title: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)

text: Beauty in life in spite of pain and suffering is another theme. This is clear in the final scene where the gods come down to earth in order to take Kaguya back to the moon. The gods come on immaculately white clouds, and they are coloured brightly with gentle hues. The joyful music played contrasts the image of the family crying in desperation. Although the deities seem attractive, the dominating mint greens and bold pinks give them an acerbic quality. In contrast, life on Earth is all charcoal. This suggests that life on earth means experiencing loss, grief, sadness and regret. Princess Kaguya, at first, refuses to leave the dark Earth, she states that Earth is full of wonder and beauty. This works as a conclusion as well as a message of hope in humanity.


title: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)

text: Another theme present in the movie is the call of adulthood and responsibility. Kaguya was sent from her world to the world of humans, perhaps as a punishment for misbehaviour, thus, she ignores the responsibilities that await her. So when she faces responsibilities on Earth in the palace, she feels upset but eventually realises they are part of her duty. This is in turn stating that everyone in society needs to grow up and live within its restrictions. The theme is also developed with reference to parenting: both parents feel responsible for the princess’ happiness and wellbeing. The moment she arrives they devote themselves to that. Even though her father is blinded by his own understanding of duty for her daughter, he loves her above all and that he never intends to cause her pain. Her mother’s mission, on the other hand, is to accompany her daughter in silence, to listen, to reproduce the home the princess misses so much in the palace's kitchen, where she hides and seeks peace.


title: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)

text: In 2012, Shin-ichiro Ikebe was announced to write the film's score. However, in 2013, Joe Hisaishi replaced Ikebe as the composer. This would be the only time Hisaishi scored a film directed by Isao Takahata. The theme song "When I Remember This Life" was written and performed by Nikaido Kazumi. The music from the film's original soundtrack was released on 20 November 2013.


title: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)

text: "The Tale of The Princess Kaguya" was initially announced to be released simultaneously with "The Wind Rises", another Ghibli film by Hayao Miyazaki in Japan in the summer of 2013, which would have marked the first time that the works of the two directors were released together since the release of the films "My Neighbor Totoro" and "Grave of the Fireflies" in 1988. However, in February 2013, distributor Toho announced that the release of "The Princess Kaguya" would be delayed to 23 November 2013, citing concerns that the storyboards were not yet complete. On 12 March 2014, independent distributor GKIDS announced that it had acquired the US rights for the film and that it would release an English dub version produced by Studio Ghibli and Frank Marshall. Chloë Grace Moretz is the voice of the title character in the English dub. It was released in select theaters in North America on 17 October 2014 and was also released on DVD and Blu-ray on 17 February 2015. The film was selected to be screened as part of the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Its North American première took place at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival during the festival's "Masters" program.


title: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)

text: The film debuted at first place during its opening weekend in Japan, grossing (). By 2 February 2014, it had grossed ¥2,313,602,733 ($22,613,153) at the Japanese box office. It subsequently grossed () in Japan, where it was the eleventh top-grossing Japanese film of 2014.


title: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)

text: "The Tale of the Princess Kaguya" was released in Japan on DVD and Blu-ray by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on 3 December 2014. The Blu-ray sold 13,784 units . The DVD release sold 8,208 units by 7 December 2014 and a further 15,718 units between 8 December 2014 and 7 June 2015, for a combined DVD units and at least physical home video units sold in Japan .


title: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)

text: In North America, the film was released on DVD, Blu-ray and digital download by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on 17 February 2015. The DVD and Blu-ray releases grossed in physical sales, . In the United Kingdom, it was 2015's second best-selling foreign-language film on home video, below Indonesian action film "The Raid 2".


title: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 100%, with an average rating of 8.21/10, based on 92 reviews. The critics' consensus says, "Boasting narrative depth, frank honesty, and exquisite visual beauty, "The Tale of the Princess Kaguya" is a modern animated treasure with timeless appeal." It was the first film of the decade to receive an approval rating of 100% on the website, making it one of the highest-rated films of the 2010s. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, has assigned the film a score of 89 out of 100 based on reviews from 28 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)

text: In February 2014, "The Tale of the Princess Kaguya" placed 4th in both Kinema Junpo's Best Ten and their Reader's Choice Awards. David Ehrlich of "The A.V. Club" gave the film an A, deeming it "the best animated movie of the year," adding that it is "destined to be remembered as one of the revered Studio Ghibli’s finest achievements." Nicolas Rapold of "The New York Times" praised the artwork calling it "exquisitely drawn with both watercolor delicacy and a brisk sense of line." For IndieWire's 2018 list of the best Japanese films of the 21st century, Carlos Aguilar expressed agreement with the common view that "Spirited Away" is the greatest, but still chose "The Tale of the Princess Kaguya" for the list and referred to the latter as "a work of nearly identical caliber […] an artistic triumph that delights with exuberant handcraft where the each pencil stroke comes alive on screen. Takahata made something at once pastoral, timeless, and epic in proportion with an emotional depth rarely seen in films – animated or not."


title: Swedish Empire

text: The Swedish Empire was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries (, "the Era of Great Power"). The beginning of the empire is usually taken as the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, who ascended the throne in 1611, and its end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the Great Northern War.


title: Swedish Empire

text: After the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, the empire was controlled for lengthy periods by part of the high nobility, such as the Oxenstierna family, acting as regents for minor monarchs. The interests of the high nobility contrasted with the uniformity policy (i.e., upholding the traditional equality in status of the Swedish estates favoured by the kings and peasantry). In territories acquired during the periods of "de facto" noble rule, serfdom was not abolished, and there was also a trend to set up respective estates in Sweden proper. The Great Reduction of 1680 put an end to these efforts of the nobility and required them to return estates once gained from the crown to the king. Serfdom, however, remained in force in the dominions acquired in the Holy Roman Empire and in Swedish Estonia, where a consequent application of the uniformity policy was hindered by the treaties by which they were gained.


title: Swedish Empire

text: After its victories in the Thirty Years' War, Sweden reached the height of its power during the Second Northern War, when its primary adversary, Denmark–Norway, was neutralized by the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. However, in the further course of this war, as well as in the subsequent Scanian War, Sweden was able to maintain its empire only with the support of its closest ally, France. Charles XI of Sweden consolidated the empire. But a decline began with his son, Charles XII. After initial Swedish victories, Charles secured the empire for some time in the Peace of Travendal (1700) and the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706), before the disaster that followed the king's war in Russia. The Russian victory at the Battle of Poltava put an end to Sweden's eastbound expansion, and by the time of Charles XII's death in 1718 only a much-weakened and far smaller territory remained. The last traces of occupied continental territory vanished during the Napoleonic Wars, and Finland went to Russia in 1809, with Sweden's role as a great power vanishing as well.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Sweden emerged as a great European power under Axel Oxenstierna and King Gustavus Adolphus. As a result of acquiring territories seized from Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as its involvement in the Thirty Years' War, Sweden found itself transformed into the leader of Protestantism.


title: Swedish Empire

text: During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden managed to conquer approximately half of the member states of the Holy Roman Empire. The fortunes of war would shift back and forth several times. After its defeat in the Battle of Nördlingen (1634), confidence in Sweden among the Swedish-controlled German states was damaged, and several of the provinces refused further Swedish military support, leaving Sweden with only a couple of northern German provinces. After France intervened on the same side as Sweden, fortunes shifted again. As the war continued, the civilian and military death toll grew, and when it was over, it had led to severe depopulation in the German states. Although exact population estimates do not exist, historians estimate that the population of the Holy Roman Empire fell by one-third as a result of the war.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Sweden founded overseas colonies, principally in the New World. New Sweden was founded in the valley of the Delaware River in 1638, and Sweden later laid claim to a number of Caribbean islands. A string of Swedish forts and trading posts was constructed along the coast of West Africa as well, but these were not designed for Swedish settlers.


title: Swedish Empire

text: At the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War, the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 granted Sweden territories as war reparations. Sweden demanded Silesia, Pomerania (which had been in its possession since the Treaty of Stettin (1630), and a war indemnity of 20,000,000 Riksdaler.


title: Swedish Empire

text: These German possessions were to be held as fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire. This allowed Sweden a vote in the Imperial Diet and enabled it to "direct" the Lower Saxon Circle alternately with Brandenburg. France and Sweden, moreover, became joint guarantors of the treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor and were entrusted with carrying out its provisions, as enacted by the executive congress of Nuremberg in 1650.


title: Swedish Empire

text: After the peaces of Brömsebro and Westphalia, Sweden was the third-largest area of control in Europe by land area, only surpassed by Russia and Spain. Sweden reached its largest territorial extent during this time under the rule of Charles X Gustav (1622–1660) after the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.


title: Swedish Empire

text: For the moment, Sweden held a tenuous position of leadership. Careful statesmanship might mean permanent dominion on the Baltic shore, but left little room for mistakes. Unfortunately, the extravagance of Gustavus Adolphus's two immediate successors, Christina and Charles X Gustav, caused great difficulties for the new empire.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Christina's financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and the financial difficulties caused public unrest before her abdication. The Swedish people feared that the external, artificial greatness of their country might be purchased with the loss of their civil and political liberties. The Swedish people looked to a new king to address the problem of too much power vested in the nobility.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Charles X Gustav was a strong arbiter between the people and the nobility. Primarily a soldier, he directed his ambition towards military glory; but he was also an unusually sharp-sighted politician. While placing great emphasis on military strength, he also understood that domestic unity was necessary for a powerful foreign policy.


title: Swedish Empire

text: The most pressing domestic question was the reduction, or restitution of alienated crown lands. At the Riksdag of the Estates of 1655, the king proposed that noble holders of crown property should either: 1) pay an annual sum of 200,000 Riksdaler out of the lands they would receive, or 2) surrender a fourth of the property itself, worth approximately 800,000 Riksdaler. The nobility wished to avoid taxation and stipulated that 6 November 1632, the day of Gustavus Adolphus's death, should be the limit to which retrospective taxes could be collected, and that there should be no further restitution of alienated crown property. Against this, the over-taxed lower estates protested, and the Diet had to be suspended. The king intervened, not to quell the commons, as the senate insisted, but to compel the nobility to give way. He proposed a special committee to investigate the matter before the meeting of the next Riksdag and that a proportional contribution should be levied on all classes in the meantime. Both groups accepted this arrangement.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Charles X Gustav had done his best to recover from the financial extravagance of Christina. However, his own desire for military glory may have caused problems for his country. In three days, he persuaded the Swedish estates of the potential of his attack on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, when he left Stockholm for Warsaw on 10 July 1654, he gained more personal glory than advantage for his country. The Polish-Swedish War expanded into a general European war. He achieved passage over the Belts and emerged triumphant, only to die of sheer exhaustion. Immediately after his death, a regency was appointed to govern Sweden during the minority of his only son and successor, Charles XI of Sweden, who was four years old. The regency council moved quickly to end the war with Sweden's numerous enemies, which now included the Tsardom of Russia, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Denmark-Norway.


