title: Olly Alexander

text: At the 2016 Glastonbury Festival, Alexander took to the stage with his band Years & Years in rainbow ensemble in celebration of PRIDE Week and made headlines with his spur-of-the-moment speech in light of the Orlando nightclub shooting.


title: Olly Alexander

text: In September 2018, Alexander won "GQ"s Award "Live Act Of The Year". The award was presented to him by Héloïse Letissier, and in his acceptance speech, Alexander advocated for the LGBTQ community and Mental Health Awareness Month, particularly in regard to men.


title: Olly Alexander

text: In the same month, Alexander took part in a video campaign "The Flag We Shouldn't Be Proud Of" for World Suicide Prevention Day, holding up a rainbow flag with two colours ripped from it, and was quoted: "This is the flag we shouldn't be proud of. A flag that represents the two in six LGBTQ people we risk losing to suicide."


title: Olly Alexander

text: In October 2018, "British GQ" posted an interview between Alexander and Alastair Campbell where he spoke about his struggles with self-harm and eating disorders, his experiences in 2018 with homophobia, his political views on Brexit and Donald Trump. In the interview he said he voted Remain in the 2016 referendum, supported Corbyn as Prime Minister and called Trump "repugnant" and "repulsive".


title: Olly Alexander

text: During Years & Years' performance on the Pyramid Stage at the 2019 Glastonbury Festival, Alexander gave a speech promoting LGBTQ+ rights and calling for the elimination of racism, ableism and sexism. The speech earned praise from fans and media.


title: Olly Alexander

text: In June 2020, in honour of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, "Queerty" named him among the 50 heroes "leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people".


title: Olly Alexander

text: For his leading role in "It's a Sin", Alexander was nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Made for Television and the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 177519 December 1851), known in his time as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist. He is known for his expressive colouring, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings. He left behind more than 550 oil paintings, 2,000 watercolours, and 30,000 works on paper. He was championed by the leading English art critic John Ruskin from 1840, and is today regarded as having elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London, to a modest lower-middle-class family. He lived in London all his life, retaining his Cockney accent and assiduously avoiding the trappings of success and fame. A child prodigy, Turner studied at the Royal Academy of Arts from 1789, enrolling when he was 14, and exhibited his first work there at 15. During this period, he also served as an architectural draftsman. He earned a steady income from commissions and sales, which due to his troubled, contrary nature, were often begrudgingly accepted. He opened his own gallery in 1804 and became professor of perspective at the academy in 1807, where he lectured until 1828. He travelled around Europe from 1802, typically returning with voluminous sketchbooks.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Intensely private, eccentric and reclusive, Turner was a controversial figure throughout his career. He did not marry, but fathered two daughters, Evelina (1801–1874) and Georgiana (1811–1843), by his housekeeper Sarah Danby. He became more pessimistic and morose as he got older, especially after the death of his father, when his outlook deteriorated, his gallery fell into disrepair and neglect, and his art intensified. In 1841, Turner rowed a boat into the Thames so he could not be counted as present at any property in that year's census. He lived in squalor and poor health from 1845, and died in London in 1851 aged 76. Turner is buried in St Paul's Cathedral, London.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Joseph Mallord William Turner was born on 23 April 1775 and baptised on 14 May. He was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, in London, England. His father William Turner was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778 but died in August 1783.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner's mother showed signs of mental disturbance from 1785 and was admitted to St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics in Old Street in 1799. She was moved in 1800 to Bethlem Hospital, a mental asylum, where she died in 1804. Turner was sent to his maternal uncle, Joseph Mallord William Marshall, a butcher in Brentford, then a small town on the banks of the River Thames west of London, where Turner attended school. The earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is from this period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's "Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales".


