title: Ghost town

text: In New Zealand, the Otago gold rush similarly led to several ghost towns (such as Macetown). New Zealand's ghost towns also include numerous coal mining areas in the South Island's West Coast Region, including Denniston and Stockton. Natural disasters have also led to the loss of some towns, notably Te Wairoa, "The Buried Village", destroyed in the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, and the Otago town of Kelso, abandoned after it was flooded repeatedly after heavy rainstorms. Early settlements on the rugged southwest coast of the South Island at Martins Bay and Port Craig were also abandoned, mainly due to the inhospitable terrain.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Nathan Drake ( Morgan) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the "Uncharted" franchise, most notably in the video game series, developed by Naughty Dog. He appears in all mainline games: "", "", "", and "", the spin-offs "" and "", the motion comic prequel series "" by DC Comics, and other related media. A charismatic and good-natured yet rebellious treasure hunter, the player controls Drake as he journeys across the world to uncover various historical mysteries. He is played through voice and motion capture by Nolan North, who influenced Drake's personality by ad-libbing segments of the character's dialogue.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Naughty Dog based Drake's appearance and personality on daredevil Johnny Knoxville, actor Harrison Ford, and the heroes of pulp magazines, novels and films. To make him relatable, the character was dressed in jeans and a Henley long sleeve, and given an everyman persona; he is strong-willed, and often jokes and quips. The designers focused on giving him realistic reactions to his environment; for example, he stumbles while running, barely clears objects during leaps, and recognizes the absurdity of the situations in which he finds himself.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: The design and personality of Drake have drawn comparisons to other video game and film characters, such as Lara Croft and Indiana Jones. Many reviewers have called Drake a likable and believable character, and noted that he is a rare example of a physically attractive character who is not hypermasculine.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Illustrator and designer Kory Heinzen worked on pre-visualization, concept and character design on the video game "", developed by Naughty Dog. Heinzen's initial concept differed from the finished character. The production staff drew inspiration from the pulp adventure genre when creating the video games in the "Uncharted" series, and based Drake on the stereotypical characters of adventure films and novels, giving him wit, resourcefulness, and strong principles. Naughty Dog wanted to highlight Drake's personality through his interactions with the environment during gameplay. To do this, they developed a wide range of animations for Drake, allowing him to display reactions and his snarky disposition in context. These animations were designed to be fluid and believable; they removed any animation that did not promote this fluidity or took a large amount of time to execute. The blended animation system in the game, with more than 30 animations comprising one movement, was implemented to make Drake a more relatable character.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: The Naughty Dog staff looked to several sources in creating Drake. His appearance and charisma were based on actor and daredevil Johnny Knoxville. Lead game designer Richard Lemarchand wanted Drake to reflect the "coolness and goodness" he saw in Knoxville. Series writer Amy Hennig described Drake as a gritty, charming mixture of actors Harrison Ford and Bruce Willis, with additional influence coming from romantic action-adventure heroes, including Cary Grant:


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Lemarchand listed comic characters Doc Savage and Tintin, as well as "Die Hard" protagonist John McClane, as inspirations for the character. Drake's physical prowess was modeled on that of Savage, and his personality inspired by the vibrant color and globetrotting identity of Tintin.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Naughty Dog wanted Drake to embody the everyman archetype. E. Daniel Arey, former Naughty Dog creative director, said that "there is a fine line between jerk and lovable rogue", and that they developed Drake to be more human and accessible: "If a hero constantly shows their human side, we relate and forgive any seeming overconfidence because we’ve all been there". Neil Druckmann, lead designer of "", explained that Drake was meant to react to situations in the manner that the average player might. Hennig commented:


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Josh Scherr, leader of the "Drake's Fortune" story sequence team, said that they created Drake as an "ordinary guy" with no special powers. Instead, Drake became visibly nervous at times, barely cleared objects while jumping, and stumbled while running. The characterizations were meant to show Drake as a frail character. He is not a master of hand-to-hand combat, and throws punches without style or skill. Sam Thompson, producer of "Among Thieves", described Drake's martial arts abilities as "fallible". Sony Entertainment of America line producer Sam Thompson mused that Naughty Dog had created iconic characters before, including Crash Bandicoot. With Nathan Drake, however, the company wanted to produce a more average character, one who did not possess the same amount of confidence and who was more realistic and humble.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Nolan North, the actor who played Drake, had a large role in defining the character's physical and vocal reactions. In the "Uncharted" series, the actors were used for motion capture, and acted as if performing in a movie. Motion capture was done on a soundstage, and the dialog recorded during this process was used in the game. North was allowed to ad-lib dialog and insert aspects of his own personality into the character. In naming the character, the development team considered many different choices, including Ethan, Samuel, and John. Matthew Drake was seriously contemplated, but received a poor reaction from those it was presented to. Eventually, Naughty Dog settled on the name Nathan for its ability to be shortened to Nate, and the perception that it sounded historical. According to animator Jonathan Cooper, Drake does not take bullet damage during gameplay; the red effect in-game indicates his luck running out before he is finally shot.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake has a distinct personality, as the creators did not want him to appear as a caricature or "cardboard cutout". Hennig constantly elaborated Drake's personality through in-game dialogue and interactions with other characters, rather than exclusively through cutaway scenes. Drake reacts to events in a human-like way, often commenting and complaining on the absurdity or difficulty of his situation. While traveling through chapters, Drake frequently makes sarcastic quips and taunts. Self-educated in history and various languages, Drake is also highly intelligent. Matt Casamassina of IGN commented on the character's interactions during gameplay that reveal Drake's nature: "it's lighthearted and amusing, but it also demonstrates that Nate is aware of how absurd his predicaments sometimes are. It's a small, unimportant communication, but it makes sense that the two would behave exactly as they do".


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake says what he is thinking aloud, a feature designed to correlate with the likely thoughts and reactions of the player. Amy Hennig called Drake a ""Die Hard" guy that gets in there and just takes care of the situation; 'the fly in the ointment'". North was instructed to imbue his own personality into the character.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake's outward appearance is fairly generic, consisting of either a plain T-shirt or henley, jeans, and a gun holster on his back. He was deliberately costumed in a simple shirt and jeans to provide a "blank slate" on which the everyman persona could be imposed. The programmers designed a layered-animation system to make Drake's motions realistic by blending multiple poses and reactions together. This allowed a complex facial and wrinkle mapping system, which provided Drake more human emotional reactions. Drake's physique is fairly fit, but not overly muscular.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake's appearance underwent minor changes in "Uncharted 2: Among Thieves". Hennig said that Drake was skinnier than intended in the first game, and thus the designers bulked him up for the second.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake's shirt is always tucked into his pants on only one side, an attribute which commentators have labeled the "half-tuck". The term, first coined by video game designer Tim Schafer, led to Naughty Dog altering Drake's appearance to have his shirt almost tucked in from the front, and half tucked in at the back, an inside joke Naughty Dog co-president Evan Wells labeled a "three-quarters-tuck". The half-tuck was part of a larger effort to ensure Drake's design was asymmetrical. Tim Schafer commented that "it was all super next-gen, but the most next-gen thing about it to me was Drake's shirt. Check it out: Somehow it's tucked in, and yet not tucked in, at the very same time. Of all the technical marvels contained in "Uncharted", this was the one that really mystified me".


