title: Lust

text: "Yetzer HaRa" is often identified with Satan and the angel of death, and there is sometimes a tendency to give a personality and separate activity to the "yetzer". For the "yetzer", like Satan, misleads man in this world, and testifies against him in the world to come. The "yetzer" is, however, clearly distinguished from Satan, and on other occasions is made exactly parallel to sin. The Torah is considered the great antidote against this force. Though, like all things which God has made, the "yetzer hara" (evil inclination) can be manipulated into doing good: for without it, man would never marry, beget a child, build a house, or occupy himself in a trade.


title: Lust

text: In many translations of the New Testament, the word "lust" translates the Koine Greek word ἐπιθυμέω (epithūméō), particularly in :


title: Lust

text: In English-speaking countries, the term "lust" is often associated with sexual desire, probably because of this verse. However, just as the English word was originally a general term for 'desire', the Greek word ἐπιθυμέω was also a general term for desire. The LSJ lexicon suggests "set one's heart upon a thing, long for, covet, desire" as glosses for ἐπιθυμέω, which is used in verses that clearly have nothing to do with sexual desire. In the Septuagint, "ἐπιθυμέω" is the word used in the commandment to not covet:


title: Lust

text: While coveting your neighbour's wife may involve sexual desire, it's unlikely that coveting a neighbour's house or field is sexual in nature. And in most New Testament uses, the same Greek word, "ἐπιθυμέω", does not have a clear sexual connotation. For example, from the American Standard Version the same word is used outside of any sexual connotation:


title: Lust

text: According to the "Catholic Encyclopedia", a Christian's heart is lustful when "venereal satisfaction is sought for either outside wedlock or, at any rate, in a manner which is contrary to the laws that govern marital intercourse". Pope John Paul II said that lust devalues the eternal attraction of male and female, reducing personal riches of the opposite sex to an object for gratification of sexuality.


title: Lust

text: Lust is considered by Catholicism to be a disordered desire for sexual pleasure, where sexual pleasure is "sought for itself, isolated from its procreative and unitive purposes". In Catholicism, sexual desire in itself is good, and is considered part of God's plan for humanity. However, when sexual desire is separated from God's love, it becomes disordered and self-seeking. This is seen as lust.


title: Lust

text: St. Thomas Aquinas differentiates between sexual intercourse within marriage, which is seen as meritorious through giving justice to one's spouse, and sins of lust which can themselves be differentiated in magnitude of immorality according to intention and action. For example, Aquinas says in the Summa Theologica II-II, q. 154, a. 12 "I answer that, In every genus, worst of all is the corruption of the principle on which the rest depend. Now the principles of reason are those things that are according to nature, because reason presupposes things as determined by nature, before disposing of other things according as it is fitting." He uses St. Augustine as his source writing "Augustine says that 'of all these,' namely the sins belonging to lust, 'that which is against nature is the worst.'" Which St. Thomas clarifies means that they are greater than sins against justice pertaining to the genus of lust, such as rape or incest, in his statement "Reply to Objection 3: The nature of the species is more intimately united to each individual, than any other individual is. Wherefore sins against the specific nature are more grievous." Thus St. Thomas gives the order of magnitude of lustful acts as: "The most grievous is the sin of bestiality, because use of the due species is not observed...(Then) the sin of sodomy, because use of the right sex is not observed...(Then) the sin of not observing the right manner of copulation (or the unatural act or masturbation)... (Then) incest... is contrary to the natural respect which we owe persons related to us... Then, it is a greater injustice to have intercourse with a woman who is subject to another's authority as regards the act of generation, than as regards merely her guardianship. Wherefore adultery is more grievous than seduction. And both of these are aggravated by the use of violence."


title: Lust

text: The Latin for "extravagance" (Latin: "luxuria") was used by St. Jerome to translate a variety of biblical sins, including drunkenness and sexual excess. Gregory the Great placed "luxuria" as one of the seven capital sins (it is often considered the least serious of the seven deadly sins), narrowing its scope to disordered desire, and it was in this sense that the Middle Ages generally took "luxuria", (although the Old French cognate was adopted into English as "luxury" without its sexual meaning by the 14th century).


title: Lust

text: In Romanesque art, the personified Luxuria is generally feminine, often represented by a siren or a naked woman with breasts being bitten by snakes. Prudentius in his "Psychomachia" or 'Battle of the Soul' had described


title: Lust

text: Luxury, lavish of her ruined fame, Loose-haired, wild-eyed, her voice a dying fall, Lost in delight...


title: Lust

text: For Dante, Luxuria was both the first of the circles of incontinence (or self-indulgence) on the descent into hell, and the last of the cornices of Mount Purgatory, representing the excessive (disordered) love of individuals; while for Edmund Spenser, "luxuria" was synonymous with the power of desire.


title: Lust

text: For Gregory and subsequent Thomists, the 'daughters' (by-products) of Luxuria included mental blindness, self-love, haste, and excessive attachment to the present. Marianne Dashwood has been seen as embodying such characteristics for a later age – as a daughter of Luxuria.


title: Lust

text: The Catholic Church defines lust as the idolatry of sexual pleasure, in all of its forms: contraception, masturbation, adultery, premarital relations, relations between persons of the same sex, etc, which destroys the human capacity of loving, that is, of the person to give herself to God and to others.


title: Lust

text: The evangelical Melvin Tinker states that: "The principle is clear isn't it, 'You shall not commit adultery'? How does the Pharisee handle it according to the minimum requirement method? He says, 'Sex outside marriage is OK for us because neither of us are really married. I am not sleeping with another man's wife, so it isn't adultery, she's my girlfriend'. Or it is also not adultery because 'I have not had sex with that woman.' to quote President Clinton's plea in the Monica Lewinski ["sic"] saga. So he can abuse his position as President by messing around with a girl who is hardly younger than his daughter, he can engage in all kinds of sexual activities with her, but because he technically doesn't have intercourse he can hold up his hands and say, 'I have not had sex with that woman.' That is a Pharisee speaking.


title: Lust

text: "But the maximum application method says, adultery doesn't just happen when you have sexual intercourse, it happens in your heart. However, the mistranslation is unfortunate at this point. In the Greek it says, 'If anyone looks upon a woman in order to lust, has already committed adultery with her in his heart.' That is an important distinction. I need to point that out because sexual arousal, sexual interest, sexual attraction are essential for the continuation of the human species... It is about looking in order to lust. The striptease show, the dirty movie or video, the internet pornography. That is becoming a real problem... And if this is a difficulty for you, then do talk to someone about it in confidence. You see, it is the intending to look in order to have that arousal that Jesus has in his sights."


title: Lust

text: In Islam, lust is considered one of the primitive states of the self, called the nafs. Muslims are encouraged to overcome their baser instincts and intentional lascivious glances are forbidden. Lascivious thoughts are disliked, for they are the first step towards adultery, rape and other antisocial behaviors. Prophet Muhammad also stressed the magnitude of the "second glance", as while the first glance towards an attractive member of the opposite sex could be just accidental or observatory, the second glance could be that gate into lustful thinking.


title: Lust

text: In the "Bhagavad Gita", Lord Krishna, an Avatar of Vishnu, declared in chapter 16, verse 21 that lust is one of the gates to Naraka or hell.


title: Lust

text: In this ancient manuscript the idea behind the word 'Lust' is best comprehended as the psychological force called 'Wanting'.


title: Lust

text: Lust holds a critical position in the philosophical underpinnings of Buddhist reality. It is named in the second of the Four Noble Truths, which are that


title: Lust

text: Lust is the attachment to, identification with, and passionate desire for certain things in existence, all of which relate to the form, sensation, perception, mentality, and consciousness that certain combinations of these things engender within us. Lust is thus the ultimate cause of general imperfection and the most immediate "root" cause of a certain suffering.


title: Lust

text: The passionate desire for either non-existence or for freedom from lust is a common misunderstanding. For example, the headlong pursuit of lust (or other "deadly sin") in order to fulfill a desire for death is followed by a reincarnation accompanied by a self-fulfilling karma, resulting in an endless wheel of life, until the right way to live, the right worldview, is somehow discovered and practiced. Beholding an endless knot puts one, symbolically, in the position of the one with the right worldview, representing that person who attains freedom from lust.


title: Lust

text: In existence are four kinds of things that engender the clinging: rituals, worldviews, pleasures, and the self. The way to eliminate lust is to learn of its unintended effects and to pursue righteousness as concerns a worldview, intention, speech, behavior, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration, in the place where lust formerly sat.


title: Lust

text: In Sikhism, lust is counted among the five cardinal sins or sinful propensities, the others being wrath, ego, greed and attachment. Uncontrollable expression of sexual lust, as in rape or sexual addiction, is an evil.


title: Lust

text: According to Brahma Kumaris, a spiritual organization which is based on Karmic philosophy, sexual lust is the greatest enemy to all mankind.


title: Lust

text: For this reason followers do not eat onions, garlic, eggs, or non-vegetarian food, as the "sulphur" in them can excite sexual lust in the body, otherwise bound to celibacy.


title: Lust

text: The physical act of sex is "impure", leading to body-consciousness and other crimes. This impurity "poisons" the body and leads to many kinds of "diseases".


title: Lust

text: The Brahma Kumaris teaches that sexuality is foraging about in a dark sewer. Students at Spiritual University must conquer lust, to prevent sin, and in order to be closer to god.


title: Lust

text: In lust there is reliance upon the object of sense and consequent spiritual subordination of the soul to it, but love puts the soul into direct and co-ordinate relation with the reality which is behind the form. Therefore, lust is experienced as being heavy and love is experienced as being light. In lust there is a narrowing down of life and in love there is an expansion in being...If you love the whole world you vicariously live in the whole world, but in lust there is an ebbing down of life and a general sense of hopeless dependence upon a form which is regarded as another. Thus, in lust there is the accentuation of separateness and suffering, but in love there is the feeling of unity and joy...


