title: Mark Henry

text: On the April 25, 2011 episode of "Raw", Henry was drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2011 WWE draft. In the main event of the night, Henry attacked his teammates John Cena and Christian, turning heel in the process. On the May 27 episode of "SmackDown", Henry participated in a Triple Threat match against Sheamus and Christian to decide the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship, which was won by Sheamus. On the June 17 episode of "SmackDown", Henry was scheduled to face an angry and emotionally unstable Big Show, who warned Henry not to get into the ring; Henry ignored the warning and Big Show assaulted him before the match could begin. This act ignited a feud between the two; Henry attacked Big Show both backstage and during matches while on the July 1 episode of "SmackDown", Big Show's music played during Henry's match against Randy Orton, causing Henry to be counted out and costing him a shot at the World Heavyweight Championship. Henry reacted by destroying the audio equipment and attacking a technician. Henry faced Big Show in a singles match at Money in the Bank and won. After the match, Henry crushed Big Show's leg with a chair, (kayfabe) injuring him, an act Henry later referenced as an induction into the "Hall of Pain". Henry did the same to Kane on the next episode of "SmackDown", and in the months ahead, Vladimir Kozlov and The Great Khali suffered the same fate.


title: Mark Henry

text: On the July 29 episode of "SmackDown", Henry was informed that he could no longer compete as no one dared to fight him, but Sheamus interrupted, saying that he wasn't afraid of Henry before slapping him. At SummerSlam, Henry defeated Sheamus by count-out after slamming him through a ring barricade. On the August 19 episode of "SmackDown", Henry won a 20-man Battle Royal to become the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship to face Randy Orton at Night of Champions, and throughout weeks on "SmackDown" and "Raw", Henry regularly attacked Orton, getting an advantage over him. At Night of Champions, Henry defeated Orton to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the first time. Henry successfully defended the title against Orton at Hell in a Cell in a Hell in a Cell match.


title: Mark Henry

text: On the October 7 episode of "SmackDown", Big Show returned and chokeslammed Henry through the announce table, thus earning a title shot against Henry at Vengeance. During the match, Henry superplexed Big Show from the top rope, causing the ring to collapse from the impact and the match to be ruled a no contest. Henry began a feud with the Money in the Bank briefcase holder Daniel Bryan on the November 4 episode of "SmackDown", challenging Bryan to a non-title match to prove that Bryan could not become champion. During the match, Big Show knocked out Henry, making him win by disqualification. Big Show then urged Bryan to cash in his contract, but Henry recovered and attacked both Bryan and Big Show before the match could start. At Survivor Series, Henry retained the World Heavyweight Championship against Big Show after a low blow that disqualified Henry. Angered by Henry's cowardice, Big Show crushed Henry's ankle with a steel chair. On the November 25 episode of "SmackDown", Henry was knocked out again by Big Show, at which point Bryan cashed in his briefcase for a title match and quickly pinned Henry. However, SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long revealed that Henry was not medically cleared to compete and voided the match, so Henry remained champion and the briefcase was returned to Bryan. Later that night, Bryan won a fatal-four-way match to face Henry for the World Heavyweight Championship in a steel cage. On the November 29 episode of "SmackDown", Henry defeated Bryan in a steel cage match to retain the World Heavyweight Championship.


title: Mark Henry

text: Then at , Henry lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Big Show in a chairs match. After the match, Henry knocked Big Show out, resulting in Daniel Bryan cashing in his Money in the Bank contract to win his first World Heavyweight Championship. On the January 20 episode of "SmackDown", Bryan retained the championship against Henry in a lumberjack match after Bryan provoked the lumberjacks to come in and attack them to cause a no contest. At the 2012 Royal Rumble event, Henry faced Bryan and Big Show in a triple threat steel cage match for the World Heavyweight Championship; Bryan escaped the cage to retain the title. On the February 3 episode of "SmackDown", Henry was suspended indefinitely (in storyline) by SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long, after Henry physically accosted Long as he demanded a one-on-one rematch that night with Bryan. In reality, Henry had hyper-extended his knee the previous week. Henry returned to in-ring action on the February 20 episode of "Raw", losing to Sheamus. On the April 2 and 9 episodes of "Raw", Henry faced CM Punk for the WWE Championship which he won by count-out and disqualification; as a result, Punk retained his title. On the April 16 episode of "Raw", Punk defeated Henry in a no-disqualification, no count-out match to retain the WWE Championship. On May 14, Henry announced he was going under a career-threatening surgery for an injury.


title: Mark Henry

text: After a nine-month absence, Henry made his return on the February 4, 2013 episode of "Raw", brutally attacking Daniel Bryan, Rey Mysterio and Sin Cara. Four days later on "SmackDown", Henry defeated Randy Orton to earn a spot in the number one contenders' Elimination Chamber match for the World Heavyweight Championship at Elimination Chamber. At the pay-per-view on February 17, Henry eliminated Daniel Bryan and Kane before being eliminated by Randy Orton. After his elimination, Henry attacked the three remaining participants before being escorted out by WWE officials. Henry then began a feud with Ryback after several non-verbal confrontations. On the March 15 episode of "SmackDown", Henry was defeated by Ryback via disqualification, following interference from The Shield. Afterward, Henry delivered the World's Strongest Slam to Ryback three times in a row. On April 7 at WrestleMania 29, Henry defeated Ryback in a singles match. Later that month, Henry reignited a feud with Sheamus by repeatedly attacking Sheamus backstage. Henry and Sheamus then challenged each other in tests of strength, but with Sheamus unable to best Henry, he resorted to attacking Henry with "Brogue Kicks". After Sheamus (during his match) "Brogue Kicked" Henry (who was on commentary), Henry snapped and brutally whipped Sheamus with a belt. This led to a strap match on May 19 at Extreme Rules, where Sheamus emerged victorious. With the loss to Sheamus, Henry declared that he was "going home".


title: Mark Henry

text: After being absent from television due to injuries, Henry used social media to tease his retirement. On the June 17 episode of "Raw", Henry returned, interrupting WWE Champion John Cena and delivering an emotional retirement speech, which was revealed as a ruse when Henry gave Cena a "World's Strongest Slam" after concluding his speech. The segment was highly praised by fans and critics. With Henry stating his intent to challenge for the "only title he's never held", he was granted a WWE Championship match against Cena at Money in the Bank. On July 14 at the pay-per-view, Henry failed in his title challenge against Cena after submitting to the "STF". The following night on "Raw", Henry cut a promo to congratulate Cena on his win and asked for a rematch for SummerSlam, but was ultimately attacked by The Shield, turning face in the process for the first time since 2011. Henry continued his face turn the following week, by confronting The Shield and teaming together with The Usos to fend them off. Henry and the Usos went on to lose to The Shield in two six-man tag team matches, the first on the July 29 episode of "Raw", and the second on the August 7 episode of "Main Event". On the August 12 episode of "Raw", Henry competed in a Battle Royal to determine the number one contender for the United States Championship, but was the last man eliminated by Rob Van Dam. After the match, Henry and Van Dam were confronted by The Shield, before the returning Big Show came to their aid. Four days later on "SmackDown", Henry, Show, and Van Dam defeated The Shield in a six-man tag team match. After a suspected hamstring injury on August 31 at the TD Garden in Boston Massachusetts, Henry was cleared to compete. Henry, however, took time off and during his time off, he dropped down to and shaved his head bald.


title: Mark Henry

text: Henry returned to in-ring action on November 24 at Survivor Series, answering Ryback's open challenge and defeating him. On the January 6, 2014 episode of "Raw", Henry tried to confront Brock Lesnar during separate encounters after Lesnar's return, resulting in Henry receiving an "F-5" the first time and then Lesnar injured Henry's arm after getting it in a kimura lock hold, causing Henry to wail in pain and be absent. He returned on February 10 episode of "Raw", and answered Dean Ambrose's open challenge for the United States Championship, but was unable to win the title due to interference by the rest of The Shield. In March, Henry suffered another attack from Lesnar, this time resulting in Henry receiving an "F-5" through the announcing table.


title: Mark Henry

text: On the August 4 episode of "Raw", Henry defeated Damien Sandow after a few months absence. That same week on "SmackDown", Henry formed a tag team with Big Show to defeat RybAxel (Ryback and Curtis Axel). On the August 18 episode of "Raw", Henry entered a feud with Rusev by attacking him. This set up a match between Henry and Rusev at Night of Champions, which he lost by submission. The following night on "Raw", he lost to Rusev again by knockout via submission. On the October 27 episode of "Raw", Henry attacked Big Show during their tag team match against Gold and Stardust, and turning heel in the process. On the November 3 episode of "Raw", Henry lost to Big Show via disqualification and slammed Big Show onto the steel steps. On the November 10 "Raw", he joined The Authority's team to face John Cena's team at Survivor Series. On November 23 at Survivor Series, Henry was the first to be eliminated from Team Authority 50 seconds into the match after being knocked out by Big Show. Henry then took another hiatus due to an unspecified injury.


title: Mark Henry

text: Henry returned on the March 12, 2015 episode of "SmackDown", confronting Roman Reigns for having a lack of identity and for not being respected, resulting in Reigns attacking Henry. The attack caused Henry to become a believer in Reigns, and turning face in the process. Henry was unsuccessful in the Elimination Chamber match for the vacant Intercontinental Championship at Elimination Chamber, replacing Rusev who was injured, but was eliminated by Sheamus At Royal Rumble pre-show on January 24, 2016, Henry teamed with Jack Swagger to win a Fatal 4-Way tag team match to earn their spots in the Royal Rumble match. Despite this victory, Henry entered the Rumble match at #22 and lasted only 47 seconds when he was quickly eliminated by The Wyatt Family. At WrestleMania 32, Henry entered his third André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, where he made it to the final six competitors until being eliminated by Kane and Darren Young.