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: "", Drake tracks the lost treasure of El Dorado located on a remote tropical island. As the game opens, Drake, accompanied by reporter Elena Fisher, recovers the coffin of his "self-proclaimed" ancestor Sir Francis Drake, which he located from coordinates inscribed on a family heirloom: a ring Drake wears around his neck. The coffin contains Sir Francis Drake's diary, which gives the location of El Dorado. Pirates attack and destroy Drake's boat, but Drake's friend Victor Sullivan rescues the two. When Sully and Drake follow the diary to the indicated spot, they learn that El Dorado is a large golden idol that the Spanish had tried to remove from the island centuries ago. After finding a U-boat, mercenaries led by Gabriel Roman intercept Drake, Fisher and Sully. Sully is shot but Drake manages to escape to an island where Sir Francis Drake's diary claims the idol is located. On the way to the island, anti-aircraft fire forces Elena and Drake to bail out of the airplane and they are separated. Drake heads toward an old Spanish fort to find Elena. Though briefly captured by pirate leader Eddie Raja, an old acquaintance, Drake and Elena reunite and flee to the old customs house on the island. There they find that Sully has survived his gunshot wound. Drake discovers that the idol is located near the customs house, and finds and rescues Sully. Drake realizes that the idol is cursed, and that it turned the Spanish and Kriegsmarine searching for it into zombified monsters. Drake attempts to stop Roman from removing the idol from the island, and arrives in time to see Atoq Navarro, a man hired by Roman, find the statue. Navarro tricks Roman into becoming cursed. Drake then jumps onto the statue and rides it as it is airlifted onto a boat in the bay. There he defeats Navarro and manages to sink the idol to the bottom of the ocean. Sully arrives and Elena and Drake leave the island with several chests of treasure, after displaying affection towards each other.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake returns as the protagonist of "" in 2009. A wealthy benefactor hires Drake, Harry Flynn, and Chloe Frazer to steal a small lamp from a Turkish museum. Drake and Chloe, having dated in the past, renew their romance behind Flynn's back. Once in the museum, Flynn betrays Drake and Drake is imprisoned. Drake theorizes that the true goal of the theft was to discover the location of Marco Polo's lost fleet. Flynn brings the information obtained from resin found in the lamp to his employer, war criminal Zoran Lazarevic, who seeks the Cintamani Stone that the fleet was supposedly transporting. Once Chloe and Sully secure Drake's release, Drake follows Lazarevic, and discovers that the fleet did not possess the stone, but had clues, including a phurba, to the location of Shambhala. Drake travels to Nepal to find the next clue, although Lazarevic has initiated a civil war in the region in order to find the temple containing the clue. In the city, he finds Elena and her cameraman Jeff, the latter of which is executed by Lazarevic. Drake pursues Lazarevic and then discovers the key to Shambhala, but the train they are traveling on explodes, leaving Drake stranded. Drake loses consciousness after finding the phurba and awakens in a Tibetan village. Here, he finds Karl Schäfer, an SS officer who had led an Ahnenerbe expedition to Shambhala, though he had killed them all to stop the Nazis from obtaining the power in the city. Tenzin, a man who speaks no English, leads Drake through an ice cave, where they are attacked by giant horned monsters. Lazarevic attacks the village, kidnapping Schäfer. Drake and Elena track Lazarevic to a monastery, where they find the entrance to Shambhala. Once inside, they discover that the monsters are guardians of the city. Drake and Elena are apprehended by Lazarevic but escape him when the guardians attack. Drake confronts Lazarevic at the Tree of Life, the sap of which comprises the Cintamani stone. Drake wounds Lazarevic, leaving the guardians to kill him, and returns to the village, where he and Elena kiss and begin a relationship.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: The third installment of the franchise, "", has Drake searching for the lost city of Iram of the Pillars, located in the Rub' al Khali Desert. During the gap between the two games, Drake and Elena married, but then became estranged and are now separated. It is revealed in this game that Drake's past is more mysterious than the player is led to believe. It eventually transpires that Drake is not his real last name (his real last name, Morgan, is not revealed until "Uncharted 4") and he was raised in a Catholic orphanage from the age of five. His mother committed suicide and his father handed the child over to the state. He ran away from the orphanage and traveled to Colombia, where, at the age of 15, he acquired Francis Drake's ring (which he has referred to as a family heirloom in the first game) by stealing it from a museum. This led to him teaming up with Victor Sullivan for the first time. With the assistance of Sully, Chloe, and Charlie Cutter, Drake steals valuable historical clues from a mysterious organization led by Katherine Marlowe and her assistant Talbot. They travel to France and Syria where they find clues leading them to Yemen, where Drake reluctantly enlists the help of Elena. They find a celestial map that shows the location of Iram. However, Sully is kidnapped by Marlowe and Talbot, prompting Drake to save him by boarding one of Marlowe's cargo planes. The plane crashes in the Rub' al Khali after a shoot-out ensues but Drake survives. After wandering the desert for days, a group of horsemen, led by Salim, rescue Drake and take him back to their encampment. Salim explains to Drake they must stop Marlowe and Talbot from reaching the lost city so they will not get their hands on the hallucinogenic power of the Djinn. Drake and Salim rescue Sully from Marlowe's caravan and reach the city. Drake and Sully destroy the winch pulling the brass vessel containing the Djinn from the waters causing the whole city to collapse. Marlowe is killed in quicksand and Drake shoots Talbot before he can kill Sully. Drake and Sully escape the sinking city and reunite with Elena back at Yemen. Drake and Elena appear to resolve their marriage and they fly back home on their new sea plane.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: The fourth and final entry in the series featuring Drake, "", centres around him searching for the treasure of infamous pirate Henry Avery. As a child, Nate runs away from the orphanage and reunites with his older brother Sam, who explains that he has located their mother's journals. They break into the house they had been sold to where the elderly owner reveals she knew their mother, a historian who had theorised that Francis Drake had heirs. She dies of heart failure before she can call off the police, forcing Nate and Sam to flee and adopt the surname Drake. Some years before the events of "Drake's Fortune", Nate and Sam, with the help of associate Rafe Adler, infiltrate a Panamanian prison where they uncover a cross depicting Saint Dismas, the good thief. They begin their escape, however Sam is shot by guards and Nate and Rafe presume him dead. Several years after "Drake's Deception", Nate has retired from treasure-hunting and lives with Elena whilst working as a salvager in New Orleans. Sam, who survived and spent the intervening years alive and imprisoned, visits Nate and reveals he was broken out of prison by drug lord Hector Alcazar, who has forced him to find Avery's treasure or be killed. Nate lies to Elena he has taken a salvaging job and, together with Sam and Sully, steals another cross from an auction, bringing them into conflict with Rafe and his partner, mercenary leader Nadine Ross. The item leads the trio to Scotland, where the Drakes find a map of King's Bay in Madagascar. Nadine corners the two but they escape. At King's Bay, they learn that Avery and other pirate captains pooled all their treasure and settled with it in Libertalia. At their hotel they find Elena, upset at Nate's deception, and she leaves, but despite this, Nate refuses to abandon the search. He and Sam travel to the island where Libertalia is and discover that the treasure was moved across the island to the town of New Devon. They are soon confronted by Nadine and Rafe, who reveals that he broke Sam out of prison, Alcazar having been long dead. Rafe tries to shoot Nate, who is inadvertently knocked off a cliff and later rescued by Elena. They travel to New Devon, discovering Avery and his second in-command, Thomas Tew, killed the other founders and kept the treasure for themselves. The two locate and rescue Sam with the help of Sully and decide to escape, but Sam decides to continue the hunt. Nate follows him and finds Avery's treasure-laden ship where Sam triggers a trap that sets the ship on fire. Nadine betrays Rafe and leaves, having grown tired of the risks involved. Rafe challenges Nate to a sword fight, ending in Nate dropping a load of treasure on him. Nate rescues Sam and they are picked up by Elena and Sully. Afterwards, Sam and Sully team up together while Elena buys the salvage company, installing Nate as owner. Years later, their teenage daughter Cassie discovers evidence of the two's former treasure-hunting life, which they decide to tell her about.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake features in "Uncharted: Drake's Trail", an online browser game and prequel to "Uncharted: Drake's Fortune", released in 2007. He also stars in 2012's "", which was released on Sony's PlayStation Vita. The game's events take place sometime before those of "Drake's Fortune", though developers have stated that it is not a prequel to "Drake's Fortune" but rather a separate original story. Nathan Drake was also on the shortlist for being a guest character in "Street Fighter x Tekken", however the idea was scrapped. Additionally, Drake makes a cameo appearance in "Astro's Playroom", a launch title for the PlayStation 5 designed as a celebration of the PlayStation brand. He was also added to "Fortnite Battle Royale" with Chloe Frazer in February 2022.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake is a playable character in 2012's "PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale" released on PlayStation 3. Nathan's rival in the game is Sly Cooper, the reason being that Drake found pages of Sly's book the "Thievius Racoonus" and at the start of his storyline was on a desert island with Sully similar to that found on "Uncharted 2: Among Thieves". When Drake reaches the boss arena, he starts to decipher the pages of the "Thievius Racoonus", then Sly appears and explains he's the rightful owner of the pages that Nathan possesses. Drake refuses and Sly mocks his abilities in an attempt to intimidate him, as a result Drake responds insultingly and the two battle. After defeating the boss in the game, Nathan returns to the same island as before and using the All-Star Power he obtained from the boss, he greatly enhanced Sully's plane, as the screen turns to black, Drake randomly says 'I punched a chicken'.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake features in "", a turn-based card game released for the PlayStation Vita in 2012, and "Uncharted: Fortune Hunter", a free-to-play mobile game released in 2016.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: "" is a 2009 prequel series of motion comics. Their events occur before the first game, but the series was released after the second. In order to raise the money to find Sir Francis Drake's coffin, Nathan Drake works for an American-turned-Indonesian crime boss named Daniel Pinkerton. Drake seeks the fabled Eye of Indra in Jakarta, where he meets Eddy Raja – who appears in the first game – and Drake becomes romantically involved with Raja's sister, Rika Raja. In 2011 "Uncharted: The Fourth Labyrinth", a standalone novel written by Christopher Golden was set between the events of the first and second game, and involves Drake working to uncover the mysteries of King Midas and several ancient labyrinths. Drake has also appeared in the 2018 live action fan film, and was played by Nathan Fillion. DC Comics released a six-part comic book miniseries in 2011, titled "Uncharted", set between the events of the second and third game, which sees Drake searching for the legendary city of Agartha. Tom Holland portrayed Nathan Drake in the 2022 film adaptation.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Nathan Drake has attracted mainly positive reviews, many focusing on his likable personality. Tom Cross of "Gamasutra" called Drake a "lovable jerk" who is "light, flippant, and just plain fun", calling him a perfect caricature of a scoundrel. Stephen Totilo of "Kotaku" remarked that "the short take is that Nathan Drake has attitude without being a jerk, and he cheerfully but woefully gets in over his head. This helps make him charming rather than annoying". Comparing Drake to a similar character, Matt Casamassina at "IGN" claimed: "Nathan Drake, the hero in Naughty Dog's "Uncharted 2", is more realistic, funny, charming, likable and altogether human in 30 minutes than Leon S. Kennedy is through an entire career of "Resident Evil" games". Rush Frushtick at "UGO" admitted that Drake may appear to be "kind of a dick", but that he was "a likable dick". "GamesRadar" listed Nathan as one of the 25 best new characters of the decade, contrasting him with characters like "Halo" protagonist Master Chief and Marcus Fenix of the "Gears of War" series in that unlike them, Drake is never in control of the situation. "GamesRadar" later ranked Drake in 2012 as the third "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games, saying: "With his half-tuck, quick wit, wry grin, and messy hair, Nate perfectly captures the sentiment of being the guy all the other guys want to be and all the gals want to be with..." "Empire" included Drake on their list of the 50 greatest video game characters, ranking him in 22nd place. In 2009, Drake was featured as one of 64 characters in "GameSpot" as the "Greatest Game Hero" poll, in which he lost to Pikachu. Drake was voted as the fourth best character of the decade in a 2010 poll conducted by "Game Informer", and was voted as the 16th top video game character of all time by the readers of "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition" in 2011. Nathan Drake is also seen as a PlayStation mascot. He was ranked as one of the best video game characters of the 2010s by "Polygon" staff and writer Colin Campbell wrote that "he is apt to make jokes about the sticky situations he finds himself in, and the many convoluted conspiracies he faces. But he also displays loyalty to those close to him". In 2021, "HobbyConsolas" also included Nathan on their "The 30 best heroes of the last 30 years."


