title: Religion in Russia

text: The Russian ambassador Alexander Kadakin condemned the "madmen" who sought the ban, and underlined that Russia is a secular country. To protest the attempted ban, 15,000 Indians in Moscow, and followers of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness throughout Russia, appealed to the government of India asking an intervention to resolve the issue. The move triggered strong protests by members of the Parliament of India who wanted the government to take a strong position. The final court hearing in Tomsk was then scheduled on 28 December, after the court agreed to seek the opinion of the Tomsk ombudsman on human rights and of Indologists from Moscow and Saint Petersburg.


title: Jessica Barden

text: Jessica Barden (born 21 July 1992) is an English actress. She is known for her role as Alyssa in the Channel 4 comedy-drama series "The End of the F***ing World" (2017–2019). She has also made appearances in films including "Hanna" (2011), "The Lobster" (2015), "The New Romantic" (2018) and "Pink Skies Ahead" (2020).


title: Jessica Barden

text: Barden was born on 21 July 1992 in Northallerton, North Yorkshire. When she was three, she moved with her parents to Wetherby, West Yorkshire. She attended Wetherby High School.


title: Jessica Barden

text: Barden's acting debut came in 1999 with a small role in an episode of the television series "My Parents Are Aliens." She later appeared in episodes of the series "No Angels" and "The Chase." In March 2007, she started appearing in the role of Kayleigh Morton on the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street", continuing until September 2008, when the Morton family left "Coronation Street". In 2007 Barden made her film debut in the comedy-drama "Mrs Ratcliffe's Revolution". In 2009 she played the part of Pea in the stage production "Jerusalem" at the Royal Court Theatre in London before being transferred to the Apollo Theatre in the West End.


title: Jessica Barden

text: In 2010, Barden appeared in the film "Tamara Drewe", a dramatisation of the comic strip of the same name. The following year she played the role of Sophie in the film "Hanna". Between 2012 and 2015 she appeared in the urban horror "Comedown," costarred in the mystery film "In the Dark Half," and had a role in the psychological thriller "Mindscape". In 2014, she appeared in the American independent movie "Lullaby". In July 2015, Barden played the role of Kit Carmichael in the BBC's two-part television adaptation of Sadie Jones' debut novel "The Outcast". The same year she played the role of Liddy in a film adaptation of Thomas Hardy's "Far from the Madding Crowd".


title: Jessica Barden

text: In 2016, Barden played the title role in Channel 4's TV movie "Ellen" and the role of Jasmine in the comedy film "Mindhorn". In 2017, she starred in the British horror movie "Habit" and in the Channel 4/Netflix television series "The End of the F***ing World" playing Alyssa. In 2018, she played Blake in the film "The New Romantic". In October 2019, she appeared in the music video for "Maniac" by Conan Gray.


title: Jessica Barden

text: In January 2021, it was announced that Barden was cast as Jane in the upcoming Netflix thriller series "Pieces of Her", which is adapted from the Karin Slaughter novel of the same name.


