title: Ernest Rutherford

text: Rutherford's speech touched on the 1932 work of his students John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton in "splitting" lithium into alpha particles by bombardment with protons from a particle accelerator they had constructed. Rutherford realized that the energy released from the split lithium atoms was enormous, but he also realized that the energy needed for the accelerator, and its essential inefficiency in splitting atoms in this fashion, made the project an impossibility as a practical source of energy (accelerator-induced fission of light elements remains too inefficient to be used in this way, even today). Rutherford's speech in part, read:


title: Amor fati

text: The concept of has been linked to Epictetus. It has also been linked to the writings of Marcus Aurelius, who did not use the words (he wrote in Greek, not Latin). However, it found its most explicit expression in Nietzsche, who made love of fate central to his philosophy. In "Why I Am So Clever" "Ecce Homo", section 10, he writes:My formula for greatness in a human being is : that one wants nothing to be different, not forward, not backward, not in all eternity. Not merely bear what is necessary, still less conceal it—all idealism is mendacity in the face of what is necessary—but "love" it.The phrase is used elsewhere in Nietzsche's writings and is representative of the general outlook on life that he articulates in section 276 of "The Gay Science":


title: Amor fati

text: I want to learn more and more to see as beautiful what is necessary in things; then I shall be one of those who makes things beautiful. "Amor fati": let that be my love henceforth! I do not want to wage war against what is ugly. I do not want to accuse; I do not even want to accuse those who accuse. "Looking away" shall be my only negation. And all in all and on the whole: some day I wish to be only a Yes-sayer.


title: Amor fati

text: Nietzsche in this context refers to the "Yes-sayer", not in a political or social sense, but as a person who is capable of uncompromising acceptance of reality "per se".


title: Amor fati

text: R. J. Hollingdale, who translated "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" into English, argued that Nietzsche's idea of "amor fati" originated in the Lutheran Pietism of his childhood.


title: Amor fati

text: Nietzsche's love of fate naturally leads him to confront the reality of suffering in a radical way. For to love that which is necessary demands not only that we love the bad along with the good, but that we view the two as inextricably linked. In section 3 of the preface of "The Gay Science", he writes:Only great pain is the ultimate liberator of the spirit….I doubt that such pain makes us ‘better’; but I know that it makes us more profound.Nietzsche does not promote suffering as a good in itself, but rather as a precondition for good. A 'single moment' of good justifies an eternity of bad, but one extreme cannot have meaning without the other. In "The Will to Power" he writes:For nothing is self-sufficient, neither in us ourselves nor in things; and if our soul has trembled with happiness and sounded like a harp string just once, all eternity was needed to produce this one event—and in this single moment of affirmation all eternity was called good, redeemed, justified, and affirmed.


title: Amor fati

text: Cyril O'Regan remarked, "all the bravado about amor fati we sometimes get the impression in reading him that he is expecting as much our pity as our admiration. Still, the aphorism is powerful, and it is powerful not only because it is scintillating in its expression, but because it is experientially apt."


title: Amor fati

text: The French philosopher Albert Camus, in his 1942 essay on "The Myth of Sisyphus", explores ideas similar to those of Nietzsche. According to Camus's philosophy of absurdism, the human condition is analogous to the curse of Sisyphus, who in ancient Greek mythology was condemned to eternally repeat the task of pushing a boulder up a hill only to watch it roll back down again. Like Nietzsche, Camus concludes that happiness is only possible when the essential meaninglessness of one's existence is not only acknowledged but positively affirmed.


title: Amor fati

text: Camus, like Nietzsche, held his embrace of fate to be central to his philosophy and to life itself. Summarizing his general view of life in the above work, Camus further spoke of: "a will to live without rejecting anything of life, which is the virtue I honor most in this world."


title: John McVie

text: John Graham McVie (born 26 November 1945) is a British bass guitarist. He is best known as a member of the rock bands John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers from 1964 to 1967 and Fleetwood Mac since 1967. His surname, combined with that of Mick Fleetwood, was the inspiration for the band's name.


title: John McVie

text: He joined Fleetwood Mac shortly after its formation by guitarist Peter Green in 1967, replacing temporary bass guitarist Bob Brunning. McVie and Fleetwood are the only two members of the group to appear on every Fleetwood Mac release, and for over fifty years have been the group's last remaining original members.


title: John McVie

text: In 1968, McVie married blues pianist and singer Christine Perfect, who became a member of Fleetwood Mac two years later. John and Christine McVie divorced in 1976, but remained on good terms. During this time the band recorded the album "Rumours", a major artistic and commercial success that borrowed its title from the turmoil in McVie's and other band members' marriages and relationships.


title: John McVie

text: John Graham McVie was born in Ealing, west London, to Reg and Dorothy McVie and attended Walpole Grammar School. He says that he did have a sister, but she died when she was very young. John McVie started playing the trumpet at an early age then at age 14, McVie began playing the guitar in local bands, covering songs by The Shadows. He soon realised that his friends were learning lead guitar so he decided to play the bass guitar instead. Initially he just removed the top two (B and E) strings from his guitar to play the bass parts until his father bought him a pink Fender bass guitar, the same as that used by McVie's major early musical influence Jet Harris, The Shadows' bass player. McVie was in 3J class with Roger Warwick, a baritone sax player who had studied under Don Rendell and was to emerge in the London rock-jazz scene. Their teacher, Mr Howell (a pianist), although not really appreciating this "funny" music, was intelligent and open-minded enough to give pupils space and time to use school facilities to practise and listen to the new wave.


title: John McVie

text: Soon after leaving school at 17, McVie trained for nine months to be a tax inspector. This coincided with the start of his musical career.


title: John McVie

text: McVie's first experience making music with a group of like minds was in the back room of a house in Lammas Park Road, Ealing, with his long term friends John Barnes and Peter Barnes who later went on to form a group called The Strangers performing Shadows covers.


title: John McVie

text: McVie's first job as a bass player was in a band called the Krewsaders, formed by boys living in the same street as McVie in Ealing, West London. The Krewsaders played mainly at weddings and parties, covering songs from The Shadows.


title: John McVie

text: Around the time of McVie's tenure as a tax inspector, John Mayall began forming a Chicago-style blues band, John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers. Initially Mayall wanted to recruit bass player Cliff Barton of the Cyril Davies All Stars for the rhythm section of his new band. Barton declined, however, but gave him McVie's phone number, urging Mayall to give the talented young bass player a chance in the Bluesbreakers. Mayall contacted McVie, and asked him to audition for his band. Soon thereafter, McVie got an offer to play bass in the Bluesbreakers. McVie accepted while still holding down his daytime job for a further nine months before becoming a musician full-time. Under Mayall's tutelage, McVie, not having had any formal training in music, learned to play the blues mainly by listening to B.B. King and Willie Dixon records given to him by Mayall. McVie was the band's bassist for four and a half years. During that time he was fired and re-hired several times.


title: John McVie

text: In 1966, a young Peter Green was asked to join Mayall's Bluesbreakers as the band's new lead guitar player, after Eric Clapton, the third guitarist with the band (after Bernie Watson and then Roger Dean), had left. Some time later, after the recording of "A Hard Road", drummer Aynsley Dunbar was replaced by Mick Fleetwood. Green, McVie, and Fleetwood quickly forged a strong personal relationship, and when John Mayall gave Green some free studio time for his birthday, Green asked McVie and Fleetwood to join him for a recording session. Produced by Mike Vernon, they recorded three tracks together, "Curly", "Rubber Duck", and an instrumental called "Fleetwood Mac". Later the same year, after having been replaced by Mick Taylor in the Bluesbreakers, Green opted to form his own band, which he called "Fleetwood Mac" after his preferred rhythm section (Fleetwood and McVie). Mick Fleetwood immediately joined Green's new band, having been dismissed earlier from the Bluesbreakers for drunkenness. However, McVie initially was reluctant to join Fleetwood Mac, not wanting to leave the security and well-paid job in the Bluesbreakers, forcing Green to temporarily hire a bassist named Bob Brunning. A few weeks later McVie changed his mind, however, as he felt that The Bluesbreakers musical direction were shifting too much towards jazz, and he joined Fleetwood Mac in September 1967.


title: John McVie

text: With McVie now in Fleetwood Mac, the band recorded its first album, the eponymous "Fleetwood Mac" in the following months. The album was released in February 1968, and became an immediate national hit, establishing Fleetwood Mac as a major part in the English Blues movement. Fleetwood Mac started playing live gigs in blues clubs and pubs throughout England, and became a household name in the national blues circuit. In the next three years, the band scored a string of hits in the UK and also enjoyed success in continental Europe.


title: John McVie

text: While on tour, Fleetwood Mac would often share venues with fellow blues band Chicken Shack. It was on one such occasion that McVie met his future wife, the lead singer and piano player of Chicken Shack, Christine Perfect. Following a brief romance of, it has been said, only two weeks, McVie and Perfect got married with Peter Green as best man. With the couple being unable to spend much time together because of the constant touring with their bands, Christine (now McVie) quit Chicken Shack to become a housewife to spend more time with John. However, following the departure of Peter Green from Fleetwood Mac in 1970, McVie successfully persuaded Christine to join him in Fleetwood Mac.


title: John McVie

text: After 1970, Fleetwood Mac went through several different line-ups, which occasionally became the source of friction and unease within the band. In addition, frequent touring as well as his heavy drinking began to put some strain on his marriage to Christine. In 1974, the McVies, along with the other members of Fleetwood Mac, moved to Los Angeles, where they lived briefly with John Mayall.


title: John McVie

text: In 1975, Fleetwood Mac achieved enormous worldwide success after recruiting American singer-songwriter duo Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham. However, on the heels of the band's success followed serious marital problems for the McVies, and in 1976, during the recording of "Rumours", John and Christine McVie's marriage unravelled and the couple divorced the same year. As a way to put behind the hurt and final dissolution, several of Christine's songs on this album were about John McVie, particularly "Don't Stop". John McVie remarried in 1978 to Julie Ann Reubens, but still continued to drink heavily.


title: John McVie

text: In 1981, McVie agreed to go on the road with the Bluesbreakers again for their reunion tour with John Mayall, Mick Taylor, and Colin Allen. During 1982 the band toured America, Asia and Australia (John McVie did not take part in the European Tour in 1983 and was replaced by Steve Thompson).