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Drake's physical attractiveness has been another area of commentary, with at least one reviewer declaring a man crush for him. Drake has been described as "dreamy", and a "handsome, charismatic hero". Claudia Black, who portrayed Chloe Frazer in "", admitted having a crush on Drake as well. Drake has been cited as an example of a male character who, while attractive, is not over-masculine. One commentator pointed out: "Very few of our protagonists (Nathan Drake and Alan Wake to name a few exceptions) depict men in what I would call a non-degrading manner". Steve McGarvey of "GameSpy" wrote that Drake was "hardly oozing with machismo compared to the likes of most gaming protagonists". Drake's attractiveness drew criticism from Meagan Marie of "Game Informer", who stated that he did not "stand out much among the crowd of other ideally proportioned and intentionally unblemished gaming icons". "GameDaily" named Drake the third greatest gaming hunk. "GamesRadar" named Drake "Mister 2007", stating that he was not picked just because they could "stare at his ass for hours on end", but because he is heroic and has a "winning attitude". In 2014, "La Nueva España" included him the top ten sexiest video game characters of both genders.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Commenting on Drake's "everyman" persona, Tom Hoggins of the "Daily Telegraph" called the character's vulnerability "endearing", while Chad Sapieha of The Globe and Mail labeled him "one of the most expressive video game characters ever created". However, Ben Kuchera of "Ars Technica" criticized that Drake was like numerous other characters, and lacked individuality. "Develop's" Owain Bennallack further criticized Drake's blandness, doubting whether a player could adequately describe him as a character. Dan Hsu of Bitmob wrote that, though other characters like Master Chief may stand out more, Drake came across as an "old pal".


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Nathan Drake has been compared to several other video game and film characters, most notably video game adventurer Lara Croft from the "Tomb Raider" franchise and film character Indiana Jones, due to the similarities between the characters and the narratives they appear in. Johnny Minkley of "Eurogamer" and Lee Ferran of "ABC News" called these associations "obvious" and "unavoidable". In fact, Drake has been called a mixture of the two characters. Drake was hailed as the "new Lara Croft" after the "Uncharted" series sold well, and his similarity to Croft has earned him the moniker "bloke-" or "dude-raider". Michael Owen-Brown of "The Advertiser" remarked that Drake distinguished himself from Croft with his wit, while director of the "Uncharted" series Bruce Straley claimed that Drake had equaled Croft in popularity. "CBS" drew a strict distinction between Indiana Jones and Drake, pointing out that while Jones acts altruistically, Drake is in it for the profits. Avi Arad, producer of the upcoming "Uncharted" feature film, drew a similar conclusion, remarking that while Jones was always good, Drake is not necessarily the good guy. Designer Neil Druckmann stated that he believes Drake stands apart from Jones and Croft. Other reviewers have compared Drake to different characters, including Jack Colton from the film "Romancing the Stone". North, who plays Drake, also voices The Prince in the 2008 video game "Prince of Persia", and comparisons have been made between the two characters. The Prince has been described as a rougher, more abrasive form of Nathan Drake.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: An article published by "Vice Media", which told of the then upcoming release of "", included a lengthy interview with Dr. E. Lee Spence, who was described as "a pioneer in the field of underwater archaeology, a world-renowned treasure hunter, and just about as close to an actual living, breathing Nathan Drake as you're ever going to find". In its URL, "Vice" also billed Spence as the "real Nathan Drake".


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: The good sales of the "Uncharted" series and the growing identification of Drake with the PlayStation 3 console have led some to claim he is now a de facto mascot for the PlayStation 3. Adam Hartley at TechRadar UK claimed, that "throaty-voiced protagonist Nathan Drake is the rightful heir to the 'PlayStation Hero' crown", while "Now Gamer" claimed Drake as the new PlayStation 3 poster boy. Drake was nominated for the "Most Compelling Character" award at the 2009 Inside Gaming Awards.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Nonetheless, the character has also received criticism for the excessive killing taking place in the "Uncharted" games. In response, Druckmann commented about it:


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: As a nod to the concept of the criticism, a trophy was included in "Uncharted 4", named 'Ludonarrative Dissonance', with the description "Kill 1,000 enemies".


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: In 2007, Sony placed promotional material in "Empire" stressing Drake's everyman personality and showcasing his similarity to adventure film characters. Naughty Dog released an airsoft replica of Nathan Drake's gun, a Beretta 92FS.


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: Shortly before the release of "Uncharted 2: Among Thieves", four urban vinyl toys based on Nathan Drake were released. Erick Scarecrow, founder of ESC Toys, designed the dolls in a number of colors; only 2500 were released worldwide. Reviewers were not enthusiastic about the design, and Luke Plunkett of "Kotaku" commented, "while none of them have names, it appears there's Drake, Hellboy Drake, Berlin Nightclub Drake and Radioactive Drake".


title: Nathan Drake (Uncharted)

text: In February 2016, Naughty Dog announced the release of a 7-inch Nathan Drake action with articulated joints and an arsenal of gear and accessories. This action figure is being made by the toy company National Entertainment Collectibles Association, also known as NECA.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: The Rhodes Scholarship is an international postgraduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Established in 1902, it is the oldest graduate scholarship in the world. It is considered among the world's most prestigious international scholarship programs. Its founder, Cecil John Rhodes, wanted to promote unity among English-speaking nations and instill a sense of civic-minded leadership and moral fortitude in future leaders, irrespective of their chosen career paths. Initially restricted to male applicants from countries that are today within the Commonwealth, Germany and the United States, the scholarship is now open to applicants from all backgrounds and genders around the world. Since its creation, controversy has surrounded its initial exclusion of women, its historical failure to select black Africans, and Cecil Rhodes's own standing as a British imperialist.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Rhodes Scholars have achieved distinction as politicians, academics, scientists and doctors, authors, entrepreneurs, and Nobel Prize winners. Many scholars have become heads of state or heads of government, including President of the United States Bill Clinton, President of Pakistan Wasim Sajjad, Prime Minister of Jamaica Norman Manley, Prime Minister of Malta Dom Mintoff, and Prime Ministers of Australia Tony Abbott, Bob Hawke, and Malcolm Turnbull. Other notable Rhodes Scholars include Nobel Prize-winning scientist and discoverer of penicillin Howard Florey, Justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa Edwin Cameron, Nobel Prize-winning economist Michael Spence, Australian High Court Justice James Edelman, journalist and American television host Rachel Maddow, author Naomi Wolf, musician Kris Kristofferson, U.S. Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg, acclaimed film maker Terrence Malick, and Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Ronan Farrow.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Numerous international scholarship programs were very much underway by 1900. Since the 1880s, governments, universities, and individuals in the settler colonies had been establishing travelling scholarships to home universities. By 1900, the travelling scholarship had become an important part of settler universities' educational visions. It served as a crucial mechanism by which they sought to claim their citizenship of what they saw as the expansive British academic world. The Rhodes program was a copy that soon became the best-known version. The Rhodes Trust established the scholarships in 1902 under the terms laid out in the sixth and final will of Cecil John Rhodes, dated 1 July 1899 and appended by several codicils through March 1902.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: The scholarships were founded for two reasons: to promote unity within the British empire, and to strengthen diplomatic ties between Britain and the United States of America. In Rhodes's own words, "I…desire to encourage and foster an appreciation of the advantages which I implicitly believe will result from the union of the English-speaking peoples throughout the world and to encourage in the students from North America who would benefit from the American Scholarships." Rhodes also bequeathed scholarships to German students in the hope that, "a good understanding between England, Germany and the United States of America will secure the peace of the world."


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Rhodes, who attended Oriel College, Oxford, believed the university's residential colleges would be the best venue to nurture diplomatic ties between future world leaders.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: To this day, controversies persist over Rhodes's Anglo-supremacist beliefs, most of which date back to his 1877 confession of faith. However, such convictions did not play a part in the final vision for the scholarship. The scholarships are based on Rhodes's final will and testament, which states that "no student shall be qualified or disqualified for election…on account of his race or religious opinions".


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: The Rhodes Scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust, which is located at Rhodes House in Oxford. The trust has been modified by four acts of Parliament: the Rhodes Estate Act 1916, the Rhodes Trust Act 1929, the Rhodes Trust Act 1946; and most recently by the Rhodes Trust (Modification) Order 1976, a statutory instrument in accordance with Section 78 (4) of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (later renamed the Harkness Fellowships) were established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to study in the United States. The Kennedy Scholarship program, created in 1966 as a memorial to John F. Kennedy, adopts a comparable selection process to the Rhodes Scholarships to allow ten British post-graduate students per year to study at either Harvard or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1953, the Parliament of the United Kingdom created the Marshall Scholarship as a coeducational alternative to the Rhodes Scholarship that would serve as a "living gift" to the United States.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Cecil Rhodes wished current scholars and Rhodes alumni (in the words of his will) to have "opportunities of meeting and discussing their experiences and prospects". This has been reflected, for example, in the initiation by the first warden (Sir Francis Wylie), of an annual warden's Christmas letter (now supplemented by Rhodes e-news and other communications); the creation of alumni associations in several countries, most prominently the Association of American Rhodes Scholars (which publishes "The American Oxonian", founded in 1914, and oversees the Eastman Professorship); and the holding of reunions for Rhodes Scholars of all countries.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Rhodes Trust in 2003, four former Rhodes Scholars were awarded honorary degrees by the University of Oxford. These were John Brademas, Bob Hawke (Western Australia and University 1953), Rex Nettleford and David R. Woods. During the centenary celebrations, the foundation of the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was also marked.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 2013, during the 110th Rhodes anniversary celebrations, John McCall MacBain, Marcy McCall MacBain and the McCall MacBain Foundation donated £75 million towards the fundraising efforts of the Rhodes Trust.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 2015, Rhodes Scholar R. W. Johnson published a critical account of the decline of the Rhodes Trust under its warden, John Rowett, and commended its recovery under wardens Donald Markwell and Charles R. Conn.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: As of 2018, due to the introduction of the Global Rhodes Scholarships, the Rhodes Scholarship is open to postgraduate students from anywhere in the world. Many of its greatest scholars have carried out its founder's later ideal of "equal rights for all civilized men" becoming some of the foremost voices in human rights and social justice. Some have even engaged in criticism of Cecil Rhodes himself (see Rhodes must fall). Because access to further education, particularly post-graduate education, is linked with social mobility and racial wealth disparity, the scholarship (which is for post-graduate students) continues to attract criticism; however, the scholarship's recent partnership with the Atlantic Philanthropies is intended to help address those issues.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 2019, University of Tennessee graduate Hera Jay Brown became the first transgender woman to be selected for a Rhodes Scholarship. Two non-binary scholars were also selected for the 2020 class.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In his will, Rhodes specified that he did not want his scholarships to go to "merely bookworms." He wanted each candidate assessed in regard to:


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: To assess candidates, Rhodes specified a 200-point scale, unequally applied to each of the four areas (3/10 to each of the first and third areas, 2/10 to each of the other two areas). The first area was to be judged by examination, the second and third by ballot from the candidate's fellow students, and the fourth by the headmaster of the candidate's school. The results for each candidate would be sent to the trustees of Rhodes's will, or their appointees, who would then give a final assessment by averaging the marks for each candidate. Except for the candidates submitted by the four schools in southern Africa, the trustees were vested with the final decisions.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Rhodes also added that the scholars should be distributed among the Colleges at Oxford, that the trustees could remove any scholar at their discretion, and that the trustees were to host an annual dinner so scholars could discuss their "experiences and prospects". The trustees were also encouraged to invite to the dinner other "persons who have shown sympathy with the views expressed by me in this my Will".


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Each country's scholarship varies in its selectivity. In the United States, applicants must first pass a university-internal endorsement process, then proceed to one of the 16 U.S. districts committees. In 2020, approximately 2,300 students sought their institution's endorsement for the American Rhodes scholarship, among those 953 from 288 institutions were university-endorsed, of whom 32 were ultimately elected. This represents a 1.4% award rate when considering both endorsed and non-endorsed applicants. As such, the American Rhodes Scholarship is more selective than the Churchill Scholarship, Truman Scholarship, Marshall Scholarship, Fulbright Scholarship, and Mitchell Scholarship. It is approximately as selective as the Gates Cambridge Scholarship, which has an award rate of 1.3%. In Canada between 1997 and 2002, there were an average of 234 university-endorsed applicants annually for 11 scholarships, for an acceptance rate of 4.7%. In addition, Canadian provinces differ widely in the number of applications received, with Ontario receiving 58 applications on average for 2 spots (3.4%) and Newfoundland and Labrador receiving 18 applications for 1 spot (5.7%). According to the Rhodes Trust, the overall global acceptance rate stands at 0.7%, making it one of the most competitive scholarships in the world.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: An early change was the elimination of the scholarships for Germany during the First and Second World Wars. No German scholars were chosen from 1914 to 1929, nor from 1940 to 1969. A change occurred in 1929, when an Act of Parliament established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Rhodes's will and made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. Between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the European Community.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Rhodes Scholars may study any full-time postgraduate course offered by the university, whether a taught master's program, a research degree, or a second undergraduate degree (senior status). The scholarship’s basic tenure is two years. However, it may also be held for one year or three years. Applications for a third year are considered during the course of the second year. University and college fees are paid by the Rhodes Trust. In addition, scholars receive a monthly maintenance stipend to cover accommodation and living expenses. Although all scholars become affiliated with a residential college while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to Rhodes House, an early 20th-century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, study areas, and other facilities.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Four South African boys' schools were mentioned in Rhodes's will, each to receive an annual scholarship: the Boys High School in Stellenbosch (today known as Paul Roos Gymnasium); the Diocesan College (Bishops) in Rondebosch; the South African College Schools (SACS) in Newlands; and St Andrew's College in Grahamstown. These have subsequently been opened also to former students of their partner schools (girls' or co-educational schools).


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: During the ensuing 100 years, the trustees have added about another 40 scholarships at one time or another, though not all have continued. Some of these extended the scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in the will. A more detailed allocation by region by year can be found at Rhodes Scholarship Allocations. Very brief summaries of some of the terms and conditions can be found on the trust's website. Complete details can be obtained from the nominating countries.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: As of 2018, scholars are selected from over 20 Rhodes constituencies (64 countries) worldwide. In 2015, the Rhodes Scholarship extended into new territories, first with the announcement of a number of scholarships for China, later with the announcement of one to two scholarships per year for the United Arab Emirates. The organization administering the scholarships is preparing to begin naming scholars from China. The move into China is the biggest expansion since women became eligible in the 1970s.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: The Rhodes Scholarship was originally, as per the language used in Rhodes's will, open only to "male students." That stipulation would not change until 1977. Rhodes developed his scholarships partly through conversation with William Thomas Stead, editor of "The Pall Mall Gazette" and confidant of Rhodes, and at one time an executor of the Will who was stricken from the role when he objected to Rhodes's ill-fated effort to seize the Transvaal. Shortly after Rhodes's death, Stead implied in a published article about the Will that he suggested that Rhodes open the scholarships to women, but Rhodes refused. Nothing more is said on the matter.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: After his death, the will was under the control of the Board of Trustees of the Rhodes Trust. In 1916, however, the trustees introduced a bill into the House of Commons that, catering to popular British sentiment during the War, "revoked and annulled" the scholarships for Germans. Since then, legal control over the will has resided with Parliament.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 1970, the trustees established the Rhodes Visiting Fellowships. Unlike the regular scholarship, a Visiting Fellow was expected to have a doctorate or comparable degree, and to use the two-year funded study to engage in independent research. Only 33 Visiting Fellowships were awarded.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 1975, Parliament passed the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 that banned discrimination based on sex, including in education. The trustees then applied to the Secretary of State for Education to admit women into the scholarship, and in 1976 the request was granted. In 1977, women were finally admitted to the full scholarship.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Before Parliament passed the 1975 Act, some universities protested against the exclusion of women by nominating female candidates, who were later disqualified at the state level of the American competition. In 1977, the first year women were eligible, 24 women (out of 72 total scholars) were selected worldwide, with 13 women and 19 men selected from the United States. Since then, the average female share of the scholarship in the United States had been around 35 percent.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 2007, the Association of American Rhodes Scholars published a retrospective on the first 30 years of female recipients, many of whom individually recounted personal experiences as well as professional accomplishments.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In his 2008 book "Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship" (Yale University Press), biographer and historian Philip Ziegler writes that "The advent of women does not seem notably to have affected the balance of Scholars among the various professions, though it has reduced the incidence of worldly success." Although it is true that female recipients have not become heads of state yet, they have succeeded in many other ways as described in the Rhodes Project.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In South Africa, the will of Cecil Rhodes expressly allocated scholarships to four all-male private schools. In 1992, one of the four schools partnered with an all-girls school in order to allow female applicants. In 2012, the three remaining schools followed suit to allow women to apply. Today, four of the nine scholarships allocated to South Africa are open only to students and alumni of these schools and partner schools.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Beginning in 1970, scholars began protesting against the fact that all Rhodes Scholars from southern Africa were white, with 120 Oxford dons and 80 of the 145 Rhodes Scholars in residence at the time signing a petition calling for non-white scholars to be elected in 1971. The case of South Africa was especially difficult to resolve, because in his will establishing the scholarships, unlike for other constituencies, Rhodes specifically allocated four scholarships to alumni of four white-only private secondary schools. According to Schaeper and Schaeper, the issue became "explosive" in the 1970s and 1980s as scholars argued that the scholarship be changed while the trustees argued they were powerless to change the will. Despite such protests, only in 1991 with the rise of the African National Congress did black South Africans begin to win the scholarships.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Out of five thousand Rhodes Scholarships awarded between 1903 and 1990, about nine hundred went to students from Africa.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Public criticism of the scholarship has also focused on Cecil Rhodes's white supremacist views. For example, in 1966, regional committees in interviews asked a white American candidate to assure them he would not publicly belittle the scholarship after he referred to its founding on "blood money". In 2015, a South African Rhodes Scholar, Ntokozo Qwabe, began a campaign to address Rhodes's controversial historical and political legacy, with a focus on Qwabe's own views which included such statements as "dismantling the open glorification of colonial genocide in educational and other public spaces – which makes it easy for British people to believe that these genocides were 'not that bad' – and props up the continuing structural legacies of British colonialism, neocolonialism, and ongoing imperialism". Among other things, the campaign called for the removal of a statue of Rhodes from Oriel College and changes to Oxford's curriculum. While the college agreed to review the placement of the statue, the Chancellor of the university, Lord Patten, was critical of the accuracy of Qwabe's statements and warned against "pandering to contemporary views."


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: A group of Rhodes Scholars also created the group Redress Rhodes whose mission was to "attain a more critical, honest, and inclusive reflection of the legacy of Cecil John Rhodes" and to "make reparative justice a more central theme for Rhodes Scholars." Their demands include, among other things, shifting the Rhodes Scholarships awarded exclusively to previously all-white South African schools (rather than the at-large national pool), dedicating a "space at Rhodes House for the critical engagement with Cecil Rhodes's legacy, as well as imperial history", and ending a ceremonial toast Rhodes Scholars make to the founder. While the group does not have a position on the removal of the statue, its co-founder has called for the scholarship to be renamed as it is "the ultimate form of veneration and colonial apologism; it's a large part of why many continue to understand Rhodes as a benevolent founder and benefactor."