title: Lust

text: Few ancient, pagan religions actually considered lust to be a vice. The most famous example of a widespread religious movement practicing lechery as a ritual is the Bacchanalia of the Ancient Roman Bacchantes. However, this activity was soon outlawed by the Roman Senate in 186 BC in the decree "Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus". The practice of sacred prostitution, however, continued to be an activity practiced often by the Dionysians.


title: Lust

text: Medieval prostitutes lived in officially sanctioned "red light districts". In Ruth Mazo Karras' book "Common Women", the author discusses the meaning of prostitution and how people thought the proper use of prostitutes by unmarried men helped contain male lust. Prostitution was thought of as having a beneficial effect by reducing the sexual frustration in the community.


title: Lust

text: From Ovid to the works of "les poètes maudits", characters have always been faced with scenes of lechery, and long since has lust been a common motif in world literature. Many writers, such as Georges Bataille, Casanova and Prosper Mérimée, have written works wherein scenes take place at bordellos and other unseemly locales.


title: Lust

text: The most notable work to touch upon the sin of lust, and all of the Seven Deadly Sins, is Dante's "Divine Comedy". Dante's criterion for lust was an "excessive love of others", insofar as an excessive love for man would render one's love of God secondary. In the first canticle of the Divine Comedy—the Inferno—the lustful are punished by being continuously swept around in a whirlwind, which symbolizes their passions. The damned who are guilty of lust, like the two famous lovers, Paolo and Francesca, receive what they desired in their mortal lives, their passions never give them rest for all eternity. In "Purgatorio", of the selfsame work, the penitents choose to walk through flames in order to purge themselves of their lustful inclinations.


title: Lust

text: Schopenhauer notes the misery which results from sexual relationships. According to him, this directly explains the sentiments of shame and sadness which tend to follow the act of sexual intercourse; for, he states, the only power that reigns is the inextinguishable desire to face, at any price, the blind love present in human existence without any consideration of the outcome. He estimates that a genius of his species is an industrial being who wants only to produce, and wants only to think. The theme of lust for Schopenhauer is thus to consider the horrors which will almost certainly follow the culmination of lust.


title: Lust

text: St Thomas Aquinas defines the sin of lust in questions 153 and 154 of his "Summa Theologica". Aquinas says the sin of lust is of "voluptuous emotions", and makes the point that sexual pleasures, "unloosen the human spirit", and set aside right reason (p. 191). Aquinas restricts lust's subject matter to physical desires specifically arising from sexual acts, but he does not assume all sex-acts are sinful. Sex is not a sin in marriage, because sex is the only way for humans to reproduce. If sex is used naturally and the end purpose is reproduction there is no sin. Aquinas says, "if the end be good and if what is done is well-adapted to that, then no sin is present" (p. 193). However, sex simply for the sake of pleasure is lustful, and therefore a sin. A man who uses his body for lechery wrongs the Lord.


title: Lust

text: Sex may have the attributes of being sinless; however, when a person seeks sex for pleasure, he or she is sinning with lust. Lust is best defined by its specific attribute of rape, adultery, wet dreams, seduction, unnatural vice, and simple fornication.


title: Lust

text: Wet dreams: St Thomas Aquinas defined and discussed the topic of nocturnal emission, which occurs when one dreams of physical pleasure. Aquinas argues those who say that wet dreams are a sin and comparable to the actual experience of sex are wrong. Aquinas believes that such an action is sinless, for a dream is not under a person's control or free judgment. When one has a "nocturnal orgasm", it is not a sin, but it can lead to sins (p. 227). Aquinas says that wet dreams come from a physical cause of inappropriate pictures within your imagination, a psychological cause when thinking of sex while you fall asleep and a demonical cause whereby demons act upon the sleeper's body, "stirring the sleeper's imagination to bring about a orgasm" (p. 225). In the end, though, dreaming of lustful acts is not sinful. The "mind's awareness is less hindered", as the sleeper lacks right reason; therefore, a person cannot be accountable for what they dream while sleeping (p. 227).


title: Lust

text: Adultery: One of the main forms of lust seen frequently during the Middle Ages was the sin of adultery. The sin of adultery occurs when a person is unfaithful to his or her spouse, hence "invading of a bed not one's own" (p. 235). Adultery is a special kind of ugliness and many difficulties arise from it. When a man enters the bed of a married woman it not only is a sin, but it "wrongs the offspring", because the woman now calls into question the legitimacy of children (p. 235). If a wife has committed adultery before, then, her husband will question if all his wife's children are his offspring.


title: Lust

text: Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's spouse for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that "fornication is a deadly crime" (p. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, "Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit" (p. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from an unmarried woman is an invasion of a father's property.


title: Lust

text: Seduction: Seduction is a type of lust, because seduction is a sex act, which ravishes a virgin. Lust is a sin of sexual activity, and "...a special quality of wrong that appears if a maid still under her father's care is debauched" (p. 229). Seduction involves a discussion of property, as an unmarried girl is property of her father. A virgin, even though free from the bond of marriage, is not free from the bond of her family. When a virgin is violated without a promise of engagement, she is prevented from having honorable marriage, which is shameful to herself and her family. A man who performs sexual acts with a virgin must "endow her and have her to wife", and if the father, who is responsible for her, says no, then a man must pay a dowry to compensate for her loss of virginity and future chance of marriage (p. 229).


title: Lust

text: Unnatural vice: Unnatural vice is the worst kind of lust because it is unnatural in act and purpose. Many varieties of unnatural vice exist; Aquinas provides several examples, including bestiality or intercourse with a "thing of another species" (for example, an animal), incest, sodomy and "not observing the right manner of copulation".


title: Lust

text: Lust, in the domain of psychoanalysis and psychology, is often treated as a case of "heightened libido".


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Penelope Mary Mordaunt (; born 4 March 1973) is a British politician who has been Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council since September 2022. A member of the Conservative Party, she has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Portsmouth North since May 2010. She served as a junior minister under Boris Johnson, having previously served in Theresa May's Cabinet as Secretary of State for International Development from 2017 to 2019, and as Secretary of State for Defence from May to July 2019. She ran twice for the Conservative party leadership in July–September, and October 2022, losing to Liz Truss.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt read philosophy at the University of Reading, before working in the public relations industry. She held roles within the Conservative Party under party leaders John Major and William Hague, and also worked for George W. Bush's presidential campaigns in 2000 and 2004. Mordaunt was elected to the House of Commons in May 2010. Under the coalition government of David Cameron, she served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Decentralisation from 2014 to 2015. After the 2015 general election, Cameron promoted her to Minister of State for the Armed Forces, the first woman to hold the post. Mordaunt supported Brexit in the 2016 referendum on EU membership. Following Theresa May's appointment as Prime Minister, Mordaunt was appointed Minister of State for Disabled People, Work and Health. In 2017, following the resignation of Priti Patel, she was appointed Secretary of State for International Development. She also served as Minister for Women and Equalities from 2018 to 2019.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In May 2019, Mordaunt was appointed to the senior Cabinet post of Secretary of State for Defence, replacing Gavin Williamson, becoming the first woman to hold the post. She served as Defence Secretary for 85 days before returning to the backbenches, having been removed from the position by the new Prime Minister Boris Johnson. In the February 2020 reshuffle, she re-entered government as Paymaster General. In the 2021 reshuffle, she was appointed Minister of State for Trade Policy. Mordaunt entered the leadership contest to succeed Johnson as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister in 2022, but was eliminated in the final round of voting among Conservative MPs and subsequently endorsed Liz Truss. Mordaunt was appointed as Leader of the House of Commons when Truss was elevated to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Following Truss's resignation on 20 October 2022, Mordaunt made a second bid to become Conservative leader and Prime Minister. She pulled out of the election after being unable to gain the necessary endorsement of 100 MPs, allowing Rishi Sunak to become leader unopposed. Sunak later retained Mordaunt in his cabinet, continuing as leader of the House of Commons.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Penelope Mary Mordaunt was born on 4 March 1973 in Torquay, Devon. The daughter of a former paratrooper, she states she was named after the . Her father, John Mordaunt, born at Hilsea Barracks, served in the Parachute Regiment before retraining as a teacher, and later a youth worker for Hampshire County Council. Her mother, Jennifer ("née" Snowden), was a special needs teacher at several Purbrook schools. Through her mother she is a relative of Philip Snowden, the first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer. The actress Dame Angela Lansbury was her grandmother's cousin, and she is thus distantly related to the former Labour leader George Lansbury.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Her paternal grandfather, Edward Patrick "Ned" Mordaunt (1900–1982), was born in Canterbury in Kent into an Irish Catholic family from County Wexford in the south-east of Ireland. Having attended both a Christian Brothers school in Dublin and Mungret College in County Limerick, Ned served with the South Irish Horse in the British Army during the final stages of the First World War in 1918; he returned to Ireland in 1919, where he later joined the 'Anti-Treaty' Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Irish Civil War. Ned Mordaunt later rejoined the British Army, in 1924, and married an English woman. The Mordaunt family were originally from near Gorey in North Wexford, where the family surname was often spelt and pronounced as 'Morning' up until the 1840s. Penny's paternal great-great-grandfather, Edward Mordaunt (1831–1917), was originally from Ballintlea, a townland just north-west of Gorey, where he was very prominent in the Irish National Land League in the 1880s. Because of his involvement in Land League and other Irish nationalist activities, Edward Mordaunt was evicted from his small farm, forcing him to move to Monamolin, a village further south in County Wexford, where he settled with his family. Penny Mordaunt has two brothers: her twin, James, and a younger brother, Edward. Mordaunt was educated at Oaklands Roman Catholic School in Waterlooville, Hampshire, and studied drama at the Victoryland Theatre School.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt was 15 when her mother died of breast cancer and after leaving school, she became her younger brother Edward's primary caregiver. The following year her father was also diagnosed with cancer, from which he recovered. In order to support her time at university Mordaunt worked in a Johnson & Johnson factory, and became a magician's assistant to Will Ayling, a past president of the Portsmouth and District Magic Circle and of the British Ring of the International Brotherhood of Magicians.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt has attributed her interest in politics to her experiences whilst working in hospitals and orphanages of Romania while that country was in the aftermath of the 1989 revolution.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt read philosophy at the University of Reading, graduating in 1995 with upper second class honours. Although her parents had both undertaken further education, Mordaunt was the first member of her family to attend university. Mordaunt was active in student politics and served as president of the Reading University Students' Union.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: After graduation, Mordaunt's employment was focused on public relations in various sectors. Under Prime Minister John Major she was Head of Youth for the Conservative Party, before working for two years as Head of Broadcasting for the party under party leader William Hague (1999–2001). She worked as a communications specialist for the Freight Transport Association (now Logistics UK) from 1997 to 1999. In 2000, she worked briefly as Head of Foreign Press for George W. Bush's presidential campaign.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: She was Communications Director for the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea from 2001 to 2003, before leaving to set up a new Anglo-American website called 'virtualconservatives'. Lord Moylan, who was the deputy leader of Kensington and Chelsea council where Mordaunt was hired as a Director of Communications, said: "We had to get rid of her after a few months because she was incompetent."


