title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: After winning the FIFA Club World Cup, on 27 December 2007, Gattuso trained with his former club Rangers to regain fitness during the Serie A winter break whilst his wife was visiting family in Scotland over Christmas. The following December, Gattuso suffered a torn Anterior cruciate ligament early on in the 1–0 league win against Catania. Despite the injury, however, Gattuso played the entire 90 minutes before being diagnosed by the club doctors after the match. He underwent surgery to repair the damage on 19 December 2008 in Antwerp, Belgium. He was expected to miss up to six months of action but managed to return to the Milan bench on 10 May against Juventus, a month ahead of schedule.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 22 August 2009, he made his 400th appearance with Milan in the opening match of the 2009–10 Serie A season against Siena, wearing the captain's armband. It was confirmed by Milan on 14 December 2009 that Gattuso would remain a Milan player until 30 June 2012, after adding one more year to his current contract.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: The 2010–11 season with Milan was one of Gattuso's best seasons of his career, and saw him end a three-year goal drought with a left-footed strike from outside the box, which proved to be the decisive goal in a 1–0 victory over Juventus on 5 March 2011. Gattuso later celebrated another goal in a 4–1 victory against Cagliari with a long-distance header that beat the goalkeeper, who was off his line. Gattuso celebrated Milan's 18th "Scudetto" victory after a scoreless draw against Roma on 7 May.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso had been experiencing vision problems in early September 2011, a few days before the season kicked off. On 9 September 2011, Gattuso crashed into teammate Alessandro Nesta whilst playing against Lazio in Milan's opening Serie A game of the 2011–12 season. He was substituted off directly afterward in the 20th minute and diagnosed with a left sixth cranial nerve palsy, resulting in double vision, an injury that could have ended his football career. He later revealed that he had seen teammate Zlatan Ibrahimović in four different positions during the opening stages of the match, and was unable to see Nesta, resulting in the pair's clash.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 11 May 2012, Gattuso confirmed that he would not renew his contract with the club which was due to expire on 30 June and that he would be leaving Milan at the end of the season.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 15 June 2012, after being released by Milan, Gattuso joined Swiss club Sion. He had been linked with a deal to join former club Rangers in Scotland, but the deal fell through because of the club's financial difficulties. On 25 February 2013, Gattuso was named as the new manager of Sion after manager Víctor Muñoz was demoted to a scouting role after a 4–0 defeat by Thun in the Swiss Super League.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: In a UEFA Champions League group stage match against Ajax in September 2003, he was sent off during second-half injury time after slapping Ajax striker Zlatan Ibrahimović in the face with the back of his hand. His temper caused him further problems when in December 2005, at the final whistle of Milan's 3–2 defeat of Schalke 04 in the Champions League, Gattuso was seen seeking out and taunting Schalke's midfielder Christian Poulsen as a reaction to Poulsen's fierce marking of Kaká in the first leg. Gattuso insisted, however, that the press exaggerated the significance of the incident.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 15 February 2011, during Milan's Champions League game against Tottenham Hotspur, Gattuso pushed Tottenham coach Joe Jordan away by the throat during an incident on the sideline. Jordan was seen outside his allowed technical area exchanging words with Gattuso, in relation to the relatively physical game that had been played. After the game, after Gattuso had shaken hands with the Tottenham players, video footage showed him confronting Jordan and head-butting him after another exchange of words, before being restrained by both teammates and opponents. "I lost control. There is no excuse for what I did. I take my responsibilities for that", said the 33-year-old Gattuso, but he also said Jordan provoked him throughout the game but refused to say what his comments were. Newspapers, however, reported Joe Jordan had been using racist, offensive calls for much of the game by calling Gattuso a "fucking Italian bastard" from the sidelines. The following day, it was announced that UEFA was looking at additional sanctions or punishment for Gattuso's actions against Jordan the previous day and had been charged with "gross unsporting conduct." Gattuso was then suspended for five Champions League matches – one for yellow card accumulation, the other four for the incident with Jordan. The Tottenham coach also received a touchline ban by UEFA for his involvement in the exchange.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 2 December 2012, Gattuso, in a game in the Swiss Super League, took the yellow card from referee Nikolaj Hänni's hand and gave it back after gestures.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso represented the Italy under-18 side at the 1995 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championships, where Italy finished in second place to Spain following a 4–1 final defeat; he also represented the Italy under-21 side at the 2000 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship, where Italy went on to win the tournament with a 2–1 victory over the Czech Republic in the final.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso was capped 73 times for his country at senior level, and played in the 2000 Summer Olympics, the 2002 World Cup, Euro 2004, the 2006 World Cup, Euro 2008, the 2009 Confederations Cup, and the 2010 World Cup. He made his senior international debut under Dino Zoff, at the age of 22, in a 1–0 friendly home victory over Sweden, on 23 February 2000. He made his first start for Italy later that year, under Giovanni Trapattoni, on 15 November, scoring the only goal in a 1–0 friendly home victory over England with a powerful strike from outside the area; this was his first and only goal for Italy.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso made two substitute appearances at the 2002 World Cup, first in his nation's 2–0 opening group win against Ecuador, and secondly in Italy's controversial 2–1 extra-time defeat to co-hosts South Korea in the round of 16 of the competition. He also later appeared in Italy's two opening group matches at Euro 2004, against Denmark (0–0) and Sweden (1–1), but missed out on Italy's final match against Bulgaria (2–1) due to a suspension following an accumulation of two yellow cards in the first two matches of the competition; despite a 2–1 win, Italy were eliminated from the tournament in the first round on direct encounters, following a three-way five-point tie with Denmark and Sweden.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso was named to Italy's 23-man squad for the 2006 World Cup, and was one of the key players in Italy's eventual victory in the tournament under manager Marcello Lippi; he won the Man of the Match award for his performance in his nation's 3–0 victory in the quarter-finals of the tournament, against Ukraine. He and Andrea Pirlo formed a formidable partnership in the heart of midfield, with Gattuso supporting Pirlo's creative playmaking duties with his work-rate and ability to break down possession. While Pirlo finished as one of the top assist providers in the tournament, Gattuso won more challenges than any other player in the tournament (47 – 11 more than Patrick Vieira in second place) and completed 351 passes out of the 392 he attempted; he also provided an assist during the tournament, helping to set up Filippo Inzaghi's goal in a 2–0 win over the Czech Republic in Italy's final group match of the tournament on 22 June. Gattuso achieved a measure of notoriety for his post-match celebrations after Italy won the World Cup final on penalties against France on 9 July, during which he removed his shorts and ran around the pitch in his underpants, until FIFA officials forced him to cover up. He was named to the tournament's All Star Team for his performances.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Under Roberto Donadoni at Euro 2008, Gattuso played in the matches against Netherlands (a 0–3 loss) and France (a 2–0 win) in the group stage, but was suspended for the quarter-final match against eventual champions Spain, along with Andrea Pirlo; in their absence, Italy went on to lose 4–2 in the ensuing penalty shoot-out after a 0–0 draw following extra-time.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 19 November 2008, he made his first appearance as Italy's captain, taking the armband following Fabio Cannavaro's substitution in the 61st minute of a friendly against Greece. Despite having only recently recovered from a serious knee injury, Lippi included Gattuso in Italy's squad for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, where they suffered a first round elimination. At the tournament, Gattuso gained notoriety against Egypt when he got tripped up by Mohamed Aboutrika, and his shorts fell down, revealing his underpants.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: In June 2010, he announced that he would retire from international duty after the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, where he participated in his nation's final group match against Slovakia – his last game for the national side, as Italy suffered a first round elimination following a 3–2 defeat.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Considered by pundits to be one of the greatest holding midfielders of all time, throughout his career, Gattuso mainly played as a central or defensive midfielder, although he was even deployed on the right flank on occasion, either as a full back, wing-back, or as a winger, due to his versatility; he was also capable of playing as a central defender. Despite not being particularly skilful from a technical standpoint (although he was able to improve in this area with time under the tutelage of Mauro Tassotti), or particularly tall, Gattuso was a physically strong, consistent, aggressive, and hard-tackling midfielder, with an extremely high work rate; he also possessed a powerful shot, and quick reactions, as well as an excellent positional sense and good anticipation, which enabled him to excel in this position; in his prime, he was widely regarded as one of the best defensive midfielders in the world. His energetic and combative box-to-box style of play, as well as his pace, tactical awareness and abilities as a ball-winner, allowed him to form a successful midfield partnership with playmaker Andrea Pirlo throughout his career, both at club and international level. Gattuso's deeper position on the pitch allowed him to support Pirlo and his other teammates defensively by breaking up the opposition's attacks; he often only advanced in order to intercept the ball and play it to one of his more creative or offensive teammates after winning back possession, subsequently returning to his more defensive midfield role. His tenacity on the pitch, exemplified by his fierce challenges and stamina, earned him the nickname "Ringhio" (Snarl). In addition to his footballing abilities, he also stood out for his competitive spirit, determination, and leadership.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso started his coaching career in 2011 by attending a course for UEFA A Licence, when he still played for AC Milan. He passed the exam in July.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 25 February 2013, Gattuso was named as the new manager of Sion after manager Víctor Muñoz was demoted to a scouting role after a 4–0 defeat by Thun in the Swiss Super League. Gattuso became the fifth manager of the club in the 2012–13 season. On 27 February 2013, Gattuso won his first match as a manager, beating Lausanne 2–0 away in a Swiss Cup match. Gattuso was sacked on 13 May 2013.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Later in May 2013, he was heavily linked with the managerial post at Palermo, after the Sicilians were relegated to Serie B. On 3 June 2013, Maurizio Zamparini confirmed he had a verbal agreement with Gattuso, subjected to a contract release with then manager Giuseppe Sannino. The appointment was made official later on 19 June, after Gattuso successfully rescinded his contract with Sion. Gattuso named Luigi Riccio as his assistant, with whom he worked at Sion. His experience as "rosanero" head coach was however short-lived, as he was sacked 25 September 2013 after achieving only two wins and a draw in the first six games of the league season.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: During 2013–14 season, he also attended a course for UEFA Pro Licence, after which he passed the exam in September 2014.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: While managing OFI Crete, in the first few months there were rumours that the players and coaching staff were not getting paid due to the poor financial situation of the club. Gattuso lashed out at media saying that it wasn't true that he wanted to leave. Throughout the press conference, he controversially threw out curse words and banged on the table.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 26 October 2014 Gattuso tended his resignation as head coach of OFI Crete, following a 2–3 home loss to Asteras Tripolis, citing the club's financial difficulties as one of the main reasons behind his decision. However, on the very next day he changed his mind after having been persuaded by the club supporters and the board to stay. On 30 December 2014, Gattuso officially resigned as OFI Crete manager, due to the club's financial problems.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: In January 2015, he applied for the manager's position at Scottish club Hamilton Academical following the departure of Alex Neil.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso was appointed as the manager of the then Lega Pro side Pisa on 20 August 2015. On 12 June 2016, he led Pisa to Serie B promotion after beating out Foggia 5–3 on aggregate in the Lega Pro promotion play-off final. On 31 July however, he suddenly left Pisa, citing "serious, constant and unacceptable" problems at the club being the reason for his departure. One month after leaving the club, he re-joined Pisa as the team's head coach. However, in the following season, Pisa finishes in last place with the second best defense, but the worst attack in the league, and Gattuso resigns again, this time definitely.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: In May 2017 Gattuso was appointed as the coach of AC Milan Primavera, the under-19 team of the club. He was the third former player who won 2007 UEFA Champions League, to coach the Primavera team, after Filippo Inzaghi (2013–14) and Cristian Brocchi (2014–2016). They also coached the first team, after the sacking of Clarence Seedorf (also a former Milan player and 2007 Champions League winner) and Siniša Mihajlović respectively.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: As of round 10 of the Campionato Nazionale Primavera (which ended on 26 November), the Milan Primavera side was ranked third (out of 16 teams) in the league's first division.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 27 November 2017, Vincenzo Montella was sacked by AC Milan. Subsequently, they appointed Gattuso as the head coach of the first team, who left the position as the coach of the under-19s. He recorded his first win with a 2–1 home victory against Bologna in Serie A on 10 December. Milan finished the season in 6th place.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: In April 2018, Gattuso's contract was extended to 2021. In his first full season in charge, Milan missed out on Champions League by 1 point, finishing 5th on 68 points. On 28 May 2019, he departed Milan by mutual consent.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 11 December 2019, Gattuso was appointed head coach of Napoli following the sacking of Carlo Ancelotti the previous day.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 13 June 2020, Napoli achieved a 1–1 home draw with Inter in the second leg of the Coppa Italia semi-finals, which allowed them to progress to the 2020 Coppa Italia Final following a 2–1 aggregate victory; Gattuso dedicated the achievement to his sister, who had recently died. On 17 June, Napoli went on to win the final against Juventus 4–2 on penalties after a goalless draw.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 23 May 2021, the final day of the league, Gattuso was unable to secure a fourth-place finish for Napoli after a 1–1 home draw with Verona, finishing fifth. One point below Juventus, who secured qualification to the following season's Champions League after a victory at Bologna. The club's chairman, Aurelio De Laurentiis, put an end to Gattuso's tenure as the head coach of Napoli after one year and a half.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 25 May, Fiorentina announced the appointment of Gattuso as their new head coach, effective from 1 July. However, on 17 June, just two weeks before his contract was due to begin on 1 July, Gattuso and Fiorentina mutually rescinded the agreement.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: On 9 June 2022, Gattuso was unveiled as the new manager of Valencia, competing in the Spanish La Liga, on a two-season deal. In the process, he became the third Italian manager to ever be appointed by and guide the Valencian team, following Claudio Ranieri and Cesare Prandelli.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso is married to Monica Romano, a Scottish woman of Italian descent. Her father Mario was a millionaire restaurateur who died in 2011, and her sister is television presenter Carla Romano. They have two children.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso is a Catholic, and when he played for Rangers, a club with a Protestant identity in the 1997–98 season, he alleged that his teammates ordered him to take off his crucifix necklace.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso's sister, Francesca, died in June 2020 at the age of 37. She had been in intensive care since February.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso suffers from an auto-immune disease named ocular myasthenia since his days as a footballer. He opened up about his illness in late 2020 after he appeared on the pitch wearing an eyepatch during several games.