title: Jessica Barden

text: On 19 October 2021, Barden announced that she had given birth to her first child, later revealing on Instagram that it was a girl. Her husband and the father of her child is filmmaker Max Winkler. She has converted to Judaism and resides in Los Angeles.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Trevor Andrew Bauer (born January 17, 1991) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Cleveland Indians, and Cincinnati Reds.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: After starring as a pitcher for three seasons at William S. Hart High School, Bauer graduated a year early and enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles. He and fellow ace Gerrit Cole helped take UCLA to a 22-game winning streak and a College World Series appearance as sophomores in 2010. The following year, Bauer won both the Golden Spikes Award and the National Pitcher of the Year Award. The Diamondbacks selected him third overall at the 2011 MLB Draft. Bauer made his major league debut the following June, becoming the first member of his draft class to reach the majors.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Bauer clashed with his Diamondbacks teammates during the 2012 season. In December 2012, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians. He spent the first two seasons there retooling his pitching approach, repairing poor mechanics that he had picked up after a 2012 injury. By 2016, he had emerged as a regular force in the Indians' starting rotation, but shortly after his first MLB All-Star Game appearance in 2018, Bauer's career trajectory was interrupted by a stress fracture that kept him out of the rotation until the end of the season. Bauer struggled during the 2019 season, both with Cleveland and with Cincinnati, but he followed this effort with his first Cy Young Award during the 60-game 2020 MLB season.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: A free agent after the 2020 season, Bauer signed a three-year contract with the Dodgers in February 2021. He led the league in both strikeouts and innings pitched through July 2 but spent the rest of the season on administrative leave imposed by MLB as they investigated sexual assault allegations made against him, which continued into the following season. On April 29, 2022, the league announced that Bauer would be suspended for 324 games as a result of their investigation.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Bauer was born on January 17, 1991, in North Hollywood, California. From a young age, Bauer was fascinated by baseball pitchers like Tom Glavine, Greg Maddux, and John Smoltz. His parents Warren and Kathy paid for pitching lessons from a private coach, and in his free time, he would practice pitching against the fence of a local tennis court. Bauer had few friends in school and experienced bullying for his obsession with baseball. He continued to practice his technique at William S. Hart High School in Santa Clarita, and he spent the summers at a baseball camp in Texas. As a junior in 2008, Bauer posted a 12–0 win–loss record with a 0.79 earned run average (ERA), and his fastball reached speeds of up to . His final high school game was a playoff shutout against Canyon Springs High School that Hart took 4–0. Bauer chose to graduate after his junior season, in part because he meshed poorly with many of his teammates, including future Major League Baseball (MLB) player Mike Montgomery.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: After graduating from high school, Bauer attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to study mechanical engineering. There, he joined the UCLA Bruins baseball team in the same class as Gerrit Cole. The two formed a rivalry that began, according to Bauer, when Cole told him that he had "no future in baseball". At the end of their freshman season in 2009, Bauer led the team with nine wins, a 2.99 ERA. and innings pitched, also getting named the Pac-10 Conference Baseball Newcomer of the Year. That summer, he played for the USA Baseball Collegiate National Team, going 1–1 with a 4.67 ERA in five games, three of which were starts, and striking out 24 batters in innings.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Cole and Bauer combined in 2010 to push the Bruins to a 10–0 start, the best record to begin the season since the school started keeping track in the 1950s. Bauer was 2–0 with a 2.45 ERA in those first 10 games, and he and Cole combined for 49 strikeouts in innings. The Bruins ultimately built a 22-game winning streak before April 3, when the Stanford Cardinal were able to capitalize on a fifth-inning error from shortstop Niko Gallego, defeating UCLA 8–4 and giving Bauer his first loss in over a year. UCLA continued to dominate in the postseason, with Bauer taking the win in a 10–3 rout of Texas Christian to lead UCLA to its first ever College World Series Championship Series. There, they were swept by South Carolina in the best-of-three series.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Bauer set a number of UCLA records as a junior in 2011. On March 26, he struck out his 329th college batter in a complete game shutout of the University of Southern California, passing Alex Sanchez' strikeout record from 1987. On April 16, he recorded his 28th career win in a 4–0 victory over the Arizona Wildcats, gaining a 28—7 record and usurping Sanchez as the UCLA all-time wins leader. By the end of the season, he led the school with 460 strikeouts, 34 wins, and innings pitched. At the end of the year, Bauer was the recipient of the National Pitcher of the Year Award, awarded by the College Baseball Foundation. He was also the first UCLA player to receive the Golden Spikes Award, given annually to the top amateur baseball player in the United States.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: While Cole was projected to go first overall in the 2011 MLB Draft, Bauer's performance during the 2011 NCAA season saw his stock rise among MLB scouts. As predicted, the Pittsburgh Pirates selected Cole first overall, while Bauer went to the Arizona Diamondbacks two selections later. It was the first time that two college teammates were selected first and third overall in the same MLB draft since 1978. He signed with the team on July 25 and was subsequently assigned to the Class A-Advanced Visalia Rawhide of the California League. He made only three appearances with Visalia, pitching 14 innings and allowing three runs before being promoted to the Double-A Mobile BayBears that August. Bauer debuted with Mobile on August 16, striking out eight batters and allowing five hits in five innings of work. Bauer picked up his first professional baseball win on August 20, pitching five innings in Mobile's 13–6 victory over the Jacksonville Suns. In four starts with the BayBears that year, Bauer went 1–1 with a 7.56 ERA, striking out 26 batters in innings of work.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Bauer entered the 2012 season as the Diamondbacks' top-rated prospect, and the ninth overall prospect in MLB. He received an invitation to the Diamondbacks' spring training and went 1–0 with a 3.60 ERA in 10 Cactus League innings. Ultimately, however, Bauer failed to displace Josh Collmenter in Arizona's starting rotation, and he was assigned to Mobile shortly before opening day. He made eight more starts for Mobile, going 7–1 with a 1.68 ERA and striking out 60 batters in innings before receiving a promotion to the Triple-A Reno Aces on May 17. At the time of his promotion, he led the Southern League in wins, strikeouts, and ERA. Bauer was selected to pitch in the 2012 All-Star Futures Game, but he was unavailable due to a major league call-up and had to be replaced by Tyler Skaggs. At the time, he had a combined 11–1 record and 2.23 ERA between Reno and Mobile.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: On June 27, 2012, the Diamondbacks called Bauer up from Reno in order to replace an injured Joe Saunders. He was scheduled to start the next day, becoming the first member of the 2011 draft class to make his MLB debut. Although the Diamondbacks defeated the Atlanta Braves 3–2, Bauer earned a no-decision in his major league debut, pitching four innings before suffering a groin strain that required him to leave the mound. He picked up his first win on July 8, holding the Los Angeles Dodgers to six scoreless innings as the Diamondbacks ultimately won 7–1. After four major league starts, during which Bauer went 1–2 with a 6.06 ERA, he was sent back down to Reno, where he was shut down for a period of two weeks in order to preserve his health during his first full season of professional baseball. He finished the season there, helping the Aces to reach their first Pacific Coast League and Triple-A baseball championships. In the championship game against the Pawtucket Red Sox of the International League, Bauer took another no decision as he allowed two runs in innings. In 14 total starts for Reno, Bauer posted a 5–1 record and a 2.85 ERA, striking out 97 batters in 82 innings.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: On December 11, 2012, Bauer was part of a three-team, nine-player trade between Arizona, the Cincinnati Reds, and the Cleveland Indians. Bauer, fellow Diamondbacks pitchers Matt Albers and Bryan Shaw, and Reds outfielder Drew Stubbs went to Cleveland, who in turn sent Shin-Soo Choo and Jason Donald to Cincinnati, and Tony Sipp and Lars Anderson to Arizona. The Reds also traded prospect Didi Gregorius to the Diamondbacks. After the trade, Bauer's former Diamondbacks batterymate Miguel Montero revealed that he had struggled to catch for the young pitcher. Montero indicated that Bauer ignored his pitch calling and would "tell [Montero] how to do [his] job". Diamondbacks president Derrick Hall told reporters that Bauer "had a really tough year" with Arizona, and that he had apologized for his attitude to several veteran players. That February, Bauer released a rap song on SoundCloud called "You Don't Know Me", a purported diss track against his former teammate.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Bauer began retooling his pitching delivery after the 2012 season, and he entered spring training with the Indians with the intention of "overwrit[ing] eight to 10 years of neuromuscular programming". He was not named to the Indians' 2013 opening day roster, instead making up part of the starting rotation for the Triple-A Columbus Clippers. He was recalled on April 6 for a game against the Tampa Bay Rays, giving up a career-high seven walks in a 6–0 loss. Bauer's difficulties with fastball command carried through the season, and when MLB rosters expanded from 25 to 40 in September, Bauer was not included among the additional 15. He started four major league games that season, posting a 1–2 record and a 5.29 ERA while striking out 11 batters in 17 innings. In his 22 starts for Columbus, meanwhile, Bauer was 6–7 with an ERA of 4.15. He continued to work on his pitching mechanics during the 2013–14 offseason, blaming his poor performance on bad techniques that he had picked up after suffering his groin injury in Arizona.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: The Indians optioned Bauer to Columbus at the start of the 2014 season, a decision that they hoped would allow him to become more comfortable pitching in the organization. He received his first call-up of the season on April 8, starting in the second game of a doubleheader against the San Diego Padres. He took the loss in that game despite recording eight strikeouts, but continued to progress in Columbus. On May 20, Bauer received his second call-up of the season, replacing Danny Salazar for a start against Detroit Tigers ace and Cy Young Award winner Justin Verlander. Bauer took the win, giving up only two runs in seven innings of the 6–2 victory. The biggest improvement of Bauer's season was in limiting walks: by June 24, he had lowered his rate of bases on balls per nine innings pitched (BB/9) to 3.4, an improvement over his 8.5 BB/9 during the previous season that he attributed to ironing out his mechanics. Bauer made 26 major league starts in 2014, going 5–8 with a 4.18 ERA and striking out 143 batters in 153 innings.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Bauer was named to the Indians' opening day roster for the 2015 season, joining Corey Kluber, Carlos Carrasco, Zach McAllister, and TJ House in the starting rotation. After a dominant April in which he went 2–1 with a 4.19 ERA, Bauer stumbled at the start of May, giving up 11 runs in his first innings of the month. Bauer drew his first hit as a batter on June 16, recording a leadoff single against Jake Arrieta of the Chicago Cubs. He said later that he "didn't think [he'd] ever get a career hit", and that he had closed his eyes while making contact with the ball. On July 28, he pitched his first major league complete game, a 2–1 loss against the Kansas City Royals that pushed Cleveland to an eight-game losing streak at home, their longest in 40 years. As the season progressed, Bauer continued to struggle with allowing home runs, and he was moved to the bullpen on September 17, with Josh Tomlin and Cody Anderson filling his position in the starting rotation. He finished the season with an 11–12 record and a 4.55 ERA, as well as 170 strikeouts in 176 innings. Bauer also led the American League (AL) in walks that season with 79.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Despite a strong spring training run, including six scoreless innings in his final Cactus League start, the Indians assigned Bauer to the bullpen to begin the 2016 season, with Anderson and Tomlin remaining in the rotation. After Carrasco suffered a leg injury on April 25, however, Bauer moved into his place in the rotation. The acquisition of catcher Chris Gimenez from the Texas Rangers on May 4 helped Bauer with his fastball command on the mound. Gimenez had been acquired to replace backup catcher Roberto Pérez, who had broken his thumb. He became Bauer’s regular catcher from then on, with Bauer going 3–1 in his first nine starts with Gimenez as his batterymate. His second complete game came on June 22, with a three-hitter against the Tampa Bay Rays to give the Indians a six-game winning streak. Bauer finished the regular season with a 12–8 record, a 4.26 ERA, and 168 strikeouts in 35 games (28 starts) and 190 innings of work. As the Indians advanced through the playoffs, Bauer was scheduled to start Game 2 of the 2016 American League Championship Series (ALCS) against the Toronto Blue Jays, but he suffered an injury to the pinkie finger of his right hand while attempting to repair a homemade drone. He received stitches for the injury and started in Game 3, but MLB prohibits pitchers from using Band-Aids on their hands, and the wound re-opened on the mound. Bauer lasted only 21 pitches before he was replaced by Dan Otero. After the Indians took the ALCS, Bauer started Games 2 and 5 of the 2016 World Series, losing both games and posting a 5.40 World Series ERA. The Chicago Cubs won the Series in seven games for their first championship title in 108 years.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: On January 12, 2017, Bauer agreed to a one-year, $3.55 million contract with the Indians, twice as much as he had earned the prior season. The first two months of the 2017 season were a disappointment for Bauer, who allowed 11 home runs and 38 earned runs in his first 10 appearances. He described the first half of the season as "miserable", and was often upset when he was scheduled to start, because it "didn't feel like [he] was contributing to the team". The nadir of Bauer's season came on June 16, in his first start after the All-Star Game break, when Bauer allowed four runs, three hits, and two walks before he was taken out of the game in the first inning. The incident was a turning point for Bauer, who turned his season around by posting a 10–1 record and 2.60 ERA in his last 14 starts. In particular, he improved at limiting the damage of home runs against him, increasing the proportion of solo shots to multi-run home runs. By the end of the regular season, Bauer had a 17–9 record and a 4.19 ERA in 32 games, and he struck out 196 batters in innings. As the Indians stepped into the 2017 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the New York Yankees, manager Terry Francona passed over ace Corey Kluber to give Bauer the start in Game 1. Bauer recorded eight strikeouts in the game, including three of Yankees slugger Aaron Judge, and was able to carry a no-hitter into the sixth inning. Bauer's no-hit innings set an Indians postseason record; previously, Bob Feller and Early Wynn had gone five no-hit innings each in the 1948 World Series and the 1954 World Series, respectively. The Yankees ultimately took the series in five games.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: During the 2017–18 offseason, Bauer estimated that he had pitched a total of 40 practice innings with UCLA alumni in order to present a new slider for the 2018 MLB season. The result was a dominant first half of the season, in which Bauer was second in the AL with a 2.24 ERA, third with 175 strikeouts, and third with 4.5 Wins Above Replacement. The Indians, meanwhile, were 7.5 games ahead in the AL Central going into the All-Star break. Bauer received his first All-Star selection in 2018 and was originally meant to begin the tenth inning for the AL team, but manager A. J. Hinch ultimately allowed J. A. Happ of the Toronto Blue Jays to attempt the save. Bauer's push for the AL Cy Young Award was put on pause when he took a line drive to the leg from José Abreu on August 11 during a game against the Chicago White Sox. The hit caused injury and swelling, and an MRI revealed a stress fracture that required a walking boot and four to six weeks of recovery time. Bauer began pitching again on September 22, throwing scoreless innings of relief against the Boston Red Sox so that Cleveland management could decide whether he would be able to start in a potential postseason run. The Houston Astros took an early lead in the 2018 ALDS, but were able to sweep the Indians after Bauer committed two throwing errors in Game 3 of the series, turning a 2–2 game into an 11–3 rout by Houston.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: In his first two starts of the 2019 season, Bauer went 14 innings, striking out 17 batters and allowing only one hit. In addition to starting the season with a 0.64 ERA, Bauer became the first pitcher in MLB history to begin a season with back-to-back starts of five or more innings while giving up one hit. As the season progressed, Bauer's ERA built to 3.79 with the Indians, and he revealed later that he had only been healthy for one third of his starts. An awkward throw in the fourth inning of his fourth game of the season had partially torn the ligaments in his ankle, and as he changed his stance to compensate for the injury, he began to suffer back spasms. After recovering from the injuries, he fell ill. On July 28, after allowing the go-ahead run in a game against the Kansas City Royals, Bauer became frustrated and threw a ball over the center field fence of Kauffman Stadium. Manager Terry Francona, arriving on the mound to pull Bauer from the game, became angry with the gesture, and Bauer apologized after the game, calling the incident "childish" and "unprofessional".


