title: Daguerreotype

text: The daguerreotype played a role in the political efforts of the advancement of African Americans in the United States post-slavery. Abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass was the most photographed man in nineteenth-century America. One of his most famous renderings was a pre-Civil War daguerreotype seen at the 1997 exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago.


title: Daguerreotype

text: Some of the earliest depictions of African Americans came in the form of slave daguerreotypes taken for Swiss scientist Louis Agassiz. These daguerreotypes—taken for Agassiz in Columbia, South Carolina in 1850—were discovered at the Harvard Peabody Museum in 1975 and appeared at the Amon Carter Museum in 1992 in the exhibition "Nineteenth Century Photography". Upon observation, these daguerreotypes were found to have been taken for scientific and polarizing political motives.


title: Daguerreotype

text: Early 19th century African American photographers such as Augustus Washington and abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth laid the groundwork for the idea of the "New Negro". Photographers would take daguerreotypes that would depict African Americans in a more sophisticated light to coincide with this post-slavery image being developed by African Americans. 20th century African American intellectuals such as W.E.B. Dubois and Alain Locke promoted these images through abolitionist newspapers alongside various articles dedicated to presenting the idea of the "New Negro".


title: Daguerreotype

text: Dubois presented over 300 photographs (daguerreotypes and others) of African Americans in all facets of existence at his "American Negro Exhibit" at the 1900 Paris Exposition with the assistance of his friend Thomas J. Calloway who was also an official for the exposition. This event was a significant accomplishment for the advancement of African Americans not only in America but around the world.


title: Daguerreotype

text: In 1839, François Arago had in his address to the French Chamber of Deputies outlined a wealth of possible applications including astronomy, and indeed the daguerreotype was still occasionally used for astronomical photography in the 1870s.


title: Daguerreotype

text: Although the collodion wet plate process offered a cheaper and more convenient alternative for commercial portraiture and for other applications with shorter exposure times, when the transit of Venus was about to occur and observations were to be made from several sites on the earth's surface in order to calculate astronomical distances, daguerreotypy proved a more accurate method of making visual recordings through telescopes because it was a dry process with greater dimensional stability, whereas collodion glass plates were exposed wet and the image would become slightly distorted when the emulsion dried.


title: Daguerreotype

text: Although the daguerreotype process is sometimes said to have died out completely in the early 1860s, documentary evidence indicates that some very slight use of it persisted more or less continuously throughout the following 150 years of its supposed extinction. A few first-generation daguerreotypists refused to entirely abandon their old medium when they started making the new, cheaper, easier to view but comparatively drab ambrotypes and tintypes. Historically minded photographers of subsequent generations, often fascinated by daguerreotypes, sometimes experimented with making their own or even revived the process commercially as a "retro" portraiture option for their clients. These eccentric late uses were extremely unusual and surviving examples reliably dated to between the 1860s and the 1960s are now exceedingly rare.


title: Daguerreotype

text: The daguerreotype experienced a minor renaissance in the late 20th century and the process is currently practiced by a handful of enthusiastic devotees; there are thought to be fewer than 100 worldwide (see list of artists on cdags.org in links below). In recent years, artists like Jerry Spagnoli, Adam Fuss, Patrick Bailly-Maître-Grand, Alyssa C. Salomon, and Chuck Close have reintroduced the medium to the broader art world. The use of electronic flash in modern daguerreotype has solved many of the problems connected with the slow speed of the process when using daylight.


title: Daguerreotype

text: International group exhibitions of contemporary daguerreotypists' works have been held, notably the 2009 exhibition in Bry Sur Marne, France, with 182 daguerreotypes by forty-four artists, and the 2013 ImageObject exhibition in New York City, showcasing seventy-five works by thirty-three artists. The Astolat Dollhouse Castle also displays daguerreotypes. The appeal of the medium lies in the "magic mirror" effect of light striking the polished silver plate and revealing a silvery image which can seem ghostly and ethereal even while being perfectly sharp, and in the dedication and handcrafting required to make a daguerreotype.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Stephenie Meyer (; née Morgan; born December 24, 1973) is an American novelist and film producer. She is best known for writing the vampire romance series "Twilight", which has sold over 100 million copies, with translations into 37 different languages. Meyer was the bestselling author of 2008 and 2009 in the U.S., having sold over 29 million books in 2008, and 26.5 million in 2009. Meyer received the 2009 Children's Book of the Year award from the British Book Awards for "Breaking Dawn", the "Twilight" series finale.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: An avid young reader, she attended Brigham Young University, marrying at the age of twenty-one before graduating with a degree in English in 1997. Having no prior experience as an author, she conceived the idea for the "Twilight" series in a dream. Influenced by the work of Jane Austen and William Shakespeare, she wrote "Twilight" soon thereafter. After many rejections, Little, Brown and Company offered her a $750,000 three-book deal which led to a four-book series, several spin-off novels and novellas, and a series of commercially successful film adaptations. Aside from young adult novels, Meyer has ventured into adult novels with "The Host" (2008) and "The Chemist" (2016). Meyer has worked in film production and cofounded production company Fickle Fish Films. Meyer produced both parts of "" and two other novel adaptations.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer's membership in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) shaped her novels: there are no drinking (with the exception of her 2008 novel "The Host", in which the character of Doc consumes copious amounts of alcohol to cope with his problems), smoking or explicit sex scenes, and the characters Edward and Bella in her "Twilight" series remain sexually abstinent until marriage. Themes consistent with her religion, including agency, mortality, temptation, and eternal life, are prominent in her work. Meyer's work has been criticized for her overly-simplistic writing style, and feminists assert that her novels encourage traditional gender roles. Meyer's stories have also received praise and she has acquired a fan following.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer was included on "Time" magazine's list of the "100 Most Influential People in 2008", and was included in the "Forbes" Celebrity 100 list of the world's most powerful celebrities in 2009, with her annual earnings exceeding $50 million.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Stephenie Morgan was born on December 24, 1973, in Hartford, Connecticut, the second of six children to financial officer Stephen Morgan and Candy Morgan, a homemaker. Meyer was raised in Phoenix, Arizona and attended Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. In 1992, Meyer won a National Merit Scholarship, which helped fund her undergraduate studies at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, where she received a BA in English Literature in 1997. Although she began and finished her degree at BYU, she took classes at Arizona State University in fall 1996 and spring 1997.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer met her future husband, Christian "Pancho" Meyer, in Arizona when they were both children. They married in 1994, when Meyer was twenty-one. Together, they have three sons. Christian Meyer, formerly an auditor, retired to take care of the children.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Before writing her first novel, "Twilight", Meyer considered going to law school because she felt she had no chance of becoming a writer. She later noted that the birth of her oldest son Gabe in 1997 changed her mind: "Once I had Gabe, I just wanted to be his mom." Before becoming an author, Meyer's only professional work was as a receptionist at a property company.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: According to Meyer, the idea for "Twilight" came to her in a dream on June 2, 2003 about a human girl and a vampire who was in love with her but thirsted for her blood. Based on this dream, Meyer wrote the draft of what became chapter 13 of the book. She wrote from chapter 13 to the end of the novel and then backfilled the first 12 chapters, in secret, without an ideal audience in mind or the intention to publish the novel. Meyer researched the Quileute Native Americans to include their legends and traditions in the novel, though some Quileute tribe members found her use of their legends offensive. Meyer joined the American Night Writers Association (ANWA) for aspiring LDS female writers. She completed the novel in three months. Her sister's response to the book was enthusiastic and she persuaded Meyer to send the manuscript to literary agencies.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Of the 15 letters she wrote, five went unanswered, nine brought rejections, and the last was a positive response from Jodi Reamer of Writers House. Eight publishers competed for the rights to publish "Twilight" in a 2003 auction. By November, Meyer had signed a $750,000 three-book deal with Little, Brown and Company. "Twilight" was published in 2005 with a print run of 75,000 copies. Bimonthly books signings and events at the Changing Hands Bookstore in Tempe, Arizona early in her writing career helped cultivate her fanbase. "Twilight" reached No. 5 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list for Children's Chapter Books within a month of its release, and later rose to #1. The novel was named the "Publishers Weekly" Best Book of the Year and a "New York Times" Editor's Choice. Despite its success, "Twilight" was one of the most challenged books of 2009 according to the American Library Association for being sexually explicit, being age-inappropriate, and for religious views; some schools and libraries were asked to remove the books from their shelves.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Upon publishing "Twilight", Meyer had already outlined a story for a sequel. However, her publisher insisted that she follow "Twilight" with two sequels following Bella and Edward in college. Consequently, Meyer expanded the story into a series with three more books: "New Moon" (2006), "Eclipse" (2007), and "Breaking Dawn" (2008). The original story she pitched for the sequel would later be published in "Breaking Dawn". Meanwhile, Meyer wrote a short story "Hell on Earth", about demons at prom night which was published in April 2007 in "Prom Nights from Hell", a collection of stories about bad prom nights with supernatural effects. Meyer's fans urged her to expand "Hell on Earth" into a full novel, but Meyer was occupied finishing "Eclipse".