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Around 1786, Turner was sent to Margate on the north-east Kent coast. There he produced a series of drawings of the town and surrounding area that foreshadowed his later work. By this time, Turner's drawings were being exhibited in his father's shop window and sold for a few shillings. His father boasted to the artist Thomas Stothard that: "My son, sir, is going to be a painter". In 1789, Turner again stayed with his uncle who had retired to Sunningwell (now part of Oxfordshire). A whole sketchbook of work from this time in Berkshire survives as well as a watercolour of Oxford. The use of pencil sketches on location, as the foundation for later finished paintings, formed the basis of Turner's essential working style for his whole career.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Many early sketches by Turner were architectural studies or exercises in perspective, and it is known that, as a young man, he worked for several architects including Thomas Hardwick, James Wyatt and Joseph Bonomi the Elder. By the end of 1789, he had also begun to study under the topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton, who specialised in London views. Turner learned from him the basic tricks of the trade, copying and colouring outline prints of British castles and abbeys. He would later call Malton "My real master". Topography was a thriving industry by which a young artist could pay for his studies.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner entered the Royal Academy of Art in 1789, aged 14, and was accepted into the academy a year later by Sir Joshua Reynolds. He showed an early interest in architecture, but was advised by Hardwick to focus on painting. His first watercolour, "A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth" was accepted for the Royal Academy summer exhibition of 1790 when Turner was 15.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: As an academy probationer, Turner was taught drawing from plaster casts of antique sculptures. From July 1790 to October 1793, his name appears in the registry of the academy over a hundred times. In June 1792, he was admitted to the life class to learn to draw the human body from nude models. Turner exhibited watercolours each year at the academy while painting in the winter and travelling in the summer widely throughout Britain, particularly to Wales, where he produced a wide range of sketches for working up into studies and watercolours. These particularly focused on architectural work, which used his skills as a draughtsman. In 1793, he showed the watercolour titled "The Rising Squall – Hot Wells from St Vincent's Rock Bristol" (now lost), which foreshadowed his later climatic effects. The British writer Peter Cunningham, in his obituary of Turner, wrote that it was: "recognised by the wiser few as a noble attempt at lifting landscape art out of the tame insipidities...[and] evinced for the first time that mastery of effect for which he is now justly celebrated".


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: In 1796, Turner exhibited "Fishermen at Sea", his first oil painting for the academy, of a nocturnal moonlit scene of the Needles off the Isle of Wight, an image of boats in peril. Wilton said that the image was "a summary of all that had been said about the sea by the artists of the 18th century". and shows strong influence by artists such as Claude Joseph Vernet, Philip James de Loutherbourg, Peter Monamy and Francis Swaine, who was admired for his moonlight marine paintings. The image was praised by contemporary critics and founded Turner's reputation as both an oil painter and a painter of maritime scenes.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner travelled widely in Europe, starting with France and Switzerland in 1802 and studying in the Louvre in Paris in the same year. He made many visits to Venice. Important support for his work came from Walter Ramsden Fawkes of Farnley Hall, near Otley in Yorkshire, who became a close friend of the artist. Turner first visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley and the surrounding area that he returned to it throughout his career. The stormy backdrop of "" is reputed to have been inspired by a storm over the Chevin in Otley while he was staying at Farnley Hall.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner was a frequent guest of George O'Brien Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, at Petworth House in West Sussex and painted scenes that Egremont funded taken from the grounds of the house and of the Sussex countryside, including a view of the Chichester Canal. Petworth House still displays a number of paintings.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: As Turner grew older, he became more eccentric. He had few close friends except for his father, who lived with him for 30 years and worked as his studio assistant. His father's death in 1829 had a profound effect on him, and thereafter he was subject to bouts of depression. He never married but had a relationship with an older widow, Sarah Danby. He is believed to have been the father of her two daughters Evelina Dupuis and Georgiana Thompson. Evelina married Joseph Dupuis on 31 October 1817. It was recorded that her mother, Sarah Danby, was a witness along with Charles Thompson.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner formed a relationship with Sophia Caroline Booth after her second husband died, and he lived for about 18 years as "Mr Booth" in her house in Chelsea.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner was a habitual user of snuff; in 1838, Louis Philippe I, King of the French presented a gold snuff box to him. Of two other snuffboxes, an agate and silver example bears Turner's name, and another, made of wood, was collected along with his spectacles, magnifying glass and card case by an associate housekeeper.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner formed a short but intense friendship with the artist Edward Thomas Daniell. The painter David Roberts wrote of him that, "He adored Turner, when I and others doubted, and taught me to see & to distinguish his beauties over that of others ... the old man really had a fond & personal regard for this young clergyman, which I doubt he ever evinced for the other". Daniell may have supplied Turner with the spiritual comfort he needed after the deaths of his father and friends, and to "ease the fears of a naturally reflective man approaching old age". After Daniell's death in Lycia at the age of 38, he told Roberts he would never form such a friendship again.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Before leaving for the Middle East, Daniell commissioned his portrait from John Linnell. Turner had previously refused to sit for the artist, and it was difficult to get his agreement to be portrayed. Daniell positioned the two men opposite each other at dinner, so that Linnell could observe his subject carefully and portray his likeness from memory.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner died of cholera at the home of Sophia Caroline Booth, in Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, on 19 December 1851. He is buried in St Paul's Cathedral, where he lies near the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds. Apparently his last words were "The Sun (or Son?) is God", though this may be apocryphal.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner's friend, the architect Philip Hardwick, the son of his old tutor, was in charge of making the funeral arrangements and wrote to those who knew Turner to tell them at the time of his death that, "I must inform you, we have lost him." Other executors were his cousin and chief mourner at the funeral, Henry Harpur IV (benefactor of Westminster – now Chelsea & Westminster – Hospital), Revd. Henry Scott Trimmer, George Jones RA and Charles Turner ARA.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner's talent was recognised early in his life. Financial independence allowed Turner to innovate freely; his mature work is characterised by a chromatic palette and broadly applied atmospheric washes of paint. According to David Piper's "The Illustrated History of Art", his later pictures were called "fantastic puzzles". Turner was recognised as an artistic genius; the English art critic John Ruskin described him as the artist who could most "stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature". Turner's work drew criticism from contemporaries, in particular from Sir George Beaumont, a landscape painter and fellow member of the Royal Academy, who described his paintings as "blots".