title: Swedish Empire

text: French mediation of this treaty also ended the quarrel between Sweden, the Holy Roman emperor and the elector of Brandenburg. This treaty confirmed both Sweden's possession of Livonia and the elector of Brandenburg's sovereignty over Prussia; and the king of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth renounced to all claims to the Swedish crown. The treaty compelled Denmark–Norway to reopen direct negotiations with Sweden. Eventually, under the Treaty of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660, Sweden kept the three formerly Danish Scanian provinces and the formerly Norwegian Bohuslän province, which Denmark-Norway had surrendered by the Treaty of Roskilde two years previously; but Sweden had to relinquish the Norwegian province of Trøndelag and the Danish island of Bornholm, which had been surrendered at Roskilde. Denmark–Norway was also compelled to recognize the independence of the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp. The Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) was terminated by the Treaty of Cardis on 2 July 1661, through which the Tsar surrendered the Baltic provinces to Sweden — Ingria, Estonia and Kexholm.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Thus, Sweden emerged from the war not only a military power, but also one of the largest states of Europe, possessing more than twice as much territory as modern Sweden. The land area of Sweden was 1,100,000 km. While modern Sweden is bounded by the Baltic, during the 17th century the Baltic formed a bond between various widely dispersed dominions. All the islands in the Baltic, except the Danish group, belonged to Sweden. The estuaries of all the great German rivers lay within Swedish territory, which also included two-thirds of Lake Ladoga and one-half of Lake Peipus. Stockholm, the capital, lay in the very centre of the empire, whose second greatest city was Riga, on the other side of the sea. This empire contained about a quarter of the population of modern Sweden, at only 2,500,000 people, or about 2.3 people per square kilometer. However, Sweden's expansion had been possible partly due to turmoil and weakness in countries in its vicinity, and when they became more stable, they began to look for chances to regain what was lost.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Sweden had now won considerable political influence, which was lessened by the loss of moral prestige. On Charles X Gustav's accession in 1655, Sweden's neighbours may have become allies; however, territorial loss combined with the loss of religious liberty lessened their ties to Sweden. At Charles X Gustav's death, five years later, Sweden had not only damaged its newly claimed territories but also had become hated by the surrounding states for its lack of defence of Protestantism. Charles X Gustav's attempt to gain the favour of Brandenburg by dividing Poland not only reversed his original policy, but also created a new southern rival almost as dangerous as Denmark–Norway in the west.


title: Swedish Empire

text: In 1660, after five years of warfare, Sweden had obtained peace and the opportunity to organize and develop the new vast realm. Unfortunately, the fifteen-year regency that followed Charles X Gustav was unable to manoeuvre through the situation it faced. The administration was internally divided and hindered by the lack of unity and talent among its statesmen. The two major rivals were the military-aristocratic party headed by Magnus de la Gardie and the party of peace and economy led by Johan Gyllenstierna. The aristocratic group prevailed and brought with it a decline of morality which made it notorious to its neighbours. The administration was noted for sloth and carelessness leading to a general neglect of business. Additionally, government corruption led Sweden to be hired by foreign powers. This "subsidy policy" dates from the Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1661, through which Sweden, in exchange for a considerable sum of money, supported the French candidate for the Polish throne. Sweden was torn between Louis XIV of France and his adversaries in plans to control the Spanish Netherlands. The anti-French faction prevailed; and in April 1668, Sweden acceded to the Triple Alliance, which ended the French acquisitions through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. For the next four years, Sweden remained true to the Triple Alliance; but, in 1672, Louis XIV succeeded in isolating the Dutch Republic and regaining Sweden as an ally. By the Treaty of Stockholm on 14 April 1672, Sweden entered an agreement with the French to protect its sphere of interest containing the Dutch Republic from hostile German claims in return for 400,000 Riksdaler per annum in peace and 600,000 in wartime.


title: Swedish Empire

text: In 1674, Louis XIV called upon Sweden to invade the Electorate of Brandenburg. In May 1675, a Swedish army advanced into the Mark but was defeated on 18 June at Fehrbellin and retreated to Swedish Demmin. The Fehrbellin affair was a mere skirmish, with actual casualties numbering fewer than 600 men, but it made Sweden appear vulnerable and enabled neighbouring countries to attack in the Scanian War.


title: Swedish Empire

text: At this point, the empire began to crumble. In 1675, Swedish Pomerania and the Duchy of Bremen were taken by the Brandenburgers, Austrians, and Danes. In December 1677, the elector of Brandenburg captured Stettin. Stralsund fell on 15 October 1678. Greifswald, Sweden's last possession on the continent, was lost on 5 November. A defensive alliance with John III of Poland was rendered inoperative on 4 August 1677, by the annihilation of Sweden's sea-power; the Battle of Öland, 17 June 1676; the Battle of Fehmarn, June 1677, and most notable on 1–2 July the Battle of Køge Bay. The difficulties concerning the Polish king continued. The Scanian provinces (Scania, Halland and Blegind/Blekinge), once eastern Denmark, became the centre of intense fighting between Swedes and Danes, with a large scale confrontation between the main armies near Lund in December 1676. After that, Scania was divided into Danish and Swedish enclaves centering around the main cities for the rest of the war. The remaining territories in Scania were mainly a no man's land where a fierce "little war" took place, with Swedish troops on the one side and Danish official and semi-official troops (freeshooters etc.) in conjunction with armed locals.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Through homeland military successes of the young Swedish king and the diplomatic activity of Louis XIV, a peace congress began sessions at Nijmegen in March 1677. In the beginning of April 1678, the French king dictated the terms of a peace. One of his chief conditions was the complete restitution of Sweden, as he needed a strong Swedish ally. However, Charles XI refused to go along with ceding territories to its enemies, which led the French king to negotiate on behalf of Sweden without its consent. By the Treaties of Nijmegen on 7 February and of St. Germain on 29 June 1679, Sweden received almost full restitution of its German territory. By the Peace of Fontainebleau confirmed by the subsequent Peace of Lund on 2 September, Denmark–Norway was to return all the land it had captured to Sweden on 4 October 1679. While Sweden could never have gained these concessions alone, Charles XI formed a personal dislike of the French king and developed a strong anti-French bias.


title: Swedish Empire

text: The remainder of the reign of Charles XI is remarkable for a revolution, in which the government of Sweden was transformed to a semi-absolute monarchy. The king emerged from the war convinced that if Sweden were to retain its position as a great power, it needed to reform its whole economic system radically and circumscribe the power of the aristocracy. Charles XI felt that he could do it now that he had allies in the lower orders to support him.


title: Swedish Empire

text: The Riksdag of Stockholm, October 1680, began a new era of Swedish history. On the motion of the Estate of Peasants, the question of the recovery of the alienated crown lands was brought before the Riksdag, and a resolution of the Diet directed that all countships, baronies, domains, manors and other estates producing an annual rent of more than a certain amount per annum should revert to the Crown. The same Riksdag decided that the king was not bound by any particular constitution, but only by law and statutes, and not even obligated to consult the Privy Council, but was to be regarded as a sovereign lord. The Privy Council changed its official title from Riksråd (council of state) to Kungligt råd (royal council); a visible sign that the councillors were no longer the king's colleagues, but rather his servants.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Thus, Sweden had become an absolute monarchy but enacted the right of the Swedish people, in parliament, to be consulted on all important matters. The Riksdag, completely overshadowed by the Crown, did little more than register the royal decrees during the reign of Charles XI of Sweden; but it continued to exist as an essential part of the government. Moreover, this transfer of authority was a voluntary act. The people, knowing the king to be their ally, trusted and cooperated with him. The Riksdag of 1682 declared that the king was empowered to bestow fiefs and take them back again, making the king the disposer of his subjects' temporal property. Presently, this new principle of autocracy was extended to the king's legislative authority, when on 9 December 1682, all four estates not only confirmed that the king held the legislative powers enjoyed by his predecessors, but even gave him the right of interpreting and amending the common law.


title: Swedish Empire

text: The recovery of the alienated crown lands occupied Charles XI for the rest of his life. He created a commission, which was ultimately converted into a permanent department of state. It acted on the principle that the titles of all private landed estates might be called in question, because at some time or other they must have belonged to the Crown, and the burden of proof of ownership lay with the actual owner of the property, not the Crown. The amount of revenue accruing to the Crown from the whole "Reduktion" is impossible to estimate; but by these means, combined with careful management and rigid economy, Charles XI reduced the national debt by three quarters.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Charles XI re-established on a broader basis the reorganization of the "indelningsverk" — a system of military tenure in which national forces were bound to the soil. This tied to the "rust hail tenure", under which the tenants, instead of paying rent, were obliged to equip and maintain a cavalry soldier and horse; while the knekthållare supplied duly equipped foot soldiers. Soldiers were provided with holdings on which they lived in times of peace. Formerly, ordinary conscription had existed alongside this indelning, or distribution system, but it had proved inadequate as well as highly unpopular, and in 1682, Charles XI ended it in favor of an extended distribution system. The Swedish Royal Navy was entirely remodeled; and, the recent war having demonstrated the unsuitability of Stockholm as a naval station, the construction of a new arsenal was begun at Karlskrona. After seventeen years of financial difficulties, the twofold enterprise was completed. At the death of Charles XI, Sweden could boast of a fleet of forty-three three-deckers, manned by 11,000 men and armed with 2,648 guns, and one of the finest arsenals in the world.