title: John McVie

text: An alcohol-induced seizure in 1987 finally prompted McVie to stop drinking altogether and he has been sober ever since. In 1989, McVie's wife Julie Ann gave birth to their first child, a daughter, Molly Elizabeth McVie. In his spare time, McVie is a sailing enthusiast, and he nearly got lost at least once on a Pacific voyage. His involvement with Fleetwood Mac has been constant but notably low-key, despite the fact that the band takes the "Mac" part of its name from him.


title: John McVie

text: In October 2013, McVie was diagnosed with colon cancer and began treatment. He continued to play with the band during their 2014 On With The Show tour following an improvement in his condition. In 2017, it was reported that McVie's colon cancer was completely cleared.


title: Josh Rosen

text: Joshua Ballinger Lippincott Rosen (born February 10, 1997) is an American football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, receiving Freshman All-American and Pac-12 Freshman Offensive Player of the Year honors in 2015. During his junior year, Rosen set the school's record for single-season passing yards.


title: Josh Rosen

text: Rosen was selected 10th overall in the 2018 NFL Draft by the Arizona Cardinals, where he served as the team's starter during his rookie season. Due to inconsistent play, he was traded to the Miami Dolphins the following season and released after one year. Rosen spent his next two seasons as a backup for the San Francisco 49ers and Atlanta Falcons.


title: Josh Rosen

text: Rosen was born on February 10, 1997, in Torrance, California, to Charles Rosen, an orthopedic spine surgeon, and Liz Lippincott, a former journalist. Rosen's father is Jewish and was a nationally ranked ice skater who almost qualified for the Winter Olympics in the 1970s, and his mother is a Quaker who was the captain of the Princeton lacrosse team. Rosen had a bar mitzvah and identifies as Jewish, saying in 2016: "In retrospect, being Jewish is a big reason why I should have considered UCLA. Just because of how Jewish Hollywood is, and they really want someone to look up to because they just don't have professional athletes." As for his spiritual beliefs, he describes himself as "kind of an atheist." He is a maternal great-great-great grandson of Joseph Wharton, an industrialist and namesake of the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, and a descendant of Thomas Cornell, progenitor of the Cornell family. Rosen is named after another ancestor, Joseph Ballinger Lippincott, who founded publishing house J. B. Lippincott & Co.


title: Josh Rosen

text: Rosen grew up playing tennis; at age 12 he was the No. 1-ranked player for his age group in Southern California and top-50 in the country, and he became a top-10 player in junior rankings. He was introduced to football in elementary school by a friend's father who was a youth coach. Right before high school, Rosen switched from tennis to football.


title: Josh Rosen

text: Rosen attended St. John Bosco High School, a Catholic high school in Bellflower, California, where he had a 4.3 GPA. As a senior, he was named the "Los Angeles Times" Player of the Year and the "Long Beach Press-Telegram" Dream Team Player of the Year after passing for 3,186 yards, 29 touchdowns, and four interceptions. He was named a 2014 "USA Today" High School All-American. He was also named the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame's Male High School Athlete of the Year. During his playing career, he passed for 11,175 yards and 90 touchdowns.


title: Josh Rosen

text: Rosen was rated by both Rivals.com and Scout.com as a five-star recruit and ranked as the best quarterback in his class. Rivals also ranked him as the best overall recruit. He verbally committed to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in March 2014 before officially signing in September.


title: Josh Rosen

text: An economics major, Rosen began taking classes at UCLA in January 2015; he enrolled early so he could take part in spring practice. With three-year starting quarterback Brett Hundley leaving UCLA early for the NFL, a large hole was created on the team. Rosen was UCLA's best quarterback during the spring, and he continued to compete during summer camp to be the team's starting quarterback as a true freshman. On August 26, a week after being publicly criticized by head coach Jim Mora, Rosen was named the Bruins' starting quarterback. He beat out Jerry Neuheisel, who had three years of experience in offensive coordinator Noel Mazzone's up-tempo spread offense, which was similar to the offense Rosen ran in high school. The freshman called Neuheisel "selfless" for helping him during the competition.


title: Josh Rosen

text: In the season opener, Rosen completed 28 of 35 passes for 351 yards and three touchdowns as UCLA defeated Virginia 34–16, and he became the first true freshman to start a season opener at quarterback for UCLA. He was honored as the Walter Camp Offensive Player of the Week. In a 17–9 win over No. 18 Utah, he broke Drew Olson's decade-old school record (199) for consecutive passes without an interception. The victory kept UCLA in contention for the Pac-12 championship entering their regular-season finale against their crosstown rivals, the USC Trojans. However, they lost 40–21 to the Trojans as Rosen turned the ball over three times on a fumble and two interceptions, ending his streak of passes without an interception at 245. He was named the Pac-12 Freshman Offensive Player of the Year and earned Freshman All-American honors from "USA Today", "Sporting News", and Football Writers Association of America (FWAA). He was also named "The Sporting News"' Freshman of the Year, Pac-12 Conference Offensive Freshman of the Year (coaches), and Pac-12 Newcomer of the Year (AP).


title: Josh Rosen

text: In 2016, Rosen was injured in an October 8 loss to Arizona State Sun Devils, when he threw for a then-career high 400 yards. He missed the rest of the season with a shoulder injury. He had surgery on his throwing shoulder to repair soft-tissue damage. UCLA was 3–3 in Rosen's six starts, and he suffered 13 sacks in the shortened season compared to 14 in all of 2015. The Bruins were 1–5 in the final six games and missed bowl eligibility without him.


title: Josh Rosen

text: In the 2017 season opener at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, Rosen completed 35-of-59 passes for 491 yards and four touchdowns to rally UCLA to a 45–44 win over Texas A&M, capped off by a touchdown pass to Jordan Lasley on a fake spike play with 48 seconds to go in the game. The Bruins overcame a 34-point deficit, the largest comeback in school history and the second-most ever in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). Texas A&M coach Kevin Sumlin said: "We knew he was smart... But the thing I was really impressed with was his toughness. We hit him and hit him a lot, and he got better. It's not supposed to work that way … especially in the fourth quarter."


title: Josh Rosen

text: The following week, Rosen was 22-of-25 for 329 yards and a career-high five touchdowns in a 56–23 win over Hawaii. It was the 12th 300-yard game of his career, breaking the school record of 11 set previously by Cade McNown. He reached 2,000 yards for the season in five games, the fastest of any player in UCLA history. After five games, Rosen led the nation in passing yards (2,135), total offense (2,158), and touchdowns (17). On October 4, 2017, CBS Sports published a 2018 mock draft that had the Cleveland Browns selecting Rosen with the No. 1 overall pick. On October 28, in a 44–23 loss against Washington, Rosen was forced out of the game in the third quarter due to a concussion, which he had tried hiding from coaches after being injured on a sack in the game's opening drive. He completed 12 of 21 passes for 93 yards and a touchdown, the first passing score the Huskies had surrendered in the Pac-12 all season. After missing one game, Rosen returned to the lineup and threw for 381 yards with one touchdown and also scored on a one-yard run in a 44–37 win over the Arizona State Sun Devils. In his first matchup against USC quarterback Sam Darnold, Rosen was 32 of 52 passing for 421 yards along with three touchdowns and an interception in a 28–23 loss to the Trojans. The two passers were among the top prospects for the 2018 NFL Draft. In the regular season finale against California, Rosen led the Bruins to a 17–9 lead at the half, but was held out the rest of the game after suffering his second concussion. He suffered three sacks, including one late in the second quarter when he was slow to get up after being thrown to the ground. He finished 13-of-18 passing for 202 yards and two touchdowns, and the Bruins won 30–27 to become bowl-eligible.


title: Josh Rosen

text: After leading the conference in passing yards per game, Rosen was voted second-team All-Pac-12. He was retroactively credited with a 39-yard pass to Eldridge Massington that was originally ruled a run against Arizona State. It pushed his season total to 3,756 yards passing, breaking Brett Hundley’s single season school record of 3,740 in 2012. Rosen missed the Cactus Bowl after doctors did not clear him to play. On January 3, 2018, Rosen announced his intentions to enter the 2018 NFL Draft. During his time at UCLA, he was nicknamed "Chosen Rosen" and the "Chosen One".


title: Josh Rosen

text: Rosen was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the first round with the 10th overall pick of the 2018 NFL Draft. He was the fourth quarterback to be selected that year and one of the five taken in the first round. In a press conference following the draft, Rosen referred to the players taken before him as "nine mistakes".


title: Josh Rosen

text: On May 10, 2018, Rosen signed a four-year deal worth $17.84 million with an $11 million signing bonus. During training camp, Rosen won the backup position over Mike Glennon. He made his first regular season appearance in Week 3 of 2018, replacing starter Sam Bradford with 4:31 remaining against the Chicago Bears and the Cardinals trailing 16–14. Arizona lost the game to fall to 0–3, while Rosen completed four of seven for 36 yards and one interception. Entering the game, the Cardinals had scored just six points and ranked last in a number of offensive categories, but jumped out to a 14–0 first quarter lead before six scoreless possessions prompted Arizona coach Steve Wilks to switch to Rosen.


title: Josh Rosen

text: On September 24, the Cardinals named Rosen the starting quarterback for Week 4. In his first career start, Rosen passed for 180 yards and a touchdown in the 20–17 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. He helped the Cardinals earn their first win the following week against the San Francisco 49ers, when he completed 10 of 25 passes for 170 yards, including a 75-yard touchdown pass to fellow rookie, receiver Christian Kirk. In Week 7, Rosen had two of his three interceptions returned for touchdowns, lost two fumbles, and was sacked six times in a 45–10 loss to the Denver Broncos on "Thursday Night Football". Still ranked among the worst offenses in the league, Arizona fired offensive coordinator Mike McCoy and replaced him with their quarterback coach, Byron Leftwich. In Week 8, Rosen led the Cardinals to an 18–15 comeback win for a season sweep over the 49ers. He threw a career-high 252 passing yards and two touchdowns, including the game-winning score to Kirk with 34 seconds remaining to rally the team from a 15–3 fourth-quarter deficit. In Week 13, Rosen completed 11 of 26 passes for 149 yards to upset the Green Bay Packers at home, 20–17. The loss, in which the Packers were 14-point favorites, ended Super Bowl-winning head coach Mike McCarthy's tenure in Green Bay; he was fired three hours after the game ended.


title: Josh Rosen

text: Rosen finished his rookie season with 2,278 passing yards, 11 touchdowns, and 14 interceptions as the Cardinals finished 3–13 (3–10 with Rosen as starter).


