title: Immune system

text: Some drugs can cause a neutralizing immune response, meaning that the immune system produces neutralizing antibodies that counteract the action of the drugs, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da). In some cases, the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound, as is sometimes the case for Taxol. Computational methods have been developed to predict the immunogenicity of peptides and proteins, which are particularly useful in designing therapeutic antibodies, assessing likely virulence of mutations in viral coat particles, and validation of proposed peptide-based drug treatments. Early techniques relied mainly on the observation that hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids; however, more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes, usually on well-studied virus proteins, as a training set. A publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells. The emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as "immunoinformatics". Immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins (proteomics) involved in the immune response.


title: Immune system

text: It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, use mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally simplest forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archea) also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Prokaryotes also possess other defense mechanisms. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.


title: Immune system

text: Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants, and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity. The complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms of invertebrate life. Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes, and are thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses.


title: Immune system

text: Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response, whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant. Systemic acquired resistance is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent. RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication.


title: Immune system

text: Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (for example, immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. A distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that, like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, are produced from only a small number (one or two) of genes. These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.


title: Immune system

text: The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by the immune system. Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier, for example, by using a type II secretion system. Alternatively, using a type III secretion system, they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell, providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host. These proteins are often used to shut down host defenses.


title: Immune system

text: An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses, the food poisoning bacterium "Salmonella" and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria ("Plasmodium spp.") and leishmaniasis ("Leishmania spp."). Other bacteria, such as "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement. Many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host's immune response. Some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system. Such biofilms are present in many successful infections, such as the chronic "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and "Burkholderia cenocepacia" infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis. Other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies, rendering them ineffective; examples include "Streptococcus" (protein G), "Staphylococcus aureus" (protein A), and "Peptostreptococcus magnus" (protein L).


title: Immune system

text: The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing. These frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus. The parasite "Trypanosoma brucei" uses a similar strategy, constantly switching one type of surface protein for another, allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response. Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system. In HIV, the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell; such "self-cloaked" viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as "non-self" structures.


title: Immune system

text: Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis experimented with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom. In the 10th century, Persian physician al-Razi (also known as Rhazes) wrote the first recorded theory of acquired immunity, noting that a smallpox bout protected its survivors from future infections. Although he explained the immunity in terms of "excess moisture" being expelled from the blood—therefore preventing a second occurrence of the disease—this theory explained many observations about smallpox known during this time.


title: Immune system

text: These and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory. It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.


title: Immune system

text: Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century, through rapid developments in the study of humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a joint Nobel Prize in 1908, along with the founder of cellular immunology, Elie Metchnikoff. In 1974, Niels Kaj Jerne developed the immune network theory; he shared a Nobel Prize in 1984 with Georges J. F. Köhler and César Milstein for theories related to the immune system.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Dangerous is the eighth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson. It was released by Epic Records on November 26, 1991, more than four years after Jackson's previous album, "Bad" (1987). Co-produced by Jackson, Bill Bottrell, Teddy Riley, and Bruce Swedien, the album was Jackson's first since "Forever, Michael" (1975) without longtime collaborator Quincy Jones. Guest appearances include Heavy D, Princess Stéphanie of Monaco, Slash and Wreckx-n-Effect. "Dangerous" is widely described as an R&B album in popular music, with elements of new jack swing, a growing genre at the time. Elements of industrial, funk, hip hop, electronic, gospel, classical and rock are present. Twelve of the album's fourteen songs were written or co-written by Jackson, discussing topics like racism, poverty, romance, self-improvement, and the welfare of children and the world.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: An experimental work, "Dangerous" is considered an artistic change for Jackson, with his music focusing on more socially conscious material, and including a broader range of sounds and styles. It features catchy pop hooks and choruses while also introducing underground sounds to a mainstream audience. The album's tone is noted by critics as gritty and urban, with sounds including synthetic basslines, scratching, and drum machine percussion, as well as unconventional sounds like honking vehicle horns, sliding chains, swinging gates, breaking glass, and clanking metal. Jackson also incorporates beatboxing, scat singing, and finger snapping throughout the album.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Dangerous" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" Top Pop Albums chart and in thirteen other countries, selling 5 million copies worldwide in its first week and went on to be the best-selling album worldwide of 1992. Nine singles premiered between November 1991 and December 1993, including one exclusively released outside North America ("Give In to Me"). The album produced four singles that reached the top ten of the US "Billboard" Hot 100: "Remember the Time", "In the Closet", "Will You Be There" and the number-one single "Black or White". The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million (equivalent to $177 million in 2019), making it one of the highest-grossing tours of the 1990s.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Dangerous" is one of the best-selling albums of all time, having sold over 32 million copies worldwide, and was certified 8× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in August 2018. "Dangerous" received worldwide appraisal, and it influenced contemporary pop and R&B artists. It has been included in several publications' lists of the greatest albums of all time. At the 1993 Grammy Awards, it received four Grammy Award nominations, winning Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical, while Jackson was awarded the Grammy Legend Award. Jackson won three American Music Awards at the 1993 American Music Awards, including the inaugural International Artist Award. Jackson also received "Billboard" Music Awards for Best Worldwide Album and Best Worldwide Single for "Black or White".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: After the success of his seventh album, "Bad" (1987), Jackson wanted more independence and control over the creative process. He separated himself from longtime producer Quincy Jones to avoid the perception that his success depended on him. Jackson began working on new tracks in 1989 with a handful of members from the B-team of "Bad", including Matt Forger and Bill Bottrell. The album was conceived as a greatest-hits collection, "Decade," with a handful of new songs, similar to Madonna's "The Immaculate Collection". Jackson signed off on the idea in early 1989 and test pressings were made by Epic Records. Jackson received $18 million in advance.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Decade" was scheduled for a late 1989 release but was delayed several times. Another release date was set for November 1990, but it never materialized. Jackson was preoccupied with ongoing changes in his management team while also attempting to realize his film-making ambitions. In June 1990, he collapsed while dancing in his home studio due to a possible panic attack, with symptoms of chest pains, dehydration and inflammation of the ribs. Soon after, "Decade" was dropped entirely, and Jackson determined that his new material constituted a full album, which he called "Dangerous".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: For nearly two years starting in late 1989, recording took place primarily at Ocean Way Record One in Sherman Oaks, where Jackson arranged for executive control for $4,000 per day. Most work proceeded with three producers, Bill Bottrell, Bruce Swedien, and Bryan Loren, in three different studios with Jackson. Bottrell co-wrote and produced "Give In to Me" and "Black or White", and received writing credits for "Dangerous" and production credits for "Who Is It". He had been forced out of the production of "Bad" by Jones, but Jackson brought him back for "Dangerous", for which he was known as the "rock guy". Bottrell introduced Jackson to classically trained keyboardist Brad Buxer, who was originally hired as a technician for his expertise in electronic equipment. Buxer recalled: "Musically speaking, we were on the same wavelength; we spoke the same language." The Jackson-Buxer partnership continued for 20 years.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: For most of the rhythm tracks, Jackson worked with Loren at Westlake Studios. Their work had begun at the end of Jackson's "Bad" tour, and together they recorded "Work That Body", "She Got It", "Serious Effect", "Do Not Believe It", "Seven Digits", and "Man in Black". Loren wanted to recapture the organic R&B feeling of Jackson's albums "Off the Wall" and "Thriller". LL Cool J was invited to rap on "Serious Effect" and "Truth About Youth", because Jackson wanted to add hip-hop to the record. LL Cool J had been critical of Jackson but praised him after their collaboration. None of Loren's recordings made the album. Though Loren's material was strong, it was not up to Jackson's standards, and he was searching for a sound as compelling and successful as "Rhythm Nation" (1989) by his sister Janet Jackson.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Jackson discovered new jack swing, featuring a more aggressive and urban sound, after reaching out to producers Antonio "L.A." Reid and Kenny "Babyface" Edmonds. In June 1990, Jackson hired Teddy Riley, pioneer of the new jack swing genre. By then, Jackson had already recorded over 50 songs. Initially recording at Record One, Riley moved to nearby Larrabee Studios after a few weeks, because other producers were working at Sherman Oaks. Unlike Loren, Riley wanted "Dangerous" to sound different from Jackson's earlier work, and Jackson admired Riley for bringing in contemporary styles. Jackson challenged Riley to create new instrumentation without relying on stock synth and drum machine sounds. Riley reworked some of Loren's contributions, including "She Got It" and "Serious Effect", and developed "Jam" and "Dangerous" further. "Dangerous" was originally recorded with Bottrell, but Jackson was not satisfied until improvements were made. Riley said he brought Jackson's music back to its "barest forms" of R&B and funk.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: By early 1991 Jackson had finished the track list, which included several tracks he recorded with Riley: "Remember the Time", "Dangerous", and "In the Closet". He had planned for "In the Closet" to be a duet with pop singer Madonna, but her half was replaced with Princess Stéphanie of Monaco. A meeting with guitarist Slash took more than a year to co-ordinate, and the two collaborated on "Give In to Me". Swedien recalled recording sessions lasting up to 18 hours. On one occasion, he ordered Jackson not to leave the studio until he sang the vocals for "Keep the Faith" all the way through: "This was scary but he did it. He didn't leave the studio until dawn."