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner's imagination was sparked by shipwrecks, fires (including the burning of Parliament in 1834, an event which Turner witnessed first-hand, and transcribed in a series of watercolour sketches), and natural phenomena such as sunlight, storm, rain, and fog. He was fascinated by the violent power of the sea, as seen in "Dawn after the Wreck" (1840) and "The Slave Ship" (1840).


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner's major venture into printmaking was the "Liber Studiorum" (Book of Studies), seventy prints that he worked on from 1806 to 1819. The "Liber Studiorum" was an expression of his intentions for landscape art. The idea was loosely based on Claude Lorrain's "Liber Veritatis" (Book of Truth), where Claude had recorded his completed paintings; a series of print copies of these drawings, by then at Devonshire House, had been a huge publishing success. Turner's plates were meant to be widely disseminated, and categorised the genre into six types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated or Epic Pastoral. His printmaking was a major part of his output, and a museum is devoted to it, the Turner Museum in Sarasota, Florida, founded in 1974 by Douglass Montrose-Graem to house his collection of Turner prints.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: His early works, such as "" (1795), stay true to the traditions of English landscape. In "" (1812), an emphasis on the destructive power of nature has already come into play. His distinctive style of painting, in which he used watercolour technique with oil paints, created lightness, fluency, and ephemeral atmospheric effects.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: In Turner's later years, he used oils ever more transparently and turned to an evocation of almost pure light by use of shimmering colour. A prime example of his mature style can be seen in "Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway", where the objects are barely recognisable. The intensity of hue and interest in evanescent light not only placed Turner's work in the vanguard of English painting but exerted an influence on art in France; the Impressionists, particularly Claude Monet, carefully studied his techniques. He is also generally regarded as a precursor of abstract painting.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: High levels of volcanic ash (from the eruption of Mount Tambora) in the atmosphere during 1816, the "Year Without a Summer", led to unusually spectacular sunsets during this period, and were an inspiration for some of Turner's work.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: John Ruskin said that an early patron, Thomas Monro, Principal Physician of Bedlam, and a collector and amateur artist, was a significant influence on Turner's style:


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: His true master was Dr Monro; to the practical teaching of that first patron and the wise simplicity of method of watercolour study, in which he was disciplined by him and companioned by his friend Girtin, the healthy and constant development of the greater power is primarily to be attributed; the greatness of the power itself, it is impossible to over-estimate.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Together with a number of young artists, Turner was able, in Monro's London house, to copy works of the major topographical draughtsmen of his time and perfect his skills in drawing. But the curious atmospherical effects and illusions of John Robert Cozens's watercolours, some of which were present in Monro's house, went far further than the neat renderings of topography. The solemn grandeur of his Alpine views were an early revelation to the young Turner and showed him the true potential of the watercolour medium, conveying mood instead of information.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner experimented with a wide variety of pigments. He used formulations like carmine, despite knowing that they were not long-lasting, and against the advice of contemporary experts to use more durable pigments. As a result, many of his colours have now faded. Ruskin complained at how quickly his work decayed; Turner was indifferent to posterity and chose materials that looked good when freshly applied. By 1930, there was concern that both his oils and his watercolours were fading.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Turner left a small fortune which he hoped would be used to support what he called "decayed artists". He planned an almshouse at Twickenham with a gallery for some of his works. His will was contested and in 1856, after a court battle, his first cousins, including Thomas Price Turner, received part of his fortune. Another portion went to the Royal Academy of Arts, which occasionally awards students the Turner Medal. His finished paintings were bequeathed to the British nation, and he intended that a special gallery would be built to house them. This did not happen due to disagreement over the final site. Twenty-two years after his death, the British Parliament passed an act allowing his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, and so began the process of scattering the pictures which Turner had wanted to be kept together.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: One of the greatest collectors of his work was Henry Vaughan who when he died in 1899 owned more than one hundred watercolours and drawings by Turner and as many prints. His collection included examples of almost every type of work on paper the artist produced, from early topographical drawings and atmospheric landscape watercolours, to brilliant colour studies, literary vignette illustrations and spectacular exhibition pieces. It included nearly a hundred proofs of Liber Studiorum and twenty-three drawings connected with it. It was an unparalleled collection that comprehensively represented the diversity, imagination and technical inventiveness of Turner's work throughout his sixty-year career. Vaughan bequeathed the most of his Turner collection to British and Irish public galleries and museums, stipulating that the collections of Turner's watercolours should be 'exhibited to the public all at one time, free of charge and only in January', demonstrating an awareness of conservation which was unusual at the time.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: In 1910, the main part of the Turner Bequest, which includes unfinished paintings and drawings, was rehoused in the Duveen Turner Wing at the National Gallery of British Art (now Tate Britain). In 1987, a new wing at the Tate, the Clore Gallery, was opened to house the Turner bequest, though some of the most important paintings remain in the National Gallery in contravention of Turner's condition that they be kept and shown together. Increasingly paintings are lent abroad, ignoring Turner's provision that they remain constantly and permanently in Turner's Gallery.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: St. Mary's Church, Battersea added a commemorative stained glass window for Turner, between 1976 and 1982. St Paul's Cathedral, Royal Academy of Arts and the Victoria & Albert Museum all hold statues representing him. A portrait by Cornelius Varley with his patent graphic telescope (Sheffield Museums & Galleries) was compared with his death mask (National Portrait Gallery, London) by Kelly Freeman at Dundee University 2009–10 to ascertain whether it really depicts Turner. The City of Westminster unveiled a memorial plaque at the site of his birthplace at 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden 2 June 1999.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Selby Whittingham founded The Turner Society at London and Manchester in 1975. After the society endorsed the Tate Gallery's Clore Gallery wing (on the lines of the Duveen wing of 1910), as the solution to the controversy of what should be done with the Turner Bequest, Selby Whittingham resigned and founded the Independent Turner Society. The Tate created the prestigious annual Turner Prize art award in 1984, named in Turner's honour, and 20 years later the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours founded the Winsor & Newton Turner Watercolour Award. A major exhibition, "Turner's Britain", with material (including "The Fighting Temeraire") on loan from around the globe, was held at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery from 7 November 2003 to 8 February 2004. In 2005, Turner's "The Fighting Temeraire" was voted Britain's "greatest painting" in a public poll organised by the BBC.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: Leo McKern played Turner in "The Sun Is God", a 1974 Thames Television production directed by Michael Darlow. The programme aired on 17 December 1974, during the Turner Bicentenary Exhibition in London. British filmmaker Mike Leigh wrote and directed "Mr. Turner", a biopic of Turner's later years, released in 2014. The film starred Timothy Spall as Turner, Dorothy Atkinson, Marion Bailey and Paul Jesson, and premiered in competition for the "Palme d'Or" at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, with Spall taking the award for Best Actor.


title: J. M. W. Turner

text: The Bank of England announced that a portrait of Turner, with a backdrop of "The Fighting Temeraire", would appear on the £20 note beginning in 2020. It is the first £20 British banknote printed on polymer. It came into circulation on Thursday 20 February 2020.