title: Trevor Bauer

text: On July 31, 2019, the Cincinnati Reds acquired Bauer in a three-team trade with the Indians and the San Diego Padres. Cleveland acquired Yasiel Puig and Scott Moss from Cincinnati and Franmil Reyes, Logan Allen, and Victor Nova from San Diego, while the Reds sent prospect Taylor Trammell to the Padres. Bauer struggled in his team debut, lasting only innings while allowing three runs on seven hits, walking three batters, and hitting another batter with a pitch. He followed a difficult first start with a dominant appearance over the Chicago Cubs, striking out 11 batters as Cincinnati won 5–2. Bauer remained an inconsistent force in the Reds' starting rotation: in his first 10 starts with the new team, he posted a 2–5 record with a 6.39 ERA and 12 home runs. In five of those first ten starts, he allowed five or more earned runs. Bauer was frustrated with his own performance, referring to the back half of the season as "one step forward, two steps back". He ultimately went 11–13 for the season in 34 starts between Cleveland and Cincinnati, posting a 4.48 ERA and striking out 253 batters in 213 innings.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Bauer avoided arbitration prior to the 2020 MLB season, agreeing to a one-year, $17.5 million contract with the Reds on January 10, 2020. As the season was indefinitely paused, first due to the COVID-19 pandemic and then as negotiations between the league and players' union reached a stalemate, Bauer became frustrated with the lack of play, saying that the suspension had done "irreparable damage" to the sport of baseball. Bauer ultimately put out a career-best year during the shortened 60-game season, posting a 5–4 record and leading the league with a 1.73 ERA in 11 starts while striking out 100 batters in 73 innings. As the regular season built to a close, Bauer began pitching on short rest, starting every fourth day rather than every fifth to help the Reds clinch a postseason berth. Bauer was selected to start the opening match of the Reds' 2020 National League Wild Card Series against the Atlanta Braves, pitching scoreless innings in what was ultimately a 13-inning loss for the Reds. It was the first postseason game in MLB history to remain scoreless after 11 innings of play, while Bauer became the first pitcher to last seven or more innings with no runs, fewer than three hits, no walks, and 12 or more strikeouts. He also set a Cincinnati record for the most strikeouts delivered by a pitcher in the playoffs. Although Atlanta swept Cincinnati during the Wild Card series, Bauer bested Yu Darvish of the Cubs and Jacob deGrom of the New York Mets in voting for the NL Cy Young Award. He was the first pitcher for Cincinnati to receive the award; previously, the Reds were the only active MLB team founded prior to 1961 that had never boasted a winning pitcher. Bauer rejected the Reds' $18.9 million qualifying offer on November 4, 2020, making him a free agent, but he said he remained open to rejoining the team.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: After becoming a free agent, Bauer courted offers from a number of MLB teams, ultimately turning down a deal from the New York Mets in order to sign with the Los Angeles Dodgers on February 5, 2021. The Dodgers signed Bauer to a three-year, $102 million contract, with opt-out options after the 2021 and 2022 MLB seasons. Some concerns had been raised among the Mets over Bauer's social media use, including two incidents in which women accused Bauer of harassing them online. The Dodgers were aware of Bauer's abrasive reputation, but were willing to overlook it in favor of his pitching ability, with Mookie Betts telling the "Los Angeles Times", "He is who he is. You know what you're getting and so I don't really worry about it. It doesn't bother me."


title: Trevor Bauer

text: On July 2, 2021, MLB placed Bauer on administrative leave while an internal investigation was opened into sexual assault allegations that had been made against him. At the time that the allegations were made public, Bauer had an 8–5 record and a 2.59 ERA in 17 starts, and he led MLB with innings pitched and 137 strikeouts. On September 10, MLB and the players union agreed to extend Bauer's leave through the remainder of the 2021 season; previously, the extensions had been made on a week-by-week basis.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: MLB's investigation into Bauer was suspended due to the 2021–22 MLB lockout, and he began the 2022 season on continued administrative leave as the investigation continued. On April 29, 2022, Rob Manfred, the Commissioner of Baseball, announced that Bauer would be suspended for 324 games, equivalent to two seasons, without pay for a violation of the league's Joint Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault and Child Abuse Policy. It was the longest non-lifetime suspension issued in MLB history. Bauer became the first player ever to appeal a suspension under the league's domestic violence policy since it went into effect in 2015.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: By his own admission, Bauer enjoys having as vast a pitching repertoire as possible. As a prospect in 2012, he told reporters, "The more pitches that I have, that have different speeds and move differently, the more confusion it creates for the hitter." He estimates that he has thrown 19 different pitches, including ones that he himself invented: for instance, the "reverse slider", a variation on the screwball, and "the bird", a form of split finger fastball in which the middle finger is raised up, approximating the "bird" hand gesture. Broadly, he has been observed using a two-seam fastball, a four-seam fastball, a slider, a curveball, and a cut fastball. This expansive repertoire is designed to confuse batters, but also requires a steep learning curve between Bauer and his catcher. In addition to his vast pitch repertoire, Bauer has garnered attention over his stamina on the mound: at the start of the 2021 season, his fastball velocity averaged , with the fastest individual pitches coming towards the end of his starts. He attributes part of his late-inning success to his "tunneling approach" on the mound, which involves starting every pitch down the middle before having it break in a certain direction. The technique can confuse batters, because every pitch looks the same from the start, only to feint while crossing the plate.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Ever since his rookie season with Arizona, sports journalists have drawn attention to Bauer's unique warmup regimen, which includes a long toss warmup from between the two foul poles of a field, a distance averaging about . He began incorporating long toss into his warmup regimen as a preteen attending Alan Jaeger's baseball clinic in southern California. In addition to this pregame regimen, Bauer has historically utilized a high-speed Edgertronic camera to record both himself and pitchers whose technique he wants to emulate. Watching the camera footage back allowed Bauer to tweak his slider and two-seam fastball and get the results he desired. Bauer's lean frame, coupled with his high-intensity delivery, have earned comparisons to former San Francisco Giants pitcher Tim Lincecum. When Bauer was retooling his pitch technique in preparation for major league ball, he admitted to modeling his mechanics after Lincecum's delivery.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: In recent years, Bauer has been one of several players at the heart of a pitch doctoring controversy in MLB, which concerns the use of resin-infused grip enhancers to improve spin rate on pitches. In February 2020, Bauer spoke to HBO's "Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel" about the use of pine tar and other foreign substances, estimating that "70 percent of the pitchers in the league use some sort of technically illegal substance on the ball". MLB began investigating the use of such substances during the 2021 season, and "The Athletic" reported at the start of April that some of Bauer's game balls had been removed for inspection after sources claimed that the balls were sticky to the touch, with visible markings. Speculation that Bauer had been using grip-enhancing substances increased after the spin rate on his fastball dropped by more than 200 rpm following an announcement from MLB that the league would begin enforcing their rules on pitch doctoring. Despite this speculation, no conclusive evidence has determined that Bauer has been using grip-enhancing substances.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Besides pitching, Bauer is interested in marketing the sport of baseball, particularly in response to what he perceives as negativity from sports commentators during games. In 2019, he started a video production company called Momentum Films, with the intention of showcasing the stories of professional baseball players, as well as their off-field personalities. In addition to Momentum, which has a content partnership with FOX Sports, Bauer records YouTube video blogs about baseball and runs a podcast called Bauer Bytes.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: After receiving a higher salary than expected during an arbitration hearing in 2018, Bauer launched a charity campaign called "69 Days of Giving", where he promised to donate an exact amount of $420.69 USD to 68 charities selected by his fans. The final charity, decided by Bauer, would receive a donation of $69,420.69 USD. The campaign ended on June 5, 2018, with Max S. Hayes High School in Cleveland, Ohio receiving the final donation. Bauer chose his donation amounts based on the connotations around the numbers 420, typically associated with cannabis culture, and 69, an oral sex position. He believed that employing a campaign around sex and drug references would help to market the charitable contributions.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Bauer is an active Twitter user who has made many of his political beliefs known via the platform. He identifies as a free market capitalist and social liberal. Although he did not vote in the 2016 United States presidential election, Bauer has expressed his personal support of Donald Trump, whom he believed "would shake up the system". He previously expressed his support for 2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney and criticized former president Barack Obama. In February 2017, Bauer accused Apple and Twitter of purporting a liberal media bias, after which he proceeded to express a variety of political beliefs, including climate change denial, skepticism that Obama was born in the United States, and a defense of the Indians' mascot Chief Wahoo, who has been criticized as a racial caricature. In 2018, Bauer accused the Indians of restricting his Twitter access in order to censor his political commentary.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: Bauer, who has been characterized as "extremely online" by NBC Sports correspondent Bill Baer, has also been criticized for engaging in online harassment of those who disagree with his views. In January 2019, Bauer responded to a female college student who referred to him as her "least favorite person in all of sports" by tweeting at her over the course of 12 hours and encouraging his followers to partake as well.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: On June 30, 2021, the Pasadena Police Department confirmed to news outlets that Bauer was under investigation for the alleged assault of a San Diego woman that May. The woman was granted a temporary domestic violence restraining order on June 28, alleging that she had met Bauer on April 21 and that she had been physically and sexually assaulted by him on two separate occasions. The woman alleged that Bauer had sodomized her without consent, punched her in the face, and choked her to the point of unconsciousness. On May 16, she went to the emergency room at Alvarado Hospital, where, after her injuries were examined, she met with several detectives from the San Diego Police Department. MLB placed Bauer on administrative leave on July 2, while the Dodgers removed his merchandise from their team store and replaced his scheduled bobblehead promotional night with a Clayton Kershaw "World Champion T-shirt" promotion. Bauer has acknowledged having sexual contact with his accuser, but has stated that their encounters were "'wholly consensual'" and that his accuser sent him a text message requesting that he inflict pain upon her; he has denied certain specific aspects of the allegations. Bauer underwent a civil hearing for the restraining order against him from August 16 to August 19. Bauer did not testify during the hearing.


title: Trevor Bauer

text: On August 20, the temporary restraining order against Bauer was removed after a judge determined that Bauer did not pose a threat to the woman's immediate safety. MLB extended his leave for the remainder of the season while they and the Pasadena Police Department finished their investigation into Bauer. On February 8, 2022, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office announced that they would not be filing any criminal charges against Bauer related to these incidents citing a lack of evidence. In March 2022, Bauer filed defamation lawsuits against Deadspin, "The Athletic", and a former reporter for "The Athletic", Molly Knight. The following month, he filed a defamation suit against the woman who had accused him of assault and one of her attorneys. On September 13, 2022, Bauer, through his attorney as part of a motion to dismiss his accusers' lawsuit, released a video recorded by his accuser the morning after the alleged assault took place. Bauer's attorney claims the video proves his innocence showing his accuser "willingly in bed with a sleeping Mr. Bauer, and is smirking and uninjured".