title: Josh Rosen

text: On April 26, 2019, after the Cardinals drafted quarterback Kyler Murray first overall in the 2019 NFL Draft, Rosen was traded to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for the Dolphins' 2019 second-round pick and their fifth-round pick in the 2020 draft. He was named the backup to Ryan Fitzpatrick to start the 2019 season.


title: Josh Rosen

text: The Dolphins started the year 0–2, and were outscored 102–10. After relieving Fitzpatrick in both contests, Rosen was named the starter for Week 3, and threw for 200 yards as the Dolphins lost 31–6 to the Dallas Cowboys. In Week 4 against the Los Angeles Chargers, he threw for 180 yards, one touchdown, and one interception in a 30–10 loss. Rosen's touchdown pass was his first and only as a member of the Dolphins. Following a Week 5 bye week, Rosen started against the Washington Redskins, but was benched for Fitzpatrick after three quarters while throwing for only 85 yards and two interceptions. The Dolphins lost 17–16. Rosen only appeared in one other game in 2019, serving as Fitzpatrick's backup for the rest of the season.


title: Josh Rosen

text: The following offseason, the Dolphins drafted quarterback Tua Tagovailoa fifth overall in the 2020 NFL Draft. Rosen was unable to surpass either Tagovailoa or Fitzpatrick on the depth chart, and Miami waived him on September 5 after failing to find a trade partner.


title: Josh Rosen

text: On December 23, 2020, Rosen was signed by the San Francisco 49ers off of the Buccaneers' practice squad following injuries to quarterbacks Jimmy Garoppolo and Nick Mullens, and practice squad quarterback Josh Johnson being placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list. Rosen was active for the 49ers for their final two games, but did not see any action. On February 8, 2021, the 49ers signed him to a one-year contract extension. On August 17, 2021, after struggling to compete for the third quarterback spot behind Garoppolo and 2021 first round draft pick Trey Lance, Rosen was waived by the 49ers.


title: Josh Rosen

text: Following a season-ending injury to second-string quarterback A. J. McCarron, Rosen signed with the Atlanta Falcons on August 24, 2021. He was named the second-string option for the season opener behind incumbent starter Matt Ryan and ahead of undrafted rookie Feleipe Franks.


title: Josh Rosen

text: Rosen made his season debut during Week 2 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers when he replaced Ryan for the Falcons' final drive. He made two pass attempts, both of which were incomplete, in the 48–25 loss. In Week 10 against the Dallas Cowboys, Rosen again relieved a struggling Ryan during the third quarter. He completed one of six passes for 14 yards and was intercepted by cornerback Jourdan Lewis in the 43–3 defeat. The following week against the New England Patriots, Rosen made a third relief appearance in the fourth quarter after Ryan threw two interceptions on consecutive drives. Rosen completed one of two pass attempts before throwing an interception to linebacker Kyle Van Noy that was returned for a touchdown. He was replaced on the Falcons' final drive by Franks, who was also intercepted to conclude the 25–0 shutout loss.


title: Josh Rosen

text: On July 21, 2022, the Cleveland Browns signed Rosen to a one-year contract. They terminated his contract on August 30, before signing him to their practice squad on September 1. He was released on October 10, 2022.


title: Galway

text: Galway ( ; , ) is a city in the West of Ireland, in the province of Connacht, which is the county town of County Galway. It lies on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay, and is the sixth most populous city on the island of Ireland and the fourth most populous in the Republic of Ireland, with a population at the 2022 census of 83,456.


title: Galway

text: Located near an earlier settlement, Galway grew around a fortification built by the King of Connacht in 1124. A municipal charter in 1484 allowed citizens of the by then walled city to form a council and mayoralty. Controlled largely by a group of merchant families, the Tribes of Galway, the city grew into a trading port. Following a period of decline, as of the 21st century, Galway is a tourist destination known for festivals and events including the Galway Arts Festival.


title: Galway

text: In 2018, Galway was named the European Region of Gastronomy. The city was the European Capital of Culture for 2020, alongside Rijeka, Croatia.


title: Galway

text: The city's name comes from the Irish name "Gaillimh", which formed the western boundary of the earliest settlement, "Dún Gaillimhe" "Fort Gaillimh". (Mythical and alternative derivations of the name are given in History of Galway). Historically, the name was Anglicised as "Galliv" or "Gallive", closer to the Irish pronunciation. The city's name in Latin is "Galvia". Residents of the city are referred to as Galwegians.


title: Galway

text: The city also bears the nickname "City of the Tribes" () because of the fourteen merchant families called the "tribes of Galway" who led the city in its Hiberno-Norman period.


title: Galway

text: Built on the site of an earlier settlement, Dún Gaillimhe ("Fort at the Mouth (bottom) of the Gaillimh") was completed in 1124, by the King of Connacht and High King of Ireland Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1088–1156). The castle served as a naval base from which his fleet operated. A new settlement grew around it. During the Norman invasion of Connacht in the 1230s, Dún Gaillimhe was captured by Richard Mor de Burgh, who had led the invasion. As the de Burghs eventually became Gaelicised, the merchants of the town, the Tribes of Galway, pushed for greater control over the walled city.


title: Galway

text: This led to their gaining complete control over the city and to the granting of mayoral status by the English crown in December 1484. Galway endured difficult relations with its Irish neighbours. A notice over the west gate of the city, completed in 1562 by Mayor Thomas Óge Martyn, stated "From the Ferocious O'Flahertys may God protect us". A by-law forbade the native Irish (as opposed to Galway's Hiberno-Norman citizens) unrestricted access into Galway, saying "neither O' nor Mac shall strutte nor swagger through the streets of Galway" without permission.


title: Galway

text: During the Middle Ages, Galway was ruled by an oligarchy of fourteen merchant families (twelve who claimed to be of Norman origin and two of Irish origin). These were the "Tribes of Galway". The city thrived on international trade, and in the Middle Ages, it was the principal Irish port for trade with Spain and France. The most famous reminder of those days is "ceann an bhalla" ("the end of the wall"), now known as the Spanish Arch, constructed during the mayoralty of Wylliam Martin (1519–20). In 1477 Christopher Columbus visited Galway, possibly stopping off on a voyage to Iceland or the Faroe Islands. Seven or eight years later, he noted in the margin of his copy of "Imago Mundi":


title: Galway

text: Men of Cathay have come from the west. [Of this] we have seen many signs. And especially in Galway in Ireland, a man and a woman, of extraordinary appearance, have come to land on two tree trunks [or timbers? or a boat made of such?]


title: Galway

text: The most likely explanation for these bodies is that they were Inuit swept eastward by the North Atlantic Current.


title: Galway

text: During the 16th and 17th centuries, Galway remained loyal to the English crown for the most part, even during the Gaelic resurgence, perhaps for reasons of survival. However, by 1642 the city had allied itself with the Catholic Confederation of Kilkenny during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the resulting Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Cromwellian forces captured the city after a nine-month siege. At the end of the 17th century, the city supported the Jacobites in the Williamite war in Ireland and was captured by the Williamites after a very short siege not long after the Battle of Aughrim in 1691. The great families of Galway were ruined. The city later suffered further under the Great Famine of 1845–1852.


title: Galway

text: Like most of Ireland, Galway has an oceanic climate ("Cfb") according to the Köppen climate classification, being one of the world's mildest cities for latitude, partly because it is on an island. Galway has a year-round mild, moist, temperate and changeable climate, due to the prevailing winds of the North Atlantic Current together with the Gulf Stream (on the other side of the Atlantic temperatures can be 20 °C cooler or more.). The city does not experience temperature extremes, with temperatures below and above being rare. The city receives an average of of precipitation annually, which is evenly distributed throughout the year. The average January temperature in the city is and the average July temperature is . The highest temperature ever recorded in Galway was in July 1921, whilst the lowest temperature recorded was in January 1945.


title: Galway

text: While extreme weather is rare, the city and county can experience severe windstorms that are the result of vigorous Atlantic depressions that occasionally pass along the north west coast of Ireland. Most of these storms occur between late autumn and early spring. Due to the city's northerly location, Galway has long summer days. Sunrise on summer solstice occurs at 05:07 WEST and sunset at 22:07. By contrast, on winter solstice, the sun rises at 08:49 WET, and sets at 16:19.


title: Galway

text: On the west bank of the River Corrib as it enters the sea is the ancient neighbourhood of The Claddagh. For centuries it was an Irish-speaking enclave outside the city walls. Claddagh residents were mainly fisher folk and were governed by an elected 'King'. The King of the Claddagh settled or arbitrated disputes among the locals and had the privilege of a white sail on his fishing boat. While the last holder of the title died in 1972, it is still used in a purely honorary and ceremonial context. The area is also known for its association with the Claddagh Ring.


title: Galway

text: The Galway City Museum has two main sections: one about the heritage of Galway and one about Irish artists from the second half of the 20th century. This museum also houses the statue of the poet, Pádraic Ó Conaire which was originally located in the Kennedy Park section of Eyre Square, prior to the Square's renovation. A replica of the statue was erected in Eyre Square in 2017. The museum is near the Spanish Arch, the historical remnants of the 16th century wall.


title: Galway

text: The city's university, the University of Galway, has several museums, including the James Mitchell Geology Museum and the Computing and Communications Museum of Ireland.


title: Galway

text: The Nora Barnacle House Museum in Bowling Green is the smallest museum in Ireland. Nora was the lover, companion and, later, wife of writer James Joyce.


title: Galway

text: Fort Hill Cemetery, on Lough Atalia Road, is the oldest cemetery still in use in Galway City. Inside the main gate is a memorial to sailors of the Spanish Armada who were buried here in the 1580s.


title: Galway

text: Rahoon Cemetery (officially known as Mount St. Joseph Cemetery), Rahoon Road, on the western edge of the city affords splendid panoramic views of the city. Among the people buried here are Michael Bodkin (an admirer of Nora Barnacle who was the inspiration for James Joyce's character, "Michael Furey" in "The Dead"), Michael Feeney (the "lover" in Joyce's poem "She Weeps Over Rahoon"), and actress Siobhán McKenna.