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: Renée Elise Goldsberry (born January 2, 1971) is an American actress and singer known for originating the role of Angelica Schuyler in the Broadway musical "Hamilton", for which she won the 2016 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. Her other Broadway credits include Nettie Harris in the original Broadway cast of "The Color Purple", and Mimi Marquez in "Rent". She has portrayed many roles on television, including Geneva Pine on "The Good Wife", and Evangeline Williamson on "One Life to Live", for which she received two Daytime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. As of 2021, she stars in the Peacock musical comedy "Girls5eva". Also that year, she received a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role in a Limited Series or Movie for her performance in the Disney+ live stage recording of "Hamilton", which was released in 2020.


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: Goldsberry was born in San Jose, California and raised in both Houston, Texas and Detroit, Michigan. She is the daughter of Betty Sanders, an industrial psychologist, and her father was an automotive industry executive in Michigan. Goldsberry has one older brother and two younger brothers. Goldsberry was introduced to theater in summer camp when she was 8 years old. Renée's younger brother was shy, and their mother enrolled both of them in camp at the HITS Theater in Houston taught by Carolyn Franklin.


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: After graduating from Cranbrook Kingswood School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, she attended Carnegie Mellon University, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in theater, in 1993. This is also where she became a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority through the Theta Beta chapter. She subsequently attended graduate school at the University of Southern California's Thornton School of Music, where she received a Master of Music in jazz studies, graduating in 1997.


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: Between 1997 and 2002, Goldsberry had a recurring role on the Fox legal comedy-drama "Ally McBeal", as one of the back-up singers who frequently accompanied Vonda Shepard's performances. She appeared in a total of 43 episodes prior to the series' cancellation. Goldsberry also carried the role over into a three-episode guest appearance on the spin-off series "Ally".


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: Goldsberry portrayed attorney Evangeline Williamson on the ABC soap opera "One Life to Live" from 2003 until 2007. She was nominated for an NAACP Image Award in 2004 for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series, and won a "Soap Opera Digest" Award in 2005 with co-stars Michael Easton and Melissa Archer. Goldsberry was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in both 2006 and 2007 for the role. After she left "One Life to Live", Goldsberry held a recurring role as assistant state attorney Geneva Pine on the CBS political drama "The Good Wife", appearing multiple times every season throughout its run. She ultimately appeared in 23 episodes between 2010 and the series' end in 2016. Goldsberry has also made guest appearances on series such as "Evil" (2019 TV series from the same creators of "The Good Wife"), "", "Royal Pains", "", "Younger", "Masters of Sex", and "That '80s Show".


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: In 2017, Goldsberry starred as Henrietta Lacks in the HBO television film adaptation of Rebecca Skloot's nonfiction work, "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks". In 2018, she appeared in the Netflix science fiction series "Altered Carbon" as Quellcrist Falconer, and reprised the role in season 2. She also performed the Johnny Cash song "Ain't No Grave" for the end credits to the final episode. Goldsberry currently stars on "Girls5eva" in the role of Wickie Roy, a member of a one-hit wonder 1990s girl band group Girls5eva. "Girls5eva" chronicles their reunion and attempts to reignite their stardom. The series premiered on May 6, 2021, on the Peacock streaming service.


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: In 2001, Goldsberry had the lead role of Nicole Taylor in the romantic comedy "All About You", for which her performance was praised. She also portrayed Drea Smalls in the 2008 action film "Pistol Whipped", and small supporting roles as Cynthia Barnes in the crime drama "Every Secret Thing" (2014) and Kim in the comedy "Sisters" (2015). In 2019 she starred in "Waves" (2019) with co-star Sterling K. Brown.


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: Goldsberry played a replacement Nala in the Broadway production of "The Lion King", and was in the cast of the United States national tour of "Dreamgirls".