title: Swedish Empire

text: After Charles XI's death, the throne was inherited by his underage son, Charles XII. After a brief regency, he was declared to be of age to rule. Three years later, in 1700, Denmark–Norway, Poland and Russia, the countries that had lost the most territory to Sweden, jointly declared war. Denmark–Norway was soon forced to peace after a joint intervention of Swedish, English and Dutch armies, whereafter the King and much of the Swedish army was shipped to the Baltic provinces, where Russian and Polish armies were laying siege to several towns. The Russian army was soundly defeated in the Battle of Narva, after which Charles took the army into Poland with the intent of dethroning the Polish king Augustus II. This took several years, but in 1706, with the Treaty of Altranstädt, he reached his goal.


title: Swedish Empire

text: In the meantime, Russia had managed to take possession of several towns by the Baltic Sea. Instead of trying to retake these, Charles chose to march directly on Moscow, but due to extreme weather, difficulties with his supply lines and the Russian scorched earth strategy, he was forced to turn towards Ukraine. In 1709, the Swedish army was defeated and captured in the Battle of Poltava; Charles managed to escape south to Bender in the Ottoman Empire. Following the defeat at Poltava, Poland and Denmark re-entered the war, along with other countries wanting parts of the Swedish provinces. In the following years, most of them would fall, and Russia occupied the eastern half of Sweden (present-day Finland).


title: Swedish Empire

text: Despite these setbacks, Charles XII twice tried to invade Norway to force Denmark-Norway out of the war again. On 30 November 1718, King Charles XII was mortally wounded during the siege of Fredriksten Fortress in Fredrikshald, today's Halden. With his death, Swedish war efforts mostly came to a halt, although Russia continued to harass the civilian population of the Swedish coastal areas until the concluding Treaty of Nystad was finally signed in 1721. Sweden would remain a regional power of varying success until the 19th century, but the Great Northern War put an end to Sweden's time as a great power.


title: Swedish Empire

text: As a result of eighteen years of war, Sweden gained small and scattered possessions, but had secured control of three principal rivers in northern Germany—the Oder, the Elbe and the Weser—and gained toll-collection rights for those important commercial arteries, benefitting the Swedish economy. Two principal reasons for the small reparations were France's envy and Queen Christina's impatience. As a result of Sweden's intervention, Sweden helped secure religious liberty in Europe for Protestants, becoming a leading power of Continental Protestantism for 90 years. The elevation of Sweden to the rank of an imperial power required that it remain a military monarchy, armed for possible emergency. Sweden's poverty and sparse population meant the country was ill-suited for imperial status. However, in the middle of the 17th century, with France as a firm ally, the incompatibility between its powers and its pretensions was not so obvious.


title: Swedish Empire

text: A major reason why Sweden could be so successful in wars with such a scarce number of soldiers was its advanced military tactics. Sweden was able to reform its military tactics continuously throughout the period. Prior to Gustavus Adolphus's reforms, both his father, Charles IX, and his uncle Erik XIV had tried to reform the army but had effectively failed to do so. Charles IX, like most other rulers, had tried to implement the Dutch system into the army but with limited success. The lack of a strict organisation in the infantry caused the proportion of pikemen to musketeers to be far lower than the preferred ratio of 1 to 1. This, combined with the lack of funds to provide the soldiers with armour, caused the Swedish infantry to be dangerously lightly equipped and unable to deal with cavalry or heavier infantry in open terrain. Charles IX was, however, able to implement the Dutch system for fighting in caracole among the cavalry, with unfortunate results. His partially reformed army suffered a disastrous defeat at Kircholm against a Polish-Lithuanian army led by Jan Karol Chodkiewicz. The Hussaria were the last shock cavalry in Europe still fighting with lances, yet they proved with terrifying effect the superiority of aggressive charging compared to the more defensive caracole used in the rest of Europe. In the end, Charles IX's revolt against his nephew Sigismund of Poland and subsequent rise to the throne of Sweden caused a dynastic struggle for the throne of Sweden that would not finally end until the treaty of Oliva in 1660.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Gustav II Adolph inherited the Polish war together with the Kalmar War against Denmark–Norway when Charles IX died in 1611. The war against Denmark–Norway was a terrible loss that forced Sweden to pay a ransom of 1 million silverdaler to regain Älvsborg (final payment, 1619). The Polish war was interrupted by a series of truces caused by Sweden's weakness along with the unwillingness of the Polish nobility to fight a war considered only to be in Sigismund III's personal interest. The costly peace with Denmark and Poland–Lithuania's inability to mount a seaborne attack on the Swedish mainland gave time for Gustavus Adolphus to reform his armies. The continuation of the Polish war in 1625–1629 gave Gustavus Adolphus the opportunity to test and further improve his army against the Polish-Lithuanian army with its fearsome cavalry, the Winged Hussars.


title: Swedish Empire

text: By the time of the Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War in 1630, Gustav II Adolph had transformed the Swedish (Gustavian) army into an army in which the cavalry fought with aggressive shock tactics, closer to the Polish tactics than the Western European. The Caracole and heavy armor were mostly abandoned, and the saber replaced the wheellock pistol as the primary weapon of the cavalry. Horsemen rode knee-by-knee in a tight formation. When in range, they switched to gallop and charged, and at a range of ten yards, shot both their pistols. A standard regiment numbered 250 simultaneous shots that would blast a hole in the enemy ranks. They then continued the charge with sabres ("värjor"), aiming to break the enemy formation. The infantry was meanwhile employed in a defensive manner, relying on their superior firepower to break enemy attacks. Smaller musketeer detachments (~200 men) were used during the Polish war to support the cavalry against the superior Polish-Lithuanian cavalry.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Gustavus Adolphus earned the title "father of modern warfare" because of his revolutionary tactics during the Thirty Years' War, which later inspired other nations and became standard tactics. He became the foremost model of many later Swedish kings.


title: Swedish Empire

text: At the time Finns were an essential part of the Swedish military. Roughly 2/5 of the infantry and 3/7 of the cavalry in the army were from Finland. They served in their own units which used Finnish as their main language. Also commands were given in Finnish. The Finnish cavalry in the Swedish army was called Hakkapeliitat after their battle cry ""Hakkaa päälle!"". Approximately 110,000 soldiers from Finland died serving the Swedish Empire between 1617 and 1721. Taking into account the contemporary number of inhabitants in Finland, it was relatively equivalent to one million casualties in the 20th Century.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Throughout the Thirty Years' War, the infantry's shock ability was continuously improved. The static nature of the infantry that served well against the cavalry-dominated Polish-Lithuanian army was enhanced during the war to produce infantry capable of both providing devastating firepower and executing offensive maneuvers. Initially, at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), the infantry was almost entirely reliant on their firepower and saw very limited offensive use; but under the leadership of Johan Banér, who took command after the defeat at Nördlingen, the Gustavian brigade system was finally changed into the battalion system recognisable from the War of the Spanish Succession and the Great Northern War (the depth was lowered from six ranks to three or four when the bayonet was introduced at the end of the 17th century).


title: Swedish Empire

text: Swedish tactics once again greatly diverged from the continental tactics during the second half of the 17th century. The continental tactics increasingly emphasized the firepower of the battalion, while the Swedish (Carolean) tactics almost exclusively relied on the shock factor as the infantry and cavalry charged the enemy. As the bayonet was introduced, the pike was discarded in all armies except the Swedish and Russian by 1700.


title: Swedish Empire

text: In the Swedish army tactics of that time, retreat was never covered, and they were obliged to attack or fight where they stood. This was a military doctrine that (with the advantage of hindsight) might have proven a bit rash.


title: Swedish Empire

text: The infantry shock attack operated as follows. The two rear ranks of musketeers were ordered to shoot when "you could not miss," a range of roughly 50 meters, and then to draw their swords before the battalion resumed their attack. The two foremost ranks then discharged at a range of roughly 20 meters before drawing their swords, and the charge began. At this range, the powerful muskets usually felled many enemy troops and was demoralising to them. Directly after the volley, the Swedes charged the enemy ranks with pikes, bayonets and sabres. Note that the pikes were used as an offensive weapon: in close combat, they had the advantage over their foes' weapons thanks to their range. After the bayonet was introduced in the Carolean army (1700–1706), the final volley was delayed until the soldiers were inside bayonet range.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Every infantry battalion had grenadiers attached. They supported the infantry attack by lobbing grenades from the flanks. They also formed units of their own. They were otherwise equipped like infantry.


title: Swedish Empire

text: Thus, in the latter half of the 17th century, the major difference between the Swedish army and those common on the continent was the relative lack of firepower and the use of pikes and sabres. Sweden and Russia were the only countries at the time using pikes. In contemporary Europe, infantry were equipped with a musket, while in the Swedish army, every third man had a pike. The pikemen were normally deployed four men deep with musketeers of equal depth on the sides. The pike was used to repulse cavalry and to break the enemy lines as they charged.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Delirium tremens (DTs) is a rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol. When it occurs, it is often three days into the withdrawal symptoms and lasts for two to three days. Physical effects may include shaking, shivering, irregular heart rate, and sweating. People may also hallucinate. Occasionally, a very high body temperature or seizures (colloquially known as "rum fits") may result in death. Alcohol is one of the most dangerous drugs to withdraw from.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Delirium tremens typically only occurs in people with a high intake of alcohol for more than a month. A similar syndrome may occur with benzodiazepine and barbiturate withdrawal. Withdrawal from stimulants such as cocaine do not have major medical complications. In a person with delirium tremens it is important to rule out other associated problems such as electrolyte abnormalities, pancreatitis, and alcoholic hepatitis.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Prevention is by treating withdrawal symptoms. If delirium tremens occurs, aggressive treatment improves outcomes. Treatment in a quiet intensive care unit with sufficient light is often recommended. Benzodiazepines are the medication of choice with diazepam, lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and oxazepam all commonly used. They should be given until a person is lightly sleeping. The antipsychotic haloperidol may also be used. The vitamin thiamine is recommended. Mortality without treatment is between 15% and 40%. Currently death occurs in about 1% to 4% of cases.


title: Delirium tremens

text: About half of people with alcoholism will develop withdrawal symptoms upon reducing their use. Of these, 3% to 5% develop DTs or have seizures.


title: Delirium tremens

text: The name delirium tremens was first used in 1813; however, the symptoms were well described since the 1700s. The word "delirium" is Latin for "going off the furrow," a plowing metaphor. It is also called the shaking frenzy and Saunders-Sutton syndrome. There are numerous nicknames for the condition, including "the DTs" and "seeing pink elephants" (see below).