title: Galway

text: Bohermore Cemetery (or the New Cemetery, as it is more popularly known), Cemetery Cross, Bohermore, was opened in 1880. It contains two mortuary chapels and is the burial place of several important Galwegians, including Pádraic Ó Conaire the Gaelic author, William Joyce, more widely known as Lord Haw-Haw the Nazi propagandist, Augusta, Lady Gregory, co-founder of the Abbey Theatre in Dublin and Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, a senior member of one of the Tribes of Galway and former world president of the International Olympic Committee. A memorial to the 91 people who died on 14 August 1959 when Dutch aeroplane KLM Flight 607-E crashed into the sea west of Galway can be seen just inside the main gates. Several bodies of the passengers are buried around the memorial.


title: Galway

text: There are several smaller cemeteries within the city boundaries. Some are no longer in use or are used primarily by families with ancient burial rights. These are St James's Cemetery (Teampall) in Glenina Heights, Menlo Cemetery near Menlo Castle, Ballybrit Graveyard near the entrance to Galway Racecourse, and a very ancient early Christian graveyard at Roscam near Merlin Park. Several city churches have graveyards attached which were formerly used for the interment of clergy and parishioners – Castlegar Church, Claddagh Church', St Patrick's Church on Forster Street and St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church. Several bishops are buried in the crypt below the RC Cathedral but this not usually open to the public.


title: Galway

text: The 2016 census indicated that Galway city then had a population of 79,934, an increase of almost 4,000 over the 2011 census figures.


title: Galway

text: As of 2009, approximately 80% of the population of Galway were Irish. Following an influx of immigrants to Galway during the 2000s, approximately 20% of the population is non-Irish. Slightly more than half of this group (11.3%) are white Europeans, coming from Poland and other Central European and Baltic States, such as Latvia and Lithuania. Smaller numbers of Asian and African immigrants come from East Africa, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka. In the 2006 Census, 15.4% of the population were aged 0–14, 76.1% were aged 15–64, and 8.5% were aged over 65. 51.9% of the population were female and 48.1% were male.


title: Galway

text: With a population of 79,934, Galway is the fourth most populous urban area in the State and the 23rd most populous area of local government. Services such as waste collection, recycling, traffic control, parks and housing are controlled by a fifteen-member city council elected to five-year terms by proportional representation through means of the single transferable vote. The City Council is chaired by a mayor who is elected to a one-year term by fellow councillors. The role of mayor is mainly ceremonial, although they do have the casting vote. The first mayor was Peirce Lynch Fitzjohn, elected in 1485. The current mayor, Cllr. Clodagh Higgins, was elected in June 2022.


title: Galway

text: In 1937, the Urban District of Galway became the Borough of Galway, remaining party of County Galway. In 1986, the Borough of Galway became the County Borough of Galway and ceased to part of County Galway. In 2001, it was renamed Galway City.


title: Galway

text: The symbols of the office of the Mayor and the emblems of the dignity of the City Council are the Civic Sword (1620s) and the Great Mace (1710) which are carried in procession before the Mayor and Council on solemn civic occasions. When not in ceremonial use they can be seen at the Galway City Museum. In 1579, Elizabeth I confirmed the city's charter and appointed the Mayor as 'Admiral of the Bay and of the Aran islands'. The title, though extant, is rarely used except for ceremonial purposes.


title: Galway

text: The highest honour the city can bestow is the Freedom of the city. Among the names on the Roll of Honour are: Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland, 1939; Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach, 1946; Seán T. O'Kelly, President of Ireland, 1950; Robert F. Wagner, Mayor of New York, 1961; John F. Kennedy, President of the US, 1963; Pope John Paul II, 1979; Ronald Reagan, President of the US, 1984; Hillary Clinton, 1999; Richard M. Daley, Mayor of Chicago, 2003; Nelson Mandela, 2003; Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese activist/leader, 2005; Garry Hynes, Druid Theatre Founder, 2006; and Michael D. Higgins, President of Ireland, 2012.


title: Galway

text: President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins was TD for the Galway West parliamentary constituency, of which Galway City is a part, from 1981 to 1982 and from 1987 to 2011. He was also Mayor of Galway for two terms, 1981–82 and 1990–91.


title: Galway

text: Galway's District Court is the main court of summary jurisdiction and hears minor cases without a jury. It is responsible for hearing small civil claims, and certain family law cases, administers the liquor licensing laws and is responsible for indicting the accused and sending them forward for trial at the Circuit Court and the Central Criminal Court.


title: Galway

text: The Circuit Court in Galway tries all indictable offences (those cases triable by a judge and jury), except murder, rape, treason, piracy and genocide, which are reserved to the Central Criminal Court. It can also hear appeals from the District Court. Its decisions can be appealed to the Court of Appeal. Civilly, the court is limited to compensation claims of not more than €75,000. Both parties may waive this amount and grant the court unlimited jurisdiction. Divorce, Judicial Separation and probate cases can be heard provided they are within the financial parameters of the court's jurisdiction. Decisions in civil cases can be appealed to the High Court.


title: Galway

text: The High Court sits four times a year in Galway to hear original actions (actions that are not appeals from lower courts). It also sits twice a year in Galway to hear appeals from the Circuit Court in civil and family law cases. Its decisions can be appealed to the Court of Appeal, or in some instances, to the Supreme Court, which sits in Dublin.


title: Galway

text: Galway is known as "Ireland's Cultural Heart" ("Croí Cultúrtha na hÉireann") and hosts numerous festivals, celebrations and events. Every November, Galway hosts the Tulca Festival of Visual Arts as well as numerous festivals.


title: Galway

text: On 1 December 2014, the Director General of UNESCO announced the official designation of Galway as a UNESCO City of Film.


title: Galway

text: In 2004, there were three dance organisations, ten festival companies, two film organisations, two Irish language organisations, 23 musical organisations, twelve theatre companies, two visual arts groups, and four writers' groups based in the city.


title: Galway

text: Furthermore, there were 51 venues for events, most of which were specialised for a certain field (e.g. concert venues or visual arts galleries), though ten were described as being 'multiple event' venues. The main squares in the city are Eyre Square (containing John F. Kennedy Park) in the centre of the city, and "Spanish Parade" next to the Spanish Arch.


title: Galway

text: In 2007, Galway was named as one of the eight ""sexiest cities"" in the world. A 2008 poll ranked Galway as the 42nd best tourist destination in the world, or 14th in Europe and 2nd in Ireland (behind Dingle). It was ranked ahead of all European capitals except Edinburgh, and many traditional tourist destinations (such as Venice).


title: Galway

text: Among the poets currently writing in Galway are Fred Johnston, Patrick Deeley, Rita Ann Higgins, Mary O'Malley, Moya Cannon, Eva Bourke, Kevin Higgins, Ndrek Gjini, and Elaine Feeney. Walter Macken, Eilís Dillon, Máirtín Ó Direáin, Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Liam O'Flaherty, Pádraic Ó Conaire and Ken Bruen are well-known writers in both English and Irish with a connection to Galway. The writer and publisher Frank Harris was born in Galway.


title: Galway

text: The James Hardiman Library at the University of Galway houses around 350 archived and/or digitised collections including the Thomas Kilroy Collection, the Brendan Duddy Papers on the Northern Ireland conflict, the John McGahern archive and the manuscript Minutes of Galway City Council from the 15th to mid-19th centuries.


title: Galway

text: Among the literary magazines published in Galway are "The Galway Review", which is Galway's leading literary magazine, "Crannóg Magazine", which describes itself as 'Ireland's premier independent fiction and poetry magazine since 2002' and "ROPES", an annual literary journal published by students of the MA in Literature and Publishing at the University of Galway. Galway also has Charlie Byrne's Bookshop.


title: Galway

text: Gretta Conroy, in James Joyce's short story "The Dead", remembers her lover Michael Furey throwing stones against the window of her grandmother's house on Nun's Island, in the city. The poem, "She Weeps Over Rahoon" by James Joyce, tells of the grief of Joyce's wife, Nora Barnacle, over the death of her onetime boyfriend Michael Bodkin. Both Bodkin and Nora were from Galway and Bodkin is buried in Rahoon Cemetery in the western suburbs of the city.


title: Galway

text: Walter Macken's novel "Rain on the Wind" is set in the city, as are the "Jack Taylor" crime novels of Ken Bruen.


title: Galway

text: Galway has four cinema complexes within or near the city centre: the 11-screen IMC cinema, the 9-screen EYE cinema, the 10-screen Omniplex in Salthill and the 3-screen arthouse cinema Pálás.


title: Galway

text: Galway is home to the Galway Film Fleadh, Ireland's foremost film festival, which takes place over six days each July. The Galway Film Fleadh is a platform for international cinema in Ireland and an advocate for Irish national cinema, for which the festival's identity has become synonymous. The Galway Film Fleadh is an industry festival, with many industry events taking place under the name of the Galway Film Fair.


title: Galway

text: In 2014, a MovieMaker magazine panel of U.S. filmmakers, critics and industry executives included the Galway Film Fleadh on its list of the "25 Coolest Film Festivals in the World".


title: Galway

text: Galway has a permanent Irish language theatre located in the city centre, Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe, which was established in 1928 and has produced some of Ireland's most celebrated actors. The Druid Theatre Company has won international acclaim for its cutting-edge production and direction.


title: Galway

text: There are many theatres in the city, including Nun's Island Theatre, The Bank of Ireland Theatre, The Druid Lane Theatre, The Black Box Theatre, and The Town Hall Theatre (a modern art theatre established in 1995 with two performance spaces and a 52-week program covering all aspects of the performing arts including ballets, musicals and operas). It has been the venue for many Irish film premieres, during the Galway Film Fleadh.


title: Galway

text: Two of the most celebrated Irish actors of the 20th century, Siobhán McKenna and Peter O'Toole, have strong family connections with Galway. Other well-known actors include Mick Lally, Seán McGinley and Marie Mullen, all three of whom were founders of the Druid Theatre Company. Other actors with strong Galway connections are Pauline McLynn, ("Shameless" and "Father Ted"), Nora Jane Noone, and Aoife Mulholland.


title: Galway

text: Garry Hynes, the first artistic director of Druid Theatre, was the first woman ever to win a Tony Award for direction.


title: Galway

text: Galway has a vibrant and varied musical scene. As in most Irish cities, traditional music is played in pubs and by street performers. Galway Early Music Festival presents European music from the 12th to the 18th century. It encourages not only music but also dance and costumes. The festival involves both professional and amateur musicians.


title: Galway

text: Galway Cathedral Recitals is an international series of concerts of classical music which has taken place in Galway Cathedral each July and August since 1994.