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: In December 2003, Gattuso participated on the Italian version of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", "Chi vuol essere milionario?", alongside Christian Vieri during an episode organised for charity. The pair ended the game on the second-to-last question, winning €150,000. On the question before, when the pair were doubtful about the correct answer, Vincenzo Montella, one of the football players who were in the audience, invited them to walk away with €70,000 instead of taking the risk of answering incorrectly and dropping down to €16,000. Vieri playfully suggested selling the player ("Ma vendetelo!"), while Gattuso jokingly asked for Montella to be sent out of the studio as he was behaving like a jinx ("Porta una sfiga Montella, mandatelo via!").


title: Gennaro Gattuso

text: Gattuso features in EA Sports' FIFA football video game series; he was included in the Ultimate Team Legends in "FIFA 16" and later iterations of the game.


title: Lists of people who disappeared

text: Lists of people who disappeared include those whose current whereabouts are unknown, or whose deaths are unsubstantiated. Many people who disappear are eventually declared dead "in absentia". Some of these people were possibly subjected to enforced disappearance, but there is insufficient information on their subsequent fates.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: Margaret Joan Trudeau ( Sinclair, formerly Kemper; born September 10, 1948) is a Canadian activist. She married Pierre Trudeau, the 15th prime minister of Canada, in 1971; three years after he became prime minister. They divorced in 1984, during his final months in office. She is the mother of Justin Trudeau; the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada, the journalist and author Alexandre "Sacha" Trudeau, and Michel Trudeau (now deceased). She is the first woman in Canadian history to have been both the wife and the mother of prime ministers. Trudeau is an advocate for people with bipolar disorder, with which she has been diagnosed.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: Trudeau was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the daughter of Scottish-born James "Jimmy" Sinclair, a former Liberal member of the Parliament of Canada and Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, and Doris Kathleen (Bernard) Sinclair. Her grandmother, Rose Edith (Ivens) Bernard, with whom Trudeau had an especially close relationship, lived in Roberts Creek, British Columbia, in later life, and was from Virden, Manitoba. Her grandfather, Thomas Kirkpatrick Bernard, was born in Makassar, Dutch Celebes, now in Sulawesi, Indonesia, and immigrated in 1906 at age 15 with his family to Penticton, British Columbia, eventually working as a payroll clerk for Canadian Pacific Railway.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: The Bernards were the descendants of colonists in the Straits Settlements, the Dutch East Indies, and British Malaya, nowadays respectively Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia, including Francis James Bernard, a London, England-born Anglo-Irishman whose great-grandfather, Arthur Bernard, was a member of the Irish House of Commons for Bandonbridge, and brother of Francis Bernard, Solicitor-General for Ireland, and ancestor of the Earls of Bandon. Francis James Bernard was the founder of the Singapore Police Force in 1819, "The Singapore Chronicle", the first newspaper in Singapore, was established with Bernard as owner, publisher, and editor in 1824 and he opened up Katong, now a densely populated-residential enclave, the first to cultivate a coconut estate there in 1823. Bernard married Margaret Trudeau's 3rd great-grandmother, Esther Farquhar, in 1818, the eldest daughter of Scotsman William Farquhar, a colonial leader in the founding of modern Singapore, by Farquhar's first wife, Antoinette "Nonio" Clement, daughter of a French father and an ethnic Malaccan mother.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: Another great-grandmother, Cornelia Louisa Intveld, married in 1822 to Royal Navy officer and merchant, William Purvis, from Dalgety Bay, Scotland, and a first cousin of American abolitionist Robert Purvis; a noted fine soprano and a beauty of her era. Upon glimpsing her across the auditorium at the opera in London, England, British King William IV sent his equerry to invite her to his box. After she refused, the King sent the equerry back just to ask her name. Intveld was born in Padang, present-day West Sumatra, Indonesia. At the time of Intveld's birth, Padang was in the territory of the Pagaruyung Kingdom, where her father, who came from humble beginnings in Hellevoetsluis, South Holland, rose up through the Dutch East India Company to become the Dutch Resident of Padang. Her maternal grandmother was an Ono Niha "ranee" (a term covering every rank from chieftain's daughter to princess) married a prominent Dutch colonial official and merchant. Acclaimed British harpsichordist, Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, and Hawaiian settler, Edward William Purvis, according to popular belief, was the namesake of the ukulele, are Margaret Trudeau's first cousins, three times-removed. Trudeau explored her mother's family's roots in Singapore during an episode of "Who Do You Think You Are?".


