title: San Francisco International Airport

text: SFO was one of the first U.S. airports to conduct a residential sound abatement retrofitting program. Established by the FAA in the early 1980s, this program evaluated the cost-effectiveness of reducing interior sound levels for homes near the airport, within the 65 CNEL noise contour. The program made use of a noise computer model to predict improvement in specific residential interiors for a variety of noise control strategies. This pilot program was conducted for a neighborhood in South San Francisco and success was achieved in all of the homes analyzed. The costs turned out to be modest, and the post-construction interior sound level tests confirmed the predictions for noise abatement. To date over $153 million has been spent to insulate more than 15,000 homes in the neighboring cities of Daly City, Pacifica, San Bruno, and South San Francisco.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The airport has four terminals (1, 2, 3, and International) and seven concourses (Boarding Areas A through G) with a total of 115 gates arranged alphabetically in a counterclockwise ring. Terminal 1 (Boarding Area B), Terminal 2 (Boarding Areas C and D), and Terminal 3 (Boarding Areas E and F) handle domestic flights (including precleared flights from Canada). The International Terminal (Boarding Areas A and G) handles international flights and some domestic flights.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Historically, the oldest terminal building still standing is Terminal 2, which was originally completed in 1954 as the Central Terminal with four concourses (Piers B, C, D, and E, lettered sequentially from north to south). Terminal 1 was added as the South Terminal in 1963 with Piers F/FF (Pier F had two satellite rotundas) and G, and Pier E was reassigned to the South Terminal upon its completion. International traffic was routed through Pier G, and a new Rotunda G was completed in 1974 to expand Pier G. Terminal 3 was added as the North Terminal in 1979 with Pier A. Also, once the North Terminal was completed in 1979, the piers were renamed counterclockwise, with letter designations corresponding to present-day Boarding Areas, starting with Pier A (present-day Boarding Area A, originally Pier G), Pier B (present-day Boarding Area B, originally Pier F/FF), Pier C (present-day Boarding Area C, originally Pier E), and Pier F (present-day Boarding Area F, originally Pier A). A new Pier E was added to the North Terminal in 1981 approximately where the old Pier B stood, and the Central Terminal was rebuilt with a single pier (D) to serve international flights in 1983, until a new International Terminal opened in 2000. Since then, the terminals were renamed with numbers in 2001, and the older terminals are in the process of renovation. A rebuild of Terminal 2 (formerly the Central Terminal) was completed in 2011, followed by the completion of the rebuild of Terminal 3 East (North Terminal Pier E) in 2015, and rebuilds of Terminal 1 (South Terminal) and Terminal 3 West (North Terminal Pier F) are scheduled to be complete by 2024.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: There are airside connectors at SFO that enable passengers to roam (post-security) between most adjacent terminal buildings. A short airside connector links Terminal 3's Boarding Area F to the International Terminal Boarding Area G. An airy 500-foot airside connector links Boarding Area C to the rest of Terminal 2. In May 2021, the demolition and rebuild of the southern portion of Terminal 1 (Boarding Area B) was completed and an airside connector to International Boarding Area A was added. In November 2021, new airside and landside connectors connected Terminals 2 and 3.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: There are no airside connectors between International Boarding Areas A and G (the main terminal area of the International Terminal separates the two boarding areas). By 2024, renovation of Boarding Area C will add an airside connection between it and the rest of renovated Terminal 1. This means that all gates at the airport will be connected post-security.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Formerly known as the "South Terminal", Harvey Milk Terminal 1 is composed of Boarding Area B, which currently has 18 gates (gates B6-B9, B12-B14, B17, B18, and B19-B27). Prior to June 23, 2020, Boarding Area C was also considered part of Terminal 1. A third boarding area, Rotunda A, was demolished in early 2006, as its functions had been taken over by the new International Terminal.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The South Terminal, which cost , was initially dedicated on . The terminal was designed by Welton Becket and Associates. When it opened, the South Terminal had three piers: Pier G (for international flights, approximately at the same location as the present-day Boarding Area (B/A) A in the International Terminal), Pier F/FF (used by Trans World Airlines (TWA) and Western Airlines, later renamed B/A B), and Pier E (used by American Airlines; originally part of Terminal 2, approximately at the present-day B/A C). The three-level Rotunda A addition was completed in 1974 at the end of Pier G. When the North Terminal was completed in 1979, Pier G was renamed Pier A, with the other piers renamed in a counterclockwise direction proceeding from the new Pier A. International flights were moved to the rebuilt Central Terminal (Terminal 2) in 1983, and then to the new International Terminal in 2000.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The South Terminal underwent a $150,000,000 (equivalent to $36,239,428 in 2022) renovation designed by Howard A. Friedman and Associates, Marquis Associates and Wong &


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Brocchini that was completed in 1988. Terminal 1 is undergoing a project to modernize the concourse and add gates; the project broke ground on June 29, 2016. The phase of the project to expand Boarding Area B includes the demolition of the old TWA hangar, the demolition of the two rotundas, and the relocation of two taxiways. The multi-phase project will yield a total of 24 gates when complete in 2020 (the existing Boarding Area B has fewer than 20 usable gates), including a secure Federal Inspection Services (FIS) connector to the existing customs facilities in the International Terminal. This will effectively add six new gates that can handle international arrivals. Planning for a renovation of Boarding Area C is underway, with construction to commence after the completion of work on Boarding Area B. The projected completion date for Boarding Area C work is mid-2024.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: In April 2018, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and mayor Mark Farrell approved and signed legislation renaming Terminal 1 after deceased gay rights activist and former member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Harvey Milk, and planned to install artwork memorializing him. This followed a previous attempt to rename the entire airport after him, which was turned down. Following the art and photo installation, the renamed terminal was opened to the media and public for preview tours in advance of its official opening on July 23, 2019. Harvey Milk Terminal 1 is the world's first airport terminal named after a leader of the LGBTQ community.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The first nine gates at the newly reconstructed Boarding Area B opened on July 23, 2019, with Southwest Airlines and JetBlue becoming the first tenants. JetBlue operates two gates preferentially (B6 and B7) and shares one with Southwest (B8), while Southwest operates five gates preferentially (B9, B12-B14, and B17). In late-April 2020, the terminal's new lobby opened, with new ticket counters for Southwest and JetBlue, and a new permanent exhibit honoring Milk. On May 12, 2020, in conjunction with the launch of nine new gates at Boarding Area B (B19-B27), American Airlines moved into the new facility, with new ticket counters, baggage systems, and a new Admirals Club lounge. American operates six of the nine new gates preferentially (B22-B27). The final seven Boarding Area B gates (B2-B5, B10-B11, B15-B16) in the new terminal opened on May 25, 2021. Frontier Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, and Sun Country Airlines are scheduled to move in by 2023.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: 2022-Q3, Hawaiian Airlines and WestJet have moved a few of their departures into B Gates at Terminal 1, but check-in counters remain in International Terminal A.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Formerly known as the "Central Terminal", Terminal 2 is composed of Boarding Area C, which has 10 gates (gates C2-C11), and Boarding Area D, which has 15 gates (D1-D12 and D14-D16). The D gates is where Alaska Airlines has its hub. Gate D13 does not exist as the number has been reserved for future development.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Terminal 2 opened in 1954 as the main airport terminal. After a drastic rebuilding designed by Gensler, it replaced Rotunda A as SFO's international terminal in 1983 until it was closed for renovation after the current international terminal opened in 2000. The initial plan was to convert Terminal 2 for domestic travel and reopen it by fall 2001, but the loss of passenger traffic after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 put those plans on hold. The upper levels continued to be used as office spaces and for the airport's medical clinic, and the control tower remained in use.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: On May 12, 2008, a renovation project was announced that included a new control tower, the use of green materials, a seismic retrofit, and an expansion from ten to fourteen gates. The terminal reopened for commercial travel on April 14, 2011, with Virgin America (later Alaska Airlines) and American Airlines sharing the new 14-gate common-use facility. Approximately a week earlier, on , Virgin America's ceremonial flight VX2001 was the first to arrive at the renovated Terminal 2, an Airbus A320 bearing founder Richard Branson with other invited celebrity guests, such as Buzz Aldrin, Rachel Hunter, and Gavin Newsom. VX2001 had rendezvoused with White Knight Two/SpaceShipTwo over Point Reyes before making a side-by-side landing.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The newly renovated terminal also designed by Gensler features permanent art installations from Janet Echelman, Kendall Buster, Norie Sato, Charles Sowers, and Walter Kitundu. Transition zones (the immediate post-security line area for "passenger recomposure") and exit areas (where disembarking passengers may be greeted) were designed with generous space. Terminal 2 set accolades by being the first U.S. airport to achieve LEED Gold status. Paolo Lucchesi, a local food critic, noted the sustainable food and dining program featuring local vendors and sources.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Following the construction of a new control tower in 2016, the tower and the offices above the terminal were demolished and new office space was constructed in their place. On February 14, 2020, a new public, outdoor observation deck, called SkyTerrace, was opened in the new office space.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Until May 12, 2020, American's check-in counters were consolidated to T2, but its operations were split between Boarding Area D and Boarding Area C (linked via an airside connector). Following American's move to T1, the existing Admirals Club location was converted to an Alaska lounge.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: As of June 23, 2020, SFO advertises Boarding Area C as part of Terminal 2 due to construction. During the construction of Boarding Area B, Boarding Area C continues to operate, with Delta Air Lines operating as the main tenant.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Air Canada and Breeze Airways have moved into Terminal 2 during 2022-Q1. As a result, all check-ins and departures from Air Canada are no longer operating at the International Terminal.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Formerly known as the "North Terminal", Terminal 3 is composed of Boarding Area E with 13 gates (gates E1-E13) and Boarding Area F with 23 gates (gates F1-F3, F3A, F4-F22). Terminal 3 is used for United Airlines' domestic flights. Mainline United and United Express flights use both boarding areas.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: This $82.44 million terminal was originally designed by San Francisco Airport Architects (a joint venture of John Carl Warnecke and Associates, Dreyfuss + Blackford Architecture, and minority architects). The groundbreaking ceremony for the North Terminal was held on April 22, 1971, and Boarding Area F opened in 1979 and Boarding Area E opened in 1981. All terminals (except the International Terminal) were redesignated by number starting October 1, 2001.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: A solar roof was installed in 2007 with sufficient generating capacity to power all Terminal 3 lights during the day. American Airlines and Air Canada occupied Boarding Area E until it closed for refurbishment in 2011 under the airport's FY 2010/11 – FY 2014/15 Capital Plan. Designed by Gensler, the renovation. included architectural enhancements, structural renovations, replacement of HVAC systems, roof repair, and new carpeting. Initial modest renovation plans were replaced by a more ambitious project after the popularity of the remodeling of Terminal 2. After the completion of the project, Boarding Area E reopened on January 28, 2014, followed by Terminal 3 East on November 18, 2014 The project moved one gate from Boarding Area F to Boarding Area E to provide a total of ten aircraft parking positions at T3E. Following a 2019 renumbering of all gates at SFO, three additional gates moved from Boarding Area F to Boarding Area E, with the latter now containing 13 gates.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: There are three United Clubs in Terminal 3—one near the rotunda for Boarding Area F, one on the mezzanine across from gate E2, and another at the beginning of Boarding Area E. Terminal 3 also houses the American Express Centurion Lounge, located across from Gate F2.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The International Terminal is composed of Boarding Areas A and G. Designed by Craig W. Hartman of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the terminal opened in December 2000 to replace the International Departures section of Terminal 2. It is the largest international terminal in North America, and the largest building in the world built on base isolators to protect against earthquakes. Food service focuses on quick service versions of leading San Francisco Bay Area restaurants, following other SFO terminals. Planners attempted to make the airport a destination in and of itself, not just for travelers passing through. The international terminal is a common-use facility, with all gates and all ticketing areas shared among international airlines and several domestic carriers. Common-use terminal equipment (CUTE) is used at check-in counters and gates. All international arrivals and departures are handled here (except flights from cities with customs preclearance). The International Terminal houses the airport's BART station, adjacent to the garage leading to Boarding Area G. The SFO Medical Clinic is located next to the security screening area of Boarding Area A. All gates in this terminal have at least two jetway bridges, except gates A3 and A12, which have one. Gates A1 and A2 can accommodate two aircraft. Six of the gates are designed for the Airbus A380, making SFO one of the first airports in the world with such gates when it was built in 2000. Gate A11 has three jetways for boarding. Four other gates have two jetways fitted for A380 service.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The International Terminal completed a continuous ring of terminals, by filling in the last remaining gap to the west of then-existing terminals. Its geometry required that the terminal structure be built above the main access road, at enormous expense, including building dedicated ramps for connectivity to Highway 101. The design and construction of the international terminal was by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Del Campo & Maru Architects, Michael Willis Associates, and built by Tutor Perini (main terminal building), Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum in association with Robin Chiang & Company, Robert B. Wong Architects, and built by Tutor Perini (Boarding Area G), and Gerson/Overstreet Architects and built by Hensel Phelps Construction (Boarding Area A). The contracts were awarded after an architectural design competition.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Most international flights operated by Star Alliance carriers, including all United international flights and select United domestic flights, are assigned to Boarding Area G's 14 gates (G1-G14). Most international flights operated by SkyTeam, Oneworld, and non-aligned international carriers board and deplane at Boarding Area A's 15 gates (gates A1–A15). However, Star Alliance carrier Avianca El Salvador operates out of Boarding Area A, and non-aligned carriers Aer Lingus, Fiji Airways, and WestJet typically park at Boarding Area G. Boarding Area A is also used by domestic carriers Frontier Airlines, Sun Country Airlines, and Hawaiian Airlines. When all gates in an airline's designated international boarding area are full, the passengers will board or deplane from the opposite international boarding area. Aer Lingus, Flair Airlines, and WestJet operate from airports with United States border preclearance, allowing arriving passengers to skip the wait at customs and immigration when they arrive at SFO, and exit the airport from the departure level.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The two main designations for the International Terminal are "I", and "INTL" (abbreviations for "International"). Oftentimes travel itineraries will say "T-I", and this has led to instances where passengers misinterpret the "I" as Terminal 1, especially since both Boarding Area A and Boarding Area G are used for a limited number of domestic flights.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: SFO Museum was created in 1980 as a collaboration between the San Francisco Airport Commission and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and was the first museum in an international airport. It was accredited by the American Association of Museums in 1999, and contains both permanent artwork and temporary exhibitions in more than 20 galleries. The Aviation Museum and Library (officially, the San Francisco Airport Commission Aviation Library and Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum) is located in the International Terminal, featuring a model of a DC-3. Other prominent installations include works by:


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Frequent travelers and airline staff have reportedly told SFO Museum officials they make it a point to arrive to the airport early in order to view the galleries.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The AirTrain is a landside people-mover system that connects the terminals, the two international terminal garages, the BART station, the Grand Hyatt hotel, the airport's Rental Car Center, and the Long-Term Parking garage. The AirTrain is fully automated and free to ride.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) serves the airport at San Francisco International Airport station, located west of the International Terminal. During BART's full five-line service, the airport is directly connected to downtown San Francisco and Oakland, Berkeley, Richmond, Walnut Creek, and Pittsburg, with no need to transfer. The BART system also enables SFO passengers to ride to and from Oakland International Airport with two transfers.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: San Mateo County's transit agency, SamTrans, serves the airport with several routes. Buses stop at the arrivals/baggage claim level of the domestic terminals and in courtyard A or G in the International Terminal.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: BART trains and SamTrans buses also connect San Francisco International Airport to Caltrain with a transfer at Millbrae station. Millbrae will also be the connection between SFO and California High-Speed Rail; the station will be renamed to Millbrae–SFO station on the High Speed Rail line to coincide with the dual functionality of the station.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the airport provided free shuttle bus service to and from the South San Francisco Ferry Terminal, connecting with San Francisco Bay Ferry services from Alameda and Oakland.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Numerous door-to-door "shared ride" van and hotel courtesy shuttles stop at the center transportation island on the departure level, while Marin Airporter buses and limousines are on the arrivals/baggage claim level of the airport. Charter services are also available in the courtyards.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The airport is located on U.S. Route 101, south of downtown San Francisco. It is near the US 101 interchange with Interstate 380, a short freeway that connects US 101 with Interstate 280. Short term parking is located in the central terminal area and two international terminal garages. Long term parking is located on South Airport Blvd. and San Bruno Ave.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Passengers can also park long-term at a select number of BART stations that have parking lots, with a permit purchased online in advance.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Taxis depart from designated taxi zones located at the roadway center islands, on the Arrivals/Baggage Claim Level of all terminals.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Ride app services such as Uber and Lyft are available via their respective mobile app. The designated ride app pickup area for domestic terminals is on the fifth floor of the adjacent garage. The designated pickup area for the International Terminal is on the Departures/Check-In Level roadway center island.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: SFO is home to the one of the largest single aircraft maintenance bases in the world with complete MRO base operations (maintenance, repair, overhaul, painting, welding, machine shop, tool and die, parts manufacturing, fabrication, engineering, and retrofitting (Boeing and Airbus certified, among others)). It serves as the principal Global MRO Base for United Airlines and serves over 40 other airlines, military customers, and aircraft lease operators.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The eastern side of the airfield is dominated by the Superbay, a maintenance hangar capable of holding four 747s. Originally constructed in the 1970s, the facility is shared by United Airlines and American Airlines.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: Prior to its merger that formed AirWest, Pacific Air Lines had its corporate headquarters on the grounds of the airport. Hughes Airwest, the successor to Air West, also had its headquarters on the grounds of the airport.


title: San Francisco International Airport

text: The United States Coast Guard operates Coast Guard Air Station San Francisco with its ramp and buildings near the cargo terminal, operating six MH-65 Dolphin helicopters.


title: County (United States)

text: In the United States, a county is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic region with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term "county" is used in 48 states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes and boroughs, respectively. The specific governmental powers of counties vary widely between the states, with many providing some level of services to civil townships, municipalities, and unincorporated areas. Certain municipalities are in multiple counties; New York City is uniquely partitioned into five counties, referred to at the city government level as boroughs. Some municipalities have consolidated with their county government to form consolidated city-counties, or have been legally separated from counties altogether to form independent cities. Conversely, those counties in Connecticut, Rhode Island, eight of Massachusetts's 14 counties, and Alaska's Unorganized Borough have no government power, existing only as geographic distinctions.


title: County (United States)

text: The number of counties per state ranges from the three counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. County populations also vary widely: in 2017, according to the Census Bureau, more than half the U.S. population is concentrated in just 143 of the more than 3,000 counties, or just 4.6% of all counties; the five largest counties ordered by population are Los Angeles County, California; Cook County, Illinois; Harris County, Texas; Maricopa County, Arizona; and San Diego County, California.


title: County (United States)

text: The United States Census Bureau uses the term "county equivalent" to describe places that are comparable to counties, but called by different names. Louisiana parishes, the organized boroughs of Alaska, independent cities, and the District of Columbia are equivalent to counties for administrative purposes. Alaska's Unorganized Borough is further divided into 11 census areas that are statistically equivalent to counties. In 2024, the U.S. Census Bureau will begin to also use Connecticut's Councils of Governments for county-equivalent statistical purposes.