title: Mark Henry

text: On July 19, at the 2016 WWE draft, Henry was drafted to "Raw". On the August 1 episode of "Raw", Henry claimed he still "had a lot left in him" when he spoke of reviving the Hall of Pain and his participation in the Olympics. Raw General Manager Mick Foley gave Henry a United States Championship match, but Henry would lose by submission to Rusev. In October, Henry allied himself with R-Truth and Goldust in a feud against Titus O'Neil and The Shining Stars (Primo and Epico), in which Henry's team came out victorious. Henry returned at the Royal Rumble on January 29, 2017, as entrant number 6, only to be eliminated by Braun Strowman. He unsuccessfully competed in the Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 33.


title: Mark Henry

text: Following WrestleMania 33, Henry retired and transitioned into a backstage producers role. He later made his return in a backstage cameo at the "Raw 25 Years" event in January 2018. On March 19, 2018, it was announced that Henry would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Big Show, who was one of his closest friends in WWE. On April 27, at the Greatest Royal Rumble, Henry participated in the event's Royal Rumble match, scoring 3 eliminations, but was himself eliminated by Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler. In early 2019, Henry took on a backstage mentoring role helping talent work on their off-air attitude, including cleanliness and respect in the locker room.


title: Mark Henry

text: Henry appeared on the January 4, 2021 episode of Raw, on its "Raw Legends Night" special, where in he appeared riding on a scooter due to an injured leg. He was verbally confronted by Randy Orton in what was his final appearance in WWE.


title: Mark Henry

text: Henry made his debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) on May 30, 2021, at Double or Nothing where it was announced that he will be a part of the commentary team for its new show "AEW Rampage", as well as a coach.


title: Mark Henry

text: Henry has an older brother named Pat. He lives in Austin, Texas with his wife Jana, son Jacob, and daughter Joanna. He also has a two-foot ferret named Pipe. He drives a Hummer that he won in the 2002 Arnold Strongman Classic. On September 10, 2012, Henry served as one of the pallbearers for actor Michael Clarke Duncan's funeral.


title: Louise Fletcher

text: Estelle Louise Fletcher (July 22, 1934 – September 23, 2022) was an American actress who portrayed the antagonist Nurse Ratched in "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975), which earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress, a BAFTA Award, and a Golden Globe Award. She also had a recurring role as the Bajoran religious leader Kai Winn Adami in the television series "" (1993–99), as well as the role of Sebastian's aunt Helen Rosemond in the movie "Cruel Intentions" (1999). She was nominated for two Emmy Awards for her roles in the television series "Picket Fences" (1996) and "Joan of Arcadia" (2004). Her final role was as Rosie in the Netflix series "Girlboss" (2017).


title: Louise Fletcher

text: Estelle Louise Fletcher was born on July 22, 1934, in Birmingham, Alabama, the second of four children of Estelle ("" Caldwell) and the Reverend Robert Capers Fletcher, an Episcopalian missionary from Arab, Alabama. Both her parents were deaf and worked with the deaf and hard-of-hearing.


title: Louise Fletcher

text: Fletcher's father founded more than 40 churches for the deaf in Alabama. Fletcher and her siblings, Roberta, John, and Georgianna, were all born without any hearing loss, so she was taught to speak by a hearing aunt. She received a bachelor's degree in drama from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1957.


title: Louise Fletcher

text: Fletcher began appearing in several television series including "Lawman" (1958) and "Maverick" (1959). (The "Maverick" episode "The Saga of Waco Williams" with James Garner was the series's highest-rated episode.) Also in 1959, she appeared in an episode of the original "Untouchables" TV series starring Robert Stack, "Ma Barker and Her Boys", as Elouise. Fletcher recalled having greater success being cast in Westerns due to her height:


title: Louise Fletcher

text: In 1960, Fletcher made two guest appearances on "Perry Mason", as defendant Gladys Doyle in "The Case of the Mythical Monkeys", and as Susan Connolly in "The Case of the Larcenous Lady". In the summer of 1960, she was cast as Roberta McConnell in the episode "The Bounty Hunter" of "Tate", starring David McLean.


title: Louise Fletcher

text: In 1974, Fletcher returned to film in the crime drama "Thieves Like Us", co-produced by her husband Jerry Bick and Robert Altman, who also directed. When the two had a falling out on Altman's next project ("Nashville" (1975)), Altman decided to cast Lily Tomlin for the role of Linnea Reese, initially created for and by Fletcher. Meanwhile, director Miloš Forman saw Fletcher in "Thieves" and cast her as McMurphy's nemesis Nurse Ratched in "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975). She based her performance of the character on the paternalistic way she saw white people treat black people in her native Alabama. Fletcher gained international recognition and fame for the role, winning the Academy Award for Best Actress, as well as a BAFTA Award and Golden Globe. She was only the third actress ever to win an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Golden Globe Award for a single performance, after Audrey Hepburn and Liza Minnelli. When Fletcher accepted her Oscar, she used sign language to thank her parents.


title: Louise Fletcher

text: After "Cuckoo's Nest", Fletcher had mixed success in film. She made several financially and critically successful films, while others were box-office failures. Fletcher's film roles were in such features as "" (1977), "The Cheap Detective" (1978), "The Lady in Red" (1979), "The Magician of Lublin" (1979), "Brainstorm" (1983), "Firestarter" (1984), "Invaders From Mars" (1986), "Flowers in the Attic" (1987), "Two Moon Junction" (1988), "Best of the Best" (1989), "Blue Steel" (1990), "Virtuosity" (1995), "High School High" (1996), and "Cruel Intentions" (1999), as the aunt of Ryan Phillippe's Sebastian. Additionally, she played the character Ruth Shorter, a supporting role, in "Aurora Borealis" (2005), alongside Joshua Jackson and Donald Sutherland, and appeared in the Fox Faith film "The Last Sin Eater" (2007).


title: Louise Fletcher

text: Fletcher co-starred in TV movies such as "The Karen Carpenter Story" (1989) (as Karen and Richard Carpenter's mother, Agnes), "Nightmare on the 13th Floor" (1990), "The Haunting of Seacliff Inn" (1994), and "The Stepford Husbands" (1996). From 1993 to 1999, she held a recurring role in "" as the scheming Bajoran religious leader Kai Winn Adami. She also earned Emmy Award nominations for her guest roles on "Picket Fences" (1996), and later on "Joan of Arcadia" (2004). In 2009, Fletcher appeared in "Heroes" as the physician mother of character Emma Coolidge. In 2011 and 2012, she appeared on four episodes of "Shameless" as Grammy Gallagher, Frank Gallagher's foul-mouthed and hard-living mother, who is serving a prison sentence for manslaughter related to a meth lab explosion. She portrayed the recurring role of Rosie on the series "Girlboss" (2017).


title: Louise Fletcher

text: Fletcher married literary agent and producer Jerry Bick in 1960, divorcing in 1978. The couple had two sons, John Dashiell Bick and Andrew Wilson Bick. Fletcher took an 11-year break from acting to raise them.


title: Neal Schon

text: Neal Joseph Schon (born February 27, 1954) is an American rock guitarist, songwriter, and vocalist, best known as the founder and lead guitarist for the band Journey. He is the sole original member to remain throughout the group's history. He was a member of the rock band Santana before forming Journey, was a member for the group Bad English during Journey's hiatus from 1987-1995 and was also an original member of Hardline.


title: Neal Schon

text: Schon was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame on August 23, 2013, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Journey on April 7, 2017.


title: Neal Schon

text: Neal George Joseph Schon was born at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, the son of Matthew and Barbara Schon. He is of German and Italian ancestry. His father was a big band musician, arranger, and composer, and played and taught all reed instruments with emphasis on jazz tenor saxophone; his mother was a big band singer. Schon started playing guitar at age 10. He attended Aragon High School in San Mateo, California, later dropping out to pursue his music career.


title: Neal Schon

text: A quick learner, he joined Santana at age 17, in 1971. Schon has said he was asked by Eric Clapton to join Derek and the Dominos, but that he joined Santana instead, performing on the albums "Santana III" and "Caravanserai". According to Bobby Whitlock,


title: Neal Schon

text: Schon also played in the band Azteca. In 1973, he, Gregg Rolie and manager Herbie Herbert co-founded the Golden Gate Rhythm Section, which had later been re-named to Journey after a suggestion by roadie John Villaneuva.


title: Neal Schon

text: Schon's guitar style is influenced by guitarists such as B.B. King, Albert King, Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Carlos Santana, Jimmy Page and Jimmy Green.


title: Neal Schon

text: In addition to several solo albums and his work with Journey, Schon's work also includes: a pair of albums with keyboardist Jan Hammer, short-term collaborations with Sammy Hagar (HSAS and Planet Us) and Paul Rodgers, stints with Bad English (a supergroup that featured Journey's Jonathan Cain and Deen Castronovo and Cain's former Babys bandmates John Waite and Ricky Phillips) and Hardline (which also featured Castronovo). Even as Journey's latest lineup plays to a still-faithful body of fans, Schon has immersed himself in side projects such as "Piranha Blues" (1999); "Black Soup Cracker", a funk outfit that features former Prince associates Rosie Gaines and Michael Bland; and Soul SirkUS with Jeff Scott Soto.


