title: George A. Romero

text: In May 2017, Romero announced plans for 2 upcoming zombie films, the first one was "George A. Romero Presents: Road of the Dead", a film that he co-wrote with Matt Birman, who would direct the film making it Romero's second zombie-themed film that he did not direct himself. Romero and Birman along with Matt Manjourides and Justin Martell will produce the film. Birman was the second unit director on "Land of the Dead", "Diary of the Dead" and "Survival of the Dead". Birman pitched the idea to Romero ten years earlier, saying the movie is like "The Road Warrior" meets "Rollerball" at a NASCAR race, with significant inspiration from "Ben-Hur" and that "the story is set on an island where zombie prisoners race cars in a modern-day Coliseum for the entertainment of wealthy humans".


title: George A. Romero

text: On July 13, 2017, Romero released the first poster for "Road of the Dead" and discussed the plot for the movie saying "it's set in a sanctuary city where this fat cat runs a haven for rich folks, and one of the things that he does is stage drag races to entertain them," Romero told Rue Morgue. "There's a scientist there doing genetic experiments, trying to make the zombies stop eating us, and he has discovered that with a little tampering, they can recall certain memory skills that enable them to drive in these races. It's really "The Fast and the Furious" with zombies". Romero died three days later leading to reports questioning if the film will ever be made. In 2020, Birman announced that he would finish the film as a tribute-like film to Romero and renamed it, "Wolfe Island". A prequel comic book series based on Romero's "Road of the Dead" was announced by IDW in July 2018. The 3-part mini-series was released in December 2018.


title: George A. Romero

text: The second zombie film he announced was titled "Twilight of the Dead". He penned a film treatment with co-writer Paolo Zelati depicting a conclusion to the series that explains the fate of the zombie protagonists from Land of the Dead and an ending where humanity has become virtually extinct. Romero had written the beginning of the script, but the project was stalled when Romero died of lung cancer in 2017.


title: George A. Romero

text: It was announced in April 2021 that the film had been put back into development under the supervision of Suzanne Romero, with Zelati finishing the script with screenwriters Joe Knetter and Robert L. Lucas. Suzanne told The Hollywood Reporter, "This is the film he wanted to make. And while someone else will carry the torch as the director, it is very much a George A. Romero film."


title: George A. Romero

text: Romero was married three times. He married his first wife, Nancy, in 1971. They divorced in 1978. They had one child together, Cameron, who later became a filmmaker.


title: George A. Romero

text: Romero met his second wife, actress Christine Forrest, on the set of "Season of the Witch" (1973), and they married in 1981. She had bit parts in most of his films. They had two children together, Andrew and Tina Romero. The couple divorced in 2010 after three decades of marriage.


title: George A. Romero

text: Romero met Suzanne Desrocher while filming "Land of the Dead" (2005), and they married in September 2011 at Martha's Vineyard and lived in Toronto. He acquired Canadian citizenship in 2009, becoming a dual Canada-U.S. citizen.


title: George A. Romero

text: On July 16, 2017, Romero died following a "brief but aggressive battle with lung cancer", according to a statement by his longtime producing partner, Peter Grunwald. Romero died while listening to the score of one of his favorite films, "The Quiet Man", with his wife, Suzanne Desrocher Romero, and daughter from his second marriage, Tina Romero, at his side.


title: George A. Romero

text: Romero ranked his top ten films of all time for the 2002 "Sight & Sound" Greatest Films Poll. They are "The Brothers Karamazov", "Casablanca", "Dr. Strangelove", "High Noon", "King Solomon's Mines", "North by Northwest" (a film on which a teenaged Romero worked as a gofer), "The Quiet Man", "Repulsion", "Touch of Evil" and "The Tales of Hoffmann". Romero listed the films in alphabetical order, with special placement given to Michael Powell's "The Tales of Hoffmann", which he cites as "my favorite film of all time; the movie that made me want to make movies".


title: George A. Romero

text: On October 27, 2009, Romero was honored with the Mastermind Award at Spike TV's Scream 2009. The tribute was presented by longtime Romero fan Quentin Tarantino, who stated in his speech that the "A" in George A. Romero stood for "A Fucking Genius".


title: George A. Romero

text: In 2010, writer and actor Mark Gatiss interviewed Romero for his BBC documentary series "A History of Horror", in which he appears in the third episode.


title: George A. Romero

text: Regarded as the "Godfather of the Dead" and the "father of the modern movie zombie", Romero's influence, and that of "Night of the Living Dead", is widely seen among numerous filmmakers and artists, in particular those who have worked in the zombie subgenre, including comics writer Robert Kirkman, novelist Seth Grahame-Smith, and filmmakers John Carpenter, Edgar Wright and Jack Thomas Smith.


title: George A. Romero

text: The season eight premiere episode "Mercy" of the zombie-based show "The Walking Dead", the first to air after Romero's death, dedicated the episode to Romero; showrunner Scott M. Gimple said that the show "owes a great debt" to Romero for his impact on popular culture.


title: George A. Romero

text: In October 2017, the video game "Dying Light" included a mural of George A. Romero near one of the many in-game safehouses.


title: George A. Romero

text: In May 2019, the University of Pittsburgh announced it had acquired George Romero's archives and that a multimedia exhibit be created and open to the public in the university's Hillman Library.


title: George A. Romero

text: In September 2019, the "" Zombies map "Tag der Toten" pays homage to Romero by including his pair of glasses that the player can interact with, each character giving remorse for his passing. The map is a re-imagining of the "Call of Duty: Black Ops" map "Call of the Dead", which Romero made an appearance on. The name of the map is German for Day of the Dead, which is a reference to Romero's movie of the same name.


title: George A. Romero

text: The George A. Romero Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving and promoting Romero's legacy. Founded in 2018 by Romero's wife Suzanne Desrocher-Romero, the Foundation's mission is to advance the causes for which George Romero was a champion – creativity within the horror genre and independent filmmaking in general – as well as preserving and documenting the history of the genre in all forms and contributing to its future by encouraging new generations of filmmakers, artists, and creators.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Maximilian Adelbert Baer (February 11, 1909 – November 21, 1959) was an American professional boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from June 14, 1934, to June 13, 1935. Two of his fights (a 1933 win over Max Schmeling and a 1935 loss to James J. Braddock) were rated Fight of the Year by "The Ring" magazine. Baer was also a boxing referee, and had occasional roles on film or television. He was the brother of heavyweight boxing contender Buddy Baer and father of actor Max Baer Jr. Baer is rated #22 on "The Ring" magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer was born on February 11, 1909, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Jacob Baer (1875–1938) and Dora Bales (1877–1938). His father was the son of Aschill Baer and Fannie Fischel, who were Jewish emigrants from Alsace-Lorraine and Bohemia, respectively; his mother was of Scots-Irish descent. His elder sister was Frances May Baer (1905–1991), his younger sister was Bernice Jeanette Baer (1911–1987), his younger brother was boxer-turned-actor Jacob Henry Baer, better known as Buddy Baer (1915–1986), and his adopted brother was August "Augie" Baer. For a period Jacob Baer worked as the manager of the meat packing concern of the Graden Mercantile Co. in Durango, Colorado.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: In May 1922, tired of the winters that aggravated Frances's rheumatic fever and Jacob's high blood pressure, the Baers drove to the milder climes of the West Coast, where Dora's sister lived in Alameda, California. Jacob's expertise in the butcher business led to numerous job offers around the San Francisco Bay Area. While living in Hayward, Max took his first job as a delivery boy for John Lee Wilbur. Wilbur ran a grocery store and bought meat from Jacob.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: The Baers lived in the Northern Californian towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Galt before moving to Livermore in 1926. Livermore was cowboy country, surrounded by tens of thousands of acres of rangeland which supported large cattle herds that provided fresh meat to the local area. In 1928, Jacob leased the Twin Oaks Ranch in Murray Township, where he raised more than 2,000 hogs and worked with daughter Frances's husband, Louis Santucci. Baer often credited working as a butcher boy, carrying heavy carcasses of meat, stunning cattle with one blow, and working at a gravel pit, for developing his powerful shoulders (an article in the January 1939 edition of The Family Circle Magazine reported that Baer also took the Charles Atlas exercise course.)