title: County (United States)

text: Territories of the United States do not have counties; instead, the United States Census Bureau also divides them into county equivalents. The U.S. Census Bureau counts American Samoa's districts and atolls as county equivalents. American Samoa locally has places called "counties", but these entities are considered to be "minor civil divisions" (not true counties) by the U.S. Census Bureau.


title: County (United States)

text: , there are currently 3,143 counties and county equivalents in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. If the 100 county equivalents in the U.S. territories are counted, then the total is 3,243 counties and county equivalents in the United States. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County (10,039,107), and the county with the largest land area, San Bernardino County, border each other in Southern California (however, eleven boroughs in Alaska are larger in area than San Bernardino County).


title: County (United States)

text: The origin of the American counties are in the counties of England. English (after 1707 British) colonists brought to their colonies in North America a political subdivision that they already used in the British metropole: the counties. Counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the administrative workload in Jamestown. The House of Burgesses divided the colony first into four "incorporations" in 1617 and finally into eight shires (or counties) in 1634: James City, Henrico, Charles City, Charles River, Warrosquyoake, Accomac, Elizabeth City, and Warwick River. America's oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton (originally Accomac) County, dating to 1632. Maryland established its first county, St. Mary's, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. Pennsylvania and New York delegated significant power and responsibility from the colony government to county governments and thereby established a pattern for most of the United States, although counties remained relatively weak in New England.


title: County (United States)

text: When independence came, the framers of the Constitution left the matter to the states. Subsequently, state constitutions conceptualized county governments as arms of the state. Louisiana instead adopted the local divisions called "parishes" that dated back to both the Spanish colonial and French colonial periods when the land was dominated by the Catholic Church. In the twentieth century, the role of local governments strengthened and counties began providing more services, acquiring home rule and county commissions to pass local ordinances pertaining to their unincorporated areas. In 1955, delegates to the Alaska Constitutional Convention wanted to avoid the traditional county system and adopted their own unique model with different types of "boroughs" varying in powers and duties.


title: County (United States)

text: In some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties' smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called "towns". The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, depending on state law.


title: County (United States)

text: The newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county, previously part of four counties. The newest county equivalents are the Alaskan census areas of Chugach and Copper River, both established in 2019, and the Alaskan boroughs of Petersburg established in 2013, Wrangell established in 2008, and Skagway established in 2007.


title: County (United States)

text: A consolidated city-county is simultaneously a city, which is a municipality (municipal corporation), and a county, which is an administrative division of a state, having the powers and responsibilities of both types of entities. The city limit or jurisdiction is synonymous with the county line, as the two administrative entities become a non-dichotomous single entity. For this reason, a consolidated city-county is officially remarked as "name of city – name of county" (i.e., Augusta–Richmond County in Georgia). The same is true of the boroughs of New York City, each of which is coextensive with a county of New York State. For those entities in which the city uses the same name as the county, "city and county of name" may be used (i.e., City and County of Denver in Colorado).


title: County (United States)

text: Similarly, some of Alaska's boroughs have merged with their principal cities, creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, though often with population densities far below those of most urban areas.


title: County (United States)

text: There are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U.S., including Augusta–Richmond County; the City and County of Denver, Colorado; the City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii; Indianapolis–Marion County, Indiana; Jacksonville–Duval County, Florida; Louisville–Jefferson County, Kentucky; Lexington–Fayette County, Kentucky; Kansas City–Wyandotte County, Kansas; Nashville–Davidson County, Tennessee; New Orleans–Orleans Parish, Louisiana; the City and County of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the City and County of San Francisco, California.


title: County (United States)

text: A consolidated city-county may still contain independent municipalities maintaining some governmental powers that did not merge with the rest of the county. For example, the government of Jacksonville–Duval County, Florida, still provides county-level services to the four independent municipalities within its borders: Atlantic Beach, Baldwin, Jacksonville Beach, and Neptune Beach.


title: County (United States)

text: The term "county equivalents" is used by the United States Census Bureau to describe divisions that are comparable to counties but called by different names:


title: County (United States)

text: Consolidated city-counties are not designated county equivalents for administrative purposes; since both the city and the county at least nominally exist, they are properly classified as counties in their own right.


title: County (United States)

text: There are technically no counties in U.S. territories. American Samoa has its own counties, but the U.S. Census Bureau does not count them as counties (instead, the U.S. Census Bureau counts American Samoa's three districts and two atolls as county equivalents). American Samoa's counties are treated as minor civil divisions. Most territories are directly divided into municipalities or similar units, which are treated as equivalent of counties for statistical purposes:


title: County (United States)

text: The U.S. Census Bureau counts all of Guam as one county equivalent (with the FIPS code 66010), while the USGS counts Guam's election districts (villages) as county equivalents. The U.S. Census Bureau counts the 3 main islands in the U.S. Virgin Islands as county equivalents, while the USGS counts the districts of the U.S. Virgin Islands (of which there are 2) as county equivalents.


title: County (United States)

text: Common sources of county names are names of people, geographic features, places in other states or countries, and animals. Quite a few counties bear names of Native American, French, or Spanish origin.


title: County (United States)

text: Counties are most often named for people, often political figures or early settlers, with over 2,100 of the 3,144 total so named. The most common county name, with 31, is Washington County, for America's first president, George Washington. Up until 1871, there was a Washington County within the District of Columbia, but it was dissolved by the District of Columbia Organic Act. Jefferson County, for Thomas Jefferson, is next with 26. The most recent president to have a county named for him was Warren G. Harding, reflecting the slowing rate of county creation since New Mexico and Arizona became states in 1912. The most common names for counties not named after a president are Franklin (25), Clay (18), and Montgomery (18).


title: County (United States)

text: After people, the next most common source of county names are geographic features and locations, with some counties even being named after counties in other states, or for places in countries such as the United Kingdom. The most common geographic county name is Lake. Words from Native American languages, as well as the names of Native American leaders and tribes, lend their names to many counties. Quite a few counties bear names of French or Spanish origin, such as Marquette County being named after French missionary Father Jacques Marquette.


title: County (United States)

text: The county's equivalent in the state of Louisiana, the parish (Fr. "paroisse civile" and Sp. "parroquia") took its name during the state's French and Spanish colonial periods. Before the Louisiana Purchase and granting of statehood, government was often administered in towns where major church parishes were located. Of the original 19 civil parishes of Louisiana that date from statehood in 1807, nine were named after the Roman Catholic parishes from which they were governed.


title: County (United States)

text: The structure and powers of a county government may be defined by the general law of the state or by a charter specific to that county. States may allow only general-law counties, only charter counties, or both. Generally, general-law local governments have less autonomy than chartered local governments.


title: County (United States)

text: Counties are usually governed by an elected body, variously called the county commission, board of supervisors, commissioners' court, county council, county court, or county Legislature. In cases in which a consolidated city-county or independent city exists, a city council usually governs city/county or city affairs. In some counties, day-to-day operations are overseen by an elected county executive or by a chief administrative officer or county administrator who reports to the board, the mayor, or both.


title: County (United States)

text: In many states, the board in charge of a county holds powers that transcend all three traditional branches of government. It has the legislative power to enact ordinances for the county; it has the executive power to oversee the executive operations of county government; and it has quasi-judicial power with regard to certain limited matters (such as hearing appeals from the planning commission if one exists).


title: County (United States)

text: In many states, several important officials are elected separately from the board of commissioners or supervisors and cannot be fired by the board. These positions may include county clerk, county treasurer, county surrogate, sheriff, and others.


title: County (United States)

text: District attorneys or state attorneys are usually state-level as opposed to county-level officials, but in many states, counties and state judicial districts have coterminous boundaries.


title: County (United States)

text: The site of a county's administration, and often the county courthouse, is generally called the county seat ("parish seat" in Louisiana, "borough seat" in Alaska, or "shire town" in several New England counties). The county seat usually resides in a municipality. However, some counties may have multiple seats or no seat. In some counties with no incorporated municipalities, a large settlement may serve as the county seat.


title: County (United States)

text: The power of county governments varies widely from state to state, as does the relationship between counties and incorporated cities.


title: County (United States)

text: counties are geographic entities, but not governmental jurisdictions. At the other extreme, Maryland counties and the county equivalent City of Baltimore handle almost all services, including public education, although the state retains an active oversight authority with many of these services.


title: County (United States)

text: In most Midwestern and Northeastern states, counties are further subdivided into townships or towns, which sometimes exercise local powers or administration. Throughout the United States, counties may contain other independent, self-governing municipalities.


title: County (United States)

text: In New England, counties function at most as judicial court districts and sheriff's departments (presently, in Connecticut only as judicial court districts—and in Rhode Island, they have lost both those functions and most others but they are still used by the United States Census Bureau and some other federal agencies for some federal functions), and most of the governmental authority below the state level is in the hands of towns and cities. In several of Maine's sparsely populated counties, small towns rely on the county for law enforcement, and in New Hampshire several social programs are administered at the state level. In Connecticut, Rhode Island, and parts of Massachusetts, counties are now only geographic designations, and they do not have any governmental powers. All government is either done at the state level or at the municipal level. In Connecticut and parts of Massachusetts, regional councils have been established to partially fill the void left behind by the abolished county governments. The regional councils' authority is limited compared with a county government—they have authority only over infrastructure and land use planning, distribution of state and federal funds for infrastructure projects, emergency preparedness, and limited law enforcement duties.


title: County (United States)

text: In the Mid-Atlantic and Midwest, counties typically provide, at a minimum, courts, public utilities, libraries, hospitals, public health services, parks, roads, law enforcement, and jails. There is usually a county registrar, recorder, or clerk (the exact title varies) who collects vital statistics, holds elections (sometimes in coordination with a separate elections office or commission), and prepares or processes certificates of births, deaths, marriages, and dissolutions (divorce decrees). The county recorder normally maintains the official record of all real estate transactions. Other key county officials include the coroner/medical examiner, treasurer, assessor, auditor, comptroller, and district attorney.