title: Trevor Bauer

text: While Bauer was under investigation in 2021, "The Washington Post" uncovered court records showing that a separate woman from Ohio had sought a temporary order of protection in June 2020. Police reports indicated that the woman had accused Bauer of physical assault in 2017 and that she had sought an order of protection after receiving death threats from the pitcher. Bauer denied these additional allegations and further alleged that he had been harassed and physically assaulted by the Ohio woman. During MLB's investigations, a third accuser came forward who alleged abuse during his time with the Indians.


title: Silesia

text: Silesia (, , ) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is approximately , and the population is estimated at around 8,000,000. Silesia is split into two main subregions, Lower Silesia in the west and Upper Silesia in the east. Silesia has a diverse culture, including architecture, costumes, cuisine, traditions, and the Silesian language (minority in Upper Silesia).


title: Silesia

text: Silesia is along the Oder River, with the Sudeten Mountains extending across the southern border. The region contains many historical landmarks and UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is also rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas. The largest city and Lower Silesia's capital is Wrocław; the historic capital of Upper Silesia is Opole. The biggest metropolitan area is the Upper Silesian metropolitan area, the centre of which is Katowice. Parts of the Czech city of Ostrava and the German city of Görlitz are within Silesia's borders.


title: Silesia

text: Silesia's borders and national affiliation have changed over time, both when it was a hereditary possession of noble houses and after the rise of modern nation-states, resulting in an abundance of castles, especially in the Jelenia Góra valley. The first known states to hold power in Silesia were probably those of Greater Moravia at the end of the 9th century and Bohemia early in the 10th century. In the 10th century, Silesia was incorporated into the early Polish state, and after its fragmentation in the 12th century it formed the Duchy of Silesia, a provincial duchy of Poland. As a result of further fragmentation, Silesia was divided into many duchies, ruled by various lines of the Polish Piast dynasty. In the 14th century, it became a constituent part of the Bohemian Crown Lands under the Holy Roman Empire, which passed to the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in 1526, however, a number of duchies remained under the rule of Polish dukes from the houses of Piast, Jagiellon and Sobieski as formal Bohemian fiefdoms, some until the 17th–18th centuries. As a result of the Silesian Wars, the region was annexed by the German state of Prussia in 1742.


title: Silesia

text: After World War I, when the Poles and Czechs regained their independence, the easternmost part of Upper Silesia became again part of Poland by the decision of the Entente Powers after insurrections by Poles and the Upper Silesian plebiscite, while the remaining former Austrian parts of Silesia were divided between Czechoslovakia and Poland. During World War II, as a result of German occupation the entire region was under control of Nazi Germany. In 1945, after World War II, most of the German-held Silesia was transferred to Polish jurisdiction by the Potsdam Agreement between the victorious Allies and became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime. The small Lusatian strip west of the Oder–Neisse line, which had belonged to Silesia since 1815, became part of East Germany.


title: Silesia

text: As the result of the forced population shifts of 1945–48, today's inhabitants of Silesia speak the national languages of their respective countries. Previously German-speaking Lower Silesia had developed a new mixed Polish dialect and novel costumes. There is ongoing debate about whether the Silesian language should be considered a dialect of Polish or a separate language. The Lower Silesian German dialect is nearing extinction due to its speakers' expulsion.


title: Silesia

text: The names of Silesia in different languages most likely share their etymology— ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Latin, Spanish and English: "Silesia"; ; ; ; ; . The names all relate to the name of a river (now Ślęza) and mountain (Mount Ślęża) in mid-southern Silesia, which served as a place of cult for pagans before Christianization.


title: Silesia

text: "Ślęża" is listed as one of the numerous Pre-Indo-European topographic names in the region (see old European hydronymy). According to some Polonists, the name "Ślęża" or "Ślęż" is directly related to the Old Polish words "ślęg" or "śląg" , which means dampness, moisture, or humidity. They disagree with the hypothesis of an origin for the name "Śląsk" from the name of the Silings tribe, an etymology preferred by some German authors.


title: Silesia

text: In Polish common usage, "Śląsk" refers to traditionally Polish Upper Silesia and today's Silesian Voivodeship, but less to Lower Silesia, which is different from Upper Silesia in many respects as its population was predominantly German-speaking until 1945–48.


title: Silesia

text: In the fourth century BC from the south, through the Kłodzko Valley, the Celts entered Silesia, and settled around Mount Ślęża near modern Wrocław, Oława and Strzelin.


title: Silesia

text: Germanic Lugii tribes were first recorded within Silesia in the 1st century. West Slavs and Lechites arrived in the region around the 7th century, and by the early ninth century, their settlements had stabilized. Local West Slavs started to erect boundary structures like the Silesian Przesieka and the Silesia Walls. The eastern border of Silesian settlement was situated to the west of the Bytom, and east from Racibórz and Cieszyn. East of this line dwelt a closely related Lechitic tribe, the Vistulans. Their northern border was in the valley of the Barycz River, north of which lived the Western Polans tribe who gave Poland its name.


title: Silesia

text: The first known states in Silesia were Greater Moravia and Bohemia. In the 10th century, the Polish ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty incorporated Silesia into the newly established Polish state. In 1000, the Diocese of Wrocław was established as the oldest Catholic diocese in the region, and one of the oldest dioceses in Poland, subjugated to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno. Poland repulsed German invasions of Silesia in 1017 at Niemcza and in 1109 at Głogów. During the Fragmentation of Poland, Silesia and the rest of the country were divided into many smaller duchies ruled by various Silesian dukes. During this time, German cultural and ethnic influence increased as a result of immigration from German-speaking states of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1178, parts of the Duchy of Kraków around Bytom, Oświęcim, Chrzanów, and Siewierz were transferred to the Silesian Piasts, although their population was primarily Vistulan and not of Silesian descent.


title: Silesia

text: In 1241, the Mongols conducted their first invasion of Poland, causing widespread panic and mass flight. They looted much of the region and defeated the combined Polish, Moravian and German forces led by Duke Henry II the Pious at the Battle of Legnica, which took place at Legnickie Pole near the Silesian city of Legnica. Upon the death of Orda Khan, the Mongols chose not to press forward further into Europe, but returned east to participate in the election of a new Grand Khan (leader).


title: Silesia

text: Between 1289 and 1292, Bohemian king Wenceslaus II became "suzerain" of some of the Upper Silesian duchies. Polish monarchs had not renounced their hereditary rights to Silesia until 1335. The province became part of the Bohemian Crown which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, however, a number of duchies remained under the rule of the Polish dukes from the houses of Piast, Jagiellon and Sobieski as formal Bohemian fiefdoms, some until the 17th–18th centuries. In 1469 sovereignty over the region passed to Hungary, and in 1490 it returned to Bohemia. In 1526 Silesia passed with the Bohemian Crown to the Habsburg monarchy.


title: Silesia

text: In the 15th century, several changes were made to Silesia's borders. Parts of the territories which had been transferred to the Silesian Piasts in 1178 were bought by the Polish kings in the second half of the 15th century (the Duchy of Oświęcim in 1457; the Duchy of Zator in 1494). The Bytom area remained in the possession of the Silesian Piasts, though it was a part of the Diocese of Kraków. The Duchy of Krosno Odrzańskie ("Crossen") was inherited by the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1476, and with the renunciation of King Ferdinand I and the estates of Bohemia in 1538, became an integral part of Brandenburg. From 1645 until 1666, the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz was held in pawn by the Polish House of Vasa as dowry of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata.


title: Silesia

text: In 1742, most of Silesia was seized by King Frederick the Great of Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession, eventually becoming the Prussian Province of Silesia in 1815; consequently, Silesia became part of the German Empire when it was proclaimed in 1871.


title: Silesia

text: After World War I, a part of Silesia, Upper Silesia, was contested by Germany and the newly independent Second Polish Republic. The League of Nations organized a plebiscite to decide the issue in 1921. It resulted in 60% of votes being cast for Germany and 40% for Poland. Following the third Silesian uprising (1921), however, the easternmost portion of Upper Silesia (including Katowice), with a majority ethnic Polish population, was awarded to Poland, becoming the Silesian Voivodeship. The Prussian Province of Silesia within Germany was then divided into the provinces of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia. Meanwhile, Austrian Silesia, the small portion of Silesia retained by Austria after the Silesian Wars, was mostly awarded to the new Czechoslovakia (becoming known as Czech Silesia and Zaolzie), although most of Cieszyn and territory to the east of it went to Poland.


title: Silesia

text: Polish Silesia was among the first regions invaded during Germany's 1939 attack on Poland, which started World War II. One of the claimed goals of Nazi German occupation, particularly in Upper Silesia, was the extermination of those whom Nazis viewed as "subhuman", namely Jews and ethnic Poles. The Polish and Jewish population of the then Polish part of Silesia was subjected to genocide involving expulsions, mass murder and deportation to Nazi concentration camps and forced labour camps, while Germans were settled in pursuit of "Lebensraum". Two thousand Polish intellectuals, politicians, and businessmen were murdered in the "Intelligenzaktion Schlesien" in 1940 as part of a Poland-wide Germanization program. Silesia also housed one of the two main wartime centers where medical experiments were conducted on kidnapped Polish children by Nazis. Czech Silesia was occupied by Germany as part of so-called Sudetenland. In Silesia, Nazi Germany operated the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, several prisoner-of-war camps for Allied POWs (incl. the major Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-B, Stalag VIII-C camps), numerous Nazi prisons and thousands of forced labour camps, including a network of forced labour camps solely for Poles ("Polenlager"), subcamps of prisons, POW camps and of the Gross-Rosen and Auschwitz concentration camps.


title: Silesia

text: The Potsdam Conference of 1945 defined the Oder-Neisse line as the border between Germany and Poland, pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place. At the end of WWII, Germans in Silesia fled from the battle ground, assuming they would be able to return when the war was over. However, they could not return, and those who had stayed were expelled and a new Polish population, including people displaced from former Eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union and from Central Poland, joined the surviving native Polish inhabitants of the region. After 1945 and in 1946, nearly all of the 4.5 million Silesians of German descent fled, or were interned in camps and expelled, including some thousand German Jews who survived the Holocaust and had returned to Silesia.