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: In its first week after publication, "New Moon" reached No. 5 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list for Children's Chapter Books, and in its second week rose to the No. 1 position, where it remained for the next 11 weeks. In total, it spent over 50 weeks on the list. In May 2007, Meyer held two promotional prom events at an Arizona State University gymnasium to celebrate the special edition release of "New Moon" and the release of "Eclipse". For the event, Meyer wore a blood-red evening gown and signed over 1,000 books. Meyer's red dress was later auctioned for $5,500 at a fundraiser for a book seller's battle with breast cancer called Project Book Babe.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: After the release of "Eclipse", the first three "Twilight" books spent a combined 143 weeks on "The New York Times" Best Seller list. The fourth installment of the "Twilight" series, "Breaking Dawn", was released with an initial print run of 3.7 million copies. Over 1.3 million copies were sold on the first day. The novel won Meyer a British Book Award for Children's Book of the Year, despite competition from J. K. Rowling's "The Tales of Beedle the Bard". In 2009, Meyer faced plagiarism accusations for "Breaking Dawn". Author of "The Nocturne", Jordan Scott, claimed the circumstances around Bella's supernatural pregnancy and subsequent transformation into a vampire were similar to the storyline of her novel and indicated that Meyer plagiarized the plot of "The Nocturne". Meyer dismissed the accusation, claiming she had not heard of the writer nor the novel. Scott failed to produce a copy of the novel to support her accusation; "The Nocturne" is not available on Amazon and is listed as "temporarily sold out" on her website.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: The series has sold over 100 million copies worldwide in 37 languages. In 2008, the four "Twilight" books were in the top four spots on "USA Today"s year-end bestseller list. Meyer was the bestselling author of 2008, and the first author to have books in all four of the top-selling spots. The "Twilight" novels held the top four spots on "USA Today"s year-end list again in 2009. The success of the "Twilight" series has been attributed to the Internet which allowed Meyer to directly reach out to her fans, leading the series to be called "the first social networking bestseller." According to scholar Lykke Guanio-Uluru, the "Twilight" series "popularized and helped redefine, the paranormal romance subgenre".


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: In 2004, Paramount's MTV Films and Maverick Films optioned "Twilight" before the book was published in order to maximize its potential profits. The written script deviated greatly from the novel. However, the film was put into turnaround. In 2006, Erik Feig, president of Summit Entertainment, attempted to make a deal with Meyer by assuring her that the film would be true to the novel and that "no vampire character [would] be depicted with canine or incisor teeth longer or more pronounced than may be found in human beings." In 2007, the rights were sold to Summit Entertainment. Catherine Hardwicke was chosen to direct the film and Melissa Rosenberg wrote the new script. Kristen Stewart was cast first as Bella Swan, and Robert Pattinson was cast as Edward Cullen after an audition with Stewart and Pattinson revealed they had good chemistry. Taylor Lautner was cast in the role of Jacob Black. Released on November 21, 2008, the film received favorable reviews; Roger Ebert called the film, "lush and beautiful" and Peter Bradshaw said it was, "wildly enjoyable". The film was a box-office success and became the fourth-highest-grossing November opening weekend release up to that time. Meyer makes a brief cameo appearance in a diner scene. The same year, Meyer began her work in film with a Jack's Mannequin music video "The Resolution", which she co-directed with Noble Jones.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Following the success of "Twilight", Summit greenlit a film adaptation of the sequel, "". Each novel adaptation was headed by a different director. Chris Weitz directed "New Moon", which was released on November 20, 2009. On opening night, "New Moon" broke the record for the highest single-day domestic gross on opening day which had previously been set by "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince". Despite its commercial success, the film received poor reviews; Roger Ebert criticized the slow pace of the film and Tim Robey of "The Telegraph" similarly said, "the movie gives us all the requisite looks of tortured longing, and not a lot else". Directed by David Slade, "," an adaptation of the third book in the series, was released on June 30, 2010. An article from "The Guardian" reported that it was the best film of the series according to critical consensus for being more "cinematic" and striking a better balance between romance and the supernatural. However, an article from "The Telegraph", rebutted "The Guardian" claim, arguing that "Twilight" remained the best film in the series due to the "entirely straight-faced contrast between the forces of eternal darkness and the rigors of high school". Having already obtained the rights to "Breaking Dawn", Summit approved a two-part adaptation.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: In 2011, Meyer started her own production company, Fickle Fish Films, with producer Meghan Hibbett. Meyer spent much of 2011 producing both parts of "Breaking Dawn" as well as the film adaptation of Shannon Hale's novel "Austenland". The "" was released on November 18, 2011, and the was released on November 16, 2012. Part one of the film received mixed reviews. Part two of the film received more positive reviews with Roger Ebert calling the ending, "sensational". Critics also praised the acting, particularly that of Stewart.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: The "Twilight Saga" was successful in the box office. With a combined budget of $373 million, the five-film series earned $3.341 billion worldwide. Despite the commercial success, the films were extensively criticized. "Breaking Dawn: Part II" won seven Golden Raspberry Awards (Razzie awards) including Worst Picture, Worst Sequel, and Worst Screen Couple (for Taylor Lautner and Mackenzie Foy). The series spawned two parody films: "Vampires Suck" and "Breaking Wind" which were critical failures.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: In 2009, Stephenie Meyer was included in the "Forbes" Celebrity 100 list of the world's most powerful celebrities, entering at No. 26. Her annual earnings exceeded $50 million. The same year, Meyer was ranked No. 5 on "Forbes" list of "Hollywood's Top-Earning Women", the only author on the list, and it was noted that the ""Twilight" series of young-adult vampire books have taken the publishing and film worlds by storm." In 2010, "Forbes" ranked her as the No. 59 most powerful celebrity with annual earnings of $40 million.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: In August 2009, "USA Today" revealed that Meyer broke J. K. Rowling's record on their bestseller list; the four "Twilight" books had spent 52 straight weeks in the top 10. In all, the books have spent more than 235 weeks on "The New York Times" Best Seller list. Upon the completion of the fourth entry in the series, Meyer indicated that "Breaking Dawn" would be the final novel to be told from Bella Swan's perspective. In 2015, she published a new book in honor of the 10th anniversary of the best-selling franchise, titled "", with the genders of the original protagonists switched.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: On March 30, 2010, it was announced that Meyer had written a 200-page novella entitled "The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner". The book was released on June 5, 2010, by Atom and was available for free between June 7 and July 5 on the official website. Following the release of "The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner", Stephenie Meyer donated $1.5 million to the American Red Cross Relief Fund to aid victims of the earthquakes in Haiti and Chile. Those who took advantage of the free ebook were also encouraged to make donations to the Red Cross.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: "Midnight Sun" was to be a companion novel to the "Twilight" series. The novel was intended to be a retelling of the events of the novel "Twilight", but from the perspective of Edward Cullen. Meyer had hoped to have "Midnight Sun" published shortly after the release of "Breaking Dawn", but after an online leak of a rough draft of its first 12 chapters, Meyer chose to delay the project indefinitely. Upset by the release of a draft she called "messy and flawed", Meyer decided to pursue books unrelated to "Twilight". She made the unedited and unfinished manuscript of a lengthy character development exercise of "Midnight Sun" available on her website.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: The release of "Midnight Sun" was tentatively re-planned after re-visiting the "Twilight" series with "Life and Death", a gender-swapped retelling of the novel in 2015. However, the release of "" in 2015 halted and soured Meyer's plans to release the "Midnight Sun" because "Grey" was also told from the male perspective. Meyer stated in a New York Comic-Con panel that it was "a literal flip the table moment", admitting that ""Midnight Sun" is kind of cursed". This led to the novel being on indefinite hold. According to an article from "The Guardian" in 2018, "Midnight Sun" was "no longer in the pipeline". However, in May 2020, it was announced that "Midnight Sun" would be released on August 4, 2020. Following its release, it sold over one million copies, was number two on Amazon's "most sold" list, and was number one on "USA Today" bestseller list one week after its release date.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer has mentioned having several other book ideas on file, including a ghost story titled "Summer House", a novel involving time travel, as well as another about mermaids.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: In May 2008, Meyer's adult sci-fi novel "The Host" was released by the adult division of Little, Brown and Company. It follows the story of Melanie Stryder and Wanderer, a young woman and an invading alien "soul", who are forced to work as one. "The Host" debuted at No. 1 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list and remained on the list for 26 weeks. Despite having expressed intention to write a trilogy, with the second and third books being called "The Soul" and "The Seeker", respectively, Meyer has not published any follow-up novels to "The Host" .


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: In April 2009, Meyer took part in Project Book Babe, a benefit designed to help pay her friend Faith Hochhalter's medical bills after Hochhalter was diagnosed with breast cancer. Meyer donated many advance reader copies and original manuscripts for auction.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: "The Host" was adapted into a film with Andrew Niccol directing and Saoirse Ronan starring as Melanie Stryder, Max Irons as Jared Howe and Jake Abel as Ian O'Shea. The film was released on March 29, 2013, to generally negative reviews. It received poor critical reviews and was a box office flop compared to the "Twilight" film series.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: In late 2015, it was announced that Meyer was producing a TV series based on Daniel O'Malley's book, "The Rook". Despite having purchased the rights for the novel with her production company, she left the project shortly after filming due to creative differences.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: In July 2016, Little, Brown and Company announced that Meyer has written an adult action thriller titled "The Chemist", about "an ex-agent on the run from her former employers". The book was released on November 8, 2016. In 2018, it was announced that Meyer's production company Fickle Fish would be working with Tomorrow Studios to produce a television series based on "The Chemist".


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: The reception of Meyer and her novels has been mixed. "Entertainment Weekly" has stated that Meyer is "the world's most popular vampire novelist since Anne Rice", while "The Guardian" described her as an "imaginative storyteller, a prolific author and a newly powerful figure in the publishing market." Wayne Janes of the "Toronto Sun" agreed, saying "Meyer's success points up another trend—the virtual domination of the best-seller lists the last few years by what would normally be classified as young adult fiction," and noted, "In the absence of a new Harry Potter adventure, teens, fantasy enthusiasts and women (sales are mostly to females) who swoon at the idea of a virginal James Dean-ish vampire made Meyer the go-to gal for chaste love." Tymon Smith of "The Times" has described her as the "superstar of young adult fiction".