title: County (United States)

text: In most states, the county sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer in the county. However, except in major emergencies where clear chains of command are essential, the county sheriff normally does not directly control the police departments of city governments, but merely cooperates with them (e.g., under mutual aid pacts). Thus, the most common interaction between county and city law enforcement personnel is when city police officers deliver suspects to sheriff's deputies for detention or incarceration in the county jail.


title: County (United States)

text: In most states, the state courts and local law enforcement are organized and implemented along county boundaries, but nearly all of the substantive and procedural law adjudicated in state trial courts originates from the state legislature and state appellate courts. In other words, most criminal defendants are prosecuted for violations of state law, not local ordinances, and if they, the district attorney, or police seek reforms to the criminal justice system, they will usually have to direct their efforts towards the state legislature rather than the county (which merely implements state law).


title: County (United States)

text: A typical criminal defendant will be arraigned and subsequently indicted or held over for trial before a trial court in and for a particular county where the crime occurred, kept in the county jail (if he is not granted bail or cannot make bail), prosecuted by the county's district attorney, and tried before a jury selected from that county. But long-term incarceration is rarely a county responsibility, execution of capital punishment is never a county responsibility, and the state's responses to prisoners' appeals are the responsibility of the state attorney general, who has to defend before the state appellate courts the prosecutions conducted by locally elected district attorneys in the name of the state. Furthermore, county-level trial court judges are officers of the judicial branch of the state government rather than county governments.


title: County (United States)

text: In many states, the county controls all unincorporated lands within its boundaries. In states with a township tier, unincorporated land is controlled by the townships. Residents of unincorporated land who are dissatisfied with county-level or township-level resource allocation decisions can attempt to vote to incorporate as a city, town, or village.


title: County (United States)

text: A few counties directly provide public transportation themselves, usually in the form of a simple bus system. However, in most counties, public transportation is provided by one of the following: a special district that is coterminous with the county (but exists separately from the county government), a multi-county regional transit authority, or a state agency.


title: County (United States)

text: In western and southern states, more populated counties provide many facilities, such as airports, convention centers, museums, recreation centers,


title: County (United States)

text: beaches, harbors, zoos, clinics, law libraries, and public housing. They provide services such as child and family services, elder services, mental health services, welfare services, veterans assistance services, animal control, probation supervision, historic preservation, food safety regulation, and environmental health services. They have many additional officials like public defenders, arts commissioners, human rights commissioners, and planning commissioners.


title: County (United States)

text: There may be a county fire department and a county police department – as distinguished from fire and police departments operated by individual cities, special districts, or the state government. For example, Gwinnett County, Georgia, and its county seat, the city of Lawrenceville, each have their own police departments. (A separate county sheriff's department is responsible for security of the county courts and administration of the county jail.) In several southern states, public school systems are organized and administered at the county level.


title: County (United States)

text: , there were 3,007 counties, 64 parishes, 19 organized boroughs, 11 census areas, 41 independent cities, and the District of Columbia for a total of 3,143 counties and county equivalents in the 50 states and District of Columbia. There are an additional 100 county equivalents in the territories of the United States. The average number of counties per state is 62, with a range from the three counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas.


title: County (United States)

text: Southern and Midwestern states generally tend to have more counties than Western or Northeastern states, as many Northeastern states are not large enough in area to warrant a large number of counties, and many Western states were sparsely populated when counties were created. The five counties of Rhode Island, the eight counties of Connecticut, and eight of the 14 counties of Massachusetts no longer have functional county governments, but continue to exist as legal and census entities.


title: County (United States)

text: The average U.S. county population was 104,435 in 2019, while the median county, which is Nicholas County, West Virginia, had a population of 25,965 in 2019. The most populous county is Los Angeles County, California, with 10,014,009 residents in 2020. This number is greater than the populations of 41 U.S. states. It also makes the population of Los Angeles County 17.4 times greater than that of the least populous state, Wyoming.


title: County (United States)

text: The second most populous county is Cook County, Illinois, with a population of 5,275,541. Cook County's population is larger than that of 28 individual U.S. states and the combined populations of the six smallest states.


title: County (United States)

text: The least populous county is Loving County, Texas, with 64 residents in 2020. Eight county equivalents in the U.S. territories have no human population: Rose Atoll, Northern Islands Municipality, Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, and Navassa Island. The remaining three islands in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands (Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island) have small non-permanent human populations. The county equivalent with the smallest non-zero population counted in the census is Swains Island, American Samoa (17 people), although since 2008 this population has not been permanent either.


title: County (United States)

text: The most densely populated county or county equivalent is New York County, New York (coextensive with the New York City Borough of Manhattan), with 72,033 persons per square mile (27,812/km) in 2015. The Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, is both the most extensive and the least densely populated county or county equivalent with 0.0380 persons per square mile (0.0147/km) in 2015.


title: County (United States)

text: In the 50 states (plus District of Columbia), a total of 981 counties have a population over 50,000; 592 counties have a population over 100,000; 137 counties have a population over 500,000; 45 counties have a population over 1,000,000; and 14 counties have a population over 2,000,000. At the other extreme, 35 counties have a population under 1,000; 307 counties have a population under 5,000; 709 counties have a population under 10,000; and 1,492 counties have a population between 10,000 and 50,000.


title: County (United States)

text: At the 2000 U.S. Census, the median land area of U.S. counties was , which is two-thirds of the median land area of a ceremonial county of England, and a little more than a quarter of the median land area of a French "département". Counties in the western United States typically have a much larger land area than those in the eastern United States. For example, the median land area of counties in Georgia is , whereas in Utah it is .


title: County (United States)

text: The most extensive county or county equivalent is the Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, with a land area of 145,505 square miles (376,856 km). All nine of the most extensive county equivalents are in Alaska. The most extensive county is San Bernardino County, California, with a land area of 20,057 square miles (51,947 km). The least extensive county is Kalawao County, Hawaii, with a land area of 11.991 square miles (31.058 km). The least extensive county equivalent in the 50 states is the independent city of Falls Church, Virginia, with a land area of 1.999 square miles (5.177 km). If U.S. territories are included, the least extensive county equivalent is Kingman Reef, with a land area of 0.01 square miles (0.03 km).


title: County (United States)

text: In some states, a municipality may be in only one county and may not annex territory in adjacent counties, but in the majority of states, the state constitution or state law allows municipalities to extend across county boundaries. At least 32 states include municipalities in multiple counties. Dallas and Oklahoma City, for example, both contain portions of five counties. New York City is an unusual case because it encompasses multiple entire counties in one city. Each of those counties is coextensive with one of the five boroughs of the city: Manhattan (New York County), The Bronx (Bronx County), Queens (Queens County), Brooklyn (Kings County), and Staten Island (Richmond County).


title: Leatherface

text: Leatherface is a fictional character in "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" film series created by Kim Henkel and Tobe Hooper. He first appears in "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" as a disfigured, cannibalistic and mentally unstable mass murderer who, alongside his family, kidnaps, kills, and cooks unsuspecting travelers who venture near their ranch located in Kingsland, Texas. The character's name comes from his masks of human skin. Leatherface's signature weapon is the chainsaw, though he has also used other tools, such as cleavers and hammers, to kill his victims. The character was largely inspired by real-life murderer Ed Gein, who also wore masks made of human skin.


title: Leatherface

text: The character is the only one to have appeared in all installments of "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" franchise, though rarely as the main antagonist, due to mostly acting under his family's orders. Since Gunnar Hansen's portrayal of Leatherface in the original film in 1974, numerous other actors and stuntmen have assumed the role of the character, sometimes more than one in a single film. Outside of the films, the character has appeared in several spin-offs, primarily comic books, and has been referenced and parodied in other feature films and television series. In 2015, Leatherface appeared as a playable character in the video game "Mortal Kombat X", and in 2017 as a playable character in "Dead by Daylight".


title: Leatherface

text: Due to the multiple continuities within "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" series, Leatherface's character has undergone several changes in his appearance through the years, the only constant attribute being his skin masks (often wearing more than one in a film). Most notably, his real name has been changed thrice: in "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2", his name was revealed to be Bubba Sawyer, but in the 2003 remake of the original film, it was changed to Thomas Brown Hewitt, and in "Texas Chainsaw 3D", the character was renamed Jedidiah "Jed" Sawyer. Across most versions, Leatherface is depicted as a "big baby" who is under the complete control of his family and kills because he is scared of the outside world, which is why the audience has also shown sympathy towards the character.


title: Leatherface

text: Leatherface has become a widely recognized figure in popular culture, gaining a cult following. He has been credited as one of the most influential killers of the slasher genre for inspiring the stereotype of the hulking, masked, and mostly silent killer, which includes other horror icons such as Michael Myers and Jason Voorhees.


title: Leatherface

text: Prior to the events of the first film, Leatherface presumably used to work as a butcher at the meat processing plant alongside his brother, "The Cook" (referred to as Drayton Sawyer in further films), as his other brother, "The Hitchhiker" (later identified as Nubbins Sawyer), claims he did not work at the slaughterhouse, but that "My BROTHER worked there. My grandfather, too! My family's ALWAYS been in meat." Leatherface's family has ethnic heritage from somewhere in Europe, as Nubbins tells Sally that his brother is good at making headcheese which originates from there. He uses the bones and skin of the people he kills to create furniture for the inside of their house, along with some animal bones for decoration. They process the victims' flesh into barbecue and chili, which Drayton sells at his restaurant/gas station, "Last Chance Gas". Drayton also enters the human flesh chili dishes the brothers prepare at cook-offs, feeding it to unsuspecting customers and judges without telling them what they are eating, past the point of saying it is "prime meat", and that the key to his recipe is to "never skimp on the meat" (according to the sequel, Drayton has won two cooking awards doing this). Aside from Leatherface, Drayton, and Nubbins, the Sawyer clan includes several additional brothers: Nubbins' identical twin and a Vietnam veteran known as Chop Top, a hitchhiking cowboy named Eddie/Tex, a hook-handed man named Tech/Tinker, a deranged pervert named Alfredo/Fred, a tow-truck driver named Vilmer and a redneck know-it-all named W.E. Apart from the brothers, the Sawyer clan also includes the supercentenarian Grandpa, the dead Grandma/Great-Grandma Sawyer (whose corpse has been poorly preserved), a wheelchair-bound mother called Mama who claims to have mutilated and promptly removed her own genitalia as well as those of the family patriarch a number of years ago, and Leatherface's daughter (first names unknown).