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: She was nominated for a Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance, and won a "New York" magazine Best of 2005 Award, for her performance as Sylvia in the 2005 Shakespeare in the Park revival of "Two Gentlemen of Verona". Goldsberry later originated the role of Nettie Harris in "The Color Purple", the Broadway musical adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning 1982 novel of the same name. She starred in the production from November 2005 to January 2006.


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: Goldsberry returned to the Off-Broadway stage in "The Baker's Wife" in 2007, before taking over the role of Mimi Márquez in the Broadway musical "Rent", making her the final actress to play the role on Broadway. "Rent" last performance was filmed and made into a DVD, "", which also aired as a television film. In 2011, she was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award for her portrayal of Kate Dillon in the Broadway production of David Lindsay-Abaire's play "Good People". She went on to appear in off-Broadway productions of "Love's Labour's Lost" and "As You Like It", and appeared in "I'm Getting My Act Together and Taking It on the Road" at "Encores!".


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: Goldsberry originated the role of Angelica Schuyler in "Hamilton", playing her last performance in the role on September 3, 2016. For her work in the production, she won a 2015 Drama Desk Award, the Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical, and the 2016 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. In addition, as a member of the principal cast, she also received a Grammy Award after the original cast album won Best Musical Theater Album at the 2016 Grammy Awards.


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: Goldsberry has had a lengthy singing and songwriting career, co-writing and performing more than half the soundtrack to the 2001 film "All About You", including the title song. She was also the grand prize winner of the 1997 John Lennon Songwriting Contest for her rock music. Goldsberry wrote and recorded an album titled "Everything But the Kitchen Sink" (2001) and an EP titled "Beautiful" (2006).


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: In October 2015, she appeared at the BET Hip Hop Awards, where she was one of two women to rap in the Cypher.


title: Renée Elise Goldsberry

text: In 2002, Goldsberry married New York attorney Alexis Johnson. In May 2009, she gave birth to their first child, a son named Benjamin Johnson. In 2014, she and her husband adopted a second child, a daughter from Africa named Brielle.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Simon John Charles Le Bon (born 27 October 1958) is a British singer. He is best known as the lead vocalist and lyricist of the new wave band Duran Duran and its offshoot Arcadia. Le Bon has received three Ivor Novello Awards from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, including the award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Le Bon was born on 27 October 1958, on his father's birthday, in Bushey Maternity Hospital in Bushey, Hertfordshire, the first of three boys for Ann-Marie Le Bon, followed by his younger brothers, David and Jonathan (b. 1965). His mother encouraged his artistic talent when he was six years old by entering him in a screen test for a Persil washing powder TV advert, which proved successful. He was a member of the local church choir from a young age, and was trained as an actor.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Le Bon went to Pinner County Grammar School and Nower Hill High School. In 1978, he completed an art foundation course at Harrow School of Art, before studying drama at the University of Birmingham.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: For a time Le Bon worked as a theatre porter at Northwick Park Hospital Accident and Casualty, and also sang in a punk band called Dog Days at Harrow School of Art. He appeared in a few television advertisements and also in several theatre productions including Tom Brown's School Days in the West End of London.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Le Bon worked on a kibbutz – an Israeli collective community – in the Negev desert in Israel in 1978, and then returned to England to study drama at the University of Birmingham before meeting the fledgling band Duran Duran in 1980.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Duran Duran was founded by childhood friends John Taylor and Nick Rhodes along with singer-songwriter Stephen Duffy in 1978, but Duffy left a year later, convinced they weren't going anywhere. The band went through a long succession of line-up changes after Duffy's departure, but finally settled on a guitarist and drummer. The band had a powerful pop sound flavoured with disco, funk, and electronics, built on a solid rock rhythm section, and all they needed was a charismatic singer with a distinctive voice.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Le Bon's ex-girlfriend, Fiona Kemp (a barmaid at the Rum Runner nightclub where Duran Duran were rehearsing), introduced him to the band in May 1980, recommending him as a potential lead vocalist. As band legend has it, he turned up for the audition wearing pink leopard-print trousers, and carrying a notebook containing a large collection of poems he had written—several of which would later become tracks on the early Duran Duran albums.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: After listening to the songs the band had already composed together, Le Bon spent some time fitting one of his poems ("Sound of Thunder") to one of the instrumentals, and found they had a good match. Le Bon agreed to "try [Duran Duran] out for the summer"; within six weeks the band was playing steadily around Birmingham, London and Nottingham, and a national tour supporting Hazel O'Connor led to a recording contract with EMI Records in December that year.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: The band's debut studio album, "Duran Duran", was released in 1981, and they quickly became famous as part of the New Romantic movement. Three more albums followed in quick succession: "Rio" (1982), "Seven and the Ragged Tiger" (1983) and the live album "Arena" (1984). Each album release was accompanied by heavy media promotion and a lengthy concert tour. By mid-1984, the band were ready for a break. Duran Duran's only other work that year was an appearance on the Band Aid charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?" which was recorded at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London on 25 November 1984. Le Bon's vocal appears fourth on the song after Paul Young, Boy George and George Michael sing their lines.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Following the departures of Roger Taylor and Andy Taylor, Le Bon, Rhodes and John Taylor continued on as Duran Duran, recording and releasing "Notorious" (1986) and "Big Thing" (1988). The group added guitarist Warren Cuccurullo and drummer Sterling Campbell and recorded the studio album "Liberty" (1990), but the band's success had begun to wane in the late 1980s.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Duran Duran had a resurgence in popularity in 1993 with "The Wedding Album", featuring the top-10 single "Ordinary World". Several months into the extensive worldwide concert tour supporting this album, Le Bon suffered a torn vocal cord, and the tour was postponed for six weeks while he recovered.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In 1995, Duran Duran released the covers album "Thank You", and Le Bon had the chance to cover some of his favourite artists, (Jim Morrison, Lou Reed and Elvis Costello), but the album was severely panned by critics from all quarters. That year Le Bon also performed Duran Duran's 1993 hit "Ordinary World" with opera tenor Luciano Pavarotti during a "Children of Bosnia" benefit concert for War Child. Le Bon described the event to Jam! Showbiz thusly: "If you're talking about name dropping, he's one of the biggest names you could drop, Pav-The-Man".