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Jackson spent $10 million to record "Dangerous". Executives at Epic set a deadline for the album, wanting it released before November 28, 1991, Thanksgiving Day. For the last two months of recording, Jackson and Swedien rented hotel rooms located four minutes from Record One, so they could get back to work as soon as possible. Riley said, "When the deadline came, [Jackson] wanted to do more and more songs. [...] And then when Michael saw the commercial for "Dangerous", the David Lynch thing, we started working hard to get it finished." "Dangerous" was completed and mastered, by Bernie Grundman, on Halloween, 1991.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Jackson recorded roughly 60 to 70 songs for "Dangerous", some of which were released later, including the environmental anthem "Earth Song", released on his next album, "HIStory". "Superfly Sister," "Ghosts" and "Blood on the Dance Floor" were released in the remix compilation "". Loren helped develop "Superfly Sister", while Riley worked on "Ghosts" and "Blood on the Dance Floor". "For All Time", a romantic pop ballad that Jackson liked but did not feel it fit "Dangerous", was released in the 25th anniversary edition of "Thriller". "Slave to the Rhythm" was remastered and released for the 2014 compilation album "Xscape". Another Riley outtake, "Joy", featured in Blackstreet's 1994 debut album, which Riley produced.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Dangerous" is a new jack swing, R&B and pop album, which incorporates elements of several other genres, including industrial, funk, hip hop, electronic, gospel, classical, and rock. In a 1992 interview with "Ebony" magazine, Jackson said, "I wanted to do an album like Tchaikovsky’s "Nutcracker Suite". So that in a thousand years from now, people would still be listening to it." Much of the album contains samples from CDs that Riley had created himself using a variety of instruments.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: The album features catchy pop hooks and choruses while also introducing underground sounds to a mainstream audience. The album's tone is noted by critics as gritty and urban, with sounds including synthetic basslines, scratching, and drum machine percussion, as well as unconventional sounds like honking vehicle horns, sliding chains, swinging gates, breaking glass, and clanking metal. Throughout the album Jackson also implements beatboxing, scat singing, and finger snapping. The album is considered by Joe Vogel in PopMatters to be an artistic change for Jackson, because of its focus on socially conscious material, and a broader range of sounds and styles. With its range of genres and unusual use of sounds featured, the album is also considered experimental. The car sound effects on "She Drives Me Wild" were taken from a sample CD, and was the first time Riley used unusual sounds in place of the drums on a song.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: The album featured Jackson rapping for the first time. The inclusion of Wreckx-n-Effect and hip-hop rhythms were attempts to introduce Jackson to a younger generation of urban listeners. Riley was a pioneer of new jack swing, and he was hired by Jackson specifically for his work in the genre. Riley co-produced half the songs on the album. Swedien said of Riley, "He'd come in with a groove, we'd say it wasn't exactly right, and there would be no complaining. He'd just go back and then come back in and blow us away with something like 'Dangerous'." In recordings with Bottrell, the sounds were more diverse (e.g. "Black or White" and "Give In to Me"). The rap in "Black or White" was written and performed by Bottrell, credited under the pseudonym "L.T.B." Jackson hummed melodies and grooves before leaving the studio, while Bottrell developed on these ideas with drum machines and samplers, including an Akai S1000. Bottrell operated a Neve console and two 24-track Studer analog tape machines to draft ideas and demos. He then used a 32-track Mitsubishi machine to assemble the album.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: The lyrics for "Dangerous" were more varied than those of Jackson's previous records. Opening track "Jam" features a dense, swirling Riley track, propelled by horn samples and a subtle scratch effect. Jackson had recorded a basic idea for the song on a DAT, to which he asked Riley to develop. Riley learned that Heavy D was Jackson's favourite rapper at the time, and suggested that he was brought in to contribute a rap. The ballads, "Keep the Faith" (composed by Jackson, Siedah Garrett and Glen Ballard) and the self-composed "Will You Be There" had sounds of gospel, while "Heal the World" and "Gone Too Soon" were softer pop ballads. "Gone Too Soon", written by Larry Grossman and Buz Kohan, is a tribute to Ryan White following his death due to AIDS in 1990. The album also includes songs of other personal nature, especially in songs such as "She Drives Me Wild", "Remember the Time", "Can't Let Her Get Away", "Who Is It" and "Give In to Me". The title track's subject is similar to that of "Dirty Diana" with the song focusing on a seductress. Though Jackson sang about racial harmony in some of his songs with the Jacksons, "Black or White" was the first song where the lyrics were interpreted with the context of his own changing skin color. In "Why You Wanna Trip on Me," Jackson juxtaposed social ills to his own alleged eccentricities that were covered in the press at the time, asking critics and the tabloid media why they were focusing on the cult of celebrity rather than the multitude of serious problems in the world. Riley performed the guitar parts on an Ovation acoustic, and expected Jackson to have someone brought in to re-record them, but was surprised that Jackson liked what he had put down.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: The album's front cover was painted by American pop surrealist artist Mark Ryden. It displays Jackson behind a gold masquerade mask with the face of a chimpanzee (which may be Jackson's pet Bubbles) atop the mask, and a dog and a bird wearing royal clothing sitting on the left and right side, respectively. The forefront depicts P. T. Barnum, the creator of the Barnum and Bailey circus. Ryden had five days to come up with ideas, and "feverishly worked that week" to produce one design per day. He was instructed to focus on Jackson's eyes, include animals and children, and "show the earth at peril". He was also told that his designs "could be scary, but should still be fun". Ryden said the cover was his most exciting project up to that point. In November 2021, the 30th anniversary of "Dangerous", Ryden shared his conceptual drawings for the cover on Instagram for the first time. According to Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music, Ryden depicted Jackson as "a guarded circus artist who has seen glory and the machinery involved in making it happen".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: In November 1991, days before the debut of the music video "Black or White". David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" commented on the high expectations of "Dangerous", due to the extended time spent on developing the album and Jackson's lucrative $65 million contract with Sony Music. The writer stated, "[T]here is more riding on the success of "Dangerous" than on any other album in pop history." Jackson personally hoped that the album would sell 100 million copies, a number that would twice surpass the sales of "Thriller". Five days before the album's release, three men armed with guns robbed 30,000 copies from a Los Angeles warehouse.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Dangerous" was released on November 26, 1991. It debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 Top Albums chart on December 14, 1991, and spent an additional three weeks there. In the first week, it sold 326,500 copies, debuting at #1. In the second week, the album remained at #1, selling 378,000 copies, a 16% increase from the previous week sales. In its third week, "Dangerous" sold 370,000 copies and still remained at #1. " Dangerous" opened the year 1992, dated January 4, remaining at #1 with 370,000 copies sold. At the end of 1991, the total number of sales totalled to 1,074,500 copies sold in the United States and the album was certified platinum. By January 1992, it was certified four-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over four million copies in the United States, roughly the same number as the initial sales of "Off the Wall".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Dangerous" continued to sell strongly in 1992 and 1993 in the US. In 1993, following several personal and promotional appearances, album sales for "Dangerous" grew significantly. Following Jackson's performance at the Inauguration of U.S. President Bill Clinton, sales increased 36% and the album jumped from 131 to 88 on the week of February 6, 1993. In the next week, sales increased 83% and the album jumped to 41 following his appearance on the American Music Awards 1993 where he won 3 awards. Sales increased 40% in the following week due to the historic ratings of the Halftime Super Bowl performance and the album jumped again from 41 to 26 on the Billboard 200 selling over 29,000. On the week of February 27, 1993, album sales increased again because of the strong ratings due to the "Michael Jackson Talks ... to Oprah" TV special, selling close to 60,000 units and jumping from 26 to 12. In the following week, the album finally reentered the top 10 in the United States. As of December 1993, sales for Dangerous were around 4.8 million copies. In August 2018, the album was certified eight-times platinum by the RIAA for sales of over 8 million copies.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: In Europe, it was reported that the album reached 4 million copies in shipments before it was released, becoming an all-time record at the time. It dominated global charts, debuting at number one in the U.K. while also reaching number one in twelve other territories including Australia, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Due to the massive success of the Dangerous World Tour, album sales for Dangerous received a boost. In the first four weeks of his tour in 1992, sales of Michael Jackson's Dangerous album increased from 6.8 million to 7.2 million units in Europe.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Worldwide, the album was a massive success in fourteen countries. The album sold 5 million copies in its first week of been released outside the United States. It reached the 10 million mark in sales in the first two months after its release; Jackson's two previous albums, "Bad" and "Thriller," each took more than four months to achieve that goal.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: By November 1992, the album had reportedly sold 15 million copies worldwide and was the best-selling album of that year internationally. By recent estimates, "Dangerous" has sold over 32 million copies worldwide making it one of the best-selling albums of all time.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Similar to the way in which record label executives had approached "Bad", expectations were set at a high bar for "Dangerous". In September 1991, Jackson netted a deal to have his videos air on FOX alongside regular music-video channels MTV, BET and VH1.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: The eleven-minute video for "Black or White" debuted on November 14, 1991, and was broadcast across 27 countries. Five hundred million viewers reportedly watched it—the largest audience ever for a music video. The music video and its controversy boosted the sale of "Dangerous", as did the broadcast of videos for "Remember the Time" and "In the Closet". The "" collection of music videos from "Dangerous", with behind-the-scenes footage, was released in 1993.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Jackson embarked on the Dangerous World Tour, which grossed $100 million (equivalent to $177 million in 2020) and drew nearly 4 million people across 72 concerts. All profits from the tour were donated to charities including Jackson's Heal the World Foundation. The Bucharest concert was filmed on October 1, 1992, for broadcast on HBO on October 10, 1992. Jackson sold the film rights for the concert for $20 million, then the highest amount for a concert performer to appear on television. The airing of the HBO concert special, "", revived sales of the album.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Jackson made personal appearances in early 1993, including the American Music Awards and Grammy Awards, when he accepted the Grammy Legend Award from his sister Janet. He also filmed a widely discussed interview with Oprah Winfrey and made a half-time performance at the Super Bowl XXVII, which started the NFL's trend of signing top acts to appear during the Super Bowl to attract more viewers and interest. The performance helped return "Dangerous" to the US album chart's top ten. In August 1993, as the third leg of the "Dangerous" tour began, the first allegations of child sexual abuse against Jackson became public and received worldwide media attention. In November, Jackson canceled the remainder of the tour, citing health problems arising from the scandal.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: The lead single, "Black or White", was released in November 1991 and reached the top of the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart three weeks later it was released, staying there for seven weeks. It was the fastest chart-topper since the Beatles' "Get Back" in 1969 an the best-selling single worldwide of 1992. "Black or White" reached number one in 20 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100. It became the first American single to enter the UK Singles Chart at number one since "It's Now or Never" by Elvis Presley in 1960. The singles were more successful overseas than in the US. In the UK alone, seven singles reached the top ten. This set a record for any studio album in the UK until Calvin Harris surpassed it in 2013.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Remember the Time" peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart and number one on the R&B Singles Chart. It reached number one in New Zealand charts for two consecutive weeks. In the United Kingdom, the song charted at number three, where it peaked. It peaked at number four in the Netherlands and Switzerland. The song also charted within the top ten on the French, Australian, Swedish, Italian, and Norwegian charts; peaking at number five, six, eight and ten. It charted in the top 20, peaking at number 16, in Austria. It was generally well received by contemporary music critics and regarded as one of the highlight songs on "Dangerous".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: The album's third single, "In the Closet" peaked at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100, also reached number one on the R&B Singles Chart, becoming the album's third consecutive top 10 hit. In the United Kingdom, the song charted at number eight, where it peaked. The song's female vocal was originally labeled "Mystery Girl" but was later revealed to be Princess Stéphanie of Monaco.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Jam" only reached number 26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, despite heavy promotion. The music video of the song featured NBA icon Michael Jordan. The song was played in the Chicago Bulls' 1992 NBA Championship video "Untouchabulls" and was used in many promotional NBA ads of that season. In the UK, the single reached the top twenty, where it peaked at number 13.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Heal the World" peaked at number 27 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song reached number two in the UK Singles Chart in December 1992, kept off the number one position by Whitney Houston's "I Will Always Love You". In a 2001 Internet chat with fans, Jackson said "Heal the World" was the song he was most proud to have created.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Who Is It" peaked at number 14 on the United States' "Billboard" Hot 100, while peaking at number six on "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, as well as topping the Hot Dance Club Play. The song peaked on the United Kingdom music chart at number ten. It remained within the top 100 positions for seven consecutive weeks from July to September 1992. In France, the track peaked at number eight on August 29. "Who Is It" reached its lowest peak position at number 34 in Australia.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Will You Be There" was the last top-10 single on the "Billboard" Hot 100 from the album, peaking at number seven. The song peaked at number two in New Zealand and reaching the top ten in Belgium, Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. It was the theme song of the film "Free Willy". Its appearance in the film also helped sales for "Dangerous".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: The overseas-only single "Give In to Me" reached the top five in the UK, Netherlands and Australia, while hitting the top of the charts in New Zealand.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Gone Too Soon", another overseas single, was more moderately received, charting within the top 40 in the UK. Jackson performed the song at president-elect Bill Clinton's inauguration celebration "An American Reunion: The 52nd Presidential Inaugural Gala".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Dangerous" received critical praise upon release. In a review for "Rolling Stone", Alan Light said Jackson was "a man, no longer a man-child, confronting his well-publicized demons and achieving transcendence through performance", on an album that rose to "the impossible challenge set by "Thriller" during moments when Riley's production dance rhythms "prove a perfect match for Jackson's clipped, breathy uptempo voice".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" deemed it Jackson's "most consistent album since "Off the Wall", a step up from "Bad" even if its hook craft is invariably secondary and its vocal mannerisms occasionally annoying." While he felt Jackson was too insistent with the "faith-hope-and-charity" message songs, Christgau applauded the production's "abrasively unpredictable" rhythms and the "sex-and-romance" songs, calling them the most plausible of Jackson's career.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Jon Pareles was less receptive in "The New York Times", calling it Jackson's "least confident" solo album yet. He believed Jackson sounded anxious and out of place with Riley's electronic beats while panning the "dogmatically ordinary" lyrics of the love songs, writing that "they seem based on demographic research rather than experience or imagination". Chris Willman, writing for the "Los Angeles Times", said, on the album, Jackson wanted to transcend all demographics—race, age, nationality—and be a role model for children and a bad cat at the same time. The album was "mostly good, expertly made fun" but far from Jackson's best work. Willman also criticized "Heal the World" as "goofily embarrassing" and "venturing into the realm of self-parody".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Dangerous" received four Grammy Award nominations including three for Jackson: Best Pop Vocal Performance for "Black or White", and Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song for "Jam". Teddy Riley and Bruce Swedien won Best Engineered Album, Non Classical, while Jackson received the Grammy Legend Award in the same ceremony. Jackson won two awards and received five nominations total at the 1993 American Music Awards. "Dangerous" won Favorite Pop/Rock Album, and "Remember the Time" won Favorite Soul/R&B Song. The inaugural International Artist Award also went to Jackson.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Jackson won Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year – Male and Best R&B/Soul Single – Male for "Remember the Time" at the 1993 Soul Train Music Awards. He also won the special Humanitarian Award. At the 1993 NAACP Image Awards, "Black or White" won Outstanding Music Video, and Jackson won the Entertainer of the Year Award. At the 1994 MTV Movie Awards, "Will You Be There" won Best Song From a Movie. The 1992 "Billboard" Music Awards awarded Jackson Best Worldwide Album for the album and Best Worldwide Single for "Black or White". Both were special awards.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: An influence on contemporary pop and R&B artists, "Dangerous" has been ranked by critics and publications as one of the greatest albums of all time. While the sounds on the album polarized critics, some have considered "Dangerous" as Jackson's artistic peak. Jeff Weiss called it "Jackson’s final classic album and the best full-length of the New Jack Swing era." Critic Joseph Vogel described the album as Jackson's most socially conscious record, most personally revealing—similar to Stevie Wonder's "Songs in the Key of Life"—and the most groundbreaking record of its era. He added "Dangerous is gaining admirers as more people move beyond the extraneous nonsense that was so prominent in contemporaneous reviews and pay attention to its content: its prescient themes, its vast inventory of sounds, its panoramic survey of musical styles...His R&B-rap fusions set the blueprint for years to come, while his industrial soundscapes and metallic beats were later popularized by artists as disparate as Nine Inch Nails and Lady Gaga". Writing for "The Guardian" in 2018, the critic said, "Returning to ["Dangerous"] now, without the hype or biases that accompanied its release in the early 90s, one gets a clearer sense of its significance [...] it surveyed the cultural scene—and the internal anguish of its creator—in compelling ways [...]. The contemporary music scene is certainly far more indebted to "Dangerous"". Vogel also credited the album as a significant factor to the transformation of black music. Ben Beaumont-Thomas deemed "Dangerous" as Jackson's career-high album, "the very peak of his powers, with his widest ever emotional range set to production that makes new jack swing seem much more than just lame dance moves and fluorescent man-made fibers." Stephen Thomas Erlewine also praised Jackson's brave approach in the album, that it was "a much sharper, riskier album" than "Bad".