title: Silesia

text: The newly formed Polish United Workers' Party created a Ministry of the Recovered Territories that claimed half of the available arable land for state-run collectivized farms. Many of the new Polish Silesians who resented the Germans for their invasion in 1939 and brutality in occupation now resented the newly formed Polish communist government for their population shifting and interference in agricultural and industrial affairs.


title: Silesia

text: The administrative division of Silesia within Poland has changed several times since 1945. Since 1999, it has been divided between Lubusz Voivodeship, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship. Czech Silesia is now part of the Czech Republic, forming the Moravian-Silesian Region and the northern part of the Olomouc Region. Germany retains the Silesia-Lusatia region ("Niederschlesien-Oberlausitz" or "Schlesische Oberlausitz") west of the Neisse, which is part of the federal state of Saxony.


title: Silesia

text: Most of Silesia is relatively flat, although its southern border is generally mountainous. It is primarily located in a swath running along both banks of the upper and middle Oder (Odra) River, but it extends eastwards to the upper Vistula River. The region also includes many tributaries of the Oder, including the Bóbr (and its tributary the Kwisa), the Barycz and the Nysa Kłodzka. The Sudeten Mountains run along most of the southern edge of the region, though at its south-eastern extreme it reaches the Silesian Beskids and Moravian-Silesian Beskids, which belong to the Carpathian Mountains range.


title: Silesia

text: Historically, Silesia was bounded to the west by the Kwisa and Bóbr Rivers, while the territory west of the Kwisa was in Upper Lusatia (earlier "Milsko"). However, because part of Upper Lusatia was included in the Province of Silesia in 1815, in Germany Görlitz, Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis and neighbouring areas are considered parts of historical Silesia. Those districts, along with Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship and parts of Lubusz Voivodeship, make up the geographic region of Lower Silesia.


title: Silesia

text: Silesia has undergone a similar notional extension at its eastern extreme. Historically, it extended only as far as the Brynica River, which separates it from Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in the Lesser Poland region. However, to many Poles today, Silesia ("Śląsk") is understood to cover all of the area around Katowice, including Zagłębie. This interpretation is given official sanction in the use of the name Silesian Voivodeship ("województwo śląskie") for the province covering this area. In fact, the word "Śląsk" in Polish (when used without qualification) now commonly refers exclusively to this area (also called "Górny Śląsk" or Upper Silesia).


title: Silesia

text: As well as the Katowice area, historical Upper Silesia also includes the Opole region (Poland's Opole Voivodeship) and Czech Silesia. Czech Silesia consists of a part of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the Jeseník District in the Olomouc Region.


title: Silesia

text: Silesia is a resource-rich and populous region. Since the middle of the 18th century, coal has been mined. The industry had grown while Silesia was part of Germany, and peaked in the 1970s under the People's Republic of Poland. During this period, Silesia became one of the world's largest producers of coal, with a record tonnage in 1979. Coal mining declined during the next two decades, but has increased again following the end of Communist rule.


title: Silesia

text: The 41 coal mines in Silesia are mostly part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, which lies in the Silesian Upland. The coalfield has an area of about . Deposits in Lower Silesia have proven to be difficult to exploit and the area's unprofitable mines were closed in 2000. In 2008, an estimated 35 billion tonnes of lignite reserves were found near Legnica, making them some of the largest in the world.


title: Silesia

text: From the fourth century BC, iron ore has been mined in the upland areas of Silesia. The same period had lead, copper, silver, and gold mining. Zinc, cadmium, arsenic, and uranium have also been mined in the region. Lower Silesia features large copper mining and processing between the cities of Legnica, Głogów, Lubin, and Polkowice.


title: Silesia

text: The region also has a thriving agricultural sector, which produces cereals (wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn), potatoes, rapeseed, sugar beets and others. Milk production is well developed. The Opole Silesia has for decades occupied the top spot in Poland for their indices of effectiveness of agricultural land use.


title: Silesia

text: Mountainous parts of southern Silesia feature many significant and attractive tourism destinations (e.g., Karpacz, Szczyrk, Wisła). Silesia is generally well forested. This is because greenness is generally highly desirable by the local population, particularly in the highly industrialized parts of Silesia.


title: Silesia

text: Silesia has been historically diverse in every aspect. Nowadays, the largest part of Silesia is located in Poland; it is often cited as one of the most diverse regions in that country.


title: Silesia

text: The United States Immigration Commission, in its "Dictionary of Races or Peoples" (published in 1911, during a period of intense immigration from Silesia to the United States), considered Silesian as a geographical (not ethnic) term, denoting the inhabitants of Silesia. It is also mentioned the existence of both Polish Silesian and German Silesian dialects in that region.


title: Silesia

text: Modern Silesia is inhabited by Poles, Silesians, Germans, and Czechs. Germans first came to Silesia during the Late Medieval Ostsiedlung. The last Polish census of 2011 showed that the Silesians are the largest ethnic or national minority in Poland, Germans being the second; both groups are located mostly in Upper Silesia. The Czech part of Silesia is inhabited by Czechs, Moravians, Silesians, and Poles.


title: Silesia

text: In the early 19th century the population of the Prussian part of Silesia was between 2/3 and 3/4 German-speaking, between 1/5 and 1/3 Polish-speaking, with Sorbs, Czechs, Moravians and Jews forming other smaller minorities (see Table 1. below).


title: Silesia

text: Before the Second World War, Silesia was inhabited mostly by Germans, with Poles a large minority, forming a majority in Upper Silesia. Silesia was also the home of Czech and Jewish minorities. The German population tended to be based in the urban centres and in the rural areas to the north and west, whilst the Polish population was mostly rural and could be found in the east and in the south.


title: Silesia

text: Ethnic structure of Prussian Upper Silesia (Opole regency) during the 19th century and the early 20th century can be found in Table 2.:


title: Silesia

text: The Austrian part of Silesia had a mixed German, Polish and Czech population, with Polish-speakers forming a majority in Cieszyn Silesia.


title: Silesia

text: Historically, Silesia was about equally split between Protestants (overwhelmingly Lutherans) and Roman Catholics. In an 1890 census taken in the German part, Roman Catholics made up a slight majority of 53%, while the remaining 47% were almost entirely Lutheran. Geographically speaking, Lower Silesia was mostly Lutheran except for the Glatzer Land (now Kłodzko County). Upper Silesia was mostly Roman Catholic except for some of its northwestern parts, which were predominantly Lutheran. Generally speaking, the population was mostly Protestant in the western parts, and it tended to be more Roman Catholic the further east one went. In Upper Silesia, Protestants were concentrated in larger cities and often identified as German. After World War II, the religious demographics changed drastically as Germans, who constituted the bulk of the Protestant population, were forcibly expelled. Poles, who were mostly Roman Catholic, were resettled in their place. Today, Silesia remains predominantly Roman Catholic.


title: Silesia

text: Existing since the 12th century, Silesia's Jewish community was concentrated around Wrocław and Upper Silesia, and numbered 48,003 (1.1% of the population) in 1890, decreasing to 44,985 persons (0.9%) by 1910. In Polish East Upper Silesia, the number of Jews was around 90,000–100,000. Historically the community had suffered a number of localised expulsions such as their 1453 expulsion from Wrocław. From 1712 to 1820 a succession of men held the title Chief Rabbi of Silesia ("Landesrabbiner"): Naphtali ha-Kohen (1712–16); Samuel ben Naphtali (1716–22); Ḥayyim Jonah Te'omim (1722–1727); Baruch b. Reuben Gomperz (1733–54); Joseph Jonas Fränkel (1754–93); Jeremiah Löw Berliner (1793–99); Lewin Saul Fränkel (1800–7); Aaron Karfunkel (1807–16); and Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin (1816–20).


title: Silesia

text: After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, following Nazi racial policy, the Jewish population of Silesia was subjected to Nazi genocide with executions performed by Einsatzgruppe z. B.V. led by Udo von Woyrsch and Einsatzgruppe I led by Bruno Streckenbach, imprisonment in ghettos and ethnic cleansing to the General Government. In their efforts to exterminate the Jews through murder and ethnic cleansing Nazi established in Silesia province the Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen camps. Expulsions were carried out openly and reported in the local press. Those sent to ghettos would from 1942 be expelled to concentration and work camps. Between 5 May and 17 June, 20,000 Silesian Jews were sent to Birkenau to gas chambers and during August 1942, 10,000 to 13,000 Silesian Jews were murdered by gassing at Auschwitz. Most Jews in Silesia were exterminated by the Nazis. After the war Silesia became a major centre for repatriation of the Jewish population in Poland which survived Nazi German extermination and in autumn 1945, 15,000 Jews were in Lower Silesia, mostly Polish Jews returned from territories now belonging to Soviet Union, rising in 1946 to seventy thousand as Jewish survivors from other regions in Poland were relocated.


title: Silesia

text: The majority of Germans fled or were expelled from the present-day Polish and Czech parts of Silesia during and after World War II. From June 1945 to January 1947, 1.77 million Germans were expelled from Lower Silesia, and 310,000 from Upper Silesia. Today, most German Silesians and their descendants live in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, many of them in the Ruhr area working as miners, like their ancestors in Silesia. To smooth their integration into West German society after 1945, they were placed into officially recognized organizations, like the Landsmannschaft Schlesien, with financing from the federal West German budget. One of its most notable but controversial spokesmen was the Christian Democratic Union politician Herbert Hupka.


title: Silesia

text: The expulsion of Germans led to widespread underpopulation. The population of the town of Głogów fell from 33,500 to 5,000, and from 1939 to 1966 the population of Wrocław fell by 25%. Attempts to repopulate Silesia proved unsuccessful in the 1940s and 1950s, and Silesia's population did not reach pre-war levels until the late 1970s. The Polish settlers who repopulated Silesia were partly from the former Polish Eastern Borderlands, which was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939. Wrocław was partly repopulated with refugees from the formerly Polish city of Lwów.


title: Silesia

text: The emblems of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia originate from the emblems of the Piasts of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia. The coat of arms of Upper Silesia depicts the golden eagle on the blue shield. The coat of arms of Lower Silesia depicts a black eagle on a golden (yellow) shield.