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer turned professional in 1929, progressing steadily through the Pacific Coast ranks. A ring tragedy little more than a year later almost caused Baer to drop out of boxing for good.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer fought Frankie Campbell on August 25, 1930, in San Francisco in a ring built over home plate at San Francisco's Recreation Park for the unofficial title of Pacific Coast champion. In the second round, Campbell clipped Baer and Baer slipped to the canvas. Campbell went toward his corner and waved to the crowd. He thought Baer was getting the count. Baer got up and flew at Campbell, landing a right to Campbell's turned head which sent him to the canvas.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: After the round, Campbell said to his trainer, "Something feels like it snapped in my head" but went on to handily win rounds 3 and 4. As Baer rose for the 5th round, Tillie "Kid" Herman, Baer's former friend and trainer, who had switched camps overnight and was now in Campbell's corner, savagely taunted and jeered Baer. In a rage and determined to end the bout with a knockout, Baer soon had Campbell against the ropes. As he hammered him with punch after punch, the ropes were the only thing holding Campbell up. By the time referee Toby Irwin stopped the fight, Campbell collapsed to the canvas. Baer's own seconds reportedly ministered to Campbell, and Baer stayed by his side until an ambulance arrived 30 minutes later. Baer "visited the stricken fighter's bedside", where he offered Frankie's wife Ellie the hand that hit her husband. She took that hand and the two stood speechless for a moment. "It was unfortunate, I'm awfully sorry", said Baer. "It even might have been you, mightn't it?" she replied.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: At noon the next day, with a lit candle laced between his crossed fingers, and his wife and mother beside him, Frankie Campbell was pronounced dead. Upon the surgeon's announcement of Campbell's death, Baer broke down and sobbed inconsolably. Brain specialist Dr. Tilton E. Tillman "declared death had been caused by a succession of blows on the jaw and not by any struck on the rear of the head" and that Campbell's brain had been "knocked completely loose from his skull" by Baer's blows.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: The Campbell incident earned Baer the reputation as a "killer" in the ring. This publicity was further sensationalized by Baer's return bout with Ernie Schaaf, on August 31, 1932. Schaaf had bested Baer in a decision during Max's Eastern debut bout at Madison Square Garden on September 19, 1930.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: An Associated Press article in the September 9, 1932, sports section of the "New York Times" describes the end of the return bout as follows:Two seconds before the fight ended Schaaf was knocked flat on his face, completely knocked out. He was dragged to his corner and his seconds worked on him for three minutes before restoring him to his senses... Baer smashed a heavy right to the jaw that shook Schaaf to his heels, to start the last round, then walked into the Boston fighter, throwing both hands to the head and body. Baer drove three hard rights to the jaw that staggered Schaaf. Baer beat Schaaf around the ring and into the ropes with a savage attack to the head and body. Just before the round ended Baer dropped Schaaf to the canvas, but the bell sounded as Schaaf hit the floor. Schaaf complained frequently of headaches after that bout. Five months after the Baer fight, on February 11, 1933, Schaaf died in the ring after taking a left jab from the Italian fighter Primo Carnera. The majority of sports editors noted, however, that an autopsy later revealed Schaaf had meningitis, a swelling of the brain, and was still recovering from a severe case of influenza when he touched gloves with Carnera. Schaaf's obituary stated that "just before his bout with Carnera, Schaaf went into reclusion in a religious retreat near Boston to recuperate from an attack of influenza" which produced the meningitis.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: The death of Campbell and accusations over Schaaf's demise profoundly affected Baer, even though he was ostensibly indestructible and remained a devastating force in the ring. According to his son, actor/director Max Baer Jr. (who was born seven years after the incident):My father cried about what happened to Frankie Campbell. He had nightmares. In reality, my father was one of the kindest, gentlest men you would ever hope to meet. He treated boxing the way today's professional wrestlers do wrestling: part sport, mostly showmanship. He never deliberately hurt anyone.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: In the case of Campbell, Baer was charged with manslaughter. Baer was eventually acquitted of all charges, but the California State Boxing Commission still banned him from any in-ring activity within the state for the next year. Baer gave purses from succeeding bouts to Campbell's family, but lost four of his next six fights. He fared better when Jack Dempsey took him under his wing.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: On June 8, 1933, Baer fought and defeated (by a technical knockout) German heavyweight and former world champion Max Schmeling at Yankee Stadium. Schmeling was favored to win, and was Adolf Hitler's favorite fighter. The Nazi tabloid "Der Stürmer" publicly attacked Schmeling for fighting a non-Aryan, as Baer's father was Jewish, calling it a "racial and cultural disgrace."


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Although the Great Depression, then in full force, had lowered the income of most citizens, sixty thousand people attended the fight. NBC radio updated millions nationwide as the match progressed. Baer, who was of one half Jewish descent, wore trunks which displayed the Star of David, a symbol he wore in all his future bouts. When the fight began, he dominated the rugged Schmeling into the tenth round, when Baer knocked him down and the referee stopped the match. Columnist Westbrook Pegler wrote about Schmeling's loss, "That wasn't a defeat, that was a disaster", while journalist David Margolick claimed that Baer's win would come to "symbolize Jewry's struggle against the Nazis."


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer became a hero among Jews, those who identified with Jews, and those who despised the Nazis. According to biographer David Bret, after the war ended, it was learned that Schmeling had in fact saved the lives of many Jewish children during the war while still serving his country.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: American film star Greta Garbo considered Baer's defeat of Schmeling to be a "mini-victory" over Nazism, and she invited him to visit her while she was filming "Queen Christina" in Hollywood. However, Baer's being allowed on the set was considered a "sacrilege" in Hollywood, as even MGM studio's head, Louis B. Mayer, wasn't allowed on Garbo's set, since she demanded total privacy while acting. Their friendship led to a romance, which lasted until he returned to New York to train for his next fight, this one against Primo Carnera.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: On June 14, 1934, at the outdoor Madison Square Garden Bowl at Long Island City, New York, Baer defeated the huge reigning world champion Primo Carnera of Italy, who weighed in at 267 pounds. Baer knocked down the champion 11 times before the fight was stopped in the eleventh round by referee Arthur Donovan to save Carnera from further punishment. All the knockdowns occurred in rounds one, two, ten and eleven, in which Baer thoroughly dominated. The intervening rounds were competitive. There is some dispute about the number of knockdowns scored as Carnera slipped to the canvas on several occasions and was wrestled to the canvas other times. Despite this dominant performance over Carnera, Baer would hold the world heavyweight title for just 364 days.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: On June 13, 1935, one of the greatest upsets in boxing history transpired in Long Island City, New York, as Baer fought down-and-out boxer James J. Braddock in the so-called "Cinderella Man" bout. Baer hardly trained for the bout. Braddock, on the other hand, was training hard. "I'm training for a fight, not a boxing contest or a clownin' contest or a dance," he said. "Whether it goes one round or three rounds or ten rounds, it will be a fight and a fight all the way. When you've been through what I've had to face in the last two years, a Max Baer or a Bengal tiger looks like a house pet. He might come at me with a cannon and a blackjack and he would still be a picnic compared to what I've had to face." Baer, ever the showman, "brought gales of laughter from the crowd with his antics" the night he stepped between the ropes to meet Braddock. As Braddock "slipped the blue bathrobe from his pink back, he was the sentimental favorite of a Bowl crowd of 30,000, most of whom had bet their money 8-to-1 against him."


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Max "undoubtedly paid the penalty for underestimating his challenger beforehand and wasting too much time clowning." At the end of 15 rounds Braddock emerged the victor in a unanimous decision, outpointing Baer 8 rounds to 6 in the "most astounding upset since John L. Sullivan went down before the thrusts of Gentleman Jim Corbett back in the nineties." Braddock took heavy hits from Baer but kept coming at him until he wore Max down.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: The fight was featured in the 2005 film "Cinderella Man". Baer was portrayed by Craig Bierko and Braddock was portrayed by Russell Crowe.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer and his brother Buddy both lost fights to Joe Louis. In the third round of Max's September 1935 match, Louis knocked Baer down twice, the first time he had ever been knocked to the canvas in his career. A sizzling left hook in the fourth round brought Max to his knee again, and the referee called the bout soon after. It was learned weeks later that Baer fought Louis with a broken right hand that never healed from his fight with James J. Braddock. Max was virtually helpless without his big right hand in the Louis fight. In the first televised heavyweight prizefight, Baer lost to Lou Nova on June 1, 1939, on WNBT-TV in New York.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer was awarded a belt declaring him the "White Heavyweight Champion of the World" after he scored a first-round TKO over Pat Cominsky in a bout at Roosevelt Stadium in Jersey City, New Jersey, on September 26, 1940, but it was a publicity stunt. The fight was not promoted as being for the white heavyweight championship, and Cominsky would not have won the belt had he beaten Baer.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: The belt was a publicity stunt dreamed up by boxing promoters who were trying to pressure promoter Mike Jacobs into giving the ex-world heavyweight champion a rematch with current champ Joe Louis. Jacobs did not give Baer another bout with Louis. Baer retired after his next fight, on April 4, 1941, when he lost to Lou Nova on a TKO in the eighth round of a scheduled 10-rounder at Madison Square Garden. Nova did get a shot at Joe Louis, losing to the champion by TKO in the sixth round of a scheduled fifteen-round bout held at the Polo Grounds in New York.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer boxed in 84 professional fights from 1929 to 1941. In all, his record was 71–13. Fifty-three of those wins were knockouts, making him a member of the exclusive group of boxers to have won 50 or more bouts by knockout. Baer defeated the likes of Ernie Schaaf, Walter Cobb, Kingfish Levinsky, Max Schmeling, Tony Galento, Ben Foord and Tommy Farr. He was Heavyweight Champion of the World from June 14, 1934, to June 13, 1935.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer was a 1968 inductee into "The Ring" magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame (disbanded in 1987) and was inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1995. He was inducted to the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2009. The 1998 Holiday Issue of "Ring" ranked Baer #20 in ""The 50 Greatest Heavyweights of All Time"". In "Ring Magazine's 100 Greatest Punchers" (published in 2003), Baer is ranked number 22.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer's motion picture debut was in "The Prizefighter and the Lady" (1933) opposite Myrna Loy and Walter Huston. In this MGM movie he played Steven "Steve" Morgan, a bartender that the Professor, played by Huston, begins training for the ring. Steve wins a fight, then marries Belle Mercer, played by Loy. He starts seriously training, but it turns out he has a huge ego and an eye for women. Featured were Baer's upcoming opponent, Primo Carnera, as himself, whom Steve challenges for the championship, and Jack Dempsey, as himself, former heavyweight champion, acting as the referee.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: On March 29, 1934, "The Prizefighter and the Lady" was officially banned in Germany at the behest of Joseph Goebbels, Adolf Hitler's Minister of Propaganda and Public Entertainment, even though it received favorable reviews in local newspapers as well as in Nazi publications. When contacted for comment at Lake Tahoe, Baer said, "They didn't ban the picture because I have Jewish blood. They banned it because I knocked out Max Schmeling." Baer enlisted, as did his brother Buddy, in the United States Army when World War II began.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer acted in almost 20 movies, including "Africa Screams" (1949) with Abbott and Costello, and made several television guest appearances. A clown in and out of the ring, Baer also appeared in a vaudeville act and on his own TV variety show. Baer appeared in Humphrey Bogart's final movie, "The Harder They Fall" (1956), opposite Mike Lane as Toro Moreno, a Hollywood version of Primo Carnera, whom Baer defeated for his heavyweight title. Budd Schulberg, who wrote the book from which the movie was made, portrayed the Baer character, "Buddy Brannen", as bloodthirsty, and the unfounded characterization was reprised in the movie "Cinderella Man".