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: Speaking for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Janet Macoska applauded the modernity of "Dangerous": "a sleek, contemporary-sounding update of Jackson's music" which featured the "ambitious, heartfelt anthems "Heal The World" and "Will You Be There." Similarly, "Odyssey" critic James Wesser said, "["Dangerous"], in my opinion, is timeless and if it was re-released in the year 2016, it will still sound fresh and new." Michael Roffman of "Consequence of Sound" described the album as "Jackson's 90s masterpiece." Scholar Susan Fast thought of "Dangerous" as Jackson's coming-of-age album: “[The album] offers a compelling narrative arc of postmodern angst, love, lust, seduction, betrayal, damnation, and above all else racial politics, in ways heretofore unseen in his music." Meanwhile, Tari Ngangura of "Vice" magazine described it as one of the "greatest introspective albums of all time." Todd "Stereo" Williams of "The Boombox" said the album was Jackson's "blackest album" since "Off the Wall"—a return to his roots. He highlighted the cultural references in the music video "Black or White," the all black cast and black director for "Remember the Time," the casting of black supermodel Naomi Campbell as the love interest in "In the Closet" and working with Teddy Riley who was "R&B's biggest hit-maker" at the time. Williams also considered the album as a significant record of the 90s; it asserted Jackson as a formidable force in popular music amid the rise of grunge and gangsta rap.


