in what is now Jacksonville. The crown approached Menéndez to fit out an expedition to Florida on the condition that he explore and settle the region as King Philip's "adelantado", and eliminate the Huguenot French, whom the Catholic Spanish considered to be dangerous heretics.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: Menéndez was in a race to reach Florida before the French captain Jean Ribault, who was on a mission to secure Fort Caroline. On August 28, 1565, the feast day of St. Augustine of Hippo, Menéndez's crew finally sighted land; the Spaniards continued sailing northward along the coast from their landfall, investigating every inlet and plume of smoke along the shore. On September 4, they encountered four French vessels anchored at the mouth of a large river (the St. Johns), including Ribault's flagship, "La Trinité". The two fleets met in a brief skirmish, but it was not decisive. Menéndez sailed southward and landed again on September 8, formally declared possession of the land in the name of Philip II, and officially founded the settlement he named "San Agustín" (Saint Augustine). At the landing spot, Father Francisco López de Mendoza Grajales celebrated the first Catholic mass offered in the colony. The settlement was built in the former Timucua village of Seloy; this site was chosen for its strategic location facing the waterways of St. Augustine bay with their abundant resources, an eminently suitable site for water communications and defense.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: A French attack on St. Augustine was thwarted by a violent squall that ravaged the French naval forces. Taking advantage of this, Menéndez marched his troops overland to Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River, about north. The Spanish easily overwhelmed the lightly defended French garrison, which had been left with only a skeleton crew of 20 soldiers and about 100 others, killing most of the men and sparing about 60 women and children. The bodies of the victims were hung in trees with the inscription: "Hanged, not as Frenchmen, but as "Lutherans" (heretics)." Menéndez renamed the fort "San Mateo" and marched back to St. Augustine, where he discovered that the shipwrecked survivors from the French ships had come ashore to the south of the settlement. A Spanish patrol encountered the remnants of the French force, and took them prisoner. Menéndez accepted their surrender, but then executed all of them except a few professing Catholics and some Protestant workers with useful skills, at what is now known as Matanzas Inlet ("Matanzas" is Spanish for "slaughters"). The site is very near the national monument Fort Matanzas, built in 1740–1742 by the Spanish.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: Succeeding governors of the province maintained a peaceful coexistence with the local Native Americans, allowing the isolated outpost of St. Augustine some stability for a few years. On May 28 and 29, 1586, soon after the Anglo-Spanish War began between England and Spain, the English privateer Sir Francis Drake sacked and burned St. Augustine. The approach of his large fleet obliged Governor Pedro Menéndez Márquez and the townspeople to evacuate the settlement. When the English got ashore, they seized some artillery pieces and a royal strongbox containing gold ducats (which was the garrison payroll). The killing of their sergeant major by the Spanish rearguard caused Drake to order the town razed to the ground.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: In 1609 and 1611, expeditions were sent out from St. Augustine against the English colony at Jamestown. In the second half of the 17th century, groups of Indians from the colony of Carolina conducted raids into Florida and killed the Franciscan priests who served at the Catholic missions. Requests by successive governors of the province to strengthen the presidio’s garrison and fortifications were ignored by the Spanish Crown which had other priorities in its vast empire. The charter of 1663 for the new Province of Carolina, issued by King Charles II of England, was revised in 1665, claiming lands as far southward as 29 degrees north latitude, about 65 miles south of the existing settlement at St. Augustine.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: The English buccaneer Robert Searle sacked St. Augustine in 1668, after capturing some Spanish supply vessels bound for the settlement and holding their crews at gun point while his men hid below decks. Searle was retaliating for the Spanish destruction of the settlement of New Providence in the Bahamas. Searle and his men killed sixty people and pillaged public storehouses, churches and houses. This raid and the establishment of the English settlement at Charles Town spurred the Spanish Crown to finally acknowledge the vulnerability of St. Augustine to foreign incursions and strengthen the city's defenses. In 1669, Queen Regent Mariana ordered the Viceroy of New Spain to disburse funds for the construction of a permanent masonry fortress, which began in 1672. Before the fortress was completed, French buccaneers Michel de Grammont and Nicolas Brigaut planned an ill-fated attack in 1686 which was foiled: their ships were run aground, Grammont and his crew were lost at sea, and Brigaut was captured ashore by Spanish soldiers. The Castillo de San Marcos was completed in 1695, not long before an attack by James Moore's forces from Carolina in November, 1702. Failing to capture the fort after a siege of 58 days, the British set St. Augustine ablaze as they retreated.