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt worked for the Bush campaign again in 2004. She was a director at the Community Fund, which merged with the New Opportunities Fund to create the Big Lottery Fund, and created the Veterans Reunited programme, enabling service men and women to visit World War II battlefields and be involved in commemorative events. Mordaunt worked for the Big Lottery Fund from 2003 to 2005. In 2006, she became one of six directors at charity Diabetes UK, a role she held until 2009.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In November 2003, Mordaunt was selected as Conservative candidate to contest Portsmouth North in the 2005 general election. She attained a 5.5% swing towards the Conservatives, but lost to Labour candidate Sarah McCarthy-Fry by 1,139 votes. A critic of women-only shortlists, Mordaunt worked after the 2005 election as chief of staff for David Willetts's aborted leadership campaign.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt was re-selected in January 2006 to contest Portsmouth North at the 2010 general election. At the election, she won the seat with an 8.6% swing from Labour, giving her a 7,289 majority. She was re-elected at the 2015, 2017, and 2019 general elections.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: After her election in 2010, she was a member of the Public Bill Committee for the Defence Reform Act 2014. In Parliament, she has also previously sat on the Privacy and Injunctions (Joint Committee), the Defence Committee, the European Scrutiny Committee and the Committees on Arms Export Controls (formerly Quadripartite Committee).


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: When receiving the Speech of the Year award at "The Spectator" magazine's Parliamentarian of the Year Awards in November 2014, Mordaunt said that she had delivered a speech in the House of Commons just before the Easter recess in 2013 on poultry welfare so as to use the word "cock", as a forfeit for a misdemeanour during Naval Reserve training. She used the word "cock" six times and "lay" or "laid" five times. Following her comments, she was accused by Labour MP Kate Hoey of trivialising parliament.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Decentralisation at the Department for Communities and Local Government by Prime Minister David Cameron in the 2014 cabinet reshuffle.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: During Mordaunt's time as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Decentralisation, she was accused by the Fire Brigades Union "of misleading MPs over assurances given to firefighters from fire authorities regarding what would happen to their pensions if they fail fitness tests". This dispute led to strike action by firefighters over the increase of retirement age.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt was appointed Minister of State for the Armed Forces in May 2015, becoming the first woman to hold the post. Major Robert Campbell, who was investigated and exonerated over the death of an Iraqi in 2003, criticised Mordaunt for backing the Iraq Historic Allegations Team while she was Armed Forces Minister, stating: "Now she is depicting herself as the armed forces champion but she never did anything for me. She needs to apologise for how we were treated. She failed us as armed forces champion."


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In July 2016, following Theresa May's appointment as Prime Minister, Mordaunt was appointed Minister of State for Disabled People, Work and Health at the Department for Work and Pensions.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt was promoted to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for International Development by Prime Minister Theresa May on 9 November 2017, after Priti Patel resigned.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In February 2018, an investigation by "The Times" newspaper revealed allegations of misconduct by Oxfam staff operating in Haiti, in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake. Mordaunt argued that Oxfam, which had received £32m in Government funds in the previous financial year, had failed in its "moral leadership" over the scandal. She also said that Oxfam did "absolutely the wrong thing" by not reporting the detail of the allegations to the Government. Mordaunt felt it was important for aid organisations to report offences because she suspected that there were paedophiles "targeting" the charity sector in order to carry out predatory activities.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: She became Minister for Women and Equalities in April 2018, replacing Amber Rudd, who had resigned following the Windrush scandal. In July 2018 she became the first minister to use sign language in the House of Commons, to applause from all sides. In March 2019, she was criticised in a newspaper article by Maya Forstater, who claimed she had not answered to Mumsnet users' satisfaction questions on sex and gender during a webchat held on International Women's Day. Mordaunt had received many questions regarding women and transgender people that she did not answer.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: On 1 May 2019, Mordaunt was appointed as the first female Secretary of State for Defence following dismissal of Gavin Williamson. After Boris Johnson was elected Conservative leader and appointed Prime Minister, he sacked Mordaunt as Defence Secretary and she left the Government on 24 July 2019. Mordaunt had been a prominent supporter of Johnson's opponent, Jeremy Hunt, in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In a cabinet reshuffle in February 2020, Mordaunt re-entered the Government, joining the Cabinet Office as Paymaster General in succession to Oliver Dowden. She was the UK alternate co-chair of the EU Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee. She was made Minister of State for Trade Policy in the 2021 cabinet reshuffle. Lord Frost was critical of her time as his deputy in the Brexit negotiations, saying he had "grave reservations" about her being Prime Minister and that "she did not master the detail that was necessary when we were in negotiations".


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In July 2022, Mordaunt launched an ultimately unsuccessful bid to be the next Conservative leader and consequently UK prime minister. An early promotional video published by her campaign attracted criticism for featuring footage of former professional sprinter Oscar Pistorius, who murdered his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp in 2013. Athlete Jonnie Peacock requested to be removed from the same video published by her campaign. Mordaunt's campaign edited the video to remove footage of Peacock and Pistorius, and later issued a third edition of the video with a short clip of the murdered Labour MP Jo Cox removed, following a request from Cox's family.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In 2018, Mordaunt, the then women and equalities minister, told MPs that "trans men are men, trans women are women" at the launch of a consultation on reforming the Gender Recognition Act. Several Conservative activists criticised Mordaunt "for her pro-trans stance" according to reports by the "Daily Telegraph" published on 8 July, 2022 the day after Boris Johnson's resignation as Conservative party leader. On the following day, shortly before she launched her bid for the leadership of the Conservative party, Mordaunt responded to the question "Do I know what a woman is?" by writing on Twitter: "I am biologically a woman. If I have a hysterectomy or mastectomy, I am still a woman. And I am legally a woman. Some people born male and who have been through the gender recognition process are also legally female. That DOES NOT mean they are biological women, like me." "The Spectator" noted Mordaunt's earlier stance on trans issues, and was critical of what it called her "cowardice" in changing her publicly stated views, being "willing to toss them overboard at her earliest convenience" during her leadership campaign. "The Times" described her as a "socially liberal Brexiteer".


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt was one of eight contenders who achieved the necessary 20 nominations by 12 July deadline. Three other candidates had to drop out earlier that day.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: On 20 July, Mordaunt was eliminated from the fifth round of the leadership competition after failing to secure sufficient support from Conservative MPs.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: On 1 August 2022, Mordaunt declared her support for Liz Truss in the final round of the leadership contest.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: On 6 September 2022, Mordaunt was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council. Four days later, as Lord President of the Council, she presided over the Accession Ceremony of King Charles III.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: During a debate in the House of Commons, Mordaunt deputised for Liz Truss to receive a question from Leader of the Labour Party Keir Starmer.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Following the resignation of Liz Truss during the October 2022 United Kingdom government crisis, Mordaunt declared she would seek nomination in the ensuing Conservative Party leadership election. However, after only 27 MPs publicly backed her nomination, she pulled out of the election, allowing Rishi Sunak to become leader unopposed. She tweeted her withdrawal two minutes before the 2pm deadline on 24 October, by which candidates needed to have 100 nominations, and then issued a statement.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In 2014, Mordaunt appeared on reality television programme "Splash!". Although her Labour opponents criticised the media appearance, questioning whether her focus should instead have been on her constituency work, Mordaunt stated that the response was overwhelmingly positive and defended her appearance, stating that she was donating all of her £10,000 appearance fee plus any additional sponsorship to charity; £7,000 towards the renovation of her local lido and the rest to four armed services charities.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, Mordaunt supported Brexit. During the referendum campaign, Mordaunt said the United Kingdom did not have a veto to Turkey joining the European Union. Given this is a provision of the Treaty on European Union, Mordaunt was accused of 'lying' over the matter. When challenged about her claim, Mordaunt said: "There is a provision for a veto but we could not have used it because David Cameron gave an undertaking that he would support their accession and having given that undertaking to a NATO country, he would not have been able to walk away." She reiterated her defence of her 2016 comments during her Conservative Party leadership campaign in July 2022.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt voted in favour of legalising same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland. She has said in the House of Commons that the Northern Ireland protocol creates unique disadvantages for Northern Ireland.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt has repeatedly advocated that the British National Health Service should fund the availability of homeopathy. In 2010, she signed a Parliamentary Early Day Motion that claimed there was "overwhelming anecdotal evidence that homeopathy is effective" and called for the government to "maintain a policy of allowing health commissions to refer to homeopathic doctors and approved homeopaths".