title: Leatherface

text: In "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" (1974), Leatherface is living with his brothers Drayton and Nubbins and Grandpa on their farmhouse in Texas. Siblings Sally and Franklin Hardesty go out with their friends to investigate the robbing of a local cemetery in order to make sure their grandfather's grave has not been violated. They run afoul of Nubbins and eventually the rest of his family, culminating in Leatherface killing everyone in the group except Sally. Leatherface and Drayton bring Sally into their home, intent on killing and eating her. She escapes by jumping out of the window, with Leatherface and Nubbins in hot pursuit. She manages to elude Nubbins, who is run over by a passing truck. When Leatherface arrives on the scene, the trucker throws a pipe wrench at him, causing him to fall backwards and cut into his leg with his own chainsaw. The driver panics and runs off, and Sally dives into the back of a pickup truck, narrowly avoiding Leatherface's chainsaw as the truck drives away. Enraged, he swings his running chainsaw around in all directions in a macabre dance.


title: Leatherface

text: "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2", a direct sequel to the 1974 film, featured a more campy and over-the-top atmosphere than the original. Tobe Hooper stated on "The Shocking Truth" that he wanted to expand on the dark comedy in the original film, as he felt no one truly picked up on this element. In this film, the late Nubbins is replaced by Chop Top, but the family remains otherwise the same. During the film, Leatherface develops a "crush" on one of his victims, and in one scene, removes the skin from the face of her still-living friend and places it on her to hide her from the rest of his family. At the end of the film, Leatherface is impaled with a chainsaw in a fight with the uncle of his previous victims from the first film, and both of them, as well as Drayton and Grandpa, are apparently killed in an explosion. Leatherface's clan's last name of Sawyer is also revealed in the film when Drayton wins a local cook-off.


title: Leatherface

text: "" is the second sequel in the series, continuing on from the events of the previous installment. Leatherface is revealed to still be alive and now has an extended family, who affectionately call him "Junior", as well as a daughter, possibly the product of a rape. The filmmakers attempted to make the series darker and grittier (similarly to the original film), but they had to tone it down and change the ending after interventions from the MPAA. New Line released an uncut version to the home-video market in 2003. A four-issue comic series based on the film, entitled "Leatherface", was created; portions of the comics are narrated by and shown from Leatherface's point of view. Kane Hodder choreographed the stunts and played the stunt-double Leatherface in the "Texas Chainsaw Massacre 3". In "", Leatherface is apparently involved in an Illuminati conspiracy to provide society a source of horror.


title: Leatherface

text: Marcus Nispel directed a remake of "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" in 2003. Its success greenlit a prequel, "", released in 2006, which delved into the origins of Leatherface and of his family. In this continuity, Leatherface's real name is Thomas Brown Hewitt; his mother Sloane dies giving birth to him in August 1939 at the Blair Meat Co., a slaughterhouse where she works, and her uncaring boss leaves the infant to die in a dumpster. Luda Mae Hewitt finds him and takes him home to raise him.


title: Leatherface

text: The Hewitts worked at the Blair Meat Co., but after losing their jobs they switched to kidnapping people, murdering them (often by chainsaw or shotgun) and butchering their flesh, as family member Charlie claims that he got the idea from eating human flesh in the Korean War after he became a prisoner of war. The prequel reveals that they do eat the meat of their victims; the remake only implies this.


title: Leatherface

text: Leatherface in this continuity suffers from a facial disfigurement and a skin disease that caused severe deformities and tumors to his face. Due to this disfigurement, other children often bullied the boy. He wore a small leather mask to cover up his deformity, and worked at the same meat factory where he was born, for the same boss as his mother. He also had a tendency toward self-mutilation, and a doctor diagnosed him as suffering from a type of neurodegeneration at age 12.


title: Leatherface

text: After health inspectors shut the factory down, Hewitt's boss and a reluctant co-worker ordered him to leave. When Hewitt did not, the boss and the co-worker bullied him, calling him a "retard" and a "dumb animal". Acting on long-burning rage, Hewitt killed his boss with a sledgehammer. He later discovered the chainsaw he would use as a weapon after searching the now abandoned factory. When Winston Hoyt, the local sheriff, tried to apprehend him, Thomas' uncle, Charlie Hewitt came to his aid and killed the sheriff with his own gun. Charlie later assumed the sheriff's identity.


title: Leatherface

text: Although Leatherface's family still manipulate him in this interpretation, they do show themselves to be somewhat more caring towards him and less abusive than in the original film. Before killing the sheriff, his uncle Charlie even defends him by saying, "He's not retarded, he's misunderstood." The cruelty he suffers at the hands of his peers, in part, inspires his murderous behavior, however it is his uncle, Charlie, who encourages his anti-social behaviour and impulses.


title: Leatherface

text: At the climax of the remake, Erin Hardesty cuts off Leatherface's chainsaw-wielding arm with a meat cleaver, and Erin is able to escape him, though Leatherface survives the attack. Leatherface escapes after police discover his ranch house and find the remains of 33 people. The police fail to secure the crime scene properly, allowing Leatherface to attack and kill two officers. Leatherface then escapes and disappears, and the case remains open.


title: Leatherface

text: 2013's "Texas Chainsaw 3D" is a direct sequel to the original 1974 film, ignoring the events of the second, third, and fourth films, as well as the 2003 remake and its prequel. The plot follows Heather, who is travelling to Texas with her friends to collect an inheritance from her deceased grandmother, whom she had never met. There, Heather discovers that she is part of the Sawyer family, who were killed by the townspeople following the events of the original film, as well as a cousin of Leatherface. Ultimately, Heather accepts her heritage and helps her cousin exact revenge on the people responsible for their family's death. In this film, Leatherface is identified as Jedidiah Sawyer.


title: Leatherface

text: The 2017 film "Leatherface" is a prequel to the original "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" that deals with Leatherface in his teenage years and depicts his eventual descent into insanity. The film is set in the same continuity as "Texas Chainsaw 3D", and Leatherface is again called Jedidiah "Jed" Sawyer, though he is also given the name Jackson after being separated from his family as a child and taken to a mental institution.


title: Leatherface

text: In 2022, another sequel was released titled "Texas Chainsaw Massacre". It takes place nearly fifty years after the original film without explicitly erasing earlier sequels in the franchise. Leatherface is depicted as an aging man living in a state of seclusion, until his murderous tendencies are reawakened by a group of young people entering his residence.


title: Leatherface

text: Writer Mort Castle based the 1991 Leatherface miniseries loosely on the third "Texas Chainsaw Massacre" film. He stated: "The series was very loosely based on "Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III". I worked from the original script by David Schow and the heavily edited theatrical release of director Jeff Burr, but had more or less free rein to write the story the way it should have been told. The first issue sold 30,000 copies." Kirk Jarvinen drew the first issue, and Guy Burwell finished the rest of the series.


title: Leatherface

text: The comics, not having the same restrictions from the MPAA, featured much more gore than the finished film. The ending, as well as the fates of several characters, also changed. The roles of the Sawyer family members and their personal backgrounds are also elaborated on, for instance Mama reveals that Grandpa was adopted into the family, Tinker is revealed to be a former hippy and Tex is seen to be the more sane family member, actually showing some signs of remorse. Much of the story takes place from Leatherface's point of view.


title: Leatherface

text: In 1995, Topps Comics released the three-issue miniseries "Jason vs. Leatherface", a non-canonical crossover between the "Friday the 13th" and "Texas Chainsaw Massacre" franchises, written by Nancy A. Collins with art by Jeff Butler. The series' premise involves Jason Voorhees accidentally being placed on a train headed for a dumping ground in Mexico when Crystal Lake is drained of radioactive waste by a company. Running amok on the train, Jason kills its crew and causes the vehicle to crash in Texas, where he meets and befriends Leatherface and his inbred family (consisting of the Cook, the Hitchhiker, Grandpa Sawyer, and several other original relatives, all of them dead). After he lives with the family for a day, relations between them and Jason ultimately sour due to a series of misunderstandings (including Jason seeing a maskless Leatherface's badly deformed face, which greatly angers Leatherface, who is self-conscious), which eventually results in Leatherface and Jason battling to the death. In the end, the Hitchhiker apparently kills Jason with a sledgehammer and the family dumps his body in a nearby lake. However, Jason arises several hours later and decides to begin trekking back "home" to Camp Crystal Lake, away from the place that encouraged dangerous things such as friendship.


title: Leatherface

text: In 2005, Avatar Press began to release "Texas Chainsaw Massacre" comics, set in the continuity of the 2003 remake of the original film, but serving as prequels to the film. The comics had a multitude of variant covers, such as "Gore", "Terror" and "Die Cut".


title: Leatherface

text: The final release by Avatar Press, the one-shot "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Fearbook", had text written by Antony Johnston with art by Daniel HDR and Mauricio Dias. The premise of this one-shot involves a quartet of friends in the midst of a cross-country trip who run afoul of Sheriff Hoyt, who forcibly takes them to the Hewitt house, where Leatherface kills them all except one, a girl named Lucy, whom he knocks unconscious; Leatherface, when Lucy awakens, puts on a mask created from her boyfriend's face and hammers one of his own masks onto her before forcing her to dance with him as she succumbs to her injuries.