title: Salah

text: ' (, plural , romanized: or Old Arabic [t͡sˤaˈloːh] , ( or Old Arabic [t͡sˤaˈloːtʰ] in construct state) ), also known as ' () and also spelled , are prayers performed by Muslims. Facing the , the direction of the Kaaba with respect to those praying, Muslims pray first standing and later kneeling or sitting on the ground, reciting prescribed prayers and phrases from the Quran as they bow and prostrate themselves in between. is composed of prescribed repetitive cycles of bows and prostrations, called ( ). The number of s, also known as units of prayer, varies from prayer to prayer. Ritual purity and are prerequisites for performing the prayers.


title: Salah

text: The daily obligatory prayers collectively form the second of the five pillars in Islam, observed three or five times (the latter being the majority) every day at prescribed times. These are usually (observed at dawn), (observed at noon), (observed late in the afternoon), (observed after sunset), and (observed at dusk). can be performed either in solitude, or collectively (known as ). When performed in , worshippers line up in parallel rows behind a leader, known as the imam. Special prayers are exclusively performed in congregation, such as the Friday prayer and the Eid prayers, and are coupled with two sermons each, delivered by the imam.


title: Salah

text: ( ) is an Arabic word that means to pray. The word is used primarily by English speakers only to refer to the five obligatory prayers of Islam. This term is spelled as in Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia.


title: Salah

text: Outside the Arab world, the most widespread terms are the Persian word () and its derivatives. It is used by speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages (e.g. Persian and some languages of South Asia), as well as by speakers of the Turkic, Albanian and Bosnian languages. In Lak and Avar, () and () are used, respectively. Malaysia, Indonesia and their surrounding areas use a local term, "sembahyang" combining the words "sembah" – to worship, and "hyang" – god or deity.


title: Salah

text: The origin of the word has become a matter of debate, particularly in relation to Quranism. Some have suggested that derives from the root () which means "linking things together", hence why the obligatory prayers in Islam are referred to by the word (in the sense that through prayer one "connects" to God). In some translations, namely that of Rashad Khalifa, is translated as the "Contact Prayer" either because of the physical contact the head makes with the ground during the prostration part of the ritual (), or again because the prayer "connects" the one who performs it to God.


title: Salah

text: Some Quranists make the argument that the Quran does not support the traditional meaning ascribed to , saying that it instead means "duty" or perhaps "adherence", though this is yet to receive any widespread academic support. Those who argue for this interpretation often refer to verse 33:56 of the Quran which states that "Allah and His Angels upon the Prophet". They argue that such verses demonstrate the conventional understanding of salah to be inconsistent and in this case blasphemous as the idea of Allah praying to Muhammad (or indeed praying at all) is at odds with the Quran's message of strict monotheism.


title: Salah

text: There are about 15 other derivatives of its triliteral root "ṣ-l". Words connected to (such as mosque, , , etc.) are used in approximately one-sixth of Quranic verses. "Surely my prayer, and my sacrifice and my life and my death are (all) for God", and "I am Allah, there is no god but I, therefore serve Me and keep up prayer for My remembrance" are both examples of this.


title: Salah

text: The primary purpose of is to act as a person's communication with God. Purification of the heart is the ultimate religious objective of . Via , a believer can grow closer to Allah and in turn strengthen their faith; it is believed that the soul requires prayer and closeness to God to stay sustained and healthy, and that prayer spiritually sustains the human soul.


title: Salah

text: Each is made up of repeating units known as (, ). Each prayer may consist of two to four . Each consists of specific movements and recitations. On the major elements there is consensus, but on minor details there may be different views. Between each position there is a very slight pause. The phrase (), is recited when moving from one position to another.


title: Salah

text: Before prayer, a Muslim should always perform , an act in which the hands are first washed, the mouth and nose are cleaned, the face is cleaned, the arms up to the elbow are washed, and the head is wiped over with wet hands, including the ears, before finally the feet are washed. Intention, known as , is a prerequisite for , and what distinguishes real worship from 'going through the motions'. Some authorities hold that intention suffices in the heart, and some require that it be spoken, usually under the breath.


title: Salah

text: The person praying begins in a standing position known as , although people who find it difficult to do so may begin while sitting or lying on the ground. This is followed by the raising of the hands to the head and recitation of the , known in combination as or (consecratory ). is read as (). One then lowers one's hands. The first represents the beginning of prayer. From this point forward one praying may not converse, eat, or do things that are otherwise halal. A Muslim must keep their vision low during prayer, looking at the place where their face will contact the ground during prostration.


title: Salah

text: Still standing, the next principal act is the recitation of , the first chapter of the Quran. This chapter begins with praise of God and then a supplication is made to God. In the first and second , another portion of the Quran is recited following the . This is followed by saying and raising the hands up to the ear lobes () followed by (bowing from the waist), with palms placed on the knees (depending on the , rules may differ for women). While bowing, those praying generally utter words of praise under their breath, such as (), thrice or more. As the worshipper straightens their back, they say () and (, "Our Lord, all praise be to you.")


title: Salah

text: This is followed by saying and raising the hands up to the ear lobes, before the worshipper kneels and prostrates with the forehead, nose, knees, palms and toes touching the floor, saying (). After a short while in prostration, the worshipper very briefly rises to sit, then returns to the ground a second time. Lifting the head from the second prostration completes a . If this is the second or last , the worshiper proceeds to sit and recite the , and other prayers. Many schools hold that the right index finger is raised when reciting the , particularly the Sunni school scholars who adapted the technical practice of prayer found in the of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, as transmitted by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. In the final phase of az-Zubayr's practice, the middle, ring, and pinky fingers on the right hand are clasped, while the index finger is pointed and the thumb placed above the clasped middle finger. This practice of az-Zubayr's became a basis principle by modern scholars such as Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in his book, , and Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani. If the worshipper then intends to finish their prayer, they perform the (illustrated below), or continue with a new .


title: Salah

text: Mistakes in are believed to be compensated for by prostrating twice at the end of the prayer, known as . The is read as (). represents the end of prayer.


title: Salah

text: Prayers in Islam are classified into categories based on degrees of obligation. One common classification is fard ("compulsory"), sunnah ("tradition") and nafl ("voluntary").


title: Salah

text: The five daily prayers are obligatory on every Muslim who has reached the age of puberty, with the exception of those for whom it may not be possible due to physical or mental disabilities, and those menstruating (hayd) or experiencing postnatal bleeding (nifas). Those who are sick or otherwise physically unable to offer their prayers in the traditional form are permitted to offer their prayers while sitting or lying, as they are able. Each of the five prayers has a prescribed time, depending on the movement of the sun. These are the Fajr prayer (2 rakat, observed at dawn), Zuhr prayer (4 rakat, observed at noon), Asr prayer (4 rakat, observed late in the afternoon), Maghrib prayer (3 rakat, observed at dusk), and the Isha prayer (4 rakat, observed after sunset). Salah must be prayed in its time. In certain circumstances, one may be unable to offer one's prayer within the prescribed time. In this case, the prayer must be offered as soon as possible. Several hadith narrate that Muhammad stated that it is permissible to pray salah out of its permissible time if a person accidentally sleeps through the prescribed time. However, knowingly sleeping through the prescribed time for Salah is deemed impermissible by most scholars.


title: Salah

text: When traveling over long distances, one may shorten the "Zuhr", "'Asr" and "'Isha'a" prayers to 2 rakat, a practice known as "qasr".


title: Salah

text: In "Shia" "Ja'fari" Fiqh, one may perform "jam' bayn as-salātayn," which refers to praying the "Zuhr" and 'Asr prayers in combination at one of its time, as well as the "Maghrib" and "Isha'a" prayers at one of its time. However, praying separately is considered better. Neither "qasr" nor "jam' bayn as-salātayn" can be applied to the Fajr prayer.


title: Salah

text: Barring the Hanafites, Sunni jurisprudence also permit to combine "Maghrib" and "'Isha'a" prayers or "Dhuhr" and "'Asr" prayers if they are traveling and incapable of independently performing the prayers. Amongst Sunnis, Salafi Muslims allow the combining of two consecutive prayers for a wide range of reasons; such as when various needs arise or due to any difficulty. Taking precedence from "Imams" of the "Salaf" and early "Muhaddithun;" many Salafis amongst the "Ahl-i Hadith" school permit combining two consecutive prayers generally, although praying separately is preferred.


title: Salah

text: Of the "fard" category are the five daily prayers, as well as the Gathering prayer ("Jumu'ah"), while the Eid prayers and "Witr" are of the "Wajib" category. Abandoning the obligatory prayers due to negligence is "Kufr" (disbelief) according to the stricter Hanbali "madhhab" of Sunni Islam, while the other Sunni "madhhabs" consider doing so a major sin. However, all four "madhhabs" agree that denial of the mandatory status of these prayers invalidates the faith of those who do so, rendering them apostates. The Islamic prophet Muhammad is reported to have said: "Between man and polytheism and unbelief is the abandonment of salat." "(Sahih Muslim Book 1, hadith 154)."


title: Salah

text: Fard prayers (as with all "fard" actions) are further classed as either "fard al-ayn" (obligation of the self) and "fard al-kifayah" (obligation of sufficiency). "Fard al-Ayn" are actions considered obligatory on individuals, for which the individual will be held to account if the actions are neglected. "Fard al-Kifayah" are actions considered obligatory on the Muslim community at large, so that if some people within the community carry it out no Muslim is considered blameworthy, but if no one carries it out, all incur a collective punishment.


title: Salah

text: Followers of Imam Abu Hanifa also include a 6th obligatory prayer, "witr". It is supposed to be the last prayer of the night and is composed of an odd number of rakat. This obligation is considered a lesser obligation to the other 5 obligatory prayers, in that its rejection isn't an act of disbelief according to the Hanafi school. The other schools consider this to be a "Sunnah muakkadah" (emphasized "sunnah").


title: Salah

text: Some Islamic scholars require men to offer the mandatory salat in congregation ("jama'ah"), behind an imam when they are able however, according to most Islamic scholars, prayer in congregation is "mustahabb" (recommended) for men, if they are able to do so.