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Since 2009, Labour, the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition and Conservative governments have maintained a policy of "non-engagement" with the Muslim Council of Britain due to allegations the group does not represent the British Muslim community and claims that members of the council had made 'favourable' remarks about extremists in the past.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: As Paymaster General, Mordaunt met with the Secretary General of the MCB, Zara Mohammed, which Alan Mendoza of the Henry Jackson Society described as "shocking". A Government spokesperson told "The Jewish Chronicle": "The UK government has a long-standing policy of not engaging with the MCB and that has not changed."


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In June 2020, Mordaunt produced a proposal for a pair of ships with the primary role of specialising in trade, research, and humanitarian work. The vessels were to be funded by private, research, commercial and charitable funds, in partnership with the UK's Overseas Development Assistance budget. The vessels could also be used as "cost effective and secure" accommodation for members of the Royal Family on visits, so would effectively be successor to the Royal Yacht "Britannia" which had been decommissioned in 1997. Mordaunt said of it, “We know that industry would also support as would a growing coalition of commercial and trade ventures, research organisations, shipbuilders and ship support companies, maritime training organisations and medical and health projects”. The director of the Global Britain Programme at the Henry Jackson Society, said: "These new ships will help project Britain's image around the world".


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In June 2020, in response to vandalism of war memorials, Mordaunt stated: "I would like to suggest that for some found guilty of vandalising such memorials they might benefit from some time spent with our service personnel – perhaps at a battle camp. That might give them a new appreciation of just what these people go through for their sakes."


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt was a member of the Royal Naval Reserve from 2010 until 2019. From 2010 until 2015, she served as an acting sub-lieutenant, at shore establishment on Whale Island, Portsmouth. In May 2015 she was placed onto Reserve 'List 6', a category for personnel unable to meet any training commitment in excess of a year; she had "no annual training commitment and received no remuneration" from the navy during this time. She remained on List 6 until April 2019, at which point she left the Reserve. She was made an honorary commander in April 2019, and an honorary captain on 30 June 2021.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In 2022, George Freeman MP incorrectly claimed that Mordaunt had fought in the navy, with a navy source responding by saying that Mordaunt is not currently "a trained or paid reservist, she's never qualified or commissioned. She’s been banging the naval drum for days and enough is enough. How she has presented herself – and how she has allowed herself to be presented – have been deeply misleading."


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt has been a member of the British Astronomical Association, and as of 2013 was chair of the Wymering Manor Trust in Portsmouth. She ran the League of Friends visiting team at the Queen Alexandra Hospital in Portsmouth for eight years. She is a patron of the Victoria Cross Trust, and Enable Ability, a disability charity based in Portsmouth, in addition to being a Scouting ambassador.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: Mordaunt met Paul Murray when they were both students at the University of Reading and married him in 1999, but this ended in divorce the following year. She was by 2015 in a long-term relationship with businessman Ian Lyon, a part-time classical singer. Mordaunt's hobbies include astronomy, painting, dance and music. She owns four Burmese cats. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine she took a Ukrainian refugee into her home.


title: Penny Mordaunt

text: In July 2022, Hampshire Police said they were investigating death threats sent to Mordaunt. She strengthened her security after a letter was sent to her constituency office threatening to "shoot her in the head" and "kill her family" if she did not quit as an MP.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: I Spit on Your Grave (originally titled Day of the Woman) is a 1978 American rape and revenge horror film edited, written, and directed by Meir Zarchi. The film tells the story of Jennifer Hills (Camille Keaton), a fiction writer based in New York City who exacts revenge on each of her tormentors after four men gang rape and leave her for dead.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The film is noted for its controversial depiction of extreme graphic violence, particularly the lengthy depictions of gang rape, that take up 30 minutes of the film's runtime. During its wider release, it was branded a "video nasty" in the United Kingdom, and was a target of censorship by film commissioning bodies. As such, film critic Roger Ebert became one of the most notable detractors of the film, calling it "a vile bag of garbage". The film remains highly controversial to this day, even being considered to be one of the worst films ever made. For some, it is this controversy which has led to it being deemed a cult classic. Despite the controversy and negative reviews, the performance of Camille Keaton was praised by critics. In 2010, the film was included in "Time" magazine's "Top 10 Ridiculously Violent Movies".


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The film spawned a 2010 remake, which has since spawned two sequels of its own: "I Spit on Your Grave 2" (2013), and "" (2015). A direct sequel, "", was released in 2019 with Zarchi and Keaton both returning. In her memoir "Inside Out", Demi Moore confirmed that she is the scantily clad woman on the film's poster, posing with her back turned.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: Short story writer Jennifer Hills lives in Manhattan and rents an isolated cottage in Kent, Connecticut near the Housatonic River in the Litchfield County countryside to write her first novel. The arrival of the attractive and independent young woman attracts the attention of Johnny Stillman, the gas station manager, Stanley Woods and Andy Chirensky, two unemployed men. Jennifer has her groceries delivered by Matthew Duncan, who is mildly mentally disabled. Matthew is friends with the other three men and reports back to them about the beautiful woman he met, claiming that he saw her breasts.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: Stanley and Andy start cruising by the cottage in their boat and prowl around the house at night. One day, the men attack Jennifer. She realizes that they planned her abduction so Matthew can lose his virginity. She fights back, but the three men rip her bikini off and hold her. Matthew refuses to rape Jennifer out of respect and pity for her, so Johnny and Andy rape her instead. After she crawls back to her house, they attack her again. Matthew finally rapes her after drinking alcohol. The other men ridicule her book and rip up the manuscript, and Stanley violently sexually assaults her. She passes out; Johnny realizes that she is a witness to their crimes and orders Matthew to go and murder her. Matthew cannot bring himself to stab her, so he dabs the knife in her blood and then returns to the other men, claiming that he has killed her.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: In the following days, a traumatized Jennifer pieces both herself and her manuscript back together. She goes to church and asks for forgiveness for what she plans to do. The men learn that Jennifer has survived and beat Matthew up for deceiving them. Jennifer calls in a grocery order, knowing that Matthew will deliver it. He takes the groceries and a knife. At the cabin, Jennifer entices him to have sex with her under a tree. She then hangs him and drops his body into the lake.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: At the gas station, Jennifer seductively directs Johnny to enter her car. She stops halfway to her house, points a gun at him, and orders him to remove all his clothing. Johnny insists that the rapes were all her fault because she enticed the men by parading around in revealing clothing. She pretends to believe this and invites him back to her cottage for a hot bath, where she masturbates him. When Johnny mentions that Matthew has been reported missing, Jennifer states that she killed him; as he nears orgasm, she takes the knife Matthew brought with him and severs Johnny's genitals. She leaves the bathroom, locks the door, and listens to classical music as Johnny screams, bleeding to death. After he dies, she dumps his body in the basement and burns his clothes in the fireplace.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: Stanley and Andy learn that Johnny is missing and take their boat to Jennifer's cabin. Andy goes ashore with an axe. Jennifer swims out to the boat and pushes Stanley overboard. Andy tries to attack her but she escapes with the axe. Andy swims out to rescue Stanley, but Jennifer plunges the axe into Andy's back, killing him. Stanley moves towards the boat and grabs hold of the motor to climb aboard, begging Jennifer not to kill him. She repeats the order he made to her during the sexual assaults, "Suck it, bitch!", then starts the motor, disemboweling him with the propeller as she speeds away.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The inspiration for "I Spit on Your Grave" came from an encounter writer-director Meir Zarchi had in 1974 with a young woman who was raped and beaten by two men at a park in New York City. The idea did not begin to fully develop until Yuri Haviv, the film's cinematographer, invited Zarchi to spend the weekend at a summer house he had rented in Kent, Connecticut which contains an extension of the Housatonic River nearby. Zarchi eventually chose to shoot in these locations because they provided a tranquil atmosphere for the film's antiheroine, Jennifer Hills. He spent four months writing the screenplay, the bulk of which was written at his usual Subway route to his office in Times Square and back home where his wife would then typewrite the handwritten pages in the evening. The typewriter his wife had used is seen in the film as the same one Jennifer uses to complete her manuscript.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: To cast the stars, Zarchi put up a casting call advertisement in "Backstage" magazine that sought one woman and four men in their 20s to star in a low-budget production. Camille Keaton was one of over 4,000 actresses who auditioned for the role of Jennifer. Zarchi set up an interview for Keaton and found her to be an "experienced actress" as well as "beautiful and photogenic". After a series of auditions to test Keaton's suitability for the role, Zarchi was convinced that she could play it effectively.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: Zarchi was unable to find a distributor, so he distributed the film himself. "Day of the Woman" played a number of engagements in rural drive-in theaters, but only for brief runs each time, and Zarchi barely made back the money he had spent on advertising. In 1980, it was picked up for distribution by the Jerry Gross Organization. A condition of this re-release was that the distributors could change the title to anything they wished. It was at this time the film was retitled "I Spit on Your Grave". The movie did not have a theatrical release in the United Kingdom and was solely released on home video in that country.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The film did poorly at the box office but managed to have some success in videocassette sales. "I Spit on Your Grave" reached number 24 on "Billboard" 1981 list of best-selling titles. The film stayed in the Billboard Video Cassette Top Forty for 14 consecutive weeks and won the number one best-selling video cassette award above more popular movies like "Fiddler on the Roof", "The Godfather Part II" and "Grease". By 1982, "I Spit on Your Grave" had been released on video six times in the United States due to high demand. In a 1984 interview with "Fangoria", Zarchi said, "I found out that of the millions of video machines in England, there's maybe one single house that has not seen "I Spit on Your Grave"." He claimed that by that point 20 million people worldwide had seen "I Spit on Your Grave".