title: Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)

text: In 2007, the National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM), in conjunction with the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, ranked "Dangerous" at number 115 on its list of the Definitive 200 Albums of All Time. In "Spin"'s list of The 300 Best Albums of the Past 30 Years (1985–2014), the album was ranked at number 132. "Spin" writer Chuck Eddy named it one of the essential new jack swing albums in a list published by the magazine. In Colin Larkin's third edition of the "All Time Top 1000 Albums" (2000), "Dangerous" was ranked number 325. Additionally, it was ranked number 13 in the list of the "Soul/R&B – All Time Top 50" albums. "Dangerous" was ranked number 43 in "Billboard"'s list of the Greatest of All Time R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, out of 100 albums. In 2019, "24/7 Wall St." ranked it number 89 in its list of the 100 Best Pop Albums of All Time.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: Sarsaparilla (, ) is a soft drink originally made from the vine "Smilax ornata" (also called 'sarsaparilla') or other species of "Smilax" such as "Smilax officinalis". In most Southeast Asian countries, it is known by the common name sarsi, and the trademarks Sarsi and Sarsae. It is similar in flavour to root beer. In the US, sarsaparilla is traditionally made with birch oil rather than the tropical plant.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: "Smilax ornata", a perennial trailing vine with prickly stems that is native to Mexico and Central America, is often used as the basis for the soft drink sarsaparilla. Common names include sarsaparilla, Honduran sarsaparilla, and Jamaican sarsaparilla.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: It is known in Spanish as ', which is derived from the words ' meaning "bramble" (from preroman "sarza"), and "", meaning "little grape vine".


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: Sarsaparilla was popular in the United States in the 19th century. According to advertisements for patent medicines of the period, it was considered to be a remedy for skin and blood problems. "The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink" notes that it evokes images of "languid belles and parched cowboys".


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: Sarsaparilla is sometimes considered to be a type of root beer. Dozens of brands of sarsaparilla are made by microbreweries, mainly in the United States.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: Sarsaparilla is not readily available in most countries, although many pubs and most major supermarket chains in the Philippines, Taiwan, Singapore and Australia stock sarsaparilla-flavoured soft drinks, and sarsaparilla remains available in the United Kingdom as a legacy of the temperance movement. Australian sarsaparilla, produced by major manufacturers such as Bundaberg Brewed Drinks, has a flavor different from that of American root beer or sarsaparilla.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: Sarsaparilla is produced on a small scale in the United Kingdom. Baldwin's has produced a sarsaparilla cordial continuously since 1844. It is produced in Walworth Road, London, and it is readily available in pie and mash shops in the East End of London, where it is popular, as well as being available in most Tesco supermarkets in the world foods section. In the North of England sarsaparilla is produced by Fitzpatrick's, Britain's last temperance bar, reflecting its former importance to the temperance movement there. Maine Soft Drinks, based in Northern Ireland, also produce the drink. American soldiers stationed in Northern Ireland during World War Two are said to be responsible for the drink's popularity.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: Classic U.S. sarsaparilla was not made from the extract of the sarsaparilla plant, a tropical vine distantly related to the lily. It was originally made from a blend of birch oil and sassafras, the dried root bark of the sassafras tree. In this context, sassafras should not be confused with common sassafras seasoning, filé, used in Cajun cooking and made from dried and ground sassafras leaves. Sassafras was widely used as a home remedy in the 19th century; taken in sufficient doses it induces sweating, which some people thought had health benefits. Sarsaparilla made its debut as a patent medicine, an easy-to-take form of sassafras, much as Coca-Cola was first marketed in 1885 as a remedy for hangovers, headaches and morphine addiction. Besides the effects of the ingredients, sodas were popular in the United States at the time, due to the belief that carbonated water had health benefits. In 1960 the FDA banned the use of sassafras oil in foodstuffs after evidence accumulated showing that the main constituent, safrole, was carcinogenic. Safrole is also found in filé, nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, anise, black pepper, and sweet basil, but in low enough concentration to be deemed safe.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: HeySong Sarsaparilla () is the most popular brand of sarsaparilla drink in Taiwan. It is manufactured by HeySong Corporation.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: In Cambodia, sarsaparilla is one of the flavors sold under the Fanta brand, bottled and distributed by Cambodia Beverage Company Ltd., a unit of the Coca-Cola SABCO Group.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: There are two well known sarsaparilla brands in Indonesia, Badak (from North Sumatra) and Indo Saparella (from the Special Region of Yogyakarta). Badak was established by a Swiss national named Heinrich Surbeck in 1916 in Pematangsiantar, North Sumatra and Indo Saparella was established in 1960 in Yogyakarta. there's also Agung Ngoro a local soft drink brand who produces traditional sarsaparilla in a glass bottle. Both brands can be found in some local restaurants and stalls or marketplace.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: Hi-Mark by Green Spot was the domestic sarsaparilla drink in Thailand, but was discontinued in 2000. F&N Sarsi is produced in Thailand by Sermsuk Public Company Limited.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: In Vietnam, sarsaparilla is one of the flavors (Xá Xị) sold under the Mirinda brand, bottled and distributed by Suntory-PepsiCo Vietnam Beverage (formerly, PepsiCo Vietnam). There is also a sarsi flavored soda (Huong Xá Xị) under the Fanta brand.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: Sarsaparilla-flavored sodas are available in the south of Vietnam but much more difficult to find in the north.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: Nannari, also known as "Indian sarsaparilla", is popular drink in South India and usually served with club soda and lime juice.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: In the Philippines, Sarsi is a brand name for a sarsaparilla drink originally manufactured by Cosmos Bottling Corporation, a local company that is now a subsidiary of Coca-Cola Beverages Philippines, Inc. Cosmos Bottling Corporation was established in 1918 as Manila Aerated Water Company. Sarsi was originally branded as Cosmos Sarsaparilla until the 1970s. The unique taste that distinguishes the current version of Sarsi from other sarsaparilla-based soft drinks is attributed to the sugar substitute saccharin, although its "regular" formula contains high fructose corn syrup or cane sugar.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: In Singapore, F&N Sarsi (originally branded as Sarsi) is a brand name for a sarsaparilla drink manufactured by the Singaporean company F&N Group (Fraser and Neave). It is unrelated to the brand established in the Philippines.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: In mainland China, the drink's introduction can be traced back to the 1920s, when A. S. Watson began producing its sarsaparilla drink in Shanghai and other Chinese cities. In the 1940s, Li Zhiyang (李智扬), Li Guanling (李冠玲), Huang Youtong (黄油桶), Liang Hanqi (梁汉奇), and Wang Zhensan (王震山) were among eleven people who had worked in Watson's Canton and founded Asian Waters in Guangzhou to continue producing Sarsae there and in other mainland Chinese locations.


title: Sarsaparilla (soft drink)

text: In Hong Kong, Sarsae (沙示) is the most popular brand of sarsaparilla drink. It is manufactured and distributed by the A. S. Watson Group, which pioneered in carbonated beverages in Hong Kong. The drink was the central plot device of a 1985 film called "It's a Drink, It's a Bomb" (starring George Lam, John Sham and Maggie Cheung), about a hand grenade disguised as a Sarsae cola, detonated by releasing its ringpull.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Timothy Richard Heidecker (; born February 3, 1976) is an American comedian, writer, director, actor, and musician. Along with Eric Wareheim, he is a member of the comedy duo Tim & Eric.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: He has also appeared in films, including "Bridesmaids" (2011), "Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie" (2012), "The Comedy" (2012), "Ant-Man and the Wasp" (2018), and "Us" (2019). He currently co-hosts the parodic film review web series "On Cinema" and stars in the comedy series "Decker" alongside Gregg Turkington and hosts a weekly call-in show, "Office Hours Live with Tim Heidecker", with DJ Douggpound and Vic Berger.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Timothy Richard Heidecker was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania on February 3, 1976. He attended and graduated from Allentown Central Catholic High School in Allentown, and then attended Temple University in Philadelphia, where he met his comedy partner Eric Wareheim.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Heidecker and Wareheim created, wrote, and starred in "Tom Goes to the Mayor", a limited animation series that aired from November 2004 to September 2006 on Adult Swim. Heidecker plays Tom, the protagonist of the show who continually brings his ideas to the Mayor (played by Wareheim) only to have them thwarted in most cases, leaving Tom worse off than when he started. According to their website, Wareheim and Heidecker had mailed copies of an early version of the show to comedian Bob Odenkirk, who agreed to take on the project as the executive producer of the series and sold it to Adult Swim.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: The duo's second show, "Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!", premiered in 2007, on Adult Swim. They also created and starred in "Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie", and appeared together as debt collectors on the Adult Swim special "Young Person's Guide to History" and have made guest appearances in the movie "Let's Go to Prison", as well as the Scottish video game series "VideoGaiden" and a Version 2 episode of "Mega64". Heidecker also had a small role in the 2011 film "Bridesmaids", and a leading role in the 2012 independent drama "The Comedy", directed by Rick Alverson and also starring Wareheim. In July 2012, Heidecker starred in an episode of "Workaholics". In 2012, he guest starred in Dinosaur Jr.'s music video "Watch the Corners." In the same year, Heidecker made a cameo appearance on the independent movie reviewing site, Red Letter Media. Heidecker appeared in an episode of the "RedLetterMedia" series, "Half in The Bag." The episode is titled "Season Finale: Step Up Revolution." Within the short sketch comedy, Heidecker plays a VCR repairman named "Tim". Shortly after his introduction into the scene, he flies through the ceiling and makes his exit from the skit.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Heidecker starred in a series of films for Absolut Vodka's website with Wareheim and Zach Galifianakis. In 2010, Heidecker and Wareheim directed a series of Old Spice commercials starring actor Terry Crews. Using characters and skits from Awesome Show, Heidecker and Wareheim (via their Abso Lutely Productions company) created an online-only show called "Tim and Eric Nite Live!," originally broadcast on the website SuperDeluxe.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Since 2012, Heidecker has hosted a parodic web series and podcast called "On Cinema", where he and special guest (Gregg Turkington) discuss films from past and present. In 2013 an "On Cinema Film Guide" app was released, featuring the voices of Heidecker and Turkington reviewing over 17,000 films. Heidecker, Wareheim, Sarah Silverman, Michael Cera, and Reggie Watts announced on the podcast "Comedy Bang! Bang!" that they were starting a comedy YouTube channel called Jash.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Since 2016, Heidecker has hosted the podcast and web series "Office Hours Live" along with Vic Berger and Doug Lussenhop. It features phone and video calls with fans, comedians, musicians, and political commentators.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: The duo's anthology horror series, "Tim and Eric's Bedtime Stories", aired on Adult Swim from 2014 to 2017. A sitcom starring the duo, "Beef House", premiered in March 2020.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: On October 23, 2020, Heidecker released his first stand-up comedy special, "An Evening With Tim Heidecker", on YouTube. Filmed in the style of a typical standup special, Heidecker's special is a "parody" of the format in which he deliberately plays a hack stand-up comic.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Heidecker played in various indie rock bands while in Philadelphia. He made an appearance in the 2008 Ben Folds and Regina Spektor music video entitled "You Don't Know Me".