title: Salah

text: The Jumu'ah is a congregational prayer on Friday, which replaces the Zuhr prayer. It is compulsory upon men to pray this in congregation, while women may pray it so or offer Zuhr prayer instead. Jumu'ah consists of a sermon ("khutbah"), after which two rakats are prayed. Since the khutbah replaces the two rakat of Zuhr, it is believed that listening to it carefully compensates the thawāb of 2 rakat.


title: Salah

text: The salah of the '"Idayn" is said on the mornings of <nowiki>"</nowiki>Eid al-Fitr and "'Eid an-nahr". The Eid prayer is classified by some as "fard", likely an individual obligation ("fard al-ayn") though some Islamic scholars argue it is only a collective obligation ("fard al-kifayah"). It consists of two rakats, with seven (or three for the followers Imam Abu Hanifa) "takbirs" offered before the start of the first rakat and five (or three for the followers of Imam Abu Hanifa) before the second. After the salah is completed, a sermon ("khutbah") is offered. However, the khutbah is not an integral part of the Eid salah. The Eid salah must be offered between sunrise and true noon i.e. between the time periods for "Fajr" and "Zuhr".


title: Salah

text: Sunni Muslims perform optional sunnah salah (voluntary prayers offered by Muhammad) of two categories: "sunnah mu'akkadah" (verified sunnah) and "sunnah ghair-mu'akkadah" (unverified sunnah). The primary difference between the two being the frequency of Muhammad having performed the relevant salah. Certain sunnah prayers have prescribed times. Those ordained for before each of the fard prayers must be offered between the first call to prayer (adhan) and the second call (iqamah), which signifies the start of the fard prayer. Those sunnah ordained for after the fard prayers can be said any time between the end of the fard prayers and the end of the current prayer's waqt.


title: Salah

text: While Sunni Muslims classify these prayers as sunnah, Shia consider them nafl. Nafl salah are voluntary and can be offered at any time. Many Sunni Muslims also offer two rakats of nafl salah after the Zuhr and Maghrib prayers. During the Isha prayer, they pray the two rakats of nafl after the two "sunnah mu'akkadah" and "wajib" prayers. There are many specific conditions or situations when one may wish to offer nafl prayers. They cannot be offered at sunrise, true noon, or sunset. The prohibition against salah at these times is to prevent the practice of sun worship. Some Muslims offer voluntary prayers immediately before and after the five prescribed prayers. A table of these prayers is given below.


title: Salah

text: Tahajjud (Arabic: ) are supererogatory prayers offered late at night. Prayers of this kind are observed from midnight to the prescribed time of the Fajr prayer. The prayer includes any number of even rakat, performed in twos or fours, followed by three or more odd rakat of witr prayer. Shia Muslims offer similar prayers, simply called nightly prayers (Arabic: ). These are considered highly meritorious, and can be offered in the same time as tahajjud. These prayers include eleven rakat: 8 nafl (4 prayers of 2 rakat each), 2 rakat shaf' prayer and 1 rakat witr. Witr (Arabic: 'string') are prayers offered either with the Isha prayer or with the tahajjud/salawat al-layl. Some consider this prayer compulsory (wajib), while others consider it supererogatory. These are performed in odd numbers of rakats, with slight differences between madhhabs. The prayer usually includes the "qunūt".


title: Salah

text: The word "istikharah" is derived from the root ḵ-y-r (خير) "well-being, goodness, choice, selection". Salat al-Istikhaarah is a prayer offered when a Muslim needs guidance on a particular matter. To say this salah one should pray two rakats of non-obligatory salah to completion. After completion one should request God that which on is better. The intention for the salah should be in one's heart to pray two rakats of salah followed by Istikhaarah. The salah can be offered at any of the times where salah is not forbidden. Other prayers include the "tahiyyat al-masjid", which Muslims are encouraged to offer these two rakat.


title: Salah

text: Muslims believe that Muhammad practiced, taught, and disseminated the worship ritual in the whole community of Muslims and made it part of their life. The practice has, therefore, been concurrently and perpetually practiced by the community in each of the generations. The authority for the basic forms of the salah is neither the hadiths nor the Quran, but rather the consensus of Muslims.


title: Salah

text: This is not inconsistent with another fact that Muslims have shown diversity in their practice since the earliest days of practice, so the "salah" practiced by one Muslim may differ from another's in minor details. In some cases the Hadith suggest some of this diversity of practice was known of and approved by Muhammad himself.


title: Salah

text: Most differences arise because of different interpretations of the Islamic legal sources by the different schools of law ("madhhabs") in Sunni Islam, and by different legal traditions within Shia Islam. In the case of ritual worship these differences are generally minor, and should rarely cause dispute.


title: Salah

text: Common differences, which may vary between schools and gender, include the position of legs, feet, hands and fingers, where the eyes should focus, the minimum amount of recitation, the volume of recitation (audible, moving of lips, or just listening (, )), and which of the principal elements of the prayer are indispensable, versus recommended or optional.


title: Salah

text: A 2015 Pew Research Center study found that women are 2% more likely than men to pray on a daily basis.


title: Salah

text: Prayer in the ("jama'ah") is considered to have more social and spiritual benefits than praying by oneself. As per "hadith" traditions, the reward of a prayer in congregation increases twenty-five times. A "hadith" says: "The prayer in congregation is twenty five times superior to the prayer offered by person alone." ("Sahih Bukhari 646").


title: Salah

text: When praying in congregation, the people stand in straight parallel rows behind one person who conducts the prayer, called imam, also called the 'leader'. The imam must be above the rest in knowledge, action, piety, and justness and possess faith and commitment the people trust, Balanced Perception of Religion and the best knowledge of the Quran. The prayer is offered as normal, with the congregation following the imam in order as he/she offers the salah.


title: Salah

text: For two people of the same gender, they would stand in line, the imam would stand on the left, and the other person is on the right. For more than two people, the imam stands one row ahead of the rest.


title: Salah

text: When the Worshippers consist of men and women combined, a man is chosen as the imam. In this situation, women are typically forbidden from assuming this role. This point, though unanimously agreed on by the major schools of Islam, is disputed by some groups, based partly on a "hadith" whose interpretation is controversial. When the congregation consists entirely of women and pre-pubescent children, one woman is chosen as imam. When men, women, and children are praying, the children's rows are usually between the men's and women's rows, with the men at the front and women at the back. Another configuration is where the men's and women's rows are side by side, separated by a curtain or other barrier, with the primary intention being for there to be no direct line of sight between male and female Worshippers.


title: Breast cancer

text: Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin.


title: Breast cancer

text: Risk factors for developing breast cancer include obesity, a lack of physical exercise, alcoholism, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, an early age at first menstruation, having children late in life or not at all, older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, and a family history of breast cancer. About 5–10% of cases are the result of a genetic predisposition inherited from a person's parents, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 among others. Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply these ducts with milk. Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas, while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas. There are more than 18 other sub-types of breast cancer. Some, such as ductal carcinoma in situ, develop from pre-invasive lesions. The diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning tissue. Once the diagnosis is made, further tests are done to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments are most likely to be effective.


title: Breast cancer

text: The balance of benefits versus harms of breast cancer screening is controversial. A 2013 Cochrane review found that it was unclear if mammographic screening does more harm than good, in that a large proportion of women who test positive turn out not to have the disease. A 2009 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force found evidence of benefit in those 40 to 70 years of age, and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years of age. The medications tamoxifen or raloxifene may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it. Surgical removal of both breasts is another preventive measure in some high risk women. In those who have been diagnosed with cancer, a number of treatments may be used, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapy. Types of surgery vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy. Breast reconstruction may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date. In those in whom the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort.


title: Breast cancer

text: Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, the extent of disease, and the person's age. The five-year survival rates in England and the United States are between 80 and 90%. In developing countries, five-year survival rates are lower. Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. In 2018, it resulted in 2 million new cases and 627,000 deaths. It is more common in developed countries and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men.


title: Breast cancer

text: Breast cancer most commonly presents as a lump that feels different from the rest of the breast tissue. More than 80% of cases are discovered when a person detects such a lump with the fingertips. The earliest breast cancers, however, are detected by a mammogram. Lumps found in lymph nodes located in the armpits may also indicate breast cancer.


title: Breast cancer

text: Indications of breast cancer other than a lump may include thickening different from the other breast tissue, one breast becoming larger or lower, a nipple changing position or shape or becoming inverted, skin puckering or dimpling, a rash on or around a nipple, discharge from nipple/s, constant pain in part of the breast or armpit and swelling beneath the armpit or around the collarbone. Pain ("mastodynia") is an unreliable tool in determining the presence or absence of breast cancer, but may be indicative of other breast health issues.


title: Breast cancer

text: Another symptom complex of breast cancer is Paget's disease of the breast. This syndrome presents as skin changes resembling eczema; such as redness, discoloration or mild flaking of the nipple skin. As Paget's disease of the breast advances, symptoms may include tingling, itching, increased sensitivity, burning, and pain. There may also be discharge from the nipple. Approximately half the women diagnosed with Paget's disease of the breast also have a lump in the breast.


title: Breast cancer

text: Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare (only seen in less than 5% of breast cancer diagnosis) yet aggressive form of breast cancer characterized by the swollen, red areas formed on the top of the breast. The visual effects of inflammatory breast cancer is a result of a blockage of lymph vessels by cancer cells. This type of breast cancer is seen in more commonly diagnosed in younger ages, obese women and African American women. As inflammatory breast cancer does not present as a lump there can sometimes be a delay in diagnosis.