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: "I Spit on Your Grave" received universally negative reviews from critics. Film critic Roger Ebert referred to it as "a vile bag of garbage...without a shred of artistic distinction", adding that "Attending it was one of the most depressing experiences of my life." He mentioned in his review that a female member of the audience (one of many people who randomly talked aloud) had "feminist solidarity for the movie's heroine". He wrote, "I wanted to ask if she'd been appalled by the movie's hour of rape scenes." Ebert was also one of many to cite the movie's poor production quality as a weakness in addition to the scenes he found offensive, stating "The story of "I Spit on Your Grave" is told with moronic simplicity. These horrible events are shown with an absolute minimum of dialogue, which is so poorly recorded that it often cannot be heard. There is no attempt to develop the personalities of the characters - they are, simply, a girl and four men, one of them mentally retarded. The movie is nothing more or less than a series of attacks on the girl and then her attacks on the men, interrupted only by an unbelievably grotesque and inappropriate scene in which she enters a church and asks forgiveness for the murders she plans to commit." Ebert also included it on his "most hated" list and considered it to be the worst movie ever made. Both Ebert and fellow critic Gene Siskel lambasted the film on their television program "Sneak Previews". In a later episode, Siskel and Ebert chose the film as the worst film of 1980, with Ebert famously saying "the people who made this film should really be ashamed of themselves, and so should the people who booked it and the people who went to see it — it's really an inhuman, sick film". Siskel would join Ebert in calling the film one of the worst ever made.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: Critic Luke Y. Thompson of "The New Times" stated that "defenders of the film have argued that it is actually pro-woman, due to the fact that the female lead wins in the end, which is sort of like saying that cockfights are pro-rooster because there is always one left standing". Film critic Mark Kermode has opined that it is "deeply, deeply problematic at the very best of times" and is not as interesting as earlier exploitation films such as "The Last House on the Left". Critic David Keyes named it the worst film of the 1980s. This led to the film's removal from a major theatre.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: A contributor to "Encyclopedia of Horror" notes that the film attracted much debate for and against, frequently involving people who clearly had not actually seen the film. "The men are so grossly unattractive and the rapes so harrowing, long-drawn-out and starkly presented it is hard to imagine most male spectators identifying with the perpetrators, especially as the film's narrative structure and "mise-en-scene" force the spectator to view the action from Keaton's point of view. Further, there is no suggestion that she 'asked for it' or enjoyed it, except, of course, in the rapists' own perceptions, from which the film is careful to distance itself." The author continues that the scenes of revenge were "grotesquely misread by some critics", as Jennifer only "pretends to have enjoyed the rape so as to lure the men to their destruction", and that in these scenes the film is critiquing "familiar male arguments about women 'bringing it on as "simply sexist, self-excusing rhetoric and are quite clearly presented as such".


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The initial criticism was followed by reappraisals of the film. Michael Kaminski's 2007 article for the website "Obsessed with Film", titled "Is "I Spit on Your Grave" Really A Misunderstood Feminist Film?" argues that, when understood within the context in which director Zarchi was inspired to make it, the movie may be equally appropriate to analyze as "feminist wish-fulfillment" and a vehicle of personal expression reacting to violence against women.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: A reappraisal was made by Carol J. Clover in the third chapter of her 1992 book "Men, Women, and Chainsaws". Clover notes that she and others like her "appreciate, however grudgingly, the way in which [the movie's] brutal simplicity exposes a mainspring of popular culture". Clover further argues that the film's sympathies are entirely with Jennifer, that the male audience is meant to identify with her and not with the attackers, and that the point of the film is a masochistic identification with pain used to justify the bloody catharsis of revenge. Clover wrote that in her opinion, the film owes a debt to "Deliverance". The British feminist Julie Bindel, who was involved in pickets outside cinemas in Leeds when the film was released, has said that she was wrong about the film and that it is a feminist film.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "I Spit on Your Grave" holds an approval rating of 53%, based on 36 reviews, and an average rating of 5.4/10. Its consensus reads, ""I Spit on Your Grave" is as aggressively exploitative as its title suggests, although as a crude rejoinder to misogyny, it packs a certain amount of undeniable power."


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The film caused significant controversy and backlash for its graphic violence, particularly the rape scene, with feminists protesting the movie and people accusing the movie of glorifying rape. The Motion Picture Association of America tried to prevent the film's producers from using the R rating. After the association gave "I Spit on Your Grave" an R rating, the producer of the film added rape scenes, making it an X-rated movie. Ultimately an agreement was reached where the film removed any references or explicit shots referring to anal rape and the MPAA restored the original R rating. In an interview with "Fangoria", director Meir Zarchi said as a response to the backlash:


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: Many nations, including Ireland, Norway, Iceland, and West Germany, banned the film altogether, claiming that it "glorified violence against women". Canada initially banned the film, but in the 1990s decided to allow its individual provinces to decide whether to permit its release. Since 1998, some provinces (such as Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Quebec) have released the film, with a rating that reflects its content.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The censored American version of the film was released in Australia in 1982 with an R 18+ rating. In 1987, the film survived an appeal to ban it. It continued to be sold until 1997, when another reclassification caused its ban in Australia. In 2004, the full uncut version was awarded an R 18+, lifting the seven-year ban. The Office of Film and Literature Classification justified this decision by reasoning that castration is not sexual violence (Australian censorship law forbids the release of films that depict scenes of sexual violence as acceptable or justified).


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: In the United Kingdom, the film was refused a cinema certificate by the British censors. However, since films on video did not need censor's certificates at the time, it was released on home video, where it was branded a "video nasty" by the press. It appeared on the Director of Public Prosecutions' list of prosecutable films until 2001 when a heavily cut version that extensively edited the rape scenes was released with an 18 certificate. The cuts were reduced considerably from 7 minutes 2 seconds in the 2001 release to 2 minutes 54 seconds in the 2011 release so that only the scenes of rape that focus on Jennifer's nudity have been banned since the 2011 release.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: In New Zealand, the uncut version of the film (102 minutes) was classified in 1984 as R20 with the descriptive note, "Contains graphic violence, content may disturb". Other versions with shorter running times (96 minutes) were also classified in 1984 and 1985 and received the same classification.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The Irish Film Classification Office has again banned the film from sale. Having been banned for many years in the country, the new Blu-ray and DVD uncensored edition have been prohibited from purchase by retailers due to the nature of the film.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: In the commentary for the Millennium Edition, Zarchi said he was inspired to produce the film after helping a young woman who had been raped in New York. He tells of how he, a friend and his daughter were driving by a park when they witnessed a young woman crawling out of the bushes bloodied and naked (he later learned the young woman was taking a common shortcut to her boyfriend's house when she was attacked). They collected the traumatized girl, returned the daughter home, and quickly decided it was best to take the girl to the police rather than a hospital, lest the attackers escape and find further victims.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: They quickly decided that they had made the wrong decision — the officer, who Zarchi described as "not fit to wear the uniform", delayed taking her to the hospital and instead insisted that she follow formalities such as giving her full name (and the spelling), even though her jaw had been broken and she could hardly speak. Zarchi insisted that the officer take her to the hospital and he eventually complied. Soon afterward, the woman's father wrote both Zarchi and his friend a letter of thanks for helping his daughter. The father offered a reward, which Zarchi refused.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: In the same commentary, Zarchi denied that the film was exploitative and that the violent nature of the film was necessary to tell the story. He described actress Camille Keaton as "brave" for taking on the role.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The film was followed by an unofficial sequel, "Savage Vengeance" (the title card on the film was misspelled as "Savage Vengance") (1993) in which Camille Keaton (under the alias of Vickie Kehl for unknown reasons) reprises the role of Jennifer. However, no scenes from "I Spit on Your Grave" were used for the flashbacks. The film's runtime was only 65 minutes and received extremely negative reviews from critics and fans alike.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: CineTel Films acquired rights to remake "I Spit on Your Grave", which had a Halloween 2010 worldwide theatrical release. The remake was produced by CineTel president and CEO Paul Hertzberg and Lisa Hansen, with Jeff Klein, Alan Ostroff, Gary Needle and Zarchi as executive producers. Steven R. Monroe directed, with newcomer Sarah Butler starring as Jennifer. The follow-up "I Spit on Your Grave 2" was released on September 20, 2013, starring Jemma Dallender, Joe Absolom, Yavor Baharov, and Aleksandar Alekiov. It was directed by Steven R. Monroe and written by Thomas Fenton and Neil Elman. A second sequel, "", arrived in 2015.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The official sequel "", directed by original director Meir Zarchi, was finished in October 2016 with Camille Keaton reprising her role as Jennifer Hills.


