title: Central Park Tower

text: There is also a three-floor private club named "The 100th Floor", marketed as the highest private club in the world. The private club is physically on the 68th story above ground but is marketed as floor 100. The space, designed by Rottet Studio, contains a 126-person ballroom, a cigar bar, and a private dining room. The main lounge contains gold-accented decorations and pearl- and sapphire-colored furniture, while the bar area has black and gold decorations inspired by the Art Deco style. In addition, floor 100 has a kitchen that serves the ballroom, bar, and dining room. An early plan for Central Park Tower included a visitor observatory at the top of the building, but these plans were scrapped after Extell CEO Gary Barnett said he wanted to maximize condominium space.


title: Central Park Tower

text: The third subcellar has residential bike storage, a package room, and cold storage. In addition, the third subcellar has 103 storage lockers for residents. Some of the units on floors 77 through 96 have private storage closets outside the apartments.


title: Central Park Tower

text: A Nordstrom department store occupies the building's first five floors as well as subcellars 1 and 2. The store spans in total, of which are within Central Park Tower; the remaining space is at 5 Columbus Circle and 1776 Broadway. Due to the high ceiling heights of the Nordstrom store, the first seven physical stories are collectively tall.


title: Central Park Tower

text: The Nordstrom location has an open plan for its floors, as well as ceilings. The floors are lit by the wavy glass facades of the base at 57th and 58th Streets. Other design features include halo reveals around each column; railings that wrap around the corners; and a terracotta wall near the elevators that resembles the wavy facade. The store also contains six bars and restaurants, including two operated by celebrity chef Tom Douglas.


title: Central Park Tower

text: Extell started its land acquisition for what would become the Central Park Tower in mid-2005. Extell purchased 221 West 57th Street and a neighboring lot for $67.5 million, yielding over of buildable space. That September, Extell served one of 221 West 57th Street's occupants, the Broadway Dance Center, a notice of default for operating without the required public assembly permit. Extell also revoked the Center's use of the building's internal staircases due to theft concerns and offered the Center $1 million to move to a new home on 55th Street. Extell purchased of air rights from the Art Students League of New York in early 2006 for $23.1 million, and later paid the Art Students League another $31.8 million for of air rights.


title: Central Park Tower

text: Further air rights purchases followed in 2006 and 2007. This included of air rights above the Osborne Apartments on 205 West 57th Street in January 2006; another of air rights from the Saint Thomas Choir School at 202 West 58th Street in November 2006; and of air rights from the 13-story apartment building at 200 West 58th Street in January 2007. In addition, in two separate 2006 purchases, Extell gained of development rights from the purchase of 1780 Broadway and two contiguous properties and of development rights from the purchase of a plot of 58th Street. Combined, these purchases allowed a building with up to of floor area.


title: Central Park Tower

text: In mid-2012, Extell purchased the neighboring building at 223 West 58th Street for $25 million. In July 2013, Extell paid $25 million for the lot at 232 West 58th Street, adding another of development rights, and thus completing the site. That October, Extell purchased of air rights from the Atlantic Development Group.


title: Central Park Tower

text: The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) attempted to protect 225 West 57th Street and the neighboring 1780 Broadway in 2009, having unsuccessfully attempted to designate the structures as city landmarks in 1994. After Extell and New York City Council Speaker Christine Quinn pushed back, the LPC dropped its proposal to designate 225 West 57th Street as a landmark. In an LPC hearing, almost all parties except for the Real Estate Board of New York supported designating 1780 Broadway as a landmark. However, the proposed designation of 225 West 57th Street received both significant support and opposition: the American Institute of Architects, New York State Assembly member Richard N. Gottfried, and the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois spoke in favor of that building's designation while City Council members Melinda Katz, Daniel Garodnick, and Jessica Lappin spoke against landmark status.


title: Central Park Tower

text: On November 10, 2009, the LPC voted 6–3 to preserve 1780 Broadway's facade and tear down everything else. The three dissenting members of the LPC had wanted 225 West 57th Street to be preserved as well. Preservation groups like the Historic Districts Council and New York Landmarks Conservancy expressed dissatisfaction that City Council members had influenced the decision. The council members had said they would veto any LPC designation for the properties if 225 West 57th Street was protected. Conversely, had both buildings been protected, Extell stated it would have canceled its development on the site. The last tenant of 1780 Broadway moved out of that building in April 2011. Extell demolished 225 West 57th Street in 2011 and destroyed the interiors of 1780 Broadway at the end of 2012.


title: Central Park Tower

text: By mid-2012, Nordstrom committed to occupying at the base of Extell's proposed tower, paying a $102.5 million down payment for the first five floors and the two basement floors. Construction permits were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings in November 2012. Extell revealed that Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill would design the tower, which was to be known as the Nordstrom Tower, and that it would rise to become the second-tallest building in New York City. Adrian Smith's firm, which had been recommended by Nordstrom, beat out other contenders for the design including Herzog & de Meuron, SHoP Architects, Jean Nouvel, Foster and Partners, and Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners. At the time, the building was expected to rise , open in 2018, and contain a hotel on the seventh through twelfth stories. In late 2013, the LPC approved the tower's cantilever over the Art Students League building. Extell had demolished all the previous buildings on the site by then.


title: Central Park Tower

text: The company began excavating the building's foundations in May 2014. A new design for the tower was leaked in July 2014, with the tower containing a parapet. The spire was to reach , just shorter than One World Trade Center's pinnacle. After nearly a year of excavation, the building's concrete foundation was poured in February 2015. New renderings were revealed on April 20, 2015, showed a parapet height of and an architectural height of with the spire. If the spire had been built, it would have been on the eastern side of the tower. The website "New York YIMBY" reported the next month that the spire would rise to , making the Nordstrom Tower the tallest in New York City and the Western Hemisphere. Extell founder Gary Barnett denied these rumors, saying he would keep the height at 1,775 feet "out of respect" to One World Trade Center. At the time, spokespeople for Extell would not confirm a final height and said leaked designs for the tower were "wrong".


title: Central Park Tower

text: The tower crane was installed in July 2015 and the structure reached street level by the end of September. New permits filed that month showed the building without a spire but increased the parapet height to . At the same time, the building's official name of "Central Park Tower" was unveiled and the completion date was pushed back to 2019. Work on the above-ground structure began in late 2015. The structural steel for Nordstrom's retail base was complete by the middle of 2016.


title: Central Park Tower

text: Extell took out a $300 million mortgage from The Blackstone Group on the land in mid-2012. The new mortgage allowed Extell to repay a $250 million loan from HSBC on the site's existing properties. In June 2016, Extell announced it was seeking to raise $190 million in financing for the tower from foreign investors through the EB-5 visa program. The company had previously raised $400 million by selling the retail portion to Nordstrom and another $300 million by issuing bonds on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Around the same time, Extell also brought in the Shanghai Municipal Investment Group (SMI) as an additional equity investor for roughly $300 million. Though the Blackstone loan had faced maturation in August 2016, Extell used the extra cash to repay $50 million of the loan and extend the maturity on the remainder, to December 9, 2016.


title: Central Park Tower

text: Even after the additional capital was secured, Extell still needed to receive a loan of roughly $1 billion by May 2017, or SMI could exercise a put option to force Extell to repay SMI's equity investment with interest. Additionally, the interest rate on Extell's bonds on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange rose from 6 to 16 percent, effectively turning them into junk bonds. If Extell defaulted on Blackstone's loan, its interest rate would increase from 8 to 14 percent, but Blackstone was only willing to grant Extell a one-week extension on its land loan to December 17. The day the land loan was due, Extell closed a new $235 million bridge loan with JPMorgan Chase and hedge funds Fortress Investment Group and Baupost Group to repay Blackstone.


title: Central Park Tower

text: By March 2017, Extell disclosed that it had spent $939 million on the development of the tower since 2014, including over $300 million in 2016 alone. The tower's completion date was also pushed back another year to November 2020. At the same time, Nordstrom invested another $25 million, with a put option that allowed the company to force Extell to repurchase the store space if it was not ready by December 2018. A further $168 million came from EB-5 investors. In May 2017, SMI changed the terms for its equity investment, so that Extell could keep looking for a construction loan until the end of 2017. That June, Israeli bondholders became concerned that Extell would be unable to meet its bond obligations as it held only $120 million in cash, still had not closed a construction loan, and still had its bonds classified as junk bonds with a 13 percent interest rate. A month later, over 40 private and institutional bondholders met to discuss whether to force early repayment on the bonds. Extell was scheduled to repay $180 million in December 2018 but investors were worried that the company could not raise the cash, as the declining luxury market had made the unit pricing unrealistic.


title: Central Park Tower

text: Following the bondholder's meeting, Extell signed a term sheet for a $900 million construction loan with JPMorgan Chase in August 2017. That same month, an Israeli bond rating agency downgraded the credit ratings for all of Extell's bonds after the company revealed it had just $36 million in cash on hand. Extell stated that it intended to close on the loan with JPMorgan before the end of the year, but the cash on hand would not be able to sustain construction through 2018 without a loan. SMI also agreed to push back the deadline on their put option for a third time, from December 2017 to June 2018. At the end of 2017, Extell announced it closed on $900 million in construction financing from JPMorgan Chase and an additional $235 million preferred equity investment from a hedge fund. The preferred equity carried an interest rate of 11 percent while the senior loan carried the high rate of Libor plus 4.5%. JPMorgan required repayment of the loan by December 2021 and also stipulated that Extell must sell $500 million worth of apartments by December 2020 or face default. In March 2018, Extell announced they would be selling 17 percent of the equity in the tower to a group of investors for $107 million, sparking another downgrade of Extell's bonds.