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Public criticism has also focused on the alleged hypocrisy of applying for and accepting the Rhodes Scholarship while criticizing it, with University of Cambridge academic Mary Beard, writing in "The Times Literary Supplement", arguing that Scholars "[could not] have your cake and eat it here: I mean you can't whitewash Rhodes out of history, but go on using his cash." Reacting to this criticism, Qwabe replied that "all that [Rhodes] looted must absolutely be returned immediately. I'm no beneficiary of Rhodes. I'm a beneficiary of the resources and labor of my people which Rhodes pillaged and slaved." A group of 198 Rhodes Scholars of various years later signed a statement supporting Qwabe and arguing that there was "no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy—a legacy that continues to alienate, silence, exclude and dehumanize in unacceptable ways. There is no clause that binds us to find 'the good' in Rhodes's character, nor to sanitize the imperialist, colonial agenda he propagated."


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: The tendency of a growing number of Rhodes Scholars to enter business or private law, as opposed to public service for which the scholarship was intended, has been a source of frequent criticism and "occasional embarrassment." Writing in 2009, the Secretary of the Rhodes Trust criticized the trend of Rhodes Scholars to pursue careers in finance and business, noting that "more than twice as many [now] went into business in just one year than did in the entire 1970s," attributing it to "grotesque" remuneration offered by such occupations. At least a half dozen 1990s Rhodes Scholars became partners at Goldman Sachs and, since the 1980s, McKinsey has had numerous Rhodes Scholars as partners. Similarly, of Rhodes Scholars who became attorneys, about one-third serve as staff attorneys for private corporations, while another third remain in private practice or academic posts.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: According to Schaeper and Schaeper, "From 1904 to the present, the program's critics have had two main themes: first, that too many scholars were content with comfortable, safe jobs in academe, in law, and in business; second, that too few had careers in government or other fields where public service was the number-one goal." Andrew Sullivan wrote in 1988 that "of the 1,900 or so living American scholars…about 250 fill middle-rank administrative and professorial positions in middle-rank state colleges and universities…[while] another 260...have ended up as lawyers."


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 2007, an op-ed in "The Harvard Crimson" by two American Rhodes Scholars caused an "international row over Oxford's status as a top university" when they criticized the university's post-graduate education as "outdated" and "frustrating" in comparison to their education in the United States, specifically pointing to the perceived low quality of instruction and an insufficient scholarship stipend for living expenses. They also criticized the Rhodes application process itself, arguing that potential applicants should not apply unless they are "ready to study and live in Oxford."


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: The original op-ed spurred responses on both sides of the Atlantic. Other students criticized the authors for their tone of "ingratitude and entitlement," while "The Sunday Times" noted that it fueled the rivalry between the University of Cambridge, Harvard University, and the University of Oxford and existing concerns about the quality of British graduate education. In response, the Rhodes Trust released two statements, one to "The Sunday Times" saying that "the criticisms…are unrepresentative of the vast majority of Americans" studying at Oxford, and another as a reply to the original op-ed arguing that "false expectations," particularly for those uncertain about their degree choice, and going to Oxford for the "wrong reasons," could contribute to dissatisfaction.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Surveying the history of the Rhodes Scholarship, Schaeper and Schaeper conclude that while "few of them have 'changed the world'…most of them have been a credit to their professions…and communities," finding that "the great majority of Rhodes Scholars have had solid, respectable careers." Eight former Rhodes scholars subsequently became heads of government or heads of state, including Wasim Sajjad (Pakistan), Bill Clinton (United States), Dom Mintoff (Malta), John Turner (Canada), Norman Manley (Jamaica), and three Prime Ministers of Australia: Bob Hawke, Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: From 1951 to 1997, 32% of American Rhodes Scholars pursued careers in education and academia, 20% in law, 15% in business, and 10% in medicine and science. Although Cecil Rhodes imagined that scholars would "pursue a full-time career in government…the number of scholars in local, state and federal government has remained at a steady 7 per cent" over the past century. Of the 200 or so scholars who have spent their careers in government, "most of them have had solid, but undistinguished careers," while "perhaps forty or more can be said to have had a significant, national impact in their particular areas."


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: The highest-ranking career choice for Rhodes Scholars is education and academia, with many becoming deans of law and medical schools and others becoming professors and lecturers. Many of the most distinguished Rhodes Scholars, such as Zambian activist Lucy Banda, have become prominent members of the civil rights movement. In 1990, third-wave feminist author Naomi Wolf put forward ideas about beauty and power with her book "The Beauty Myth", ushering in a new type of feminism that has risen to prominence in the digital age.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Rhodes Scholars have had a notable impact in the fields of medicine and science. Howard Florey was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1922 after studying medicine at Adelaide Medical School. In 1939 Florey, along with fellow scientist Ernst Boris Chain, led the team that successfully isolated and purified penicillin. Robert Q. Marston, an American Rhodes Scholar who studied with Florey, was Director of the National Institutes of Health (USA) from 1968 to 1973. He was credited with maintaining the high quality of basic science research in the Institutes.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Challenging some of the convictions of the scholarship's founder is not a recent occurrence. As early as 1931, Afrikaans-born anti-apartheid lawyer and Rhodes Scholar Bram Fischer campaigned for equal rights for all South Africans. This led him to join the Communist Party of South Africa. Fischer was struck off the roll by the Johannesburg Bar Council in 1965 after he skipped bail on charges under the Suppression of Communism Act. He was later arrested and sentenced to life in prison. Other Rhodes Scholars have taken on difficult social causes with more success. Fred Paterson defended workers and unions at a reduced price, before he sat in parliament as the first and only Communist party member in Australian history. In 1978, former Rhodes Scholar Ann Olivarius sued Yale University over their mis-handling of on-campus sexual harassment complaints.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: After leaving Oxford to write his first novel, former Rhodes Scholar Jonathan Kozol volunteered as a teacher in Roxbury, Boston. He would go on to write "Death at an Early Age: The Destruction of the Hearts and Minds of Negro Children in the Boston Public Schools," after witnessing first-hand the devastating effect educational inequality was having on America. Rhodes Scholars Marc Kielburger and Roxanne Joyal conduct similar work with their organization Free the Children. Together they build schools and educate children in developing countries across Africa.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Much of the Rhodes alumi civil and human rights work has been focused in Africa, particularly South Africa. South African Justice Edwin Cameron initially focused his attention on law and employment law, but later worked in the field of LGBT rights as well as co-founding the Aids Consortium. Two-time Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Nick Kristof was pivotal in shedding light on atrocities such as Tiananmen Square and the Darfur genocide. Professor Sandra Fredman has also written extensively on anti-discrimination law, human rights law and labour law. Rhiana Gunn-Wright was the creator of the Green New Deal.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 2014, Iranian Rhodes Scholar and front-person for indie-rock band Thousand Days, Pardis Sabeti, used genome sequencing and computational genetics to identify the source of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Another Rhodes Scholar working in genome research is the mathematician and geneticist Eric Lander. His ideas in human genetics, particularly mapping and sequencing, led to the creation of The Cancer Genome Atlas.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Salim Yusuf, an Indian scholar, conducted significant research into heart health and its relationship to developing economies. He observed that shifts in the developing world, particularly dietary changes and increased urbanization, lead to higher incidences of heart attacks and strokes.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In Zimbabwe, A. Tariro Makadzange has researched perinatally infected children with HIV and HIV-positive adults with cryptococcal disease. Since graduating from Oxford, she has set up a new infectious disease laboratory at the University of Zimbabwe in Harare.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Sir Alimuddin Zumla, a British-Zambian, infectious diseases scholar declined an offer to take up the scholarship. Decades later, Zumla was recognized by Clarivate Analytics, Web of Science as one of the world's top 1% most cited researchers.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: After studying at Oxford, surgeon and author Atul Gawande became an advisor to Bill Clinton and the U.S Department of Health and Human Services. In recent years he has devised an innovative checklist for a successful surgery. Other surgical innovations brought about by Rhodes Scholars include the GliaSite technique, a device that lowers the risks associated with radiation therapy in brain tumours.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: A number of Rhodes scholars have gone on to careers in neurosurgery. One of the most influential neurosurgeons of all time, Wilder Penfield, was a Canadian Rhodes Scholar in 1915. Neurosurgeon Sir Hugh Cairns was a Rhodes Scholar for South Australia in 1917, whose treatment of Lawrence of Arabia led to research that informed the introduction of motorcycle helmets. Neurosurgeon Griffith Harsh was a Rhodes Scholar and created the GliaSite device.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: One of the first recipients of the Rhodes Scholarship was the American poet, educator and critic John Crowe Ransom. He became a founding member of the influential Fugitive literary group. A contemporary of Ransom's who also became a Rhodes Scholar was Robert Penn Warren. Warren was lambasted by his peers who told him that the study of English literature was a soft option; seeking to rebut such attacks, he introduced new critical ideas into the study of poetry and fiction, and these ideas went on to change how literature was taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, not only in America itself. Tasmanian Rhodes Scholar Richard Flanagan (Tasmania and Worcester, 1984) is a celebrated author, having been awarded the Man Booker Prize in 2014 for his novel "The Narrow Road to the Deep North".


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In 2006 (before receiving a Rhodes Scholarship), lawyer and current Lieutenant Governor of New York Antonio Delgado critiqued capitalism and racial injustice under the name "AD the Voice."