title: Neal Schon

text: Schon can be heard on other albums including three tracks on Michael Bolton's "The Hunger", with the Schon sound most recognizable on "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay". He also joined Larry Graham to play in an all-star band for cult funk artist and ex-wife of Miles Davis, Betty Davis. In addition, Schon (along with then Journey manager Herbie Herbert) also contributed to Lenny White's 1977 album "Big City", specifically the instrumental jam "And We Meet Again".


title: Neal Schon

text: On February 9, 2018, Schon played a charity show at San Francisco's "The Independent", benefiting North Bay Fire Relief. The group recruited featured former Journey drummer Deen Castronovo (who also sang some of the vocals), former Journey keyboardist Gregg Rolie and bassist Marco Mendoza of The Dead Daisies.


title: Neal Schon

text: In 2019, Schon announced a tour to be called Neal Schon's Journey Through Time. The tour was slated to feature Castronovo, Rolie and Mendoza.


title: Neal Schon

text: Schon's first guitar was an acoustic Stella, followed two years later by a Gibson ES-335. When the 335 was stolen, he replaced it with a '56 Les Paul Goldtop reissue that he used for many years. Schon has used Gibson guitars over the years, having also used Fender and Ovation guitars during Journey's Departure tour. He had a limited edition signature Les Paul model called the "Neal Schon Signature Model Custom Les Paul", of which Gibson made only 35, according to the Gibson Custom website (80 according to Neal Schon's website). He has previously employed Godin guitars on his 1995 solo album "Beyond the Thunder", and more recently uses Paul Reed Smith guitars. In the late 1980s, Schon manufactured (through Jackson Guitars and later Larrivee) and played his own line of guitars. Simply named Schon, about 200 of the Jackson-produced models were made.


title: Neal Schon

text: As of 2008, Schon currently prefers guitar pedals from Xotic, a Vox Satriani model and occasionally uses a Buddy Guy wah pedal.


title: Neal Schon

text: In September 2011, Schon publicly confirmed he was in a relationship with Michaele Salahi. The two said they had dated years previously in the 1990s and were very happy together.


title: Neal Schon

text: On October 14, 2012, Schon proposed to Salahi onstage during a charity concert at the Lyric Opera House in Baltimore, Maryland, offering her an oval 11.42 carat diamond engagement ring.


title: Neal Schon

text: The couple married on December 15, 2013 in a live broadcast wedding that was held in the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, California. The marriage is Schon's fifth and Salahi's second.


title: Neal Schon

text: Schon has confirmed that he has tinnitus, a constant ringing in the ears, common in musicians who have toured extensively.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko, (; (romanized: Lyudmyla Mykhailivna Pavlychenko), ; 10 October 1974) was a Soviet sniper in the Red Army during World War II.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: She claimed to kill 309 soldiers. However, many feats attributed to her were called into question by various historians by analyzing her contradictory claims and timeline of events. She served in the Red Army during the siege of Odessa and the siege of Sevastopol, during the early stages of the fighting on the Eastern Front.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: After she was injured in battle by a mortar shell, she was evacuated to Moscow. After she had recovered from her injuries she trained other Red Army snipers and was a public spokeswoman for the Red Army. In 1942, she toured the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. After the war ended in 1945, she was reassigned as a senior researcher for the Soviet Navy. She died of a stroke at the age of 58.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: Lyudmila Belova was born to Russian parents in Bila Tserkva, Kiev Governorate, in the Russian Empire (now in Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine) on , to Mikhail Belov, a locksmith from Petrograd, and his wife Elena Trofimovna Belova (1897–1972).


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: As a child, Lyudmila was a self-described tomboy, who was fiercely competitive at athletic activities. In Kyiv, she joined an OSOAVIAKhIM shooting club, developed into an amateur sharpshooter and earned her Voroshilov Sharpshooter badge and a marksman certificate.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: In 1932, she married Alexei Pavlichenko, and gave birth to a son, Rostislav (1932–2007). However, the marriage was soon dissolved, and Lyudmila returned to live with her parents.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: She attended night school as well as performing household chores. During the day, she worked as a grinder at the Kyiv Arsenal factory.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: She enrolled at Kyiv University in 1937, where she studied history and intended to be a scholar and teacher. There, she competed on the university's track team as a sprinter and pole vaulter. She was also enrolled in a military-style sniping school for six months by the Red Army.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: In June 1941, Pavlichenko was aged 25 in her fourth year studying history at Kyiv University when Nazi Germany began its invasion of the Soviet Union. Pavlichenko was among the first round of volunteers at the Odesa recruiting office, where she requested to join the infantry. The registrar pushed Pavlichenko to be a nurse, but she refused. After seeing that she had completed multiple training courses, it finally let her in the army as a sniper, and she was assigned to the Red Army's 25th Rifle Division. There, she became one of 2,000 female snipers in the Red Army, of whom about 500 survived the war. Although she was assigned a combat role, she was issued with just a fragmentation grenade because of weapons shortages. On 8 August 1941, a fallen comrade handed her his Mosin–Nagant model 1891 bolt-action rifle. Pavlichenko then shot her first two enemies and proved herself to her comrades. She described the event as her "baptism of fire" because that was when she officially became a sniper.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: Pavlichenko fought for about months during the siege of Odesa and claimed to kill 187 soldiers. She was promoted to senior sergeant in August 1941, when she claimed to kill 100 more soldiers. At 25, she married a fellow sniper, Alexei Kitsenko. Soon after the marriage, Kitsenko was mortally wounded by a mortar shell and died from his injuries a few days later in the hospital.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: When the Nazis and their Romanian allies overran Odesa on 15 October 1941, her unit was withdrawn by sea to Sevastopol, on the Crimean Peninsula, to fight in the siege of Sevastopol. There, she trained other snipers, who claimed to over 100 Axis soldiers during the battle. In May 1942, newly promoted Lieutenant Pavlichenko was cited by the Southern Army Council for allegdely killing 257 Axis soldiers. The number of soldiers Pavlichenko claimed to kill during World War II was 309, including 36 Axis snipers.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: In June 1942, Pavlichenko was hit in the face with shrapnel from a mortar shell. When she was injured, the Soviet High Command ordered for her to be evacuated from Sevastopol via submarine.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: She spent around a month in the hospital. Once she had recovered from her injuries, instead of being sent back to the front, she became a propagandist for the Red Army. Her alleged high kill count gave her the nickname "Lady Death." She also trained snipers for combat duty until the end of the war, in 1945.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: In 1942, Pavlichenko was sent to Canada and the United States for a publicity visit as part of the Soviet Union's attempts to convince the other Allies of World War II to open a second front against Nazi Germany. When she visited the United States, she became the first Soviet citizen to be received by a US president, as Franklin D. Roosevelt welcomed her to the White House. Pavlichenko was later invited by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to tour the US, relating her experiences as a female soldier on the front lines. During the publicity tour, Pavlichenko was not taken seriously by the press and was referred to as the "Girl Sniper." When meeting with reporters in Washington, DC, she was dumbfounded by the kind of questions put to her. "One reporter even criticized the length of the skirt of my uniform, saying that in America women wear shorter skirts and besides my uniform made me look fat." They also asked if she used makeup on the front line. She was described by the reporters as very blunt and unemotional in her responses.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: Pavlichenko appeared before the International Student Assembly being held in Washington, D.C., attended the meetings of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and made appearances and speeches in New York City and Chicago. In New York City, she was given a raccoon fur coat by Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia. In Chicago, she stood before large crowds, chiding the men to support a second front. "Gentlemen," she said, "I am 26 years old and I have killed 309 fascist invaders by now. Don't you think, gentlemen, that you have been hiding behind my back for too long?" Her words settled on the crowd, then caused a surging roar of support. The United States government presented her with a Colt semi-automatic pistol. In Toronto, Ontario, she was presented a Winchester Model 70 rifle equipped with a Weaver telescopic sight, now on display at the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow. While visiting Canada, along with fellow sniper Vladimir Pchelintsev and Moscow fuel commissioner Nikolai Kravchenko, she was greeted by thousands of people at Toronto's Union Station.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: On Friday 21 November 1942, Pavlichenko visited Coventry, England, accepting donations of £4,516 from local workers to pay for three X-ray units for the Red Army. She also visited the ruins of Coventry Cathedral, then the Alfred Herbert works and Standard Motor Factory, from where most funds had been raised. She had inspected a factory in Birmingham earlier in the day.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: Having been made an officer, Pavlichenko never returned to combat, instead becoming an instructor and training snipers until the war's end. In 1943, she was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, as well as the Order of Lenin twice.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: When the war ended, Pavlichenko finished her education at Kyiv University and began a career as a historian. From 1945 to 1953, she was a research assistant at Soviet Navy headquarters. She was later active in the Soviet Committee of the Veterans of War. In 1957, Eleanor Roosevelt visited Pavlichenko in Moscow during a visit to the Soviet Union. Pavlichenko struggled constantly with depression because of the loss of her husband in the war. She also suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism, factors that are believed to have contributed to her early death.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: She died from a stroke on 10 October 1974 at 58 and was buried in Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. Her son, Rostislav, is buried next to her.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: The American folk singer Woody Guthrie composed a song ("Miss Pavlichenko") as a tribute to her war record and to memorialize her visits to the United States and Canada. It was released as part of "The Asch Recordings".