title: Central Park Tower

text: At the end of May 2017, Extell received approval to begin sales at Central Park Tower, with a total targeted $4.02 billion sellout for the project's 179 condominiums. A sales office was opened inside the tower, with decorations of New York City attractions and voice-overs advertising the building as "a shimmering beacon of class, optimism and chutzpah". The average unit price of $22.5 million was twice as much as the average sales price for a top New York City luxury apartment. Extell hoped to sell 20 of the units for more than $60 million a piece, including a $95 million penthouse. The first glass was installed on the building in September 2017 when the building was roughly a third of the way to its peak. The tower reached the mark in the spring of 2018 and was approximately tall by the end of the year. In October 2018, Extell officially launched sales at the project.


title: Central Park Tower

text: By the end of 2018, Extell had spent $1.7 billion on construction of the tower and expected to spend another $1.3 billion before the building opened. This total project cost of $3 billion was over $1 billion higher than the $1.9 billion that Extell expected construction to cost in 2016. Extell also increased the projected sellout of the building's condominiums to $4.5 billion or $7,450 per square foot, up from projections of $4.02 billion in May 2017 and higher even than the $4.4 billion in sales Extell expected in 2016. The company also unveiled new buyers' incentives, offering to waive between three and five years of common charges and pay 50 percent of broker's commissions. In interviews in 2019, Barnett said that condominiums were not selling as quickly as at Extell's previous One57 development during the early 2010s, when there were no other luxury developments nearby. Barnett signaled an openness to discounting units to increase sales in addition to the existing buyers' incentives. While Barnett did not disclose sales numbers, he said that half of the buyers would be "English speakers" and the other half would be foreign buyers.


title: Central Park Tower

text: Central Park Tower surpassed 432 Park Avenue in height during March 2019, reaching . Two months later, the building's first condominiums were publicly listed for sale. The tower reached over by the end of July 2019, surpassing the Willis Tower in Chicago. Central Park Tower topped out on September 17, 2019, the same day as One Vanderbilt. The Nordstrom store was the first part of the Central Park Tower to be finished, opening on October 24, 2019. By the end of the year, the building's glass curtain wall had been almost completely installed. Construction was temporarily halted in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. By late 2020, the construction crane was being disassembled, and the first residents started moving into Central Park Tower.


title: Central Park Tower

text: While some media sources reported that Central Park Tower was completed by the end of 2020, finishes were still being applied through 2021, and an official completion had not been announced. In January 2021, the project received a $380 million mezzanine loan from Sail Harbor Capital and Baupost Group, with a 14 percent interest rate and maturity at the end of 2021. The first buyers finalized the purchases of their apartments in February 2021, and the crown began lighting up at night that June. That August, the duplex on floors 127/128 was marketed for $150 million. Concurrent with the slowdown in the luxury residential market, several units at Central Park Tower sold well below their asking prices in late 2021.


title: Central Park Tower

text: , thirty-three units had been sold at an average discount rate of 25 percent. The building was finished by that December. By mid-2022, Extell had sold more than $1 billion worth of units at Central Park Tower, but the company predicted that it would be unable to reach a $4 billion sellout because so many units were being sold at discounted prices.


title: Central Park Tower

text: The cantilever over the Art Students League of New York's building at 215 West 57th Street was controversial. In October 2013, Manhattan Community Board 5 voted against allowing the cantilever, although the vote was merely advisory and final power over the decision rested with the LPC. Weeks later, the LPC approved the air rights sale and cantilever in a 6-1 vote. At the same meeting, Extell revealed a revised design that would rise tall. In February 2014, the Art Students League also approved the deal in a 1,342–227 vote among all members despite opposition from several third parties including the Municipal Art Society. Afterward, over 100 members of the Art Students League filed suit against Extell and the Art Students League organization itself to attempt to stop the air rights sale, but the lawsuit was dismissed in mid-2014.


title: Central Park Tower

text: In January 2016, three hundred members of the League sued the League's leadership, claiming that instructions on how to vote on the sale were misleading and that the publicized voting procedure was not followed correctly. According to the lawsuit, materials distributed by the League's leadership indicated that abstaining from voting would count the same as a "no" vote, which allegedly led many members not to vote on the issue. If non-voting members' decisions were counted as "no" votes, the tally should have been 2,603–1,342 against the air rights sale. The second lawsuit was dismissed through summary judgment when a judge ruled that the League's leadership had acted in good faith while interpreting the League's by-laws regarding voting procedures. An appeals court upheld the decision in March 2016, as reversing the air-rights sale would have resulted in an undue hardship that would cost Extell more than $200 million.


title: Central Park Tower

text: On July 12, 2017, a crate containing window panes fell from floor 16 after a ramp connecting the construction hoist to the building collapsed. The New York City Fire Department closed 58th Street for the rest of the day to investigate.


title: Central Park Tower

text: On December 18, 2019, ice falling from Central Park Tower injured a pedestrian, who required hospitalization. Multiple blocks near the building were closed to traffic and pedestrians by the Department of Emergency Management, and the Department of Buildings stopped construction on the building indefinitely. The falling ice was considered problematic because ice sliding down a flat facade, such as that of Central Park Tower, could reach a maximum speed of from a height of as little as 15 stories.


title: Central Park Tower

text: On May 26, 2018, a teamster attempted to move a piece of ducting with a forklift and accidentally hit a glass panel at the ground floor. The panel toppled over 67-year-old security guard Harry Ramnauth. A construction worker at the scene fractured his right foot when he tried to rescue Ramnauth. Although emergency medical technicians arrived eleven minutes after the incident, Ramnauth was pronounced dead at the hospital, and an autopsy listed his cause of death as blunt force trauma of the neck and torso. After the incident, the New York City Department of Buildings ordered a temporary halt to construction. Ramnauth's family also sued Extell, contractor Pinnacle Industries, and the developer's insurer AIG to compensate for the guard's pain and suffering, proposing a $4.75 million settlement that Extell initially refused. In January 2020, Lendlease Group, contractor Pinnacle Industries, and Extell paid the guard's family $1.25 million to settle the family's wrongful death claim.


title: Central Park Tower

text: Following an investigation by the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Lendlease and subcontractor Permasteelisa North America were cited and fined $12,934 each. According to OSHA, the contractors failed to keep the construction site's aisles and passageways clear so that material handling equipment or employees could move freely, leading to Ramnauth's death. Both contractors filed disputes with OSHA's findings and appealed the fines. Lendlease was also fined $25,000 by the New York City Office of Administration Trials and Hearings for failing to adequately safeguard the construction site. Lendlease sought to overturn the city's findings as well, both because Ramnauth was not considered a member of the public and because the city did not launch an investigation until three days after the incident.


title: Central Park Tower

text: Central Park Tower received mixed reviews during its development. When the building topped out during 2019, Elizabeth Kim wrote for the "Gothamist" that Central Park Tower was "a mixed-use but indisputably high-end building" but that its height record was "almost a ho-hum occurrence in New York City". A writer for CNBC said at the time: "Central Park Tower is not just a new building—it’s a statement." Architectural writer Carter Horsley described the curved facade of the base as "very alluring" and the cantilever as a "significant broadening for the bulk of the building’s prodigious height". Upon the tower's completion, "Architectural Digest" wrote: "But for such a grandiose statement, the design team decided on a minimal aesthetic for the exterior—it’s a kind of modern classic, inspired by luxury."