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Although Davin Wood composed the music for "Awesome Show", Heidecker would sometimes sing and write lyrics. Williams Street Records released both "Awesome Record, Great Songs!" and "Uncle Muscles Presents Casey And His Brother" in 2008, featuring music from the first two seasons. Wood previously composed the music for "Tom Goes To The Mayor", and he and Heidecker form the duo Heidecker & Wood. Inspired by 1970s soft rock, they released their first album, "Starting From Nowhere", on March 15, 2011. The duo released a second album in the same style on November 12, 2013, "Some Things Never Stay the Same". They cite the influence of Randy Newman, Warren Zevon, Harry Nilsson, and Boz Scaggs.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: In 2012, Heidecker contributed a parody campaign jingle for Herman Cain's presidential bid titled "Cain Train". This was the first of nine songs which would eventually become a full album, titled "Cainthology: Songs in the Key of Cain". All of the proceeds from the album's sales go to benefit the Violence Intervention Program. The number nine was chosen as the number of songs, and $9.99 the original price, in reference to Herman Cain's 9-9-9 financial plan.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Before the release of Bob Dylan's album "Tempest" in September 2012, Heidecker released a Dylan pastiche called "Titanic", spoofing the news that the album would feature a 14-minute track about the RMS Titanic. In 2013, he released two more Dylan parodies—"Running Out the Clock", inspired by Dylan's 1983 album "Infidels", and "Long Black Dress", a song in the actual style of Dylan's album "Tempest"—and collaborated with the indie band The Earth is a Man on a cover of Dylan's "All the Tired Horses."


title: Tim Heidecker

text: In 2013, Heidecker released the album "Urinal St. Station" under the Drag City label with his band, The Yellow River Boys. The lead single, "Hot Piss," was released in June 2013. "Vice Magazine" named "Urinal St. Station" as the best album of 2013.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Heidecker and Davin Wood composed and performed the song "Weatherman" which was used in the 2014 film "The Age of Reason".


title: Tim Heidecker

text: He released "" via Jagjaguwar on November 8, 2017, a year to the date since Trump's presidential victory.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: In August 2020, Heidecker announced "Fear of Death", a concept album featuring members of Foxygen, The Lemon Twigs, and Weyes Blood, slated for release on September25 from Spacebomb Records.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Heidecker's sixth album, "High School," was released June 24, 2022 on Spacebomb Records followed by a supporting North American tour.


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Heidecker is married to actress Marilyn Porayko. They have a daughter named Amelia (born November 2013) and a son named Charlie (born October 2016).


title: Tim Heidecker

text: Heidecker joined the Democratic Socialists of America in June 2018. He has described himself as both an atheist and an agnostic.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred (Alfred Ernest Albert; 6 August 184430 July 1900) was the sovereign duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1893 to 1900. He was the second son and fourth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. He was known as the Duke of Edinburgh from 1866 until he succeeded his paternal uncle Ernest II as the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in the German Empire.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Prince Alfred was born on 6 August 1844 at Windsor Castle to the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria, and her husband, Prince Albert, the second son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Nicknamed Affie, he was second in the line of succession to the British throne behind his elder brother, the Prince of Wales.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley, at the Private Chapel in Windsor Castle on 6 September 1844. His godparents were his mother's first cousin, Prince George of Cambridge (represented by his father, the Duke of Cambridge); his paternal aunt, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (represented by his maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Kent); and Queen Victoria's half-brother, the Prince of Leiningen (represented by the Duke of Wellington, Conservative Leader in the Lords).


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred remained second in line to the British throne from his birth until 8 January 1864, when his older brother Edward and his wife Alexandra of Denmark had their first son, Prince Albert Victor. Alfred became third in line to the throne and as Edward and Alexandra continued to have children, Alfred was further demoted in the order of succession.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: In 1856, when he had reached the age of 12, it was decided that Prince Alfred, in accordance with his own wishes, should enter the Royal Navy. A separate establishment was accordingly assigned to him, with Lieutenant J.C. Cowell, RE, as governor. He passed a special entrance examination in July 1858, and was appointed as naval cadet in at the age of 14. In July 1860, while on this ship, he paid an official visit to the Cape Colony, and made a very favourable impression both on the colonials and on the native chiefs. He took part in a hunt at Hartebeeste-Hoek, resulting in the slaughter of large numbers of game animals. On the abdication of King Otto of Greece, in 1862, Prince Alfred was chosen to succeed him, but the British government blocked plans for him to ascend the Greek throne, largely because of the Queen's opposition to the idea. She and her late husband had made plans for him to succeed to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Prince Alfred remained in the navy, and was promoted to lieutenant on 24 February 1863, serving under Count Gleichen on the corvette . He was promoted to captain on 23 February 1866 and was appointed to the command of the frigate in January 1867. Lord Charles Beresford described him as having "a great natural ability for handling a fleet" and noted that he "would have made a first-class fighting admiral."


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: In the Queen's Birthday Honours on 24 May 1866, the Prince was created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Ulster, and Earl of Kent with an annuity of £15,000 granted by Parliament. He took his seat in the House of Lords on 8 June.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: While still in command of the "Galatea", the Duke of Edinburgh started from Plymouth on 24 January 1867 for his voyage around the world. On 7 June 1867, he left Gibraltar, reached the Cape of Good Hope on 24 July, on 5 August 1867 the island of Tristan da Cunha, and paid a royal visit to Cape Town on 24 August 1867 after landing at Simon's Town a while earlier. He landed at Glenelg, South Australia, on 31 October 1867. Being the first member of the royal family to visit Australia, he was received with great enthusiasm. During his stay of nearly five months he visited Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Tasmania. Several institutions (including Prince Alfred College, The Alfred Hospital, and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital) were named in his honour.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: On 12 March 1868, on his second visit to Sydney, he was invited by Sir William Manning, President of the Sydney Sailors' Home, to picnic at the beachfront suburb of Clontarf to raise funds for the home. At the function, he was wounded in the back by a revolver fired by Henry James O'Farrell. Alfred was shot just to the right of his spine and was tended for the next two weeks by six nurses, trained by Florence Nightingale and led by Matron Lucy Osburn, who had just arrived in Australia in February 1868. In the violent struggle during which Alfred was shot, William Vial had managed to wrest the gun away from O'Farrell until bystanders assisted. Vial, a master of a Masonic Lodge, had helped to organise the picnic in honour of the Duke's visit and was presented with a gold watch for securing Alfred's life. Another bystander, George Thorne, was wounded in the foot by O'Farrell's second shot. O'Farrell was arrested at the scene, quickly tried, convicted and hanged on 21 April 1868.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: On the evening of 23 March 1868, the most influential people of Sydney voted for a memorial building to be erected, "to raise a permanent and substantial monument in testimony of the heartfelt gratitude of the community at the recovery of HRH". This led to a public subscription which paid for the construction of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred soon recovered from his injury and was able to resume command of his ship and return home in early April 1868. He reached Spithead on 26 June 1868, after an absence of seventeen months.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: He visited Hawaii in 1869 and spent time with the royal family there, where he was presented with leis upon his arrival. He was also the first member of the royal family to visit New Zealand, arriving in 1869 on . He also became the first European prince to visit Japan and on 4 September 1869, he was received at an audience by the teenaged Emperor Meiji in Tokyo.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: The Duke's next voyage was to India, where he arrived in December 1869, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), which he visited the following year. In both countries and at Hong Kong, which he visited on the way, he was the first British prince to set foot in the country. The native rulers of India vied with one another in the magnificence of their entertainments during the stay of three months. In Ceylon a reception was given for him, by the request of the British, by Charles Henry de Soysa, the richest man in Ceylon, at his private residence which was consequently renamed, by permission, Alfred House; Alfred reportedly ate off gold plates with gold cutlery inlaid with jewels.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: In 1862, Queen Victoria wrote to Victoria, Princess Royal that she wanted Alfred to marry Princess Dagmar of Denmark. She wrote: "I hear that the Emperor of Russia has not given up his intention of asking for Alix or Dagmar for his son. I should be very sorry if any thing were decided for Dagmar before you had seen her, as it would be one chance less for Affie." However, she decided against the match because of Germany's anger towards Denmark over the disputed territories of Schleswig-Holstein, especially since Alfred was the heir to Coburg. She wrote to Victoria, Princess Royal "Respecting Dagmar, I do not wish her to be kept for Affie. Let the Emperor have her." Dagmar later married Alexander III and became the Empress of Russia.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Queen Victoria considered Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia as a potential wife for Alfred. She wrote to Victoria, Princess Royal, "It is a great pity that Sanny's charming daughter is a Greek [Orthodox]– she would do so well". In 1867, Queen Victoria told Victoria, Princess Royal that "I had thought and hoped at one time for dear little Olga, who is now to marry King George".