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: Trudeau's family moved to a large house in Rockcliffe Park, Ontario, in 1952 after her father was appointed to the Cabinet, and she attended Rockcliffe Park Public School although they returned to North Vancouver after he lost his re-election bid in 1958. She attended Hamilton Junior Secondary School and Delbrook Senior Secondary School in North Vancouver. Trudeau graduated in 1969 from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: As an 18-year-old vacationing in Tahiti with her family, Sinclair met Pierre Trudeau, who was then Minister of Justice. Sinclair did not recognize him, and she, in fact, thought little of their encounter, but Trudeau was captivated by the carefree "flower child", nearly twenty-nine years younger than he was, and began to pursue her.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: Pierre Trudeau was a bachelor before he became Prime Minister in 1968. They kept their romance private, so Canadians were shocked after the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation led its morning radio broadcast about Prime Minister Trudeau honeymooning at Alta Lake, British Columbia, at the foot of Whistler Blackcomb Ski Resort the day after a surprise wedding in North Vancouver, British Columbia, on March 4, 1971. Although she had accompanied Pierre Trudeau in public a year before to ice skate and dance at an event at Rideau Hall, official residence of Canada's Governor General, it was a complete secret except to immediate-family members and close friends that she was in a romantic relationship, then in a six-month engagement to the Prime Minister.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: As Pierre Trudeau was a Catholic, she converted to the Catholic Church for their marriage. She would, in later life, study Buddhism although she now considers herself an Anglican. When asked about her role in a marriage to the prime minister, Trudeau said, "I want to be more than a rose in my husband's lapel."


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: In 1971, the Trudeaus took a second honeymoon in the Caribbean to Barbados and an unidentified nearby island then Tobago, then to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (including both Bequia and St. Vincent) with Pierre taking a side-trip to Trinidad while Margaret stayed in Tobago.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: After Pierre Trudeau's government's near defeat in 1972 where Margaret herself was very uninvolved in the campaign, she decided to become much more active for the 1974 federal election. At a rally in Vancouver, she told a crowd of 2,000 her husband taught her "a lot about loving." The remark was wildly mocked and dismissed in public during the campaign by members of the press gallery as well as by her husband's main political rivals Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leader Robert Stanfield and New Democratic Party leader David Lewis. Liberal party organizers considered her a top campaign asset, and sent her off alone to help local candidates in hotly contested ridings while, as critics noted, the wives of Stanfield and Lewis were on the campaign trail but rarely spoke and stood behind their husbands at events. Political observers also found Pierre Trudeau noticeably more relaxed at events while Margaret came along. Initially, she brought her six-month-old son Sasha on the trail with her, and one veteran reporter said, "It's the first campaign plane for the first thing off is a crib and a diaper bag." Later, she left her sons with her parents in North Vancouver while campaigning. Asked at the time if she thought her campaigning was helping Pierre Trudeau pick up votes, she replied, "I won't know until July 8th. But 52 per cent of the voters in this country are women...an awful lot ..." Her husband's party returned to a majority-government.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: Trudeau had difficulty adjusting to her new position. "From the day I became Mrs. Pierre Elliott Trudeau," she writes in her memoirs, "a glass panel was gently lowered into place around me, like a patient in a mental hospital no longer considered able to make decisions and cannot be exposed to a harsh light." The couple had three children: Justin (born December 25, 1971), Alexandre (Sacha) (born December 25, 1973), and Michel (October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998).


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: Although the couple initially appeared to have a very close and loving relationship, the marriage soon began to fall apart. Trudeau resented her husband's constant work-related absences, and was forced to raise her three young sons largely by herself. Beyond the normal extensive publicity her high-profile position brought, in a few instances, she headlined. Trudeau smuggled drugs in the prime minister's luggage, made scantily-clad appearances at Studio 54, and tore apart a quilt made by Canadian conceptual artist Joyce Wieland on the wall in the prime-minister's official residence in Ottawa because it celebrated "reason over passion". (Her husband's personal motto was "Reason before passion".)


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: Over time, the marriage disintegrated to the point, as recounted in her 1982 book "Consequences", Trudeau had affairs with Jack Nicholson, Ryan O'Neal, Lou Rawls, and a friendship with US Senator Ted Kennedy. She was also associated with members of the Rolling Stones, including Ronnie Wood and, according to Keith Richards' autobiography, "Life", Mick Jagger.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: She separated from her husband in 1977. She gave many tell-all interviews to Canadian and American magazines, and appeared in two motion pictures. Pierre Trudeau won custody of the children and did not pay any spousal support. Trudeau had a difficult time earning a living after her marriage. She wrote the 1979 book "Beyond Reason" about her marriage.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: On the eve of the 1979 election, in which Pierre Trudeau's party lost the majority of seats in the House of Commons, she was seen dancing at Studio 54 nightclub in New York City. A photo of her at the disco was featured on many front pages across Canada.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: Trudeau filed for a no-fault divorce at the Ontario Supreme Court on November 16, 1983, which was finalized on April 2, 1984. On April 18, 1984, with her three sons attending, she married Ottawa real-estate developer Fried Kemper in a civil ceremony in the chambers of Judge Hugh Poulin. She had two children with him: son Kyle (born 1984), and daughter Alicia (born 1988).


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: In November 1998, the Trudeaus' youngest son, Michel, an avid outdoorsman, was killed when an avalanche swept him to the bottom of British Columbia's Kokanee Lake. The loss of her son was devastating for Trudeau, and she had another major depressive episode that led to her second divorce.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: When Pierre Trudeau died in 2000, Margaret was at his bedside with their surviving sons Justin and Alexandre. Speaking in 2010 about her marriage to Trudeau, she said: "Just because our marriage ended didn't mean the love stopped."


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: On October 19, 2015, her eldest son, Justin Trudeau, led the Liberal Party to a majority government, becoming the 23rd Prime Minister of Canada. During the campaign, she was involved, but avoided campaigning in public as the Harper campaign's main attack line against Justin was "Just Not Ready" and feared they would suggest her son was "so unready he needs his mummy."


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: On April 27, 2020, Trudeau was hospitalized with smoke inhalation after a fire broke out in her apartment building.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: From 2002 to 2017, Trudeau was the honorary president of WaterAid Canada, an Ottawa-based organization dedicated to helping the poorest communities in developing countries build sustainable water supply and sanitation services. In 2014, she visited Mali as an ambassador of WaterAid Canada.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: On May 5, 2006, Trudeau announced she has bipolar disorder. Since then, she advocated for reducing the social-stigma of mental illness—bipolar disorder in particular—with speaking engagements across North America. In May 2019, she presented the one-woman-show "Certain Woman of an Age" in Chicago as part of the city's "Wellness Week". She is an honorary patron of the Canadian Mental Health Association. In July 2019, she attended an opening ceremony of WE College in Narok County (Kenya) with former Prime Minister of Canada Kim Campbell, Kenyan First Lady Margaret Kenyatta and Craig Kielburger, a co-founder of WE Charity organization.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: In 2010, she authored "Changing My Mind", a book about her personal experience with bipolar disorder.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: In 2013, Trudeau received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Western Ontario in recognition of her work to combat mental illness.


title: Margaret Trudeau

text: While still married to Pierre Trudeau, Margaret Trudeau had a brief acting career, appearing in two Canadian-produced films:


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril is a medication of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and after heart attacks. For high blood pressure it is usually a first-line treatment. It is also used to prevent kidney problems in people with diabetes mellitus. Lisinopril is taken by mouth. Full effect may take up to four weeks to occur.


title: Lisinopril

text: Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash. Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, high blood potassium, and angioedema. Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby. Lisinopril works by inhibiting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the fourth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 88million prescriptions. In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril has a proline group that is responsible for the availability of the drug in oral formulation. The carboxylate group interacts with zinc ions to inhibit the ACE enzyme found in the kidneys and lungs. The other substituents participate in binding the same enzyme. Unlike Captopril, another ACE Inhibitor, Lisinopril lacks a thiol group.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril is typically used for the treatment of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy and after acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Lisinopril is part of the ACE inhibitors drug class. Compared to other drugs within the same class such as captopril and enalapril, lisinopril has a longer duration of action.


title: Lisinopril

text: The lisinopril is started at 5 or 10 mg and titrated upwards to 40 mg once daily maximum. The usual effective maintenance dosage is 20mg administered in a single daily dose.


title: Lisinopril

text: A review concluded that lisinopril was effective for treatment of proteinuric kidney disease, including diabetic proteinuria.


title: Lisinopril

text: In people of sub-Saharan African descent, calcium-channel blockers or thiazide diuretics may more effectively lower blood pressure than ACE inhibitors such as lisinopril, although convincing evidence is lacking that these drugs differ in their effect on morbidity or mortality in such persons.


title: Lisinopril

text: In patients with moderate to severe kidney disease, lisinopril and other ACE inhibitors are superior to angiotensin II receptor blockers and other antihypertensive drugs for prevention of death, fatal cardiac events, and kidney injury. Dose reduction may be required when creatinine clearance is less than or equal to 30mL/min. Since lisinopril is removed by dialysis, dosing changes must also be considered for people on dialysis.