title: Central Park Tower

text: The construction of Central Park Tower also garnered some criticism. In 2015, when the tower was still in development, a neighborhood group protested the fact that the Nordstrom Tower and other Billionaires' Row towers would cast long shadows over Central Park. Michael Kimmelman, in "The New York Times", said that the cantilever over the Art Students League building was akin to "a giant with one foot raised, poised to squash a poodle". Some critics also said Central Park Tower was a symbol of wealth inequality within New York City.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: Richard Jewell is a 2019 American biographical drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood and written by Billy Ray. It is based on the 1997 "Vanity Fair" article "American Nightmare: The Ballad of Richard Jewell" by Marie Brenner and the 2019 book "The Suspect: An Olympic Bombing, the FBI, the Media, and Richard Jewell, the Man Caught in the Middle" by Kent Alexander and Kevin Salwen. The film depicts the July 27 Centennial Olympic Park bombing and its aftermath, as security guard Richard Jewell finds a bomb during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, and alerts authorities to evacuate, only to later be wrongly accused of having placed the device himself. The film stars Paul Walter Hauser as Jewell, alongside Sam Rockwell, Kathy Bates, Jon Hamm, and Olivia Wilde.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: The film had its world premiere on November 20, 2019, at the AFI Fest, and was theatrically released in the United States on December 13, 2019, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise for the performances (particularly Bates, Rockwell and Hauser) and Eastwood's direction. However, the film was criticized for its portrayal of a real-life reporter, Kathy Scruggs. It was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the ten best films of the year. The film grossed $43.7 million against its $45 million budget. For her performance, Bates won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress and earned nominations at the Academy Awards and Golden Globes.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: In 1986, Richard Jewell works as an office supply clerk at the Small Business Administration, where he builds a rapport with attorney Watson Bryant. Eventually, Jewell leaves the firm to pursue a law enforcement career. At one point, Jewell is hired as a sheriff's deputy, but ends up discharged. In early 1996, he works as a security guard at Piedmont College, but is fired after multiple complaints of acting beyond his jurisdiction. Jewell later moves in with his mother Bobi in Atlanta. In the summer of 1996, he works as a security guard at the Olympic Games, monitoring Centennial Park.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: In the early morning of July 27, 1996, after chasing off drunken revelers during a Jack Mack and the Heart Attack concert, Jewell notices a suspicious package beneath a bench, which an explosives expert confirms contains a bomb. The security team, police officers, FBI agent Tom Shaw, and Jewell's friend Dave Dutchess move concert attendees away from the bomb before it detonates, and Jewell is heralded as a hero.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: After being contacted by the dean of Piedmont College about his dislike and suspicions of Jewell, Shaw and his team determine that Jewell, as a white, male, "wanna-be" police officer, fits the common profile of perpetrators committing similar crimes; they compare him to others who sought glory and attention by rescuing people from a dangerous situation they created themselves.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: Shaw is approached by journalist Kathy Scruggs of the "Atlanta-Journal Constitution", and he reveals that Jewell is under FBI suspicion. The "Constitution" publishes Scruggs' story on the front page, disclosing the FBI's interest in Jewell as a possible suspect. Scruggs makes particular note of Jewell being overweight, the fact he lives with his mother, and work history to reassure herself that he fits the FBI's profile. The story quickly becomes international news.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: Jewell, initially unaware of his changing public perception, is lured to the FBI office. Though initially cooperative, he refuses to sign an acknowledgement he has been read his Miranda rights and instead phones Bryant for legal representation. Bryant, now running his own struggling law firm, agrees and makes Jewell aware he is a prime suspect in the bombing.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: Shaw and his partner Sam Bennet visit the dean of Piedmont College, who reinforces their suspicion of Jewell. The FBI searches Jewell's home and seizes property including true crime books and a cache of firearms. Jewell admits to Bryant that he has been evading income taxes for years and was once arrested for exceeding his authority. Bryant scolds Jewell for being too collegial with the police officers investigating him, and Jewell admits his ingrained respect for authority makes it difficult for him not to be deferential, even when the authorities are working against him.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: Jewell and Bryant confront Scruggs, demanding a retraction and apology, but she stands by her reporting. Still not completely convinced of Jewell's innocence, Bryant and his secretary Nadya time the distance between the phone booth which was discovered to have made the initial threat of the bomb, and the bomb site, concluding it is impossible for someone to phone in the bomb threat and discover the bomb at the time it was found. Scruggs and Shaw come to the same conclusion, and the FBI changes their picture of the crime to include an accomplice. As their case weakens, the FBI try to link Dutchess to Jewell as a possible accomplice and lover.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: Bryant arranges a polygraph examination, which Jewell passes, removing Bryant's doubt about his innocence. Bobi holds a press conference and pleads for the investigation to cease so she and her son may proceed with their lives. Jewell and Bryant meet with Shaw and Bennet at the FBI office, and after some irrelevant questions, Jewell realizes they have no evidence against him. When he asks pointedly if they are ready to charge him, their silence convinces him to leave.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: Eighty-eight days after being named "a person of interest", Jewell is informed by formal letter that he is no longer under investigation.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: In April 2003, Jewell, now a police officer in Luthersville, Georgia, is visited by Bryant who tells him that Eric Rudolph has confessed to the Centennial Olympic Park bombing.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: An epilogue states that on August 29, 2007, Jewell died at the age of 44 of complications from diabetes and heart failure. It also mentions that Bryant and Nadya got married and had two sons, both of whom Bobi babysits to this day.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: The project was initially announced in February 2014, when Leonardo DiCaprio and Jonah Hill teamed to produce the film, with Hill set to play Jewell, and DiCaprio set to play the lawyer who helped Jewell navigate the media blitz that surrounded him. Paul Greengrass began negotiations to direct the film, with Billy Ray writing the screenplay. Other directors considered include Ezra Edelman and David O. Russell, before Clint Eastwood was officially attached in early 2019. DiCaprio and Hill did not star in the film, though they remained as producers.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: In May 2019, Warner Bros. acquired the film rights from 20th Century Fox, which had been acquired by The Walt Disney Company earlier that year. In June, Sam Rockwell was cast as the lawyer, and Paul Walter Hauser as Jewell. Kathy Bates, Olivia Wilde, Jon Hamm, and Ian Gomez were also cast. In July 2019, Nina Arianda joined the cast. Filming began on June 24, 2019, in Atlanta.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: In an interview with Ellen DeGeneres during her talk show, Eastwood explained how he continued to work on the film despite a looming studio wildfire. Ellen described the November 10 blaze, known as the Barham brush fire, as a "really bad fire that came really close to the lot," adding that "air quality was so bad that everyone evacuated." Clint replied: "I was coming back down to do some work at a sound stage and I saw all this smoke going. And I'm getting closer and closer and its Warner Bros. and its smoke and I got almost up there and I thought, the whole studio's burning down, maybe I'll go in and see if I can retrieve something. So we went on the sound stage and started working and we forgot about it and...everybody said, 'The studio's been evacuated!' And I said, 'We're not evacuated, we're here working!'"


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: "Richard Jewell" premiered at the AFI Fest on November 20, 2019 and was theatrically released in the United States on December 13, 2019, by Warner Bros. Pictures.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: "Richard Jewell" grossed $22.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $21.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $43.7 million, against a production budget of $45 million. The film's performance was characterized as a box office flop by several media outlets.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside "" and "Black Christmas", and was initially projected to gross around $10 million from 2,502 theaters in its opening weekend. However, after making $1.6 million on its first day, estimates were lowered to $5 million. The film ended up debuting at $4.7 million, one of the 50 worst wide openings ever. It was Eastwood's worst opening weekend since "Bronco Billy" in 1980, and the second-lowest opening of his career. It finished fourth at the box office, behind "Jumanji: The Next Level", "Frozen II", and "Knives Out".


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: The film fell 45% to $2.6 million in its second weekend, finishing in seventh. In its third weekend the film made $3 million (and a total of $5.4 million over the five-day Christmas weekend), finishing tenth.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Richard Jewell" simplifies the real-life events that inspired it—yet still proves that Clint Eastwood remains a skilled filmmaker of admirable economy." Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 68 out of 100 based on 45 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Richard Jewell (film)

text: The film came under fire for its portrayal of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" reporter Kathy Scruggs, who had died of a prescription drug overdose in 2001. Criticism was directed at the film for depicting her as offering to engage in sex with an FBI agent in return for confidential information. The editor-in-chief of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" wrote in an open letter that this depicted incident was "entirely false and malicious". Employees of the newspaper demanded the film have a prominent disclaimer that "some events were imagined for dramatic purposes and artistic license." Critical commentators argued that the film perpetuates a sexist trope of women journalists exchanging sex for information. Wilde, who plays Scruggs in the film, defended her role and stated there was a sexist double standard, in that Jon Hamm's portrayal of the FBI agent was not held to the same scrutiny. In response it was argued that Wilde's character was based on a real person, whereas the FBI agent was an amalgamation of multiple individuals and that the purpose of the film was to expose and condemn the character assassination of Jewell. However, in the process, some insisted the film committed the same act against Scruggs.


title: Atypical

text: Atypical is an American comedy-drama television series created by Robia Rashid for Netflix. It focuses on the life of 18-year-old Sam Gardner (Keir Gilchrist), who is on the autism spectrum. The first season was released on August 11, 2017, consisting of eight episodes. The 10-episode second season was released on September 7, 2018. In October 2018, the series was renewed for a third season of ten episodes, which was released on November 1, 2019. In February 2020, it was renewed for a fourth and final season, which premiered on July 9, 2021.


title: Atypical

text: The first season received mostly positive reviews. However, it was highly criticized by some sources for its lack of autistic actors, and inaccuracies in its depiction of autism. The second season featured autistic actors and writers, giving them an opportunity to work and represent their community, and received mostly positive reviews. The third season continued this positive development and received overwhelmingly positive reviews.


title: Atypical

text: The coming-of-age series, originally known as "Antarctica", was created and written by Robia Rashid, who previously worked on "How I Met Your Mother" and "The Goldbergs" as a producer. For a more accurate portrayal, she consulted with Michelle Dean, a California State University professor who worked at UCLA's Center for Autism Research and Treatment. Gilchrist said in an interview for "Vulture", "[Rashid] wrote the script. We talked a ton and I did research and I watched movies and I read books". The supporting character Christopher is played by Anthony Jacques, who is autistic.


title: Atypical

text: Season 1 was released on August 11, 2017, and consisted of eight episodes. On September 13, 2017, "Atypical" was renewed for a ten-episode second season. David Finch, who is autistic, joined the writing team. Eight autistic actors from The Miracle Project have supporting roles in the second season as members of a peer support group which Sam joins, and other autistic actors play neurotypical characters. Executive producer Mary Rohlich also said the show was "bringing in more female directors and female diversity": seven of the ten episodes were directed by women and half of the writing team were female.


title: Atypical

text: The second season was released on September 7, 2018, and consisted of 10 episodes. On October 24, 2018, "Atypical" was renewed for a third season of 10 episodes. In May 2019, it was announced Eric McCormack and Sara Gilbert would appear in the third season. The third season was released on November 1, 2019, and consisted of 10 episodes. On February 24, 2020, "Atypical" was renewed for its fourth and last season. The season consisted of ten episodes and premiered on July 9, 2021.


title: Atypical

text: At the review aggregator Metacritic, the first season received a score of 66 from 20 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". On Rotten Tomatoes, 74% of 42 critics have given the season a positive review with an average rating of 5.4 out of 10. The website's consensus is: "Great performances and a likable, realistic family dealing with autism lift "Atypical" above its alarming tonal shifts and predictability." The acting was generally well-received, although Gilchrist's portrayal received criticism for being "inaccurate" and "stereotypical". The lack of autistic people in the cast was also questioned.


title: Atypical

text: Sara Luterman of "The New York Times" wrote that the second season improves on the first. Sam's decision to go to art school deviates from common depictions of autism, and his being autistic is no longer "the source of [his family's] misery". Luterman praised the involvement of more autistic people as writers and actors, but criticized that Sam's misogyny is unaddressed and that he is "still portrayed as more of a checklist than a person". Lorraine Ali of the "Los Angeles Times" lauded the show's continuing "unique perspective, sharp humor and empathy", and described the show as a "wonderfully atypical family drama" with "many moving and awkward moments".