title: Delirium tremens

text: The main symptoms of delirium tremens are nightmares, agitation, global confusion, disorientation, visual and auditory hallucinations, tactile hallucinations, fever, high blood pressure, heavy sweating, and other signs of autonomic hyperactivity (fast heart rate and high blood pressure). These symptoms may appear suddenly but typically develop two to three days after the stopping of heavy drinking, being worst on the fourth or fifth day.


title: Delirium tremens

text: These symptoms are characteristically worse at night. In general, DT is considered the most severe manifestation of alcohol withdrawal and occurs 3–10 days following the last drink.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Other common symptoms include intense perceptual disturbance such as visions of insects, snakes, or rats. These may be hallucinations or illusions related to the environment, e.g., patterns on the wallpaper or in the peripheral vision that the patient falsely perceives as a resemblance to the morphology of an insect, and are also associated with tactile hallucinations such as sensations of something crawling on the subject—a phenomenon known as formication. Delirium tremens usually includes extremely intense feelings of "impending doom". Severe anxiety and feelings of imminent death are common DT symptoms.


title: Delirium tremens

text: DT can sometimes be associated with severe, uncontrollable tremors of the extremities and secondary symptoms such as anxiety, panic attacks, and paranoia. Confusion is often noticeable to onlookers as those with DT will have trouble forming simple sentences or making basic logical calculations.


title: Delirium tremens

text: DT should be distinguished from alcoholic hallucinosis, the latter of which occurs in approximately 20% of hospitalized alcoholics and does not carry a risk of significant mortality. In contrast, DT occurs in 5–10% of alcoholics and carries up to 15% mortality with treatment and up to 35% mortality without treatment.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Delirium tremens is mainly caused by a long period of drinking being stopped abruptly. Withdrawal leads to a biochemical regulation cascade.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Delirium tremens is most common in people who are in alcohol withdrawal, especially in those who drink the equivalent of of beer or of distilled beverage daily. Delirium tremens commonly affects those with a history of habitual alcohol use or alcoholism that has existed for more than 10 years.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Delirium tremens is a component of alcohol withdrawal hypothesized to be the result of compensatory changes in response to chronic heavy alcohol use. Alcohol positively allosterically modulates the binding of GABA, enhancing its effect and resulting in inhibition of neurons projecting into the nucleus accumbens, as well as inhibiting NMDA receptors. This combined with desensitization of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, results in a homeostatic upregulation of these systems in chronic alcohol use.


title: Delirium tremens

text: When alcohol use ceases, the unregulated mechanisms result in hyperexcitability of neurons as natural GABAergic systems are down-regulated and excitatory glutamatergic systems are unregulated. This combined with increased noradrenergic activity results in the symptoms of delirium tremens.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Diagnosis is mainly based on symptoms. In a person with delirium tremens it is important to rule out other associated problems such as electrolyte abnormalities, pancreatitis, and alcoholic hepatitis.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Delirium tremens due to alcohol withdrawal can be treated with benzodiazepines. High doses may be necessary to prevent death. Amounts given are based on the symptoms. Typically the person is kept sedated with benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, or oxazepam.


title: Delirium tremens

text: In some cases antipsychotics, such as haloperidol may also be used. Older drugs such as paraldehyde and clomethiazole were formerly the traditional treatment but have now largely been superseded by the benzodiazepines.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Acamprosate is occasionally used in addition to other treatments, and is then carried on into long-term use to reduce the risk of relapse. If status epilepticus occurs it is treated in the usual way.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Alcoholic beverages can also be prescribed as a treatment for delirium tremens, but this practice is not universally supported.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Nicknames for delirium tremens include "the DTs", "the shakes", "the oopizootics", "barrel-fever", "the blue horrors", "bottleache", "bats", "the drunken horrors", "seeing pink elephants", "gallon distemper", "quart mania", "heebie jeebies", "pink spiders", and "riding the ghost train", as well as "ork orks", "the zoots", "the 750 itch", and "pint paralysis". Another nickname is "the Brooklyn Boys", found in Eugene O'Neill's one-act play "Hughie" set in Times Square in the 1920s. Delirium tremens was also given an alternate medical definition since at least the 1840s, being known as "mania a potu", which translates to 'mania from drink'.


title: Delirium tremens

text: English author George Eliot provides a case involving delirium tremens in her novel "Middlemarch" (187172). Alcoholic scoundrel John Raffles, both an abusive stepfather of Joshua Riggs and blackmailing nemesis of financier Nicholas Bulstrode, dies, whose "death was due to delirium tremens" while at Peter Featherstone's Stone Court property. Housekeeper Mrs. Abel provides Raffles' final night of care per Bulstrode's instruction whose directions given to Abel stand adverse to Dr. Tertius Lydgate's orders.


title: Delirium tremens

text: French writer Émile Zola's novel "The Drinking Den" ("L'Assommoir") includes a character – Coupeau, the main character Gervaise's husband – who has delirium tremens by the end of the book.


title: Delirium tremens

text: American writer Mark Twain describes an episode of delirium tremens in his book "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884). In chapter 6, Huck states about his father, "After supper pap took the jug, and said he had enough whisky there for two drunks and one delirium tremens. That was always his word." Subsequently, Pap Finn runs around with hallucinations of snakes and chases Huck around their cabin with a knife in an attempt to kill him, thinking Huck is the "Angel of Death".


title: Delirium tremens

text: One of the characters in Joseph Conrad's novel "Lord Jim" experiences "DTs of the worst kind" with symptoms that include seeing millions of pink frogs.


title: Delirium tremens

text: English author M. R. James mentions delirium tremens in his 1904 ghost story 'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'. Professor Parkins while staying at the Globe Inn when in coastal Burnstow to "improve his game" of golf, despite being "a convinced disbeliever in what is called the 'supernatural, when face to face with an entity in his "double-bed room" during the story's climax, is heard "uttering cry upon cry at the utmost pitch of his voice" though later "was somehow cleared of the ready suspicion of delirium tremens".


title: Delirium tremens

text: In the 1945 film "The Lost Weekend", Ray Milland won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his depiction of a character who experiences delirium tremens after being hospitalized, hallucinating that he saw a bat fly in and eat a mouse poking through a wall.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Writer [[Jack Kerouac]] details his experiences with delirium tremens in his book "[[Big Sur (novel)|Big Sur]]".


title: Delirium tremens

text: The "[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]" TV series episode "Bottoms Up" (season 9, episode 15) featured a side story about a nurse (Cpt. Helen Whitfield) who was found to be drinking heavily off-duty. By the culmination of the episode, after a confrontation by Maj. Margaret Houlihan, the character swears off alcohol and presumably quits immediately. At mealtime, roughly 48 hours later, Whitfield becomes hysterical upon being served food in the Mess tent, claiming that things are crawling onto her from it. Margaret and Col. Sherman Potter subdue her. Potter, having recognized the symptoms of delirium tremens orders 5 ml of [[paraldehyde]] from a witnessing nurse.


title: Delirium tremens

text: During the filming of the 1975 film "[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]", [[Graham Chapman]] developed delirium tremens due to the lack of alcohol on the set. It was particularly bad during the filming of the bridge of death scene where Chapman was visibly shaking, sweating and could not cross the bridge. His fellow Pythons were astonished as Chapman was an accomplished mountaineer.


title: Delirium tremens

text: Irish singer-songwriter [[Christy Moore]] has a song on his 1985 album, "[[Ordinary Man (Christy Moore album)|Ordinary Man]]", called "Delirium Tremens" which is a satirical song, directed towards the leaders in Irish politics and culture. Some of the people mentioned in the song include former Fianna Fáil leader [[Charles Haughey]], at the time a Labour TD, later the party leader [[Ruairi Quinn]], former Labour Party leader [[Dick Spring]] and [[Roger Casement]], who was captured bringing German guns to Ireland for the [[1916 Easter Rising]].


title: Delirium tremens

text: The Belgian beer "Delirium Tremens," introduced in 1988, is a direct reference and also uses a pink elephant as its logo to highlight one of the symptoms of delirium tremens.