title: I Spit on Your Grave

text: The film received its first Blu-ray release on September 20, 2010, in the United Kingdom from 101 Films. It was released in an 'Ultimate Collector's Edition', containing the film on both Blu-ray and DVD, a collector's booklet, and a poster. At the time it was the most complete version released in the U.K., but it was not uncut - cuts of almost three minutes were required for an '18' rating to the rape scenes (previous U.K. releases were cut by over seven minutes). It was also released alongside the remake in a 'Limited Collector's Edition' on February 7, 2011 in the U.K. It was again submitted for U.K. DVD in 2020, and was passed with lesser cuts, this time totaling 1 min. 41 secs. It was released on February 8, 2011 in the United States from Starz/Anchor Bay Entertainment. In Australia, the film was released on March 16, 2011 as a 'Director's Cut' edition. The film was released on 4K UHD on October 26, 2021.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: The Emerald Tablet, also known as the Smaragdine Tablet or the Tabula Smaragdina (Latin, from the Arabic: , "Lawḥ al-zumurrudh"), is a compact and cryptic Hermetic text. It was highly regarded by Islamic and European alchemists as the foundation of their art. Though attributed to the legendary Hellenistic figure Hermes Trismegistus, the text of the "Emerald Tablet" first appears in a number of early medieval Arabic sources, the oldest of which dates to the late eighth or early ninth century. It was translated into Latin several times in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Numerous interpretations and commentaries followed.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: Medieval and early modern alchemists associated the "Emerald Tablet" with the creation of the philosophers' stone and the artificial production of gold.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: It has also been popular with nineteenth and twentieth century occultists and esotericists, among whom the expression "as above, so below" (a modern paraphrase of the second verse of the "Tablet") has become an often cited motto.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: The tablet states its author as Hermes Trismegistus ("Hermes the Thrice-Greatest"), a legendary Hellenistic combination of the Greek god Hermes and the ancient Egyptian god Thoth. Like most other works attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, the "Emerald Tablet" is very hard to date with any precision, but generally belongs to the late antique period (between c. 200 and c. 800). The oldest known source of the text is the "Sirr al-khalīqa wa-ṣanʿat al-ṭabīʿa" ("The Secret of Creation and the Art of Nature", also known as the "Kitāb al-ʿilal" or "The Book of Causes"), an encyclopedic work on natural philosophy falsely attributed to Apollonius of Tyana (c. 15–100, Arabic: Balīnūs or Balīnās). This book was compiled in Arabic in the late eighth or early ninth century, but it was most likely based on (much) older Greek and/or Syriac sources. In the frame story of the "Sirr al-khalīqa", Balīnūs tells his readers that he discovered the text in a vault below a statue of Hermes in Tyana, and that, inside the vault, an old corpse on a golden throne held the emerald tablet.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: Slightly different versions of the "Emerald Tablet" also appear in the "Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss al-thānī" ("The Second Book of the Element of the Foundation", c. 850–950) attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan, in the longer version of the "Sirr al-asrār" ("The Secret of Secrets", a tenth century compilation of earlier works that was falsely attributed to Aristotle), and in the Egyptian alchemist Ibn Umayl's (ca. 900 – 960) "Kitāb al-māʾ al-waraqī wa-l-arḍ al-najmiyya" ("Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth").


title: Emerald Tablet

text: The "Emerald Tablet" was first translated into Latin in the twelfth century by Hugo of Santalla as part of his translation of the "Sirr al-khalīqa". It was again translated into Latin along with the thirteenth century translation of the longer version of the pseudo-Aristotelian "Sirr al-asrār" (Latin: "Secretum secretorum"). However, the Latin translation which formed the basis for all later versions (the so-called 'vulgate') was originally part of an anonymous compilation of commentaries on the "Emerald Tablet" variously called "Liber Hermetis de alchimia", "Liber dabessi", or "Liber rebis" (twelfth or thirteenth century).


title: Emerald Tablet

text: The earliest known version of the "Emerald Tablet" on which all later versions were based is found in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's "Sirr al-khalīqa wa-ṣanʿat al-ṭabīʿa" ("The Secret of Creation and the Art of Nature").


title: Emerald Tablet

text: A somewhat shorter version is quoted in the "Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss al-thānī" ("The Second Book of the Element of the Foundation") attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan. Lines 6, 8, and 11–15 from the version in the "Sirr al-khalīqa" are missing, while other parts seem to be corrupt. Jabir's version was translated by Eric J. Holmyard:


title: Emerald Tablet

text: A still later version is found in the pseudo-Aristotelian "Sirr al-asrār" ("Secret of Secrets", tenth century).


title: Emerald Tablet

text: The tablet was first translated into Latin in the twelfth century by Hugo of Santalla as part of his translation of the "Sirr al-khalīqa" ("The Secret of Creation", original Arabic above).


title: Emerald Tablet

text: The tablet was also translated into Latin as part of the longer version of the pseudo-Aristotelian "Sirr al-asrār" (Latin: "Secretum Secretorum", original Arabic above). It differs significantly both from the translation by Hugo of Santalla (see above) and the vulgate translation (see below).<poem></poem>


title: Emerald Tablet

text: The most widely distributed Latin translation (the so-called 'vulgate') is found in an anonymous compilation of commentaries on the "Emerald Tablet" variously called "Liber Hermetis de alchimia", "Liber dabessi", or "Liber rebis" (twelfth or thirteenth century). Again, it differs significantly from the other two early Latin versions.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: Despite some small differences, the 16th century Nuremberg edition of the Latin text remains largely similar to the vulgate (see above). A translation by Isaac Newton is found among his alchemical papers that are currently housed in King's College Library, Cambridge University:


title: Emerald Tablet

text: In its several Western recensions, the "Tablet" became a mainstay of medieval and Renaissance alchemy. Commentaries and/or translations were published by, among others, Trithemius, Roger Bacon, Michael Maier, Albertus Magnus, and Isaac Newton. The concise text was a popular summary of alchemical principles, wherein the secrets of the philosophers' stone were thought to have been described.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: The fourteenth century alchemist Ortolanus (or Hortulanus) wrote a substantial exegesis on "The Secret of Hermes", which was influential on the subsequent development of alchemy. Many manuscripts of this copy of the "Emerald Tablet" and the commentary of Ortolanus survive, dating at least as far back as the fifteenth century. Ortolanus, like Albertus Magnus before him saw the tablet as a cryptic recipe that described laboratory processes using "deck names" (or code words). This was the dominant view held by Europeans until the fifteenth century.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: By the early sixteenth century, the writings of Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516) marked a shift away from a laboratory interpretation of the "Emerald Tablet", to a metaphysical approach. Trithemius equated Hermes' "one thing" with the monad of pythagorean philosophy and the anima mundi. This interpretation of the Hermetic text was adopted by alchemists such as John Dee, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, and Gerhard Dorn.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: In the time travel television series "Dark", the mysterious priest Noah has a large image of the "Emerald Tablet" tattooed on his back. The image, which is from Heinrich Khunrath’s "Amphitheatre of Eternal Wisdom" (1609), also appears on a metal door in the caves that are central to the plot. Several characters are shown looking at copies of the text. A line from the Latin version, ""Sic mundus creatus est"" (So was the world created), plays a prominent thematic role in the series and is the title of the sixth episode of the first season.


title: Emerald Tablet

text: In 1974, Brazilian singer Jorge Ben Jor recorded a studio album under the name "A Tábua de Esmeralda" ("The Emerald Tablet"), quoting from the Tablet's text and from alchemy in general in several songs. The album has been defined as an exercise in "musical alchemy" and celebrated as Ben Jor's greatest musical achievement, blending together samba, jazz and rock rhythms.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: Adelaide Victoria Kane (born 9 August 1990) is an Australian actress and model. She first gained recognition for her roles as Lolly Allen in the soap opera "Neighbours" and Tenaya 7 (later Tenaya 15) in the children's series "Power Rangers RPM". She went on to star as Mary, Queen of Scots in the American CW period drama "Reign". She also appeared as Cora Hale in the third season of the MTV series "Teen Wolf" and Drizella in the ABC series "Once Upon a Time".


title: Adelaide Kane

text: Adelaide Victoria Kane was born on 9 August 1990 in Claremont, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Her Scottish father was originally from Glasgow, while her mother is an Australian of Scottish, Irish and French descent.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: Her parents divorced when she was seven, and Adelaide and her brother were raised by their single mother. She grew up in Perth, and attended St Hilda's Anglican School for Girls.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: When she joined the cast of "Neighbours", she and her mother moved to Melbourne, while her brother and stepfather remained in Perth. She also lived for a short period in New Zealand, while shooting children's television series "Power Rangers RPM".


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In September 2009, at the age of 19, she moved to the United States to live in Los Angeles in order to pursue her acting career.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: Kane began performing at the age of three, starting with dance and then moving to singing and acting. At the age of six, she started working professionally in some print ads, later moving to TV spots and working in various children's TV shows.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In August 2006, Kane was picked to join the cast of "Neighbours" as Lolly Allen after she entered a competition run by "Dolly" magazine. She was given a three-month contract with the show. Her friends convinced her to enter the competition, but she did not think she was actually going to get the role. In December 2006, Kane announced that she would be leaving the show after her contract was not renewed. At the time of the announcement, Kane had not yet appeared as Lolly. In 2008, Kane was nominated for a Logie Award for Most Popular New Female Talent for her performance as Lolly.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: From March to December 2009, Kane portrayed Tenaya 7 on "Power Rangers RPM", part of the long-running "Power Rangers" franchise.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In April 2010, Kane starred in the television film "Secrets of the Mountain" on NBC. In 2010, she also starred in the Hulu series "Pretty Tough", composed of 20 episodes and based on the novel by the same name written by Li Tigelaar. In 2010, Kane traveled to attend an audition for Cartoon Network's first live-action series "Unnatural History", for the role of Maggie Winnock. She and Italia Ricci were the actresses selected for the casting; the role later went to Ricci.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In 2012, she portrayed Aubrey in the film "Goats". On 28 November 2012 it was announced that Kane had joined the cast of "Teen Wolf" as Cora Hale.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In February 2013, Kane was cast as Mary, Queen of Scots in the CW period drama series "Reign". The same year, she appeared in the successful thriller film "The Purge".