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: In 1950, Baer teamed up with another titleholder, friend and Light Heavyweight champion (1929–34) and boxer-turned actor/comedian, Maxie Rosenbloom. Together, the two starred in four slapstick comedy shorts for Columbia Pictures (produced by the makers of the Three Stooges comedies) and one feature film, Skipalong Rosenbloom (written by Rosenbloom, uncredited). The team embarked on a comedy tour, billed as . Baer would also take the stage at Rosenbloom's comedy club on Wilshire Blvd, "Slapsy Maxie's", which was featured in the film Gangster Squad. Baer and Rosenbloom remained friends until Baer's death in 1959.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer additionally worked as a disc jockey for a Sacramento radio station, and for a while he was a wrestler. He served as public relations director for a Sacramento automobile dealership and referee for boxing and wrestling matches.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer was married twice, first to actress Dorothy Dunbar (married July 8, 1931 – divorced October 3, 1933) and then to Mary Ellen Sullivan (1903–1978) (married June 29, 1935 – his death 1959), the mother of his 3 children: actor Max Baer Jr. (born 1937), best known for playing Jethro Bodine on "The Beverly Hillbillies"; James Manny Baer (1941–2009); and Maudie Marian Baer (born 1944).


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: At the time of his death on November 21, 1959, Baer was scheduled to appear in some TV commercials in Los Angeles before returning to his home in Sacramento.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: On Wednesday, November 18, 1959, Baer refereed a nationally televised 10-round boxing match in Phoenix. At the end of the match, to the applause of the crowd, Baer grasped the ropes and vaulted out of the ring and joined fight fans in a cocktail bar. The next day, he was scheduled to appear in several television commercials in Hollywood, California. On his way, he stopped in Garden Grove, California, to keep a promise he had made thirteen years earlier to the then five-year-old son of his ex-sparring partner, Curly Owens. Baer presented the now 18-year-old with a foreign sports car on his birthday, as he had said he would.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer checked into the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel upon his arrival on November 19. Hotel employees said he looked fit but complained of a cold. As he was shaving on the morning of November 21, he experienced chest pains. He called the front desk and asked for a doctor. The desk clerk said that "a house doctor would be right up." "A house doctor?" he replied jokingly, "No, dummy, I need a people doctor".


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: A doctor gave Baer medicine, and a fire department rescue squad administered oxygen. His chest pains subsided and he was showing signs of recovery when he was stricken with a second heart attack. Just a moment before, he was joking with the doctor, declaring he had come through two similar but lighter attacks earlier in Sacramento, California. Then he slumped on his left side, turned blue and died within a matter of minutes. His last words reportedly were, "Oh God, here I go."


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer's funeral in Sacramento was attended by more than 1,500 mourners. Four former world boxing champions appeared and Joe Louis and Jack Dempsey were among the pallbearers. The cemetery service was concluded by an American Legion honor guard recognizing Baer's service in World War II. Baer's obituary made the front page of "The New York Times". He was laid to rest in a garden crypt in St. Mary's Catholic Cemetery in Sacramento.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: There is a park named for Baer in Livermore, California. There is also a park named for him in Sacramento. He was honored by the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame in 1988.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: Baer was an active member of the Fraternal Order of Eagles. When Max died of a heart attack in 1959, the Eagles created a charity fund as a tribute to his memory and as a means of combating the disease that killed him. "The Max Baer Heart Fund" is


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: primarily to aid in heart research and education. Since the fund started in 1959, millions of dollars have been donated to universities, medical centers and hospitals across the United States and Canada for heart research and education.


title: Max Baer (boxer)