title: Galway

text: A number of notable choirs are based in the city. They include Tribal Chamber Choir (founded in 2009) directed by Mark Keane; the Galway Baroque Singers (founded in 1983) directed by Audrey Corbett; Cois Cladaigh Chamber Choir (founded in 1982) directed by Brendan O'Connor, which sang at the inauguration of President Michael D. Higgins in St Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle, on 11 November 2011; Galway Gospel Choir (founded in 2001) directed By Michel Durham Brandt; and Galway Choral Association (founded in 1998) directed by Norman Duffy. Galway Cathedral is home to Galway Cathedral Choir (founded in 1965), which sings every Sunday and at all the major ceremonies in the cathedral. In addition to its parish choir the Collegiate Church of St Nicholas is home to two other choral groups, the Choral Scholars (adult) and the Schola Cantorum (juvenile).


title: Galway

text: The Galway Arts Festival ("Féile Ealaíon na Gaillimhe") takes place in July. It was first held in 1978 and since then has grown into one of the biggest arts festivals in Ireland. It attracts international artists as well as provides a platform for local and national performers. The festival features parades, street performances and plays, musical concerts and comedy acts. Highlights of the festival tend to be performances by Macnas and Druid Theatre Company, two local performance groups.


title: Galway

text: Galway city is a major centre for traditional Irish music. The traditional group De Dannan were based in Galway. Musicians such as Mickey Finn, Frankie Gavin, Johnny (Ringo) McDonagh, Alec Finn, Máirtín O'Connor and Gerry Hanley were born or came to prominence in Galway. Carl Hession, an Irish composer, arranger and traditional musician, also hails from Galway city.


title: Galway

text: Comhaltas branches operate in several parts of the city, teaching Irish traditional music to children. Dusty Banjos runs classes and sessions in the city for adults switching from other musical traditions to Irish traditional music, and for adult beginners and improvers who are not at a level where they could participate in general sessions.


title: Galway

text: Traditional and contemporary music can be heard at numerous locations around the city. Among the more notable locations are The Crane Bar on Sea Road, Tigh Neachtáin Quay Street and Róisín Dubh on Lr Dominic Street.


title: Galway

text: Galway and its people are mentioned in several songs, including "Galway Girl (2000)" (by Steve Earle) and "Galway Girl (2017)" (by Ed Sheeran).


title: Galway

text: Galway City has a reputation among Irish cities for being associated with the Irish language, music, song and dancing traditions. It is sometimes referred to as the 'Bilingual Capital of Ireland', although like elsewhere in Ireland, inhabitants converse mostly in English. The city is well known for its "Irishness", mainly because it has on its doorstep the Galway Gaeltacht. Irish theatre, television and radio production and Irish music form a component of Galway city life, with both An Taibhdhearc, the National Irish Language Theatre, in Galway city itself, while TG4 and RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta headquarters are in the Connemara Gaeltacht elsewhere in County Galway. Four electoral divisions, or neighbourhoods (out of twenty-two), are designated as Gaeltachtaí. the University of Galway also holds the archive of spoken material for the Celtic languages.


title: Galway

text: Many sporting, music, arts and other events take place in the city. The largest of these annual events begins with the Galway Film Fleadh and the Galway Arts Festival in July, the Galway Races in August, and the Galway International Oyster Festival in September. Other events include the Fleadh Imboilg, the Baboró International Children's Festival, the Cúirt International Festival of Literature, the Galway Early Music Festival, Seachtain na Gaeilge (March), Salthill Air Show (June), the Colours Fringe Festival, Little Havana Festival, the Galway Sessions, Galway Garden Festival, Galway Comedy Festival, Baffle Poetry Festival, Galway Aboo Halloween Festival, Tulca Festival of Visual Arts, Irish Fly Fair and Angling Show, Galway Science and Technology Festival, Spirit of Voice Festival, Galway Christmas Market, Galway African Film Festival and Galway Pride Festival.


title: Galway

text: In June 2010, the Super8 Shots film festival was launched in Galway, the first Super film festival to occur in Ireland.


title: Galway

text: The patron saint of the city since the 14th century has been St Nicholas of Myra. The Roman Catholic diocese of Galway was created in 1831 following the abolition by the Holy See of the Wardenship of Galway. It was united with the diocese of Kilmacduagh (est. 1152) and given the administratorship of the diocese of Kilfenora (est. 1152) in 1883. Its full name is the Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Apostolic Administratorship of Kilfenora (in Irish – Deoise na Gaillimhe, Chill Mac Duach agus Riarachán Aspalda Cill Fhionnúrach, in Latin – Diocesis Galviensis, Duacensis ac Administratio Apostolica Finaborensis). The diocese is under the patronage of Our Lady Assumed into Heaven and St Nicholas (Galway), Saint Fachanan (Kilmacduagh) and St Colman (Kilfenora). As the diocese of Kilfenora is in the Ecclesiastical Metropolitan Province of Cashel the Bishop of Galway is its Apostolic Administrator rather than its bishop. The dioceses of Galway and Kilmacduagh are in the Ecclesiastical Metropolitan Province of Tuam. The current bishop is Most Rev. Martin Drennan, installed 3 July 2005. Of the 38 parishes in the RC diocese, 14 are situated in the city and are divided into two deaneries – the deanery of Galway City West and that of Galway City East. In each deanery, a Vicar Forane exercises limited jurisdiction on behalf of the bishop.


title: Galway

text: In the Church of Ireland, Galway is a parish of the United Diocese of Tuam, Killala and Achonry. The principal church of the parish is the St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church (founded 1320). Russian, Romanian, Coptic, and Mar Thoma Syrian Orthodox Churches use the facilities of St Nicholas Collegiate Church for their services. The Ahmadiyya-run Galway Mosque, opened in 2014, is the only purpose-built mosque in Galway.


title: Galway

text: Galway has a diverse sporting heritage, with a history in sports ranging from horse racing, Gaelic games, soccer and rugby to rowing, basketball, motorsport, greyhound racing and others. The Galway Races are known worldwide and are the highlight of the Irish horse racing calendar. Over the years it has grown into an annual festival lasting seven days.


title: Galway

text: Both hurling and football are strong in Galway city. Pearse Stadium in Salthill is the home to Galway GAA, the county's Gaelic games body. The Galway hurlers compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship for the Liam MacCarthy Cup. Despite having won the cup only five times in their history, Galway is considered one of the top teams in the Championship. Galway reached the 2012 All-Ireland final only to draw with Kilkenny to force a replay, the first since 1959, which they eventually lost. In 2017 Galway lifted the Liam MacCarthy Cup for the first time in 29 years beating Waterford by 0-26 to 2-17. The footballers compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship for the Sam Maguire Cup. The Gaelic footballers have won the cup nine times with the most recent being in 2001.


title: Galway

text: Galway United FC is based in the city and plays in the League of Ireland Premier Division. The team plays its home games at Eamonn Deacy Park. The club was formed in 2013 and first competed in the 2014 season.


title: Galway

text: The previous tenants of Eamonn Deacy Park, also called Galway United, first competed in the League of Ireland in 1977, then known as "Galway Rovers". Michael D. Higgins, later elected President of Ireland in 2011, served as the president of the club in a ceremonial capacity. Following struggles with debts, the club became defunct at the end of the 2011 season. The Galway United Supporters Trust (GUST) had been servicing many debts of the company and was able to keep the club afloat for the 2011 season, with it having been effectively abandoned by its directors. GUST withdrew their support for the team and applied to join the 2012 League of Ireland as a community enterprise, rather than as a private company, which the old club had been. This application was not successful, however.


title: Galway

text: Galway F.C. was formed the following year from a merger of GUST with Mervue United and Salthill Devon, two other clubs in the city, who had competed in the First Division since 2009 and 2010 respectively.


title: Galway

text: The professional team for the province, Connacht Rugby, is based in the city. The team play their home matches at the Galway Sportsgrounds which is the current provincial Rugby Stadium.


title: Galway

text: The team participate in the Pro14 League competition, and in season 2015–2016 won their first ever Championship by defeating reigning Champions Glasgow Warriors in the Semi-final and then beating four times champions Leinster Rugby in the Grand Final on 28 May 2016 played at Murrayfield Stadium.


title: Galway

text: There are two senior amateur rugby union teams in Galway, Galwegians RFC and Galway Corinthians RFC, who play in the All-Ireland League. There are also two junior clubs, OLBC RFC & NUIG RFC who both participate in the Connacht Junior League.


title: Galway

text: "Barna Knocknacarra Rugby Club" (or Na Bairneachaí), established in 2007, offers "mini rugby" for children at levels U8 to U12.


title: Galway

text: In rugby league, the Galway Tribesmen have been All-Ireland champions and in January 2022 entered the 2022 Challenge Cup.


title: Galway

text: Nearby Salthill has a 25m competitive swimming pool in the Leisureland complex and three competitive swimming clubs (i) Shark Swimming Club, (ii) Laser Swimming Club and (iii) Galway Swimming Club train there. There is also a handball and racketball club while there are several martial arts clubs throughout the city. There is a 25m pool at NUI, Galway as well as one at Renmore's KingFisher Club.


title: Galway

text: Sailing is common and rowing on the River Corrib is undertaken by seven rowing clubs. These provide related facilities and organise rowing competitions. These clubs include Gráinne Mhaol Rowing Club, Tribesmen Rowing Club, Galway Rowing Club, Coláiste Iognáid ('The Jes') Rowing Club, St. Joseph's Patrician College ('The Bish') Rowing Club, NUIG Boat Club and Cumann Rámhaiochta Choláiste na Coiribe.


title: Galway

text: In 2009 Galway hosted a stopover on the Volvo Ocean Race and the city was the finishing point of the round-the-world competition in July 2012.


title: Galway

text: Near the city centre, on College Road, the Sportsground has greyhound races every Thursday, Friday and Saturday night. It was refurbished by the Irish Greyhound Board, Bord na gCon, and the facility is shared with the Connacht rugby team.


title: Galway

text: Galway City is the capital of Connacht. Galway has a strong local economy with complementary business sectors, including manufacturing industry, tourism, retail and distribution, education, healthcare and services that include financial, construction, cultural, and professional.


title: Galway

text: Most (47%) of the people employed in Galway work in either the commerce or professional sector, with a large number (17%) also employed in manufacturing. Most industry and manufacturing in Galway, like the rest of Ireland, is hi-tech (e.g. ICT, medical equipment, electronics, chemicals, etc.), due to the Celtic Tiger economic boom. Companies such as Boston Scientific, Medtronic, EA Games, Cisco and SAP AG have their regional offices or other offices in Galway City and environs. Tourism is also of major importance to the city, which had over 2.1 million visitors in 2000, and produced revenue of over €400 million.