title: Breast cancer

text: Mammary secretory carcinoma (MSC) is a rare form of the secretory carcinomas that occurs exclusively in the breast. It usually develops in adults but in a significant percentage of cases also affects children: MSC accounts for 80% of all childhood breast cancers. MSC lesions are typically slow growing, painless, small ductal breast tumours that have invaded the tissue around their ducts of origin, often spread to sentinel lymph nodes and/or axillary lymph nodes, but rarely metastasized to distant tissues. These tumours typically have distinctive microscopic features and tumour cells that carry a balanced genetic translocation in which part of the "NTRK3" gene is fused to part of the "ETV6" gene to form a fusion gene, "ETV6-NTRK3". This fusion gene encodes a chimeric protein termed ETV6-NTRK3. The NTRK3 part of ETV6-NTRK3 protein has up-regulated tyrosine kinase activity that stimulates two signaling pathways, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways, which promote cell proliferation and survival and thereby may contribute to the development of MSC. Conservative surgery, modified radical mastectomy, and radical mastectomy have been the most frequent procedures used to treat adults, while simple mastectomy, local excision with sentinel lymph node biopsy, and complete axillary dissection have been recommended to treat children with MSC. In all cases, long-term, e.g. >20 years, follow-up examinations are recommended. The relatively rare cases of MSC that have metastasized to distant tissues have shown little or no responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Three patients with metastatic disease had good partial responses to Entrectinib, a drug that inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion protein. Because of its slow growth and low rate of metastasis to distant tissues, individuals with MSC have had 20 year survival rates of 93.16%.


title: Breast cancer

text: In rare cases, what initially appears as a fibroadenoma (hard, movable non-cancerous lump) could in fact be a phyllodes tumour. Phyllodes tumours are formed within the stroma (connective tissue) of the breast and contain glandular as well as stromal tissue. Phyllodes tumours are not staged in the usual sense; they are classified on the basis of their appearance under the microscope as benign, borderline or malignant.


title: Breast cancer

text: Malignant tumours can result in metastatic tumours – secondary tumours (originating from the primary tumour) that spread beyond the site of origination. The symptoms caused by metastatic breast cancer will depend on the location of metastasis. Common sites of metastasis include bone, liver, lung, and brain. When cancer has reached such an invasive state, it is categorized as a stage 4 cancer, cancers of this state are often fatal. Common symptoms of stage 4 cancer include unexplained weight loss, bone and joint pain, jaundice and neurological symptoms. These symptoms are called non-specific symptoms because they could be manifestations of many other illnesses. Rarely breast cancer can spread to exceedingly uncommon sites such as peripancreatic lymph nodes causing biliary obstruction leading to diagnostic difficulties.


title: Breast cancer

text: Most symptoms of breast disorders, including most lumps, do not turn out to represent underlying breast cancer. Less than 20% of lumps, for example, are cancerous, and benign breast diseases such as mastitis and fibroadenoma of the breast are more common causes of breast disorder symptoms.


title: Breast cancer

text: The primary risk factors for breast cancer are being female and older age. Other potential risk factors include genetics, lack of childbearing or lack of breastfeeding, higher levels of certain hormones, certain dietary patterns, and obesity. One study indicates that exposure to light pollution is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer.


title: Breast cancer

text: If all adults maintained the healthiest possible lifestyles, including not drinking alcoholic beverages, maintaining a healthy body composition, never smoking, eating healthful food, and other actions, then almost a quarter of breast cancer cases worldwide could be prevented. The remaining three-quarters of breast cancer cases cannot be prevented through lifestyle changes.


title: Breast cancer

text: Drinking alcoholic beverages increases the risk of breast cancer, even among very light drinkers (women drinking less than half of one alcoholic drink per day). The risk is highest among heavy drinkers. Globally, about one in 10 cases of breast cancer is caused by women drinking alcoholic beverages. Drinking alcoholic beverages is among the most common modifiable risk factors.


title: Breast cancer

text: The correlation between obesity and breast cancer is anything but linear. Studies show that those who rapidly gain weight in adulthood are at higher risk than those who have been overweight since childhood. Likewise excess fat in the midsection seems to induce a higher risk than excess weight carried in the lower body. This implies that the food one eats is of greater importance than one's BMI. Dietary factors that may increase risk include a high-fat diet and obesity-related high cholesterol levels. Dietary iodine deficiency may also play a role. Evidence for fiber is unclear. A 2015 review found that studies trying to link fiber intake with breast cancer produced mixed results. In 2016, a tentative association between low fiber intake during adolescence and breast cancer was observed.


title: Breast cancer

text: Smoking tobacco appears to increase the risk of breast cancer, with the greater the amount smoked and the earlier in life that smoking began, the higher the risk. In those who are long-term smokers, the relative risk is increased 35% to 50%.


title: Breast cancer

text: A lack of physical activity has been linked to about 10% of cases. Sitting regularly for prolonged periods is associated with higher mortality from breast cancer. The risk is not negated by regular exercise, though it is lowered.


title: Breast cancer

text: Hormone therapy to treat menopause is also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The use of hormonal birth control does not cause breast cancer for most women; if it has an effect, it is small (on the order of 0.01% per user–year; comparable to the rate of maternal mortality in the United States), temporary, and offset by the users' significantly reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. Among those with a family history of breast cancer, use of modern oral contraceptives does not appear to affect the risk of breast cancer. It is less certain whether hormonal contraceptives could increase the already high rates of breast cancer in women with mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility genes "BRCA1" or "BRCA2".


title: Breast cancer

text: Breast feeding reduces the risk of several types of cancers, including breast cancer. In the 1980s, the abortion–breast cancer hypothesis posited that induced abortion increased the risk of developing breast cancer. This hypothesis was the subject of extensive scientific inquiry, which concluded that neither miscarriages nor abortions are associated with a heightened risk for breast cancer.


title: Breast cancer

text: Other risk factors include radiation and circadian disruptions related to shift-work and routine late-night eating. A number of chemicals have also been linked, including polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organic solvents Although the radiation from mammography is a low dose, it is estimated that yearly screening from 40 to 80 years of age will cause approximately 225 cases of fatal breast cancer per million women screened.


title: Breast cancer

text: Genetics is believed to be the primary cause of 5–10% of all cases. Women whose mother was diagnosed before 50 have an increased risk of 1.7 and those whose mother was diagnosed at age 50 or after has an increased risk of 1.4. In those with zero, one or two affected relatives, the risk of breast cancer before the age of 80 is 7.8%, 13.3%, and 21.1% with a subsequent mortality from the disease of 2.3%, 4.2%, and 7.6% respectively. In those with a first degree relative with the disease the risk of breast cancer between the age of 40 and 50 is double that of the general population.


title: Breast cancer

text: In less than 5% of cases, genetics plays a more significant role by causing a hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome. This includes those who carry the "BRCA1" and "BRCA2" gene mutation. These mutations account for up to 90% of the total genetic influence with a risk of breast cancer of 60–80% in those affected. Other significant mutations include "p53" (Li–Fraumeni syndrome), "PTEN" (Cowden syndrome), and "STK11" (Peutz–Jeghers syndrome), "CHEK2", "ATM", "BRIP1", and "PALB2". In 2012, researchers said that there are four genetically distinct types of the breast cancer and that in each type, hallmark genetic changes lead to many cancers.


title: Breast cancer

text: Other genetic predispositions include the density of the breast tissue and hormonal levels. Women with dense breast tissue are more likely to get tumours and are less likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer – because the dense tissue makes tumours less visible on mammograms. Furthermore, women with naturally high estrogen and progesterone levels are also at higher risk for tumour development.


title: Breast cancer

text: Breast changes like atypical ductal hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma "in situ", found in benign breast conditions such as fibrocystic breast changes, are correlated with an increased breast cancer risk.


title: Breast cancer

text: Diabetes mellitus might also increase the risk of breast cancer. Autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus seem also to increase the risk for the acquisition of breast cancer.


title: Breast cancer

text: The major causes of sporadic breast cancer are associated with hormone levels. Breast cancer is promoted by estrogen. This hormone activates the development of breast throughout puberty, menstrual cycles and pregnancy. The imbalance between estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual phases causes cell proliferation. Moreover, oxidative metabolites of estrogen can increase DNA damage and mutations. Repeated cycling and the impairment of repair process can transform a normal cell into pre-malignant and eventually malignant cell through mutation. During the premalignant stage, high proliferation of stromal cells can be activated by estrogen to support the development of breast cancer. During the ligand binding activation, the ER can regulate gene expression by interacting with estrogen response elements within the promotor of specific genes. The expression and activation of ER due to lack of estrogen can be stimulated by extracellular signals. Interestingly, the ER directly binding with the several proteins, including growth factor receptors, can promote the expression of genes related to cell growth and survival.


title: Breast cancer

text: Raised prolactin levels in the blood are associated with increased risk of breast cancer. A meta-analysis of observational research with over two million individuals has suggested a moderate association of antipsychotic use with breast cancer, possibly mediated by prolactin-inducing properties of specific agents.


title: Breast cancer

text: Breast cancer, like other cancers, occurs because of an interaction between an environmental (external) factor and a genetically susceptible host. Normal cells divide as many times as needed and stop. They attach to other cells and stay in place in tissues. Cells become cancerous when they lose their ability to stop dividing, to attach to other cells, to stay where they belong, and to die at the proper time.


title: Breast cancer

text: Normal cells will self-destruct (programmed cell death) when they are no longer needed. Until then, cells are protected from programmed death by several protein clusters and pathways. One of the protective pathways is the PI3K/AKT pathway; another is the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway. Sometimes the genes along these protective pathways are mutated in a way that turns them permanently "on", rendering the cell incapable of self-destructing when it is no longer needed. This is one of the steps that causes cancer in combination with other mutations. Normally, the PTEN protein turns off the PI3K/AKT pathway when the cell is ready for programmed cell death. In some breast cancers, the gene for the PTEN protein is mutated, so the PI3K/AKT pathway is stuck in the "on" position, and the cancer cell does not self-destruct.


title: Breast cancer

text: Mutations that can lead to breast cancer have been experimentally linked to estrogen exposure. Additionally, G-protein coupled estrogen receptors have been associated with various cancers of the female reproductive system including breast cancer.


title: Breast cancer

text: Abnormal growth factor signaling in the interaction between stromal cells and epithelial cells can facilitate malignant cell growth. In breast adipose tissue, overexpression of leptin leads to increased cell proliferation and cancer.