title: Delirium tremens

text: In the 1995 film "[[Leaving Las Vegas]]", [[Nicolas Cage]] plays a suicidal alcoholic who rids himself of all his possessions and travels to Las Vegas to drink himself to death. During his travels, he experiences delirium tremens on a couch after waking up from a binge and crawls in pain to the refrigerator for more [[vodka]]. Cage's performance as Ben Sanderson in the film won the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] in 1996.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment (WBIE; also known as Warner Bros. Games or WB Games) is an American video game publisher based in Burbank, California, and part of the newly-formed Global Streaming and Interactive Entertainment unit of Warner Bros. Discovery. WBIE was founded on January 14, 2004 under Warner Bros. and transferred to the Home Entertainment division when that company was formed in October 2005. WBIE manages the wholly owned game development studios TT Games, Rocksteady Studios, NetherRealm Studios, Monolith Productions, WB Games Boston, Avalanche Software, and WB Games Montréal, among others.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: The foundation of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment (WBIE) under Warner Bros. was announced on January 14, 2004, along with the WB Games (Warner Bros. Games) brand, under which WBIE would publish games. Jason Hall, previously of Monolith Productions, was named as its senior vice president. Later that year, Warner Bros. acquired Monolith Productions. In October 2005, Warner Bros. created a new group–Warner Bros. Home Entertainment–and WBIE was transferred as part of it.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: The first game that Monolith developed in conjunction with Warner Bros. was "The Matrix Online", which SEGA helped co-publish. Warner Bros. also helped distribute both "Enter the Matrix" and "" for the "Matrix" series. In 2006, they bought a 10.3% stake in SCi Entertainment, the owner of Eidos Interactive. That same year, they released their first self-published title (with no co-publishers), "Justice League Heroes", which was distributed by Eidos on the Xbox. Also in 2006, British video game publisher Codemasters signed an American distribution deal with Warner Bros; the deal expired in 2011 when Codemasters left for THQ. In 2012, Codemasters and Warner Bros. restarted the distribution deal after THQ went bankrupt.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: In 2007, they implemented a five-year plan, the goal of which was to expand in the video game industry and included the acquisition of studios for internal development and the creation of a studio (WB Games) in the Seattle area that will run all the games published and developed by the company; the first acquisition under this plan was Britain's TT Games that same year, for £100 million.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: In April 2008, they increased their stake to 35%, gaining distribution rights of all Eidos games in North America. On December 15, 2008, right after SCi changed their name to Eidos plc, Warner acquired a total of 10 million shares of the company, raising its owned amount to 19.92%, after an agreement which prevented Time Warner from acquiring more shares was scrapped one month earlier. On January 28, 2009, The Hollywood Reporter reported the deal also gave Warner the rights of the "Tomb Raider" film series, previously owned by Paramount Pictures. On February 12, 2009, Warner Bros. backed Square Enix's acquisition offer worth £84.3 million for Eidos plc as majority stakeholder.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: Warner Bros. announced on February 4, 2009 it had purchased independent developer Snowblind Studios. Terms of the deal were not disclosed, but the acquisition serves to strengthen the publisher's internal development effort. In 2009, Warner purchased most of the assets of American publisher Midway Games, operating under Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, for $49 million. The assets purchased include Midway's studio in Chicago and Surreal Software, resulting in the ownership to the rights to the "Joust", "Mortal Kombat", "The Suffering", "Spy Hunter" and "Wheelman" series. Midway had previously worked with Warner Bros. on several games, including "Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe". Midway intended to hold an auction of its assets on June 29, 2009, but no other bids were placed. On July 10, the sale to Warner was completed for approximately . In the process, Warner became the owner of the "" series. On July 28, 2009, Midway's "Mortal Kombat" team was rebranded WB Games Chicago and, in 2010, was merged with Midway Games to form NetherRealm Studios.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: On January 13, 2010, it was announced that WBIE would produce and gain exclusive rights to "Sesame Street" video games, starting in fall 2010 with "Elmo's A-to-Zoo Adventure" and "Cookie's Counting Carnival". On February 23, 2010, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group announced it had acquired a majority stake in independent London-based developer Rocksteady Studios, an independent development studio based in London. Rocksteady and Warner had previously worked together in "" and "", and have announced they will work in the future with more Warner Bros. licenses.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: On March 22, 2010, WBIE became the latest videogame company to open a studio in Quebec. Martin Tremblay was chosen to lead the new Montreal studio, WB Games Montréal. The studio gradually grow to include more than 300 people by the end of 2015. Tremblay also said that Warner would open another studio in another city soon. He also said that WB Games Montréal will focus on creating games based on the DC Comics license. On April 9, WBIE announced it would publish a third installment to the "F.E.A.R." series in the fall of 2010. On April 20, 2010, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group acquired Turbine, Inc. the developer of the famous MMOs "Asheron's Call", "Dungeons & Dragons Online" and "The Lord of the Rings Online".


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: On June 4, WBHEG and Turbine, inc. said that the massively multiplayer online title "The Lord of the Rings Online" was to become a free-to-play game that autumn. WBIE announced 6 days later that "Mortal Kombat", a reboot of the series (and considered the series' most brutal installment to date), was due for release on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011. "Mortal Kombat" was developed by the newly renamed NetherRealm Studios, led by series creator and creative director Ed Boon. Branching out from "Game Party" for the Wii, WBIE attempted to leverage the Xbox 360's new full-body motion-sensing device Kinect on June 14 and revealed "" for the new device, set for a November 4 release as a launch title. After Kevin Tsujihara became chairman and CEO of Warner Bros. Entertainment, he promoted Diane Nelson to the post of President and Chief Content Officer of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. In January 2015, David Haddad was named Executive Vice President and General Manager of the company and was promoted to President in October.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: On December 19, 2016, it was announced that Warner Bros. would no longer develop or publish "The Lord of the Rings Online" or "Dungeons & Dragons Online"; further development of the game would be handled by a newly formed studio, Standing Stone Games, with publishing to be transitioned over to Daybreak Game Company. The new studio would take the old development team from Turbine, leaving Turbine as a mobile-only developer. As part of the deal, Daybreak did not pick up the rights to "Asheron's Call", an original IP created by Turbine and thus owned by Warner Bros. as part of the 2010 acquisition. This resulted in the closure of "Asheron's Call" and "" on January 31, 2017.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: On January 24, 2017, it was announced that recently-closed studio Avalanche Software and its Octane engine software were acquired by Warner Bros. from Disney Interactive Studios and the studio was reopened, with John Blackburn returning as its CEO. The studio's first title under Warner was a companion video game to the Disney-Pixar film "Cars 3", titled "", in partnership with Warner Bros., Disney, and Pixar. On February 8, Playdemic was acquired through TT Games to make Lego games for mobile devices. On July 11, 2018, it acquired Plexchat, a communications platform for mobile games, with its founder and staff joining WB Games San Francisco.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: In mid-2020, there had been industry rumors that AT&T, as to raise funds, was looking to sell off parts of its divisions, with WBIE as one that had been rumored to be up for sale that would have raised $4 billion, according to CNBC and The Information; potential buyers had been rumored to include Take Two Interactive, Microsoft, Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts. However, in an August 2020 press release regarding an organizational restructuring, WarnerMedia stated that WBIE "remains part of the Studios and Networks group". Bloomberg News reported AT&T has confirmed to no longer be selling the game division, the decision to keep the division amid a change in leadership at AT&T in July of that year.


title: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment

text: Instead, in May 2021, AT&T announced that it was splitting off WarnerMedia for about , where it will be merged with Discovery, Inc. into a new venture. As part of this sale, there were rumors that only portions of WBIE would be moved with the bulk of the other WarnerMedia properties, but WBIE will be retained under the new merged company, set to be named Warner Bros. Discovery. Playdemic will be one of the few properties divested from the merger, with it being in the pending acquisition of being sold to Electronic Arts for in June 2021 with the acquisition to be completed by 2022. The Electronic Arts' acquisition of Playdemic was completed on September 20, 2021. As announced on April 7, 2022, Warner Bros. Games was reorganized with streaming services HBO Max and Discovery+ to form Warner Bros. Discovery Global Streaming & Interactive Entertainment, to be overseen by JB Perrette; WB Games president David Haddad would report directly to Perrette.


title: Allen Leech

text: Allen Leech (born 18 May 1981) is an Irish actor best known for his role as Tom Branson on the historical drama series "Downton Abbey" and as Paul Prenter in the 2018 biopic "Bohemian Rhapsody". He made his professional acting debut with a small part in a 1998 production of "A Streetcar Named Desire", made his first major film appearance as Vincent Cusack in "Cowboys & Angels", and earned an Irish Film & Television Awards nomination in 2004 with his performance as Mo Chara in "Man About Dog". Leech played Marcus Agrippa on the HBO historical drama series "Rome".


title: Allen Leech

text: Leech was born in Killiney, County Dublin, to David Leech, the CEO of a computer systems company, and Kay Leech. He is the third of four children; he has an older brother, Greg, an older sister, Alli, and a younger brother, Simon. He attended St Michael's College. Leech became interested in acting at 11 when he was given the part of the Cowardly Lion in a school production of "The Wizard of Oz" and found he loved being on stage. He recalled how he immediately decided to become an actor when Peter McDonald told him how acting is a profession on the last night of the production's run.


title: Allen Leech

text: Afterwards, drama became the "focal point" of Leech's teenage years, apart from his family life, and drama and family support helped him through his school years. He became set on acting after winning a small role in a 1998 production of "A Streetcar Named Desire" at the Gate Theatre. He earned a Bachelor of Arts and a Master's Degree in Drama and Theatre Studies from Trinity College Dublin, later noting this was a "loophole" in his parents' stipulation that he earn a degree to fall back on if he failed to have success as an actor. He landed his first major roles in "Cowboys & Angels" and "Man About Dog" while at Trinity, and he has admitted that he did little schoolwork because he spent his time on auditions and acting.


title: Allen Leech

text: Leech's first professional stage role was in 1998 at the Gate in their production of "A Streetcar Named Desire". "I was the gentleman caller to Frances McDormand's Blanche Dubois. The Coen brothers were walking backstage, and me a naive 16-year-old."


title: Allen Leech

text: He appeared as Willi in the "Queen and Peacock", at the Garter Lane Arts Centre. The following years, Leech was in Tom Murphy's "The Morning After Optimism" and then Hugh Leonard's "Da" at the Abbey.


title: Allen Leech

text: Leech's breakthrough film performance was in "Cowboys and Angels", in which he played Vincent, a gay fashion student, followed by a role in the 2004 cross-country caper film "Man About Dog".


title: Allen Leech

text: Leech played the role of Shane Kirwan in the Ireland's RTÉ series "Love Is the Drug", in which he received a Best Actor nomination from the Irish Film and Television Awards. He followed that up with the role of Willy in the television series "Legend", which is the story of three different Irish families. He received a Best Supporting Actor nomination from Irish Film and Television Awards for his performance.


title: Allen Leech

text: In 2007, Leech appeared in the HBO drama series "Rome" as Marcus Agrippa, Octavian's top soldier and friend. The film, "Rewind", opened in Ireland on 25 March 2011.


title: Allen Leech

text: In 2010, he appeared on the small screen in "The Tudors" as the doomed Francis Dereham, former lover of Catherine Howard. Leech also appeared in ITV 2010s television series "Downton Abbey" as chauffeur Tom Branson, whose twin beliefs in socialism and Irish Republicanism clash with those of the British upper class. He played the role of officer Sam Leonard in television series "Primeval" in 2011 in series five. Leech also starred in the 2012 film adaptation "The Sweeney". In 2014 he starred alongside Benedict Cumberbatch, as the spy John Cairncross, in "The Imitation Game".


title: Allen Leech

text: Leech was voted sexiest Irish male in 2005 in "U Magazine". He was named one of GQ's 50 best dressed men in Britain in 2015.


title: Allen Leech

text: In 2017, Leech appeared alongside Ginnifer Goodwin in the Los Angeles stage production of "Constellations". The play ran from June 14 to July 23, 2017, at the Geffen Playhouse.


title: Allen Leech

text: Leech played Paul Prenter, who was briefly Freddie Mercury's manager and male lover, in the biopic "Bohemian Rhapsody" (2018), which earned him a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture at the 25th Screen Actors Guild Awards.


title: Allen Leech

text: Leech reprised his role as Tom Branson in the feature films "Downton Abbey" (2019) and "" (2022). He has an upcoming role in the crime drama "The Vanishing Triangle" opposite India Mullen.