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer was named one of MSN Lifestyle's "Most Influential Women of 2008" where she was described as a "literary luminary". She was also ranked No. 49 on "Time" magazine's list of the "100 Most Influential People in 2008", and was included in their list of "People Who Mattered", with author Lev Grossman noting, "Maybe Americans aren't ready for a Mormon presidential nominee yet. But they're more than ready to anoint a Mormon as the best-selling novelist of the year."


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: She was ranked No. 82 on "Vanity Fair"'s list of the "Top 100 Information Age Powers" of 2009. Meyer was featured in an issue of the biographical comic "Female Force", a Bluewater Productions title which celebrates influential women in society and pop culture. Meyer was the second bestselling author of the decade, according to a list published by Amazon, beaten by J. K. Rowling.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Despite Meyer's success, her novels have been highly criticized. "The New York Times" called the premise of "Twilight" "attractive and compelling"; however, the review continues, "the book suffers at times from overearnest, amateurish writing", indicating that Meyer's relied too much on "telling" rather than "showing" and that there were excessive references to Edward's attractiveness and Bella's swooning. An article from "The Guardian" criticized Bella's character, calling her "a clumsy, selfish nincompoop with the charisma of a boiled potato" and criticized Edward's portrayal as the "perfect little gentleman" who constantly counters Bella's sexual advances. NPR criticized the novel for being a repetitive "jackhammer" masked behind ornate language. Furthermore, they found the story uninteresting and the main character unlikeable. "Entertainment Weekly" stated that the narrative of "Breaking Dawn" was at times so chaotic and outrageous that Meyer shifted the point of view to Jacob Black which only toned down the mayhem of the plot for so long.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Novelist Orson Scott Card said, "[Stephenie Meyer] writes with luminous clarity, never standing between the reader and the dream they share. She's the real thing". In an interview with "Newsweek", author Jodi Picoult said, "Stephenie Meyer has gotten people hooked on books, and that's good for all of us." Comparing Meyer to J. K. Rowling, Stephen King stated: "The real difference is that Jo Rowling is a terrific writer, and Stephenie Meyer can't write worth a darn. She's not very good". King went on to assert that Meyer's books appealed to readers because "[she's] opening up kind of a safe joining of love and sex in those books." American religious history scholar Jana Riess had mixed reactions to Meyer's novels. At times, she found the Mormon theology that influences Meyer's works to be beautiful and complex. However, she describes Meyer as a gifted storyteller, not a gifted writer, noting numerous technical flaws in her novels. Furthermore, Riess criticized the "retrogressive gender stereotypes" in Meyer's work.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: The Quileute do have a tradition that their ancestors transformed from wolves to people, but most of the descriptions of the Quileute in the novel are inaccurate. The Quileute tribe described her use of their traditions in the books and films and subsequent merchandising as cultural theft.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer has gained a following among young adult readers of her "Twilight" novels, which are set in the small town of Forks on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state. Forks has thus received attention from fans, and celebrates "Stephenie Meyer Day" on September 13, the date of character Bella Swan's birthday. Meyer's fans cosplay her book characters, write fan fiction related to the stories, and attend book signings. Extreme fans are known as "Twihards".


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Inspired by Meyer's "Twilight" series, evolved a genre of geek rock called "Twi-rock", similar in purpose to wizard rock inspired by J. K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series. Examples of these "Twilight"-themed bands include the Bella Cullen Project, Twilight Music Girls, Be Safe Bella, Bella Rocks, and the Mitch Hansen Band. The Mitch Hansen Band wrote the song "By You" in hopes that it would be included on the "New Moon" film soundtrack. An unofficial "Twilight" themed fan convention called TwiCon was organized in Dallas, Texas in summer 2009 which included "Twi-rock" band performances, a Volturi Ball, panels, workshops, and vendors.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Originally an online novelized "fan-fiction" of the "Twilight" series, the novel "Fifty Shades of Grey" by E. L. James loosely explores the relationship between the main characters, had they not remained celibate before marriage. Though the publisher claims the novel is "original and no longer based on "Twilight"", James did not receive copyright authorization to write the novel and some have argued that "Fifty Shades of Grey" may be a copyright infringement. Though Meyer has stated that the novel is "too smutty" and does not interest her, she has not filed a copyright claim.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Since the release of "Twilight", Meyer has been described as writing with "all plot and no style" and including "very little characterization", and her writing characterized as "fairly" poor. Meyer's prose lacks a consistent style or voice; for example, her short story "Hell on Earth" is driven more by dialogue alone, in contrast with the ornate descriptions found in the "Twilight" series. Meyer relies on detailed expository descriptions in her novels, and on active voice; she often opens her sentences with the most important information. While a stylistic focus of most novels is character development, Meyer has stated that she intentionally avoided describing her characters in detail, which she believes allows the reader to more easily "step into [their] shoes". In some works such as "New Moon", in which Bella is largely on her own, Meyer offers "deeper insight into Bella's psyche" through the chapter titles, rather than the prose itself.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer's work is typically classified as melodrama. In "Twilight", Meyer makes allusions to canonical texts such as the Book of Genesis, "Wuthering Heights", "Macbeth", "Pride and Prejudice", "Sense and Sensibility", and "Songs of Innocence and of Experience". Meyer has said that the individual style of each of her novels came from various genres of music she listened to while writing. A corpus stylistics analysis of the "Twilight" saga revealed that much of Meyer's description and characterization revolved around the physical attributes of the characters as shown through eyes, face, and expression. Some of Meyer's most frequent descriptions related to eye color and expression, the juxtaposition of warmth and cold, and the words "black" and "dark". The study authors concluded that the predictability and superficiality of Meyer's descriptions indicate that Meyer's writing style is unexceptional and the success of her novels was related more to clever marketing.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Stephenie Meyer has named Mormonism as her greatest influence. However, according to actor Robert Pattinson, Meyer did not intend to include Mormon references in the novels and films. Yet professor of film and religion Angela Aleiss noted numerous clear influence of Mormonism in the "Twilight" series. Meyer has said, "Unconsciously, I put a lot of my basic beliefs into the story. Free agency is a big theme." Meyer cited BYU professor Steven Walker as having influenced her work. She explained that he revealed a new way for her to see and study literature which impacts her writing.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer cites many novels as inspiration for the "Twilight" series, including "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Brontë and L. M. Montgomery's "Anne of Green Gables" and its sequels. Each book in the series was also inspired specifically by a different literary classic: "Twilight" by Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice"; "New Moon" by William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet"; "Eclipse" by Emily Brontë's "Wuthering Heights"; and "Breaking Dawn" theme by Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream". Although Meyer claims to have based "Twilight" on "Pride and Prejudice", film studies scholar Anne Morey claims that the novel bears resemblance to "Jane Eyre". The choice to name Edward came from the works of Charlotte Brontë and Jane Austen and her novels are influenced by both medieval courtly love and 19th-century etiquette. Although Meyer has claimed that she did not read vampire literature and thus could not be influenced by it, scholars Anne Klaus and Stefanie Krüger argue that Meyer's characters bear similarities to "traditional vampire figures" and that Edward resembles both gothic villains and Byronic heroes. Meyer has indicated that despite the supernatural and vampire themes in her novels, she was influenced far more by Austen and Shakespeare than by Anne Rice or Stephen King. Meyer has described Austen, Shakespeare, and Orson Scott Card as her favorite authors.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer cites music as a prominent influence of her writing, and she posts playlists on her website of songs which specifically inspired her books. Bands included most often in her playlists are Muse, Blue October, My Chemical Romance, Coldplay and Linkin Park. Meyer cites Muse as a particular inspiration because she uses the different emotions portrayed in their songs as influences for various genres of scenes.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: According to professor of American religious history Jana Riess, a prominent theme in Meyer's novels is agency. In "The Host", the Seeker believes that she is saving the human race by perfecting and controlling, similar to the Latter-day Saint belief that Satan's plan for human salvation was to "save" all souls by removing their agency and ability to sin. Seeker plays a Satan-like role in the novel, as Meyer attempts to convey the message that the maintenance of agency is crucial. Additionally, Meyer's novels contain the themes of opposition. In "The Host", Wanda learns that despite the lows and evils of humanity, beauty and pleasure could not be found on her previous planets because darkness did not exist. Wanda learns in the novel that it is only in facing darkness and sorrow, that light and joy could be experienced, echoing a quotation from the Book of Mormon, "It musts needs be that there is an opposition in all things". However, "imprinting" in her "Twilight" series, the involuntary formation of a mate relationship, undermines Meyer's prolific theme of free agency. According to literature and women's studies scholar Natalie Wilson, the juxtaposition between Bella's agency to choose her mate and Jacob, a Native American male's, inability to choose has racial and cultural implications.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Another theme is overcoming the circumstances and temptations of mortality referred to in the Book of Mormon as overcoming the "natural man" which is exemplified by Meyer's character Edward. As a vampire, Edward's purpose is to be carnal, killing and feeding on human blood. As led by Carlisle, Edward chooses to give up this life and transcend his circumstances by becoming a "vegetarian", choosing to feed only on animals. He chooses to uphold these values despite the daily temptation which only augments when he meets Bella; he finds her blood nearly irresistible. Edward undergoes a transformation in which Bella's trust in Edward allows him to trust his own ability to overcome temptation and keep Bella safe. Self-control is a prominent theme in the "Twilight" series, the word appears 125 times throughout the novels, as the main characters struggle to control their emotions, attraction, thirst, or jealousy.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Apparent in Meyer's "Twilight" series is the theme of the distinction between immortality and eternal life. In Meyer's novels, vampires are immortal and have superhuman gifts and abilities; however, the Cullen family longs for things they cannot have. Their circumstances prevent them from forming meaningful relationships with humans or other vampires, isolating them within their small clan. Furthermore, the couples in the Cullen family are unable to procreate which causes severe bitterness in Rosalie who envies Bella's ability to be pregnant. According to Riess, the distinction between eternal life and immortality is represented by Bella, who in "Breaking Dawn", has achieved eternal life rather than immortality because she achieved the Mormon tenets of eternal life: immortality and a perfected body, eternal parenthood, and an eternal marriage. Riess indicates that Bella receives immortality in an act of self-sacrifice rather than self-service as she dies for the birth of her child. Bella is subsequently resurrected in a perfected vampire body. In Mormonism, resurrection occurs in the context of relationships, exemplified by Bella who enjoys her resurrected body in the company of her husband, child, and the rest of the Cullen family. The titles of the novels serve to reinforce this idea. At the beginning of the series, Bella discusses leaving Phoenix and heading to Forks where she says, "[goodbye] to the sun". The titles of the first three novels: "Twilight", "New Moon", and "Eclipse", serve as natural phenomenon in which the sun is darkened. However, the final novel is titled "Breaking Dawn", which symbolizes the beginning of a new day and Bella's transformation into a vampire and subsequent transcendence of her old life.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and does not drink alcohol, drink coffee, smoke, or watch R-rated movies. Similarly, there is no drinking and smoking in the novels (With the exception of her 2008 novel, The Host, which contains drinking). Despite pressure to include a major sex scene, Meyer was adamant against including graphic sex in her series. According to Lev Grossman of "Time", some of the series' appeal is due to its lack of sex and its eroticizing of abstinence. As a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Meyer acknowledges that her faith has influenced her work. In particular, she says that her characters "tend to think more about where they came from, and where they are going, than might be typical." Meyer says that she does not consciously intend her novels to be influenced by her religion, or to promote the virtues of sexual abstinence and spiritual purity, but admits that her writing is shaped by her values, saying, "I don't think my books are going to be really graphic or dark, because of who I am. There's always going to be a lot of light in my stories."