title: Atypical

text: In a negative review, Jen Chaney of "Vulture" wrote that the show "loses some of its focus" in the second season, such as with the "unnecessary side plot" of Julia, an "underdeveloped side character", or by attempting to make Zahid a "lovably wacky sidekick". Chaney stated that the show's situations "often seem contrived or aim blatantly for the easy joke", and criticized scenes between Doug and Elsa which "don't seem reflective of actual human behavior". However, Chaney praised Lundy-Paine's acting, which switches between "understanding" and "exasperation", and Gilchrist's "yard-stick straight" acting.


title: Atypical

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, season 3 has a 100% rating based on 7 reviews, and the average rating is 7/10. Merrill Barr of "Forbes" wrote, "Season three of "Atypical" is the show's boldest to date and truly feels like it has reached its stride. [...] Now, the show just gets to live and breathe as it explores its unique story in ever-evolving and fascinating ways." Holly Edwards of "Film Inquiry" concluded that "the dramatic and comedic beats almost always hit the right notes and know when a shift in tone is required." She called the show a "step up from many shows of the same variety and a worthwhile viewing experience."


title: Christian Serratos

text: Christian Marie Serratos (born Bernardi, ; born September 21, 1990) is an American actress who played Rosita Espinosa in AMC's "The Walking Dead" TV series, based on the comic book of the same name. She is also known for playing Suzie Crabgrass in the Nickelodeon series "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide," and Angela Weber in "The Twilight Saga". From 2020 to 2021, she portrayed The Queen Of Tejano singer Selena in Netflix's "".


title: Christian Serratos

text: Serratos was born in Pasadena, California, and raised in Burbank, California. Her mother is a jewelry designer, and public relations and marketing agent at ACSPR and is of Mexican descent, while her father is Italian.


title: Christian Serratos

text: She began figure skating at age three and continued competitively, saying, "My coaches were talking about the Olympics and it was really crazy. Now, I just do it for fun." At the age of seven, she signed with the Ford Modeling Agency.


title: Christian Serratos

text: Serratos played Suzie Crabgrass in the Nickelodeon series "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide", which debuted in 2004 and ended in 2007 after three seasons.


title: Christian Serratos

text: Serratos's role as Angela Weber in "Twilight" won her the "Young Supporting Actress" award in the Best Performance in a Feature Film category at the 30th Young Artist Awards. Serratos reprised the role in the sequels "" and "". In 2011, she appeared in The Black Keys video for their song "Howlin' for You".


title: Christian Serratos

text: Serratos played Rosita Espinosa in AMC's series "The Walking Dead", initially as a recurring character in the fourth season where she made her first appearance at the end of the tenth episode "Inmates". Her character was promoted to series regular in the fifth season, and was added to the series' main credits in the seventh season. On September 22, 2022, it was reported that Christian Serratos has been cast in the lead role of the HBO Max drama pilot "More" playing Londyn Lorenz.


title: Christian Serratos

text: She ranked at No. 65 on "Maxim"s "Hot 100" list for 2010. In the March 2015 issue of "Playboy" magazine, Serratos was featured in the "Becoming Attractions" section.


title: Christian Serratos

text: Serratos is an animal rights activist. She has posed for a number of PETA campaigns promoting a vegan lifestyle. She is a vegan.


title: Christian Serratos

text: Christian is married to David Boyd, a singer-songwriter. They have one child, a daughter named Wolfgang.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: James Harvey Kennedy (born May 25, 1970) is an American actor and comedian. He has played Randy Meeks in the "Scream" franchise (1996–2000) and a multitude of characters in "The Jamie Kennedy Experiment" (2002–2004) on The WB. His other film roles include "Romeo + Juliet" (1996), "Bowfinger" (1999), "Malibu's Most Wanted" (2003), "Finding Bliss" (2009), and "Good Deeds" (2012).


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: He has starred in the CBS drama "Ghost Whisperer" (2005–2010), provided voice-work for "The Cleveland Show" (2009–2013) and regularly tours as a stand-up comedian and podcaster.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: Kennedy was born on May 25, 1970, in Upper Darby Township, a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Kennedy was raised Catholic. He attended and graduated from Monsignor Bonner High School in 1988. After high school, Kennedy began his career as a Hollywood extra. Meanwhile, he worked on voice impersonations.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: After a few years of struggling, Kennedy was unable to find an agent and worked as a host at Red Lobster. He auditioned for over 80 commercials and could not book one. He then took a job as a telemarketer and learned that he had a talent for selling things. Kennedy then thought that if he could sell anything, "why not sell myself?", becoming his own agent.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: Kennedy created a false persona, screen agent "Marty Power", to attract the attention of real agents and managers over the phone, who would later book his performances. He came to prominence in the late 1990s for playing Randy Meeks in the "Scream" film series. His lead role as Tim Avery in "Son of the Mask" earned him a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actor, he would later voice his experiences with the film on his YouTube channel in the later years after its release. The film would also go on to inspire Kennedy to host the 2007 documentary "Heckler" after feeling hurt by the film's poor reception in which some reviewers attacked him personally.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: Kennedy formed a production company called Wannabe Producers, alongside Josh through which he has produced the shows "The Jamie Kennedy Experiment", "Blowin' Up", "The Starlet", and "Living with Fran" created by David Garrett. Following "Malibu's Most Wanted", in which he both wrote and starred, Kennedy co-wrote the MTV show "Blowin' Up" (2006) featuring his friend, Stu Stone.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: Kennedy lent his voice to the videogame "ESPN NFL 2K5" as a celebrity adversary with his own football team, the Upper Darby Cheesesteaks. He is also unlockable as a free agent tight end in season mode. His stint as Activision's emcee at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2007, however, drew much criticism not only for his ignorance of the industry, but also for appearing to perform drunk as he insulted the audience. In a video uploaded to YouTube on June 14, 2021, Kennedy claimed that Activision had scrapped his script at the last minute and he was ad-libbing his jokes while suffering from burnout.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: While working on his film "Malibu's Most Wanted", Kennedy wrote an autobiography titled, "Wannabe: A Hollywood Experiment". The book chronicles his life in Hollywood as he attempts to become a star. It gives background on his life and family and quickly dives into his adventures. It tells of such things as Kennedy's living conditions in the Hollywood slums, his dilapidated car, and his kidney issues.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: A performer of stand-up comedy, he is also known for his sketch performances on his television reality show, "The Jamie Kennedy Experiment", which became the WB Network's highest-ranking new show in 2002, but which was cancelled in April 2004 due to falling viewership. In 2006, Jizzy Entertainment released "." In 2008, Kennedy released the documentary "Heckler," about the plight of stand-up comics versus their often-aggressive audiences. In 2007, he appeared in "Criminal Minds" as a cannibal satanist serial killer.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: From 2008 to 2010, Kennedy played psychology professor Eli James in the CBS drama "Ghost Whisperer". From 2009 to 2013, he was in the TV series, "The Cleveland Show", playing Roberta Tubbs' boyfriend.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: He also stars in Nicktoons' "Fanboy & Chum Chum" as Kyle, an insecure boy wizard who loathes the fun-loving Fanboy and Chum Chum, but who secretly yearns for their friendship. In April 2010, sources reported that Kennedy would very likely return to the "Scream" franchise to star in the fourth installment; however, according to "Scream" screenwriter Kevin Williamson, plans were never made for him to rejoin the franchise, attributing the misinformation to a fabrication by Kennedy.


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: On December 31, 2012, Kennedy hosted and produced "First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy", a New Year's Eve television special widely considered one of the worst shows of all time. His film "Lost & Found in Armenia", in which he plays an American tourist who ends up in an Armenian village, accused of being a Turkish spy, later opened to select theatres on June 7, 2013. His latest film, "Buddy Hutchins", in which Kennedy plays a down-on-his-luck recovering alcoholic, is set for a 2015 VOD release. In 2015, he portrayed Frump in the Colton Tran adventure mystery film "Gloom" and Beach Patrolman Alex in Allegra Pictures' horror film "The Sand". In 2015, he also starred as Travis Welker in "" and as Rob in "Rivers 9".


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: Kennedy played NARAL Pro-Choice America founder Larry Lader in the 2020 film "Roe v. Wade", which stars a predominantly conservative ensemble cast. In an interview with "The Daily Beast", which noted the film depicts Lader as "a shady figure pulling strings from behind the scenes who treats abortions as a money-making operation," Kennedy said he appeared in the film to perform in a dramatic role that he is not normally offered, and personally identifies as pro-choice, and that, "it’s also not fair for people to think that because I’m in a project with them that I’m like that, or that I believe in this stuff".


title: Jamie Kennedy

text: Kennedy was active in California's tourism campaign, having appeared in several commercials with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.


title: Kennedy curse

text: The Kennedy curse is a series of premature deaths, accidents, assassinations, and other calamities involving members of the American Kennedy family. The alleged curse has primarily struck the children and descendants of businessman Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., but it has also affected family friends, associates, and other relatives. Political assassinations and plane crashes have been the most common manifestations of the "curse". Following the Chappaquiddick incident in 1969, Ted Kennedy is quoted saying he questioned if "some awful curse did actually hang over all the Kennedys."


title: Android 13

text: Android 13 is the thirteenth major release of the Android mobile operating system, developed by Google, released for the public on August 15, 2022.


title: Android 13

text: Android 13 (internally codenamed Tiramisu, after the Italian dessert) was announced in an Android blog posted on February 10, 2022, and the first Developer Preview was immediately released for the Google Pixel series (from Pixel 4 to Pixel 6, dropping support for the Pixel 3 and Pixel 3a). It was released 4 months or so after the stable version of Android 12. Developer Preview 2 followed later, releasing in March. Beta 1 was released on April 26, 2022. Google released beta 2 during Google I/O on May 11, 2022. Two more beta versions were planned for release in June and July. Platform stability was reached in June, with Beta 3. The final release of Android 13 began on August 15 when the update was made available to Pixel phones and pushed to the Android Open Source Project.


title: Android 13

text: Android 13 includes several new features intended to enhance user privacy, both user-facing and developer-facing.