title: Allen Leech

text: In February 2018, Leech announced his engagement to actress Jessica Blair Herman. They were married in an outdoor ceremony on 5 January 2019 at the Alisal Ranch and Resort in Solvang, California. Guests at the ceremony included Leech's "Downton Abbey" costars Michelle Dockery and Dan Stevens, as well as his "Bohemian Rhapsody" costars Rami Malek, Gwilym Lee, and Lucy Boynton. In September 2019, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child.


title: Brian Hallisay

text: Brian Hallisay (born October 31, 1978) is an American actor, known for his roles as Will Davis in the CW drama series "Privileged" and Kyle Parks in the Lifetime drama series "The Client List". He starred on the television series "Revenge" as Ben Hunter.


title: Brian Hallisay

text: Hallisay was born in Washington, D.C., graduated from Gonzaga College High School in 1996 and then moved on to Cornell University, graduating in 2000. After college and before moving to Los Angeles, he worked on Wall Street. Regarding the career change, he commented: "I was slaving away at that and I had a really good time with it, but it got to the point where I said, 'You know, I had always dreamed about seeing what acting was all about.'"


title: Brian Hallisay

text: Hallisay made his television debut in 2005, appearing on Fox's "The Inside", with Rachel Nichols and Adam Baldwin, as well as Lifetime's "Strong Medicine", opposite Patricia Richardson.


title: Brian Hallisay

text: On The CW's drama "Privileged", Hallisay played Will Davis, a charming and wealthy Palm Beach bachelor who is delighted to learn that his next-door neighbors have hired a beautiful tutor named Megan Smith (Joanna García). He continued in various television series, such as "Without a Trace" and "Cold Case". Since then, he has landed roles in "Bones", "Medium", "Bionic Woman", and "", opposite Gary Sinise.


title: Brian Hallisay

text: In 2006, he made his feature debut in Erik MacArthur's "Bottoms Up", starring Paris Hilton and Jason Mewes. Hallisay played the boyfriend to Hilton, a socialite who helps Mewes save his failing small-town restaurant. In 2011, Hallisay was cast in the third installment of "" where he played the lead character. In 2012, Hallisay appeared in two episodes of The CW's series "Ringer", and he signed a deal with Lifetime to appear as Kyle Parks in the drama series "The Client List".


title: Brian Hallisay

text: From late 2018 to early 2019, Hallisay played a recurring role on "9-1-1" as Doug Kendall alias Jason Bailey, the abusive husband of Maddie Buckley, a character played by his real-life wife, Jennifer Love Hewitt.


title: Brian Hallisay

text: In March 2012, Hallisay began dating his "The Client List" co-star Jennifer Love Hewitt. In June 2013, it was announced that Hewitt and Hallisay were engaged and expecting their first child. They married November 20, 2013, before the birth of their first child, a daughter, Autumn James. In June 2015, the couple had a boy, Atticus James. In September 2021, Hewitt and Hallisay welcomed their third child, a son named Aidan James.


title: Priya Bhavani Shankar

text: Priya Bhavani Shankar (born 31 December 1989) is an Indian actress and television presenter who primarily appears in Tamil films.


title: Priya Bhavani Shankar

text: She has appeared in successful films such as "Meyaadha Maan" (2017), "Kadaikutty Singam" (2018), "" (2020), "Yaanai" (2022) and "Thiruchitrambalam" (2022).


title: Priya Bhavani Shankar

text: Priya Bhavani Shankar was born to Bhavani Shankar and Thangam Bhavani Shankar and she has an elder brother. She did her Schooling in SBOA Matriculation and Higher Secondary School, Chennai. She studied engineering in college. After entering the media industry she earned her Master of Business Administration.


title: Priya Bhavani Shankar

text: Her first recognition was as a television news presenter at the Tamil news channel Puthiya Thalaimurai. She also worked as a serial actress in Star Vijay Television's "Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai". In 2017, she made her film debut with "Meyaadha Maan" opposite Vaibhav Reddy, for which she was nominated for a SIIMA Award for Best Female Debutant.


title: Priya Bhavani Shankar

text: The following year, Priya appeared in "Kadaikutty Singam" alongside Karthi. In 2019, she starred in "Monster" alongside S. J. Suryah. In 2020 she was seen in "". She also appeared in the Amazon Prime web series "Time Enna Boss".


title: Priya Bhavani Shankar

text: In 2021, she starred in the multi-starrer "Kalathil Sandhippom" alongside Jiiva and Arulnithi, "Kasada Thapara" alongside Sundeep Kishan, and "Oh Manapenne" alongside Harish Kalyan.


title: Priya Bhavani Shankar

text: As of 2022, her projects include "Yaanai" alongside Arun Vijay, "Kuruthi Aattam" opposite Atharvaa, "Bommai" with S. J. Suryah for the second time, and "Hostel" opposite Ashok Selvan.


title: Paul is dead

text: "Paul is dead" is an urban legend and conspiracy theory alleging that English musician Paul McCartney of the Beatles died on 9 November 1966 and was secretly replaced by a look-alike. The rumour began circulating in 1967, gaining broad popularity in September 1969 following reports on American college campuses.


title: Paul is dead

text: According to the theory, McCartney died in a car crash, and to spare the public from grief, the surviving Beatles replaced him with a McCartney look-alike, subsequently communicating this secret through subtle details of their albums. Proponents perceived clues among elements of Beatles songs and cover artwork; clue-hunting proved infectious, and by October 1969 had become an international phenomenon. Rumours declined after "Life" magazine published an interview with McCartney in November 1969.


title: Paul is dead

text: The phenomenon was the subject of analysis in the fields of sociology, psychology, and communications during the 1970s. McCartney parodied the hoax with the title and cover art of his 1993 live album, "Paul Is Live". The legend was among ten of "the world's most enduring conspiracy theories" according to "Time" magazine in 2009.


title: Paul is dead

text: In early 1967, a rumour circulated in London that Paul McCartney had been killed in a traffic accident while driving along the M1 motorway on 7 January.<ref name="Yoakum/Gadfly"></ref> The rumour was acknowledged and rebutted in the February issue of "The Beatles Book". McCartney then alluded to the rumour during a press conference held around the release of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" in May. By 1967, the Beatles were known for sometimes including backmasking in their music. Analysing their lyrics for hidden meaning had also become a popular trend in the US. In November 1968, their self-titled double LP (also known as the "White Album") was released containing the track "Glass Onion". John Lennon wrote the song in response to "gobbledygook" said about "Sgt. Pepper". In a later interview, he said that he was purposely confusing listeners with lines such as "the Walrus was Paul" – a reference to his song "I Am the Walrus" from the 1967 EP and album "Magical Mystery Tour".


title: Paul is dead

text: On 17 September 1969, Tim Harper, an editor of the "Drake Times-Delphic", the student newspaper of Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, published an article titled "Is Beatle Paul McCartney Dead?" The article addressed a rumour being circulated on campus that cited clues from recent Beatles albums, including a message interpreted as "Turn me on, dead man", heard when the White Album track "Revolution 9" is played backwards. Also referenced was the back cover of "Sgt. Pepper", where every Beatle except McCartney is photographed facing the viewer, and the front cover of "Magical Mystery Tour", which depicts one unidentified band member in a differently coloured suit from the other three. According to music journalist Merrell Noden, Harper's "Drake Times-Delphic" was the first to publish an article on the "Paul is dead" theory. Harper later said that it had become the subject of discussion among students at the start of the new academic year, and he added: "A lot of us, because of Vietnam and the so-called Establishment, were ready, willing and able to believe just about any sort of conspiracy."


title: Paul is dead

text: In late September 1969, the Beatles released the album "Abbey Road" as they were in the process of disbanding. On 10 October, the Beatles' press officer, Derek Taylor, responded to the rumour stating: "Recently we've been getting a flood of inquiries asking about reports that Paul is dead. We've been getting questions like that for years, of course, but in the past few weeks we've been getting them at the office and home night and day. I'm even getting telephone calls from disc jockeys and others in the United States." Throughout this period, McCartney felt isolated from his bandmates in his opposition to their choice of business manager, Allen Klein, and distraught at Lennon's private announcement that he was leaving the group. With the birth of his daughter Mary in late August, McCartney had withdrawn to focus on his family life. On 22 October, the day that the "Paul is dead" rumour became an international news story, McCartney, his wife Linda and their two daughters travelled to Scotland to spend time at his farm near Campbeltown.


title: Paul is dead

text: On 12 October 1969, a caller to Detroit radio station WKNR-FM told disc jockey Russ Gibb about the rumour and its clues. Gibb and other callers then discussed the rumour on air for the next hour, during which Gibb offered further potential clues. Two days later, "The Michigan Daily" published a satirical review of "Abbey Road" by University of Michigan student Fred LaBour, who had listened to the exchange on Gibb's show, under the headline "McCartney Dead; New Evidence Brought to Light". It identified various clues to McCartney's alleged death on Beatles album covers, particularly on the "Abbey Road" sleeve. LaBour later said he had invented many of the clues and was astonished when the story was picked up by newspapers across the United States. Noden writes that "Very soon, every college campus, every radio station, had a resident expert." WKNR fuelled the rumour further with its two-hour programme "The Beatle Plot", which first aired on 19 October. This show has been called "infamous", a "fraud" and a "mockumentary". It brought enormous worldwide publicity to Gibb and WKNR.


title: Paul is dead

text: The story was soon taken up by more mainstream radio stations in the New York area, WMCA and WABC. In the early hours of 21 October, WABC disc jockey Roby Yonge discussed the rumour on-air for over an hour before being pulled off the air for breaking format. At that time of night, WABC's signal covered a wide listening area and could be heard in 38 US states and, at times, in other countries. Although the Beatles' press office denied the rumour, McCartney's atypical withdrawal from public life contributed to its escalation. Vin Scelsa, a student broadcaster in 1969, later said that the escalation was indicative of the countercultural influence of Bob Dylan, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, since: "Every song from them – starting about late 1966 – became a personal message, worthy of endless scrutiny ... they were guidelines on how to live your life."