text: All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Fearless (Taylor's Version) is the first re-recorded album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, released on April 9, 2021, through Republic Records. It is a re-recording of Swift's second studio album, "Fearless" (2008), and the first in the series of six re-recorded albums Swift has planned to release, following the dispute regarding ownership of the masters to her first six studio albums.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Consisting of re-recorded versions of all of the 19 tracks from the "Platinum Edition" (2009) of "Fearless", Swift's 2010 soundtrack single "Today Was a Fairytale", and six bonus "from the Vault" songs that were withheld from being included on the original "Fearless" or its "Platinum Edition", there are 26 tracks on "Fearless (Taylor's Version)", twelve of which were solely written by Swift. Recreating the album musically, the re-recorded tracks were produced by Swift and Christopher Rowe, using the same touring band that played the instruments on the original, whereas the newly added tracks were produced by Swift, Jack Antonoff and Aaron Dessner. Colbie Caillat returned to feature on "Breathe", while Maren Morris and Keith Urban contributed guest vocals on vault tracks "You All Over Me" and "That's When", respectively.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: The album was preceded by three of its songs, all of which entered the top 10 of the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart: "Love Story (Taylor's Version)" topped the chart, "You All Over Me" landed at number six, followed by "Mr. Perfectly Fine" reaching number two. "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" received critical acclaim, with reviewers praising the precise replication of the original compositions, crisper production quality, nostalgic sentiment and Swift's strong, matured vocals. Commercially, it topped the charts in Argentina, Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, the United Kingdom, as well as the United States, where it marked the first ever re-recorded album to reach number one on the "Billboard" 200 chart, spending two weeks at the top, and became the second best-selling country record of 2021, behind its successor "Red (Taylor's Version)".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Taylor Swift released her second studio album, "Fearless", in 2008 to critical and commercial success. It was distributed by American record label Big Machine. The country pop effort spent 11 weeks atop the US "Billboard" 200 chart and became the best-selling album of 2009. It spawned five top-10 entries on the "Billboard" Hot 100, including the crossover singles "Love Story" and "You Belong with Me", and catapulted Swift to mainstream prominence. The most awarded country album in history, "Fearless" won four Grammy Awards at the 52nd ceremony, including Album of the Year, the first of Swift's three wins in that category. The album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America, and is credited for paving Swift's way to becoming one of the biggest acts of her generation.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: In 2018, having recorded six studio albums under Big Machine, Swift's contract with the label expired. She signed a new contract with record label Republic Records, which is a division of Universal Music Group. In 2019, Big Machine Records was acquired by American talent manager and businessman Scooter Braun and his company Ithaca Holdings. As part of the acquisition, ownership of the masters to Swift's first six studio albums, including "Fearless", transferred to Braun. The master is the first recording of an audio recording, from which copies are made for sales and distribution; the owner of the master, therefore, owns all copies, such as digital versions for download or on streaming platforms, or physical versions available on CDs and vinyl records. In August 2019, Swift denounced the purchase, and announced her intention to re-record her first six studio albums so as to own their masters. In November 2020, Braun sold the masters to Shamrock Holdings, an American private equity firm owned by the Disney estate, under the terms of acquisition that Braun and Ithaca Holdings will continue to benefit from the albums financially.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: The standard edition of "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" is one hour and 46 minutes long, consisting of 26 songs, the last six of which are noted as "from the Vault" tracks. The deluxe edition adds an extra track, "Love Story (Elvira remix)". The album features guest appearances from American singers Colbie Caillat and Maren Morris, and New Zealand singer Keith Urban, on "Breathe", You All Over Me", and "That's When", respectively. 12 of the tracks on "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" were written solely by Swift; the rest credits Liz Rose, Hillary Lindsey, Scooter Carusoe, John Rich, the Warren Brothers, and Tommy Lee James as co-writers. Cary Barlowe and Nathan Barlowe, members of American band Luna Halo, are also credited as songwriters on "Untouchable", which is a cover of the band's song. The album was produced by Swift, Christopher Rowe, Jack Antonoff and Aaron Dessner, the first two of which produced the majority, while the latter two, who co-produced Swift's 2020 albums "Folklore" and "Evermore", were involved with the vault tracks only.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Swift told "People" that she did not significantly alter the lyrical content, vocal melodies and instrumental arrangements of the 2008 recording. However, the sonic textures were changed in the re-recording. She added that she studied "Fearless" thoroughly to replicate the country inflections of her early vocals. Swift recruited members of her older touring band, who played the instruments on the 2008 recording, to do the same for "Fearless (Taylor's Version)".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: In comparison to the 2008 version, there are no lyrical alterations on the re-recorded album, except for a few, minor, grammatical changes. The lyrics explore the beginning of Swift's adolescence, teenage romance, infatuations, and heartbreaks, including themes of empowerment and familial love. Rain is a recurring motif found in the album's lyricism. Replicating the former sonically as well, "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" is a country and country pop record with pop rock tendencies, making use of the original keys, tempos, vocal styles, such as the twang, vibrato and grain, and traditional instruments like guitar, drums, banjo, fiddle and strings. However, reviewers from "The New York Times" wrote that her singing voice is stronger, more controlled, and deeper in the re-recorded album, discarding the nasal tone of her early vocals. "Clash" critic Lucy Harbron opined that Swift's vocals have evolved "into her own unique blend of country, pop and indie".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Despite Swift's intention to replicate the original sound, "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" contains "slight audible differences" in the production and vocals, according to Paula Clare Harper, assistant professor of musicology at the Glenn Korff School of Music at University of Nebraska-Lincoln. According to Harper's digital analysis of the album, Swift performs "signature aspects" of country music in many of its tracks, but in a "breathy, more chest-driven" vocal delivery, a singing style seen in her albums post 2008's "Fearless".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Tracks 21 through 26 are branded as "From the Vault", which are songs that did not make the final cut of "Fearless" (2008). "You All Over Me" is an acoustic country pop song with soaring fiddles, lilting guitars, harmonica, pulsing synth drums, hushed percussions, and Morris' backing vocals. Lyrically, the track details not being able to get over a former lover, while trying to find acceptance and peace. Driven by energetic guitars and drums, "Mr. Perfectly Fine" is a midtempo country pop and pop rock song with elements of rock and rock and roll. Its lyrics find Swift navigating the tumultuous feelings ensued post-breakup, using witty wordplay. The song contains the line "Mr. casually cruel", which has been associated with Swift's 2012 song "All Too Well".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: The slow-paced "We Were Happy" is about reminiscing over the highest points of a derailed relationship. Its minimal instrumentals incorporate strings, a chiming guitar riff and lush harmonies. "That's When" is a duet with Urban, marking Swift's second collaboration with him, after "Highway Don't Care" (2012). The song is about two past lovers reuniting. It is a "woozy" country-pop tune with euphoric layered vocals, giddy harmonies, and "1989"-style production. In the sparse "Don't You", the narrator runs into a former lover, and pines for their past relationship. Its production incorporates keyboards, electric guitars, and drums layered over each other. "Bye Bye Baby", originally titled "One Thing", was an unreleased track that had existed in the internet for a long time. Swift re-recorded the song for "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" and changed its title. The song concludes the album with a notion of "Bye, bye, to everything I thought was on my side", a possible reference to Swift's masters dispute.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Swift announced "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" and the lead single "Love Story (Taylor's Version)" on February 11, 2021. "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" contains 26 songs, consisting of all the tracks from "Fearless: Platinum Edition" (2009), "Today Was a Fairytale"—the 2010 single from the soundtrack of "Valentine's Day" (2010), and six new bonus tracks "from the vault" that did not make the 2008 album. The album was one of the most anticipated releases of 2021. "Love Story (Taylor's Version)" topped the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart, giving Swift her eighth number-one single and first ever number-one debut on the chart. It was her first number-one on the chart since "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" (2012), and made her the second artist in history to top the chart with the original and re-recorded versions of the same song, after Dolly Parton with "I Will Always Love You".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: One of the vault tracks, "You All Over Me" featuring Maren Morris, was released as a promotional single on March 25, 2021. The second single, another vault track—"Mr. Perfectly Fine"—was released with surprise on April 7, 2021, alongside its lyric video. "You All Over Me" reached number six on the Hot Country Songs chart, while "Mr. Perfectly Fine" reached number two.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: On April 2, 2021, Swift teased the titles of the vault tracks through an animated clip containing scrambled anagrams. The next day, after the fans decoded the titles, she revealed the full track listing of the album, which included a collaboration with Australian country singer Keith Urban on the vault track "That's When". Urban confirmed the involvement of Swift's longtime collaborator Jack Antonoff in the production of the vault tracks, tweeting the same day that "Jack Antonoff and Aaron Dessner asked if I'd join their band and I said hell yes!". Subsequently, Swift tweeted "I was [Urban's] opening act during the "Fearless" album era and his music has inspired me endlessly… I'm counting down the minutes til we can all jump into this brave world together, filled with equal parts nostalgia and brand newness". American singer-songwriter Colbie Caillat, who was featured on 2008's "Breathe", re-recorded her vocals for the album.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Swift teased snippets of six tracks off of the album prior to its release. She teased "Breathe (Taylor's Version)" on Tumblr, "Hey Stephen (Taylor's Version)" on Twitter, as well as "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" on "Good Morning America" and "Fifteen" on Snapchat. She additionally recruited Olivia Rodrigo and Conan Gray to share snippets of "You Belong with Me (Taylor's Version)" and "White Horse (Taylor's Version)" on TikTok and Instagram. Writing that "it's hard to imagine any other star engaging in an act of business retribution while also making it seem so joyful and so participatory for her fans", "The New York Times" opined that Swift's promotional roll-out leading to the album, incorporating teasers and easter eggs, is a "communal and celebratory experience".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" was released on April 9, 2021. The standard physical copies were made available for pre-order on Swift's website, and CDs with collectible posters available for pre-order exclusively at Target. The vinyl LPs came in two editions, one golden in color and the other red; the latter available on Swift's website and the other at Target. Swift appeared on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" on April 13, 2021. Swift released four compilation chapters, "Fearless (Taylor's Version): The Halfway Out the Door Chapter", "Fearless (Taylor's Version): The Kissing in the Rain Chapter", "Fearless (Taylor's Version): The I Remember What You Said Last Night Chapter", and "Fearless (Taylor's Version): The From the Vault Chapter" on May 13, May 19, May 24, and May 26, 2021, respectively. On September 20, 2021, limited-edition CDs of the album, autographed by Swift, were made exclusively available on her webstore for 72 hours only.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" was met with acclaim from music critics, most of whom found the album's diaristic lyrics highly efficient to-date. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score out of 100 to ratings from publications, the album received a weighted mean score of 82 based on 17 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "The Daily Telegraph"s Neil McCormick wrote "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" is "an exceptionally fine album of country-pop songs" that detail Swift's "romantic fixations" when she was entering adulthood. He felt her vocals have a "fuller" tone and timbre, but still sounded like her 18-year-old self, preserving her "light country twang". Writing for "i", Sarah Carson said "Fearless" proved "prophetic" and "timeless", chronicling universal themes of "breakups, dreams, frustrations, first kisses". She highlighted the "from the Vault" tracks for showcasing Swift's maturity. "The Independent"s Alexandra Pollard praised the album's nostalgia, faithfulness to the 2008 record, and the addition of "oddly comforting" vault tracks. Saloni Gajjar of "The A.V. Club" opined that "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" showcased Swift's mature vocals and "sharp sense of musicianship and instrumentation", describing it as a "mellifluous upgrade to an already remarkable album".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Will Hodgkinson of "The Times" said "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" is "a masterclass in classic Nashville songwriting", a "sweet, nostalgic" and "wholesome" record that documents Swift's coming of age. Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" wrote that it emanates "wistful reminiscence about female adolescence", with "a brilliant fixing of the understandable teenage impulse to mythologise the recent past, to carry on as if it's ancient history". "NME" critic Hannah Mylrea stated the album "celebrates and stays true to Swift's "Fearless" era", with warmer and crisper production. Jonathan Bernstein of "Rolling Stone" appreciated Swift's "richer, deeper" vocals, which he felt embodied "her earlier country affectations". He said her vocals mimicked "the polished Nashville textures and soundscapes" of the original album, and that it is placed lower in the mix. "Spin" Bobby Olivier called the album a "thrilling timewarp" and a "compelling revisitation" with the same rigor given to all of Swift's projects. He praised the "meticulous replication" of the production.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "Variety" critic Chris Willman also praised Swift's recreation of the album, and her sonic experimentation on the vault tracks, saying: "What they say about actors 'disappearing into the role'? That really applies to Taylor Swift, playing herself." "Clash" writer Lucy Harbron complimented its fresh sound and Swift's strong, relaxed vocals; she remarked the original substance retained in the album, "to not uproot these songs' place in people's lives", but enhancing the texture, which results in a "bittersweet magic that has millions feel nostalgic". Ross Horton, writing for "The Line of Best Fit", called "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" "a treasure chest of riches" that breathed "new life into a vital piece of her early work", re-introducing it to a new generation of fans. "Gigwise" Kelsey Barnes said that "no one has penned songs about teenhood better than Taylor Swift", and that the album offers listeners the opportunity to look back on their "exaggerated" and "melodramatic" teenage experiences. Barnes picked "Change" and "We Were Happy" as standouts. In a mixed review, Mikael Wood of "Los Angeles Times" felt that the vault tracks lacked "the trademark specificity that defines Swift's A-game", and downplayed the re-recording as "bare-knuckled capitalism". Critics from "The New York Times" upheld it as a fight for artists' rights and industrial ethics.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Swift pulled "Fearless (Taylor’s Version)" from contending for Grammy Awards and Country Music Association (CMA) Awards. On July 20, 2021, a Republic Records representative explained to "Billboard" that Swift will not submit the album to any of the categories, since ""Fearless" has already won four Grammys including album of the year, as well as the CMA Award for album of the year in 2009/2010 and remains the most awarded country album of all time." Nevertheless, "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" was nominated for Top Country Album at the 2022 "Billboard" Music Awards, alongside "Red (Taylor's Version)" in the same category; the latter won the award.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" garnered the biggest opening day for a female artist's album on Spotify in 2021, tallying more than 50 million global streams in its first day on the platform. Its tracks claimed the top ten spots of Apple Music's global country songs chart. As per Universal Music, the album earned over 1 million units in its first week globally. Fourteen of its tracks charted on the "Billboard" Global 200 chart, with 8 inside the top 100. At the end of the year, Swift was the most streamed woman on Spotify in 2021, and the second most streamed act behind Puerto Rican rapper Bad Bunny. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) reported that Swift was the world's best selling soloist and female artist of 2021, for a third consecutive year.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" debuted atop the "Billboard" 200, yielding Swift's ninth album to do so. It moved 291,000 album-equivalent units in its first week, of which 179,000 were album sales and 109,000 units from streaming. "Billboard" remarked the album did not need to sell a single copy to reach number one due its impressive performance on streaming platforms; its streaming tally alone was adequate to top the chart, as its closest competitor, DMX's "The Best of DMX" (2010), shifted a total sum of 77,000 units only. "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" is also the eighth longest album to top the chart in the 21st-century, clocking at 106 minutes and 20 seconds, and the longest by a female artist. It spent two non-consecutive weeks at number one.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: The album garnered the biggest sales week of 2021, surpassing Morgan Wallen's ""; this record was later broken by Swift's own "Evermore" (2020) when it resurged in sales after its vinyl release. "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" garnered the biggest weekly streams ever for a country album by a female artist, the biggest opening week for a country album since Luke Bryan's "Kill the Lights" (2015), and is also the first ever re-recorded album to reach number one in the US. With "Folklore", "Evermore", and "Fearless (Taylor's Version)", Swift became the first female artist to have three number-one albums in less than a year, breaking the previous record held by Donna Summer. The four-month gap between "Evermore" and "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" broke Swift's own record for the shortest gap between number-one albums by a woman.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: On the "Billboard" Top Country Albums, "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" earned Swift her sixth number one, her first since "Red" (2012). Eighteen of the album's tracks charted on the Hot Country Songs chart, the most ever in a week by a woman, besting her own record of 12 entries from "Red". Nine tracks charted simultaneously on the all-genre "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated April 24, 2021, extending Swift's record for the most Hot 100 entries by women (136). Aided by "Fearless (Taylor's Version)", Swift returned to the top of the "Billboard" Artist 100 chart for a record-extending 47th week.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Following the release of its vinyl LPs and signed CDs, "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" rose 156 spots and returned to number one on the "Billboard" 200, earning 152,000 units, of which 67,000 were vinyl sales and 77,000 CD sales; its leap to number one is the largest jump to the spot since the Notorious B.I.G.'s "Life After Death" ascended 176 spots on the chart dated April 12, 1997, while the 67,000 tally marked the fourth largest vinyl sales week in the MRC Data history, behind "Evermore", Olivia Rodrigo's "Sour" (2021), and Billie Eilish's "Happier Than Ever" (2021). "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" was the fifth best-selling album of 2021 with 521,000 sales.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" debuted atop Australia's ARIA Albums Chart as Swift's eighth number-one album in the country. It made her the female artist with the second-most number-one albums (behind Madonna with 11), and the artist with the second-most consecutive chart-toppers (behind Eminem with nine). Swift was the first artist to top the Australian albums chart with three different albums in a 12-month period. The 17-week gap between "Evermore" and "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" broke the record for fewest weeks between two different ARIA number-one albums, that Swift previously set with "Folklore" and "Evermore" (20 weeks). "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" topped the Australian Vinyl Albums chart, and the New Zealand Albums Chart as well.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: The album launched at number one on the "Billboard" Canadian Albums chart, marking Swift's ninth chart-topping album in Canada. Sixteen tracks from the album charted simultaneously on the Canadian Hot 100 chart, increasing Swift's career entries on the chart to a total of 148. "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" was Canada's second best-selling country album by a female artist, behind Swift's own "Red (Taylor's Version)".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: In China, "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" sold more than 205,000 copies on digital music platforms in less than five minutes, and topped the charts of all major Chinese music streaming platforms, such as QQ Music and NetEase Music.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: In the United Kingdom, the album arrived at number one on the UK Albums Chart, marking Swift's seventh chart-topping album. Swift is the only female artist with so many number-one albums in the UK in the 21st-century, with the third-most in history, after Madonna (12) and Kylie Minogue (8). The album surpassed the peak of its 2008 counterpart, and broke the Beatles' 54-year-old record for the fastest accumulation of three number one albums. The band achieved the feat in 364 days between 1965 and 1966, whereas Swift eclipsed it in 259 days. "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" reached number one on the UK Apple Music chart as well, making Swift the first female country artist to top it. It spent two weeks atop the UK's Official Country Albums Chart. As of May 2021, Swift is the best-selling artist of 2021 in the UK.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: Swift scored her sixth number-one album on Ireland's Albums Chart with "Fearless (Taylor's Version)", outpeaking the original record, which peaked at number seven in 2009. Swift also extended her record as the woman with the most chart-topping albums in Ireland this millennium. The album debuted inside the top-10 in many other European markets, such as Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Spain. In territories where the sales performance of the re-recording was combined with the original, "Fearless" reached new peaks bolstered by "Fearless (Taylor's Version)". Having initially peaked at number 14 on Austrian Albums Chart dated May 29, 2009, the album reached a new peak of number two in the week dated April 23, 2021. In Germany, it re-entered at number two on Offizielle Top 100 dated April 16, 2021, besting its older peak of number 12. It rose to newer peaks of numbers two and three on Norway's Topp 40 Albums and Switzerland's Hitparade Albums Top 100 charts, from numbers five and 35, respectively.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "Fearless" (2008) was charting at number 157 on the "Billboard" 200 before the release of "Fearless (Taylor's Version)", after which the 2008 album dropped 19% in sales and fell off the chart entirely, while the re-recording rose to number one. Ben Sisario of "The New York Times" commented that "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" has "accomplished what appeared to be one of Swift's goals: burying the original "Fearless"." "Variety" contributor Chris Willman underlined the critical and commercial success of "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" and stated Swift's highly publicized move to reclaim her masters would inspire other artists to "further deputize or weaponize fans in their own business disputes", unlike the less successful attempts by her contemporaries to own their music.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "Evening Standard" said that Swift, "one of few artists with the power and profile to create change in the music world", stressed "the importance of artists owning their work and refusing to let others capitalize on their creativity", and motivates less established musicians to fight for better record deals. "Belfast Telegraph" praised Swift for "turning bad blood with Scooter Braun into a revolution for female artists" and credited Swift for encouraging female musicians like Sky Ferreira and Halsey to speak about their struggles in the music industry. "Clash" wrote "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" increased awareness of contracts that exploit young artists, which had become a part of Swift's musical legacy.