title: Lisinopril

text: Animal and human data have revealed evidence of lethal harm to the embryo and teratogenicity associated with ACE inhibitors. No controlled data in human pregnancy are available. Birth defects have been associated with use of lisinopril in any trimester. Death and increased toxicity to the fetus and newly born child have been reported with the use of lisinopril in the second and third trimesters. The label states, "When pregnancy is detected, discontinue Zestril as soon as possible." The manufacturer recommends mothers should not breastfeed while taking this medication because of the current lack of safety data.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril is contraindicated in people who have a history of angioedema (hereditary or idiopathic) or who have diabetes and are taking aliskiren.


title: Lisinopril

text: The incidence of adverse effects varies according to which disease state the patient is being treated for.


title: Lisinopril

text: People taking lisinopril for the treatment of hypertension may experience the following side effects:


title: Lisinopril

text: People taking lisinopril for the treatment of myocardial infarction may experience the following side effects:


title: Lisinopril

text: People taking lisinopril for the treatment of heart failure may experience the following side effects:


title: Lisinopril

text: In one reported overdose, the half-life of lisinopril was prolonged to 14.9 hours. The case report of the event estimates that the individual consumed between 420 and 500 mg of lisinopril and survived. In cases of overdosage, it can be removed from circulation by dialysis.


title: Lisinopril

text: ACE-inhibitors like lisinopril are considered to be generally safe for people undergoing routine dental care, though the use of lisinopril prior to dental surgery is more controversial, with some dentists recommending discontinuation the morning of the procedure. People may present to dental care suspicious of an infected tooth, but the swelling around the mouth may be due to lisinopril-induced angioedema, prompting emergency and medical referral.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril is the lysine-analog of enalapril. Unlike other ACE inhibitors, it is not a prodrug, is not metabolized by the liver, and is excreted unchanged in the urine.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor, meaning it blocks the actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), preventing angiotensin I from being converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent direct vasoconstrictor and a stimulator of aldosterone release. Reduction in the amount of angiotensin II results in relaxation of the arterioles. Reduction in the amount of angiotensin II also reduces the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which allows the kidney to excrete sodium along with water into the urine, and increases retention of potassium ions. Specifically, this process occurs in the peritubular capillaries of the kidneys in response to a change in Starling forces. The inhibition of the RAAS system causes an overall decrease in blood pressure.


title: Lisinopril

text: Following oral administration of lisinopril, peak serum concentrations of lisinopril occur within about seven hours, although there was a trend to a small delay in time taken to reach peak serum concentrations in acute myocardial infarction patients. Declining serum concentrations exhibit a prolonged terminal phase, which does not contribute to drug accumulation. This terminal phase probably represents saturable binding to ACE and is not proportional to dose. Lisinopril does not appear to be bound to other serum proteins. Lisinopril does not undergo metabolism and absorbed drug is excreted unchanged entirely in the urine. Based on urinary recovery, the mean extent of absorption of lisinopril is approximately 25%, with large interpatient variability (6 to 60%) at all doses tested (5 to 80 mg). Lisinopril absorption is not affected by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract.


title: Lisinopril

text: Studies in rats indicate that lisinopril crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly. Multiple doses of lisinopril in rats do not result in accumulation in any tissues.


title: Lisinopril

text: Usual bioavailability of ~25% (reduced to 16% in people with New York Heart Association Functional Classification (NYHA) Class II–IV heart failure). Its time to peak concentration is 7 hours. The peak effect of lisinopril is about 4 to 8 hours after administration. Food does not affect its absorption.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril does not bind to proteins in the blood. It does not distribute as well in people with NYHA Class II–IV heart failure.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril is the only water-soluble member of the ACE inhibitor class, with no metabolism by the liver.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril leaves the body completely unchanged in the urine. The half-life of lisinopril is 12 hours, and is increased in people with kidney problems. While the plasma half-life of lisinopril has been estimated between 12 and 13 hours, the elimination half-life is much longer, at around 30 hours. The full duration of action is between 24 and 30 hours.


title: Lisinopril

text: Pure lisinopril powder is white to off white in color. Lisinopril is soluble in water (approximately 13 mg/L at room temperature), less soluble in methanol, and virtually insoluble in ethanol.


title: Lisinopril

text: Captopril, the first ACE inhibitor, is a functional and structural analog of a peptide derived from the venom of the jararaca, a Brazilian pit viper ("Bothrops jararaca"). Enalapril is a derivative, designed by scientists at Merck to overcome the rash and bad taste caused by captopril.


title: Lisinopril

text: The di-acid metabolite of enalapril, enalaprilat, and its lysine analogue lisinopril are potent inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE); they do not contain sulphydryl groups. Both drugs can be assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography and by radioimmunoassay and plasma ACE inhibition remains stable under normal storage conditions. It is therefore possible to study their pharmacokinetics as well as their pharmacodynamic effects in humans. Enalaprilat and lisinopril as well as ACE activity have been measured in blood taken during the course of two studies of the effects of these drugs on blood pressure and autonomic responsiveness.


title: Lisinopril

text: Lisinopril is a synthetic peptide derivative of captopril. Scientists at Merck created lisinopril by systematically altering each structural unit of enalaprilat, substituting various amino acids. Adding lysine at one end of the drug turned out to have strong activity and had adequate bioavailability when given orally; analogs of that compound resulted in lisinopril, which takes its name from the discovery with lysine. Merck conducted clinical trials, and the drug was approved for hypertension in 1987 and congestive heart failure in 1993.


title: Lisinopril

text: The discovery posed a problem, since sales of enalapril were strong for Merck, and the company did not want to diminish those sales. Merck ended up entering into an agreement with Zeneca under which Zeneca received the right to co-market lisinopril, and Merck received the exclusive rights to an earlier stage aldose reductase inhibitor drug candidate, a potential treatment for diabetes. Zeneca's marketing and brand name, "Zestril", turned out to be stronger than Merck's effort. The drug became a blockbuster for AstraZeneca (formed in 1998), with annual sales in 1999 of $1.2B.


title: Lisinopril

text: The US patents expired in 2002. Since then, lisinopril has been available under many brand names worldwide; some formulations include the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: The 2034 FIFA World Cup will be the 25th FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: The bidding process for the 2034 World Cup has yet to start. However, some early bids have been proposed, with a host likely to be selected in 2027. The following is a list of expressed bidding interest:


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011, when the former Football Association of Singapore President, Zainudin Nordin, said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting, despite the fact that countries cannot bid (as that's up to national associations). In 2013, Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President, Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan, recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup. Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World Cup cannot be held in Asia (AFC) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022. Therefore, the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: Later, Malaysia withdrew from involvement, but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034. In February 2017, ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA President Gianni Infantino to Yangon, Myanmar. On 1 July 2017, Vice General Chairman of the Football Association of Indonesia Joko Driyono said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of Southeast Asian nations in the bid. Driyono added that due to geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format (48 teams), at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: In September 2017, the Thai League 1 Deputy CEO Benjamin Tan, at the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) Council meeting, confirmed that his Association has "put in their interest to bid and co-host" the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia. On the same occasion, the General Secretary of the AFF, Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad, confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid. Indonesia was the first Asian team and the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup, when the territory was known as the Dutch East Indies.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: However, in June 2018, FIFA executive committee member, Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Sultan of Pahang, Tengku Abdullah who is also the former president of the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) expressed interest in joining the two countries in hosting the World Cup together. The same year, Vietnam expressed interest in joining the bid for the same competition, despite some infrastructure concerns due to the poorer status of Vietnamese economy. The four countries have jointly hosted a football event before during the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: In June 2019, the Prime Minister of Thailand, Prayuth Chan-o-cha announced that all 10 nations of ASEAN will launch a joint-bid to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup, being the first to submit a ten-country joint bid in the FIFA World Cup history.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: On 9 October 2019, five ASEAN countries officially proposed hosting the 2034 FIFA World Cup. Thailand is to lead the initiative.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: On 15 June 2022, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, in his role as chair of ASEAN, said he would urge Southeast Asian leaders to bid to host the FIFA World Cup in 2034 or 2038.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: Egypt's Sports and Youth Minister Ashraf Sobhy said that Egypt is considering a bid to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: Tourism and Hospitality Industry Minister Walter Mzembi has said that Zimbabwe will bid to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup. His idea is to have Harare as the host city but in collaboration with other major cities in the region like Maputo, Johannesburg, Gaborone and Lusaka. All these cities are within a one-and-a-half hour flight of each other.


title: 2034 FIFA World Cup

text: After its failed bid to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Australia has considered a joint bid with neighbouring New Zealand, an OFC member with which they will co-host the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup. Australia re-established this intention in August 2021, shortly after Brisbane's success in bidding to host the 2032 Summer Olympics. A joint bid with Indonesia and other ASEAN nations instead of New Zealand was also discussed by Football Australia. However, Indonesia has remained reluctant to the joint bid with Australia, considering the country is also taking part in the ASEAN bid for the same competition.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: Nasser bin Ghanim Al-Khelaifi (; born 12 November 1973) is a Qatari businessman and the chairman of beIN Media Group, chairman of Qatar Sports Investments, president of Paris Saint-Germain and the Qatar Tennis Federation, and vice president of the Asian Tennis Federation for West Asia.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: Al-Khelaifi is the president and chief executive officer of Paris Saint-Germain in France. He is also a member of the organizing committee for the FIFA Club World Cup, and has been elected as the chairman of the European Club Association (ECA).