title: Galway

text: There are two radio stations based in the city – Galway Bay FM ("95.8 FM") broadcasts from the city to the whole county; Flirt FM ("101.3 FM") is the student radio station for the University of Galway.


title: Galway

text: One of the main regional newspapers for the county is The "Connacht Tribune" which prints two titles every week, the "Connacht Tribune" on Thursday, and the "Galway City Tribune" on Friday. As of January 2007, The Tribune has a weekly readership of over 150,000. Another Galway-based newspaper is the "Galway Advertiser", a free paper printed every Thursday with an average of 160 pages and a circulation of 70,000 copies. It is the main paper of the "Advertiser Newspaper Group" which distributes 200,000 newspapers per and more week to a variety of other Irish cities and towns.


title: Galway

text: Galway Airport, located east of the city at Carnmore, ceased to have scheduled passenger flights on 31 October 2011. Because the runway is too short to take modern passenger jet aircraft, it is only capable of limited operations. "Aerfort na Minna" ( west of the city) operates regular flights to each of the Aran Islands "(Oileáin Árann)". Shannon Airport (90 km) and Ireland West Airport Knock (86 km) are the nearest international airports, both of which have flights around Ireland and to Britain, Continental Europe and North America (from Shannon).


title: Galway

text: Buses are the main form of public transport in the city and county. Routes operated by Bus Éireann include routes 401 (Salthill/Parkmore), 402 (Seacrest/Merlin Park), 404 (Newcastle/Oranmore), 405 (Rahoon/Ballybane), 407 (Bóthar an Chóiste) and 409 (Parkmore Industrial). Routes operated by City Direct include routes 410 (Salthill), 411 (Knocknacarra - Cappagh Rd), 412 (Knocknacarra Express), and 414 (Barna).


title: Galway

text: Various bus companies also provide links throughout County Galway and nationwide. These operate from a number of locations:


title: Galway

text: Galway's main railway station is Ceannt Station ("Stáisiún Cheannt"), which opened in 1851, and was renamed in honour of Éamonn Ceannt in 1966.


title: Galway

text: The Midland Great Western Railway reached Galway in 1851, giving the city a direct main line to its Broadstone Station terminus in Dublin. As the 19th century progressed the rail network in Connacht was expanded, making Galway an important railhead. The nearby town of Athenry became a railway junction, giving Galway links to Ennis, Limerick and the south in 1869 and Sligo and the north in 1894. In 1895 the MGW opened a branch line between Galway and Clifden.


title: Galway

text: The 20th century brought increasing road competition, and this led the Great Southern Railways to close the Clifden branch in 1935. In the 1970s the state railway authority Córas Iompair Éireann closed the Sligo-Athenry-Ennis line to passenger services. It later closed to freight as well.


title: Galway

text: Iarnród Éireann, Ireland's national rail operator, currently runs six return passenger services each day between Galway and Dublin Heuston, also serving intermediate stations. Travel time is just under 3 hours. Services on the Galway–Limerick line have now resumed, with around 5–6 trains each way per day.


title: Galway

text: From Galway railway services along the Western Rail Corridor link the city with Ennis, and Limerick where trains run to Cork via Limerick Junction (for Tipperary, Clonmel and Waterford) and Mallow (for Killarney and Tralee).


title: Galway

text: Four national primary roads serve the city: the M6 motorway running east–west (Athlone, Dublin), the M17 motorway running north from the M6 to Tuam, the N63, formerly the N17, connecting Galway with the Northwest (Tuam, Sligo, Donegal Town, Letterkenny and Derry), and the M18 motorway linking Galway to southern towns and cities Gort, Ennis, Shannon Town, Limerick and Cork joining up with The Wild Atlantic Way. In addition, there are plans for a semi-ring road of the city, the Galway City Outer Bypass. There is also an "Inner City Ring" ("Cuar Inmheánach") route that encircles the city centre, most of which is pedestrianised.


title: Galway

text: Galway is considered the gateway to Connemara and the Gaeltacht, including Mám, An Teach Dóite, Cor na Móna, Ros Muc, Bearna and An Cheathrú Rua. The N59 along the western shore of Lough Corrib and the R337 along the northern shore of Galway Bay both lead to this largely rural and highly scenic region.


title: Galway

text: The River Corrib is by far the most important waterway in Galway and a number of canals and channels were built above and through the city. The purposes of these to divert and control the water from the river, to harness its power and to provide a navigable route to the sea. Of these, there were two major schemes – one between 1848 and 1858 and the other during the 1950s. The canals provided a power source for Galway and were the location of the first industries in the mid-19th century. The Eglinton Canal provided a navigation from the sea (at the Claddagh Basin) to the navigable part of the river (above the Salmon Weir Bridge). Most of the mills are still used today for various purposes; for instance, the University of Galway still uses a water turbine for electricity generation for their building on Nun's Island.


title: Galway

text: Currently, there are four bridges across the Corrib. Following the southward flow of the river these are, from the north: the Quincentennial Bridge, the Salmon Weir Bridge, the William O'Brien Bridge and the Wolfe Tone Bridge. There are plans for a fifth bridge as part of the Galway City Outer Bypass project. The Clare River flows from the North of the County Galway, through Tuam, Claregalway into Lough Corrib.


title: Galway

text: Galway is the most central port on the West Coast of Ireland in the sheltered eastern corner of Galway Bay. The harbour can be used by vessels up to and the inner dock can accommodate up to 9 vessels at any one time.


title: Galway

text: Regular passenger ferry and freight services operate between Galway and the tourist destination of the Aran Islands which is home to World Heritage Site Dún Aonghasa. The islands also have regular links with the towns of Rossaveal and Doolin, which are physically closer but far smaller.


title: Galway

text: Commuter ferry services have been proposed to the tourism town of Kinvara, on the opposite side of Galway Bay.


title: Galway

text: Major work in the harbour area was carried out in 2009 to accommodate the stopover of the Volvo Ocean Race. This was one of the biggest events ever to visit Galway. The event returned with the finale of the race in June 2012.


title: Galway

text: The city is planned as the start of the E2 European long-distance path, running for to Nice, though (as of 2012) the Irish section was incomplete.


title: Galway

text: Galway Textile Printers, located on Sandy Road, was the first major industry to come to Galway and quickly became one of the biggest employers in the west of Ireland. Some of those who worked there were specialists who were brought in to help set the factory up, but most employees were local. The Mills eventually went out of business in the early 1980s and its former site now hosts various small business establishments. Celtrak is an IT and Electronic Engineering company, founded in 2000.


title: Galway

text: There are two university campuses located in the city, University of Galway and the Atlantic Technological University.


title: Galway

text: The University of Galway was founded in 1845 as Queen's College, Galway, before becoming known as University College, Galway (U.C.G.) and then as the National University of Ireland, Galway. It was renamed "Ollscoil na Gaillimhe - University of Galway" in September 2022. The university is divided into several colleges, including the College of Arts, Social Science and Celtic Studies, the College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, the College of Business, Public Policy and Law, the College of Science and the College of Engineering and Informatics. The university had an enrollment of 16,000 in 2010. The Biomedical Research Building was opened in 2014. It houses the Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI). Also opened in 2014 were the Hardiman Building and a School of Psychology. The National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health (NIPC) is an affiliate of the University of Galway.


title: Galway

text: The Atlantic Technological University (also known as ATU or Atlantic TU; ) was established in 2022 through the merger of Galway Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT), Sligo Institute of Technology and Letterkenny Institute of Technology. Its administrative headquarters are in Galway. It also has campuses in Castlebar, Letterfrack, Mountbellew, Sligo and Letterkenny. Its Galway campus is based on the Dublin Road in Galway city, overlooking Galway Bay. Four schools of study are located there: the School of Business, the School of Engineering, the School of Science & Computing, and the College of Tourism & Arts.


title: Galway

text: The Central Applications Office (CAO), the organisation which oversees applications to colleges and universities in Ireland, is also headquartered in the city. A related organisation, the Postgraduate Applications Centre, processes some taught postgraduate courses.


title: Galway

text: Publicly funded health care and social services are provided in Galway by the HSE (West) division of the Health Services Executive.


title: Galway

text: The main city hospital, University Hospital Galway, is located on two campuses — Galway University Hospital and Merlin Park University Hospital.


title: Galway

text: Two private hospitals – The Galway Clinic and the Bon Secours Hospital, Galway – also operate in the city.


title: Galway

text: Galway Hospice provides palliative care for the people of Galway City and County on a homecare, inpatient and daycare basis.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The Tao Te Ching (, ; ) is a Chinese classic text written around 400 BC and traditionally credited to the sage Laozi, though the text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated. The oldest excavated portion dates back to the late 4th century BC, but modern scholarship dates other parts of the text as having been written—or at least compiled—later than the earliest portions of the "Zhuangzi".


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The "Tao Te Ching", along with the "Zhuangzi", is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism. It also strongly influenced other schools of Chinese philosophy and religion, including Legalism, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism, which was largely interpreted through the use of Taoist words and concepts when it was originally introduced to China. Many artists, including poets, painters, calligraphers, and gardeners, have used the "Tao Te Ching" as a source of inspiration. Its influence has spread widely out and it is one of the most translated texts in world literature.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: In English, the title is commonly rendered "Tao Te Ching" , following Wade–Giles romanisation, or "Dao De Jing" , following pinyin. The "Tao Te Ching" can be translated as "The Classic of the Way and its Power", "The Book of the Tao and Its Virtue", "The Book of the Way and of Virtue", "The Tao and its Characteristics", "The Canon of Reason and Virtue", "The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way", or "A Treatise on the Principle and Its Action".


title: Tao Te Ching

text: Ancient Chinese books were commonly referenced by the name of their real or supposed author, in this case the "Old Master", Laozi. As such, the "Tao Te Ching" is also sometimes referred to as the "Laozi", especially in Chinese sources.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The title "Daodejing", with its status as a classic, was only first applied from the reign of Emperor Jing of Han (157–141 BC) onward. Other titles of the work include the honorific "Sutra (or "Perfect Scripture") of the Way and Its Power" ("Daode Zhenjing") and the descriptive "5,000-Character Classic" ("Wuqian Wen").