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In 2014, Kane appeared in the horror film "The Devil's Hand" as Ruth. She originally auditioned for Alycia Debnam-Carey's role, but producers thought she was not right for the part, so they offered her Ruth, who got more along with her personality.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In June 2016, Kane joined the cast of "Dragons: Race to the Edge" as the voice of Mala, Queen of the Defenders of the Wing.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In July 2017, Kane joined the hit ABC series "Once Upon A Time" in a recurring role for its reboot season seven. Kane was one of five actresses to join the series for its new season in starring and recurring roles, following the exits of six key cast members at the end of season six. She played one of the antagonists, Drizella, one of Cinderella's wicked stepsisters. Kane's final episode in "Once Upon a Time" was "Sisterhood".


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In September 2019, Kane was announced as one of the cast members of "Into the Dark"s second Halloween installment, "Uncanny Annie", which premiered on Hulu the following month. She did some coaching sessions to prepare and soften up for the role. Before she was cast for "Uncanny Annie", Kane was supposed to appear in "Into the Dark"'s first installment "The Body", but the character director Paul Davis wanted her for was cut right before the shooting draft was locked.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: In March 2020, Kane joined the main cast of the sci-fi action film "Cosmic Sin". The same month, Kane made a cameo in NBC's "This Is Us"' season four finale as Hailey Damon, Toby Damon and Kate Pearson's adopted, daughter.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: Kane was in a relationship with Reign co-star Sean Teale between 2014 and 2016. In July 2019, Kane started a relationship with her "Into the Dark" co-star Jacques Colimon. The couple split sometime in 2020. In February 2021, Kane revealed she is bisexual. In April 2021, Kane started dating Dutch model Marthe Woertman.


title: Adelaide Kane

text: Kane suffers from generalised anxiety disorder, and has spoken up multiple times about the importance to break the stigma surrounding mental illness.


title: Privacy policy

text: A privacy policy is a statement or legal document (in privacy law) that discloses some or all of the ways a party gathers, uses, discloses, and manages a customer or client's data. Personal information can be anything that can be used to identify an individual, not limited to the person's name, address, date of birth, marital status, contact information, ID issue, and expiry date, financial records, credit information, medical history, where one travels, and intentions to acquire goods and services. In the case of a business, it is often a statement that declares a party's policy on how it collects, stores, and releases personal information it collects. It informs the client what specific information is collected, and whether it is kept confidential, shared with partners, or sold to other firms or enterprises. Privacy policies typically represent a broader, more generalized treatment, as opposed to data use statements, which tend to be more detailed and specific.


title: Privacy policy

text: The exact contents of a certain privacy policy will depend upon the applicable law and may need to address requirements across geographical boundaries and legal jurisdictions. Most countries have own legislation and guidelines of who is covered, what information can be collected, and what it can be used for. In general, data protection laws in Europe cover the private sector, as well as the public sector. Their privacy laws apply not only to government operations but also to private enterprises and commercial transactions.


title: Privacy policy

text: California Business and Professions Code, Internet Privacy Requirements (CalOPPA) mandate that websites collecting Personally Identifiable Information (PII) from California residents must conspicuously post their privacy policy. (See also Online Privacy Protection Act)


title: Privacy policy

text: In 1968, the Council of Europe began to study the effects of technology on human rights, recognizing the new threats posed by computer technology that could link and transmit in ways not widely available before. In 1969 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) began to examine the implications of personal information leaving the country. All this led the council to recommend that policy be developed to protect personal data held by both the private and public sectors, leading to Convention 108. In 1981, Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (Convention 108) was introduced. One of the first privacy laws ever enacted was the Swedish Data Act in 1973, followed by the West German Data Protection Act in 1977 and the French Law on Informatics, Data Banks and Freedoms in 1978.


title: Privacy policy

text: In the United States, concern over privacy policy starting around the late 1960s and 1970s led to the passage of the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Although this act was not designed to be a privacy law, the act gave consumers the opportunity to examine their credit files and correct errors. It also placed restrictions on the use of information in credit records. Several congressional study groups in the late 1960s examined the growing ease with which automated personal information could be gathered and matched with other information. One such group was an advisory committee of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, which in 1973 drafted a code of principles called the Fair Information Practices. The work of the advisory committee led to the Privacy Act in 1974. The United States signed the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines in 1980.


title: Privacy policy

text: In Canada, a Privacy Commissioner of Canada was established under the Canadian Human Rights Act in 1977. In 1982, the appointment of a Privacy Commissioner was part of the new Privacy Act. Canada signed the OECD guidelines in 1984.


title: Privacy policy

text: There are significant differences between the EU data protection and US data privacy laws. These standards must be met not only by businesses operating in the EU but also by any organization that transfers personal information collected concerning citizens of the EU. In 2001 the United States Department of Commerce worked to ensure legal compliance for US organizations under an opt-in Safe Harbor Program. The FTC has approved TRUSTe to certify streamlined compliance with the US-EU Safe Harbor.


title: Privacy policy

text: In 1995 the European Union (EU) introduced the Data Protection Directive for its member states. As a result, many organizations doing business within the EU began to draft policies to comply with this Directive. In the same year, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) published the Fair Information Principles which provided a set of non-binding governing principles for the commercial use of personal information. While not mandating policy, these principles provided guidance of the developing concerns of how to draft privacy policies.


title: Privacy policy

text: The United States does not have a specific federal regulation establishing universal implementation of privacy policies. Congress has, at times, considered comprehensive laws regulating the collection of information online, such as the Consumer Internet Privacy Enhancement Act and the Online Privacy Protection Act of 2001, but none have been enacted. In 2001, the FTC stated an express preference for "more law enforcement, not more laws" and promoted continued focus on industry self-regulation.


title: Privacy policy

text: In many cases, the FTC enforces the terms of privacy policies as promises made to consumers using the authority granted by Section 5 of the FTC Act which prohibits unfair or deceptive marketing practices. The FTC's powers are statutorily restricted in some cases; for example, airlines are subject to the authority of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and cell phone carriers are subject to the authority of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).


title: Privacy policy

text: In some cases, private parties enforce the terms of privacy policies by filing class action lawsuits, which may result in settlements or judgments. However, such lawsuits are often not an option, due to arbitration clauses in the privacy policies or other terms of service agreements.


title: Privacy policy

text: While no generally applicable law exists, some federal laws govern privacy policies in specific circumstances, such as:


title: Privacy policy

text: Some states have implemented more stringent regulations for privacy policies. The California "Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003 – Business and Professions Code sections 22575-22579" requires "any commercial websites or online services that collect personal information on California residents through a web site to conspicuously post a privacy policy on the site". Both Nebraska and Pennsylvania have laws treating misleading statements in privacy policies published on websites as deceptive or fraudulent business practices.


title: Privacy policy

text: Canada's federal Privacy Law applicable to the private sector is formally referred to as Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). The purpose of the act is to establish rules to govern the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information by commercial organizations. The organization is allowed to collect, disclose and use the amount of information for the purposes that a reasonable person would consider appropriate in the circumstance.


title: Privacy policy

text: The Act establishes the Privacy Commissioner of Canada as the Ombudsman for addressing any complaints that are filed against organizations. The Commissioner works to resolve problems through voluntary compliance, rather than heavy-handed enforcement. The Commissioner investigates complaints, conducts audits, promotes awareness of and undertakes research about privacy matters.


title: Privacy policy

text: The right to privacy is a highly developed area of law in Europe. All the member states of the European Union (EU) are also signatories of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Article 8 of the ECHR provides a right to respect for one's "private and family life, his home and his correspondence", subject to certain restrictions. The European Court of Human Rights has given this article a very broad interpretation in its jurisprudence.


title: Privacy policy

text: In 1980, in an effort to create a comprehensive data protection system throughout Europe, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) issued its "Recommendations of the Council Concerning Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Trans-Border Flows of Personal Data". The seven principles governing the OECD’s recommendations for protection of personal data were:


title: Privacy policy

text: The OECD guidelines, however, were nonbinding, and data privacy laws still varied widely across Europe. The US, while endorsing the OECD’s recommendations, did nothing to implement them within the United States. However, all seven principles were incorporated into the EU Directive.


title: Privacy policy

text: In 1995, the EU adopted the Data Protection Directive, which regulates the processing of personal data within the EU. There were significant differences between the EU data protection and equivalent U.S. data privacy laws. These standards must be met not only by businesses operating in the EU but also by any organization that transfers personal information collected concerning a citizen of the EU. In 2001 the United States Department of Commerce worked to ensure legal compliance for US organizations under an opt-in Safe Harbor Program. The FTC has approved a number of US providers to certify compliance with the US-EU Safe Harbor. Since 2010 Safe Harbor is criticised especially by German publicly appointed privacy protectors because the FTC's will to assert the defined rules hadn't been implemented in a proper even after revealing disharmonies.


title: Privacy policy

text: Effective 25 May 2018, the Data Protection Directive is superseded by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which harmonizes privacy rules across all EU member states. GDPR imposes more stringent rules on the collection of personal information belonging to EU data subjects, including a requirement for privacy policies to be more concise, clearly-worded, and transparent in their disclosure of any collection, processing, storage, or transfer of personally identifiable information. Data controllers must also provide the opportunity for their data to be made portable in a common format, and for it to be erased under certain circumstances.


title: Privacy policy

text: The Privacy Act 1988 provides the legal framework for privacy in Australia. It includes a number of national privacy principles. There are thirteen privacy principles under the Privacy Act. It oversees and regulates the collection, use and disclosure of people's private information, makes sure who is responsible if there is a violation, and the rights of individuals to access their information.