title: Paul is dead

text: WMCA dispatched Alex Bennett to the Beatles' Apple Corps headquarters in London on 23 October, to further his extended coverage of the "Paul is dead" theory. There, Ringo Starr told Bennett: "If people are gonna believe it, they're gonna believe it. I can only say it's not true." In a radio interview with John Small of WKNR, Lennon said that the rumour was "insane" but good publicity for "Abbey Road". On Halloween night 1969, WKBW in Buffalo, New York broadcast a program titled "Paul McCartney Is Alive and Well – Maybe", which analysed Beatles lyrics and other clues. The WKBW DJs concluded that the "Paul is dead" hoax was fabricated by Lennon.<ref name="Bisco/ReelRadio"></ref>


title: Paul is dead

text: Before the end of October 1969, several record releases had exploited the phenomenon of McCartney's alleged demise. These included "The Ballad of Paul" by the Mystery Tour; "Brother Paul" by Billy Shears and the All Americans; "So Long Paul" by Werbley Finster, a pseudonym for José Feliciano; and Zacharias and His Tree People's "We're All Paul Bearers (Parts One and Two)". Another song was Terry Knight's "Saint Paul", which had been a minor hit in June that year and was subsequently adopted by radio stations as a tribute to "the late Paul McCartney". A cover version of "Saint Paul" by New Zealand singer Shane reached the top of that nation's singles charts. According to a report in "Billboard" magazine in early November, Shelby Singleton Productions planned to issue a documentary LP of radio segments discussing the phenomenon.<ref name="BB/DiskCoverage"></ref> In Canada, Polydor Records exploited the rumour in their artwork for "Very Together", a repackaging of the Beatles' pre-fame recordings with Tony Sheridan, using a cover that showed four candles, one of which had just been snuffed out.


title: Paul is dead

text: Proponents of the theory maintained that, on 9 November 1966, McCartney had an argument with his bandmates during a "Sgt. Pepper" recording session and drove off angrily in his car, distracted by a meter maid ("Lovely Rita"), not noticing that the traffic lights had changed ("A Day In The Life”) crashed, and was decapitated ("Don't Pass Me By"). A funeral service for Paul was held, with eulogies by George ("Blue Jay Way") and Ringo ("Don't Pass Me By”), followed by a procession ("Abbey Road"s front cover), with Lennon as the priest officiating his funeral and burying him (the alleged "I Buried Paul" statement in "Strawberry Fields Forever"). To spare the public from grief, or simply as a joke, the surviving Beatles replaced him with the winner of a McCartney look-alike contest. This scenario was facilitated by the Beatles' recent retirement from live performance and by their choosing to present themselves with a new image for their next album, "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (which began recording later that month).


title: Paul is dead

text: In LaBour's telling, the stand-in was an "orphan from Edinburgh named William Campbell" whom the Beatles then trained to impersonate McCartney.<ref name="Noden/MojoSpecial"></ref> Others contended that the man's name was William Shears Campbell, later abbreviated to Billy Shears, and the replacement was instigated by Britain's MI5 out of concern for the severe distress McCartney's death would cause the Beatles' audience.<ref name="Shivani/Dawn"></ref> In this latter telling, the surviving Beatles were said to be wracked by guilt at their duplicity, and therefore left messages in their music and album artwork to communicate the truth to their fans.


title: Paul is dead

text: Dozens of supposed clues to McCartney's death have been identified by fans and followers of the legend. These include messages perceived when listening to songs being played backwards and symbolic interpretations of both lyrics and album cover imagery. Two frequently cited examples are the suggestion that the words "I buried Paul" are spoken by Lennon in the final section of the song "Strawberry Fields Forever", which the Beatles recorded in November and December 1966. Lennon later said that the words were actually "Cranberry sauce", and that the words "number nine, number nine" in "Revolution 9" (from the "White Album") became "turn me on, dead man, turn me on, dead man" when played backwards. A similar reversal at the end of "I'm So Tired" (another "White Album" track) yielded "Paul is dead man, miss him, miss him, miss him…".


title: Paul is dead

text: Another example is the interpretation of the "Abbey Road" album cover as depicting a funeral procession: Lennon, dressed in white, is said to symbolise the heavenly figure; Starr, dressed in black, symbolises the undertaker; George Harrison, in denim, represents the gravedigger; and McCartney, barefoot and out of step with the others, symbolises the corpse. The number plate of the white Volkswagen Beetle in the photo – containing the characters LMW 281F (mistakenly read as "28IF") – was identified as further "evidence". "28IF" represented McCartney's age "if" he had still been alive (although McCartney was 27 when the album was recorded and released) while "LMW" stood for "Linda McCartney weeps" or "Linda McCartney, widow" (although McCartney and the then-Linda Eastman had not yet met in 1966, the year of Paul's alleged death). That the left-handed McCartney held a cigarette in his right hand was also said to support the idea that he was an impostor.


title: Paul is dead

text: On 21 October 1969, the Beatles' press office again issued statements denying the rumour, deeming it "a load of old rubbish" and saying that "the story has been circulating for about two years – we get letters from all sorts of nuts but Paul is still very much with us". On 24 October, BBC Radio reporter Chris Drake was granted an interview with McCartney at his farm. McCartney said that the speculation was understandable, given that he normally did "an interview a week" to ensure he remained in the news. Part of the interview was first broadcast on Radio 4, on 26 October, and subsequently on WMCA in the US. According to author John Winn, McCartney had conceded to the interview "in hopes that people hearing his voice would see the light", but the ploy failed.


title: Paul is dead

text: McCartney was secretly filmed by a CBS News crew as he worked on his farm. As in his and Linda's segment in the Beatles' promotional clip for "Something", which the couple filmed privately around this time, McCartney was unshaven and unusually scruffy-looking in his appearance. His next visitors were a reporter and photographer from "Life" magazine. Irate at the intrusion, he swore at the pair, threw a bucket of water over them and was captured on film attempting to hit the photographer. Fearing that the photos would damage his image, McCartney then approached the pair and agreed to pose for a photo with his family and answer the reporter's questions, in exchange for the roll of film containing the offending pictures. In Winn's description, the family portrait used for "Life"s cover shows McCartney no longer "shabbily attired", but "clean-shaven and casually but smartly dressed".


title: Paul is dead

text: Following the publication of the article and the photo, in the issue dated 7 November, the rumour started to decline. In the interview, McCartney was quoted as saying:


title: Paul is dead

text: In November 1969, Capitol Records sales managers reported a significant increase in sales of Beatles catalogue albums, attributed to the rumour. Rocco Catena, Capitol's vice-president of national merchandising, estimated that "this is going to be the biggest month in history in terms of Beatles sales".<ref name="Burks/RS"></ref> The rumour benefited the commercial performance of "Abbey Road" in the US, where it comfortably outsold all of the band's previous albums. "Sgt. Pepper" and "Magical Mystery Tour", both of which had been off the charts since February, re-entered the "Billboard" Top LPs chart, peaking at number 101 and number 109, respectively.


title: Paul is dead

text: A television special dedicated to "Paul is dead" was broadcast on WOR in New York on 30 November. Titled "Paul McCartney: The Complete Story, Told for the First and Last Time", it was set in a courtroom and hosted by celebrity lawyer F. Lee Bailey, who cross-examined LaBour, Gibb and other proponents of the theory, and heard opposing views from "witnesses" such as McCartney's friend Peter Asher and Allen Klein. Bailey left it to the viewer to determine a conclusion. Before the recording, LaBour told Bailey that his article had been intended as a joke, to which Bailey sighed and replied, "Well, we have an hour of television to do; you're going to have to go along with this."


title: Paul is dead

text: McCartney returned to London in December. Bolstered by Linda's support, he began recording his debut solo album at his home in St John's Wood. Titled "McCartney", and recorded without his bandmates' knowledge, it was "one of the best-kept secrets in rock history" until shortly before its release in April 1970, according to author Nicholas Schaffner, and led to the announcement of the Beatles' break-up. In his 1971 song "How Do You Sleep?", in which he attacked McCartney's character, Lennon described the theorists as "freaks" who "were right when they said you was dead". The rumour was also cited in the hoax surrounding the Canadian band Klaatu, after a January 1977 review of their debut album "" sparked rumours that the group were in fact the Beatles. In one telling, this theory contended that the album had been recorded in late 1966 but then mislaid until 1975, at which point Lennon, Harrison and Starr elected to issue it in McCartney's memory.<ref name="Raymond/Vulture"></ref>


title: Paul is dead

text: LaBour later became notable as the bassist for the western swing group Riders in the Sky, which he co-founded in 1977. In 2008, he joked that his success as a musician had extended his fifteen minutes of fame for his part in the rumour to "seventeen minutes". In 2015, he told "The Detroit News" that he is still periodically contacted by conspiracy theorists who have attempted to present him with supposed new developments on the McCartney rumours.


title: Paul is dead

text: Author Peter Doggett writes that, while the theory behind "Paul is dead" defied logic, its popularity was understandable in a climate where citizens were faced with conspiracy theories insisting that the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963 was in fact a coup d'état. Schaffner said that, given its origins as an item of gossip and intrigue generated by a select group in the "Beatles cult", "Paul is dead" serves as "a genuine folk tale of the mass communications era". He also described it as "the most monumental hoax since Orson Welles' "War of the Worlds" broadcast persuaded thousands of panicky New Jerseyites that Martian invaders were in the vicinity". In his book "Revolution in the Head", Ian MacDonald says that the Beatles were partly responsible for the phenomenon due to their incorporation of "random lyrics and effects", particularly in the White Album track "Glass Onion" in which Lennon invited clue-hunting by including references to other Beatles songs. MacDonald groups it with the "psychic epidemics" that were encouraged by the rock audience's use of hallucinogenic drugs and which escalated with Charles Manson's homicidal interpretation of the White Album and Mark David Chapman's religion-motivated murder of Lennon in 1980.


title: Paul is dead

text: During the 1970s, the phenomenon became a subject of academic study in America in the fields of sociology, psychology and communications. Among sociological studies, Barbara Suczek recognised it as, in Schaffner's description, a contemporary reading of the "archetypal myth wherein the beautiful youth dies and is resurrected as a god". Psychologists Ralph Rosnow and Gary Fine attributed its popularity partly to the shared, vicarious experience of searching for clues without consequence for the participants. They also said that for a generation distrustful of the media following the Warren Commission's report, it was able to thrive amid a climate informed by "The credibility gap of Lyndon Johnson's presidency, the widely circulated rumors after the Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy assassinations, as well as attacks on the leading media sources by the yippies and Spiro Agnew". American social critic Camille Paglia locates the "Paul is dead" phenomenon to the Ancient Greek tradition symbolised by Adonis and Antinous, as represented in the cult of rock music's "pretty, long-haired boys who mesmerize both sexes", and she adds: "It's no coincidence that it was Paul McCartney, the 'cutest' and most girlish of the Beatles, who inspired a false rumor that swept the world in 1969 that he was dead."