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "The New Yorker" asserted the term "Taylor's Version" Swift used for the re-recorded album is "a stroke of strategic genius". "Junkee" opinioned the move is "a big precedent to set for an industry that doesn't protect its artists very well". "Stereogum" said that it could "set a new trend in motion" and influence other artists to re-record their past work. According to "The Wall Street Journal", if Swift wants to allow a song from "Fearless" for use in a commercial or a movie, she can sign the deal herself as she owns the masters for "Fearless" "(Taylor's Version)", excluding the owners of the original version. "Marie Claire" called "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" "monumental" for not only its statement on artists' rights, but for "divorcing [Swift's] music from the sexist media narrative that followed her during her adolescence, inviting listeners and critics to engage with the same songs today without as much gender bias", thus letting Swift take charge of her narrative by eschewing the "tabloid frenzy" and "allowing her musical prowess to take center stage."


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: "Rolling Stone" reported that Swift was the highest-paid female musician of 2021, due to her revenues from "Fearless (Taylor's Version)" and its follow-up "Red (Taylor's Version)".


title: Fearless (Taylor's Version)

text: All tracks are written by Taylor Swift and produced by Swift and Christopher Rowe, unless noted otherwise.


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio da Silva Ferreira (; 25 January 1942 – 5 January 2014), nicknamed the "Black Panther", the "Black Pearl" or "O Rei" ("The King"), was a Portuguese footballer who played as a striker. He is considered one of the greatest players of all time as well as Benfica's best player ever. He was known for his speed, technique, athleticism and his ferocious right-footed shot, making him a prolific goalscorer, in which he scored 733 goals in 745 matches.


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio helped Portugal reach third place at the 1966 FIFA World Cup, being the top goalscorer of the tournament with nine goals. He won the Ballon d'Or in 1965 and was runner-up in 1962 and 1966. He is Benfica's all-time top scorer with 473 goals in 440 competitive matches. There, his honours include eleven Primeira Liga titles and a European Cup, also being integral in reaching additional European Cup finals in 1963, 1965 and 1968. He is the second-highest goalscorer, behind Alfredo Di Stéfano, in the pre-Champions League era of the European Cup with 48 goals. He was the European Cup top scorer in 1964–65, 1965–66 and 1967–68. He also won the Bola de Prata for the Primeira Liga top scorer a record seven times. He was the first ever player to win the European Golden Boot, in 1968, a feat he replicated in 1973.


title: Eusébio

text: From his retirement until his death, Eusébio was an ambassador of football and was one of the most recognizable faces of his generation. His name often appears in best player of all time lists and polls by football critics and fans. He was elected the ninth-best footballer of the 20th century in a poll by the IFFHS and the tenth-best footballer of the 20th century in a poll by the World Soccer magazine. Pelé named Eusébio as one of the 125 best living footballers in his 2004 FIFA 100 list. He was seventh in the online poll for UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. In November 2003, to celebrate UEFA's Jubilee, he was selected as the Golden Player of Portugal by the Portuguese Football Federation as their most outstanding player of the past 50 years. Shortly after Eusébio's death, Di Stéfano stated: "For me Eusébio will always be the best player of all time".


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio was born in the Mafalala neighbourhood, Lourenço Marques (now Maputo), Portuguese Mozambique on 25 January 1942. His parents were Laurindo António da Silva Ferreira, a white railroad worker from Malanje, Angola, and his wife Elisa Anissabeni, a black Mozambican woman. He was the fourth child of his parents. Growing up in an extremely poor neighbourhood, he used to skip school classes to play barefoot football with his friends on improvised pitches and using improvised footballs. His father died from tetanus when Eusébio was eight years old, so the widowed Elisa almost exclusively raised young Eusébio.


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio first started to play for a local amateur team called "Os Brasileiros" (The Brazilians), in honour of the great Brazil national team of the 1950s that he and his friends formed, they would play under the names of some of those superstars. The balls they used were made of socks stuffed with newspapers rolled into spheres. He tried to enlist with some friends for the team Grupo Desportivo de Lourenço de Marques, his favourite team and a Benfica feeder team, also the team where Mário Coluna had played before his move to Benfica, but was rejected, without even being given a chance to prove his worth. He then tried his luck with Sporting Clube de Lourenço Marques, who accepted him. He affirmed that he was spotted by a former Juventus goalkeeper turned scout when he was 15 years old: "When I was 15, Juventus of Italy, wanted to hire me, because one of their scouts, who had been a famous Italian goalkeeper for them, saw me and told them that there was a boy with a potential, that it would be good to take advantage while I was still unknown. Juventus proposed but my mum never wanted to hear anything from anyone".


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio played for two seasons with their youth team, while he made sporadic appearances in the senior team. There he won the Campeonato Provincial de Moçambique and the Campeonato Distrital de Lourenço Marques in his last season, in 1960.