title: Android 13

text: A new media picker is added, which improves privacy by allowing users to choose which photos and videos apps have access to. Most apps have not implemented this picker yet. In addition, Android 13 introduces a new permission, codice_1. Previously, Wi-Fi and GPS permissions were bundled into a single setting termed "Location". This change means that apps can now be allowed to search for nearby devices and networks without needing to request access to broader navigational systems.


title: Android 13

text: Also, a new runtime permission feature is being added to apps sending non-exempt notifications which allows users to focus on notifications most important to them.


title: Android 13

text: Apps are now required to request permission from the user before they are able to send notifications.


title: Android 13

text: Small changes to dialog windows such as the Internet toggle have been added, making them fit better with the design language. The media player has been redesigned, now using the album cover as a background, and including more user controls. The multiple users feature has been improved, with the added option of selecting which apps can be accessed by the guest user. App data is sandboxed for each user, so no information is shared.


title: Android 13

text: The number of active apps is now shown at the bottom of the notifications panel, a tap on it opens a detailed panel which lets the user stop each of them.


title: Android 13

text: Support for Bluetooth LE Audio and the LC3 audio codec, which enables receiving and sharing audio between multiple bluetooth devices simultaneously; it can also improve the audio quality and battery life of the connected devices, as long as they also support it. This version opens the support for third-party apps to use themed Material You icons. Long-pressing and dragging a notification will allow the notification to open in split screen view. This feature is available on phones as well as tablets.


title: Android 13

text: As of Beta 2, the Pixel launcher includes a new "unified" search bar, which is able to provide search results from the internet as well as local apps and activities. It seems that Google will be expanding the capabilities of this search tool in future releases.


title: Android 13

text: Split Screen mode now persists through app changes, meaning it is possible to use other apps and the phone launcher, and split screen apps will stay paired together in the Overview menu. Animations have been improved, notably the fingerprint scanner glow on the Pixel 6 series. Overflow notifications on the lock screen also are housed in a dynamically sized pill rather than a bar, and the 2-line stacked clock is slightly smaller. The app label font has been changed in the Pixel Launcher, and subtle haptics have been added throughout the user experience. The Android version has been changed to "Tiramisu" in settings and the Quick Settings panel. As of Developer Preview 2, "Tiramisu" is replaced with "13". The unified search bar includes new smoother animations and transitions.


title: Android 13

text: Many of the changes are from Android 12.1 "12L", such as the dock displayed on large screens, and other improvements for large format devices. These are mainly intended for foldables and tablets, but they can be enabled on phones by changing the DPI settings.


title: Android 13

text: Android 13 ART was updated with a new garbage collector (GC) utilizing the Linux userfaultfd system call. It reduces memory pressure, compiled code size, jank and prevents the risk of killing apps because of low memory during GC. Other changes improve app startup and improve performance. Because of the Mainline project, Android 12 ART will also be updated.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: The Chernobyl disaster, considered the worst nuclear disaster in history, occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union, now in Ukraine. From 1986 onward, the total death toll of the disaster has lacked consensus; as peer-reviewed medical journal "The Lancet" and other sources have noted, it remains contested. There is consensus that a total of approximately 30 people died from immediate blast trauma and acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in the seconds to months after the disaster, respectively, with 60 in total in the decades since, inclusive of later radiation induced cancer. However, there is considerable debate concerning the accurate number of projected deaths that have yet to have occurred due to the disaster's long-term health effects; long-term death estimates range from up to 4,000 (per the 2005 and 2006 conclusions of a joint consortium of the United Nations) for the most exposed people of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, to 16,000 cases in total for all those exposed on the entire continent of Europe, with figures as high as 60,000 when including the relatively minor effects around the globe. Such numbers are based on the heavily contested Linear no-threshold model.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: This no-threshold epidemiology problem is not unique to Chernobyl, and similarly hinders attempts to estimate low level radon pollution, air pollution and natural sunlight exposures. Determining the elevated risk or total number of deaths from very low doses is completely subjective, and while much higher values would be detectable, lower values are outside the statistically significant reach of empirical science and are expected to remain unknowable.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: From model-based epidemiological studies, the incidence of thyroid cancer cases due to the accident by 2065 compared with other cancer-inducing sources (diet etc.) across Europe, is roughly 1 in 10,000 as a probable worst-case scenario. Thyroid cancer is relatively amenable to treatment for several decades. Attributing a 1% mortality rate by Tuttle et al. to the 16,000 cases across Europe as predicted by Cardis et al. results in a likely final total death toll from radiation-induced thyroid cancer of around 160.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: There have been no validated increases in solid cancer reported from the liquidator cohorts. The liquidators were adult at exposure and the vast majority of them received doses under 100 mSv, which is lower than many expect.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Note also that a paper in "Science" states there is no transgenerational effect of radiation in children born of those working as liquidators. This study used whole genome sequencing in a cohort of parent and child blood samples.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Initially, the Soviet Union's toll of deaths directly caused by the Chernobyl disaster included only the two Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant workers killed in the immediate aftermath of the explosion of the plant's reactor. However, by late 1986, Soviet officials updated the official count to 30, reflecting the deaths of 28 additional plant workers and first responders in the months after the accident. In the decades since the accident, many former Soviet officials and some Western sources had also determined a total of 30 direct casualties.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: For their part, some surviving evacuees of regions now included in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and the Polesie State Radioecological Reserve argue that the official toll of the accident's direct casualties excludes trauma and ARS deaths that they themselves claim to have witnessed in the weeks and months after the reactor explosion. In response, constituent agencies of the United Nations—including the United Nations' International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Chernobyl Forum—discount such evacuee claims as misinformation, "urban legends", or radiophobia.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: In August 1986—at the first international conference on the Chernobyl disaster—the IAEA established but did not make official a figure of 4,000 deaths as the total number of projected deaths caused by the accident over the long term. In 2005 and 2006, a joint group of the United Nations and the governments of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia—acknowledging the ongoing scientific, medical, social scientific, and public questioning of the accident's death toll that had emerged over the then-20 years since the disaster—worked to establish international consensus on the effects of the accident via a series of reports that collated 20 years of research to make official previous UN, IAEA, and World Health Organization (WHO) estimates of a total 4,000 deaths due to disaster-related illnesses in "the higher-exposed Chernobyl populations".