title: Paul is dead

text: "Paul is dead" has continued to inspire analysis into the 21st century, with published studies by Andru J. Reeve, Nick Kollerstrom and Brian Moriarty, among others, and exploitative works in the mediums of mockumentary and documentary film. Writing in 2016, Beatles biographer Steve Turner said, "the theory still has the power to flare back into life." He cited a 2009 "Wired Italia" magazine article that featured an analysis by two forensic research consultants who compared selected photographs of McCartney taken before and after his alleged death by measuring features of the skull. According to the scientists' findings, the man shown in the post-November 1966 images was not the same.


title: Paul is dead

text: Similar rumours concerning other celebrities have been circulated, including the unsubstantiated allegation that Canadian singer Avril Lavigne died in 2003 and was replaced by a person named Melissa Vandella.<ref name="Cresci/Guardian"></ref> In an article on the latter phenomenon, "The Guardian" described the 1969 McCartney hoax as "Possibly the best known example" of a celebrity being the focus of "a (completely unverified) cloning conspiracy theory". In 2009, "Time" magazine included "Paul is dead" in its feature on ten of "the world's most enduring conspiracy theories".


title: Mako (actor)

text: His film roles include Po-Han in "The Sand Pebbles" (1966) (for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Oomiak "The Fearless One" in "The Island at the Top of the World" (1974), Akiro the Wizard in "Conan the Barbarian" (1982) and "Conan the Destroyer" (1984), and Kungo Tsarong in "Seven Years in Tibet" (1997). He was part of the original cast of Stephen Sondheim's 1976 Broadway musical "Pacific Overtures", which earned him a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical. He was also one of the founding members of East West Players.


title: Mako (actor)

text: Later in his career, he became well known for his voice acting roles, including Aku in the first four seasons of "Samurai Jack" (2001–2004), and Iroh in the first two seasons of "" (–). He died on July 21, 2006, aged 72, from esophageal cancer.


title: Mako (actor)

text: Mako was born Makoto Iwamatsu in Kobe, Japan, the son of children's authors and illustrators Tomoe Sasako and Atsushi Iwamatsu. In 1939, his parents, who were political dissidents, moved to the United States, leaving Mako in the care of his grandmother. Because his parents lived on the East Coast, they were not interned during the Second World War; instead they opted to work for the U.S. Office of War Information and were later granted residency. His parents were able to arrange for him to join them in 1949, after which he studied architecture. Mako later enlisted in the United States Army in November 1953 and served until October 1955. He was in Korea and Japan with the Special Services division performing in plays for his fellow soldiers. He then became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1956. It was during his military service that Mako discovered his theatrical talent; he then trained at the Pasadena Community Playhouse.


title: Mako (actor)

text: Mako's first film role was in "Never So Few" (1959). He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as engine-room worker Po-Han in the film "The Sand Pebbles" (1966). Other roles include the Chinese contract laborer Mun Ki in the epic movie "The Hawaiians" (1970) starring Charlton Heston and Tina Chen; Oomiak, the Inuit guide, in Disney's "The Island at the Top of the World" (1974); Yuen Chung in the film "The Killer Elite" (1975) directed by Sam Peckinpah and starring James Caan, Robert Duvall, and the martial artist Takayuki Kubota; the sorcerer Nakano in ""; Jackie Chan's uncle/sifu in Chan's first American movie "The Big Brawl" (1980); the wizard Akiro opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in the two Conan movies "Conan the Barbarian" and "Conan the Destroyer"; the confidant to Chuck Norris' rogue cop in the thriller "An Eye for an Eye" (1982); the Japanese spy in the comedy "Under the Rainbow". In 1990, he had a minor role in the psychological thriller "Pacific Heights" along with Matthew Modine, Melanie Griffith and Michael Keaton; Yoshida-san in "Rising Sun"; Mr. Lee in "Sidekicks"; Kanemitsu in "RoboCop 3" (1993); and Kungo Tsarong in "Seven Years in Tibet" (1997).


title: Mako (actor)

text: He also appeared in some Japanese television dramas and films, such as Masahiro Shinoda's "Owls' Castle" and Takashi Miike's "The Bird People in China".


title: Mako (actor)

text: Mako was cast as the historic Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto in the epic drama "Pearl Harbor" (2001). He also had a role in "Bulletproof Monk" (2003). In 2005, Mako had a cameo role in "Memoirs of a Geisha". Mako's last leading role was in the film "Cages" (2005), written and directed by Graham Streeter.


title: Mako (actor)

text: In 1965, frustrated by the limited roles available to himself and other Asian-American actors, Mako and six others formed the East West Players theater company, first performing out of a church basement. During the company's 1981 season, to coincide with the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians' hearings on redress, Mako exclusively produced plays about the Japanese American incarceration. He remained artistic director of the company until 1989.


title: Mako (actor)

text: Mako's Broadway career included creating the roles of the Reciter, the "shōgun", and the Chicago-based inventor of the rickshaw, in the original 1976 production of Stephen Sondheim's Broadway musical "Pacific Overtures", for which he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical. Mako's landlord at the time, Jerry Orbach, was also nominated for his role in "Chicago"; both lost, however, to George Rose from the revival of "My Fair Lady". Mako recalled being awoken at 4:30 in the morning after the Tony ceremony by Orbach, who was shouting from the floor below: "Hey, Mako! What the fuck happened? I can't believe it; we lost to a fucking revival!". Mako reprised the role and directed the musical's production with the East West Players, and further reprised the role in a production at the San Jose Civic Light Opera in 1991. He also starred in the limited run of the play "Shimada" in 1992.


title: Mako (actor)

text: Mako appeared on the television series "McHale's Navy" several times, playing Imperial Japanese officers, soldiers and sailors. In 1965, he appeared on "Gidget" as a member of a rival surf group. He later appeared on the television series "M*A*S*H", playing multiple roles such as a Chinese doctor, a North Korean soldier, a South Korean medical doctor and a South Korean lieutenant. He appeared in an episode of the series "The Time Tunnel" as Lt. Nakamura in 1967. He appeared in an episode of the series "Kung Fu" as Wong Ti Lu in 1972. In 1974, he appeared in the "Ironside" episode "Terror on Grant Avenue". He appeared as a Japanese chef in the "Columbo" episode "Murder Under Glass" (1978). He was the blind philosopher Li Sung in two episodes of "The Incredible Hulk". He also appeared on an episode of "Magnum, P.I." entitled "The Arrow That Is Not Aimed" (1983). Mako also appeared in an episode of "F Troop". He appeared as Lo Sing, fighting Bruce Lee's Kato character in "The Green Hornet" episode "The Preying Mantis". He played the character Lin Duk Coo in an episode of "The A-Team". He guest-starred in an episode of season one of "Frasier" as well as in an episode of "Tour of Duty" as a Vietnamese scout. He also was a guest star in the "Monk" episode "Mr. Monk vs. The Cobra". He guest-starred in the "Walker, Texas Ranger" episodes "Heart of the Dragon" (1997) and "Black Dragons" (2000), and appeared on "Charmed" in 2003, creating magic for Chris (played by Drew Fuller).


title: Mako (actor)

text: He was the voice of Aku, the main antagonist in the animated series "Samurai Jack" for the first four seasons produced from 2001 to 2004, and again in the series finale which used his original audio. He also voiced Achoo (a parody of Aku) and the annoying alarm clock Happy Cat in a "Samurai Jack"-parodying episode of "Duck Dodgers" entitled "Samurai Quack". He provided the introductory voice for the ending theme of "Dexter's Laboratory" and portrayed the popular character Iroh in the first two seasons of "" from to . He had a guest appearance in the Nickelodeon movie "" as the boss of Coco. He guest-starred in "The West Wing" episode "A Good Day" as an economics professor and former rival of President Bartlet. He was also featured in Season 3 Episode 13 of "The Facts of Life", entitled "The Americanization of Miko".


title: Mako (actor)

text: Mako made his video game debut with the role of the goblin Grubjub in "" (2003). In the same year, he also voiced General Han Yu Kim in "", Masataka Shima in "", and various voices in "Secret Weapons Over Normandy". In 2004, Mako voiced the narrator in the game "Wrath Unleashed", and Aku in "".


title: Mako (actor)

text: Mako was married to actress Shizuko Hoshi, with whom he had two daughters (both of whom are actresses) and three grandchildren.


title: Mako (actor)

text: Mako died in Somis, California, on July 21, 2006, at the age of 72, from esophageal cancer. One day before his death, Mako had been confirmed to star in the film "TMNT" as the voice of Splinter. Kevin Munroe, director of the film, confirmed that Mako had completed his recording. The producers dedicated the finished film to Mako.


title: Mako (actor)

text: In the "" episode "The Tales of Ba Sing Se", the segment titled "The Tale of Iroh" was created "in honor of Mako", the voice actor for Iroh for the first two seasons: "" and "". In the sequel series "The Legend of Korra", a lead male character, Mako, was named after him (voiced by David Faustino).


title: Mako (actor)

text: After Mako's death, some of his roles, particularly Aku from "Samurai Jack" and Iroh in "" and "The Legend of Korra", were taken over by American voice actor Greg Baldwin.


title: Jalapeño

text: The jalapeño ( , , ) is a medium-sized chili pepper pod type cultivar of the species "Capsicum annuum". A mature jalapeño chili is long and hangs down with a round, firm, smooth flesh of wide. It can have a range of pungency, with Scoville heat units of 4,000 to 8,500. Commonly picked and consumed while still green, it is occasionally allowed to fully ripen and turn red, orange, or yellow. It is wider and generally milder than the similar Serrano pepper.


title: Jalapeño

text: The jalapeño is variously named "huachinango", for the ripe red jalapeño, and "chile gordo" (meaning "fat chili pepper") also known as "cuaresmeño."


title: Jalapeño

text: The name "jalapeño" is Spanish for "from Xalapa", the capital city of Veracruz, Mexico, where the pepper was traditionally cultivated. The name "Xalapa" is itself of Nahuatl origin, formed from roots "xālli" "sand" and "āpan" "water place".