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio moved to Lisbon in his late teens, after joining Benfica as an 18-year-old from his local club, Sporting de Lourenço Marques, for 350,000 Portuguese escudos (equivalent to €136,000 in 2009). Benfica discovered Eusébio due to the efforts of Brazilian former player José Carlos Bauer, who saw him in Lourenço Marques in 1960. Eusébio could run 100 metres in under 11 seconds. Although he preferred playing with the right side foot, Eusébio could use the left side just as well. At times, Eusébio would surprise opponents with his dribbling ability, seemingly, a talent he preferred to keep secret. Bauer recommended Eusébio first to his former club, São Paulo, but the "Tricolor" turned him down.


title: Eusébio

text: Bauer had been asked by his former coach at São Paulo, Béla Guttmann, to keep an eye out for talented players during a ten-week tour to Africa, and when São Paulo could not afford the asking price for Eusébio, Bauer then recommended him to Guttmann, who was coaching Benfica at the time. Guttman moved quickly and signed the then-19-year-old for Benfica.


title: Eusébio

text: The move was controversial; Sporting Lourenço Marques was a subsidiary of Sporting CP, and the two rivals disputed the legality of the transfer. According to Eusébio: "I used to play in Sporting's feeder club in Mozambique. Benfica wanted to pay me in a contract to go while Sporting wanted to take me [to Portugal] as a junior player for experience with no monetary reward. Benfica made a nice approach. They went to speak to my mum, my brother, and offered €1,000 for three years. My brother asked for double and they paid it. They signed the contract with my mother and she got the money."


title: Eusébio

text: By 15 December 1960, Eusébio arrived at Lisbon and was sent to Lagos, in the Algarve, with Benfica fearing a kidnapping operation by Sporting rivals. During his transfer he was codenamed Ruth Malosso. He remained there for 12 days, until the transfer upheaval calmed down. While he stayed in a hotel room he was warned for possible run-overs. Eusébio considered leaving Portugal, but his mother convinced him to stay.


title: Eusébio

text: Benfica registered Eusébio only in May the next year, and he made his first appearance for them against Atlético Clube de Portugal in a friendly game on 23 May 1961. He scored a hat-trick in a 4–2 victory. His debut in an official match was on 1 June 1961, against Vitória de Setúbal, in the third round second leg of the 1960–61 Taça de Portugal. The game was controversially scheduled for the day after the European Cup final against Barcelona and the Portuguese Football Federation did not postpone it. As the first team was returning from Bern, Benfica played with the reserve squad and was defeated 1–4. Eusébio scored a goal and missed a penalty (the first of only five he missed throughout his career), but this was not enough to win the round (4–5 on aggregate). On 10 June 1961, Eusébio played for the first time in the Primeira Divisão, the last match day against Belenenses, where he scored a goal in a 4–0 win. On 15 June, Benfica played the final of the invitational Tournoi de Paris against Pelé's Santos, and in the beginning of the second half, with Benfica down 0–4, Béla Guttmann decided to bring Eusébio from the bench to substitute Santana. Shortly after coming in, Santos reached 0–5. However, between the 63rd and the 80th minute, Eusébio scored 3 goals and suffered a foul inside the penalty area, the penalty taker, José Augusto, failed to score though. The game finished 6–3 for Santos, with Eusébio being on the cover of the famed French sporting newspaper "L'Équipe".


title: Eusébio

text: His following season was the one where he started to gain global recognition among football fans and critics alike. He scored 12 goals in 17 league matches, and even though the club finished third, they won the Taça de Portugal against Vitória de Setúbal, with Eusébio scoring two goals in the final. In that same season, he won the European Cup, also scoring two goals in the final against Real Madrid in a 5–3 result to Benfica. Due to his fine form during the season, he finished second in the 1962 Ballon d'Or, in his first complete season as a professional. In October 1963, he was selected to represent the FIFA team in the "Golden Anniversary" of The Football Association at Wembley Stadium.


title: Eusébio

text: Benfica were also European Cup runners-up in 1963, 1965 and 1968. In the 1968 defeat to the English league champions Manchester United at Wembley Stadium, with the scores 1–1, he came close to winning the game for Benfica in the dying seconds of the game, only to have his shot saved by Alex Stepney. Despite this, and the fact that the English side went on to win 4–1 in extra time, he openly congratulated Stepney for his efforts throughout the game, stopping to applaud Stepney, as he threw the ball back into play.


title: Eusébio

text: He received a number of individual accolades and awards while playing for Benfica. He was the 1965 European Footballer of the Year (Ballon d'Or) and finished as runner-up twice, in 1962 and 1966, and in 1968 was the first winner of the Golden Boot Award, as Europe's leading scorer, a feat he repeated five years later. He was the Portuguese First Division's top scorer seven times (1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970 and 1973), helping Benfica to win 11 Primeira Liga (1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73 and 1974–75), 5 Portuguese Cup wins (1961–62, 1963–64, 1968–69, 1969–70 and 1971–72), 1 European Cup win (1961–62) and 3 European Cup finals (1962–63, 1964–65 and 1967–68).


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio scored 473 goals in 440 official matches for Benfica, including 317 goals in 301 Primeira Liga matches, and 59 goals in 78 matches of UEFA club competitions. Overall, he scored 727 goals in 715 matches wearing Benfica's jersey.


title: Eusébio

text: In 1976–77 and 1977–78, Eusébio played for two smaller Portuguese clubs, Beira-Mar, in the first division, and União de Tomar, in the Second Division.


title: Eusébio

text: He also played in the North American Soccer League (NASL), for three different teams, from 1975 to 1977: Boston Minutemen (1975), Toronto Metros-Croatia (1976), and the Las Vegas Quicksilvers (1977). His most successful season in the NASL was in 1976 with Toronto Metros-Croatia. He scored the winning goal in their 3–0 victory at the Soccer Bowl '76 to win the NASL title. The same year, he played ten games for Monterrey in the Mexican league.


title: Eusébio

text: The following season (1977), he signed for the Las Vegas Quicksilvers. By this time, injuries had taken their toll on the Black Panther, and he was constantly receiving medical treatment whilst playing for the Quicksilvers. During the season, he only managed to score two goals.


title: Eusébio

text: Although his knees robbed him of his ability to continue in the NASL, Eusébio wanted to continue to play soccer. He found a home in 1978 with the New Jersey Americans of the second-tier American Soccer League (ASL). He went on to play five games for the Buffalo Stallions during the 1979–80 Major Indoor Soccer League season. He retired in 1979 and formed part of the technical committee of the Portugal national football team.


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio was the leading scorer for his country, with 41 goals in 64 matches, until Pauleta equalled and surpassed his record against Latvia on 12 October 2005. Eusébio was also the most capped Portuguese player from 1972, until Nené made his 64th cap against Yugoslavia on 2 June 1984 in a friendly match, breaking Eusébio's record during the UEFA Euro 1984 on 20 June against Romania. He made his debut for the Portugal national team against Luxembourg on 8 October 1961, a match his country lost 4–2, with the player scoring his country's first goal in the match.


title: Eusébio

text: After Portugal qualified for the 1966 World Cup, they were drawn in Group 3, alongside Bulgaria, Hungary and the reigning champions Brazil. After a modest performance against Hungary in the first game, Eusébio scored a goal against Bulgaria. Topping the group with two wins, the team would play against the Brazilians for the final group match. With an injured Pelé, Portugal had no trouble in defeating them with two goals from Eusébio, including a famous volley from a tight angle after a corner kick. The result meant Brazil's early elimination.


title: Eusébio

text: In the quarter-final, Portugal played North Korea, who had defeated and eliminated Italy in the group stage. After trailing 0–3 in the 25th minute, Eusébio proceeded to score four consecutive goals, two before half time and two in the first fifteen minutes of the second half. His fourth goal in that match came from a penalty when two North Korean players tackled him after a fast run Eusébio had made from the middle of the Portuguese half to the opposition's penalty area. Portugal came back to win 5–3.


title: Eusébio

text: In the semi-final match Portugal would have to face England. There was controversy about where the match would be hosted. Goodison Park in Liverpool was the original venue for the game. However, due to intervention from the English officials, the venue changed to Wembley. It was rumoured that this had happened because of fear from English officials of the Portuguese performance and embarrassment if England lost in their own country with a debuting team. Portugal had to make a last-minute train trip from Liverpool to London. Throughout the game Eusébio was closely marked by England's defensive midfielder Nobby Stiles, but still managed to score Portugal's only goal from the penalty spot in the 82nd minute, ending yet-to-be broken records of seven consecutive clean sheets and 708 minutes without conceding a goal for the English team. After scoring the penalty, Eusébio went on to catch the ball and saluted Gordon Banks. The goal was not enough to nullify Bobby Charlton's two earlier goals. António Simões had a last-minute chance only for Stiles to make it into a corner. Portugal lost 1–2 and Eusébio famously walked off the pitch in tears, being comforted by both his teammates and opponents. The game is known as the "Jogo das Lágrimas" (Game of Tears) in Portugal.


title: Eusébio

text: In the third place match, Portugal played against the Soviet Union. In the 12th minute after a handball inside the area, Eusébio scored the opening goal (his ninth and final World Cup goal) from the penalty spot. Although Lev Yashin guessed the side in which the ball would go, he was powerless to save it. Again and as he had done before with Banks, Eusébio went to salute his friend Yashin after he had scored. Portugal won the game 2–1 to what remains their best ever World Cup participation, and the best performance by a team on its debut since Italy's victory in 1934 (subsequently equalled by Croatia in 1998).


title: Eusébio

text: In addition to winning the Golden Boot (with nine goals) for the 1966 World Cup, Eusébio also set a record that year for the most penalties scored (shoot-out not included), with four. Eusébio's four goals against North Korea in the quarter-final match also helped Portugal tie the record for largest deficit overcome in a win (three goals, equaling Austria in 1954) and he became the fifth player to score as many goals in a FIFA World Cup match, a record he jointly held until Oleg Salenko scored five in the 1994 World Cup. The English were so impressed by Eusébio's performances that his waxwork was immediately added to the Madame Tussauds in London. He also received the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year for 1966.