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: Pavlichenko was a subject of the 2015 film, "Battle for Sevastopol" (original Russian title, "Битва за Севастополь"). A joint Russian-Ukrainian production, it was released in both countries on 2 April 2015. Its international premiere took place two weeks later at the Beijing International Film Festival. It is a heavily romanticized version of her life, with several fictitious characters and many departures from the events related in her memoirs.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: The first English language edition of her memoirs, "Lady Death", was published by Greenhill Books in February 2018. It has a foreword by Martin Pegler and is part of the Lionel Leventhal's Greenhill Sniper Library series.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: Pavlichenko's story was featured in the fourth season of "Drunk History," where she was played by Mae Whitman.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: In the 1995 alternate history novel "" by Harry Turtledove, Pavlichenko seems to have been the inspiration for the minor character Tatiana in Pskov.


title: Lyudmila Pavlichenko

text: In the 1944 film comedy, "The Doughgirls", Eve Arden played Sgt. Natalia Moskoroff, a highly-decorated Soviet sniper visiting the capital on a good-will tour.


title: Prichard Colón

text: Prichard Colón Meléndez (born September 19, 1992) is an American-born Puerto Rican former professional boxer, honorary WBC World Champion, and gold medal winner at the 2010 Panamerican Youth Championship in the category. After Prichard was disqualified in the 10th round of the Tyrell fight, he left to go to the dressing room where he collapsed and remained in a coma for 221 days due to a bleed on the brain. He is now awake and in a vegetative but stable condition which is steadily improving.


title: Prichard Colón

text: Prichard Colón was born in Maitland, Florida. His parents are Richard and Nieves Colón, a retired waitress. At the age of 10, his father decided to move to Puerto Rico, so Prichard could represent the island in competitions. He moved there with his younger sister, while his mother and older brother remained in Florida. The family settled in the rural town of Orocovis, Puerto Rico.


title: Prichard Colón

text: Colón started his career at the Albergue Olímpico in Salinas, Puerto Rico. It was there that he earned the nickname of "Digget", which comes from the word "digger" in relation to his height. After graduating high school, Colón began studying Business Administration at the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón in San Juan, Puerto Rico.


title: Prichard Colón

text: During his amateur career, Colón gained fame for winning 5 national championships in both the 141 and 152 pound divisions. He also won the gold medal at the 2010 Pan American Youth Championship in the 64 kg category. He fought at the Brazil Pre-Olympics to win a pass to the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, but lost to a Venezuelan fighter in the third round.


title: Prichard Colón

text: In 2012, Colón decided to become a professional fighter. He ended his amateur career with a record of 17-0–0.


title: Prichard Colón

text: Colón made his professional debut on February 23, 2013. His first fight was against Xavier La Salle at the Cosme Beitía Salamo Coliseum in Cataño, Puerto Rico. Colón knocked out LaSalle in the first round. Colón distinguished himself for his restless schedule. He fought five times in 2013 and 7 times in 2014. His most notable fight came on September 9, 2015 when he fought against Vivian Harris, a more experienced fighter. The fight was held at the Ricoh Coliseum in Toronto and ended with Colón knocking out Harris in the fourth round.


title: Prichard Colón

text: On October 17, 2015, Colón was slated to fight Terrel Williams in an undercard fight at the EagleBank Arena in Fairfax, Virginia. The fight was not originally part of the schedule, but was added when Andre Dirrell stepped out from his fight with Blake Caparello for medical reasons. The fight occurred just one month after Colón's last fight against Vivian Harris.


title: Prichard Colón

text: Colón and Williams fought for nine rounds, in the first five rounds of which Colón appeared to be ahead. Throughout the match, Williams repeatedly punched Colón in the back of the head illegally. Colón informed the referee, Joe Cooper, of the illegal punches to the back of his head, to which the referee replied "You take care of it." Colón hit Williams with a low blow, for which Colón was penalized 2 points. After multiple illegal blows, Colón was knocked down for the first time in his professional career during the ninth round. Colón spoke to the ringside doctor between the rounds and stated he felt dizzy, but felt he could go on. The ringside doctor, Richard Ashby, cleared Colón and allowed the fight to continue. Colón was disqualified after the ninth round, when his corner mistakenly removed his gloves thinking it was the end of the fight. Colón's corner claimed he was incoherent and experiencing dizziness. After the fight, Colón was vomiting and was taken to the hospital where he was diagnosed with brain bleeding. As a result, Colón went into a coma for 221 days.


title: Prichard Colón

text: Colón was treated for several weeks at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Virginia, but was eventually transferred to Shepherd Center in Atlanta, Georgia. Colón was moved from the hospital to his mother's home in Orlando, Florida. As of April 2017, Colón had remained in a persistent vegetative state.


title: Prichard Colón

text: In 2017, the parents of Prichard Colón filed a lawsuit seeking damages in more than $50 million. The lawsuit has not yet been settled, though Prichard Colón's mother, Niéves Colón, believes it may never be settled.


title: Prichard Colón

text: In a September 2017 interview, while discussing his role in Colón’s injury, Williams said “I pray for Prichard every day. That’s never going to change. I wish him nothing but peace and health. No one wants what happened to Prichard to happen to anybody. All boxers are brothers.” Williams is now mostly known for his role in the fight, as opposed to his career.


title: Prichard Colón

text: In July 2018, Colón's mother posted a video of Colón on her Facebook account in which he can be seen taking physical therapy and responding to verbal commands. She also stated that he was learning how to communicate through a computer. She continues to upload videos of Colón's progress on YouTube.


title: Bobby Green

text: Bobby Green (born September 9, 1986) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Lightweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional competitor since 2008, Green is the former King of the Cage Lightweight Champion and Junior Welterweight Champion, and in addition he has also competed in Tachi Palace Fights, Strikeforce, and Affliction. Green also made an appearance on the MTV/MTV2 reality show Bully Beatdown.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was born in San Bernardino, California and became a foster child when he was five years old, as his father was incarcerated and mother was unable to take care of her children due to a drug addiction. Green began wrestling in his sophomore year at A.B. Miller High School in Fontana, California, placing twice in the state tournament. Green began pursuing a career in professional mixed martial arts while he was also working at a warehouse to help support his son.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green made his professional mixed martial arts debut in January 2008, and quickly amassed an 8–1 record while fighting on independent events.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green drew the attention of Affliction Entertainment and fought on their second (and final) card . He lost to Dan Lauzon via submission in the first round. Green was docked two points in the first round, in what Sherdog has called one of the dirtiest fights in recent memory.


title: Bobby Green

text: Following the loss, Green began a successful run in the King of the Cage promotion. On February 25, 2010, Green defeated Ricky Legere via first-round TKO to win the King of the Cage Junior Welterweight Championship at KOTC Arrival at the San Manuel Casino in Highland, California. He eventually defended the title once before losing it to Tim Means. On April 21, Green defeated Dom O'Grady by unanimous decision to win the King of the Cage Lightweight Championship.


title: Bobby Green

text: On July 14, 2011, it was announced that Green had signed a four-fight deal with Strikeforce. It was originally announced that Green would debut against Milton Vieira at Strikeforce Challengers: Gurgel vs. Duarte. However, on July 19, it was announced he would be filling in for Lyle Beerbohm against Gesias Cavalcante at . The fight was very back and forth, but Green lost the fight via a narrow split decision.


title: Bobby Green

text: His next bout came against Charon Spain at Strikeforce Challengers: Larkin vs. Rossborough. Green won the fight via submission (arm-triangle choke) in the second round but is out indefinitely due to left and right hand injuries.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was scheduled to face Isaac Vallie-Flagg at Strikeforce Challengers: Britt vs. Sayers. However, Vallie-Flagg was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by J. P. Reese. He won the fight via submission in the third round.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green defeated Jacob Volkmann on February 2, 2013 at UFC 156 via rear-naked choke submission in the third round. After back and forth action in the first two rounds, Green displayed some great grappling, countering Volkmann's attempts and finishing with the choke after some vicious ground and pound, which forced Volkmann to give up his back. The performance earned Green "Submission of the Night" honors.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was expected to face Danny Castillo on July 27, 2013 at UFC on Fox 8. However, in mid-July, Green pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Tim Means.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced James Krause on November 6, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 31. The fight ended in unusual fashion as Green had previously kicked Krause in the groin area twice, resulting in a one-point deduction. Green then landed a blow to Krause's belt line, which resulted in Krause falling to the canvas. Referee John McCarthy declared it a legal blow and awarded Green a TKO victory.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green quickly stepped back into the octagon filling in for the injured Jamie Varner against Pat Healy at UFC on Fox 9. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was expected to face Abel Trujillo on February 1, 2014 at UFC 169. However, Green pulled out due to undisclosed reasons and was replaced by Jamie Varner.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was expected to face Jim Miller on April 26, 2014 at UFC 172. However, in the week leading up to the event, Green pulled out of the bout citing another injury and was replaced by Yancy Medeiros.


title: Bobby Green

text: The bout with Trujillo was rescheduled for August 2, 2014 at UFC 176. However, after UFC 176 was cancelled, Green/Trujillo was rescheduled and was expected to take place on August 16, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 47. Subsequently, Green was removed from this fight on July 11 in favor of a matchup with against Josh Thomson as Green replaced Michael Johnson on July 26, 2014 at UFC on Fox 12. Green won the bout via split decision.