title: Leatherface

text: Leatherface became a prominent character in Wildstorm Comics's continuation of the remakes. With the family exposed after the events of the first film, the comics show the Hewitt family living in a series of tunnels in the sewers of Travis County.


title: Leatherface

text: As at the end of the remake, Leatherface in the comics has only one arm. Halfway through the first story arc, Leatherface's uncle Monty helps Leatherface build a "prosthetic arm" (consisting of a hook attached to a bone and tied to Leatherface's arm with a belt) to assist with his nephew's handicap. Leatherface later uses this hook in addition to his chainsaw on victims, at one point spearing a man's leg to prevent him from escaping.


title: Leatherface

text: The comics also imply that the other people in the town, while perhaps not involved with the Hewitts' cannibalism, at least know of it and have agreed to help them deal with outsiders. In one scene, when a potential victim runs into a bar looking for help, she is stopped from calling the police by the owner and patrons, who tell her that they "don't want no Hewitt trouble." They later reprimand Leatherface for not looking after his "livestock".


title: Leatherface

text: Later one-shot comics published by Wildstorm also dealt with Leatherface. One of them, "About a Boy", focused on parts of Leatherface's childhood that "The Beginning" did not reveal. It shows that bullies severely picked on Thomas Hewitt as a child, and thus he spent most of his time alone drawing in his notebook, hunting and skinning animals, and later making clothing out of them. A foreshadowing of his future as Leatherface takes place when, after Chris, the leader of the bullies, throws rocks at him at a swimming-hole, Thomas attacks Chris and skins off his face while he is still alive.


title: Leatherface

text: "About a Boy" also details how the Hewitt family remain for the most part apathetic towards Thomas's actions. His brother/uncle Charlie (the future Hoyt) helps him get rid of Chris's body (his only criticism stating that Thomas needs to "learn how to fix 'em proper", after putting the faceless victim out of his misery with a shotgun). Later, after Thomas's teacher Mr. Hanson questions Luda May about her son's behavior and tells her that he plans to file a report with the city to get him some help, Luda May bashes his head in with a shovel and kills him, stating, "There is nothing wrong with my boy."


title: Leatherface

text: Leatherface is a guest character in the 2015 fighting game "Mortal Kombat X". He has three different costumes: the 'Killer' outfit based on his standard appearance in the original 1974 film, the 'Pretty Lady' outfit based on his appearance at the end of the same film; and the 'Butcher' outfit based on his appearance in the 2003 remake. Each variation comes with different abilities and fighting styles. He is able to use both his chainsaw and his hammer as weapons. Leatherface's story involves him killing various combatants in a quest to impress Cassie Cage. After Leatherface kills Shinnok, he cuts off his face and presents it to Cage after murdering several of her friends to get to her. She reacts with condemnation, so Leatherface kills her as well and cuts her up into "tiny pieces" for use in Drayton's chili. The story concludes with Leatherface removing Cage's face and setting to work on it for a new mask, deciding that "if she wouldn't be his girlfriend, she could still be his ... in "other" ways".


title: Leatherface

text: The character is also featured as a killer in the 2016 survival horror game "Dead by Daylight". He was added in the 14 September 2017 DLC "LeatherFace", under the alias "The Cannibal", which is a reference to Leatherface and his entire family being cannibals. In , Shadow Company operator Velikan was given a costume resembling Leatherface as a part of "The Haunting of Verdansk" event.


title: Leatherface

text: The original film never showed Leatherface without one of his human-hide faces on, which suggests an insecurity about his deformed face, which he is constantly trying to hide. Gunnar Hansen, who portrayed Leatherface in the original 1974 film, saw Leatherface as "completely under the control of his family. He'll do whatever they tell him to do. He's a little bit afraid of them." This is partially shown in the film, in a scene where Leatherface is being criticized and beaten by Drayton Sawyer, who is the head of the family; because of this scene, Leatherface has been described to have the role of the "abused wife" within the family. In the documentary "The Shocking Truth", Tobe Hooper portrays Leatherface as a "big baby" who kills in self-defense because he feels threatened. In the first film, Leatherface shows fear when new people enter his home.


title: Leatherface

text: In "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2", Leatherface's portrayal is more or less the same, except that he shows a more humane side when he develops a "crush" on one of his attempted victims and subsequently tries to protect her from his family. In "", Leatherface appears much more aggressive and violent than in previous installments, a trait intentionally added, as it is explained on the audio commentary that Leatherface was in a childlike mode in the first two films and now he has reached the rebellious teen mode. In "", the character is depicted as a yelping, pizza-eating transvestite involved in an Illuminati conspiracy to provide society a source of horror. Leatherface is reverted to his original self, a screaming mentally ill killer with an identity problem. He seems even more feminine than his character in the original film, wearing a female face mask and a Gein-like female skin suit, a woman's dress, make-up, even painting his fingernails.


title: Leatherface

text: In the 2003 remake of the original film and its , Leatherface suffers from a facial disfigurement and a skin disease that caused severe deformities and tumors to his face. Due to this disfigurement, his muteness and mental retardation (carried over from the original series), other children bullied the boy. He wears skin masks to cover up his deformity, and also has a tendency toward self-mutilation. A doctor diagnosed him as suffering from a type of neurodegeneration at age 12. Although Leatherface's family still manipulate him in this interpretation, they do show themselves to be somewhat more caring towards him and less abusive than in the original film. His uncle Charlie at one point claims that "He's not retarded, he's misunderstood." The cruelty he suffers at the hands of his peers, in part, inspires his murderous behavior, however it is his uncle, Charlie, who encourages his anti-social behaviour and impulses. Andrew Bryniarski, who portrayed Leatherface in the two films, states: "In my estimation, Leatherface is like a beaten dog — he was ostracized and ridiculed, and treated harshly by his peers. The psychological damage they inflicted was immense — there's no chance for him." Terrence Evans, who played Leatherface's uncle Old Monty, says, "I think there was a chance Thomas' life could have been different. But the teasing he suffered, coupled with a bad temper, and following Hoyt around like a puppy dog, left room for Hoyt to get absolute control."


title: Leatherface

text: In "Texas Chainsaw 3D", after his family is killed by an angry mob, Leatherface blames himself for their fate because of his failure to recapture Sally Hardesty. As a result, he becomes isolated and vengeful. Leatherface maintains most of his traits from the original film, such as his mental problems and killing people in self-defense. Upon discovering that Heather Miller is his long-lost cousin and last surviving relative, Leatherface spares her life, and in turn she helps him exact revenge on the people responsible for their family's death in 1973. Following this, Leatherface apparently warms up to Heather, as he allows her to tend to his wounds, though when she tries to remove his mask, he abruptly stops her. "Leatherface" depicts a teenage Jedidiah Sawyer who has been separated from his family as a child and sent to a mental institution. Spending several years there, he is apparently rehabilitated and escapes from his family's influence. However, after a series of unfortunate events destroy his cognitive stability, Jedidiah becomes mentally unstable and is manipulated by his mother into becoming a killer like the rest of the family. Prior to his transformation into Leatherface, the character has several bursts of rage, which foreshadow his eventual downfall into insanity.


title: Leatherface

text: In the original film, Leatherface wore three different masks: the "Killing Mask", the "Old Lady Mask" and the "Pretty Woman Mask". Gunnar Hansen commented: "The reason he wore a mask, according to Tobe and Kim, was that the mask really determined his personality. Who he wanted to be that day determined what mask he put on. So when Drayton comes home with Sally, Leatherface is wearing the 'Old Lady Mask' and he's wearing an apron and carrying a wooden spoon, he wants to be domestic, helpful in the kitchen. At dinner he wears a different face, the 'Pretty Woman', which has makeup." The "Pretty Woman" outfit consists of a female wig and a black suit, as Leatherface is "dressing up" for dinner, an old deep south tradition which stems from his southern upbringing, and the "Killing Mask" is the skin mask he wears while chasing and murdering captives.


title: Leatherface

text: Hansen later added, "The idea of the mask is that there is no personality under the mask. That was the idea in talking with Tobe and Kim. When they created the character, they said he has to put on masks to express himself because he himself can't do it. The way we tried to create him, there is nothing under the mask, which is what makes him so frightening."


title: Leatherface

text: The prequel "Leatherface" offered more background, showing that in a police chase following his escape from a mental hospital he was shot through both cheeks.


title: Leatherface

text: The remake offered a different reason as to why Leatherface wore masks. As a child, a severe facial deformity ate away most of his nose and made him subject to cruel ridicule from his peers. Prior to killing people, he wore animal hides, cloths and leather masks that covered up the bottom of his face. Later he began to skin some of the people he killed and wore their faces as masks. In contrast to the original film, Leatherface does not seem to have different masks for different purposes, although he does change masks occasionally. He appears briefly without his mask on in one scene of remake, his face suffers badly from deterioration and he is missing a portion of his nose.


title: Leatherface

text: The Wildstorm comics that took place in the remake's continuity had Leatherface taking off his mask when alone with his family, something that did not occur in any of the original films.


title: Alpha

text: Alpha (uppercase , lowercase ; , "álpha", or ) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of one. Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter aleph , which is the West Semitic word for "ox". Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin letter A and the Cyrillic letter А.


title: Alpha

text: In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced and could be either phonemically long ([aː]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long and short alpha are sometimes written with a macron and breve today: Ᾱᾱ, Ᾰᾰ.


title: Alpha

text: In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha simply represent the open front unrounded vowel .


title: Alpha

text: In the polytonic orthography of Greek, alpha, like other vowel letters, can occur with several diacritic marks: any of three accent symbols (), and either of two breathing marks (), as well as combinations of these. It can also combine with the iota subscript ().