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Roughly 90 years prior, the phrase "keeping it real" was used by Rhodes scholar Alain Locke in his book "The New Negro" to describe the pursuit of in the face of mainstream media's portrayal of African American culture. Locke's work inspired the Harlem Renaissance movement, and "keeping it real" has since become a universally recognized hip-hop ethos.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: After studying ion propulsion at Oxford, Dr. Jennifer Gruber embarked on a career as a space engineer. She is currently coordinating missions between the Johnson Space Center and the International Space Station as an employee of NASA.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: Rhodes Scholar Brian Greene co-founded ISCAP, Columbia's Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics. As well as winning a Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction, Greene made some ground-breaking discoveries in the field of superstring theory and was one of the cosmologists to co-discover superstring theory.


title: Rhodes Scholarship

text: In structure and selection criteria, the scholarship is similar to the John Monash Scholarship, Schwarzman Scholarship, Knight-Hennessy Scholarship, Weidenfeld-Hoffmann Scholarship and Leadership Program, Gates Cambridge Scholarship, Marshall Scholarship, Yenching Scholarship, Fulbright Program and Chevening Scholarship. As with the Rhodes, the Gates Cambridge, Yenching, Knight-Hennessy, and Schwarzman scholarships are tenable at only one university. The Knight-Hennessy and Schwarzman Scholarships similarly award scholarships to students from all nations, with a focus on public service and leadership.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: Star Wars: The Clone Wars is a 2008 American computer-animated epic space opera film directed by Dave Filoni, produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, becoming the first "Star Wars" film to not be distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the first fully animated film in the "Star Wars" franchise and takes place shortly after , at the start of the titular Clone Wars. In the film, Count Dooku and Jabba the Hutt's uncle Ziro orchestrate a plan to turn Jabba against the Galactic Republic by framing the Jedi for the kidnapping of his son. While Anakin Skywalker and his newly assigned apprentice Ahsoka Tano attempt to deliver the child back to his father, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Padmé Amidala lead separate investigations to uncover Dooku and Ziro's plot.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: "The Clone Wars" premiered on August 10, 2008, at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, followed by a wide release five days later. It received largely negative reviews mainly due to its storytelling and animation style, and grossed $68.3 million worldwide, making it the lowest-grossing "Star Wars" film to date. The film serves as a pilot episode to the , which premiered on Cartoon Network two months after the film's release.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: During the first year of the Clone Wars, Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and his master, Obi-Wan Kenobi, lead a small battalion of Republic Clone troopers against Count Dooku's Separatist droid army on the planet Christophsis. Awaiting reinforcements, the two Jedi greet a shuttle carrying a young Jedi Padawan named Ahsoka Tano, who insists that she has been assigned by Grandmaster Yoda to serve as Anakin's apprentice. Initially reluctant, Ahsoka earns Anakin's respect after the two succeed in deactivating the Separatists' energy field while Obi-Wan stalls the droid army commander, allowing a Republic victory.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: Following the battle, Yoda arrives and informs the Jedi that gangster Jabba the Hutt's son Rotta has been kidnapped. The kidnapping has been planned by Dooku's Sith master Darth Sidious, who hopes to blame the Jedi for Rotta's kidnapping in order to get Jabba to ally with the Separatists and fuel anti-Jedi sentiment from the Hutts. Anakin and Ahsoka are tasked with retrieving the Huttlet, while Obi-Wan is sent to Tatooine to negotiate with Jabba over a potential treaty between the Hutts and the Republic. Anakin and Ahsoka track the kidnapper and Rotta to the planet Teth, where they are ambushed by Separatist forces led by Count Dooku's assassin and former Jedi Asajj Ventress. The Jedi manage to escape along with R2-D2 and hijack a derelict transport, which they use to travel to Tatooine. Obi-Wan, alerted by Anakin, arrives on Teth and engages Ventress in a lightsaber duel. Though Obi-Wan manages to defeat her, Ventress escapes, knowing she has failed.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: Meanwhile, Anakin's wife Senator Padmé Amidala learns of her husband's mission. Fearing for his safety, she confronts Jabba's uncle Ziro on Coruscant. Ziro refuses to cooperate, apparently believing that it is the Jedi who are responsible for the situation. However, she soon discovers that Ziro has actually conspired with Dooku to have Rotta killed, so that Jabba would execute Anakin and Ahsoka, leading to his arrest by the Jedi Council, allowing Ziro to seize power over the Hutt Clan. Padmé is captured and imprisoned, but a chance call by C-3PO enables her to summon a squadron of clone troopers, and Ziro is arrested, despite revealing Dooku threatened to execute him if he did not cooperate with the conspiracy.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: Arriving on Tatooine, Anakin devises a ruse to confront Dooku carrying a fake Rotta, while Ahsoka takes the real Rotta to Jabba's palace. While Anakin fights off Dooku, Ahsoka is ambushed by the MagnaGuards, whom she defeats with ease. The two deliver Rotta safely to Jabba, who nonetheless orders the Jedi to be executed for their supposed kidnapping attempt. However, Padmé contacts Jabba in time and reveals Ziro and the Separatists' responsibility for the kidnapping. Acknowledging the Jedi's heroism and allowing the Republic to have Ziro punished for his crimes, Jabba, in gratitude, agrees to the treaty before Anakin and Ahsoka are picked up by Obi-Wan and Yoda. Meanwhile, Dooku reports the plot's failure to Darth Sidious, who assures him that the tide of the war is still in their favor.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" was made to serve as both a stand-alone story and a lead-in to the weekly . George Lucas had the idea for a film after viewing some of the completed footage of the early episodes on the big screen. Those first few episodes, originally planned for release on television, were then woven together to form the theatrical release. Warner Bros. had tracked the series' development from the beginning, and Lucas decided on a theatrical launch after viewing early footage declaring "This is so beautiful, why don't we just go and use the crew and make a feature?" This decision helped convince WB parent company Time Warner to distribute the movie, and to encourage its subsidiary Cartoon Network to air the series. Lucas described the film as "almost an afterthought." Howard Roffman, president of Lucas Licensing, said of the decision, "Sometimes George works in strange ways." Producer Catherine Winder said the sudden decision added to an already large challenge of establishing a show "of this sophistication and complexity," but she felt it was a good way to start the series, and thought budgetary constraints forced the production team to think outside the box in a positive way.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation used Autodesk software to animate both the film and the series using the Maya 3-D modeling program to create highly detailed worlds, characters and creatures. The film's animation style was designed to pay homage to the stylized looks of both Japanese anime and manga, and the supermarionation of the British 1960s series "Thunderbirds". At a Cartoon Network-hosted discussion, Lucas said he did not want the "Clone Wars" film or television series to look like such movies as "Beowulf", because he wanted a stylized look rather than a realistic one. He also felt it should not look like the popular Pixar movies such as "The Incredibles" and "Cars", because he wanted the film and characters to have its own unique style. Lucas also decided to create the animated film and series from a live-action perspective, which Winder said set it apart from other CGI films. Essentially, it "meant using long camera shots, aggressive lighting techniques, and relying on editing instead of storyboards." Animators also reviewed designs from the when creating the animation style for the film and the new series. In charge was Steward Lee, working as the storyboard artist during filming. Actors Samuel L. Jackson, Christopher Lee, Anthony Daniels, and Matthew Wood vocally reprised their respective roles as Mace Windu, Count Dooku, C-3PO and the B1 Battle Droids. However, Jackson and Lee did not reprise their roles in the television series.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: The musical score for "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" was composed by Kevin Kiner. The original motion picture soundtrack was released by Sony Classical on August 12, 2008. The disc begins with the main theme by John Williams, followed by more than 30 separate music cues composed by Kiner. Kiner is known for his work on such television series as "Stargate SG-1", "", "Superboy" and "". The soundtrack uses some instruments never heard before in a "Star Wars" score, including erhus, duduks and ouds.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" merchandise was first released on July 26, 2008. Hasbro released several 3-inch "Clone Wars" action figures, an electronic clone trooper helmet, a customizable lightsaber, and an electronic All Terrain Tactical Enforcer (AT-TE). Target and KB Toys also devoted shelf space for "Clone Wars" toys, but did not hold midnight releases or pursue the branding opportunities Toys "R" Us did. Toys "R" Us mounted digital clocks in all 585 of its stores that counted down to the release of the "Clone Wars" toys, and more than 225 of the stores opened at midnight for the debut of the "Star Wars" products. Two of the Toys "R" Us flagship outlets in Mission Bay, San Diego and Times Square in Manhattan, New York City held costume and trivia contests on July 26, and gave away limited-edition "Star Wars" toys with every purchase. A section of the Toys "R" Us website was also dedicated to "The Clone Wars". The toy line continues with The Clone Wars figures being well received by collectors for their detail to the characters and vehicles.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: Due to Lucas' sudden decision to produce the film, Lucas Licensing did not have time to enter into agreements with previous "Star Wars" marketing partners like Pepsi, Burger King and Kellogg's, with which the Lucasfilm licensing company had a ten-year marketing plan for the other films. When questioned by "The New York Times" about "Star Wars" merchandising in July 2008, a Pepsi spokesperson was unaware a new "Star Wars" film was being released. On August 15, McDonald's held its first ever Happy Meal promotion for a "Star Wars" film and for four weeks, 18 exclusive toys came in specially designed Happy Meal boxes.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: Dark Horse Comics published a six-issue digest-sized comic book miniseries. Randy Stradley, vice president of publishing for Dark Horse, said the sudden decision to release the "Clone Wars" film required the company to temporarily delay plans for two other "Star Wars" comic book series, "" and "Rebellion". The "Clone Wars" comics did not receive the promotional campaign it otherwise would have due to the abruptness of the theatrical and comic book releases. Topps, the trading cards company, released a series of 90 "Clone Wars" cards on July 26, which also included foil cards, motion cards, animation cel cards and rare sketch cards by top "Star Wars" artists and Lucasfilm animators. DK Publishing and the Penguin Group released books, activities and other merchandise that tied in with the film. Also released was the "Clone Wars: The Visual Guide", published by DK, and "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" in the UK, published by Puffin and in the U.S. by Grosset & Dunlap. The publishers also released a storybook, picture books and an activity book. At the American International Toy Fair, Lego announced a product line for the film and the TV series, to be released in July 2008 in the United States and in August 2008 in the United Kingdom.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: The LucasArts video game developer adapted the film into "" for the Nintendo DS and "" for Wii. A reviewer from PocketGamer.co.uk said his expectations for "Jedi Alliance" were low due to poor "Clone Wars" movie reviews, but he found the game "a varied and well-paced experience." "" adapted the film, along with episodes from seasons one and two of the 2008 TV series. The game released on all platforms in 2011.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: A "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" MP3 player was released in August 2008. The player includes one gigabyte of memory, which holds 200 songs or 20 hours of music and comes with three interchangeable faceplates: a green one with Yoda and a lightsaber on it, a silver one with Captain Rex and a Galactic Empire logo on it, and one with two clone troopers on Coruscant. One review claimed it improved upon a Darth Vader MP3 player released in July 2008, which featured only 512 megabytes of memory and a dated visual display. A "Star Wars" iPod iSpeaker (a speaker/dock for iPods, iPhones and MP3 players) was also released. The speaker includes an image of Captain Rex and three other Clone Troopers.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: A "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" open wheel car for the IndyCar Series was unveiled at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con International. The No. 26 car, which also included Blockbuster Inc. decals and was driven by Andretti Green Racing driver Marco Andretti, ran August 24 on the Infineon Raceway in the Sonoma Mountains in California. Andretti said, "I'm hoping that my upcoming battle at Infineon will be as exciting as anything in a "Star Wars" movie so I can win it for both Blockbuster and Lucasfilm." The car finished 14th at Infineon, which Andretti attributed to a slow pit stop early in the race; he added, "I just don't think it was a very good performance for us today." The "Clone Wars" car was the second collaboration between Lucasfilm, Blockbuster and Andretti Green Racing. It premiered as an "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" car at the Indianapolis 500 in May 2008.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: A novelization of the film by Karen Traviss was released by Del Rey Books on July 26, 2008. In addition to narrating the film's plot from various points of view, it includes some of Anakin's memories of his early childhood as a Hutt slave, as well as some of Dooku's recollections of battling the Mandalorians (previously explored in the 2002 comic book "").