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: During a visit to his sister Princess Alice, in August 1868 he met Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, then fourteen years old. Princess Alice was married to Maria Alexandrovna's first cousin. The Grand Duchess was visiting her maternal relatives, the Princes of Battenberg, at Jugenheim.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: On 23 January 1874, the Duke of Edinburgh married the Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, the second (and only surviving) daughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine, daughter of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Wilhelmine of Baden, at the Winter Palace, St Petersburg. To commemorate the occasion, a small English bakery made the now internationally popular Marie biscuit, with the Duchess' name imprinted on its top.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh made their public entry into London on 12 March. The marriage, however, was not a happy one, and the bride was thought haughty by London Society. She was surprised to discover that she had to yield precedence to the Princess of Wales and all of Queen Victoria's daughters and demanded that she take precedence before the Princess of Wales (the future Queen Alexandra) because she considered the Princess of Wales's family (the Danish royal family) to be inferior to her own. Queen Victoria refused this demand, yet granted her precedence immediately after the Princess of Wales. Her father gave her the then-staggering sum of £100,000 as a dowry, plus an annual allowance of £32,000.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred was stationed in Malta for several years and his third child, Victoria Melita, was born there in 1876. Promoted rear-admiral on 30 December 1878, he became admiral superintendent of naval reserves, with his flag in the corvette in November 1879. Promoted to vice-admiral on 10 November 1882, he was given command of the Channel Squadron, with his flag in the armoured ship , in December 1883. He became Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, with his flag in the armoured ship , in March 1886, and having been promoted to admiral on 18 October 1887, he went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth in August 1890. He was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 3 June 1893.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Percy Scott wrote in his memoirs that "as a Commander-in-Chief, the Duke of Edinburgh had, in my humble opinion, no equal. He handled a fleet magnificently, and introduced many improvement in signals and manoeuvring." He "took a great interest in gunnery." "The prettiest ship I have ever seen was the [Duke of Edinburgh's flagship] HMS "Alexandra". I was informed that £2,000 had been spent by the officers on her decoration."


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred was very fond of music and took a prominent part in establishing the Royal College of Music, created in 1882. He was a keen violinist, but had little skill. At a dinner party given by one of his brothers, he was persuaded to play. Sir Henry Ponsonby wrote: 'Fiddle out of tune and noise abominable.'


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: On the death of his uncle, Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, on 22 August 1893, the duchy fell to the Duke of Edinburgh, since his elder brother (the Prince of Wales) had renounced his right to the succession before he married. Alfred thereupon surrendered his British allowance of £15,000 a year and his seats in the House of Lords and the Privy Council, but he retained the £10,000 granted on his marriage to maintain Clarence House as his London residence. At first regarded with some coldness in the Duchy as a "foreigner", he gradually gained popularity. By the time of his death in 1900, he had generally won the good opinion of his subjects.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred and Maria's only son, Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, became involved in a scandal involving his mistress and apparently shot himself in January 1899, in the midst of his parents' twenty-fifth wedding anniversary celebrations at the "Schloss Friedenstein" in Gotha. He survived, but his embarrassed mother sent him off to Meran to recover, where he died two weeks later, on 6 February. His father was devastated.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred died of throat cancer on 30 July 1900 in a lodge adjacent to Schloss Rosenau, the ducal summer residence just north of Coburg. He was buried at the ducal family's mausoleum in the "" in Coburg. He was succeeded by his nephew, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany (1884–1954), the posthumous son of his youngest brother, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: He was survived by his mother, Victoria, who had already outlived two of her children, Alice and Leopold. She died six months later.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred was a keen collector of glass and ceramic ware, and after his death his widow gave his collection, valued at half a million marks, to the Veste Coburg, the enormous fortress on a hill top above Coburg.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, The Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, Prince Alfred College in Adelaide, Prince Alfred Park in Sydney, Prince Alfred Square in Parramatta, and the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club, now in the Sydney suburb of Newport, are named in his honour.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: The Alfred Hall in Ballarat was built in 1867 for his visit, and one of the city's suburbs was renamed Alfredton. Many streets, avenues, roads, halls, parks and schools bear his name in other parts of Australia. He laid the corner stones of new town halls in the two biggest cities, Sydney and Melbourne, and those buildings continue in use today.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Prince Alfred Street in Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados, was named in his honour. It begins at the junction with Chapel Street and proceeds southward until reaching a car park along the Constitution river in the vicinity of the former James Fort.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Prince Alfred Bay, Nunavut, was named in his honour, as was Cape Prince Alfred in the North West Territories. Two islands in Ontario are named for Prince Alfred, one in the St Lawrence River near Brockville, and the other in Lake Nipigon north of Thunder Bay. The Prince Alfred Arch, a monument in Tangier, Nova Scotia, marks the spot Prince Alfred visited in 1861.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: The name of the small township of Alfredton (near Eketahuna in the lower North Island of New Zealand) honours the prince. Alfred Street in central Auckland was named in his honour. The Bay of Plenty settlement of Galatea is named after his ship. Mt Alfred in Wellington - adjacent to Mt Victoria named after his mother and Mt Albert after his father - is named after him.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Prince Alfred sailed into Port Elizabeth on 6 August 1860 as a midshipman on HMS "Euryalus" and celebrated his 16th birthday among its citizens. Seven years later he sailed into Simon's Town as the Captain of HMS "Galatea". In Port Elizabeth there is a Prince Alfred's Terrace. The Alfred Rowing Club was established in 1864 and was housed under the pier at Table Bay. It was named after Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who visited the Cape in 1860. It is the oldest organised sporting club in South Africa. The opening ceremony of the South African Library was performed by Prince Alfred in 1860. An impressive portrait of the Prince hangs in the main reading room.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Port Alfred, on the Kowie River in the Eastern Cape, was originally known as Port Frances after the daughter-in-law of the Governor of Cape Colony, Lord Charles Somerset. Of all the passes built in South Africa by the famous Andrew Geddes Bain and his son, Thomas, Prince Alfred's Pass remains, for many people, a favourite because of its lavish variety winding through some of the world's most unspoiled scenery.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: In Simon's Town, the Prince Alfred Hotel was built in 1802 and renamed after the prince visited Cape Province in 1868. For more than two centuries Simon's Town has been an important naval base and harbour (first for the Royal Navy and now the South African Navy). The former hotel now houses the Backpackers' Hostel, opposite the harbour in the main street. In Cape Town during his visit in 1868, Prince Alfred ceremonially tipped the first load of rock to commence the building of the Breakwater. This was built by convict labour and formed the protective seawall for the new Cape Town Harbour, now redeveloped as the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront and a popular tourist and shopping destination.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: A Prince Alfred Street can be found in Pietermaritzburg, Queenstown, Grahamstown and Caledon. The Port Elizabeth Chapter of the Memorable Order of Tin Hats, a veterans association, is known as the Prince Alfred Shellhole. Prince Alfred Hamlet, a small town in the Western Cape province, is named after Alfred.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: One of the stamp collectors in the British royal family, Prince Alfred won election as honorary president of The Philatelic Society, London in 1890. He may have inspired his nephew George V, who benefited after the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) bought his brother Prince Alfred's collection. The merging of Alfred's and George's collections gave birth to the Royal Philatelic Collection.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, the settlement on Tristan da Cunha, a British Overseas territory, was named after Alfred after he visited the remote islands in 1867 while Duke of Edinburgh.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Prince Alfred gained use of the royal arms of the United Kingdom, charged with an inescutcheon of the shield of the Duchy of Saxony, representing his paternal arms, the whole differenced by a label argent of three points, the outer points bearing anchors azure, and the inner a cross gules. When he became the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, his Saxon arms were his British arms inverted, as follows: the ducal arms of Saxony charged with an inescutcheon of the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label argent of three points, the outer points bearing anchors azure, and the inner a cross gules.


title: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Alfred's letters to his third daughter, Alexandra, (as well as her sisters) are preserved in the Hohenlohe Central Archive (Hohenlohe-Zentralarchiv Neuenstein) in Neuenstein Castle in the town of Neuenstein, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


title: Kelis

text: Kelis Rogers-Mora (; born August 21, 1979), known mononymously as Kelis, is an American singer, songwriter and a professionally trained chef. At age 14, she was admitted to New York's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, where she learned to play the saxophone and won a spot in the Girls Choir of Harlem. After she graduated from high school in 1997, Kelis took on a variety of jobs before landing a backup vocal slot on an album track called "Fairytalez", released by the American hip hop group Gravediggaz. She then began working with music producers Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo, known as The Neptunes, which ultimately resulted in her being signed to Virgin Records in 1998.