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The "Tao Te Ching" has a long and complex textual history. Known versions and commentaries date back two millennia, including ancient bamboo, silk, and paper manuscripts discovered in the twentieth century.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The "Tao Te Ching" is a short text of around 5,000 Chinese characters in 81 brief chapters or sections (). There is some evidence that the chapter divisions were later additions—for commentary, or as aids to rote memorisation—and that the original text was more fluidly organised. It has two parts, the "Tao Ching" (; chapters 1–37) and the "Te Ching" (; chapters 38–81), which may have been edited together into the received text, possibly reversed from an original "Te Tao Ching". The written style is laconic, has few grammatical particles, and encourages varied, contradictory interpretations. The ideas are singular; the style poetic. The rhetorical style combines two major strategies: short, declarative statements and intentional contradictions. The first of these strategies creates memorable phrases, while the second forces the reader to reconcile supposed contradictions.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The Chinese characters in the original versions were probably written in "zhuànshū" (篆書 seal script), while later versions were written in "lìshū" (隸書 clerical script) and "kǎishū" (楷書 regular script) styles.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The "Tao Te Ching" is ascribed to Laozi, whose historical existence has been a matter of scholarly debate. His name, which means "Old Master", has only fuelled controversy on this issue.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The first reliable reference to Laozi is his "biography" in the "Records of the Grand Historian" (63, tr. Chan 1963:35–37), by Chinese historian Sima Qian (), which combines three stories. In the first, Laozi was a contemporary of Confucius (551–479 BC). His surname was Li (), and his personal name was Er () or Dan (). He was an official in the imperial archives, and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the West; at the request of the keeper of the Han-ku Pass, Yinxi, Laozi composed the "Tao Te Ching". In the second story, Laozi, also a contemporary of Confucius, was Lao Laizi (), who wrote a book in 15 parts. Third, Laozi was the grand historian and astrologer Lao Dan (), who lived during the reign (384–362 BC) of Duke Xian of Qin ().


title: Tao Te Ching

text: Generations of scholars have debated the historicity of Laozi and the dating of the "Tao Te Ching". Linguistic studies of the text's vocabulary and rhyme scheme point to a date of composition after the "Shijing" yet before the "Zhuangzi". Legends claim variously that Laozi was "born old" and that he lived for 996 years, with twelve previous incarnations starting around the time of the Three Sovereigns before the thirteenth as Laozi. Some Western scholars have expressed doubts over Laozi's historical existence.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: Many Taoists venerate Laozi as "Daotsu", the founder of the school of Dao, the "Daode Tianzun" in the Three Pure Ones, and one of the eight elders transformed from Taiji in the Chinese creation myth.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The predominant view among scholars today is that the text is a compilation or anthology representing multiple authors. The current text might have been compiled , drawn from a wide range of texts dating back a century or two.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: Among the many transmitted editions of the "Tao Te Ching" text, the three primary ones are named after early commentaries. The "Yan Zun Version", which is only extant for the "Te Ching", derives from a commentary attributed to Han dynasty scholar Yan Zun (, fl. 80 BC – 10 AD). The "Heshang Gong Version" is named after the legendary Heshang Gong ( "Riverside Sage") who supposedly lived during the reign (180–157 BC) of Emperor Wen of Han. This commentary has a preface written by Ge Xuan (, 164–244 AD), granduncle of Ge Hong, and scholarship dates this version to around the 3rd century AD. The "Wang Bi Version" has more verifiable origins than either of the above. Wang Bi (, 226–249 AD) was a Three Kingdoms period philosopher and commentator on the "Tao Te Ching" and the "I Ching".


title: Tao Te Ching

text: "Tao Te Ching" scholarship has advanced from archaeological discoveries of manuscripts, some of which are older than any of the received texts. Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, Marc Aurel Stein and others found thousands of scrolls in the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang. They included more than 50 partial and complete "Tao Te Ching" manuscripts. One written by the scribe So/Su Dan (素統) is dated 270 AD and corresponds closely with the Heshang Gong version. Another partial manuscript has the Xiang'er () commentary, which had previously been lost.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: In 1973, archaeologists discovered copies of early Chinese books, known as the Mawangdui Silk Texts, in a tomb dating from 168 BC. They included two nearly complete copies of the text, referred to as Text A () and Text B (), both of which reverse the traditional ordering and put the "Te Ching" section before the "Tao Ching", which is why the Henricks translation of them is named "Te-Tao Ching". Based on calligraphic styles and imperial naming taboo avoidances, scholars believe that Text A can be dated to about the first decade and Text B to about the third decade of the 2nd century BC.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: In 1993, the oldest known version of the text, written on bamboo slips, was found in a tomb near the town of Guodian () in Jingmen, Hubei, and dated prior to 300 BC. The Guodian Chu Slips comprise about 800 slips of bamboo with a total of over 13,000 characters, about 2,000 of which correspond with the "Tao Te Ching."


title: Tao Te Ching

text: Both the Mawangdui and Guodian versions are generally consistent with the received texts, excepting differences in chapter sequence and graphic variants. Several recent "Tao Te Ching" translations utilise these two versions, sometimes with the verses reordered to synthesize the new finds.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The text concerns itself with the Dao (or "Way"), and how it is expressed by virtue ("de"). Specifically, the text emphasises the virtues of naturalness ("ziran") and non-action ("wuwei").


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The "Tao Te Ching" has been translated into Western languages over 250 times, mostly to English, German, and French. According to Holmes Welch, "It is a famous puzzle which everyone would like to feel he had solved." The first English translation of the "Tao Te Ching" was produced in 1868 by the Scottish Protestant missionary John Chalmers, entitled "The Speculations on Metaphysics, Polity, and Morality of the "Old Philosopher" Lau-tsze". It was heavily indebted to Julien's French translation and dedicated to James Legge, who later produced his own translation for Oxford's "Sacred Books of the East".


title: Tao Te Ching

text: Other notable English translations of the "Tao Te Ching" are those produced by Chinese scholars and teachers: a 1948 translation by linguist Lin Yutang, a 1961 translation by author John Ching Hsiung Wu, a 1963 translation by sinologist Din Cheuk Lau, another 1963 translation by professor Wing-tsit Chan, and a 1972 translation by Taoist teacher Gia-Fu Feng together with his wife Jane English.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: Many translations are written by people with a foundation in Chinese language and philosophy who are trying to render the original meaning of the text as faithfully as possible into English. Some of the more popular translations are written from a less scholarly perspective, giving an individual author's interpretation. Critics of these versions claim that their translators deviate from the text and are incompatible with the history of Chinese thought. Russell Kirkland goes further to argue that these versions are based on Western Orientalist fantasies and represent the colonial appropriation of Chinese culture. Other Taoism scholars, such as Michael LaFargue and Jonathan Herman, argue that while they do not pretend to scholarship, they meet a real spiritual need in the West. These Westernized versions aim to make the wisdom of the Tao Te Ching more accessible to modern English-speaking readers by, typically, employing more familiar cultural and temporal references.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: The "Tao Te Ching" is written in Classical Chinese, which poses a number of challenges to complete comprehension. As Holmes Welch notes, the written language "has no active or passive, no singular or plural, no case, no person, no tense, no mood." Moreover, the received text lacks many grammatical particles which are preserved in the older Mawangdui and Beida texts, which permit the text to be more precise. Lastly, many passages of the "Tao Te Ching" are deliberately vague and ambiguous.