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: Al-Khelaifi was born in Qatar, a son of a pearl fisherman, and graduated with an Economics Degree from Qatar University. He also has a post graduate degree in Maritime Studies from University of Piraeus.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: As a tennis professional, Al-Khelaifi was the second most successful member of the Qatar Davis Cup team after Sultan Khalfan, playing 43 times between 1992 and 2002 and compiling a 12–31 record in singles, 12–16 in doubles. Al-Khelaifi appeared twice on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) main tour, losing each time in his first round matches in St. Pölten in 1996 (where he lost to former French Open Champion Thomas Muster) and in Doha in 2002. He reached a career-high singles ranking of No. 995 in late 2002. He also won the GCC Team Tournament.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: Nasser Al-Khelaifi has been president of the Qatar Tennis Federation (QTF) since November 2008. In 2011, he was elected vice-president of the Asian Tennis Federation (ATF) for West Asia.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: Nasser Al-Khelaifi has been chairman of Qatar Sports Investments (QSi) from June 2011. QSi is a sovereign wealth fund dedicated to investments in the sport and leisure industry on a national and international level.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: Following the QSi acquisition of Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) football club in June 2011, Nasser Al-Khelaifi became the chairman of the board of PSG and also CEO of the club, reinforcing Qatari interest in French football.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: Nasser Al-Khelaifi became the new president and chief executive officer of Paris Saint-Germain on 7 October 2011. Shortly after being named president, he presented a five-year plan to take Paris Saint-Germain to the top of the tree in France and abroad. As part of the long-term plan for the club, Al-Khelaifi brought in former footballer Leonardo as the new director of football.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: Although Al-Khelaifi initially demanded a major trophy haul for the 2011–12 season, PSG were soon eliminated from the UEFA Europa League and both domestic cups, leaving the team only able to spend $130 million on players. PSG failed to dominate, and lost out to eventual winners Montpellier, though they qualified for the UEFA Champions League by finishing second.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In the 2012–13 season, PSG won the Ligue 1 title and also made it to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League, thanks partly to the goalscoring of newly signed striker, Zlatan Ibrahimović. They eventually lost in a two-legged tie to FC Barcelona on away goals.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In the 2013–14 season, PSG again finished top of Ligue 1 with a record total of 89 points. They reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League where they lost to Chelsea 3–3 on aggregate, again going out only on the away goals rule.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League knockout phase, they lost to Manchester United at home after leading with two goals at Old Trafford in the first leg. PSG lost at home 1–3 (3–3 on aggregate) and were knocked out by the away-goal rule.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In June 2012, QSi acquired the Paris Handball Club and merged it with the PSG sport franchise to create a wider and more competitive sport offer to the city of Paris. Since 2012, Paris Saint-Germain Handball has won the LNH Division 1 five times, while reaching the EHF Champions League final in 2016–17 and the semi-finals in 2015–16 and 2017–18.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: On 31 December 2013, Al Jazeera Sport's global operations were spun out of Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN) and rebranded as beIN Sports. A few months later, beIN Media Group was incorporated and became the official owner of beIN Sports branded networks as well as all other non-news and current affairs assets originally belonging to AJMN. beIN Sports has 22 channels, including 17 HD channels, and broadcasts across the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia. The strategy, aside from building the beIN premium sports network, is to develop the group's ambitions in sports and entertainment in production, distribution, and digital media sectors.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In October 2017, the Swiss courts opened an investigation against him for suspicion of private corruption in the allocation of television rights for the World Cups 2026 and 2030 for the Middle East and North Africa international media market. On 30 October 2020, Nasser Al-Khelaifi was cleared of the case over the awarding of television rights for the World Cup. Al-Khelaifi had been accused of aggravated criminal mismanagement for his alleged part in a corruption trial involving former FIFA general secretary Jerome Valcke. However, Valcke was found guilty of forging documents related to television rights for the World Cup and was fined 24,000 Swiss francs ($26,500). According to the Swiss attorney general’s office, alleged that Valcke exploited his FIFA role between 2013 and 2015 to favour media partners that he preferred by providing the media rights for various World Cup and Confederations Cup tournaments.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In November 2013, Al-Khelaifi was made minister without portfolio in the Qatari government by the emir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: On 9 March 2022, after Paris Saint-Germain's 1–3 away loss (2–3 aggregate score) to Real Madrid in the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League round of 16, Al-Khelaifi allegedly assaulted a linesman and broke his flag and threatened a Madrid employee with murder. Following investigation, UEFA cleared Al-Khelaifi of all charges related to the match.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In February 2012, he won a French 'Sport Business' award, receiving the most votes out of 1,500 and finishing ahead of nine people.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: His growing influence in the sport was recognised in 2015 when he was voted 'favourite Ligue 1 president' in a poll conducted by France Football, with 35% of the votes cast.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In 2016, the French daily sport newspaper L'Équipe named him the 'most powerful man in French football' in a 30-man list, ahead of such notable individuals as Didier Deschamps and Zinedine Zidane.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In 2019, he was elected by the European Club Association as delegate at the UEFA executive committee, becoming the first oriental to hold an UEFA position.


title: Nasser Al-Khelaifi

text: In March 2020, Al-Khelaifi was praised by World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus after offering to help in the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic by using his players and club to send health advice messages to the public.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Alan Parsons (born 20 December 1948) is an English audio engineer, songwriter, musician and record producer.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Parsons was involved with the production of several notable albums, including the Beatles' "Abbey Road" (1969) and "Let It Be" (1970), Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon" (1973), and the eponymous debut album by Ambrosia in 1975. Parsons's own group, The Alan Parsons Project, as well as his subsequent solo recordings, have also been commercially successful. He has been nominated for 13 Grammy Awards, with his first win occurring in 2019 for Best Immersive Audio Album for "Eye in the Sky" (35th Anniversary Edition).


title: Alan Parsons

text: In October 1967, at the age of 18, Parsons went to work as an assistant engineer at Abbey Road Studios. He was a tape operator during the Beatles' Get Back sessions, and he earned his first credit on the LP "Abbey Road". He became a regular there, engineering such projects as Wings' "Wild Life" and "Red Rose Speedway", five albums by the Hollies and Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon", for which he received his first Grammy Awards nomination.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Parsons considered himself to be a recording director, likening his contribution to recordings to what Stanley Kubrick contributed to film. In his work with Al Stewart's "Year of the Cat," Parsons added the saxophone part and transformed the original folk concept into the jazz-influenced ballad that put Stewart onto the charts.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Parsons also produced three albums by Pilot, a Scottish pop rock band, whose hits included "January" and "Magic". He also mixed the debut album by the American band Ambrosia and produced their second album, "Somewhere I've Never Travelled". Parsons was nominated for a Grammy Award for both albums.


title: Alan Parsons

text: In 1975, he declined Pink Floyd's invitation to work on "Wish You Were Here", the follow-up for "Dark Side", and instead initiated the Alan Parsons Project with producer, songwriter, and occasional singer Eric Woolfson, whom he had met at Abbey Road. The Project consisted of a revolving group of studio musicians and vocalists, most notably the members of Pilot and (on the first album) the members of Ambrosia. Unlike most rock groups, the Alan Parsons Project never performed live during its heyday, although it did release several music videos. Its only live performance during its original incarnation was in 1990. It released ten albums, the last in 1987. The Project terminated in 1990 after Parsons and Woolfson split, with the Project's intended 11th album released that year as a Woolfson solo album. Parsons continued to release work in his own name and in collaboration with other musicians. Parsons and his band regularly toured many parts of the world.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Although an accomplished vocalist, keyboardist, bassist, guitarist and flautist, Parsons only sang infrequent and incidental parts on his albums, such as the background vocals on "Time". While his keyboard playing was very audible on the Alan Parsons Project albums, very few recordings feature his flute. He briefly returned to run Abbey Road Studios in its entirety. Parsons also continued with his selective production work for other bands.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Of all his collaborators, guitarist Ian Bairnson worked with Parsons the longest, including Parsons' post-Project albums: "Try Anything Once", "On Air", "The Time Machine and The Secret."


title: Alan Parsons

text: In 1998, Parsons became vice-president of EMI Studios Group, including the Abbey Road Studios. He soon left the post, deciding to return to more creative endeavours. Parsons remained as a creative consultant and associate producer for the group.


title: Alan Parsons

text: As well as receiving gold and platinum awards from many nations, Parsons has received thirteen Grammy Award nominations. In 2006, he received a nomination for Best Surround Sound Album for "A Valid Path". In 2019, he finally won his first Grammy Award for Best immersive Audio Album for his remastered 35th anniversary edition of Eye in the Sky.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Beginning in 2001 and extending for four years, Parsons led a Beatles tribute show called "A Walk Down Abbey Road" featuring a group of headlining performers such as Todd Rundgren, Ann Wilson of Heart, John Entwistle of the Who and Jack Bruce of Cream. The show structure included a first set where all musicians assembled to perform each other's hits, and a second set featuring all Beatles songs.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Since 1999, he has toured as the Alan Parsons "Live" Project (with Woolfson's permission). The band currently features lead singer P. J. Olsson, guitarist Jeff Kollman, drummer Danny Thompson, keyboardist Tom Brooks, bass guitarist Guy Erez, vocalist and saxophonist Todd Cooper, guitarist and vocalist Dan Tracey, along with Parsons on rhythm guitar, keyboards and vocals. This band performed live in Medellín, Colombia in 2013 as "Alan Parsons Symphonic Project" in a performance recorded for Colombian television and also released on CD (live 2-CD) and DVD (May 2016).