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio was a devout Roman Catholic and married Flora Claudina Burheim on 8 October 1965. They had two daughters together, Carla Elisa Bruheim da Silva Ferreira (born 1968) and Sandra Judite Bruheim da Silva Ferreira (born 1969).


title: Eusébio

text: Eusébio died at his home on 5 January 2014 of heart failure, aged 71. Many well-known people from the football world expressed their condolences and praise, including his contemporaries Franz Beckenbauer and Bobby Charlton. The Portuguese Football Federation made a statement and said that a moment of silence was to be observed in Portuguese football matches. There were tributes from Cristiano Ronaldo, Luís Figo, José Mourinho, Carlos Queiroz, FIFA President Sepp Blatter UEFA president Michel Platini, Greg Dyke, and former President of Mozambique and childhood friend Joaquim Chissano.


title: Eusébio

text: Following Eusébio's death, the Portuguese government declared three days of national mourning. Hundreds of thousands paid tribute to him. On 6 January 2014, a mass was held at the Igreja do Seminário do Largo da Luz. On 9 January, one of his wishes was granted as his coffin was transported around the field of the Estádio da Luz. Three days later, his statue (inaugurated on his 50th birthday) at the "Praça Centenarium" was transformed into a memorial. Hours later, the name "Eusébio" was on the back of every Benfica players' shirts during "O Clássico".


title: Eusébio

text: Precisely one year after his death, the avenue in front of the Estádio da Luz was renamed "Avenida Eusébio da Silva Ferreira", becoming its new address. On 3 July, his remains were moved to the National Pantheon, where notable Portuguese personalities are buried. Parliament voted unanimously for him to be interred there. Eusébio was the first footballer to be buried at the Pantheon.


title: Eusébio

text: In September 2019, Eusébio was, along with Maria Mutola, referred by Pope Francis as an example of perseverance, during the latter's visit to Mozambique. Eusébio has been called "Africa's first great footballer" and "Africa's greatest-ever player".


title: Fermentation

text: Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. In food production, it may more broadly refer to any process in which the activity of microorganisms brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff or beverage. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.


title: Fermentation

text: In microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically. Humans have used fermentation to produce foodstuffs and beverages since the Neolithic age. For example, fermentation is used for preservation in a process that produces lactic acid found in such sour foods as pickled cucumbers, kombucha, kimchi, and yogurt, as well as for producing alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer. Fermentation also occurs within the gastrointestinal tracts of all animals, including humans.


title: Fermentation

text: Industrial fermentation is a more broader term used for the process of applying microbes for the large-scale production of chemicals, biofuels, enzymes, proteins and pharmaceuticals.


title: Fermentation

text: Below are some definitions of fermentation ranging from informal, general usages to more scientific definitions.


title: Fermentation

text: The word "ferment" is derived from the Latin verb "fervere", which means to boil. It is thought to have been first used in the late 14th century in alchemy, but only in a broad sense. It was not used in the modern scientific sense until around 1600.


title: Fermentation

text: Along with aerobic respiration, fermentation is a method to extract energy from molecules. This method is the only one common to all bacteria and eukaryotes. It is therefore considered the oldest metabolic pathway, suitable for primeval environmentsbefore plant life on Earth, that is, before oxygen in the atmosphere.


title: Fermentation

text: Yeast, a form of fungus, occurs in almost any environment capable of supporting microbes, from the skins of fruits to the guts of insects and mammals to the deep ocean. Yeasts convert (break down) sugar-rich molecules to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.


title: Fermentation

text: Basic mechanisms for fermentation remain present in all cells of higher organisms. Mammalian muscle carries out fermentation during periods of intense exercise where oxygen supply becomes limited, resulting in the creation of lactic acid. In invertebrates, fermentation also produces succinate and alanine.


title: Fermentation

text: Fermentative bacteria play an essential role in the production of methane in habitats ranging from the rumens of cattle to sewage digesters and freshwater sediments. They produce hydrogen, carbon dioxide, formate and acetate and carboxylic acids. Then consortia of microbes convert the carbon dioxide and acetate to methane. Acetogenic bacteria oxidize the acids, obtaining more acetate and either hydrogen or formate. Finally, methanogens (in the domain "Archea") convert acetate to methane.


title: Fermentation

text: Fermentation reacts NADH with an endogenous, organic electron acceptor. Usually this is pyruvate formed from sugar through glycolysis. The reaction produces NAD and an organic product, typical examples being ethanol, lactic acid, and hydrogen gas (H), and often also carbon dioxide. However, more exotic compounds can be produced by fermentation, such as butyric acid and acetone. Fermentation products are considered waste products, since they cannot be metabolized further without the use of oxygen.


title: Fermentation

text: Fermentation normally occurs in an anaerobic environment. In the presence of O, NADH, and pyruvate are used to generate ATP in respiration. This is called oxidative phosphorylation. This generates much more ATP than glycolysis alone. For this reason, fermentation is rarely used when oxygen is available. However, even in the presence of abundant oxygen, some strains of yeast such as "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" prefer fermentation to aerobic respiration as long as there is an adequate supply of sugars (a phenomenon known as the Crabtree effect). Some fermentation processes involve obligate anaerobes, which cannot tolerate oxygen.


title: Fermentation

text: Although yeast carries out the fermentation in the production of ethanol in beers, wines, and other alcoholic drinks, this is not the only possible agent: bacteria carry out the fermentation in the production of xanthan gum.


title: Fermentation

text: In ethanol fermentation, one glucose molecule is converted into two ethanol molecules and two carbon dioxide molecules. It is used to make bread dough rise: the carbon dioxide forms bubbles, expanding the dough into a foam. The ethanol is the intoxicating agent in alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer and liquor. Fermentation of feedstocks, including sugarcane, maize, and sugar beets, produces ethanol that is added to gasoline. In some species of fish, including goldfish and carp, it provides energy when oxygen is scarce (along with lactic acid fermentation).


title: Fermentation

text: Before fermentation, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules (Glycolysis). The energy from this exothermic reaction is used to bind inorganic phosphates to ADP, which converts it to ATP, and convert NAD to NADH. The pyruvates break down into two acetaldehyde molecules and give off two carbon dioxide molecules as waste products. The acetaldehyde is reduced into ethanol using the energy and hydrogen from NADH, and the NADH is oxidized into NAD so that the cycle may repeat. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.


title: Fermentation

text: "Homolactic fermentation" (producing only lactic acid) is the simplest type of fermentation. Pyruvate from glycolysis undergoes a simple redox reaction, forming lactic acid. Overall, one molecule of glucose (or any six-carbon sugar) is converted to two molecules of lactic acid:


title: Fermentation

text: It occurs in the muscles of animals when they need energy faster than the blood can supply oxygen. It also occurs in some kinds of bacteria (such as lactobacilli) and some fungi. It is the type of bacteria that convert lactose into lactic acid in yogurt, giving it its sour taste. These lactic acid bacteria can carry out either homolactic fermentation, where the end-product is mostly lactic acid, or "heterolactic fermentation", where some lactate is further metabolized to ethanol and carbon dioxide (via the phosphoketolase pathway), acetate, or other metabolic products, e.g.:


title: Fermentation

text: If lactose is fermented (as in yogurts and cheeses), it is first converted into glucose and galactose (both six-carbon sugars with the same atomic formula):


title: Fermentation

text: Heterolactic fermentation is in a sense intermediate between lactic acid fermentation and other types, e.g. alcoholic fermentation. Reasons to go further and convert lactic acid into something else include:


title: Fermentation

text: Hydrogen gas is produced in many types of fermentation as a way to regenerate NAD from NADH. Electrons are transferred to ferredoxin, which in turn is oxidized by hydrogenase, producing H. Hydrogen gas is a substrate for methanogens and sulfate reducers, which keep the concentration of hydrogen low and favor the production of such an energy-rich compound, but hydrogen gas at a fairly high concentration can nevertheless be formed, as in flatus.


title: Fermentation

text: For example, "Clostridium pasteurianum" ferments glucose to butyrate, acetate, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas: The reaction leading to acetate is:


title: Fermentation

text: Fermentation can be used to make alternative protein sources. For instance, plant-based protein foods, such as tempeh are produced using fermentation. Fermentation can also be used to make cultured meat products from non-living material in vitro. Eggs, honey, cheese, ice cream, and milk are examples of various food products with proteins that can be produced using fermentation. Substances made using fermentation to resemble milk are called milk substitutes. Substances that resemble cheese are called cheese analogues, and those resembling eggs are called egg substitutes.


title: Fermentation

text: Heme is a protein giving meat its characteristic texture, flavor, color, and aroma. Impossible Foods uses fermentation to generate a particular strand of heme derived from soybean roots, called soy leghemoglobin, which was used in manufacturing of the Impossible Burger to mimic meat flavor and appearance.


title: Fermentation

text: Industrial fermentation can be used for enzyme production, where proteins with catalytic activity are produced and secreted by microorganisms. The development of fermentation processes, microbial strain engineering and recombinant gene technologies has enabled the commercialization of a wide range of enzymes. Enzymes are used in all kinds of industrial segments, such as food (lactose removal, cheese flavor), beverage (juice treatment), baking (bread softness, dough conditioning), animal feed, detergents (protein, starch and lipid stain removal), textile, personal care and pulp and paper industries.


title: Fermentation

text: Other types of fermentation include mixed acid fermentation, butanediol fermentation, butyrate fermentation, caproate fermentation, acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation, and glyoxylate fermentation.


title: Fermentation

text: Most industrial fermentation uses batch or fed-batch procedures, although continuous fermentation can be more economical if various challenges, particularly the difficulty of maintaining sterility, can be met.