title: Privacy policy

text: The Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 made significant changes to the Information Technology Act, 2000, introducing Section 43A. This section provides compensation in the case where a corporate body is negligent in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices and procedures and thereby causes wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person. This applies when a corporate body possesses, deals or handles any sensitive personal data or information in a computer resource that it owns, controls or operates.


title: Privacy policy

text: In 2011, the Government of India prescribed the Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules, 2011 by publishing it in the Official Gazette. These rules require a body corporate to provide a privacy policy for handling of or dealing in personal information including sensitive personal data or information. Such a privacy policy should consist of the following information in accordance with the rules:


title: Privacy policy

text: The privacy policy should be published on the website of the body corporate, and be made available for view by providers of information who have provided personal information under lawful contract.


title: Privacy policy

text: Online certification or "seal" programs are an example of industry self-regulation of privacy policies. Seal programs usually require implementation of fair information practices as determined by the certification program and may require continued compliance monitoring. TRUSTArc (formerly TRUSTe), the first online privacy seal program, included more than 1,800 members by 2007. Other online seal programs include the Trust Guard Privacy Verified program, , and Webtrust.


title: Privacy policy

text: Some websites also define their privacy policies using P3P or Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA), allowing browsers to automatically assess the level of privacy offered by the site, and allowing access only when the site's privacy practices are in line with the user's privacy settings. However, these technical solutions do not guarantee websites actually follows the claimed privacy policies. These implementations also require users to have a minimum level of technical knowledge to configure their own browser privacy settings. These automated privacy policies have not been popular either with websites or their users. To reduce the burden of interpreting individual privacy policies, re-usable, certified policies available from a policy server have been proposed by Jøsang, Fritsch and Mahler.


title: Privacy policy

text: Concerns exist about the effectiveness of industry-regulated privacy policies. For example, a 2000 FTC report Privacy Online: Fair Information Practices in the Electronic Marketplace found that while the vast majority of websites surveyed had some manner of privacy disclosure, most did not meet the standard set in the FTC Principles. In addition, many organizations reserve the express right to unilaterally change the terms of their policies. In June 2009 the EFF website TOSback began tracking such changes on 56 popular internet services, including monitoring the privacy policies of Amazon, Google and Facebook.


title: Privacy policy

text: There are also questions about whether consumers understand privacy policies and whether they help consumers make more informed decisions. A 2002 report from the Stanford Persuasive Technology Lab contended that a website's visual designs had more influence than the website's privacy policy when consumers assessed the website's credibility. A 2007 study by Carnegie Mellon University claimed "when not presented with prominent privacy information..." consumers were "…likely to make purchases from the vendor with the lowest price, regardless of that site's privacy policies". However, the same study also showed that when information about privacy practices is clearly presented, consumers prefer retailers who better protect their privacy and some are willing to "pay a premium to purchase from more privacy protective websites". Furthermore, a 2007 study at the University of California, Berkeley found that "75% of consumers think as long as a site has a privacy policy it means it won't share data with third parties," confusing the existence of a privacy policy with extensive privacy protection. Based on the common nature of this misunderstanding, researcher Joseph Turow argued to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission that the term "privacy policy" thus constitutes a deceptive trade practice and that alternative phrasing like "how we use your information" should be used instead.


title: Privacy policy

text: Privacy policies suffer generally from a lack of precision, especially when compared with the emerging form of the Data Use Statement. Where privacy statements provide a more general overview of data collection and use, data use statements represent a much more specific treatment. As a result, privacy policies may not meet the increased demand for transparency that data use statements provide.


title: Privacy policy

text: Critics also question if consumers even read privacy policies or can understand what they read. A 2001 study by the Privacy Leadership Initiative claimed only 3% of consumers read privacy policies carefully, and 64% briefly glanced at, or never read privacy policies. The average website user once having read a privacy statement may have more uncertainty about the trustworthiness of the website than before. One possible issue is length and complexity of policies. According to a 2008 Carnegie Mellon study, the average length of a privacy policy is 2,500 words and requires an average of 10 minutes to read. The study cited that "Privacy policies are hard to read" and, as a result, "read infrequently". However, any efforts to make the information more presentable simplify the information to the point that it does not convey the extent to which users' data is being shared and sold. This is known as the 'transparency paradox.'


title: Buddy Rich

text: Bernard "Buddy" Rich (September 30, 1917 – April 2, 1987) was an American jazz drummer, songwriter, conductor, and bandleader. He is considered one of the most influential drummers of all time.


title: Buddy Rich

text: Rich was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, United States. He discovered his affinity for jazz music at a young age and began drumming at the age of two. He began playing jazz in 1937, working with acts such as Bunny Berigan, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Count Basie, and Harry James. From 1942 to 1944, Rich served in the U.S. Marines. From 1945 to 1948, he led the Buddy Rich Orchestra. In 1966, he recorded a big-band style arrangement of songs from "West Side Story". He found lasting success in 1966 with the formation of the Buddy Rich Big Band, also billed as the Buddy Rich Band and The Big Band Machine.


title: Buddy Rich

text: Rich was known for his virtuoso technique, power, and speed. He was an advocate of the traditional grip, though he occasionally used matched grip when playing the toms. Despite his commercial success and musical talent, Rich never learned how to read sheet music, preferring to listen to drum parts and play them from memory.


title: Buddy Rich

text: Rich was born in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish parents Bess Skolnik and Robert Rich, both American vaudevillians. Before he turned two, he was part of his parents' act on vaudeville, but on breaks he would sneak into the orchestra pit and try to get the drummer's sticks. Rich would often sneak into jazz clubs at an age when he looked old enough to sit on the drum set. He was on Broadway as Baby Traps the Drum Wonder at age four, playing "The Stars and Stripes Forever" on a drum. He was a singer and tap dancer. In his teens he led a band and toured in the U.S. and Australia. At fifteen he became the second highest paid child entertainer behind Jackie Coogan during the 1930s.


title: Buddy Rich

text: His jazz career began in 1937 with clarinetist Joe Marsala. He became a member of big bands led by Bunny Berigan and Artie Shaw. When he was home from touring with Shaw, he gave drum lessons to a 14-year-old Mel Brooks for six months. At 21, he participated in his first major recording with the Vic Schoen Orchestra who backed the Andrews Sisters.


title: Buddy Rich

text: In 1942, Rich left the Dorsey band to join United States Marine Corps, in which he served as a judo instructor and never saw combat. He was discharged in 1944 for medical reasons. After leaving the Marines, he returned to the Dorsey band. In 1946, with financial support from Frank Sinatra, he formed a band and continued to lead bands intermittently until the early 1950s.


title: Buddy Rich

text: Following the war, Rich formed his own big band which often played at the Apollo Theater and featured backing vocals from Frank Sinatra.


title: Buddy Rich

text: In addition to playing with Tommy Dorsey (1939–42, 1945, 1954–55), Rich played with Benny Carter (1942), Harry James (1953–56–62, 1964, 1965), Les Brown, Charlie Ventura, Jazz at the Philharmonic, and Charlie Parker ("Bird and Diz", 1950).


title: Buddy Rich

text: In 1955, Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich recorded the collaboration album titled "Krupa and Rich", which featured the song "Bernie's Tune", where they traded drum solos for a total of six minutes.


title: Buddy Rich

text: From 1966 until his death, he led successful big bands in an era when their popularity had waned. He continued to play clubs but stated in interviews that the majority of his band's performances were at high schools, colleges, and universities rather than clubs. He was a session drummer for many recordings, where his playing was often less prominent than in his big-band performances. Especially notable were sessions for Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong, and the Oscar Peterson trio with bassist Ray Brown and guitarist Herb Ellis. In 1968, Rich collaborated with the Indian tabla player Ustad Alla Rakha on the album "Rich à la Rakha".


title: Buddy Rich

text: He performed a big-band arrangement of a medley from "West Side Story" that was released on the 1966 album "Swingin' New Big Band". The "West Side Story Medley", arranged by Bill Reddie, highlighted Rich's ability to blend his drumming into the band. Rich received the West Side Story arrangement of Leonard Bernstein's melodies from the musical in the mid-1960s; he found the music quite challenging and it took him almost a month of constant rehearsal to perfect. It later became a staple of his live performances. A six-minute performance of "Prologue/Jet Song" from the suite, performed during Frank Sinatra's portion of the Concert for the Americas on August 20, 1982, is on the DVD "Frank Sinatra: Concert for the Americas". In 2002, a DVD was released called "The Lost West Side Story Tapes" that captured a 1985 performance of this along with other numbers.


title: Buddy Rich

text: A live recording of the "Channel One Suite" is on the album "Mercy, Mercy" recorded at Caesars Palace in 1968. The album was acclaimed as the "finest all-round recording by Buddy Rich's big band".


title: Buddy Rich

text: In the 1950s, Rich was a frequent guest on "The Steve Allen Show" and other television variety shows, most notably on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". Rich and Johnny were lifelong friends, and Johnny Carson was himself a drum enthusiast.


title: Buddy Rich

text: In 1973 PBS broadcast and syndicated Rich's February 6, 1973, performance at the Top of the Plaza in Rochester, New York. It was the first time thousands of drummers were exposed to Buddy in a full-length concert setting, and many drummers continue to name this program as a prime influence on their own playing. One of his most widely seen television performances was in a 1981 episode of "The Muppet Show" in which he engaged Muppet drummer Animal (performed by Frank Oz, drums played by Ronnie Verrell) in a drum battle. Rich's famous televised drum battles also included Gene Krupa, Ed Shaughnessy and Louie Bellson. Perhaps the most viewed television appearance was on "Here's Lucy" in the 1970 episode "Lucy And The Drum Contest".