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: "The Clone Wars" premiered on August 10, 2008, at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, followed by a wide release five days later. It received largely negative reviews for its story, animation and repetitive action sequences and grossed $68.3 million worldwide, making it the lowest-grossing "Star Wars" film to date, but still a financial success due to its small budget.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: The film's two-disc DVD and Blu-ray Disc was released on November 11, 2008, in the United States and on December 8, 2008, in the United Kingdom. The film was released as a single-disc DVD, two-disc Special Edition DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. The standard-definition versions include the film in widescreen format with Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround EX sound, and with feature-length audio commentary.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" received mostly negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads: "Mechanical animation and a less-than stellar script make "The Clone Wars" a pale shadow of George Lucas' once great franchise." This constituted the lowest Rotten Tomatoes rating of any "Star Wars" film; all nine theatrical films ranged from 51% to 95% and the made-for-television Ewok films and the "Star Wars Holiday Special" garnered higher ratings, although their averages encompassed far fewer reviews. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 based on 30 critic reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: "Entertainment Weekly" listed "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" as one of the five worst films of 2008 with critic Owen Gleiberman saying, It's hard to tell the droids from the Jedi drones in this robotic animated dud, in which the George Lucas Empire Strikes Back—at the audience. What wears you out is Lucas' immersion in a Star Wars cosmology that has grown so obsessive-compulsively cluttered yet trivial that it's no longer escapism; Because this movie has bad lightsaber duels and the lack of the original cast, it's something you want to escape from.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: "Ain't It Cool News" posted two reviews of the film during the week before its release, but pulled them down due to an embargo placed on those attending the screening its writers attended. The same reviews were re-posted on the site, on the day of the film's release. The retraction prompted some readers to allege a conspiracy by Lucasfilm to keep negative press out of circulation until the release of the film, but although the review by site creator Harry Knowles was negative, Drew McWeeny said that his review was positive and that no such conspiracy existed.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: Several critics compared "The Clone Wars" to a Saturday morning cartoon and described it as little more than a plug for the upcoming animated series. Linda Barnard, of the "Toronto Star", said the movie "pretty much drives a stake into the heart of every loyal fan of the movies. And now <nowiki>[George Lucas is]</nowiki> out to stick it to those too young to know about Jar Jar Binks." "Variety" magazine reviewer Todd McCarthy said, "This isn't the "Star Wars" we've always known and at least sometimes loved." Joe Neumiar, of the "New York Daily News", wrote, "If this were a true "Star Wars" film, right about now somebody would say, '...I've got a bad feeling about this.'" In his review for "Entertainment Weekly", critic Owen Gleiberman gave the film an F grade and wrote, "George Lucas is turning into the enemy of fun." Carrie Rickey, of "The Philadelphia Inquirer", said, "The best that can be said about the movie is that it's harmless and mostly charmless. "The Clone Wars" is to "Star Wars" what karaoke is to pop music."


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: The main criticism toward the film was the animation. Many criticized it as cheap, wooden, non-engaging and out-of-date; some reviewers drew negative comparisons to 1960s marionette-based shows "Thunderbirds" and "Fireball XL5", although George Lucas previously said the animation style was a deliberate homage to such shows. Tom Long of "MediaNews" said the animation "is downright weak compared to what's generally seen onscreen these days" and that the characters are so stiff they look like they were "carved by Pinocchio's father." Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 and said "the characters have hair that looks molded from Play-Doh, bodies that seem arthritic, and moving lips on half-frozen faces—all signs that shortcuts were taken in the animation work." McCarthy said "the movements, both of the characters and the compositions, look mechanical, and the mostly familiar characters have all the facial expressiveness of Easter Island statues." However, some of the same reviewers who criticized the animation acknowledged some positive elements about it; McCarthy said it allowed for "somewhat more dramatic compositions and color schemes," and Carrie Rickey, of "The Philadelphia Inquirer", said the scenery and backgrounds were "vivid and alive", although she said the characters "move as you would imagine the statues at a waxworks might."


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: Reviewers also criticized the dialogue, which Ebert said was limited to "simplistic declamations" and Claudia Puig of "USA Today" described as "stilted and overblown, a problem also in some of the live-action incarnations." Many critics also said that the battle scenes were repetitive and lacked tension; McCarthy described the action sequences as "a little exposition, an invasion; some more exposition, a lightsaber fight; a bit more blah-blah, a spaceship dogfight, and on and on." Linda Stasi, of the "New York Post", also described the lack of character development in the film, writing that whereas the original "Star Wars" films dedicated time to allowing viewers to get to know the characters, "Director Dave Filoni is so concentrated on the action that we're never given the chance to care who lives and who is blown into spare parts." Jason Anderson, of the "Globe and Mail", wrote that although "The Clone Wars" is intended for younger audiences, "parents may be perturbed by the film's relentless violence." Ebert also found protagonist Ahsoka Tano "annoying," and Michael Rechtshaffen, of "The Hollywood Reporter", said the attempts of humor amid the bickering between Ahsoka Tano and Anakin Skywalker are "strained". Puig said she enjoyed the character, and that "her repartee with Anakin enlivens things."


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: "The Clone Wars" earned $68,282,845 worldwide, including $35,161,554 in North American domestic box office grosses and $33,121,290 in international grosses. The film earned $14,611,273 on 3,452 screens in its opening weekend, including $6,228,973 on its opening day, August 15. It was the third-highest earning film of the weekend in spite of negative critical reception, behind "Tropic Thunder" and "The Dark Knight", which earned $25.8 million and $16.3 million, respectively. Dan Fellman, head of distribution for Warner Bros., said that the box office performance met expectations because two-thirds of the audience were families and the budget for the film was $8.5 million, frugal considering it was a CGI film and because the film was meant to introduce the animated series. Fellman said, "It was targeted to a specific audience for specific reasons. We accomplished that mission, and it will continue in another medium." When "The Clone Wars" dropped to $5.6 million in its second week of release, ContactMusic.com described it as "the first bona fide "Star Wars" flop." The film also earned $23,428,376 from DVD sales in the US.


title: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)

text: The film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award in the category "Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-Off or Sequel", but lost to "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull".


title: Dina Eastwood

text: Dina Marie Fisher, known professionally as Dina Eastwood, is an American reporter, news anchor, and actress. She is the former wife of actor and film director Clint Eastwood.


title: Dina Eastwood

text: She co-hosted the hidden camera television series "Candid Camera" (2001–2004) and starred in E!'s reality television series "Mrs. Eastwood & Company" (2012), that chronicled her life.


title: Dina Eastwood

text: Dina Marie Ruiz was born in Castro Valley, California, the daughter of Michael Ruiz A Math Teacher at Mission San Jose High School and Wrestling Coach, who had been adopted by a Spanish/Puerto Rican couple as an infant in the Kalihi neighborhood of Honolulu. Michael Ruiz's biological mother, Lilian, was Hawaiian and Japanese and his biological father, Marcus Grant, was African American and Native Hawaiian.[5] her mother was Mary Lou Ruiz and is of German, Irish and English descent. Michael and Mary were 19 and 21 years old when they had Dina. Dina grew up in Fremont, California, with her father teaching school in Fresno.


title: Dina Eastwood

text: After graduating from Mission San Jose High School in Fremont, she attended several colleges beginning with Ohlone College, a community college in her hometown, in 1983. While a student at Ohlone, she anchored Newsline for . She briefly attended Arizona State University in Tempe, and in 1988, graduated from San Francisco State University with a Bachelor's degree in Broadcast Communications. In 2017, she earned a master's degree in creative writing from San Jose State University.


title: Dina Eastwood

text: In 1990, she was hired as a reporter for KNAZ-TV in Flagstaff, Arizona, and eventually became news anchor. In January 1991, she was hired as a news anchor at KSBW in the Monterey-Salinas, California market. She held that position until November 1997. She has since made guest appearances on "Action News" and at KSBW's Share Your Holiday events. In 1998, she was host of the television show "A Quest for Excellence", produced by the California Teachers Association and featuring students, teachers, and administrators and their daily challenges, as well as celebrity interviews. She co-hosted the hidden camera television show "Candid Camera" with Peter Funt from 2001 to 2004.