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: However—as an April 2006 special report in the peer-reviewed, scientific journal "Nature" detailed in response—the accuracy and precision of this United Nations-led joint group's projected death toll of 4,000 were immediately contested, with several of the very scientists, physicians, and biomedical consortia whose work the joint group had cited alleging publicly that the joint group had either misrepresented their work or interpreted it out of context.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Others have also found fault with the United Nations-led joint group's findings in the years since their initial publication, arguing that the 4,000 figure is too low—including the Union of Concerned Scientists; surviving Chernobyl liquidators; evacuees of Chernobyl, Pripyat, and other areas now included in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and the Polesie State Radioecological Reserve; environmental groups like Greenpeace; and several of the Ukrainian and Belarusian scientists and physicians who have studied and treated relocated evacuees and liquidators over the decades since the accident.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: The uncertain and contested mortality rate of the Chernobyl liquidators is a major factor in the lack of consensus on the Chernobyl disaster's accurate death toll. Following the disaster itself, the Soviet Union organized an effort to stabilize and seal off the reactor area, still awash in radiation, using the efforts of an estimated 600,000 "liquidators" recruited or conscripted from all over the Soviet Union.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Since the 1990s—when the declassification of selected liquidator records prompted some direct participants to speak publicly—some with direct involvement in the liquidators' cleanup efforts have asserted that several thousand liquidators died as a result of the cleanup. Other organizations claim that total liquidator deaths as a result of the cleanup operation may number at least 6,000.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: The National Commission for Radiation Protection of Ukraine disputed the 6,000 estimate as much too high, maintaining that a Chernobyl-cleanup-related death toll of 6,000 would outstrip confirmed liquidator deaths from all other causes—including old age and car crashes—during the period in question. In contrast, representatives of Kyiv's National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, the Union of Chernobyl Liquidators, and the WHO's Radiation Protection Programme argue that both the perilous conditions in which the liquidators worked and the secrecy with which the Soviet Union shrouded the highly classified disaster cleanup efforts not only preclude dismissing a liquidator death toll of 6,000, but also indicate that the 6,000 estimate might be too low.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: For their part, some surviving Chernobyl liquidators have argued publicly since the declassification of additional records in the early 2000s that official records and bureaucratic assessments do not reflect the full scope of liquidators' claims of disaster-related deaths. Examples of such claims include the comments of surviving liquidators in the Prix Italia-winning 2006 documentary, "The Battle of Chernobyl", as well as Valeriy Starodumov's comments in the 2011 Ukrainian documentary "Chornobyl.3828", which chronicles Starodumov's, and other liquidators' work and posits its long-term effects on their lives and health.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Issues related to identifying and tracking long-latency diseases have presented another stumbling block to reaching consensus on deaths beyond the immediate fatalities directly attributable to the initial reactor explosion and subsequent ARS. In the years since the accident, delayed, post-disaster deaths due to solid cancers, leukemia, and other long-latency diseases that might be attributable to the accident's release of radioactive debris have remained an ongoing concern. However, the streamlined standards, methods, and sustained research efforts needed to pinpoint, track, and tally such long-latency disease deaths have remained lacking—resulting in gaps in data and divergent estimates. There is consensus for only one form of long-term physiological effect: thyroid cancer in those who consumed radioactive iodine as children. This is because doses of radioiodine to the child's thyroid were much higher than other isotopes and the child's thyroid is still growing. Of those in the exposed cohort who have developed thyroid cancers, the proportion of cancers attributable to the Chernobyl incident is estimated to be between 7% and 50%. As there is no bio-marker for radiation induced thyroid cancer, the exact number of cases seen in the population cannot be determined.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Addressing long-latency diseases in a widely cited 2008 report, the IAEA reaffirmed its August 1986 conclusion—initially reached at the first international conference on the accident (an event closed to the press and citizen observers) and made official in 2005 and 2006—of a projected 4,000 premature deaths as a result of the disaster. The IAEA based this 4,000 figure on its estimate of a 3% increase in cancers in the regions surrounding the plant, first adopting it at the 1986 conference after rejecting the finding of 40,000 projected deaths that Valery Legasov—inorganic chemist and a lead investigator of the Soviet Union's official Chernobyl disaster commission—had estimated based upon his team's research. In 2020, Hauptmann and many international scientists studying the numerous damages resulting from the "low doses" that have afflicted the populations of survivors of the explosions of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and also in numerous accidents of nuclear plants that have occurred in the world, concluded in an extensive meta-analysis that the new epidemiological studies directly support excess cancer risks from low-dose ionizing radiation; and Venturi has reported in Russian journal "Biosfera" a correlation between radioactive caesium and world increase of incidence and death for pancreatic cancer.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: In compensation and payout legal terms, by 2005, the Ukrainian government was providing survivors' benefits to 19,000 families "owing to the loss of a breadwinner whose death was deemed to possibly related to the Chernobyl accident;" by 2019, this figure had risen to 35,000 families. By 2016, some Ukrainian and Belarusian physicians charged with treating large numbers of former liquidators in the decades since the accident were calling for more comprehensive studies and urging that the IAEA's estimated toll of disaster-related deaths from long-latency diseases be revised upwards, claiming that their own data indicates a former liquidator death rate of several thousand per year as a result of diseases related to the disaster.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Greenpeace projected up to a million excess, cancer-related deaths from the Chernobyl disaster. The Chernobyl Forum, the WHO, and other international agencies do not accept this number.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: The use of differing, contested methods to identify and tally deaths—including anticipated deaths due to long-latency diseases—has also contributed to the wide range of estimates of the Chernobyl disaster's death toll. As former IAEA head Hans Blix has recalled in interviews, such disagreement over various tabulation methods and the divergent death tolls that they yield has been a mainstay of efforts to estimate the disaster's total fatalities since international authorities' first attempts to establish a consensus death toll.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Indeed, at the August 1986 meeting of the first international conference on the disaster, the IAEA scaled down from 40,000 to 4,000 the projected disaster-related deaths estimate of Valery Legasov—inorganic chemist and a lead investigator of the Soviet Union's official commission—after objecting to Legasov's use of a statistical model based on radiation data from the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (It is this 4,000 figure from the 1986 conference's methodological debate that the IAEA cited as its rough estimate for 20 years before joining other United Nations agencies in 2005 and 2006 to make 4,000 the UN's official estimate of disaster-related deaths.) Similarly, some theoretical estimates of the disaster's deaths are disputed on the grounds that they rely upon contested models such as the linear no-threshold model (LNT) or hormesis in order to compare the disaster's estimated cancer rates to background rates of cancer.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Yet even estimated death tolls that have acknowledged and attempted to mitigate for such methodological debates have yielded a body of divergent estimates—including the Union of Concerned Scientists' 2011, LNT-model-based conclusion of 27,000 deaths due to the accident; the death toll of 93,000 to 200,000 that Greenpeace has posited since 2006; and "Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment" (published in 2007 by Russian affiliates of the "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", but without NYAS' explicit approval), which estimates 985,000 premature deaths as a result of the radioactivity the accident released.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Since 1986, officials have tended to discount as inaccurate, inexpert opinion the claims of some surviving Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and Polesie State Radioecological Reserve evacuees that their own observations of deaths attributable to the disaster are not reflected in official records and tallies. For example, authorities have long dismissed as 'urban legend' some Pripyat evacuees' claims of high death rates among fellow citizens who gathered on a railway bridge—the so-called 'Bridge of Death'—to watch the exploded reactor's blazing fire and glowing, electric blue column of ionized air in the midst of visible nuclear fallout on the night of the accident. This has never been substantiated, and at least one surviving witness has said they were on the bridge that night and are healthy.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Indeed, some authorities have argued that post-disaster psychological trauma—sometimes characterized as Radiophobia or labeled a mental aspect of the collection of post-accident symptoms that some physicians term 'Chernobyl Syndrome'—has led some former residents of the region surrounding the plant to attribute deaths to the accident based on anecdotal evidence alone. In this vein, the Chernobyl Forum, the World Nuclear Association (WNA), and other groups posit an increase in psychological problems among those exposed to the disaster's radiation, due in part to poor communication of radiation's effects, disruption to their way of life, and trauma surrounding the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: In response, some former residents of the region that now comprises the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and Polesie State Radioecological Reserve—including Lyubov Sirota, a Ukrainian poet and Pripyat evacuee, in her 1995, "Chernobyl Poems" verse, "Radiophobia", and her 2013 memoir, "The Pripyat Syndrome"—decry such questioning of survivors' psychology and discernment as efforts to dismiss and de-legitimize both evacuees' claimed long-term experience of the disaster's lethal impacts and evacuees' allegations of the accident's tangible, ongoing effects upon their physical health. In her 1988 poem, "They Did Not Register Us (To Vasily Deomidovich Dubodel)", Sirota addressed what she considers the failure of local and international authorities to recognize the disaster-related, long-latency disease deaths of Chernobyl Exclusion Zone evacuees and to reach consensus about how best to tally and study these deaths. She wrote:


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: Still more controversially, some surviving Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and Polesie State Radioecological Reserve evacuees take particular issue with the longstanding position of constituent United Nations agencies to discount as misinformation, "urban legend", or radiophobia the claims of some evacuees that during the weeks and months directly after the accident, they witnessed more immediate disaster-related deaths due to trauma and radiation sickness that they argue are not reflected in the official record. For example, Nikolai Kalugin—an evacuee from a village now included in Belarus' Polesie State Radioecological Reserve—claimed to "Newsweek" in May 2019 that his daughter died in the weeks after the accident as the result of what he maintains were unrecorded local cases of radiation sickness:


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: For their part, the United Nations and some prominent Chernobyl disaster scholars continue to discount as mistaken or Radiophobic such evacuee claims of additional, short-term, direct deaths due to accident-attributable trauma or radiation sickness not counted in the official tallies of the accident's death toll.


title: Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

text: The 31 persons listed in the table below are those whose deaths the Soviet Union included in its official roster—released in the latter half of 1986—of casualties directly attributable to the disaster.


title: David Muir

text: David Jason Muir (born November 8, 1973) is an American journalist and the anchor of "ABC World News Tonight" and co-anchor of the ABC News magazine "20/20", part of the news department of the ABC broadcast-television network, based in New York City. Muir previously served as the weekend anchor and primary substitute anchor on ABC's "World News Tonight with Diane Sawyer" succeeding her on September 1, 2014. At ABC News, Muir has won multiple Emmy and Edward R. Murrow awards for his national and international journalism.


title: David Muir

text: According to the Tyndall Report, Muir's news reporting received the most airtime in 2012 and 2013. He has become one of the most visible journalists in America. As of 2019, "World News Tonight" "with David Muir" has become the most watched newscast in the United States.


title: David Muir

text: David Muir was born into a Catholic family in Syracuse, New York, and grew up in Onondaga Hill. Muir has one older sibling and two younger step-siblings, as well as six nieces and three nephews. As a child he watched ABC News' flagship program each night with his family and credits longtime anchor Peter Jennings as his biggest journalistic influence. He graduated from Onondaga Central Junior-Senior High School in May 1991 and attended local Ithaca College, graduating "magna cum laude" with a Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism in May 1995. During high school, he interned at WTVH-TV in Syracuse. While in college Muir was inspired by a professor who told him he had "the cut of a TV newsman." He spent a semester at the Institute on Political Journalism at the Fund for American Studies at Georgetown University and another semester abroad at the University of Salamanca in Spain with the Institute for the International Education of Students.


title: David Muir

text: From 1994 to 2000, Muir worked as an anchor and a reporter at WTVH-TV in Syracuse, New York. Muir's reports from Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Israel, and the Gaza Strip following the 1995 assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin earned him top honors from the Radio-Television News Directors Association. The Associated Press honored Muir for Best Enterprise Reporting and Best Television Interview. The Syracuse Press Club recognized Muir as anchor of the "Best Local Newscast", and he was voted one of the "Best Local News Anchors" in Syracuse.


title: David Muir

text: From 2000 to 2003, Muir was an anchor and a reporter for WCVB television in Boston, where he won the regional Edward R. Murrow Award for investigative reporting and the National Headliner Award and Associated Press honors for his work tracing the path of the hijackers involved in the September 11, 2001 attacks. The Associated Press also recognized his news-anchoring and reporting.


title: David Muir

text: In August 2003, Muir joined ABC News as anchor of the overnight news program "World News Now". He also became anchor of ABC News' early morning newscast "World News This Morning (America This Morning)." Starting in June 2007, Muir was the anchor of "World News Saturday". In 2006, and occasionally thereafter, he co-anchored the newsmagazine "Primetime". In February 2012, Muir became anchor for the weekend newscasts, and the broadcast was named "World News"" with David Muir". Muir has been silently credited with a rise in the ratings of the weekend evening broadcasts. In March 2013, Muir was promoted to co-anchor ABC's "20/20" with Elizabeth Vargas.


title: David Muir

text: In September 2005, Muir was inside the New Orleans Superdome as Hurricane Katrina hit, and stayed in New Orleans to report on the unfolding humanitarian crisis. Muir's reports revealed and highlighted the deteriorating conditions inside the Convention Center and Charity Hospital, as Muir and his photographer waded through chest-deep waters for blocks to find patients trapped inside the hospital.


title: David Muir

text: Muir reported from the Israeli-Lebanon border in October 2006 on the Israeli war with Hezbollah. Muir was in Gaza in March 2007 to cover the Hamas coup, reporting from inside the Gaza Strip. In October 2007, Muir was dispatched to Peru after the worst earthquake to hit that country in more than two decades.