title: Alan Parsons

text: In May 2005, Parsons appeared at the Canyon Club in Agoura Hills, California, to mix front-of-house sound for Southern California-based Pink Floyd tribute band Which One's Pink? and their performance of "the Dark Side of the Moon" in its entirety.


title: Alan Parsons

text: In 2010, Parsons released his single "All Our Yesterdays" through Authentik Artists. Parsons also launched a DVD educational series in 2010, titled "the Art and Science of Sound Recording" ("ASSR") on music production and the complete audio recording process. The single "All Our Yesterdays" was written and recorded during the making of "ASSR". The series, narrated by Billy Bob Thornton, gives detailed tutorials on virtually every aspect of the sound recording process.


title: Alan Parsons

text: During 2010, several media reports (one of which included a quote from a representative of Parsons), alleged that the song "Need You Now" by country music group Lady Antebellum used the melody and arrangement of "Eye in the Sky".


title: Alan Parsons

text: Parsons produced Jake Shimabukuro's album "Grand Ukulele", which was released on 2 October 2012. Also in 2012, he contributed lead vocals and performed keyboards and guitar on the track "Precious Life" by German electronic music duo Lichtmond, and appeared with many other noted progressive-rock musicians on "the Prog Collective" album by Billy Sherwood, singing lead on "the Technical Divide."


title: Alan Parsons

text: Parsons engineered the third solo album by Steven Wilson, "The Raven that Refused to Sing (And Other Stories)", released on 25 February 2013.


title: Alan Parsons

text: In late 2013, a live album recorded on tour in Germany and Austria with the title "LiveSpan" was released, accompanied by a single called "Fragile" with Simon Philips on drums.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Legacy Recordings, the catalogue division of Sony Music Entertainment, celebrated the 35th anniversary of "Eye in the Sky", with the worldwide release of a definitive deluxe collector's box set, featuring rare and unreleased material, on 17 November 2017.


title: Alan Parsons

text: On 19 July 2018, Parsons and engineer Noah Bruskin opened a new recording studio, ParSonics. ParSonics was used in the recording of Alan Parsons’ most recent album "The Secret".


title: Alan Parsons

text: His father was Denys Parsons, the grandson of the actor Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Denys Parsons was a scientist, a film maker, and the press officer for the British Library, as well as a talented pianist and flautist. He developed the Parsons Code as a means of classifying musical melody and was the author of "The Directory of Tunes and Musical Themes" (1975, revised 2008).


title: Alan Parsons

text: Parsons resides in Santa Barbara, California. He has two sons from his first marriage. He is married to Lisa Griffiths; they have two daughters.


title: Alan Parsons

text: Parsons was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to music and music production.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The Voice is an international reality television singing competition franchise. It is based on the reality singing competition "The Voice of Holland", which was originally created by Dutch producer John de Mol and Dutch singer Roel van Velzen.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: It has become a rival to the "Idols" franchise, "The Four", "Rising Star" and "The X Factor". Up until 2020, the franchise was owned by Talpa Network. The current owner is ITV Studios.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: Originated in the Netherlands, many other countries adapted the format and began airing their own versions starting in 2010. Up till now, seven different versions of The Voice have been produced by countries/regions all around the world. Some programs still stick to the original format of the show while most of them are produced with twists of the format added.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The franchise maintains official YouTube channels called "The Voice Global" and "La Voz Global" (as the Spanish version). The channels upload compilation videos of performances from "The Voice" all around the world. "The Voice Global" channel currently has over 10 million subscribers. Other channels on YouTube such as "Best of The Voice" and "Best of The Voice Kids" also feature compilations of the performances.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: Talpa's John de Mol Jr., creator of "Big Brother", first created "The Voice" concept with Dutch singer Roel van Velzen. Erland Galjaard, a Dutch program director, asked John de Mol about whether he could come up with a format that went a step further than "The X Factor". De Mol then came up with the idea of "Blind Audition". He wanted the show's image to be about the focus on singing quality alone, so the coaches must be top artists in the music industry. The rotating chairs concept was invented by Roel van Velzen. It would also be the first talent show in which social media was actively involved.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: On 17 September 2010, "The Voice of Holland" began to air on RTL 4 with Angela Groothuizen, Roel van Velzen, Nick & Simon, and Jeroen van der Boom as the mentor-judges (dubbed as "coaches") of the show. The show proved to be an instant success in the Netherlands.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The format was later sold to different countries, in many cases replacing a previous Endemol music contest format, "Operation Triumph / Star Academy".


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The show's format features five stages of competition: producers' auditions, blind auditions, battle rounds, knockouts (since 2012), and live performance shows.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: Contestants are aspiring singers drawn from public auditions, which are not broadcast and active recruitment. Unlike "Idols" and "The X Factor", the producers pick fewer contestants (usually from 100, up to 200 contestants), which are deemed "the best artists", to perform in the broadcast auditions. The first televised stage is the blind auditions, in which the four coaches, all noteworthy recording artists, listen to the contestants in chairs facing away from the stage so as to avoid seeing them. If a coach likes what they hear from that contestant, they press a button to rotate their chairs to signify that they are interested in working with that contestant. If more than one coach presses their button, the contestant chooses the coach he or she wants to work with. The blind auditions end when each coach has a set number of contestants to work with. Coaches will dedicate themselves to developing their singers mentally, musically and in some cases physically, giving them advice, and sharing the secrets of their success.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The contestants who successfully pass the blind auditions proceed to the battle rounds, where the coaches put two or sometimes three of their own team members against each other to sing the same song together in front of a studio audience. After the vocal face-off, the coach must choose only one to advance. If no specific winner can be identified, either the competition turns to a game of fate via a coin toss, or the coach may combine them into a duo throughout the rest of the competition. In rare cases the coach can also choose to advance neither one (As seen in season eight of "The Voice of Holland"). In some versions, there are steals where opposing coaches can steal a contestant who was voted off by their own coach by pressing their button. As in the blind auditions, if more than one coach presses their button, the contestant chooses which coach they want. Each coach has a set number of steals, usually one or two (raised to three in the seventh season of "The Voice Brasil").


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The knockout round was introduced in 2012, and is implemented in some versions. The winners of the battle rounds proceed to this round (dubbed Super-battle round/Sing-off in some versions).


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: As in the battle rounds, coaches put members (usually 2/3/4, rarely 6 or 10) of their own team members to compete against each other. This time, the contestants choose their own song to perform individually while the other watches and waits. After that, the coach chooses one to advance while the other is sent home. At the end of the knockout rounds, the strongest members of each coach's roster proceed to the live stage shows. Some versions include steals. Like in the battle round, the opposing coaches can steal a contestant who was voted off by their own coach by pressing their button. Similar to the blind auditions, if more than one coach presses their button, the contestant chooses which coach they want.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: In the final performance phase of the competition, the top contestants from each team compete against each other during a live broadcast. The television audience vote to save one contestant on each team, leaving the coach to decide on live television who they want to save and who will not move on. In the next round, the public chooses between the two artists left on each team, and the coach also has a vote that weighs equally with the public vote.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: Finally, each coach will have his/her best contestant left standing to compete in the finals, singing an original song. From these four or five, one will be named "The Voice"—and will receive the grand prize of a recording contract and a cash prize. Universal Music Group is the general record company associated and affiliated with "The Voice" format in most countries.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: One of the cornerstones of "The Voice" format is the social media participation via Twitter, Facebook and the specially designed platform "connect". Users are able to log in via their Facebook account and retrieve background information about the show. The platform also offers the possibility to stream the show online as well as to vote, interact with friends and to discuss various topics and questions asked by the producers throughout the show.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: Starting from the fifth season of "The Voice of Holland", if all the coaches rejected one specific contestant, they would leave the stage straight away, without any conversations with the coaches, and the chairs would remain unturned. The format is currently also used in some other versions such as "The Voice of Poland", "Glasat na Bulgaria", "Lietuvos Balsas", "The Voice Nigeria" "The Voice of Mongolia, The Voice Sri Lanka" and "The Voice UK." Other versions that used this format consist in the fifth and eighth season of "Vocea României", the fourth to sixth seasons of "The Voice Belgique", the sixth season of "The Voice of Albania", in the second season of "The Voice Afrique," from second to third season of "The Voice South Africa" from sixth to eighth season of "The Voice: la plus belle voix", the fourth season of "The Voice of Armenia", the eighth season of "Holos Krainy", and in the third season of "The Voice Cesko Slovensko", In the case of "La Voz Mexico", it was first apllied from sixth to seventh season when it was still in Las Estrellas, and then in eleventh season when it was still in TV Azteca.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The American version introduced a new mechanism in the blind auditions on the fourteenth season: the Block button. When a coach wants to get the specific contestant but does not want another coach to do so, they may press the block button to block them from getting the contestant, and then turn around at the same time. The coach who is blocked will not know until pressing their red button and, after that, they will get the word "blocked", instead of their name in the LED floor. A coach can use the block button once in a season (the number of allowed blocks varies in other versions, which are described below), and only one block is allowed per audition. The Block twist was then applied in:


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The sixth season of "The Voice Kids of Vietnam" had a new feature called "Mute button". As its name implies, the muted coach will not be allowed to speak, but they can still do all the kind of body language to convince the contestant to join their team. The Mute only adds excitement to the program, as contestants can still pick the muted coach. Each coach has only one Mute per audition. It was shortly removed in seventh season then returned in the next season.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The Wildcard round was introduced in the first two seasons of "The Voice of Holland", wherein the selected failed contestants of the blind auditions were screened and would perform via radio program Radio 538. Some coaches will select if they want that contestant on their team to compete in the battles, but it was abandoned in the later seasons. It was reintroduced in the 15th season of the U.S. version where it is now called as "The Comeback Stage". On it, a fifth coach will mentor six contestants that failed to make a team in the blind auditions, and they will compete against each other in a digital companion series, with the winner securing a spot in the Top 13. Later, it was removed on the seventeenth season. This was acquired in the ninth season of "The Voice of Germany", in the fourth season of "The Voice Indonesia", in the second season of "La Voz USA", in the of "La Voz", in the tenth season of "The Voice of Finland", in the seventh season of "The Voice van Vlaanderen", in the third season of "La Voz Argentina", in the tenth season of "The Voice Brasil", in the twelfth season of "The Voice of Holland", in the eleventh season of "The Voice: la plus belle voix" the twelfth season of "Holos Krainy" and in the third season of "The Voice Chile"


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The sixth season of "Giọng hát Việt" introduced "The Switch". Coaches with a full team could press the Switch button to swap one contestant with another contestant that expressed interest in the coach. Each coach only has one Switch during the course of the Blind auditions. The "Special coach" was also introduced this season, a role that shares similarities with the U.S. version's "Comeback Stage" coach. Instead of turning away from the stage as usual, the special coach's chair stay towards the stage during all performances, allowing him/her to know how the contestants look like, he/she has the ability to choose unlimited contestants, unlike other coaches, and his/her selection button is still valid even when the contestant has finished his/her performance. However, the special coach can only select contestants that were not chosen by three other coaches.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: In season ten of "The Voice of Australia" (which is later removed in Season 11 which coaches can only have 12 artists), the judges had an no limit on the number of contestants they could turn for during the blind auditions. This follows coach, Guy Sebastian, "breaking the rules" in season nine by turning for Wolf Winters after his team was already full. However in order to balance out numbers, a following round (held straight after the blind auditions) called The Cut was introduced, where the judges hold a private callback session with their team to battle for five spots in the Knockout Rounds. Each judge groups their team by specific themes and tasks each artist to perform their rendition of a chosen song before finalising their team. This rule was also applied in the eighth season of "Glasat na Bulgaria", where coaches can have unlimited contestants on their team. However, at the end of Blind Auditions, the coaches have to cut down to 14 contestants to the next round (12 in the ninth season). This also applied in the second season of "The Voice Dominicana" , in the tenth season of "Vocea României" and will be applied in the twelfth season of "The Voice of Finland."


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The eleventh season of "The Voice of Australia" introduced the "Battle pass". In this twist, coaches will have a new additional silver button, in addition to the four ones which coaches can press to send automatically the contestant to the battle rounds. Each coach could only press the button once in the entire blind auditions.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The seventh season of "The Voice of Holland" features "non stop steal", which means that steals during the battle rounds follow a hot-seat procedure: a coach may replace his or her stolen contestant as many times as he or she likes until the end of the battles. This feature also applies in the seventh season of "The Voice of Poland", the seventh season of "Vocea României", fifth season of "The Voice van Vlaanderen", the fifth season of "The Voice Portugal", the seventh season of "Holos Krainy", the sixth season of "", the fourth season of "The Voice of Armenia", and "The Voice Ahla Sawt", the fifth season of "The Voice – Norges beste stemme" and "The Voice ישראל," the sixth season of "Giọng hát Việt" , the ninth season of "The Voice of Germany" (dubbed "Steal Room"), in the second season of "The Voice Dominicana" and in the ninth season of "Glasat na Bulgaria."


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: Another format was introduced in the fourth season of "La Voz Kids España". The remaining contestants that was saved by the coaches will proceed to the fast-paced Battle Rounds wherein the "supercoach" will decide who will proceed to the live semi-finals.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The fifth season of" Giọng hát Việt" features "no-elimination", which is used only once throughout the battles when a coach does not want to eliminate one of two their contestants and wants to keep them in the next round. A coach has to ask and gets consent from both contestants. After getting consent, two contestants were retained and would become a duo (they were not a solo-contestant), combined together throughout the rest of the competition; if a coach does not get consent, they must choose only one to advance to the knockouts as the original format.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The third season of "The Voice South Africa" introduced a new way to conduct the Knockout round: After each contestant's solo performance, the respective coach will have to decide whether they are in the Safe Zone (which means qualified for the Battles) or the Danger Zone (at risk of elimination). Each coach can only send three contestants to the Safe Zone but also have two steals across the round. After all members from one team have concluded their performances, the coach will save a number of artists from the Danger Zone to move on to the Battles. Contestants who are sent to the Danger Zone but not chosen by their coach or get stolen by another coach will be eliminated. However, audience can also vote for the artist in the Danger Zone by televoting. This rule was then applied in the of "", where six artists will be chosen for the Safe Zone, but public's vote is not included. Also, in the third season of "The Voice Nigeria".


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: The cross-battle was introduced in the semi-final round of the fourth season of "The Voice of Holland". In this round, two contestants from two different teams compete against each other and the public vote determines who will advance. This also applies from the fifth until the seventh season of "The Voice Brasil", from the third until the seventh season of "The Voice of Greece", as well as the sixteenth season of "The Voice", the second season of "La Voz" in the United States or also on the tenth season of "The Voice, la plus belle voix" in France, and also in the eighth season of "Glasat na Bulgaria".


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: In the eighth and ninth seasons of "The Voice Australia", introduced a new twist in the show which a group of former contestants from the past seasons compete also with the new talents. Diana Rouvas and Chris Sebastian from first season of the show was hailed as a grand champion in two consecutive seasons. It was applied in the tenth season of "The Voice of Germany" as part of their "10th anniversary" season special and in the eighth season of "The Voice Portugal".


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: On the other hand, an "All-Star edition" which is only for the previous candidates, was announced as mentioned by the ITV Studios' for global entertainment President Maarten Meijs last September 2020. TF1 will be the first broadcaster to air the series under of "The Voice: la plus belle voix". The format was also then applied in "The Voice of Finland, The Voice Thailand" and "The Voice Indonesia."


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: There were non-televised shows as not seen in the various format of the franchise such as "The Voice of the Ocean" (US) with "Princess Cruises", "The Voice of the Sea" (Italian) with "Costa Cruises", "The Voice Univa" and "The Voice Teens Univa" (Spanish) with Grupo Telecentro in México.


title: The Voice (franchise)

text: A combined 572 singers have won "The Voice", "The Voice Kids", "The Voice Teens", "The Voice Senior", "The Voice All Stars", "The Voice Rap" and "The Voice Generations" in 65 countries/regions. Each winner is given a recording contract, a monetary prize, and a title as that nation's "Voice". The first winner was Ben Saunders of "The Voice of Holland". The most recent was Javier Crespo from the Spanish version of "The Voice".


title: The Kardashians

text: The Kardashians is an American reality television series which focuses on the personal lives of the Kardashian–Jenner family. The new show comes off the heels of their last show called "Keeping Up with the Kardashians", which concluded in June 2021 after a 20-season run on E!.


title: The Kardashians

text: The series focuses mainly on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian and their half-sisters, Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and their mother, Kris Jenner. It also features some of their current and ex-partners, including Travis Scott, Travis Barker, Kanye West, Tristan Thompson, Scott Disick, and Corey Gamble, with guest appearances from various friends in the entertainment industry.


title: The Kardashians

text: "The Kardashians" premiered on April 14, 2022 on the streaming service Hulu; its first season consisted of 10 episodes. Before the series debuted, it was greenlit by Hulu for a multi-season launch with a total of forty episodes. The second season also contained ten episodes, which premiered on September 22, 2022; a third season is in production.


title: The Kardashians

text: On September 8, 2020, the Kardashian–Jenner family announced that their long-running reality television series, "Keeping Up with the Kardashians", would be ending in 2021. The series had been on-air since 2007 and ran for 20 seasons on NBCUniversal's E! television channel. The series concluded on June 20, 2021.


title: The Kardashians

text: In December 2020, during Disney's investors presentation event, it was announced that the Kardashian–Jenner sisters: Kim, Kourtney, and Khloé Kardashian, Kendall and Kylie Jenner and their mother, Kris Jenner had signed a multi-year exclusive deal to create global content for Hulu. In October 2021, it was announced that an untitled Kardashian–Jenner Hulu series would be produced by the British production company, Fulwell 73. On January 1, 2022, the series title, "The Kardashians", was announced by Hulu. According to Khloé, "to be still on cable was just not so on-brand for [the family]", explaining why the family decided to move to the streaming platform. The series is executive produced by Ben Winston, Danielle King, Emma Conway, and Elizabeth Jones for Fulwell 73, Kris Jenner, Kim Kardashian, Kourtney Kardashian, Khloé Kardashian, Kendall Jenner, and Kylie Jenner for Kardashian Jenner Productions, and Ryan Seacrest. King also serves as the series showrunner.