title: Dina Eastwood

text: Beginning February 8, 2011, announced as Dina Ruiz-Eastwood, and billed on-air as Dina Eastwood, she "guest-anchored for KSBW" the 5 p.m. newscast with weeknight anchor Dan Green. She returned to anchor the 5 pm newscast for two weeks starting November 11, 2013.


title: Dina Eastwood

text: She discovered the South African a cappella band Overtone during the filming of her husband's movie "Invictus". The band then recorded songs that were used in the Malpaso Productions soundtrack.


title: Dina Eastwood

text: Eastwood made brief appearances as a reporter in two of her husband's films, "True Crime" (1999) and "Blood Work" (2002). In 2012, she played the role of Vanessa Reeve in "The Forger" alongside her stepson, Scott Eastwood.


title: Dina Eastwood

text: Eastwood joined The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts Board of Trustees and is a past chair. She has been a regular contributor for "Carmel" magazine since 2010, and a non-fiction editor to literary journal "Reed Magazine". She has also worked as a yoga instructor.


title: Dina Eastwood

text: She met actor and director Clint Eastwood in 1992, when she interviewed him for KSBW-TV. As Clint Eastwood recalled in 2007,


title: Dina Eastwood

text: They married on March 31, 1996. The couple has one daughter, Morgan Eastwood (born December 12, 1996).


title: Dina Eastwood

text: In April 2013, Dina Eastwood entered rehab in Arizona, with "People" magazine writing that "the reported cause was stress".


title: Dina Eastwood

text: In August 2013, she stated that she and Clint Eastwood had been living separately for an undisclosed length of time. Dina Eastwood filed for divorce on October 22, 2013.


title: Nattō

text: , spelled as natto in standard English language use, is a traditional Japanese food made from whole soybeans that have been fermented with "Bacillus subtilis" var. "natto". It is often served as a breakfast food with rice. It is served with "karashi" mustard, soy or "tare" sauce, and sometimes Japanese bunching onion. Within Japan, "nattō" is most popular in the eastern regions, including Kantō, Tōhoku, and Hokkaido.


title: Nattō

text: "Nattō" is often considered an acquired taste because of its powerful smell, strong flavor, and sticky, slimy texture. A 2009 survey revealed that 70% of Japanese people find the taste pleasant, and others who may not find the taste of the food pleasant still eat it out of habit.


title: Nattō

text: Sources differ about the earliest origin of "nattō". One theory is that nattō was codeveloped in multiple locations in the distant past, since it is simple to make with ingredients and tools commonly available in Japan since ancient times.


title: Nattō

text: One story about the origin of "nattō" attributes it to the samurai Minamoto no Yoshiie (1039–1106), who was on a campaign in northeastern Japan between 1086 AD and 1088 AD. One day, his troops were attacked while boiling soybeans for their horses. They hurriedly packed up the beans, and did not open the straw bags until a few days later, by which time the beans had fermented. The soldiers ate it anyway, and liked the taste, so they offered some to Yoshiie, who also liked the taste.


title: Nattō

text: Another story involves Prince Shotoku (574–622), who is said to have wrapped the leftovers of boiled soybeans in straw bags for his horse. As people happened to eat these fermented beans and found them delicious, this type of fermented stringy beans soon gained popularity in Japan because of its unique taste and strong flavor.


title: Nattō

text: Before "nattō", there was a similar dish of fermented black soybeans food in China called 豉 (chǐ) or "douchi" (). These are salted, fermented-and-aged whole soybean seasonings or condiments invented in China and spread throughout East Asia. It is usually made from fermented soybeans and with an ample amount of salt; however, the ingredients and producing method differ in Japan. Chinese use both black and yellow soybeans to produce "douchi" whereas Japanese "nattō" only uses yellow soybeans. The amount of salt used also makes difference between "douchi" and "nattō" on their taste and appearance.


title: Nattō

text: The cultivation method of soybeans and rice was imported from China to Japan during the Yayoi period, and later on, the circulation of salt began to flourish in Japan. This provided an opportunity for the production of "douchi" to become popular in Japan. Because salt was expensive and valuable at the time, it has been suggested that "nattō" was invented by accident during the production of "douchi."


title: Nattō

text: A wooden slip was excavated in Heijō-kyō, which had the Chinese character 豉 written on it. The excavation of the slip is considered an evidence to support the hypothesis that the invention of "nattō" was based on the Chinese "douchi" imported to Japan.


title: Nattō

text: The Chinese character 豉 entered Japan in the 8th century. It was pronounced "kuki" until the 11th century, when "nattō" became a new name for fermented soybeans.


title: Nattō

text: A change in the production of "nattō" occurred in the Taishō period (1912–1926), when researchers discovered a way to produce a "nattō" starter culture containing "Bacillus subtilis" without the need for straw, thereby simplifying the commercial production of "nattō" and enabling more consistent results.


title: Nattō

text: Nattō is 55% water, 13% carbohydrates, 19% protein, and 11% fat (table). In a 100 gram (3.5 oz) reference amount, nattō supplies 211 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of several dietary minerals, especially iron (66% DV) and manganese (73% DV), and vitamin K (22% DV). Nattō contains some B vitamins and vitamin C in moderate amounts (table).


title: Nattō

text: "Nattō" has a distinctive odor, somewhat akin to a pungent aged cheese. Stirring "nattō" produces many sticky strings. The dish is eaten cold with rice, mixed with the included soy sauce or karashi mustard. Other ingredients such as long onion or kimchi are often added.


title: Nattō

text: "Nattō" is frequently eaten as "nattō" "gohan" ("nattō" on rice). "Nattō" is occasionally used in other foods, such as "nattō" sushi (nattōmaki), "nattō" toast, in miso soup, tamagoyaki, salad, as an ingredient in okonomiyaki, chahan, or even with spaghetti. Sometimes soybeans are crushed before fermenting.


title: Nattō

text: Many find the taste unpleasant and smelly while others relish it as a delicacy. Nattō is more popular in some areas of Japan than in others. "Nattō" is known to be popular in the eastern Kantō region, but less popular in Kansai.


title: Nattō

text: For those who dislike the smell and texture of natto, "dried natto" and "fried natto" were developed around 1990. The smell and stickiness are reduced, making it easier to eat for those who do not like conventional natto. Another type of fermented soybeans called "Mamenoka (豆乃香)" has also been developed by improving the soybean and natto bacillus varieties to make it less sticky.


title: Nattō

text: "Nattō" is made from soybeans, typically "nattō" soybeans. Smaller beans are preferred, as the fermentation process will be able to reach the center of the bean more easily. The beans are washed and soaked in water for 12 to 20 hours to increase their size. Next, the soybeans are steamed for six hours, although a pressure cooker may be used to reduce the time. The beans are mixed with the bacterium "Bacillus subtilis", known as "nattō-kin" in Japanese. From this point on, care must be taken to keep the ingredients away from impurities and other bacteria. The mixture is fermented at for up to 24 hours. Afterward, the "nattō" is cooled, then aged in a refrigerator for up to one week to allow the development of stringiness.


title: Nattō

text: In "nattō"-making facilities, these processing steps have to be done while avoiding incidents in which soybeans are touched by workers. Even though workers use "B. subtilis natto" as the starting culture, which can suppress some undesired bacterial growth, workers pay extra-close attention not to introduce skin flora onto soybeans.


title: Nattō

text: Mass-produced "nattō" is sold in small polystyrene containers. A typical package contains two, three, or occasionally four containers, each 40 to 50 g. One container typically complements a small bowl of rice.


title: Nattō

text: "Nattō" odor comes from diacetyl and pyrazines, but if it is allowed to ferment too long, then ammonia is released.


title: Nattō

text: Many countries around Asia also produce similar traditional soybean foods fermented with other bacteria and fungi, such as "shuǐdòuchǐ" (水豆豉) of China, "cheonggukjang" (청국장) of Korea, "tempeh" of Indonesia, "thuanao" (ถั่วเน่า) of Thailand, "kinema" of Nepal and the Himalayan regions of West Bengal and Sikkim, "tungrymbai" of Meghalaya, "hawaijaar" of Manipur, "bekang um" of Mizoram, "akhuni" of Nagaland, and "piak" of Arunachal Pradesh, India.


title: Robert Byrd

text: Robert Carlyle Byrd (born Cornelius Calvin Sale Jr.; November 20, 1917 – June 28, 2010) was an American politician and musician who served as a United States senator from West Virginia for over 51 years, from 1959 until his death in 2010. A Democrat, Byrd also served as a U.S. representative for six years, from 1953 until 1959. He remains the longest-serving U.S. Senator in history; he was the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Congress until surpassed by Representative John Dingell of Michigan. Byrd is the only West Virginian to have served in both chambers of the state legislature and in both chambers of Congress.


title: Robert Byrd

text: Byrd's political career spanned more than sixty years. He first entered the political arena by organizing and leading a local chapter of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1940s, an action he later described as "the greatest mistake I ever made." He then served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from 1947 to 1950, and the West Virginia State Senate from 1950 to 1952. Initially elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1952, Byrd served there for six years before being elected to the Senate in 1958. He rose to become one of the Senate's most powerful members, serving as secretary of the Senate Democratic Caucus from 1967 to 1971 and—after defeating his longtime colleague Ted Kennedy for the job—as Senate Majority Whip from 1971 to 1977. Over the next 12 years, Byrd led the Democratic caucus as Senate Majority Leader and Senate Minority Leader. In 1989 he stepped down, following the pressure to make way for new party leadership.


title: Robert Byrd

text: As the longest serving Democratic senator, Byrd held the position of President pro tempore four times when his party was in the majority. This placed him third in the line of presidential succession, after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.