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Growing up, Meyer's life and family revolved around The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. They were involved in their community and a young Meyer met her future husband at church. She studiously read the Book of Mormon, citing the book as having "the most significant impact on [her] life." However, Meyer dislikes when media constantly mentions her religion, claiming that the press does not emphasize the religions of other authors.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Meyer is cited as having helped bring The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints more into the mainstream by books "The Mormon People: The Making of an American Faith" by Matthew Bowman and "LDS in the USA: Mormonism and the Making of American Culture" by Lee Trepanier and Lynita K. Newswander.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: According to an article from "The Guardian", Meyer considers herself a feminist. Meyer has stated that, "the world is a better place when women are in charge." Additionally, she supported the massive success of Catherine Hardwicke, the director of "Twilight" and appreciated working with a nearly all-female production for "Austenland". Meyer has explained that her definition of feminism is the ability for a woman to choose and the definition of anti-feminism is removing the choice, whether it fits gender stereotypes or not, from the woman entirely. She continued that some modern feminists contradict their message of equality for women by limiting or shaming certain women's choices. Furthermore, she stated that women who choose to stay home or have children are particularly criticized and that limitations on what women can do are anti-feminist in nature. Women's studies scholar Donna Ashcraft argues that Meyer is not a feminist, by definition, because her novels encourage traditional gender roles. However, although Ashcraft qualifies Meyer as traditional or nonfeminist, she clarifies that Meyer is not antifeminist.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: However, Meyer has been criticized by feminists who consider Meyer an antifeminist writer. They say that the series romanticizes a physically abusive relationship, pointing to red flags that include Bella's entire life revolving around Edward; never being in control of her own life; being absolutely dependent on Edward's ability to protect her life, her virginity, and her humanity; and the physical injuries Bella suffers from finally consummating her relationship with Edward. Meyer has dismissed such criticisms, saying both that the books center around Bella's choice, and that her damsel in distress persona is due only to her humanity.


title: Stephenie Meyer

text: Noah Berlatsky of "The Atlantic", in contrast, found Meyer's characters to be heroic. He continued that Meyer is a different kind of feminist that values motherhood, romance, and relationships and consequently, her characters lack the autonomy that comes from avoiding investment in relationships. After being asked in an interview with "The Guardian" whether she is anti-abortion, Meyer refused to directly answer the question, insisting that she does not like to talk about politics and that she abhors when celebrities use their popularity to influence voters. Berlatsky argues that her refusal to answer the question was not to avoid revealing her political position, but rather out of "respect for women's lives and women's choices".


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Manushi Chhillar (born 14 May 1997) is an Indian actress and model, who was the winner of the Miss World 2017 pageant. She represented her state of Haryana at the Femina Miss India 2017 pageant, which she won, and went on to become the sixth representative from India to be crowned Miss World. She made her acting debut with the role of Sanyogita in the historical drama "Samrat Prithviraj" (2022).


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar was born on 14 May 1997 in Rohtak into a Haryanvi family, although her ancestral home is in Bamnoli village of Jhajjar district. Her father, Dr. Mitra Basu Chhillar, is a physician and scientist at Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), while her mother, Dr. Neelam Chhillar, is also a medical doctor and departmental head of neurochemistry at the Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar studied at St. Thomas' School, New Delhi and was the all India CBSE topper in English subject in class 12, and scored 96 percent in her boards. She cleared the All India Pre Medical Test (now, NEET) in her first attempt. She was pursuing a medical degree (MBBS) at the Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College in Sonipat.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar is fluent in Hindi and English, apart from her mother tongue, Haryanvi. She is a trained Kuchipudi dancer, and had acquired her training under Raja and Radha Reddy.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar ventured into pageantry with Fashion Big Bazaar sponsored Campus Princess 2016, where she was crowned as one of the finalists from All India Institute of Medical Sciences in December 2016. It was conducted by the Miss India Organization. Thereafter, she went on to win the title of Femina Miss India Haryana in April 2017. Chhillar represented the state of Haryana in the annual Femina Miss India contest. During the competition, Chhillar was crowned Miss Photogenic.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar, as a top 15 semi-finalist was asked by Karan Johar: "The government is considering to ban surrogacy in India. What is your opinion regarding this?"


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: I feel everyone in the world should have a right to be a parent. So, instead of banning surrogacy in India, the government should focus on preventing it's exploitation.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: During the final question and answer round of Femina Miss India 2017, the top 5 delegates were asked the same question - "You have spent 30 days with 30 fellow contestants at Femina Miss India. What lesson will you take back with you?", to which Chhillar responded:


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: These days that I have spent with my fellow contestants has been the most dynamic period of my life. The only thing that was certain during the whole experience was uncertainty. The one belief that I would take back with me is that, yes...I can change the world. When I entered Miss India, there was only passion. However, through this journey, I acquired a vision in life. That vision and the belief that I can change the world, is something I'm going to take back with me.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: She later went on to win the contest's main title Femina Miss India World 2017, in the finale event venued in Yash Raj Film Studio, on 25 June 2017. Thereby, she earned the right to represent India at Miss World 2017.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar represented India at Miss World 2017, where she became a finalist in the Top Model, People's Choice, and Multimedia competitions, and was the winner of the Head-to-Head Challenge from Group Nine and co-winner of the Beauty with a Purpose competition. She is India's fourth Beauty with a Purpose winner at Miss World and the first woman to win Miss World and Beauty with a Purpose jointly. Chhillar's Beauty with a Purpose project was titled Project Shakti. The campaign's goal is to spread awareness about menstrual hygiene. She visited about 20 villages for the project and treated over 5,000 women.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: During the final question and answer round, Chhillar was asked - "Which profession should receive the highest salary in the world?" Responding to the same, she answered:


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: On 18 November 2017, Chhillar was crowned Miss World 2017 by outgoing titleholder Miss World 2016, Stephanie Del Valle from Puerto Rico in the finals in Sanya, China. She became the sixth Indian woman to win the crown, and the first since Priyanka Chopra, Miss World 2000.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: As Miss World 2017, Chhillar returned to India on 26 November, where she was greeted by a large crowd. She was one of the celebrity speakers at the 2017 Global Entrepreneurship Summit in Hyderabad. Chhillar was announced as the brand ambassador for Anaemia Free Haryana.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Her Beauty with a Purpose campaign, 'Project Shakti' was given government aid of ₹18 crore (approximately $2.8 million), ensuring free availability of sanitary napkins for all girls in the government schools of Haryana by Chief Minister of the state Manohar Lal Khattar. She was honoured with the Special Achievement Award at the 2017 CNN-IBN Indian of the Year Awards for winning Miss World. Chillar was also India's top trending personality on Google search in 2017. She received Proud Maker of India award at Six Sigma Healthcare Leadership Summit 2017 in New Delhi. Chillar was also a guest speaker at the 10th C4IO by Hewlett-Packard Enterprise at Pushkar. She made an appearance in SET India's television special, "Super Nights With Padman" to promote her Beauty with a Purpose project on menstrual hygiene, in association with Akshay Kumar's starring film, Pad Man.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: After her homecoming ceremony, Chhillar's first visit was to London along with Julia Morley, the chairman and CEO of Miss World. They joined the royal honouring ceremony of Marsha Rae Ratcliff OBE, the Past Master of The Worshipful Company of Carmen. Chhillar returned to India and visited the Bennett University in Greater Noida. In a Q&A session organised by the university, she interacted with the faculty and students.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: In February 2018, she started the first leg of her Beauty With A Purpose tour with Miss World 2017 continental winners - Magline Jeruto ("Africa"), Ha Eun Kim ("Asia"), Annie Evans ("Oceania"), Stephanie Hill ("Europe"), Solange Sinclair ("Caribbean"), Andrea Meza ("Americas") and Miss World 2016, Stephanie Del Valle at the 1st global edition of 'Feminine Hygiene Awareness' campaign in Hyderabad in collaboration with Government of Telangana. They continued the campaign at Kolkata, where Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry hosted a special "adda" session on "Feminine Hygiene" in association with Miss World Beauty With a Purpose world tour team. They visited "New Light" NGO in slum area of Kolkata and also learnt to make low cost biodegradable sanitary pads at the Jute Industries Research Association. The team further worked on spreading awareness about menstruation and ensuring the availability of sanitary pads in rural areas. They joined hands with Aakar Innovations, an NGO that works on the same issue, to create more low cost, biodegradable sanitary napkins. She also visited Mumbai's Dharavi slum for 'Save the Girl Child' event.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Manushi, along with the Miss World team, also met Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu, the Vice-President of India, and Sushma Swaraj, Minister of External Affairs, to discuss her beauty with a purpose project. She visited Indian cities Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi for her 42-day beauty with a purpose tour. Chhillar then reached Hong Kong city and was later invited by China Central Television to star in the biggest live event Chinese New Year's Gala at China. The Miss World team landed in Indonesia in continuation with the humanitarian tour.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: During her stay in Indonesia, Manushi visited The Golden Bridge, a Beauty with a Purpose project which was completed by Miss Indonesia 2014, Maria Rahajeng, participated in humanitarian activities and also crowned Miss Indonesia 2018, the representative of Indonesia for Miss World 2018.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: After this, Chhillar along with the Miss World team landed in the British Virgin Islands. They met the governor of British Virgin Islands and worked to raise funds for the beauty with the purpose project of Miss British Virgin Islands 2017, Helina Hewlet. They were physically involved in the cleaning campaign of Eslyn Henley Richiez School, the only school for differently abled children in the British Virgin Islands territory which was destroyed by Hurricane Maria and raised money for its restoration. She also met students from Eslyn Henley Richiez School and spent time painting with them. The paintings were auctioned and raised additional funds to reach $1.4 million to rebuild the school. She and the Miss World team later attended a gala dinner and auction at the Moorings Mariner Inn. She also attended the second annual ‘Beauty with A Purpose’ (BWAP) philanthropic award.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: She subsequently visited the United States, where she was a presenter and performer for a 16-hour TV show on channel ABC, the 44th Variety Children's Charity Telethon held at Iowa. They raised $3.5 million in association with Variety Telethon team for the annual fundraiser which donates its proceeds to underprivileged children. She was felicitated at South Asian Women Empowerment gala held on International Women's Day in New York City along with other women achievers and also joined as a presenter for "South Asian Empowerment Awards". The first part of her beauty with a purpose tour ended with her United States visit. After returning to India, she was one of the guest speakers at The Economic Times Women's Forum 2018.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar reached Brazil in continuation of her humanitarian tour. She visited the Government Palace in the State of São Paulo, where the First Lady of the State, Professor Lucia Franca discussed various social projects supported by the state with Chhillar. She initiated an awareness program to prevent and fight against leprosy. According to Chhillar, the aim was to teach people about the early signs of the disease and the ways to seek treatment. She also met and interacted with the children from the APAE, an organization that primarily works towards the welfare of children suffering from Down Syndrome. She gave a presentation on behalf of the organization to the Governor of the Federal District of Brasília, Rodrigo Rollemberg, at the Charity Gala arranged by APAE. She highlighted the works done by the organization and requested the Governor to help build a new third floor to the APAE building, so that all the children with Down Syndrome in the state could be helped. She was invited by Foreign Affairs Chairman, Congressman Nielson Pinto and the National Defense Committee, and was honored by the Parliament of Brazil for her humanitarian works.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: In May 2018, Chhillar reached Manila, Philippines for the press presentation and inauguration of Mister World 2019 contest which was to be venued in the Philippines. Chhillar later reached New Zealand as part of the Beauty with a Purpose campaign. Chhilar, along with the Miss World team visited the Ronald McDonald House in Auckland, and served in the charity house as volunteers. She was named as a judge for the Femina Miss India 2018 contest held on 19 June 2018. She crowned her national successor, Anukreethy Vas at the end of the event.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: During the first day of the visit, she along with the Miss World team visited the Metro Radio in Johannesburg to commemorate the Nelson Mandela cenetary celebrations. As a result of Chhillar's Beauty With A Purpose Project on feminine hygiene, machines that manufacture low cost and compostable sanitary pads were installed in Nelson Mandela's birthplace Mvezo. The President of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, led the official ceremony of unveiling the first Sanitary Pads Unit, on 18 July 2018, which marked the 100th birth anniversary of Nelson Mandela. Chhillar, along with Miss World 2014, Rolene Strauss, inaugurated the first sanitary pad manufacturing unit set up by them in South Africa. Apart from the launch of the sanitary pad unit, Mandela's birthday was celebrated by handing out more than 200 blankets and winter hats to the elderly at the newly opened 'Nosekeni Nongaphi Health Center'. The Miss World team also donated 100 bicycles to school children in Mvezo, Mandela's home village.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: She returned to England and joined Stephanie Hill, Miss World Europe 2017 for the presentation of £15,000 raised by the charity projects of Miss England contestants. It was donated to the Mid Derbyshire Riding School for the disabled. During her reign, she suffered a leg injury and was unable to perform her duties for a month. After her recovery, she landed in Los Angeles, California for Miss World America 2018. Chhillar reached Sri Lanka and met John Amaratunga, the Minister of Tourism Development of Sri Lanka. She later visited the Philippines for the second time to attend the coronation event of Miss World Philippines 2018, as one of the judges. She reached France to attend the presentation event of 'Beauty with a Purpose' documentary in Cannes. Chhillar then visited Sanya, China and was a member of the jury in Miss China World 2018. She inaugurated the 'Haryana Film Policy' in the Indian city of Gurgaon, along with the Chief Minister of Haryana, Manohar Lal Khattar.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: During her reign as Miss World, she lived in England and visited China (three times), Hong Kong, Indonesia, the British Virgin Islands, the Philippines (twice), Sri Lanka, South Africa, New Zealand, Brazil, the United States (twice), France and her native country, India.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar crowned her successor Vanessa Ponce of Mexico at the end of Miss World 2018, which took place in Sanya, China on 8 December 2018.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar made her Bollywood debut with Yash Raj Films's project, "Samrat Prithviraj" directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi. The film is based on "Prithviraj Raso", an epic poem composed in Braj Bhasha language about the life of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput king from the Chahamana dynasty. After several auditions and trails, she was cast in the film as the Princess of Kannauj, Sanyogita, Prithviraj's wife. She will star alongside Akshay Kumar, who will portray the titular role Prithviraj.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: The film was initially scheduled to release on the occasion of Diwali in 2020, but was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic. Elaborating her role, Chhillar stated: "It's a huge responsibility to play princess Sanyogita, a powerful personality who stood up for what is right and took the most important decisions of her life herself."


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar signed a three-film deal contract with Yash Raj Films, and her second film is titled "The Great Indian Family", a comedy film backed again by the banner and directed by Vijay Krishna Acharya, where she would work opposite Vicky Kaushal. She will also appear alongside John Abraham in Dinesh Vijan's "Tehran"


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar has modelled for brands like Bata, Fashion Big Bazaar, Cinnamon Hotels & Resorts, Gio watches, and Club Factory. In April 2018, she was announced as the brand ambassador for the retail jewellery group, Malabar Gold and Diamonds. She has promoted brands like Audi Q5 and Panasonic. She is also the official brand ambassador for Adidas and Pantene in India.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: In May 2018, Chhillar joined hundreds of women in a 3 km walk through the streets of Delhi to create social awareness on the World Menstrual Hygiene Day. Supporting the Fit India Campaign, Chhillar along with the Vice President of India, Venkaiah Naidu waved the flag at the starting line to initiate the race, as thousands of cyclists made it to the streets of Delhi celebrating the World Bicycle Day. She is a strong advocate for vegetarianism and has expressed her views on the subject on various platforms.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar was appointed as the ambassador for Government of Haryana's campaign to curb Anemia, which was instituted since almost 61 per cent of the women in the state were effected from the disease. She expanded the scope of her Beauty with a Purpose campaign, Project Shakti and initiated awareness programme among rural women for HIV/AIDS in India. On initiating this programme, she expressed:


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Chhillar collaborated with the UNICEF's campaign to raise awareness on the Coronavirus pandemic. In a video released by UNICEF India, she urged people to stay at home and practice social distancing. Chhillar also urged state governments in India to distribute sanitary pads, along with daily ration to the female migrant workers who were prone to severe risks due to shortage of funds in their hands during the migrant labourers' crisis in India, which arose as a result of the strict lockdown imposed to contain the spread of SARS CoV-2.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: In 2021, the United Nations Women affiliated with Chhillar in order to raise awareness regarding gender-based violence. She supports an initiative titled 'Orange the World', and works towards curbing online harassment of women among other forms of harassment, and spreading more awareness pertaining to this issue.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: In March 2021, Chhillar along with Dipika Pallikal and Nikhat Zareen, became part of a campaign launched by Adidas called "Make A Move", with the vision to encourage and motivate women to overcome psychological and social barriers.


title: Manushi Chhillar

text: Subsequent to her win at Miss World, Chhillar received widespread recognition and attention from the media. Chhillar was recognised for her achiements by CNN-IBN, and she was awarded at the 2017 Indian of the Year awards, by the organization. She was voted as the Most Desirable Woman of India in the 2018 internet survey conducted by Times of India. In 2019, she was named as the 'Sexiest Vegetarian Personality' in India, by PETA. She reacted to the award by expressing, "Being a vegetarian has actually been a way of life for me. My parents were vegetarians and while they gave me a choice, I never felt like I was missing on something. I've always been a vegetarian and have never felt like I needed to change that." In the annual award show organized by Lokmat newspaper, she was named as the most promising Fresh Face in the industry.