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida, Manuel de Montiano, ordered a settlement be constructed two miles north of St. Augustine for the growing Free Black community established by fugitive slaves who had escaped into Florida from the Thirteen Colonies. This new community, Fort Mose, would serve as a military outpost and buffer for St. Augustine, as the men accepted into Fort Mose had enlisted in the colonial militia and converted to Catholicism in exchange for their freedom.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: In 1740, however, St. Augustine was again besieged, this time by the governor of the British colony of Georgia, General James Oglethorpe, who was also unable to take the fort.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: The 1763 Treaty of Paris, signed after Great Britain's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War, ceded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Havana and Manila. The vast majority of Spanish colonists in the region left Florida for Cuba, Florida became Great Britain's fourteenth and fifteenth North American colonies, and because of the political sympathies of its British inhabitants, St. Augustine became a Loyalist haven during the American Revolutionary War.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: After the mass exodus of St. Augustinians, Great Britain sought to repopulate its new colony. The London Board of Trade advertised 20,000-acre lots to any group that would settle in Florida within ten years, with one resident per 100 acres. Pioneers who were "energetic and of good character" were given 100 acres of land and 50 additional acres for each family member they brought. Under Governor James Grant, almost three million acres of land were granted in East Florida alone. Second stories were added to existing Spanish homes and new houses were built. Cattle ranching and plantation agriculture began to thrive.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: During the twenty-year period of British rule, Britain took command of both the Castillo de San Marcos (renamed Fort St. Mark) and of Fort Matanzas. They permanently stationed a small group of men at Fort Matanzas. Once war broke out, loyalist St. Augustine residents burned effigies of Patriots Samuel Adams and John Hancock in the plaza. Fort St. Mark became a training and supply base, as well a prisoner-of-war camp where three signers of the Declaration of Independence and South Carolina's lieutenant governor Christopher Gadsden were held. Local militia composed of Florida, Georgia, and Carolina inhabitants formed the East Florida Rangers in 1776 and were reorganized to form the King's Rangers in 1779. Spanish General Bernardo de Gálvez, harassed the British in West Florida and captured Pensacola. Fears that the Spanish would then move to capture St. Augustine, however, proved unfounded.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which recognized the independence of the Thirteen Colonies as the United States, ceded Florida back to Spain and returned the Bahamas to Britain. As a result, some of the town's Spanish residents returned to St Augustine. Refugees from Dr. Andrew Turnbull's troubled colony in New Smyrna had fled to St. Augustine in 1777, made up the majority of the city's population during the period of British rule, and remained when the Spanish Crown took control again. This group was, and still is, referred to locally as "Menorcans", even though it also included settlers from Italy, Corsica and the Greek islands.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: During the Second Spanish period (1784–1821) of Florida, Spain was dealing with invasions of the Iberian peninsula by Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War, and struggled to maintain a tenuous hold on its territories in the western hemisphere as revolution swept South America. The royal administration of Florida was neglected, as the province had long been regarded as an unprofitable backwater by the Crown. The United States, however, considered Florida vital to its political and military interests as it expanded its territory in North America, and maneuvered by sometimes clandestine means to acquire it. On October 5, 1811, a hurricane hit St. Augustine that caused extensive damage to the city. The damage was further exacerbated by the economic situation of Spanish Florida. The Adams–Onís Treaty, negotiated in 1819 and ratified in 1821, ceded Florida and St. Augustine, still its capital at the time, to the United States.


title: St. Augustine, Florida

text: According to the Adams–Onís Treaty, the United States acquired East Florida and absolved Spain of $5 million of debt. Spain renounced all claims to West Florida and the Oregon Country. Andrew Jackson returned to Florida in 1821, upon ratification of the treaty, and established a new territorial government. Americans from older plantation societies of Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas began to move to the area. West Florida was quickly consolidated with East and the new capital of Florida became Tallahassee, halfway between the old capitals of St. Augustine and Pensacola, in 1824.