title: Fermentation

text: In a batch process, all the ingredients are combined and the reactions proceed without any further input. Batch fermentation has been used for millennia to make bread and alcoholic beverages, and it is still a common method, especially when the process is not well understood. However, it can be expensive because the fermentor must be sterilized using high pressure steam between batches. Strictly speaking, there is often addition of small quantities of chemicals to control the pH or suppress foaming.


title: Fermentation

text: Batch fermentation goes through a series of phases. There is a lag phase in which cells adjust to their environment; then a phase in which exponential growth occurs. Once many of the nutrients have been consumed, the growth slows and becomes non-exponential, but production of "secondary metabolites" (including commercially important antibiotics and enzymes) accelerates. This continues through a stationary phase after most of the nutrients have been consumed, and then the cells die.


title: Fermentation

text: Fed-batch fermentation is a variation of batch fermentation where some of the ingredients are added during the fermentation. This allows greater control over the stages of the process. In particular, production of secondary metabolites can be increased by adding a limited quantity of nutrients during the non-exponential growth phase. Fed-batch operations are often sandwiched between batch operations.


title: Fermentation

text: The high cost of sterilizing the fermentor between batches can be avoided using various open fermentation approaches that are able to resist contamination. One is to use a naturally evolved mixed culture. This is particularly favored in wastewater treatment, since mixed populations can adapt to a wide variety of wastes. Thermophilic bacteria can produce lactic acid at temperatures of around 50 °Celsius, sufficient to discourage microbial contamination; and ethanol has been produced at a temperature of 70 °C. This is just below its boiling point (78 °C), making it easy to extract. Halophilic bacteria can produce bioplastics in hypersaline conditions. Solid-state fermentation adds a small amount of water to a solid substrate; it is widely used in the food industry to produce flavors, enzymes and organic acids.


title: Fermentation

text: In continuous fermentation, substrates are added and final products removed continuously. There are three varieties: chemostats, which hold nutrient levels constant; turbidostats, which keep cell mass constant; and plug flow reactors in which the culture medium flows steadily through a tube while the cells are recycled from the outlet to the inlet. If the process works well, there is a steady flow of feed and effluent and the costs of repeatedly setting up a batch are avoided. Also, it can prolong the exponential growth phase and avoid byproducts that inhibit the reactions by continuously removing them. However, it is difficult to maintain a steady state and avoid contamination, and the design tends to be complex. Typically the fermentor must run for over 500 hours to be more economical than batch processors.


title: Fermentation

text: The use of fermentation, particularly for beverages, has existed since the Neolithic and has been documented dating from 7000 to 6600 BCE in Jiahu, China, 5000 BCE in India, Ayurveda mentions many Medicated Wines, 6000 BCE in Georgia, 3150 BCE in ancient Egypt, 3000 BCE in Babylon, 2000 BCE in pre-Hispanic Mexico, and 1500 BC in Sudan. Fermented foods have a religious significance in Judaism and Christianity. The Baltic god Rugutis was worshiped as the agent of fermentation.


title: Fermentation

text: In 1837, Charles Cagniard de la Tour, Theodor Schwann and Friedrich Traugott Kützing independently published papers concluding, as a result of microscopic investigations, that yeast is a living organism that reproduces by budding. Schwann boiled grape juice to kill the yeast and found that no fermentation would occur until new yeast was added. However, a lot of chemists, including Antoine Lavoisier, continued to view fermentation as a simple chemical reaction and rejected the notion that living organisms could be involved. This was seen as a reversion to vitalism and was lampooned in an anonymous publication by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler.


title: Fermentation

text: The turning point came when Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), during the 1850s and 1860s, repeated Schwann's experiments and showed fermentation is initiated by living organisms in a series of investigations. In 1857, Pasteur showed lactic acid fermentation is caused by living organisms. In 1860, he demonstrated how bacteria cause souring in milk, a process formerly thought to be merely a chemical change. His work in identifying the role of microorganisms in food spoilage led to the process of pasteurization.


title: Fermentation

text: In 1877, working to improve the French brewing industry, Pasteur published his famous paper on fermentation, ""Etudes sur la Bière"", which was translated into English in 1879 as "Studies on fermentation". He defined fermentation (incorrectly) as "Life without air", yet he correctly showed how specific types of microorganisms cause specific types of fermentations and specific end-products.


title: Fermentation

text: Although showing fermentation resulted from the action of living microorganisms was a breakthrough, it did not explain the basic nature of fermentation; nor, prove it is caused by microorganisms which appear to be always present. Many scientists, including Pasteur, had unsuccessfully attempted to extract the fermentation enzyme from yeast.


title: Fermentation

text: Success came in 1897 when the German chemist Eduard Buechner ground up yeast, extracted a juice from them, then found to his amazement this "dead" liquid would ferment a sugar solution, forming carbon dioxide and alcohol much like living yeasts.


title: Fermentation

text: Buechner's results are considered to mark the birth of biochemistry. The "unorganized ferments" behaved just like the organized ones. From that time on, the term enzyme came to be applied to all ferments. It was then understood fermentation is caused by enzymes produced by microorganisms. In 1907, Buechner won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work.


title: Fermentation

text: Advances in microbiology and fermentation technology have continued steadily up until the present. For example, in the 1930s, it was discovered microorganisms could be mutated with physical and chemical treatments to be higher-yielding, faster-growing, tolerant of less oxygen, and able to use a more concentrated medium. Strain selection and hybridization developed as well, affecting most modern food fermentations.


title: Resistor

text: A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.


title: Resistor

text: Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.


title: Resistor

text: Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.


title: Resistor

text: The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.


title: Resistor

text: One common scheme is the RKM code following IEC 60062. Rather than using a decimal separator, this notation uses a letter loosely associated with SI prefixes corresponding with the part's resistance. For example, "8K2" as part marking code, in a circuit diagram or in a bill of materials (BOM) indicates a resistor value of 8.2 kΩ. Additional zeros imply a tighter tolerance, for example "15M0" for three significant digits. When the value can be expressed without the need for a prefix (that is, multiplicator 1), an "R" is used instead of the decimal separator. For example, "1R2" indicates 1.2 Ω, and "18R" indicates 18 Ω.


title: Resistor

text: Ohm's law states that the voltage (formula_2) across a resistor is proportional to the current (formula_3) passing through it, where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (formula_4). For example, if a 300-ohm resistor is attached across the terminals of a 12-volt battery, then a current of 12 / 300 = 0.04 amperes flows through that resistor.


title: Resistor

text: The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10 Ω), kilohm (1 kΩ = 10 Ω), and megohm (1 MΩ = 10 Ω) are also in common usage.


title: Resistor

text: The total resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of their individual resistance values.


title: Resistor

text: The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistors.


title: Resistor

text: For example, a 10 ohm resistor connected in parallel with a 5 ohm resistor and a 15 ohm resistor produces ohms of resistance, or = 2.727 ohms.


title: Resistor

text: A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series connections can be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other. Some complex networks of resistors cannot be resolved in this manner, requiring more sophisticated circuit analysis. Generally, the Y-Δ transform, or matrix methods can be used to solve such problems.


title: Resistor

text: At any instant, the power "P" (watts) consumed by a resistor of resistance "R" (ohms) is calculated as:


title: Resistor

text: where "V" (volts) is the voltage across the resistor and "I" (amps) is the current flowing through it. Using Ohm's law, the two other forms can be derived. This power is converted into heat which must be dissipated by the resistor's package before its temperature rises excessively.


title: Resistor

text: Resistors are rated according to their maximum power dissipation. Discrete resistors in solid-state electronic systems are typically rated as , , or watt. They usually absorb much less than a watt of electrical power and require little attention to their power rating.


title: Resistor

text: Power resistors are required to dissipate substantial amounts of power and are typically used in power supplies, power conversion circuits, and power amplifiers; this designation is loosely applied to resistors with power ratings of 1 watt or greater. Power resistors are physically larger and may not use the preferred values, color codes, and external packages described below.


title: Resistor

text: If the average power dissipated by a resistor is more than its power rating, damage to the resistor may occur, permanently altering its resistance; this is distinct from the reversible change in resistance due to its temperature coefficient when it warms. Excessive power dissipation may raise the temperature of the resistor to a point where it can burn the circuit board or adjacent components, or even cause a fire. There are flameproof resistors that will not produce flames with any overload of any duration.


title: Resistor

text: Resistors may be specified with higher rated dissipation than is experienced in service to account for poor air circulation, high altitude, or high operating temperature.


title: Resistor

text: All resistors have a maximum voltage rating; this may limit the power dissipation for higher resistance values. For instance, among watt resistors (a very common sort of leaded resistor) one is listed with a resistance of 100 MΩ and a maximum rated voltage of 750 V. However even placing 750 V across a 100 MΩ resistor continuously would only result in a power dissipation of less than 6 mW, making the nominal watt rating meaningless.


title: Resistor

text: Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue.


title: Resistor

text: In some precision applications, the temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern.


title: Resistor

text: The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors may also be characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals). This is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits that may use them.


title: Resistor

text: Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications.


title: Resistor

text: Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor. While there is no minimum working voltage for a given resistor, failure to account for a resistor's maximum rating may cause the resistor to incinerate when current is run through it.


title: Resistor

text: Through-hole components typically have "leads" (pronounced ) leaving the body "axially", that is, on a line parallel with the part's longest axis. Others have leads coming off their body "radially" instead. Other components may be SMT (surface mount technology), while high power resistors may have one of their leads designed into the heat sink.


title: Resistor

text: Carbon composition resistors (CCR) consist of a solid cylindrical resistive element with embedded wire leads or metal end caps to which the lead wires are attached. The body of the resistor is protected with paint or plastic. Early 20th-century carbon composition resistors had uninsulated bodies; the lead wires were wrapped around the ends of the resistance element rod and soldered. The completed resistor was painted for color-coding of its value.