title: Bobby Green

text: A bout with Jorge Masvidal, first scheduled under the Strikeforce banner in 2012 before being scrapped, was expected to take place on September 27, 2014 at UFC 178. However, on August 14, the UFC announced that Green would now face Donald Cerrone at the event. Following the signing and scheduling of former Bellator MMA Lightweight Champion Eddie Alvarez to face Cerrone at the event, Green was rescheduled to compete at a later, undetermined date.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced Edson Barboza on November 22, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 57. Green lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was briefly linked to a bout with Jorge Masvidal on April 4, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 63. However, shortly after the fight was announced by the UFC, Green pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Benson Henderson


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was expected to face Al Iaquinta on July 15, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 71. However, Green pulled out of the fight in mid-June citing another injury.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green next faced Dustin Poirier on June 4, 2016 at UFC 199. He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was expected to face Josh Burkman on October 1, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 96. However, Green pulled out of the fight on September 9 citing personal issues and was replaced by promotional newcomer Zak Ottow.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced Rashid Magomedov on April 15, 2017 at UFC on Fox 24. He lost the fight by split decision.


title: Bobby Green

text: As the last fight of his prevailing contract, Green faced Lando Vannata on October 7, 2017 at UFC 216. In round one Vannata landed an illegal knee to the head of the grounded Green, which caused referee Herb Dean to deduct Vannata a point. The judges handed down a split draw after three rounds with one judge had it even 28–28, one judge scored it 29–27 to Green, and one judge scored it 29–27 for Vannata. This fight earned him Fight of the Night award.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was expected to face Beneil Dariush on March 3, 2018 at UFC 222. However, on February 14, 2018, it was announced that Green was forced to pull out from the event, citing injury.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was expected to face Clay Guida on June 9, 2018 at UFC 225. However, Green was forced out of the bout due to an injury and was replaced by Charles Oliveira


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced Drakkar Klose on December 15 at UFC on Fox 31 He lost the fight by unanimous decision. Green announced his retirement after he lost the fight.


title: Bobby Green

text: After his brief hiatus, Green returned to face Francisco Trinaldo on November 16, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 22. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Bobby Green

text: A rematch with Lando Vannata took place on August 1, 2020 at . He won the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the "Fight of the Night" award.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced Alan Patrick, replacing Rodrigo Vargas on September 12, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 177. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced Thiago Moisés on October 31, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 181. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. However 11 out of 15 media outlets scored the bout as a win for Green.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was expected to face Jim Miller on February 13, 2021 at UFC 258. However the fight was cancelled when Green collapsed after the weigh-ins.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced Rafael Fiziev on August 7, 2021 at UFC 265. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the "Fight of the Night" award.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced Al Iaquinta on November 6, 2021 at UFC 268. Green won the fight by TKO in round one. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced Nasrat Haqparast on February 12, 2022 at UFC 271. He won the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Bobby Green

text: Just two weeks after his last UFC bout, Green stepped up to replace an injured Beneil Dariush against Islam Makhachev on February 26, 2022 in the main event at UFC Fight Night 202. He lost the bout via ground and pound TKO in the first round.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green was rebooked to face Jim Miller for the third time on July 2, 2022, at UFC 276. A week before the event, Green was forced to pull out of the bout.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green received a six month USADA suspension for 6 months testing positive Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on out of competition drug test on May 16, 2022 and he is eligible to fight again on November 16, 2022.


title: Bobby Green

text: Green faced Drew Dober on December 17, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 216. He lost the fight via knockout in round two. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp (historically LISP) is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Originally specified in 1960, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language still in common use, after Fortran. Lisp has changed since its early days, and many dialects have existed over its history. Today, the best-known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Common Lisp, Scheme, Racket and Clojure.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced by (though not originally derived from) the notation of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus. It quickly became a favored programming language for artificial intelligence (AI) research. As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, conditionals, higher-order functions, recursion, the self-hosting compiler, and the read–eval–print loop.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The name "LISP" derives from "LISt Processor". Linked lists are one of Lisp's major data structures, and Lisp source code is made of lists. Thus, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or new domain-specific languages embedded in Lisp.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The interchangeability of code and data gives Lisp its instantly recognizable syntax. All program code is written as "s-expressions", or parenthesized lists. A function call or syntactic form is written as a list with the function or operator's name first, and the arguments following; for instance, a function that takes three arguments would be called as .


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: John McCarthy began developing Lisp in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). McCarthy published its design in a paper in "Communications of the ACM" in April 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I". He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for anonymous functions borrowed from Church, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Information Processing Language was the first AI language, from 1955 or 1956, and already included many of the concepts, such as list-processing and recursion, which came to be used in Lisp.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: McCarthy's original notation used bracketed "M-expressions" that would be translated into S-expressions. As an example, the M-expression is equivalent to the S-expression . Once Lisp was implemented, programmers rapidly chose to use S-expressions, and M-expressions were abandoned. M-expressions surfaced again with short-lived attempts of MLisp by Horace Enea and CGOL by Vaughan Pratt.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp was first implemented by Steve Russell on an IBM 704 computer using punched cards. Russell had read McCarthy's paper and realized (to McCarthy's surprise) that the Lisp "eval" function could be implemented in machine code.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The result was a working Lisp interpreter which could be used to run Lisp programs, or more properly, "evaluate Lisp expressions".


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Two assembly language macros for the IBM 704 became the primitive operations for decomposing lists: ("Contents of the Address part of Register" number) and ("Contents of the Decrement part of Register" number), where "register" refers to registers of the computer's central processing unit (CPU). Lisp dialects still use and ( and ) for the operations that return the first item in a list and the rest of the list, respectively.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The first complete Lisp compiler, written in Lisp, was implemented in 1962 by Tim Hart and Mike Levin at MIT, and could be compiled by simply having an existing LISP interpreter interpret the compiler code, producing machine code output able to be executed at a 40-fold improvement in speed over that of the interpreter. This compiler introduced the Lisp model of incremental compilation, in which compiled and interpreted functions can intermix freely. The language used in Hart and Levin's memo is much closer to modern Lisp style than McCarthy's earlier code.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: During the 1980s and 1990s, a great effort was made to unify the work on new Lisp dialects (mostly successors to Maclisp such as ZetaLisp and NIL (New Implementation of Lisp) into a single language. The new language, Common Lisp, was somewhat compatible with the dialects it replaced (the book "Common Lisp the Language" notes the compatibility of various constructs). In 1994, ANSI published the Common Lisp standard, "ANSI X3.226-1994 Information Technology Programming Language Common Lisp".


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Since inception, Lisp was closely connected with the artificial intelligence research community, especially on PDP-10 systems. Lisp was used as the implementation of the language Micro Planner, which was used in the famous AI system SHRDLU. In the 1970s, as AI research spawned commercial offshoots, the performance of existing Lisp systems became a growing issue, as programmers needed to be familiar with the performance ramifications of the various techniques and choices involved in the implementation of Lisp.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Over its sixty-year history, Lisp has spawned many variations on the core theme of an S-expression language. Moreover, each given dialect may have several implementations—for instance, there are more than a dozen implementations of Common Lisp.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Differences between dialects may be quite visible—for instance, Common Lisp uses the keyword codice_1 to name a function, but Scheme uses codice_2. Within a dialect that is standardized, however, conforming implementations support the same core language, but with different extensions and libraries.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: After having declined somewhat in the 1990s, Lisp has experienced a resurgence of interest after 2000. Most new activity has been focused around implementations of Common Lisp, Scheme, Emacs Lisp, Clojure, and Racket, and includes development of new portable libraries and applications.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Many new Lisp programmers were inspired by writers such as Paul Graham and Eric S. Raymond to pursue a language others considered antiquated. New Lisp programmers often describe the language as an eye-opening experience and claim to be substantially more productive than in other languages. This increase in awareness may be contrasted to the "AI winter" and Lisp's brief gain in the mid-1990s.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: , there were eleven actively maintained Common Lisp implementations. Scieneer Common Lisp is a new commercial implementation forked from CMUCL with a first release in 2002.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The open source community has created new supporting infrastructure: CLiki is a wiki that collects Common Lisp related information, the Common Lisp directory lists resources, #lisp is a popular IRC channel and allows the sharing and commenting of code snippets (with support by lisppaste, an IRC bot written in Lisp), Planet Lisp collects the contents of various Lisp-related blogs, on LispForum users discuss Lisp topics, Lispjobs is a service for announcing job offers and there is a weekly news service, "Weekly Lisp News". "Common-lisp.net" is a hosting site for open source Common Lisp projects. Quicklisp is a library manager for Common Lisp.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Fifty years of Lisp (1958–2008) was celebrated at LISP50@OOPSLA. There are regular local user meetings in Boston, Vancouver, and Hamburg. Other events include the European Common Lisp Meeting, the European Lisp Symposium and an International Lisp Conference.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The Scheme community actively maintains over twenty implementations. Several significant new implementations (Chicken, Gambit, Gauche, Ikarus, Larceny, Ypsilon) have been developed in the 2000s (decade). The Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme standard of Scheme was widely accepted in the Scheme community. The Scheme Requests for Implementation process has created a lot of quasi standard libraries and extensions for Scheme. User communities of individual Scheme implementations continue to grow. A new language standardization process was started in 2003 and led to the RRS Scheme standard in 2007. Academic use of Scheme for teaching computer science seems to have declined somewhat. Some universities are no longer using Scheme in their computer science introductory courses; MIT now uses Python instead of Scheme for its undergraduate computer science program and MITx massive open online course.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: There are several new dialects of Lisp: Arc, Hy, Nu, Liskell, and LFE (Lisp Flavored Erlang). The parser for Julia is implemented in Femtolisp, a dialect of Scheme (Julia is inspired by Scheme, which in turn is a Lisp dialect).