title: Kelis

text: Kelis released her debut studio album "Kaleidoscope" with Virgin Records on December 7, 1999. Inspired by jazz and disco music from the 1970s, the album was a critical and international success. It spawned three singles: "Caught Out There", "Good Stuff", and "Get Along With You". The album reached number 43 in the United Kingdom while also becoming her first album to be certified gold. She left her label Virgin Records after its follow-up "Wanderland" (2001) received little sales attention and no U.S. release until 2019. In 2003, Kelis released her third studio album "Tasty". The album produced the singles "Milkshake", "Trick Me", "Millionaire" (featuring André 3000), and "In Public" (featuring Nas). The album earned the singer commercial prominence. Her fourth album, "Kelis Was Here" (2006), was preceded by the lead single "Bossy" (featuring Too Short) and reached number 10 on the "Billboard" 200. Kelis took a hiatus from music after its release, venturing into culinary arts at Le Cordon Bleu. She later signed with will.i.am and began recording her fifth album, "Flesh Tone", which was released in 2010. The album spawned four singles, including "Acapella" and "4th of July (Fireworks)", which were successful on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and the UK Dance Singles Chart. Kelis' neo soul-inspired sixth studio album "Food" (2014) became her second top-twenty album in the UK and spawned three singles: "Jerk Ribs", "Rumble" and "Friday Fish Fry".


title: Kelis

text: Kelis has been recognized at the Brit Awards, Q Awards, NME Awards, and Grammy Awards ceremonies. Her musical output, both as a lead and featured artist, encompasses various genres. She has collaborated with R&B and hip hop acts including Busta Rhymes and Clipse; electronic and dance producers such as Calvin Harris, Timo Maas, and Richard X; pop and rock acts Enrique Iglesias and No Doubt; and indie and alternative musicians including Björk and Dave Sitek. She has sold six million records worldwide and has had particular success in the United Kingdom, where ten of her singles have peaked within the top ten of the UK Singles Chart.


title: Kelis

text: Kelis Rogers was born and raised in the Frederick Douglass Houses in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan. Her first name is a portmanteau of her father's name, Kenneth (1944–2000) and her mother's name, Eveliss. Her father Kenneth was an African-American jazz musician and Pentecostal minister and was formerly a professor at Wesleyan University. Her mother Eveliss is a Chinese-Puerto Rican fashion designer who inspired Kelis to pursue her singing career. She has three sisters, Kelis being the third-born of the four girls.


title: Kelis

text: As a child, Kelis sang in church choirs and played violin, piano, and saxophone while attending Manhattan Country School, a private school. At the age of 13, Kelis shaved off all of her hair. In an interview with Charlotte Roche, Kelis says she was kicked out of her parents' house at the age of sixteen for bad behavior, stating that she would sometimes clash with her mother, but continued her education at the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, where she formed the R&B trio BLU (Black Ladies United). Kelis was also a bartender and a sales associate at a clothing store before graduating high school.


title: Kelis

text: In 1997, Kelis provided background vocals on "Fairytalez", a track on hip hop group Gravediggaz' album "The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel". Afterwards, a friend introduced Kelis to The Neptunes (Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo); they formed a strong bond, and with their support she landed a record deal with Virgin Records. According to Kelis, Virgin Records advised her that publishing royalties would be split evenly between Williams, Hugo, and herself, but this turned out not to be the case; Kelis made no money from sales of her first two albums on the label. Kelis has also said that Williams was credited as a songwriter on songs of hers that he had not written.


title: Kelis

text: Kelis began recording her debut album, "Kaleidoscope", in mid-1998 and was finished within a year. Produced by The Neptunes and released by Virgin Records in 1999, "Kaleidoscope" peaked at number 144 on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 chart and reached the top five on the Top Heatseekers chart. As of 2006, the album has sold 249,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Its lead and most notable single, "Caught Out There", became a top ten Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs hit and peaked at number 54 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. During this time, Kelis featured on Ol' Dirty Bastard's U.S. top 40 single, "Got Your Money".


title: Kelis

text: The album performed better in Europe, where "Caught Out There" was a moderate hit in most European countries except the United Kingdom, where the song saw massive success, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart. A second single, "Good Stuff" (featuring Terrar of Clipse), reached number 19; the third, "Get Along with You", was less successful, reaching number 51. The British Phonographic Industry certified "Kaleidoscope" gold for sales of 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom, where it reached number 43 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Kelis

text: In 2001, Kelis won the Brit Award for International Breakthrough Act and the "NME" Award for Best R&B/Soul Act before joining Moby and U2 on their Area:One and Elevation tours, respectively. Kelis and the Neptunes' output at this time was heralded as foreshadowing an innovation in contemporary R&B, but she later said, "I was never an R&B artist. People coined me one but that's because, especially if you're in the States, if you're black and you sing, then you're R&B". Her colorful style in both clothing and hair received considerable attention.


title: Kelis

text: Kelis's second album "Wanderland" was released in 2001 in Europe, Asia, and Latin America but did not receive a North American release until 2019. According to Kelis, her U.S. record company at the time, Virgin, had laid off those that worked on "Kaleidoscope"; their replacements did not understand or believe in "Wanderland". Eventually, Kelis was dropped from Virgin in America around the time of the album's European release, though she remained on the label's roster in Europe. A commercial failure, "Wanderland" peaked at number 78 in the UK; its sole single release, "Young, Fresh n' New", managed to crack the top forty on the UK Singles Chart. The album, which was produced in its entirety by the Neptunes and features collaborations with members of Clipse and No Doubt, received a subdued critical response. "NME" wrote: "In our collective fantasies, Kelis Rogers is already the ghetto-fabulous sex-queen of discodelic future-funk pop-rock-soul [...] But beyond the initial shopping-and-funking dazzle, there is way too much filler here for a hotly hyped alterna-soul princess with her eyes on the big prize". "The Fader" later referred to "Wanderland" as "Kelis’s long lost masterpiece".


title: Kelis

text: In 2002, Kelis recorded "So Be It" for the Red Hot Organization's Fela Kuti tribute CD, "Red Hot and Riot", from which all proceeds were donated to AIDS awareness charities. The same year she had a top 20 US club hit with a remix of "Young, Fresh 'n' New", produced by Timo Maas, who subsequently featured Kelis on his single, "Help Me". She hosted the DanceStar USA Awards ceremony at that year's Winter Music Conference.


title: Kelis

text: In 2003, Kelis achieved a second top ten hit in the UK as a featured artist on Richard X's "Finest Dreams", a reworking of the S.O.S. Band's 1986 single "The Finest", and a European club hit (and UK top 40 single) as a featured artist on "Let's Get Ill" by P. Diddy, her manager for a brief period. She found mainstream success in the U.S. later in 2003 with her Hot Dance Club Play number one, "Billboard" Hot 100 top three single "Milkshake"; this helped to propel her third album "Tasty" to gold status in the U.S., where it peaked at number 27 on the "Billboard" 200 and has sold 533,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan. "Milkshake" also went gold, selling over 500,000 copies, and earned Kelis a Grammy Award nomination in 2004 for Best Urban/Alternative Performance.


title: Kelis

text: Although the Neptunes contributed several tracks to "Tasty"—the album was released by their label Star Trak Entertainment, a joint venture with Arista Records—Kelis also collaborated with other producers such as Dallas Austin, André 3000, Rockwilder, and Raphael Saadiq. She stated in an interview: "I felt like I had a lot to prove with this album. People had started messing with me along the lines of 'Is she REALLY any good without The Neptunes?' — which I knew was ridiculous. And so I was like, 'I'll take that challenge'." The album was well-received critically; "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that "Tasty" is "Kelis' past—big beats, out-there imagery, and sex appeal—refined [...] much of the beauty of "Tasty" is in witnessing Kelis rise to the challenge of working with multiple imaginative maestros."


title: Kelis

text: "Milkshake" and "Tasty" immediately found success in Europe. According to the BPI, "Tasty" went platinum in the United Kingdom, selling over 300,000 copies, and "Milkshake" went silver, selling over 200,000 units. The album's second single, the Dallas Austin-produced "Trick Me", went to the top ten in many European countries during mid-2004; it did not, however, garner success in the U.S. in the absence of promotion by Jive Records, the label Kelis had been transferred to after Arista Records folded at the time of "Tasty"s release. Kelis' success grew in Australia, where "Tasty" went gold and where "Milkshake" and "Trick Me" went platinum. Kelis followed the success of the third "Tasty" single, the BPI silver-certified "Millionaire" (featuring André 3000), with the Rockwilder-produced track "In Public" (featuring Nas), which reached number 17 on the UK chart.


title: Kelis

text: "Not in Love", Kelis's collaboration with Enrique Iglesias from his 2003 album "7", was released as a single the following year, reaching the UK top five. Although the single failed to chart on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, it topped the country's Hot Dance Club Play chart. Also in 2004, Kelis collaborated with Björk on a remix of the latter's track "Oceania" (from Björk's album "Medúlla"), which appeared as a B-side to the Björk album's second single, "Who Is It". Kelis toured as the opening act for fellow Jive artist Britney Spears's The Onyx Hotel Tour before headlining her own tour of Australia and New Zealand. In 2005, she was featured on the soundtrack to the film "Just Like Heaven" with a cover version of The Pretenders' "Brass in Pocket" (1979).