title: Alpha

text: In the Attic–Ionic dialect of Ancient Greek, long alpha fronted to (eta). In Ionic, the shift took place in all positions. In Attic, the shift did not take place after epsilon, iota, and rho (ε, ι, ρ; "e", "i", "r"). In Doric and Aeolic, long alpha is preserved in all positions.


title: Alpha

text: Privative a is the Ancient Greek prefix ἀ- or ἀν- "a-", "an-", added to words to negate them. It originates from the Proto-Indo-European *"" (syllabic nasal) and is cognate with English "un-".


title: Alpha

text: The letter alpha represents various concepts in physics and chemistry, including alpha radiation, angular acceleration, alpha particles, alpha carbon and strength of electromagnetic interaction (as Fine-structure constant). Alpha also stands for thermal expansion coefficient of a compound in physical chemistry. It is also commonly used in mathematics in algebraic solutions representing quantities such as angles. Furthermore, in mathematics, the letter alpha is used to denote the area underneath a normal curve in statistics to denote significance level when proving null and alternative hypotheses. In ethology, it is used to name the dominant individual in a group of animals. In aerodynamics, the letter is used as a symbol for the angle of attack of an aircraft and the word "alpha" is used as a synonym for this property. In mathematical logic, α is sometimes used as a placeholder for ordinal numbers.


title: Alpha

text: The uppercase letter alpha is not generally used as a symbol because it tends to be rendered identically to the uppercase Latin A.


title: Alpha

text: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the letter ɑ, which looks similar to the lower-case alpha, represents the open back unrounded vowel.


title: Alpha

text: The majority of the letters of the Phoenician alphabet were adopted into Greek with much the same sounds as they had had in Phoenician, but "ʼāleph", the Phoenician letter representing the glottal stop ,


title: Alpha

text: was adopted as representing the vowel ; similarly, "hē" and "ʽayin" are Phoenician consonants that became Greek vowels, epsilon and omicron , respectively.


title: Alpha

text: Plutarch, in "Moralia", presents a discussion on why the letter alpha stands first in the alphabet. Ammonius asks Plutarch what he, being a Boeotian, has to say for Cadmus, the Phoenician who reputedly settled in Thebes and introduced the alphabet to Greece, placing "alpha" first because it is the Phoenician name for ox—which, unlike Hesiod, the Phoenicians considered not the second or third, but the first of all necessities. "Nothing at all," Plutarch replied. He then added that he would rather be assisted by Lamprias, his own grandfather, than by Dionysus' grandfather, i.e. Cadmus. For Lamprias had said that the first articulate sound made is "alpha", because it is very plain and simple—the air coming off the mouth does not require any motion of the tongue—and therefore this is the first sound that children make.


title: Alpha

text: According to Plutarch's natural order of attribution of the vowels to the planets, alpha was connected with the Moon.


title: Alpha

text: Therefore, Alpha, both as a symbol and term, is used to refer to the "first", or "primary", or "principal" (most significant) occurrence or status of a thing.


title: Alpha

text: The New Testament has God declaring himself to be the "Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last." (Revelation 22:13, KJV, and see also 1:8).


title: Alpha

text: Consequently, the term "alpha" has also come to be used to denote "primary" position in social hierarchy, examples being "alpha males" or pack leaders.


title: 100 Thieves

text: 100 Thieves, LLC is an American lifestyle brand and gaming organization based in Los Angeles, California, founded in 2017 by Matthew "Nadeshot" Haag and Dan Gilbert. The organization competes in several video games, including "Apex Legends", "Call of Duty", "Fortnite Battle Royale", "League of Legends" and "Valorant". They currently own two franchise teams: 100 Thieves of the League of Legends Championship Series and the Los Angeles Thieves of the Call of Duty League.


title: 100 Thieves

text: 100 Thieves was founded in 2017 by Matthew "Nadeshot" Haag, a former OpTic Gaming "Call of Duty" team captain, (MLG) X Games gold medalist, and 2014 Esports Athlete of the year. In November 2017, 100 Thieves received a multimillion-dollar investment from Cleveland Cavaliers and Quicken Loans owner Dan Gilbert allowing the company to expand into a full-fledged esports organization.


title: 100 Thieves

text: On October 23, 2018, 100 Thieves announced that they finished their Series A funding round co-led by Scooter Braun and Drake, who both became co-owners when they raised $25 million. Included in this round was Sequoia Capital, Ludlow Ventures, Courtside Ventures, WndrCo, Marc Benioff, Drew Houston, Green Bay Ventures, Tao Capital and Advancit Capital. Their Series B funding round on July 16, 2019, was led by Artist Capital Management which raised $35 million. Included in this round is Aglae Ventures, Groupe Arnault (controlling shareholder of Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy).


title: 100 Thieves

text: In March 2021, 100 Thieves signed a sponsorship deal with Truly Seltzer and Twisted Tea. They acquired gaming peripheral company Higround in October 2021, marking their first acquisition. On December 2, 2021, 100 Thieves announced their Series C funding round, which raised $60 million.


title: 100 Thieves

text: On November 20, 2017, 100 Thieves was accepted as a franchise organization for the 2018 NA LCS season. The team signed Prolly as its head coach and Ssumday, Meteos, Ryu, Cody Sun, and Aphromoo for its starting roster. The team placed first in the spring split regular season with a 12–6 record, securing a bye into the semifinals. Additionally, Aphromoo was voted as MVP of the spring split. The first team they faced in the playoffs was Clutch Gaming, and 100 Thieves won 3–2, moving on to the finals, where they were swept 0–3 by Team Liquid in the finals.


title: 100 Thieves

text: 100 Thieves' second-place finish qualified them for Rift Rivals 2018, an international tournament between the top three spring teams from Europe and North America. The team elected to use substitute player Levi in place of Meteos for the tournament. Team Liquid, 100 Thieves, and Echo Fox competed against Europe's Fnatic, G2 Esports, and Splyce, going a combined 4–5 in the double round-robin group stage with 100 Thieves with a 1–2 record after a single win against Splyce. In the best-of-five "relay race" finals, the team lost their game against Fnatic, contributing to North America's combined 1–3 loss to Europe.


title: 100 Thieves

text: Before the summer split, 100 Thieves traded Meteos to Flyquest, in exchange for their jungler, AnDa. Following this roster move, the team placed third in the regular season with a 10–8 record. The team won their first match 3–0 over FlyQuest, before losing 1–3 to Team Liquid in the semi-finals, then losing 2–3 in the third place match to Team SoloMid.


title: 100 Thieves

text: The team's performance across both splits allowed them to qualify for the 2018 League of Legends World Championship in South Korea as North America's second seed. The team was drawn to Group D with Europe's Fnatic, China's Invictus Gaming, and Hong Kong's G-Rex. Shortly after qualifying for the world championship, they replaced Cody Sun with substitute player Rikara. 100 Thieves finished third in their group with a 2–4 record, and 12th overall, not qualifying for the knockout stage.


title: 100 Thieves

text: In 2019, the team extended top laner Ssumday's contract, while Ryu moved to an assistant position. Cody Sun and Rikara opted to leave the team, and they were replaced by Huhi and Bang. Partway through the spring split, Huhi was benched in favor or Soligo, but despite attempts at change, the team finished the spring split in dead last, with a 4–14 record, and elected to make additional roster changes for summer. Huhi left the team, and Amazing joined to replace AnDa, who was moved to the academy roster along with Ryu. A month into the split, the team replaced Soligo with Ryu from the academy roster, and also swapped Ssumday with FakeGod, as LCS rules required at least 3 North American residents on the starting roster. The team finished the summer split in eighth place and did not qualify for the post–season.


title: 100 Thieves

text: 100 Thieves began the 2020 season with the announcement that PapaSmithy would be joining the team as the new general manager. Zikz was the next addition to the roster, replacing Prolly as head coach, and both Meteos and Cody Sun rejoined the team for the second time, alongside new additions Stunt and Ry0ma. Ryu, Amazing, Bang and Aphromoo all left the team, with FakeGod rejoining Academy and Ssumday rejoining the main roster. In spring, the team finished third in the regular season with a 10–8 record, and qualified for post–season for the first time since 2018. However once in the playoffs, they were swept 0–3 by Cloud9, and then lost 2–3 to Team SoloMid in the losers' bracket. After an 1–5 start in the summer split, the team parted ways with players Meteos and Stunt, and called up academy players Contractz and Poome to replace them. The team finished in seventh at the end of the summer split with a 7–11 record, and were seeded into the loser's bracket of the playoffs, where they would be swept 0–3 by Evil Geniuses to finish their 2020 season.


title: 100 Thieves

text: The 2021 season started with the team signing Closer, FBI, Damonte, and Huhi from Golden Guardians. Ry0ma and Poome were moved to the academy roster, while Cody Sun and Contractz both left the team. The team also added Freeze and Lustboy to the coaching staff. The season started off with the preseason Lock−In tournament, and the team starting strong, placing first in their group, before sweeping Immortals 2–0 in the first round of the knock−out stage. In the semifinals they faced Cloud9, and despite winning the first two games, were reverse swept to lose 2–3 in the series, and finish 3rd/4th in the tournament. In week 5 of the spring split, the team decided to bring back Ry0ma as their starter and sent Damonte to academy. They finished the spring split in third place, and in the Mid-Season Showdown, were swept 0–3 by Cloud9, before picking up a 3–0 win of their own against Dignitas in the losers bracket. The team faced Team SoloMid next, and fell 1–3, and were eliminated from playoffs.