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Common Lisp and Scheme represent two major streams of Lisp development. These languages embody significantly different design choices.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Common Lisp is a successor to Maclisp. The primary influences were Lisp Machine Lisp, Maclisp, NIL, S-1 Lisp, Spice Lisp, and Scheme. It has many of the features of Lisp Machine Lisp (a large Lisp dialect used to program Lisp Machines), but was designed to be efficiently implementable on any personal computer or workstation. Common Lisp is a general-purpose programming language and thus has a large language standard including many built-in data types, functions, macros and other language elements, and an object system (Common Lisp Object System). Common Lisp also borrowed certain features from Scheme such as lexical scoping and lexical closures. Common Lisp implementations are available for targeting different platforms such as the LLVM, the Java virtual machine,


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: x86-64, PowerPC, Alpha, ARM, Motorola 68000, and MIPS, and operating systems such as Windows, macOS, Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Dragonfly BSD, and Heroku.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Scheme is a statically scoped and properly tail-recursive dialect of the Lisp programming language invented by Guy L. Steele, Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman. It was designed to have exceptionally clear and simple semantics and few different ways to form expressions. Designed about a decade earlier than Common Lisp, Scheme is a more minimalist design. It has a much smaller set of standard features but with certain implementation features (such as tail-call optimization and full continuations) not specified in Common Lisp. A wide variety of programming paradigms, including imperative, functional, and message passing styles, find convenient expression in Scheme. Scheme continues to evolve with a series of standards (Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme) and a series of Scheme Requests for Implementation.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Clojure is a recent dialect of Lisp that targets mainly the Java virtual machine, and the Common Language Runtime (CLR), the Python VM, the Ruby VM YARV, and compiling to JavaScript. It is designed to be a pragmatic general-purpose language. Clojure draws considerable influences from Haskell and places a very strong emphasis on immutability. Clojure provides access to Java frameworks and libraries, with optional type hints and type inference, so that calls to Java can avoid reflection and enable fast primitive operations. Clojure is not designed to be backwards compatible with other Lisp dialects.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Further, Lisp dialects are used as scripting languages in many applications, with the best-known being Emacs Lisp in the Emacs editor, AutoLISP and later Visual Lisp in AutoCAD, Nyquist in Audacity, and Scheme in LilyPond. The potential small size of a useful Scheme interpreter makes it particularly popular for embedded scripting. Examples include SIOD and TinyScheme, both of which have been successfully embedded in the GIMP image processor under the generic name "Script-fu". LIBREP, a Lisp interpreter by John Harper originally based on the Emacs Lisp language, has been embedded in the Sawfish window manager.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp has officially standardized dialects: R6RS Scheme, R7RS Scheme, IEEE Scheme, ANSI Common Lisp and ISO ISLISP.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Paul Graham identifies nine important aspects of Lisp that distinguished it from existing languages like Fortran:


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp was the first language where the structure of program code is represented faithfully and directly in a standard data structure—a quality much later dubbed "homoiconicity". Thus, Lisp functions can be manipulated, altered or even created within a Lisp program without lower-level manipulations. This is generally considered one of the main advantages of the language with regard to its expressive power, and makes the language suitable for syntactic macros and meta-circular evaluation.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: A conditional using an "if–then–else" syntax was invented by McCarthy for a chess program written in Fortran. He proposed its inclusion in ALGOL, but it was not made part of the Algol 58 specification. For Lisp, McCarthy used the more general "cond"-structure. Algol 60 took up "if–then–else" and popularized it.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp deeply influenced Alan Kay, the leader of the research team that developed Smalltalk at Xerox PARC; and in turn Lisp was influenced by Smalltalk, with later dialects adopting object-oriented programming features (inheritance classes, encapsulating instances, message passing, etc.) in the 1970s. The Flavors object system introduced the concept of multiple inheritance and the mixin. The Common Lisp Object System provides multiple inheritance, multimethods with multiple dispatch, and first-class generic functions, yielding a flexible and powerful form of dynamic dispatch. It has served as the template for many subsequent Lisp (including Scheme) object systems, which are often implemented via a metaobject protocol, a reflective meta-circular design in which the object system is defined in terms of itself: Lisp was only the second language after Smalltalk (and is still one of the very few languages) to possess such a metaobject system. Many years later, Alan Kay suggested that as a result of the confluence of these features, only Smalltalk and Lisp could be regarded as properly conceived object-oriented programming systems.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp introduced the concept of automatic garbage collection, in which the system walks the heap looking for unused memory. Progress in modern sophisticated garbage collection algorithms such as generational garbage collection was stimulated by its use in Lisp.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Largely because of its resource requirements with respect to early computing hardware (including early microprocessors), Lisp did not become as popular outside of the AI community as Fortran and the ALGOL-descended C language. Because of its suitability to complex and dynamic applications, Lisp enjoyed some resurgence of popular interest in the 2010s.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp is an expression oriented language. Unlike most other languages, no distinction is made between "expressions" and "statements"; all code and data are written as expressions. When an expression is "evaluated", it produces a value (in Common Lisp, possibly multiple values), which can then be embedded into other expressions. Each value can be any data type.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: McCarthy's 1958 paper introduced two types of syntax: "Symbolic expressions" (S-expressions, sexps), which mirror the internal representation of code and data; and "Meta expressions" (M-expressions), which express functions of S-expressions. M-expressions never found favor, and almost all Lisps today use S-expressions to manipulate both code and data.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The use of parentheses is Lisp's most immediately obvious difference from other programming language families. As a result, students have long given Lisp nicknames such as "Lost In Stupid Parentheses", or "Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses". However, the S-expression syntax is also responsible for much of Lisp's power: the syntax is simple and consistent, which facilitates manipulation by computer. However, the syntax of Lisp is not limited to traditional parentheses notation. It can be extended to include alternative notations. For example, XMLisp is a Common Lisp extension that employs the metaobject protocol to integrate S-expressions with the Extensible Markup Language (XML).


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The reliance on expressions gives the language great flexibility. Because Lisp functions are written as lists, they can be processed exactly like data. This allows easy writing of programs which manipulate other programs (metaprogramming). Many Lisp dialects exploit this feature using macro systems, which enables extension of the language almost without limit.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: A Lisp list is written with its elements separated by whitespace, and surrounded by parentheses. For example, is a list whose elements are the three "atoms" , , and . These values are implicitly typed: they are respectively two integers and a Lisp-specific data type called a "symbol", and do not have to be declared as such.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The empty list is also represented as the special atom . This is the only entity in Lisp which is both an atom and a list.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Expressions are written as lists, using prefix notation. The first element in the list is the name of a function, the name of a macro, a lambda expression or the name of a "special operator" (see below). The remainder of the list are the arguments. For example, the function returns its arguments as a list, so the expression


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: evaluates to the list . The "quote" before the in the preceding example is a "special operator" which returns its argument without evaluating it. Any unquoted expressions are recursively evaluated before the enclosing expression is evaluated. For example,


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp has no notion of operators as implemented in Algol-derived languages. Arithmetic operators in Lisp are variadic functions (or "n-ary"), able to take any number of arguments. A C-style '++' increment operator is sometimes implemented under the name codice_3 giving syntax


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: "Special operators" (sometimes called "special forms") provide Lisp's control structure. For example, the special operator takes three arguments. If the first argument is non-nil, it evaluates to the second argument; otherwise, it evaluates to the third argument. Thus, the expression


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: evaluates to . Of course, this would be more useful if a non-trivial expression had been substituted in place of .


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp also provides logical operators and, or and not. The and and or operators do short-circuit evaluation and will return their first nil and non-nil argument respectively.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Another special operator, , is used to bind variables to values which are then evaluated within an expression. This operator is also used to create functions: the arguments to are a list of arguments, and the expression or expressions to which the function evaluates (the returned value is the value of the last expression that is evaluated). The expression


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: evaluates to a function that, when applied, takes one argument, binds it to and returns the number one greater than that argument. Lambda expressions are treated no differently from named functions; they are invoked the same way. Therefore, the expression


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: evaluates to . Here, we're doing a function application: we execute the anonymous function by passing to it the value 5.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: where is a macro used to set the value of the first argument to a new function object. is a global function definition for the function named . is an abbreviation for special operator, returning a function object.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: In the original LISP there were two fundamental data types: atoms and lists. A list was a finite ordered sequence of elements, where each element is either an atom or a list, and an atom was a number or a symbol. A symbol was essentially a unique named item, written as an alphanumeric string in source code, and used either as a variable name or as a data item in symbolic processing. For example, the list contains three elements: the symbol , the list , and the number 2.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The essential difference between atoms and lists was that atoms were immutable and unique. Two atoms that appeared in different places in source code but were written in exactly the same way represented the same object, whereas each list was a separate object that could be altered independently of other lists and could be distinguished from other lists by comparison operators.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: As more data types were introduced in later Lisp dialects, and programming styles evolved, the concept of an atom lost importance. Many dialects still retained the predicate "atom" for legacy compatibility, defining it true for any object which is not a cons.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: A Lisp list is implemented as a singly linked list. Each cell of this list is called a "cons" (in Scheme, a "pair") and is composed of two pointers, called the "car" and "cdr". These are respectively equivalent to the and fields discussed in the article "linked list".