title: Kelis

text: Kelis contributed a track titled "80's Joint" to the soundtrack of the 2006 dance film "Step Up". She collaborated with Busta Rhymes and will.i.am on the track "I Love My Bitch", the second single from Rhymes's 2006 album "The Big Bang". This was the second time Kelis collaborated with Rhymes, the first being his 2001 song "What It Is".


title: Kelis

text: Kelis's fourth studio album, "Kelis Was Here", was released in 2006, and debuted and peaked at number ten on the "Billboard" 200. Despite the career-high debut, the album has sold only 157,000 copies in the United States as of 2007, according to Nielsen SoundScan. In the UK, "Kelis Was Here" charted at number 41 and has sold 60,000 copies, earning a silver certification from the BPI. The album was Kelis's first not to feature contributions from The Neptunes, as she had left Star Trak by this time; instead, she recorded with Cee-Lo, Max Martin, Raphael Saadiq, Scott Storch, and will.i.am, among others. According to Kelis, she received no support from Jive Records for the recording or promotion of "Kelis Was Here" and argued heavily with the label, later describing the period as "[not] the most creative atmosphere" and "the only time where I felt like I was being pulled in different directions. There were too many cooks in the kitchen". MTV characterised critical consensus of the album as "intriguingly intelligent, if unjustifiably disjointed and long" and wrote in 2016 that "it remains her most creatively anarchic project". "Kelis Was Here" was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 2007 Grammy Awards.


title: Kelis

text: "Kelis Was Here"s lead single, "Bossy" (featuring Too Short), was a moderate hit in the U.S., peaking at number 16; it additionally went multi-platinum as a mobile phone ringtone, according to the RIAA. The second U.S. single, "Blindfold Me" (featuring Nas), reached number 91 on the R&B chart and did not chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Kelis's European label, Virgin, instead released the Cee-Lo-featuring "Lil Star", which was another top ten hit for Kelis in the United Kingdom (peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart). During mid 2007, Kelis toured in Europe, appearing in numerous festivals across the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, such as Wireless, Rise and Gurtenfestival. Ford chose Kelis to help advertise the 2007 Ford Edge, and she recorded a theme song for the commercial, titled "Push It to the Edge", with help from producer Scott Storch.


title: Kelis

text: Jive Records dropped Kelis in late 2007. Her manager at the time said that the singer was working with Cee-Lo Green on an alternative dance album and would be shopping a pop album produced by songwriter Guy Chambers. Scottish electronica producer Calvin Harris was also said to be collaborating with her. Kelis subsequently took a hiatus from music: "I was like, 'I will never put out another record again, I hate this business, I hate all these people.' I was in this race that I didn't even realise that I was in. I woke up and ten years had passed. That was never my plan".


title: Kelis

text: After Kelis left Jive, the label released a fourteen-track greatest hits album titled "The Hits" in 2008. The album does not contain any previously unreleased songs; Ol' Dirty Bastard's "Got Your Money", N.E.R.D's "Truth or Dare", and Richard X's "Finest Dreams" appear on the album alongside every charted Kelis single to that date, with the exception of "Blindfold Me". Also in 2008, the "Kelis Was Here" album track "I Don't Think So" became a top 40 hit in Australia after being used in promotion for the 2008 season of the reality series "Big Brother Australia".


title: Kelis

text: In 2009, Kelis signed to Interscope Records via the will.i.am Music Group to release her fifth studio album, "Flesh Tone", which included production from Ammo, Free School, Benny Benassi, Burns, Boys Noize, Benny Benassi, DJ Tocadisco, will.i.am, and David Guetta. "Flesh Tone" marked Kelis' transition into dance music. Kelis said she was hesitant to sign to another major label after her experiences with Jive Records but did not want the album to be "swept under the rug with a smaller label". Coinciding with her change in musical direction, Kelis appeared on Basement Jaxx's 2009 album "Scars" on the title track, on Benassi's 2010 single "Spaceship" (with apl.de.ap and Jean Baptiste)—a top 40 U.S. and UK club hit—and on the Crookers single "No Security" from their debut album "Tons of Friends".


title: Kelis

text: Critical reception to "Flesh Tone" was generally positive, with Pitchfork naming the album Kelis's best since her debut, "Kaleidoscope". The first single from "Flesh Tone", "Acapella" (produced by David Guetta), debuted in the top five on the UK Singles Chart and reached number one on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Songs and the UK Dance Chart, eventually receiving a BPI silver certification. "Flesh Tone" peaked at number 48 on the "Billboard" 200 and at number five on the Dance/Electronic Albums. The second single, "4th of July (Fireworks)", was accompanied by a video co-directed by Kelis herself (with Rankin and Nicole Ehrlich) and became a top ten club hit in America and Britain. Subsequent singles, "Scream" and "Brave", made minimal chart impact.


title: Kelis

text: During mid-2010 Kelis embarked on her first U.S. tour, titled All Hearts with Robyn, amid a selection of club, festival, and solo dates that continued through 2011 – these included Glastonbury, The Big Chill, Good Vibrations Festival, and Lovebox. Kelis appears on the Mark Ronson-produced track "The Man Who Stole a Leopard" from the 2010 Duran Duran album "All You Need Is Now", a song she and the band performed in a concert directed by filmmaker David Lynch. She co-wrote the song "Waiting" for British pop singer Cheryl Cole's "Messy Little Raindrops". Kelis then collaborated with Scottish producer Calvin Harris on the 2011 single "Bounce", the lead single from Harris' third studio album, "18 Months". "Bounce" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Kelis's tenth UK top ten single and her biggest selling in the country (as of 2017). It eventually received a platinum certification from the BPI.


title: Kelis

text: In 2012, Kelis's management firm at the time announced that her sixth studio album would be released in late 2012 and feature production from Skream, BURNS, Tom Neville, Dan Black, and Caspa. The first single, the Skream-produced "Distance", received its UK radio premiere in mid 2012. Kelis said of the album, "I've been on a real 1990s vibe with this record, it's kind of trip-hoppish [...] it's more electro, it's a little deeper and darker". Kelis was featured on Dan Black's single "Hearts" and Skream's "Copy Cat" (both 2013), the latter of which led to a dispute after Kelis alleged that Skream refused to have her appear in the music video. She subsequently opted to move on from dance music: "when everyone else starts doing it, it's not as much fun [...] too much time went by. That [sound] wasn't a new idea any more". The rest of the material from these recording sessions remains unreleased.


title: Kelis

text: By 2013, Kelis was working with producer Dave Sitek, and it was announced that she would release two albums via Sitek's label, Federal Prism. A new single, "Jerk Ribs", subsequently premiered online. Kelis then signed to British independent label Ninja Tune for the release of the album, titled "Food", in 2014. Produced entirely by Sitek, "Food" entered the UK Albums Chart at number 20, becoming Kelis' second highest-peaking album after "Tasty" in 2004. In the U.S., it reached number 73 on the "Billboard" 200 and the top twenty on the Independent Albums. Subsequent singles were "Rumble" (a top 40 hit on the UK Independent Singles Chart) and "Friday Fish Fry". "Food" received positive reviews from critics, including a five-star review in "The Independent": "Kelis's sixth album is a moveable feast [...] If music be the food of love, Kelis has cooked up something tasty enough to satisfy all but the hungriest of hearts." Mic named "Food" the best album of 2014 and of Kelis's career, while "Rolling Stone" listed it as one of the year's best R&B albums.


title: Kelis

text: A limited edition version of "Food" included remixes by electronic producers such as Actress, Mount Kimbie, Ben Pearce, Breach, Machinedrum, and Will Saul. Breach reworked his remix of "Rumble" into a new track featuring Kelis, "The Key", which was released as a single later in 2014. Kelis' performance at London's Somerset House was recorded and released as an album, "Live in London", in late 2014. In 2015, Kelis featured on veteran disco producer Giorgio Moroder's album, "Déjà Vu", singing on the track, "Back and Forth". In 2017, she featured alongside rapper Sage The Gemini on English house DJ TCTS' single "Do It Like Me (Icy Feet)" and on Dan Black's single "Farewell". Also in 2017, she released a new song, "Who's Lovin' You" (originally sung by The Miracles), on the Danger Mouse-produced compilation, "Resistance Radio: The Man in The High Castle", for the television show "The Man in the High Castle".


title: Kelis

text: Kelis contributed vocals to the dance track "My Milkshake", a rework of her 2003 single "Milkshake" by British producer Freejak, in 2018. Kelis embarked on the "Kaleidoscope" 20th Anniversary Tour, a UK and European tour celebrating the 20th-anniversary release of her debut album "Kaleidoscope", in March 2020, though this was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kelis was featured on a Disclosure song titled "Watch Your Step" in 2020 and on "Deal with It", a track on the debut mixtape by Ashnikko, "Demidevil", in 2021. The former single, from Disclosure's Grammy Award-nominated album "Energy", received frequent airplay on BBC radio stations in the UK and reached the UK dance chart top 40. In October 2020, a biographical animated short about her life as a singer and chef was released on YouTube.