title: David Muir

text: In September 2008, Muir reported from Ukraine, more than two decades after the Chernobyl nuclear accident. In April 2009, David Muir and Diane Sawyer reported a "20/20" hour about guns in America getting "disturbing results" as described by the "New York Daily News".


title: David Muir

text: In May 2009, Muir's reporting on "20/20" revealed a significant increase in the number of homeless children in America. Muir made multiple trips to the Gulf of Mexico to investigate the BP oil spill. In April 2011, Muir reported from Haiti after the hurricane and returned to report on the attacks against women.


title: David Muir

text: In January 2010, David traveled to Haiti in the wake of the devastating earthquake, which orphaned tens of thousands of children and destroyed the country's buildings and basic services. More than 220,000 people died, and many others were injured in the 7.0-magnitude quake. He has returned to Haiti multiple times since the earthquake hit, uncovering attacks on women and the unfolding mental health crisis in Port au Prince.


title: David Muir

text: In June 2011, Muir reported from Tahrir Square during the political revolution in Egypt, and from Fukushima, Japan following the deadly tsunami and nuclear power plant accident. Muir wrote about his reporting from Mogadishu, Somalia, and his subsequent return, "Inside Somalia's Crippling Famine", for the Daily Beast. Muir also anchored several hours of the tragedy in Newtown as it unfolded, and then reported from the scene as President Obama visited the town. Muir also reported from the movie theater mass shootings in Aurora, Colorado; from Joplin, Missouri in the aftermath of a destructive tornado; and from Tucson, Arizona after the shooting of Congresswoman Gabby Giffords that left six others dead.


title: David Muir

text: In November 2012, Muir served as one of ABC's lead correspondents for the 2012 U.S. Presidential election. Muir's interviews with Republican candidate Mitt Romney generated national headlines on the issues of economics and immigration policy in the United States. Muir's Emmy-nominated "Made In America" series on the American economy is a continuing feature on his broadcast. Muir has brought the series to other television programs, including ABC's "The View", where he has served as guest co-host.


title: David Muir

text: In January 2013, Muir reported from inside Iran, leading up to the nuclear talks. Muir was the first Western journalist to report from Mogadishu, Somalia on the famine. Muir and his team came under fire while reporting from Mogadishu. In 2013, he received the Edward R. Murrow Award for his reporting.


title: David Muir

text: On June 27, 2014, ABC News announced that Muir would succeed Diane Sawyer as the anchor and managing editor of "ABC World News". Muir made his debut broadcast on September 1, 2014. In April 2015, "World News Tonight with David Muir" became the country's most-watched evening newscast, outpacing NBC Nightly News for the first time since September 7, 2009.


title: David Muir

text: In March 2016, Muir released a year-long report on the heroin crisis in America winning a CINE Golden Eagle Award for his reporting.


title: David Muir

text: In 2021, Muir became the lead anchor of breaking news and special event coverage for ABC News, a role previously held by GMA anchor George Stephanopoulos from 2014 to 2020.


title: David Muir

text: Muir delivered the commencement address at Ithaca College in New York in May 2011; he urged graduates to use their voices. On March 13, 2015, the college awarded Muir, an alumnus, an honorary Doctor of Letters degree and the Jessica Savitch Award of Distinction for Excellence in Journalism.


title: David Muir

text: In 2013, "TV Week" called Muir one of the "12 to Watch in TV News". He was listed as one of "People" magazine's Sexiest Men Alive in 2014.


title: David Muir

text: On May 8, 2015, Muir delivered the commencement address at Northeastern University in Massachusetts. During the ceremony, he was given an honorary Doctor of Media degree.


title: David Muir

text: On May 12, 2018, Muir delivered the commencement address at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison, Wisconsin.


title: David Muir

text: On May 15, 2022, Muir delivered the commencement address at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York.


title: The Black Crowes

text: The Black Crowes are an American rock band formed in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1984. Their discography includes eight studio albums, four live albums and several charting singles. The band was signed to Def American Recordings in 1989 by producer George Drakoulias and released their debut album, "Shake Your Money Maker", the following year. Their follow-up, "The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion", reached the top of the "Billboard" 200 in 1992. The albums "Amorica" (1994), "Three Snakes and One Charm" (1996), "By Your Side" (1999), and "Lions" (2001) followed, with each showing moderate popularity but failing to capture the chart successes of the band's first two albums. After a hiatus from 2002 to 2005, the band regrouped and toured for several years before releasing "Warpaint" in 2008, which reached number 5 on the Billboard chart.


title: The Black Crowes

text: Following the release of their greatest hits/acoustic double album "Croweology" in August 2010, the band started a 20th anniversary tour that was followed by a second hiatus. After touring in 2013, the band announced another breakup in 2015, reforming in late 2019 to announce a 2020 tour in support of the 30th anniversary of "Shake Your Money Maker". By this point the band had none of its original line-up left except for Chris and Rich Robinson, the only two constant members of the band over its entire history.


title: The Black Crowes

text: The Black Crowes have sold more than 30 million albums, and are listed at number 92 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock". They were labeled by "Melody Maker" as "The Most Rock 'n' Roll Rock 'n' Roll Band in the World" and the readers of "Rolling Stone" voted them 'Best New American Band' in 1990.


title: The Black Crowes

text: The first incarnation of the band, "Mr. Crowe's Garden", named after Leonard Leslie Brookes children's book "Johnny Crow's Garden", began in 1984 in Marietta, Georgia. Influenced by contemporary local acts like R.E.M., as well as 1960s psychedelic pop and classic Southern rock, they gradually evolved into a revivalist band dedicated to 1970s-era blues rock. Although the band has had a high turnover rate throughout their history, the driving force behind the band has always been brothers Chris and Rich Robinson, who initially formed the band while attending Walton High School.


title: The Black Crowes

text: The first professional demo the Robinson brothers did was for A&M Records in 1987. The band's manager at the time, Dave Macias, got in touch with A&M rep Aaron Jacoves, from Los Angeles, who offered the band a 'demo' deal and arranged the band's first of several demo sessions. It was held at Steve Gronback's studio in Carrboro, North Carolina. They were paid $2,000 by Jacoves to cover production costs. Jeff Sullivan (of Drivin' 'n' Cryin' fame) played drums on the first demo, while subsequent demo recordings featured Steve Gorman on the drums. Gorman played on the subsequent A&M demos in Carrboro, North Carolina, during mid and late 1987, although as a guest drummer at first until he officially joined Mr. Crowe's Garden later that year. The band was originally offered a record deal in 1987 under the label "Dog Gone" by Jefferson Holt (of R.E.M. fame) but held out.


title: The Black Crowes

text: The band played as a quartet in New York City clubs such as "Drums" and CBGB in 1988. In 1989 the band - which had stabilized as a five-piece including the Robinsons, Gorman, Johnny Colt and Jeff Cease - met George Drakoulias, who signed the band at Def American. Drakoulias turned the band on to music it had not heard before like The Faces and Humble Pie. Under Drakoulias' influence, the band began covering the Rolling Stones and Rich began playing in open-G tunings for Mr. Crowe's Garden songs. At this point, the band also changed their name, and considered ideas such as "The Heartless Crowes" and the "Stone Mountain Crowes" before settling on "The Black Crowes".


title: The Black Crowes

text: The Black Crowes released their first studio album, "Shake Your Money Maker", in 1990. Supported by the singles "Hard to Handle", "She Talks to Angels", "Jealous Again", "Twice As Hard", "Sister Luck", and "Seeing Things", the album received multi-platinum certification and eventually sold more than five million copies. Their cover of Otis Redding's "Hard to Handle", and acoustic ballad "She Talks to Angels", both achieved top 30 positions on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1991. The band opened for ZZ Top on a tour sponsored by Miller Beer, from which they were fired in March 1991 after Chris Robinson's verbal tirade aimed at Miller. The band launched its own tour that May and later took part in a "Monsters of Rock" tour in Europe, where they opened for Metallica, AC/DC, Mötley Crüe and Queensrÿche.


title: The Black Crowes

text: After replacing guitarist Jeff Cease with Marc Ford from blues-rock power trio Burning Tree, the band released its second album "The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion" in 1992. The album debuted at number 1 on the "Billboard" 200. The effort spawned the singles "Remedy", "Sting Me", "Thorn in My Pride" and "Hotel Illness", all of which topped the "Billboard" Album Rock Tracks chart. "Remedy" and "Thorn in My Pride" also charted on the Hot 100 in 1992.


title: The Black Crowes

text: Due to the prevalence of Chuck Leavell's piano and organ parts on the first release, the band hired a keyboardist of its own, Eddie Harsch. He became a permanent member of the group beginning with the "High as the Moon" tour. In 1994, the now six-piece band released "Amorica", after scrapping the unreleased album "Tall" the previous year. The album eventually achieved Gold status, selling over 500,000 copies. The cover featured a picture of a woman's crotch wearing a U.S. flag thong with visible pubic hair, which was taken from a 1976 issue of "Hustler" magazine. As some stores would not carry the album because of the cover, a different version was released simultaneously with a solid black background, showing only the triangle featuring the flag.


title: The Black Crowes

text: "Three Snakes and One Charm" was released in July 1996. The band's support tour included a summer stint with the 1997 Furthur Festival, along with Ratdog, Bruce Hornsby and others. During this period, the band recorded an album called "Band", which was scrapped. Guitarist Marc Ford was fired and bassist Johnny Colt subsequently left the group, dissolving the Crowes' line-up for the previous three albums. The unreleased tracks from "Tall" and "Band" surfaced among tape trading circles and were later officially released on "The Lost Crowes" (2006).