title: The Kardashians

text: The first season premiered on April 14, 2022, and consisted of ten episodes. Post the season finalewhich ended on a cliffhangermedia outlets started speculating the arrival of a second season.


title: The Kardashians

text: Prior to the series premiere, it was reported in March 2022 that Hulu had already renewed the series for a second season, as part of a multi-season order, with a total of forty episodes; the series was called a "premium" version of "Keeping Up with the Kardashians". During the months of May and July 2022, the Kardashian sisters posted behind-the-scenes pictures from the series on their social media accounts"," hinting at a second season. In June 2022, on an episode of "Deadline"s "Crew Call" podcast, executive producer Danielle King confirmed that a second season was in production, revealing that Kourtney and Travis Barker's wedding was filmed. In July 2022, Hulu announced that the second season would premiere in September 2022. It consisted of ten episodes.


title: The Kardashians

text: "The Kardashians" premiered on April 14, 2022, on Hulu in the United States, and is released weekly on Thursdays. It premiered simultaneously internationally on Disney+ under the dedicated streaming hub Star, as an original series, Disney+ Hotstar, and on Star+ in Latin America. The first season consisted of ten episodes, with the season finale being released on June 16, 2022.


title: The Kardashians

text: The second season premiered on September 22, 2022, following the same release schedule as the first season. The season premiere picked up where the season one finale ended.


title: The Kardashians

text: According to Hulu, "The Kardashians" premiere was the most-watched series premiere for the streaming service in its first three days in the United States, and was the most-watched Star Originals series on Disney+ and Star+ across global markets. According to Whip Media, "The Kardashians" was the 10th most streamed original series across all platforms in the United States, during the week ending November 6, 2022, and the 9th during the week ending November 13, 2022.


title: The Kardashians

text: According to the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series' first season has a 33% approval rating based on 15 critics' reviews, with an average rating of 5.80/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "While hardcore fans might enjoy catching up with "The Kardashians", the lifestyles of this rich and famous family have lost their novelty." Metacritic assigned the series a weighted average score of 49 out of 100 based on 9 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Plagiarism

text: Plagiarism is the fraudulent representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work. While precise definitions vary, depending on the institution, such representations are generally considered to violate academic integrity and journalistic ethics as well as social norms of learning, teaching, research, fairness, respect and responsibility in many cultures. It is subject to sanctions such as penalties, suspension, expulsion from school or work, substantial fines and even imprisonment.


title: Plagiarism

text: Plagiarism is typically not in itself a crime, but like counterfeiting, fraud can be punished in a court for prejudices caused by copyright infringement, violation of moral rights, or torts. In academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense. Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent, but they are not equivalent concepts, and many types of plagiarism do not constitute copyright infringement, which is defined by copyright law and may be adjudicated by courts.


title: Plagiarism

text: Not all countries hold the same beliefs about personal ownership of language or ideas. While some, such as India and Poland, consider plagiarism to be a crime liable for imprisonment, in other countries the reiteration of another professional's work can be a sign of respect or flattery. Students who move to the United States and other Western countries from countries where plagiarism is not frowned upon may find the transition difficult.


title: Plagiarism

text: In the 1st century, the use of the Latin word ""plagiarius"" (literally "kidnapper") to denote stealing someone else's creative work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial, who complained that another poet had "kidnapped his verses". "Plagiary", a derivative of "plagiarus", was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson during the Jacobean Era to describe someone guilty of literary theft. The derived form "plagiarism" was introduced into English around 1620. The Latin "plagiārius", "kidnapper", and "plagium", "kidnapping", have the root "plaga" ("snare", "net"), based on the Indo-European root "*-plak", "to weave" (seen for instance in Greek "plekein", Bulgarian "плета" "pleta", and Latin "plectere", all meaning "to weave").


title: Plagiarism

text: It is frequently claimed that people in antiquity had no concept of plagiarism, or at least did not condemn it, and it only came to be seen as immoral much later, anywhere from the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th century to the Romantic movement in the 18th century. While people in antiquity found detecting plagiarism difficult due to the paucity of literate persons as well as long travel times, there are a considerable number of pre-Enlightenment authors, who accuse others of plagiarism and consider it distasteful and scandalous, including the respected historians Polybius and Pliny the Elder. The 3rd century Greek work "Lives of the Eminent Philosophers" mentions that Heraclides Ponticus was accused of plagiarizing () a treatise on Heliod and Homer. In Vitruvius's 7th book, he acknowledges his debt to earlier writers and attributes them. He also passes a strong condemnation of plagiarism: "Earlier writers deserve our thanks, those, on the contrary, deserve our reproaches, who steal the writings of such men and publish them as their own. Those, who depend in their writings, not on their own ideas, but who enviously do wrong to the works of others and boast of it, deserve not merely to be blamed, but to be sentenced to actual punishment for their wicked course of life." Vitruvius goes on to claim that "such things did not pass without strict chastisement". He recounts a story where the well-read Aristophanes of Byzantium judged a poetry competition. Aristophanes caught most of the contestants plagiarizing others' poems as their own. The king ordered the plagiarizers to confess that they were thieves, and they were condemned to disgrace. While the story may be apocryphal, it shows that Vitruvius personally considered plagiarism reprehensible.


title: Plagiarism

text: Although plagiarism in some contexts is considered theft or stealing, the concept does not exist in a legal sense. although the use of someone else's work in order to gain academic credit may meet some legal definitions of fraud. "Plagiarism" specifically is not mentioned in any current statute, either criminal or civil. Some cases may be treated as unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights. In short, people are asked to use the guideline, "if you did not write it yourself; you must give credit".


title: Plagiarism

text: Plagiarism is not the same as copyright infringement. While both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different concepts, and false claims of authorship generally constitute plagiarism regardless of whether the material is protected by copyright. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material whose use is restricted by copyright is used without consent. Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation, or the obtaining of academic credit, that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered a moral offense against the plagiarist's audience (for example, a reader, listener, or teacher).


title: Plagiarism

text: Plagiarism is also considered a moral offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content (for example, the plagiarist's publisher, employer, or teacher). In such cases, acts of plagiarism may sometimes also form part of a claim for breach of the plagiarist's contract, or, if done knowingly, for a civil wrong.


title: Plagiarism

text: Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud, and offenders are subject to academic censure, up to and including expulsion. Some institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing. However, plagiarism detection software does not always yield accurate results and there are loopholes in these systems. Some universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientations. The orientation required writing courses, and clearly articulated honor codes. Indeed, there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong. Nevertheless, each year students are brought before their institutions' disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork. However, the practice of plagiarizing by use of sufficient word substitutions to elude detection software, known as rogeting. Rogetting has rapidly evolved as students and unethical academics seek to stay ahead of detection software.


title: Plagiarism

text: A form of plagiarism known as "contract cheating" involves students paying someone else, such as an essay mill, to do their work for them. Few parts of the world have legislation that prohibits the operation or the promotion of contract cheating services at this time.


title: Plagiarism

text: In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination of employment. Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation. While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier.


title: Plagiarism

text: Predicated upon an expected level of learning and comprehension having been achieved, all associated academic accreditation becomes seriously undermined if plagiarism is allowed to become the norm within academic submissions.


title: Plagiarism

text: For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and perceived integrity. Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, by which students and professors have agreed to be bound. Plagiarism is a common reason for academic research papers to be retracted. Library science is developing approaches to address the issue of "plagiarism" at institutional levels.


title: Plagiarism

text: Scholars of plagiarism include Rebecca Moore Howard, Susan Blum, Tracey Bretag, and Sarah Elaine Eaton.


title: Plagiarism

text: No universally adopted definition of academic plagiarism exists. However, this section provides several definitions to exemplify the most common characteristics of academic plagiarism. It has been called, "The use of ideas, concepts, words, or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to benefit in a setting where originality is expected."


title: Plagiarism

text: This is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman's definition of plagiarism, which proposed five elements characteristic of plagiarism. According to Fishman, plagiarism occurs when someone:


title: Plagiarism

text: Furthermore, plagiarism is defined differently among institutions of higher learning and universities:


title: Plagiarism

text: Different classifications of academic plagiarism forms have been proposed. Many classifications follow a behavioral approach, i.e., they seek to classify the actions undertaken by plagiarists.


title: Plagiarism

text: For example, a 2015 survey of teachers and professors by Turnitin, identified 10 main forms of plagiarism that students commit:


title: Plagiarism

text: A 2019 systematic literature review on academic plagiarism detection deductively derived a technically oriented typology of academic plagiarism from the linguistic model of language consisting of lexis, syntax, and semantics extended by a fourth layer to capture the plagiarism of ideas and structures. The typology categorizes plagiarism forms according to the layer of the model they affect:


title: Plagiarism

text: In the academic world, plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment, the entire course, or even being expelled from the institution. The seriousness with which academic institutions address student plagiarism may be tempered by a recognition that students may not fully understand what plagiarism is. A 2015 study showed that students who were new to university study did not have a good understanding of even the basic requirements of how to attribute sources in written academic work, yet students were very confident that they understood what referencing and plagiarism are. The same students also had a lenient view of how plagiarism should be penalised.


title: Plagiarism

text: For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e.g., purchasing an assignment), suspension or expulsion may occur. There has been historic concern about inconsistencies in penalties administered for university student plagiarism, and a plagiarism tariff was devised in 2008 for UK higher education institutions in an attempt to encourage some standardization of approaches.