title: Tao Te Ching

text: Since there are no punctuation marks in Classical Chinese, it can be difficult to conclusively determine where one sentence ends and the next begins. Moving a full-stop a few words forward or back or inserting a comma can profoundly alter the meaning of many passages, and such divisions and meanings must be determined by the translator. Some editors and translators argue that the received text is so corrupted (from originally being written on one-line bamboo strips linked with silk threads) that it is impossible to understand some chapters without moving sequences of characters from one place to another.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: The Foreigner is a 2017 action thriller film directed by Martin Campbell and written by David Marconi, based on the 1992 novel "The Chinaman" by Stephen Leather. A British-Chinese-American co-production, it stars Jackie Chan, Pierce Brosnan, Michael McElhatton, Liu Tao, Charlie Murphy, Orla Brady, and Katie Leung. The film follows a London-based Nung Chinese man who seeks vengeance for the death of his youngest daughter.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: "The Foreigner" was released in China on 30 September 2017, in the United States on 13 October 2017, distributed by STXfilms, and in the United Kingdom in December 2017 on Netflix. The film grossed $145 million at the worldwide box office and was one of 2018's top ten most-watched Netflix original films in the UK. It received generally favourable reviews from critics, with praise for the action sequences, score and against type performances of Chan and Brosnan, but criticism towards the formulaic action thriller plot.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: Ngoc Minh Quan, a widowed former Vietnam War special operations forces soldier, runs a Chinese restaurant in London with his business partner Lam. When his teenage daughter Fan is killed in a terrorist bombing, Quan seeks revenge. The British police discover an IRA codeword was used in the bombing and an Irish republican group calling itself the "Authentic IRA" claims responsibility. Quan takes to visiting Scotland Yard daily, asking for names of the bombers, but is told by Commander Bromley that his visits are diverting resources away from the investigation. Bromley advises Quan to be patient and warns him against going after the IRA. Undeterred, Quan takes matters into his own hands and turns his attention to the Northern Ireland deputy First Minister and Sinn Féin politician Liam Hennessy, a former Provisional IRA leader who has since claimed to have renounced violence. Quan purchases items to make homemade weapons and travels to Belfast, leaving the restaurant under Lam's control.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: Quan seeks out Hennessy at his office but Hennessy claims to have no knowledge of the perpetrators before ejecting him from the premises. Quan does not believe him, and sets off a homemade bomb in Hennessy's building before leaving a fake explosive on Hennessy's car as warnings. Hennessy tells his men to find Quan and stop him. Under pressure from the British government and hoping to shore up his position ahead of Northern Irish Assembly elections, Hennessy tries to identify the culprits with help from his former IRA comrades. He orders that known IRA weapons dumps be searched for missing Semtex. Quan observes Hennessy with his mistress Maggie and photographs them kissing in a restaurant. Hennessy's men find Quan at his guesthouse but he fights them off and escapes.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: Quan then brings the fight to Hennessy, hiding in the trees outside his farmhouse and attacking it with more explosives. As Hennessy's henchmen attempt to track him, Quan disables them with traps but is shot in the shoulder and flees. Tending to his wounds, Quan recalls his escape from Vietnam in which his first two daughters were kidnapped and killed by Thai pirates. Hennessy also investigates Quan's background and discovers he was a former guerrilla fighter who was recruited by the CIA in Vietnam. After Quan ambushes Hennessy in his house, Hennessy contacts his nephew Sean Morrison, a former Royal Irish Regiment soldier, in the hope that Morrison's tracking skills can be used to stop Quan. Hennessey first sends Sean to London to negotiate with Bromley and the three strike a deal in which Hennessy will tell each IRA cell to change their codewords, thus allowing the police to pinpoint the bombers. However, the Authentic IRA catches on and outwits Hennessy.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: Hugh McGrath, one of Hennessy's old IRA commanders during The Troubles, arrives and asks Hennessy why his weapon dumps are being searched. Hennessy tells Hugh that the semtex used in the bombing came from one of his dumps. McGrath denies knowing anything and claims that everything was in order. McGrath then tells Hennessy that he believes the attacks should continue and tries to persuade Hennessy to think the same. Hennessy reveals that he secretly supported the idea of bombings, but believed they should only have been of economic targets that did not involve civilian deaths. Angry, McGrath berates Hennessy, claiming that he now cares more about his career rather than the IRA's cause. McGrath then leaves, but not before Hennessy threatens him saying if the bombers aren't caught, he will go after McGrath next.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: A second bombing occurs on a double-decker bus and no codeword is given, prompting distrust between Bromley and Hennessy. Hennessy tries to negotiate with British cabinet minister Katherine Davies and promises the capture of the terrorists in exchange for a Royal pardon of several of his former IRA friends. Meanwhile, Hennessy receives intel on the bombers and relays the information to Sean and the police. Bromley finds out that Hugh McGrath is the ringleader of the Authentic IRA and notifies Hennessy of the discovery. Hennessy tortures McGrath into giving him the identities of the bombers with Maggie among them, whose real name is Sara Mackay. The affair was planned to tie Liam to the bombers in case he chose not to support further violence. Hennessy also discovers that the true mastermind of the attacks is his own wife, Mary, who despises the British for the death of her brother Patrick at the hands of the Ulster Defence Association and resents Hennessy for allowing his killers to be sent to prison rather than having them murdered. In retaliation for his betrayal and for involving his wife and mistress, Hennessy shoots McGrath. He also learns that Sean leaked information to Mary whilst having an affair with her. Sean finds Quan's hiding place in the forest. After a knife fight, Quan captures Sean, who names the terrorists and their location in London before Quan lets him go. When Sean returns to the farmhouse, Hennessy admonishes his nephew, tells him of a last task that he has for him after which Sean will have to depart to New York City and never return.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: As the police and MI5 prepare to raid the bombers' London hideout, Quan enters the flat disguised as a handyman and kills everyone but Maggie, leaving her severely wounded. Quan leaves just before the police storm the apartment. They then torture Maggie into disclosing the location of their next bomb, which has been planted in a laptop belonging to a reporter whom Maggie seduced, and is to be detonated on a plane carrying British dignitaries to a conference in Rome. With only seconds to spare, British police throw the laptop into an empty jet bridge, where it detonates without casualties. With the threat resolved, Maggie is executed to prevent any "loose ends." Hennessy gets a call from Davies, who was scheduled to be on the targeted flight. She tells him that she has learned of his involvement with the bombers, but having helped prevent the last attack he can retain his position as deputy First Minister, albeit under her control. Sean visits Mary and executes her, eliminating the entire Authentic IRA cell and removing all links to Hennessy.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: Hennessy travels to London for a meeting but is confronted in his hotel by Quan with the picture of him kissing Maggie. He forces Hennessy at gunpoint to post the picture on the internet, publicly exposing his association with the Authentic IRA and destroying his political career. Quan returns to his restaurant and reunites with Lam.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: Scotland Yard realizes Quan's role in the events and has him put under surveillance; on the basis that he thinks that they "owe [Quan] something", Bromley decides not to take any further action against Quan and keeps him as "observe and report only."


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: On 5 June 2015 it was announced that Jackie Chan would star in the action thriller film "The Foreigner", for STX Entertainment, and based on Stephen Leather's novel "The Chinaman". Nick Cassavetes initially signed to direct the film, which was adapted from Leather's novel by David Marconi, while Wayne Marc Godfrey was one of the producers. The film is partially set in Walworth, London. On 15 July 2015, "Deadline" reported that Martin Campbell was instead in talks to direct the film, while Relativity Media would finance. Campbell was paid $2 million for the film. Pierce Brosnan joined the cast alongside Chan in November. Brosnan previously starred in the 1995 film "GoldenEye" directed by Campbell. Co-stars Liu Tao and Chan attended the Shanghai Film Festival on 11 June 2016 to promote the film.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: Principal photography commenced in January 2016. The filming in London of a scene involving the explosion of a bus on Lambeth Bridge caused some alarm, as people were not aware that it was a stunt. Scenes were shot at the Walters & Cohen designed Regent High School in Camden and on Churton Street in Pimlico on 18 February 2016.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: The Fyzz Facility produced, and is distributing, "The Foreigner", in association with Sparkle Roll Media and Huayi Brothers, while STXfilms distributes it theatrically across the United States of America.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: It was released on 30 September 2017 in China and 13 October 2017 in the United States. In the Philippines, the film was distributed by Viva International Pictures on 18 October 2017.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: "The Foreigner" grossed $34.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $111 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $145.4 million, against a production budget of $35 million.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: In the United States and Canada, the film opened alongside "Happy Death Day", "Marshall" and "Professor Marston and the Wonder Women", and was expected to gross $10–15 million from 2,555 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $4.8 million on its first day, including $855,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to open to $15.5 million, finishing third at the box office behind "Happy Death Day" and "Blade Runner 2049".


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: In the United Kingdom, it was released in December 2017 on Netflix. It became one of the UK's top ten most-watched Netflix original films of 2018, with a 0.37% share of the total Netflix content consumed in the UK that year.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: A DVD and Blu-ray released in the United States on 9 January 2018 and 23 January in Canada and the rest of the world.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an all-critics approval rating of 66% based on 127 reviews, with an average rating of 6.0/10. The film has an audience approval rating of 72% based on 10,000 plus ratings. The site's critical consensus reads, ""The Foreigner" adheres strictly to action thriller formula, but benefits from committed—and out of character—performances from its talented veteran stars." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 78% of filmgoers gave it positive score.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: The film was viewed positively by most critics. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave the film three out of four stars and praised Chan's performance, saying: "It's the most dramatic role Chan has ever tackled, and he plays it with coiled intensity and raw emotional power." Clarence Tsui of "The Hollywood Reporter" also praised Chan, writing, "It's good to see Chan swapping his happy-go-lucky persona for two hours for some gravitas as a tragic rogue with a marked past." John Berra of "Screen Daily" praised the action sequences, Cliff Martinez's score and the direction, stating "Campbell's unfussy style works well with Chan’s choreography. The star’s willingness to look his 63 years makes the falls look like they really hurt and creates a sense of jeopardy when Quan finds himself outnumbered." He also observed that the film "never commits the cinematic sin of suggesting that terrorism is a threat than can be readily dispatched with a few one-liners." Ignatiy Vishnevetsky for "The A.V. Club" described the film as "good, lean cut of meat—in other words, a typical Martin Campbell movie, expeditious and cold-blooded in its cross-cut, cloak-and-dagger plotting and violence." The "Chicago Reader" also commended the performances of Chan and Brosnan and called "The Foreigner" a "twisty, bracing political thriller, giving Chan room to display his dramatic ability." The "Times of India" gave a positive review of Campbell's direction and the film's suspense, stating that it can keep viewers "engrossed."


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: In more mixed reviews, Peter Debruge of "Variety" wrote "The Foreigner amounts to an above-average but largely by-the-numbers action movie in which Chan does battle with generic thugs and shadowy political forces." Glenn Kenny writing in "The New York Times" stated Chan "doesn’t deliver the action pizazz here that he used to," criticised the plot as "convoluted" and felt that the use of the IRA as antagonists was outdated in relation to current events.


title: The Foreigner (2017 film)

text: In January 2016, "The New Yorker" quoted Jackie Chan in-conversation with then-STX chairman Adam Fogelson as having suggested that a female character in "The Foreigner" who had been killed off in the script had been kept alive so-as to “save her for "No. 2"[.] Now the I.R.A. goes after her—and that’s the story.” On said meeting with Chan and the concept of "The Foreigner No. 2" sequel film discussed, Fogelson then remarked, “A few years ago, thinking about the sequel that way would be characterized as a lazy, greedy bastardization of the creative process. If you said that now, you’d be telling the entire world that they’re wrong. Sequels have become a duty—a form of storytelling that, thanks to great television, audiences have grown accustomed to. You can aspire to create six two-hour movies that develop your concept across multiple resolutions—which makes movies easier to sell, and creates a more predictable business model. Half the films we’ll say yes to will have sequelable potential.”


title: Electric field

text: An electric field (sometimes E-field) is the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles and exerts force on all other charged particles in the field, either attracting or repelling them. It also refers to the physical field for a system of charged particles. Electric fields originate from electric charges and time-varying electric currents. Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electromagnetic field, one of the four fundamental interactions (also called forces) of nature.


title: Electric field

text: Electric fields are important in many areas of physics, and are exploited in electrical technology. In atomic physics and chemistry, for instance, the electric field is the attractive force holding the atomic nucleus and electrons together in atoms. It is also the force responsible for chemical bonding between atoms that result in molecules.


title: Electric field

text: The electric field is defined as a vector field that associates to each point in space the electrostatic (Coulomb) force per unit of charge exerted on an infinitesimal positive test charge at rest at that point. The derived SI unit for the electric field is the volt per meter (V/m), which is equal to the newton per coulomb (N/C).


title: Electric field

text: The electric field is defined at each point in space as the force per unit charge that would be experienced by a vanishingly small positive test charge if held stationary at that point. As the electric field is defined in terms of force, and force is a vector (i.e. having both magnitude and direction), it follows that an electric field is a vector field. Fields that may be defined in this manner are sometimes referred to as force fields. The electric field acts between two charges similarly to the way the gravitational field acts between two masses, as they both obey an inverse-square law with distance. This is the basis for Coulomb's law, which states that, for stationary charges, the electric field varies with the source charge and varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source. This means that if the source charge were doubled, the electric field would double, and if you move twice as far away from the source, the field at that point would be only one-quarter its original strength.