title: James Avery

text: James La Rue Avery (November 27, 1945 – December 31, 2013) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Philip Banks in "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", Shredder in "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", Judge Michael Conover on "L.A. Law", Steve Yeager in "The Brady Bunch Movie", Haroud Hazi Bin in "Aladdin", and Dr. Crippen on "The Closer" (2005–2007).


title: James Avery

text: Avery was born on November 27, 1945, in Pughsville, Virginia, to mother Florence J. Avery. His father denied paternity and was not listed on his birth certificate. Florence would eventually move James to Atlantic City, New Jersey. He served in the U.S. Navy in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1969, and eventually moved to San Diego, California, where he began to write poetry and TV scripts for PBS. He won an Emmy for production during his tenure there, and then received a scholarship to UC San Diego, where he attended Thurgood Marshall College (then Third College), earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama and literature in 1976.


title: James Avery

text: Avery began his career in the 1980s with appearances in television series such as NBC's "Hill Street Blues", Showtime sitcom "Brothers" as Bubba Dean, "Amen", "FM" and "L.A. Law". In the 1990s, he achieved prominence for his role as Philip Banks in "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", a character that was ranked number 34 in "TV Guide"s "50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time". After "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" ended, he played the lead role of Alonzo Sparks in the UPN comedy series "Sparks" that lasted for two seasons. Other notable roles in television included Dr. Crippen in "The Closer", Charles Haysbert in "The Division", and Michael Kelso's commanding officer at the police academy late in the series run of "That '70s Show".


title: James Avery

text: Among his most notable voice credits are the voices of Shredder in the original "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" animated series, and James Rhodes/War Machine in the 1990s "Iron Man" series. He also lent his powerful bass voice as Junkyard Dog in "Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling" (1985–1986), Turbo in "Rambo and the Forces of Freedom" (1986), and Haroud Hazi Bin in "Aladdin" (1994).


title: James Avery

text: Avery was the commencement speaker for his alma mater, UC San Diego's Thurgood Marshall College, in 2007 and again in 2012.


title: James Avery

text: In 1988, Avery married his girlfriend Barbara. Barbara was dean of student life at Loyola Marymount University. He had no biological children, but was a stepfather to Barbara's son, Kevin Waters.


title: James Avery

text: On December 31, 2013, Avery died at the age of 68 at Glendale Memorial Medical Center. His publicist, Cynthia Snyder, told the Associated Press that Avery died following complications from open heart surgery. Janet Hubert, who portrayed his on-screen wife Vivian on "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" for the first three seasons, said after his death: "RIP James, all the world is a stage, and we are all merely players in this production called LIFE." Will Smith commented on Avery's death, saying: "Some of my greatest lessons in acting, living, and being a respectable human being came through James Avery. Every young man needs an Uncle Phil. Rest in peace." Joseph Marcell (Geoffrey) called Avery a "gentle giant".


title: James Avery

text: Avery's remains were cremated and scattered near the Pacific Ocean. In April 2020, Will Smith reunited with the cast of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" on a video conference honoring Avery's best moments on the show.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED), is generally a long-term disorder that causes a strong urge to move one's legs. There is often an unpleasant feeling in the legs that improves somewhat by moving them. This is often described as aching, tingling, or crawling in nature. Occasionally, arms may also be affected. The feelings generally happen when at rest and therefore can make it hard to sleep. Due to the disturbance in sleep, people with RLS may have daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability and a depressed mood. Additionally, many have limb twitching during sleep. RLS is not the same as habitual foot tapping or leg rocking.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Risk factors for RLS include low iron levels, kidney failure, Parkinson's disease, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, pregnancy and celiac disease. A number of medications may also trigger the disorder including antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistamines, and calcium channel blockers. There are two main types. One is early onset RLS which starts before age 45, runs in families and worsens over time. The other is late onset RLS which begins after age 45, starts suddenly, and does not worsen. Diagnosis is generally based on a person's symptoms after ruling out other potential causes.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Restless legs syndrome may resolve if the underlying problem is addressed. Otherwise treatment includes lifestyle changes and medication. Lifestyle changes that may help include stopping alcohol and tobacco use, and sleep hygiene. Medications used include a dopamine agonist such as pramipexole. RLS affects an estimated 2.5–15% of the American population. Females are more commonly affected than males, and it becomes increasingly common with age.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: RLS sensations range from pain or an aching in the muscles, to "an itch you can't scratch", a "buzzing sensation", an unpleasant "tickle that won't stop", a "crawling" feeling, or limbs jerking while awake. The sensations typically begin or intensify during quiet wakefulness, such as when relaxing, reading, studying, or trying to sleep.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: It is a "spectrum" disease with some people experiencing only a minor annoyance and others having major disruption of sleep and impairments in quality of life.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: The sensations—and the need to move—may return immediately after ceasing movement or at a later time. RLS may start at any age, including childhood, and is a progressive disease for some, while the symptoms may remit in others. In a survey among members of the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, it was found that up to 45% of patients had their first symptoms before the age of 20 years.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: While the cause is generally unknown, it is believed to be caused by changes in the nerve transmitter dopamine resulting in an abnormal use of iron by the brain. RLS is often due to iron deficiency (low total body iron status). Other associated conditions may include end-stage kidney disease and hemodialysis, folate deficiency, magnesium deficiency, sleep apnea, diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, and certain autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. RLS can worsen in pregnancy, possibly due to elevated estrogen levels. Use of alcohol, nicotine products, and caffeine may be associated with RLS. A 2014 study from the American Academy of Neurology also found that reduced leg oxygen levels were strongly associated with restless legs Syndrome symptom severity in untreated patients.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: An association has been observed between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and RLS or periodic limb movement disorder. Both conditions appear to have links to dysfunctions related to the neurotransmitter dopamine, and common medications for both conditions among other systems, affect dopamine levels in the brain. A 2005 study suggested that up to 44% of people with ADHD had comorbid (i.e. coexisting) RLS, and up to 26% of people with RLS had confirmed ADHD or symptoms of the condition.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Both primary and secondary RLS can be worsened by surgery of any kind; however, back surgery or injury can be associated with causing RLS.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: The cause vs. effect of certain conditions and behaviors observed in some patients (ex. excess weight, lack of exercise, depression or other mental illnesses) is not well established. Loss of sleep due to RLS could cause the conditions, or medication used to treat a condition could cause RLS.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: More than 60% of cases of RLS are familial and are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with variable penetrance.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Research and brain autopsies have implicated both dopaminergic system and iron insufficiency in the substantia nigra. Iron is well understood to be an essential cofactor for the formation of L-dopa, the precursor of dopamine.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Six genetic loci found by linkage are known and listed below. Other than the first one, all of the linkage loci were discovered using an autosomal dominant model of inheritance.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Their role in RLS pathogenesis is still unclear. More recently, a fourth gene, PTPRD was found to be associated with RLS.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: There is also some evidence that periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are associated with on chromosome 6p21.2, MEIS1, MAP2K5/SKOR1, and PTPRD. The presence of a positive family history suggests that there may be a genetic involvement in the etiology of RLS.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Although it is only partly understood, pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome may involve dopamine and iron system anomalies. There is also a commonly acknowledged circadian rhythm explanatory mechanism associated with it, clinically shown simply by biomarkers of circadian rhythm, such as body temperature. The interactions between impaired neuronal iron uptake and the functions of the neuromelanin-containing and dopamine-producing cells have roles in RLS development, indicating that iron deficiency might affect the brain dopaminergic transmissions in different ways.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Medial thalamic nuclei may also have a role in RLS as part as the limbic system modulated by the dopaminergic system which may affect pain perception. Improvement of RLS symptoms occurs in people receiving low-dose dopamine agonists.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: There are no specific tests for RLS, but non-specific laboratory tests are used to rule out other causes such as vitamin deficiencies. Five symptoms are used to confirm the diagnosis:


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3), the main symptoms have to be associated with a sleep disturbance or impairment in order to support RLS diagnosis. As stated by this classification, RLS symptoms should begin or worsen when being inactive, be relieved when moving, should happen exclusively or mostly in the evening and at night, not be triggered by other medical or behavioral conditions, and should impair one's quality of life. Generally, both legs are affected, but in some cases there is an asymmetry.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: The most common conditions that should be differentiated with RLS include leg cramps, positional discomfort, local leg injury, arthritis, leg edema, venous stasis, peripheral neuropathy, radiculopathy, habitual foot tapping/leg rocking, anxiety, myalgia, and drug-induced akathisia.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Peripheral artery disease and arthritis can also cause leg pain but this usually gets worse with movement.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: There are less common differential diagnostic conditions included myelopathy, myopathy, vascular or neurogenic claudication, hypotensive akathisia, orthostatic tremor, painful legs, and moving toes.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: If RLS is not linked to an underlying cause, its frequency may be reduced by lifestyle modifications such as adopting improving sleep hygiene, regular exercise, and stopping smoking. Medications used may include dopamine agonists or gabapentin in those with daily restless legs syndrome, and opioids for treatment of resistant cases.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Treatment of RLS should not be considered until possible medical causes are ruled out. Secondary RLS may be cured if precipitating medical conditions (anemia) are managed effectively.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Stretching the leg muscles can bring temporary relief. Walking and moving the legs, as the name "restless legs" implies, brings temporary relief. In fact, those with RLS often have an almost uncontrollable need to walk and therefore relieve the symptoms while they are moving. Unfortunately, the symptoms usually return immediately after the moving and walking ceases. A vibratory counter-stimulation device has been found to help some people with primary RLS to improve their sleep.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: There is some evidence that intravenous iron supplementation moderately improves restlessness for people with RLS.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: For those whose RLS disrupts or prevents sleep or regular daily activities, medication may be useful. Evidence supports the use of dopamine agonists including: pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, and cabergoline. They reduce symptoms, improve sleep quality and quality of life. Levodopa is also effective. However, pergolide and cabergoline are less recommended due to their association with increased risk of valvular heart disease. Ropinirole has a faster onset with shorter duration. Rotigotine is commonly used as a transdermal patch which continuously provides stable plasma drug concentrations, resulting in its particular therapeutic effect on patients with symptoms throughout the day. One 2008 review found pramipexole to be better than ropinirole.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: There are, however, issues with the use of dopamine agonists including augmentation. This is a medical condition where the drug itself causes symptoms to increase in severity and/or occur earlier in the day. Dopamine agonists may also cause rebound when symptoms increase as the drug wears off. In many cases, the longer dopamine agonists have been used the higher the risk of augmentation and rebound as well as the severity of the symptoms. Also, a recent study indicated that dopamine agonists used in restless legs syndrome can lead to an increase in compulsive gambling.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: One possible treatment for RLS is dopamine agonists, unfortunately patients can develop dopamine dysregulation syndrome, meaning that they can experience an addictive pattern of dopamine replacement therapy. Additionally, they can exhibit some behavioral disturbances such as impulse control disorders like pathologic gambling, compulsive purchasing and compulsive eating. There are some indications that stopping the dopamine agonist treatment has an impact on the resolution or at least improvement of the impulse control disorder, even though some people can be particularly exposed to dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam or clonazepam, are not generally recommended, and their effectiveness is unknown. They however are sometimes still used as a second line, as add on agents. Quinine is not recommended due to its risk of serious side effects involving the blood.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: RLS symptoms may gradually worsen with age, although more slowly for those with the idiopathic form of RLS than for people who also have an associated medical condition. Current therapies can control the disorder, minimizing symptoms and increasing periods of restful sleep. In addition, some people have remissions, periods in which symptoms decrease or disappear for days, weeks, or months, although symptoms usually eventually reappear. Being diagnosed with RLS does not indicate or foreshadow another neurological disease, such as Parkinson's disease. RLS symptoms can worsen over time when dopamine-related drugs are used for therapy, an effect called "augmentation" which may represent symptoms occurring throughout the day and affect movements of all limbs. There is no cure for RLS.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: RLS affects an estimated 2.5–15% of the American population. A minority (around 2.7% of the population) experience daily or severe symptoms. RLS is twice as common in women as in men, and Caucasians are more prone to RLS than people of African descent. RLS occurs in 3% of individuals from the Mediterranean or Middle Eastern regions, and in 1–5% of those from East Asia, indicating that different genetic or environmental factors, including diet, may play a role in the prevalence of this syndrome. RLS diagnosed at an older age runs a more severe course. RLS is even more common in individuals with iron deficiency, pregnancy, or end-stage kidney disease. The National Sleep Foundation's 1998 "Sleep in America" poll showed that up to 25 percent of pregnant women developed RLS during the third trimester. Poor general health is also linked.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: There are several risk factors for RLS, including old age, family history, and uremia. The prevalence of RLS tends to increase with age, as well as its severity and longer duration of symptoms. People with uremia receiving renal dialysis have a prevalence from 20% to 57%, while those having kidney transplant improve compared to those treated with dialysis.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Genome‐wide association studies have now identified 19 risk loci associated with RLS. Neurological conditions linked to RLS include Parkinson's disease, spinal cerebellar atrophy, spinal stenosis, lumbosacral radiculopathy and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: The first known medical description of RLS was by Sir Thomas Willis in 1672. Willis emphasized the sleep disruption and limb movements experienced by people with RLS. Initially published in Latin ("De Anima Brutorum", 1672) but later translated to English ("The London Practice of Physick", 1685), Willis wrote:


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Subsequently, other descriptions of RLS were published, including those by François Boissier de Sauvages (1763), Magnus Huss (1849), Theodur Wittmaack (1861), George Miller Beard (1880), Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1898), Hermann Oppenheim (1923) and Frederick Gerard Allison (1943). However, it was not until almost three centuries after Willis, in 1945, that Karl-Axel Ekbom (1907–1977) provided a detailed and comprehensive report of this condition in his doctoral thesis, "restless legs: clinical study of hitherto overlooked disease". Ekbom coined the term "restless legs" and continued work on this disorder throughout his career. He described the essential diagnostic symptoms, differential diagnosis from other conditions, prevalence, relation to anemia, and common occurrence during pregnancy.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Ekbom's work was largely ignored until it was rediscovered by Arthur S. Walters and Wayne A. Hening in the 1980s. Subsequent landmark publications include 1995 and 2003 papers, which revised and updated the diagnostic criteria. "Journal of Parkinsonism and RLS" is the first peer-reviewed, online, open access journal dedicated to publishing research about Parkinson's disease and was founded by a Canadian neurologist Dr. Abdul Qayyum Rana.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: In 2013, the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation renamed itself the Willis–Ekbom Disease Foundation; however, it reverted to its original name in 2015 “to better support its mission”.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: A point of confusion is that RLS and delusional parasitosis are entirely different conditions that have both been called "Ekbom syndrome", as both syndromes were described by the same person, Karl-Axel Ekbom. Today, calling WED/RLS "Ekbom syndrome" is outdated usage, as the unambiguous names (WED or RLS) are preferred for clarity.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Some doctors express the view that the incidence of restless legs syndrome is exaggerated by manufacturers of drugs used to treat it. Others believe it is an underrecognized and undertreated disorder. Further, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) ran advertisements that, while not promoting off-licence use of their drug (ropinirole) for treatment of RLS, did link to the Ekbom Support Group website. That website contained statements advocating the use of ropinirole to treat RLS. The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI) ruled against GSK in this case.


title: Restless legs syndrome

text: Different measurements have been used to evaluate treatments in RLS. Most of them are based on subjective rating scores, such as IRLS rating scale (IRLS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Patient Global Impression (PGI), and Quality of life (QoL). These questionnaires provide information about the severity and progress of the disease, as well as the person's quality of life and sleep. Polysomnography (PSG) and actigraphy (both related to sleep parameters) are more objective resources that provide evidences of sleep disturbances associated with RLS symptoms.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: Christopher Mark Robinson (born December 20, 1966) is an American musician. He founded the rock band The Black Crowes (then known as Mr. Crowe's Garden) with his brother Rich Robinson in 1984. Chris is the lead singer of The Black Crowes, and he and his brother are the only continuous members of the Crowes. He is the vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the Chris Robinson Brotherhood, which was formed in 2011 while the Black Crowes were on hiatus. Robinson is noted for his high tenor vocal range and bluesy vocal runs.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: Robinson was born in Marietta, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta. He is the son of Nancy Jane (née Bradley) and Stanley "Stan" Robinson, who had a minor Billboard charted record in 1959 called "Boom-A-Dip-Dip" and who died in September 2013. Along with his brother Rich, Robinson formed Mr. Crowe's Garden in the 1980s, having been heavily influenced by The Faces and The Rolling Stones. They played a variety of clubs in and around Atlanta.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: Robinson attended Wofford College in Spartanburg, South Carolina. As a teenager, Robinson decorated his dorm room with a Tom Waits poster and a Dream Syndicate poster: "...even at 18, I was into music."


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: In 1989, Mr. Crowe's Garden changed their name to The Black Crowes. They were signed to Rick Rubin's label Def American and released their debut album "Shake Your Money Maker". With the success of their album they went out on tour to support it. They played one date supporting ZZ Top. During this tour Chris was criticized for talking to the audience about his opposition to corporate sponsorship. This led to ZZ Top firing The Black Crowes from the tour.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: In May 1991, Chris Robinson spat at or on a female customer at a 7-Eleven convenience store. Robinson was arrested for assault and disturbing the peace, and pleaded no contest six months later.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: Over the next nine years The Black Crowes went through many lineup changes and released six studio albums. In 1997, The Black Crowes headlined the second Furthur Festival, which had been spawned in the summer of 1996 by the remaining members of the Grateful Dead following Jerry Garcia's death in August 1995. In early 2002, it was announced that drummer Steve Gorman would be leaving the band and that The Black Crowes would be taking a break.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: His first solo recording, "The Red Road", appeared on the soundtrack to the 2002 film "The Banger Sisters", confirming the singer's turn into softer material. A full-length debut, "New Earth Mud", appeared in October and garnered positive critical reviews. Written and produced with Paul Stacey and featuring collaborations with ex-Crowes Marc Ford and Eddie Harsch, the album allowed Robinson to hit the road as a headlining act. The band itself became known as New Earth Mud and earned a reputation for playing lengthy, jam-oriented sets across the United States.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: New Earth Mud toured well into 2003, both headlining and sharing the bill with such acts as Elvis Costello, Gov't Mule and The String Cheese Incident. Robinson headed into the studio after the tour concluded, again with Paul Stacey as co-songwriter and producer. The result was "This Magnificent Distance", released in June 2004. The album was a bigger commercial success than its predecessor and showcased more of a "full band" sound.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: Robinson parted ways with Paul Stacey and the rest of his band in early 2004, the reason for which remains unknown. In a very cryptic post on his official message board, Robinson said farewell to his original line-up and welcomed a new one, which featured ex-Crowes member Audley Freed on guitar and George Reiff on bass. The band toured in support of "This Magnificent Distance" through the Summer of 2004. Another tour was planned for the fall of 2004 but was abruptly and inexplicably scrapped. Robinson instead remained out of the public eye aside from three appearances with Phil Lesh and Friends at the Warfield Theater in San Francisco (December 2004).