title: The Black Crowes

text: The band regrouped, adding Sven Pipien on bass prior to its next recording sessions. "By Your Side" was released in January 1999; the album stripped away the more adventurous sounds of "Amorica" and "Three Snakes and One Charm" in favor of leaner, soul-influenced songs. Guitarist Audley Freed, formerly of Cry of Love, joined prior to the recording of "By Your Side" but was not included in the recording sessions.


title: The Black Crowes

text: In October 1999, the band was joined by Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page for two pairs of shows in New York and Los Angeles, and also at the Centrum Centre in Worcester, Massachusetts, yielding a live release, "Live at the Greek" on TVT Records. Due to contractual issues with Columbia, "Live at the Greek" did not feature any of the band's songs performed with Page. The collaboration led to a more extensive tour with Page and The Who in summer 2000, during which Pipien was replaced by Greg Rzab. Following the tour, singer Chris Robinson married actress Kate Hudson, before heading back to the studio to record the band's sixth studio album.


title: The Black Crowes

text: In May 2001, the band released "Lions" on Virgin mogul Richard Branson's V2 record label; the album peaked at number 20 on the charts. The band launched its support of the album with the month-long Tour of Brotherly Love with Oasis and Spacehog in May and June 2001. Throughout the rest of 2001, the band embarked on the "Listen Massive" headlining tour in support of "Lions", which spanned Europe and Japan before concluding with 36 U.S. shows. The band effectively dissolved in January 2002 with the departure of drummer Steve Gorman and an announcement that the band was "taking a hiatus."


title: The Black Crowes

text: A live album pieced together from two 2001 shows performed at Boston's Orpheum Theatre was released in August 2002. In 2004, some members of the band did reunite to play "Sometimes Salvation" with Gov't Mule at the 2004 Jammy Awards. During the hiatus, Chris Robinson released albums "New Earth Mud" in 2002 and "This Magnificent Distance" in 2004. Meanwhile, Rich Robinson formed a short-lived band called Hookah Brown before releasing his own solo album, "Paper", in 2004.


title: The Black Crowes

text: In early 2005, the Robinson brothers and Eddie Harsch reassembled the band, bringing Marc Ford and Sven Pipien back into the fold and in the absence of founding member Steve Gorman, recruited drummer Bill Dobrow, from Rich's solo band. Dobrow's tenure was short-lived, however, as Gorman rejoined the band during a four-night stand at The Tabernacle in Atlanta. The reinvigorated band continued to tour throughout 2005, including a summer tour opening for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and five nights at The Fillmore in San Francisco. The second show at The Fillmore was filmed in high definition and released later in 2006 as "Freak 'n' Roll into the Fog" on DVD, Blu-ray and audio CD.


title: The Black Crowes

text: In fall 2006, Eddie Harsch and Marc Ford left the band. Replacing Harsch and Ford were Rob Clores and Paul Stacey, respectively. In August 2007, the band replaced Clores with Adam MacDougall. Stacey's tenure was never intended to be permanent and when the band invited guitar player Luther Dickinson from North Mississippi Allstars to perform on their upcoming record, entitled "Warpaint" Dickinson officially replaced Stacey as guitarist. Stacey continued to work with the band, however, as producer of "Warpaint".


title: The Black Crowes

text: A live album entitled "Live at the Roxy", culled from the 2006 Brothers of a Feather performances (featuring Chris and Rich Robinson performing mostly acoustic sets) was released on July 10, 2007. The album featured performances of old and new Black Crowes material mixed with covers, taken from a three-night run at The Roxy in Los Angeles in early 2006.


title: The Black Crowes

text: The Black Crowes' first album since reforming, "Warpaint" was released on March 3, 2008. "Warpaint" was critically acclaimed and the album landed at number 5 on the "Billboard" 200, the band's best debut since "The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion" topped the charts. The band launched an international tour March 24 when they played the East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival in Australia. The band continued its Australia and New Zealand tour—the first since 1992—through April 5, before departing for a European trek. A US tour began in May and concluded in December with another five-night stand at The Fillmore in San Francisco. Also that year, the Black Crowes filed a lawsuit against country singer Gretchen Wilson, claiming that she infringed upon their copyright for the song "Jealous Again".


title: The Black Crowes

text: In April 2009, the band released a two-disc live album entitled "Warpaint Live". The first disc consists of the "Warpaint" album played in its entirety, while the second disc is made up of catalog classics and cover selections. The entire performance contained on the set was recorded on March 20, 2008, at the Wiltern Theater in Los Angeles. A DVD of the same performance was released on June 30, 2009. The band released its eighth studio album, "Before the Frost...Until the Freeze", later that year. A CD purchase of the album is accompanied with a download code to receive the album's companion release, "...Until the Freeze". The vinyl version is a double album that includes all of the songs but in a different running order. These albums resulted from five days of recording at Levon Helms Studio in Woodstock, and present a combination of new material and a few new cover songs recorded live in front of an audience. Continuing the trend set with "Warpaint", the Crowes incorporated more of their country and bluegrass roots in these recordings as well as venturing into new avenues such as disco in the song "I Ain't Hidin'". A DVD of these sessions, including some interview and backstage segments, was released named "Cabin Fever".


title: The Black Crowes

text: On April 21, 2010, the Black Crowes announced an August 3 release date for a double, all-acoustic album "Croweology", as well as tour dates for the "Say Goodnight to the Bad Guys" tour, which featured two 90-minute sets at the majority of shows: one acoustic and one electric. After the tour, the band went on another "indefinite" hiatus. On November 26, 2010, the Black Crowes released a special edition "Record Store Day Black Friday" 10" vinyl picture disc with download card, called "Say Goodnight to The Bad Guys/Remedy" (acoustic live) for independent record stores. The band was also inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame, performing Georgia on My Mind with Chuck Leavell at the 2010 ceremony.


title: The Black Crowes

text: After ending the U.S. tour at The Fillmore in December 2010, the Crowes played nine "Goodnight to the Bad Guys" shows in Europe in July 2011. These included festivals in Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Belgium, as well as a few headlining shows where, comparable to the U.S. tour, they played a 90-minute acoustic and 90-minute electric set. The final four shows included two in London (the second of which featured a Jimmy Page-led encore), followed by two that saw them return to Amsterdam's Paradiso.


title: The Black Crowes

text: On December 25, 2012, it was announced that the Crowes would embark on a five-show UK trek in March 2013, followed by a 21-date U.S. tour from April to early May. Instead of Luther Dickinson, Jackie Greene would play guitar and provide backup vocals.


title: The Black Crowes

text: On March 19, 2013, the band released its fourth live album, "Wiser for the Time". It was released as a digital download and as a four-record vinyl set. The album was recorded during the band's 2010 series of concerts in New York City. On April 23, 2013, the Black Crowes returned to Atlanta and played at The Tabernacle in front of a capacity crowd. In July 2013, the band kicked off a tour with the Tedeschi Trucks Band. They returned to hiatus in December that year, but played a show in Boston the following February (a benefit event for the Big Brothers association).


title: The Black Crowes

text: On January 15, 2015, Rich Robinson announced the final breakup of the band due to a disagreement with his brother Chris Robinson over an alleged proposal regarding ownership of the band. In an interview, drummer Steve Gorman indicated that prior to the breakup, the Black Crowes had been discussing a tour.


title: The Black Crowes

text: Following the Crowes' most recent breakup, band members moved on to other musical projects, some of which were active prior to the band's disbandment.


title: The Black Crowes

text: Chris Robinson has continued performing with the Chris Robinson Brotherhood, a band he formed in 2011 which also includes Adam MacDougall. He released his third studio album with them, "Any Way You Love, We Know How You Feel", in 2016, followed by the EP "If You Lived Here, You Would Be Home By Now" later the same year. In 2017, the CRB released "Barefoot in the Head". The CRB has also released four live albums: "Betty's Blends Volumes 1, 2, 3", and "Betty's Midwestern Magic Blends". Chris Robinson has performed a few solo acoustic shows during which he played several Black Crowes songs, including "Hotel Illness" and "Bad Luck, Blue Eyes Goodbye".


title: The Black Crowes

text: In 2018, Chris Robinson formed the band As the Crow Flies, which performs songs from the Black Crowes catalogue. Robinson noted, “I'm not out to redo the Black Crowes or outdo the Black Crowes or anything like that. I just want to sing the music.” The band includes former Crowes Audley Freed and Adam MacDougall and Andy Hess as well as Marcus King and Tony Leone.


title: The Black Crowes

text: Rich Robinson has continued his solo career, recording his fourth solo album, "Flux", in 2016. In late 2016, he announced the formation of The Magpie Salute which also includes former Black Crowes members Marc Ford and Sven Pipien. The band performs original songs, Black Crowes songs, covers, and selections from Robinson and Ford's solo careers. The band released a live album, "The Magpie Salute", in 2017, and their debut studio album, "High Water I", was released on August 10, 2018, and "High Water II" was released in 2019.


title: The Black Crowes

text: Steve Gorman continues to perform with Trigger Hippy, a band he co-founded in 2009 (which also featured Jackie Greene until late 2015 when he left to focus on his solo career). His memoir of his time in the band, "Hard to Handle", was published on September 24, 2019.


title: The Black Crowes

text: In late 2019, during an interview on "The Howard Stern Show", Chris and Rich Robinson announced that they had resolved their differences (the brothers had not spoken in the years since the band's 2015 split) and were planning a 2020 tour to commemorate the 30th anniversary of "Shake Your Money Maker".


title: The Black Crowes

text: The reunion was greeted with mixed reaction from fans, as the 46-date tour featured no former band members apart from the brothers and, instead, was to feature an entirely new backing band, including guitarist Isaiah Mitchell (from the bands Earthless and Golden Void), bassist Tim Lefebvre (formerly of the Tedeschi Trucks Band), keyboardist Joel Robinow, and drummer Raj Ojha. This line-up premiered at The Bowery Ballroom in New York City on November 11, 2019, where they played the entire "Shake Your Money Maker" album. Chris had tested out several of the new members with his As the Crow Flies project.