title: 100 Thieves

text: After a fourth place finish in the spring split, the team parted ways with head coach Zikz and hired Reapered as his replacement. Prior to the start of the summer split, 100 Thieves signed Abbedagge from the LEC, and Ry0ma was subsequently sent back to academy, while Damonte was dropped by the organization. The revamped roster would go on to finish second in the regular season, with a record of 29–16. The team won their first playoff match 3–2 against Evil Geniuses, before falling 2–3 to Team Liquid. In the losers' bracket, 100 Thieves defeated Cloud9 3–1 to set up a finals rematch against Team Liquid. This time around, 100 Thieves defeated Team Liquid in a 3–0 sweep, to win the 2021 LCS Championship and qualify for the 2021 League of Legends World Championship. The team's performance secured them a bye into Group B alongside China's Edward Gaming, Korea's T1, and Japan's DetonatioN FocusMe. The team finished third in their group, with a 3–3 record, and were eliminated from the tournament, placing 9th–12th overall and ending their season.


title: 100 Thieves

text: In 2022, the team announced all five players would be returning, with top laner Tenacity as a sixth man. Mithy also joined the coaching staff in the off−season. Once again, 100 Thieves were atop their group in the Lock−In tournament, however they were upset 0–2 by Dignitas in the quarterfinals of the Knock−Out stage, and eliminated early. Through the first round robin of the spring split, 100 Thieves accumulated a 5–4 record, putting them in a three way tie for third place. 100 Thieves ultimately ended the spring split with a record of 12–6, securing themselves third place. In the first round of Playoffs, they swept Cloud 9 3–0 to advance to the winner bracket finals, where they came back from a 0–2 deficit to reverse sweep Team Liquid and advance to Grand Finals. There, they lost 0–3 to Evil Geniuses, denying 100 Thieves back to back championships.


title: 100 Thieves

text: Following a group stage exit at the 2022 World Championship, General manager PapaSmithy parted ways with the team.


title: 100 Thieves

text: The team started the season off signing the team of Kenny, Fero, Octane, Slasher, and Enable. They placed 9th–12th at CWL Las Vegas 2019, qualifying for the Pro League Qualifiers and for the Pro League. After this, they had to re-evaluate the roster, and loan Priestahh and head coach Crowder from FaZe Clan, with Fero getting benched. At CWL Fort Worth 2019, the team finished 4th losing to Team Reciprocity, citing medical issues with player Priestahh and being replaced by Fero. At CWL London 2019, the team won the organization's first trophy. At CWL Anaheim 2019, the team won the organization's second trophy. After the Pro League, 100 Thieves finished second in Division B, qualifying for Pro League playoffs. At the Pro League Playoffs, the team placed 5th–6th, losing to Gen.G esports. In the 2019 Call of Duty World Championship, 100 Thieves finished second, with a loss to .


title: 100 Thieves

text: After initially announcing their intention to not join the Call of Duty League in 2019, 100 Thieves announced in November 2020 that they would enter the league as the "Los Angeles Thieves" after acquiring OpTic Gaming's slot. They inherited the roster of Kenny, TJHaly, Slasher, and Drazah as a substitute, and later added Temp as their fourth and JKap as their coach. Following their top 6 placing at the CDL Stage 1 major, Temp was benched and the team picked up top amateur Venom. Before the Stage 2 major, Slasher was benched in favor of substitute Drazah. Before the start of the Dallas home series, TJHaly was benched and the team bought out Huke from Dallas Empire. Before the start of Stage 4, Huke was moved to the bench as TJHaly was moved back to the starting roster. Before the start of the LA Thieves home series, both Drazah and Venom were benched and Huke and Slasher were moved back to the starting roster. Before the start of Stage 5, the team added John and called up Drazah and benched Huke and TJHaly for a second time. At the 2021 Call of Duty League Championship, the team placed top 8 after being eliminated by the Minnesota ROKKR, effectively ending their season.


title: 100 Thieves

text: The team started their 2021–22 offseason by parting ways with players TJHaly, John, Venom, and Slasher. In September 2021, Huke's contract was extended and then bought out by the Los Angeles Guerillas. In the same month, the team signed Octane, reuniting him with Kenny. The day after announcing Octane, the team announced Envoy as their fourth finalizing the starting roster as Drazah, Envoy, Kenny, and Octane for the 2021–22 season with Pentagrxm joining later on as a substitute. The team finished 1st in the fourth major of the season and captured the first major championship under the LA Thieves brand. They ended the year by winning the 2022 CDL Championship in a dominant 5-2 final over Atlanta FaZe.


title: 100 Thieves

text: On June 4, 2020, 100 Thieves Esports announced their entrance into the Valorant competitive scene through the signing of Hiko. Within three weeks of signing Hiko, the team was finalized. The original team consisted of Valliate, YaBoiDre, Venerated, and Pride. This team, however, did not last long as on August 14, 2020, all members except for Hiko were released. On the same day, the team went on the sign veteran Nitr0. 3 weeks later, the team brought in another CS:GO veteran in Steel. 2 months later, the team was once again finalized after signing Asuna and Dicey from Immortals. The team went on to win the very first Valorant First Strike tournament defeating TSM in the grand finals.


title: 100 Thieves

text: On January 26, 2021, the team brought in Silenx as a substitute in place of Nitr0 due to Nitr0's wife going into labor. On February 28, 2021, the team benched Dicey in favor of Ethan from CS:GO. After the Masters 3 tourney, the team decided to call up their substitute B0i to the starting roster and moved Steel to the bench. The team also added Seven as a substitute. Their 2021 season ended after falling to Cloud9 in the NA Last Chance Qualifier for Valorant Champions. On November 23, Dicey and B0i were dropped from the team. Soon after, both Steel and Nitr0 departed the team.


title: 100 Thieves

text: They started 2022 with the signing of Ec1s and BabyJ and promoting analyst Jovi to head coach. After two losses in the 2022 NA VCT Challengers Stage 1 group stage, Ec1s and BabyJ were released and the team acquired Bang and JcStani on loans. After being eliminated in the 2022 NA VCT Challengers group stage, the team parted ways with Jovi and hired Sgares as head coach with Mikes joining him as an assistant, and hiring DDK as general manager. On March 27, JcStani announced his free agency after his loan period ended with the team. On April 12, Hiko announced his retirement from competitive Valorant but remained with the organization as a content creator. A couple days after, Bang was fully bought out and the team signed Derrek, Stellar, and Will while Ethan was moved to the bench, and later released. The team was able to qualify for 2022 Valorant Champions after beating The Guard in the grand finals of the NA Last Chance Qualifier. The team was then placed Group D alongside DRX, FURIA Esports, and Fnatic.


title: 100 Thieves

text: In December 2017, 100 Thieves announced that they signed the former roster of Immortals. The organization had issues with visas, resulting in the team being disbanded.


title: 100 Thieves

text: In late October 2019, 100 Thieves announced the signing of the former Renegades roster. At IEM Beijing 2019, the team placed second in the tournament, losing to Astralis. The team placed 7th–8th at the ESL Season 10 Pro League Finals, losing to Fnatic. On October 12, 2020, 100 Thieves announced their departure from the competitive CS:GO scene, citing complications with travel, a focus on European events, and COVID-19 as the main reasons behind the move.


title: 100 Thieves

text: The 100 Thieves Cash App Compound is a 15,000 square foot esports, entertainment, and apparel hub, located in Culver City, California. It has four sports training rooms: the Rocket Mortgage League of Legends training room, the AT&T Valorant training room, the Totino's Fortnite training room, and the League of Legends Academy training room. It also has a content studio, which is worth around half a million dollars. Other areas include the Cash App Lounge, the Totino's basketball court, many business operation areas and four streaming pods. Chairs, catering, and PCs are provided by Secretlab, Chipotle and NZXT respectively.


title: Neha Kakkar

text: Neha Kakkar Singh (; née Kakkar; born 6 June 1988), is an Indian playback singer. She is the younger sister of playback singer Sonu Kakkar. She began performing at a very early age at religious events. In 2005, she participated in the second season of the singing reality show, "Indian Idol". She made her Bollywood debut as a chorus singer in the film "Meerabai Not Out". She rose to prominence with the release of the dance track "Second Hand Jawaani" from "Cocktail" (2012), which was followed by several popular party songs, including "Sunny Sunny" from "Yaariyan" and "London Thumakda" from the 2014 soundtrack album "Queen". Apart from playback singing, Kakkar has appeared in several music videos and as a judge on several television reality shows including ""Indian Idol"".


title: Neha Kakkar

text: In 2019, Kakkar was listed among the most-viewed female artists on YouTube with 4.2 billion views. In January 2021, she became the first Indian singer to win a YouTube Diamond Award.


title: Neha Kakkar

text: She appeared in the "India Forbes" Celebrity 100 in 2017 and 2019. In December 2020, she appeared in the list of Asia's 100 Digital Stars by "Forbes".


title: Neha Kakkar

text: Kakkar was born on 6 June 1988 in Rishikesh in the state of Uttar Pradesh (now Uttarakhand). In the early 1990s, Kakkar along with her family moved to Delhi, to try her luck in singing. Kakkar, at the age of four, started performing at local gatherings and religious event. In 2004, she moved to Mumbai along with her brother, Tony Kakkar. In 2006, at the age of eighteen, Kakkar auditioned for the second season of "Indian Idol" where she got eliminated early in the show.


title: Neha Kakkar

text: In 2005 she participated in the second season of the singing reality show, "Indian Idol", in which she was eliminated early.""


title: Neha Kakkar

text: In 2008, she launched her debut album "Neha The Rockstar" with music by Meet Bros. Anjjan. During the time, she recorded for a music album, "Romeo Juliet" composed by her brother, Tony Kakkar. She sang "Hai Rama" from "Meerabai Not Out" (2008) along with Sukhwinder Singh. The following year, she was featured in A.R. Rahman's composition, the theme song of "Blue" (2009) where she provided the chorus vocals for the song. She then lent her voice for the title track of the Hindi-language soap opera "Na Aana Is Des Laado" (2009).