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Of the many data structures that can be built out of cons cells, one of the most basic is called a "proper list". A proper list is either the special (empty list) symbol, or a cons in which the points to a datum (which may be another cons structure, such as a list), and the points to another proper list.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: If a given cons is taken to be the head of a linked list, then its car points to the first element of the list, and its cdr points to the rest of the list. For this reason, the and functions are also called and when referring to conses which are part of a linked list (rather than, say, a tree).


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Thus, a Lisp list is not an atomic object, as an instance of a container class in C++ or Java would be. A list is nothing more than an aggregate of linked conses. A variable that refers to a given list is simply a pointer to the first cons in the list. Traversal of a list can be done by "cdring down" the list; that is, taking successive cdrs to visit each cons of the list; or by using any of several higher-order functions to map a function over a list.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Because conses and lists are so universal in Lisp systems, it is a common misconception that they are Lisp's only data structures. In fact, all but the most simplistic Lisps have other data structures, such as vectors (arrays), hash tables, structures, and so forth.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Parenthesized S-expressions represent linked list structures. There are several ways to represent the same list as an S-expression. A cons can be written in "dotted-pair notation" as , where is the car and the cdr. A longer proper list might be written in dotted-pair notation. This is conventionally abbreviated as in "list notation". An improper list may be written in a combination of the two – as for the list of three conses whose last cdr is (i.e., the list in fully specified form).


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp provides many built-in procedures for accessing and controlling lists. Lists can be created directly with the procedure, which takes any number of arguments, and returns the list of these arguments.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Because of the way that lists are constructed from cons pairs, the procedure can be used to add an element to the front of a list. Note that the procedure is asymmetric in how it handles list arguments, because of how lists are constructed.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The procedure appends two (or more) lists to one another. Because Lisp lists are linked lists, appending two lists has asymptotic time complexity formula_1


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp lists, being simple linked lists, can share structure with one another. That is to say, two lists can have the same "tail", or final sequence of conses. For instance, after the execution of the following Common Lisp code:


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: the lists and are and respectively. However, the tail is the same structure in both lists. It is not a copy; the cons cells pointing to and are in the same memory locations for both lists.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Sharing structure rather than copying can give a dramatic performance improvement. However, this technique can interact in undesired ways with functions that alter lists passed to them as arguments. Altering one list, such as by replacing the with a , will affect the other:


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: This changes to , but thereby also changes to – a possibly unexpected result. This can be a source of bugs, and functions which alter their arguments are documented as "destructive" for this very reason.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Aficionados of functional programming avoid destructive functions. In the Scheme dialect, which favors the functional style, the names of destructive functions are marked with a cautionary exclamation point, or "bang"—such as (read "set car bang"), which replaces the car of a cons. In the Common Lisp dialect, destructive functions are commonplace; the equivalent of is named for "replace car". This function is rarely seen, however, as Common Lisp includes a special facility, , to make it easier to define and use destructive functions. A frequent style in Common Lisp is to write code functionally (without destructive calls) when prototyping, then to add destructive calls as an optimization where it is safe to do so.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp evaluates expressions which are entered by the user. Symbols and lists evaluate to some other (usually, simpler) expression – for instance, a symbol evaluates to the value of the variable it names; evaluates to . However, most other forms evaluate to themselves: if entering into Lisp, it returns .


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Any expression can also be marked to prevent it from being evaluated (as is necessary for symbols and lists). This is the role of the special operator, or its abbreviation (one quotation mark). For instance, usually if entering the symbol , it returns the value of the corresponding variable (or an error, if there is no such variable). To refer to the literal symbol, enter or, usually, .


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Both Common Lisp and Scheme also support the "backquote" operator (termed "quasiquote" in Scheme), entered with the character (grave accent). This is almost the same as the plain quote, except it allows expressions to be evaluated and their values interpolated into a quoted list with the comma "unquote" and comma-at "splice" operators. If the variable has the value then evaluates to , while evaluates to . The backquote is most often used in defining macro expansions.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Self-evaluating forms and quoted forms are Lisp's equivalent of literals. It may be possible to modify the values of (mutable) literals in program code. For instance, if a function returns a quoted form, and the code that calls the function modifies the form, this may alter the behavior of the function on subsequent invocations.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Modifying a quoted form like this is generally considered bad style, and is defined by ANSI Common Lisp as erroneous (resulting in "undefined" behavior in compiled files, because the file-compiler can coalesce similar constants, put them in write-protected memory, etc.).


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp's formalization of quotation has been noted by Douglas Hofstadter (in "Gödel, Escher, Bach") and others as an example of the philosophical idea of self-reference.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The Lisp family splits over the use of dynamic or static (a.k.a. lexical) scope. Clojure, Common Lisp and Scheme make use of static scoping by default, while newLISP, Picolisp and the embedded languages in Emacs and AutoCAD use dynamic scoping. Since version 24.1, Emacs uses both dynamic and lexical scoping.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: A fundamental distinction between Lisp and other languages is that in Lisp, the textual representation of a program is simply a human-readable description of the same internal data structures (linked lists, symbols, number, characters, etc.) as would be used by the underlying Lisp system.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp uses this to implement a very powerful macro system. Like other macro languages such as the one defined by the C preprocessor (the macro preprocessor for the C, Objective-C and C++ programming languages), a macro returns code that can then be compiled. However, unlike C preprocessor macros, the macros are Lisp functions and so can exploit the full power of Lisp.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Further, because Lisp code has the same structure as lists, macros can be built with any of the list-processing functions in the language. In short, anything that Lisp can do to a data structure, Lisp macros can do to code. In contrast, in most other languages, the parser's output is purely internal to the language implementation and cannot be manipulated by the programmer.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: This feature makes it easy to develop "efficient" languages within languages. For example, the Common Lisp Object System can be implemented cleanly as a language extension using macros. This means that if an application needs a different inheritance mechanism, it can use a different object system. This is in stark contrast to most other languages; for example, Java does not support multiple inheritance and there is no reasonable way to add it.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: In simplistic Lisp implementations, this list structure is directly interpreted to run the program; a function is literally a piece of list structure which is traversed by the interpreter in executing it. However, most substantial Lisp systems also include a compiler. The compiler translates list structure into machine code or bytecode for execution. This code can run as fast as code compiled in conventional languages such as C.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Macros expand before the compilation step, and thus offer some interesting options. If a program needs a precomputed table, then a macro might create the table at compile time, so the compiler need only output the table and need not call code to create the table at run time. Some Lisp implementations even have a mechanism, codice_6, that allows code to be present during compile time (when a macro would need it), but not present in the emitted module.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp languages are often used with an interactive command line, which may be combined with an integrated development environment (IDE). The user types in expressions at the command line, or directs the IDE to transmit them to the Lisp system. Lisp "reads" the entered expressions, "evaluates" them, and "prints" the result. For this reason, the Lisp command line is called a "read–eval–print loop" (REPL).


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The basic operation of the REPL is as follows. This is a simplistic description which omits many elements of a real Lisp, such as quoting and macros.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The function accepts textual S-expressions as input, and parses them into an internal data structure. For instance, if you type the text at the prompt, translates this into a linked list with three elements: the symbol , the number 1, and the number 2. It so happens that this list is also a valid piece of Lisp code; that is, it can be evaluated. This is because the car of the list names a function—the addition operation.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Note that a will be read as a single symbol. will be read as the number one hundred and twenty-three. will be read as the string "123".


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The function evaluates the data, returning zero or more other Lisp data as a result. Evaluation does not have to mean interpretation; some Lisp systems compile every expression to native machine code. It is simple, however, to describe evaluation as interpretation: To evaluate a list whose car names a function, first evaluates each of the arguments given in its cdr, then applies the function to the arguments. In this case, the function is addition, and applying it to the argument list yields the answer . This is the result of the evaluation.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The symbol evaluates to the value of the symbol foo. Data like the string "123" evaluates to the same string. The list evaluates to the list (1 2 3).


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: It is the job of the function to represent output to the user. For a simple result such as this is trivial. An expression which evaluated to a piece of list structure would require that traverse the list and print it out as an S-expression.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: To implement a Lisp REPL, it is necessary only to implement these three functions and an infinite-loop function. (Naturally, the implementation of will be complex, since it must also implement all special operators like or .) This done, a basic REPL is one line of code: .


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: The Lisp REPL typically also provides input editing, an input history, error handling and an interface to the debugger.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp is usually evaluated eagerly. In Common Lisp, arguments are evaluated in applicative order ('leftmost innermost'), while in Scheme order of arguments is undefined, leaving room for optimization by a compiler.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp originally had very few control structures, but many more were added during the language's evolution. (Lisp's original conditional operator, , is the precursor to later structures.)


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Programmers in the Scheme dialect often express loops using tail recursion. Scheme's commonality in academic computer science has led some students to believe that tail recursion is the only, or the most common, way to write iterations in Lisp, but this is incorrect. All oft-seen Lisp dialects have imperative-style iteration constructs, from Scheme's loop to Common Lisp's complex expressions. Moreover, the key issue that makes this an objective rather than subjective matter is that Scheme makes specific requirements for the handling of tail calls, and thus the reason that the use of tail recursion is generally encouraged for Scheme is that the practice is expressly supported by the language definition. By contrast, ANSI Common Lisp does not require the optimization commonly termed a tail call elimination. Thus, the fact that tail recursive style as a casual replacement for the use of more traditional iteration constructs (such as , or ) is discouraged in Common Lisp is not just a matter of stylistic preference, but potentially one of efficiency (since an apparent tail call in Common Lisp may not compile as a simple jump) and program correctness (since tail recursion may increase stack use in Common Lisp, risking stack overflow).