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: Robinson did not perform publicly again until his February 2005 performance with his brother Rich at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas (a private event for people who work in the field of consumer electronics). He then joined Phil Lesh again for the "Mardi Gras Spectacular" concerts in San Francisco at the end of February, which also featured members of Railroad Earth, Particle and Galactic as well as former members of the Jerry Garcia Band.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: In early 2005, it was announced that The Black Crowes would be reuniting for a run at New York's Hammerstein Ballroom. This lineup included former members Sven Pipien and Marc Ford. This quickly turned into a full-fledged tour. Although initially not part of the reunion, Steve Gorman did return to the band in early May. In July 2007, during the Black Crowes Summer Tour, the live album "" was released.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: The album was composed of tracks culled from Chris and Rich Robinson's three night set at the Roxy, and featured Black Crowes songs (Horsehead, Cursed Diamond, Thorn In My Pride), solo material from both brothers (Someday Past the Sunset, Forgiven Song), covers from some of their favorite artists (Over the Hill, Roll Um Easy, Driving Wheel, Forever Young), and new material (Magic Rooster Blues, Cold Boy Smile). A new album, "Warpaint", was released on March 4, 2008.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: On August 31, 2009, the Black Crowes released another album of original material, recorded in front of a live audience over several shows at Levon Helm's barn in New York, "Before the Frost..." Each CD purchase was accompanied by a download code to receive the album's companion release, "...Until the Freeze". The vinyl version includes all 20 tracks.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: In April 2010, it was announced that in celebration of the band's 20th anniversary, they would release "Croweology", featuring new acoustic recordings of Black Crowes' favorites. The two-disc set would be sold at the price of one as a thank you to fans. In conjunction with the release, the band would also embark on the "Say Goodnight to the Bad Guys" tour, which would stretch from August 2010 – December 2010. The majority of the shows saw the band perform two 90 minute sets, the first acoustic, and the second electric. At the end of the tour, it was announced the band would begin a new hiatus of undetermined length.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: On January 15, 2015, Rich Robinson announced the final breakup of the band due to a disagreement with his brother Chris Robinson over an alleged proposal regarding ownership of the band. In an interview, drummer Steve Gorman indicated that prior to the breakup, the Black Crowes had been discussing a tour.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: On the November 11, 2019 Howard Stern Show Chris and Rich announced that they were reuniting to tour reprising their first studio album, "Shake Your Money Maker".


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: In the fall of 2010, the website for the "Chris Robinson Band" was launched, fueling speculation that this would be Chris' new project with the advent of the Crowes' hiatus. This was confirmed at the final date of the Say Goodnight to the Bad Guys Tour in San Francisco, when stickers advertising the band and the website were passed out promoting April 2011. Eventually, the project was titled the Chris Robinson Brotherhood (CRB), and a two-month California tour was launched on March 29, 2011, at Soho in Santa Barbara, California and the group toured California heavily. The Chris Robinson Brotherhood lineup includes Adam MacDougall (of the Black Crowes) on keyboards, George Sluppick on drums (George has been replaced by Tony Leone), Mark "Muddy" Dutton (of Burning Tree) on bass, and Neal Casal on guitar. Casal replaced Jonathan Wilson, who was initially announced as a member of the band, but left shortly after.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: CRB went into Sunset Studios to record an album in January 2012. Their first album, "Big Moon Ritual", was released on June 5, 2012, with the companion album "The Magic Door" released on September 11, 2012. CRB also released a 7" of "Blue Suede Shoes" b/w a live version "Girl, I Love You" for Record Store Day on April 21, 2012.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: In 2018, Chris Robinson formed the band As the Crow Flies, which performs songs from the Black Crowes catalogue. Robinson noted, "I’m not out to redo the Black Crowes or outdo the Black Crowes or anything like that. I just want to sing the music." The band includes former Crowes Audley Freed and Adam MacDougall, Marcus King, Andy Hess, and Tony Leone.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: Although he dabbled in the field earlier, Robinson began consistently producing other artists' albums in the late-2000s. Although few of the albums produced under his guidance were commercial successes, most received considerable critical acclaim.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: Robinson made a cameo appearance (playing an angel) in the final episode of the popular sketch show "The Kids in the Hall" in 1994. According to "The Kids in the Hall" Season 5 DVD commentary, Robinson met Kate Hudson at a live "The Kids in the Hall" performance during their 2000 reunion tour. In 2007, Chris Robinson played Wavy Gravy's birthday party in San Francisco under the name Chris Robinson's Wooden Family. The show was a benefit to support an international development organization called the Seva Foundation founded by Wavy along with Ram Dass.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: In 2009, Robinson performed in "The People Speak", a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's "A People's History of the United States".


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: On September 8, 1996, he married actress Lala Sloatman, niece (by marriage) of musician Frank Zappa. They were divorced in 1998.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: In December 2000, Robinson married actress Kate Hudson. Their son was born in January 2004. On August 14, 2006, after nearly six years of marriage, Hudson's publicist announced their separation. On November 17, 2006, Robinson filed divorce papers, citing irreconcilable differences and seeking joint custody of their son. Divorce was granted on October 22, 2007, with Robinson being granted joint custody.


title: Chris Robinson (singer)

text: In 2009, Robinson married Allison Bridges. Their daughter was born in December 2009. In 2015 he moved to Marin County, California, where he still resides. He and Bridges divorced in October 2018.


title: Gatorade

text: Gatorade is an American brand of sports-themed beverage and food products, built around its signature line of sports drinks. Gatorade is currently manufactured by PepsiCo and is distributed in over 80 countries. The beverage was first developed in 1965 by a team of researchers led by Dr. Robert Cade. It was originally made for the Gators at the University of Florida to replenish the carbohydrates that the school's student-athletes burned and the combination of water and electrolytes that they lost in sweat during vigorous sports activities.


title: Gatorade

text: Originally produced and marketed by Stokely-Van Camp, the Gatorade brand was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company in 1983, which, in turn, was bought by PepsiCo in 2000. As of 2010, Gatorade is PepsiCo's fourth-largest brand, on the basis of worldwide annual retail sales. It competes with Coca-Cola's Powerade and Vitaminwater brands worldwide, with Prime, and with Lucozade in the United Kingdom. Within the United States, Gatorade accounts for approximately 67.7% of market share in the sports drink category.


title: Gatorade

text: Gatorade was created in 1965, by a team of scientists at the University of Florida College of Medicine, including Robert Cade, Dana Shires, Harry James Free, and Alejandro de Quesada. Following a request from Florida Gators football head coach Ray Graves, Gatorade was created to help athletes by acting as a replacement for body fluids lost during physical exertion. The earliest version of the beverage consisted of a mixture of water, sodium, sugar, potassium, phosphate, and lemon juice. Ten players on the University of Florida football team tested the first version of Gatorade during practices and games in 1965, and the tests were deemed successful. On the other hand, star quarterback Steve Spurrier said, "I don’t have any answer for whether the Gatorade helped us be a better second-half team or not. . . . We drank it, but whether it helped us in the second half, who knows?" Nonetheless, the football team credited Gatorade as having contributed to their first Orange Bowl win over the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in 1967, at which point the drink gained traction within the athletic community. Yellow Jackets coach Bobby Dodd, when asked why his team lost, replied: "We didn't have Gatorade. That made the difference."


title: Gatorade

text: The University of Florida researchers initially considered naming their product "Gator-Aid". They settled on the name Gatorade, however, since the researchers wanted to create a commercial product, not a scientifically-validated one. Darren Rovell notes in his history of Gatorade, "First in Thirst", "the doctors realized that they probably shouldn't use the 'Aid' suffix, since that would mean that if the drink were ever marketed, they would have to prove that it had a clear medicinal use and perform clinical tests on thousands of people." Gatorade co-inventor Dana Shires explained, "We were told that you couldn't use that because the Food and Drug Administration prohibited that. That would classify it as something other than a cola or soft drink, so we changed it to ade."


title: Gatorade

text: For example, some were skeptical that the product's effect was anything more than a placebo effect. Cade mentioned, "If you told a football player that you were giving him Demerol to relieve pain and you gave him a placebo instead, there's about a 30% chance that the placebo will relieve the pain as much as taking Demerol would have."


title: Gatorade

text: Shortly after the 1969 Orange Bowl, Robert Cade entered into an agreement providing Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. (SVC), a canned-food packaging company, with the U.S. rights to production and sale of Gatorade as a commercial product. In the same year, a licensing arrangement made Gatorade the official sports drink of the National Football League (NFL), representing the first in a history of professional sports sponsorship for the Gatorade brand. A year after its commercial introduction, SVC tested multiple variations of the original Gatorade recipe, finally settling on more palatable variants in lemon-lime and orange flavors. This reformulation also removed the sweetener cyclamate—which was banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1969 - replacing it with additional fructose. In the early 1970s, legal questions arose regarding whether or not the researchers who invented Gatorade were entitled to ownership of its royalties since they had been working under a research grant from the federal government which provided financial stipends. The University of Florida also claimed partial rights of ownership, which was brought to resolution in 1973 in the form of a settlement awarding the university with a 20% share of Gatorade royalties. As of 2009, the university had received more than $150 million from its share and was receiving approximately $12 million per year.


title: Gatorade

text: The Quaker Oats Company purchased SVC and Gatorade in 1983 for $220 million, following a bidding war with rival Pillsbury. In its first two decades of production, Gatorade was primarily sold and distributed within the United States. Beginning in the 1980s, the company expanded distribution of Gatorade, venturing into Canada in 1984, regions of Asia in 1987, South America and parts of Europe in 1988, and Australia in 1993. In 1990, Gatorade introduced Gatorade Light, a lower-calorie version sweetened with saccharin. International expansion came at the cost of $20 million in 1996 alone; however, the resulting efforts produced worldwide sales of $283 million in more than 45 countries during the same year. In 1997, distribution of Gatorade in an additional 10 countries prompted an 18.7% growth in annual sales.