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Some Lisp control structures are "special operators", equivalent to other languages' syntactic keywords. Expressions using these operators have the same surface appearance as function calls, but differ in that the arguments are not necessarily evaluated—or, in the case of an iteration expression, may be evaluated more than once.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: In contrast to most other major programming languages, Lisp allows implementing control structures using the language. Several control structures are implemented as Lisp macros, and can even be macro-expanded by the programmer who wants to know how they work.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Both Common Lisp and Scheme have operators for non-local control flow. The differences in these operators are some of the deepest differences between the two dialects. Scheme supports "re-entrant continuations" using the procedure, which allows a program to save (and later restore) a particular place in execution. Common Lisp does not support re-entrant continuations, but does support several ways of handling escape continuations.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Often, the same algorithm can be expressed in Lisp in either an imperative or a functional style. As noted above, Scheme tends to favor the functional style, using tail recursion and continuations to express control flow. However, imperative style is still quite possible. The style preferred by many Common Lisp programmers may seem more familiar to programmers used to structured languages such as C, while that preferred by Schemers more closely resembles pure-functional languages such as Haskell.


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Because of Lisp's early heritage in list processing, it has a wide array of higher-order functions relating to iteration over sequences. In many cases where an explicit loop would be needed in other languages (like a loop in C) in Lisp the same task can be accomplished with a higher-order function. (The same is true of many functional programming languages.)


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: A good example is a function which in Scheme is called and in Common Lisp is called . Given a function and one or more lists, applies the function successively to the lists' elements in order, collecting the results in a new list:


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Lisp syntax lends itself naturally to recursion. Mathematical problems such as the enumeration of recursively defined sets are simple to express in this notation. For example, to evaluate a number's factorial:


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: An alternative implementation takes less stack space than the previous version if the underlying Lisp system optimizes tail recursion:


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Several operating systems, including language-based systems, are based on Lisp (use Lisp features, conventions, methods, data structures, etc.), or are written in Lisp, including:


title: Lisp (programming language)

text: Genera, renamed Open Genera, by Symbolics; Medley, written in Interlisp, originally a family of graphical operating systems that ran on Xerox's later Star workstations; Mezzano; Interim; ChrysaLisp, by developers of Tao Systems' TAOS.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard is a 2021 American action-comedy film directed by Patrick Hughes and written by Tom O'Connor and Brandon and Phillip Murphy. The film is a sequel to the 2017 film "The Hitman's Bodyguard" and features Ryan Reynolds, Samuel L. Jackson, Salma Hayek, and Richard E. Grant reprising their roles, with Frank Grillo, Antonio Banderas, and Morgan Freeman joining the cast. In the film, suspended bodyguard Michael Bryce (Reynolds) must once again team up with hitman Darius Kincaid (Jackson) and his wife (Hayek) to stop a madman (Banderas) from launching a terror attack on Europe.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: "Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard" was theatrically released in the United States on June 16, 2021, by Lionsgate. The film received generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $70.1 million on a $70 million budget.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: Michael Bryce, temporarily retired from being a bodyguard while he awaits reinstatement of his license, tries to clear his mind in on vacation in Capri until Sonia Kincaid tracks him down and asks for his services. She needs his help in recovering her hitman husband Darius, after mobsters kidnap him.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: After saving Darius, Bryce and Kincaid are caught by Interpol agent Bobby O'Neill, who needs their help in locating terrorist mastermind Aristotle Papadopoulos. He wants to destroy the European power grid and infrastructure as the European Union is planning to impose more sanctions on Greece.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: The trio gets into more trouble, with Bryce taking much of the physical brunt of their encounters. After getting help from his bodyguard stepfather, Bryce Senior, the trio is captured by Aristotle's henchmen. He has a history with Sonia; Aristotle was conned by her even though he genuinely fell in love with her.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: Aristotle turns Sonia against Darius, so he and Bryce are forced to flee. Senior is revealed to be working with Aristotle and betrays Bryce. Bryce and Kincaid compose themselves and work together to rescue Sonia and thwart Aristotle.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: After killing Aristotle's henchmen, Darius and Bryce disrupt his plan to drill into and damage the European power grid and communications and fight Aristotle and Senior. Bryce kills Senior after telling him about his eternal loyalty and friendship with Kincaid, while Kincaid and Sonia kill Aristotle.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: Bryce manages to hit the manual override to destroy the ship and stop the drill, and the three survive the explosion. O'Neill says they have to stay on the boat for 48 hours together before being cleared and free, then hands Bryce papers to sign, which he thinks is his bodyguard license.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: Bryce signs them only to find out they are adoption papers for him to become the son of Sonia and Kincaid, much to the horror of both Bryce and Kincaid. Bryce despondently jumps off the yacht he is piloting while Sonia and Darius have sex inside.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: Gary Oldman is briefly seen as Vladislav Dukhovich through archive footage from the first film. Additionally, director Patrick Hughes appears as a bouncer at the club.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: In May 2018, it was announced that Ryan Reynolds, Samuel L. Jackson, and Salma Hayek were in early talks to reprise their roles for a sequel to the 2017 film "The Hitman's Bodyguard", with plans to begin filming later in the year. While Lionsgate was in talks to secure the United States distribution rights, Patrick Hughes was also in talks to return for directing duties. In November 2018, Lionsgate acquired the US rights from Millennium Films, while Matt O'Toole and Les Weldon would produce the film through Millennium and Campbell Grobman Films, and Hughes would return to direct the film from the script by Tom O'Connor, Brandon Murphy and Phillip Murphy. Reynolds, Jackson, and Hayek also officially signed on to star in the sequel. In March 2019, Frank Grillo, Morgan Freeman, Antonio Banderas and Tom Hopper joined the cast of the film, with Richard E. Grant reprising his role from the first.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: Filming began on March 2, 2019, in Europe. Filming took place in Italy (Trieste), Croatia (Rovinj, Rijeka, Karlovac, Zagreb, Jastrebarsko, Pisarovina, Motovun, Buje, Vodnjan, Lim Channel and Biševo), Slovenia, Bulgaria and United Kingdom.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: Lionsgate Films released the film on June 16, 2021, after being previously delayed to August 20, 2021, from an original release date of August 28, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: "Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard" grossed $38 million in the United States and Canada, and $32 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $70.1 million.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross around $15 million from 3,331 theaters over its five-day opening weekend. The film made $3.9 million on its first day of release, including $1.8 million from advanced screenings the weekend before and $815,000 from Tuesday night previews. It went on to gross $11.4 million in its opening weekend and $16.7 million over the five days, topping the box office. It fell 57% to $4.9 million in its second weekend, finishing in third, then $3 million in its third weekend, including $3.8 million over the four-day 4th of July frame.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 26% based on 192 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Despite the charms of its ensemble, "The Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard" fails to protect the audience from repetitive and tired genre tropes." On Metacritic, the film has weighted average score of 32 out of 100 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 75% of audience members gave it a positive score, with 53% saying they would definitely recommend it.


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: Alonso Duralde of the "TheWrap" wrote: ""Hitman's Wife Bodyguard" is a comedy with not one legitimate laugh, and an action movie where cars keep blowing up while the A-listers yell at each other, as though that were inherently amusing or entertaining." From "The Hollywood Reporter", David Rooney said: "Screenwriters Tom O'Connor, Phillip Murphy and Brandon Murphy display no interest in how credible characters — even cartoonishly exaggerated comic ones — might really behave under circumstances like these, which wouldn't be so bad if the movie were funnier. But its occasional laughs drown in a sea of action-comedy tropes that have been stale for decades."


title: Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard

text: In June 2021, Patrick Hughes stated that a third film is in development with the basic plot including an additional main cast member, already mapped out. By July, the filmmaker acknowledged that the end of the film leaves opportunity open for additional installments. Hughes stated: "the ending of this film lends itself to more suffering for Michael Bryce, so that can continue for eternity because I certainly love watching Ryan suffer. If there's potential to do it further, then we certainly are going to pursue that."


title: Alexander Gustafsson

text: Alexander Gustafsson (born 15 January 1987) is a Swedish professional mixed martial artist. Gustafsson currently competes in the light heavyweight division for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).


title: Alexander Gustafsson

text: Gustafsson spent a major part of his MMA career in the Light Heavyweight division of the UFC, where he became a top contender and fought for the title three times. He is often regarded as one of the best mixed martial artists never to have won a UFC Championship.


title: Alexander Gustafsson

text: he trained in boxing which he started when he was around 10 years old. He won the national championship (youth-junior level) in 2003, at the age of 16. In 2008–2009 he made a quick return to boxing, winning some amateur tournaments in Sweden and defeating the Swedish heavyweight boxing champion in an amateur fight. He was set to compete in the national championship event the following year, 2010, for which he was a big favorite to win. However, his newly awakened boxing career ended when he signed with the UFC in September 2009.


title: Alexander Gustafsson

text: Gustafsson also competed in the martial arts form of shootfighting, before starting his professional MMA career, with a Shoot record of 5–1, with 4 wins by KO/TKO and 1 by decision, his only loss came by split decision against Mats Nilsson in the Kaisho Battle 2007 event. He also competed in a smaller amount of submission wrestling and submission grappling matches, in which he was also undefeated. Before signing with the UFC, Gustafsson fought mostly in smaller promotions in Sweden and other parts of Europe. By 2009, he had racked up a perfect pro-record of 8–0, with 6 wins coming by the way of KO/TKO, 1 by submission and 1 by decision.