title: Simon Le Bon

text: When bass guitarist John Taylor left the band in 1997, Le Bon and Rhodes remained as the only two members who had been with Duran Duran from the beginning of their recording career. The successive two studio albums with Le Bon, Rhodes and Cuccurullo, "Medazzaland" (1997) and "Pop Trash" (2000) were not commercial successes.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In 2001, Duran Duran's original five members reunited to record a new studio album, "Astronaut", for Epic Records. "Astronaut" was released worldwide on 11 October 2004. The album was preceded by the single "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise", their first UK Top 10 single in a decade.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Before Duran Duran reunited in 1986, Le Bon formed the band Arcadia with Nick Rhodes. The band had a UK/US top 10 hit with their first single "Election Day", and released one studio album, "So Red the Rose" in 1985.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: While Le Bon has been in Duran Duran for the band's entire recording history, he has also dabbled in solo outings. In 1985, for the Whitbread Round the World Race, he contributed a song entitled "Grey Lady of the Sea" and narrated a video of that year's race called "Drum" (1987). "Grey Lady of the Sea" was released as a single in Japan in 1988.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In 1989, for Jonathan Elias' "Requiem for the Americas" project, Le Bon contributed "Follow in My Footsteps", with the Bangles' Susanna Hoffs providing backing vocals. The track was released on 7" single in Italy that year.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In 1998, along with friend Nick Wood and wife Yasmin, he set up SYN Entertainment (Simon Yasmin Nick) in Tokyo, Japan. Having first conceived the idea in 1988, Le Bon is currently described as SYN's "Founder and Chairman", while Wood is "Founder, President and Creative Director".


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In 2000, SYN Entertainment founded SYN Records which has released a number of compilations, some of which have included contributions by Le Bon. Another solo track, "Dreamboy", was featured on the SYN-released soundtrack to the Mario Van Peebles comedy film "Love Kills" (1998).


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Also in 2000, SYN co-executive produced the Duran Duran album "Pop Trash" along with Nick Rhodes and Warren Cuccurullo's side-venture TV Mania.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In October 2005 Dutch trance DJ Ferry Corsten released the track "Fire", with vocals by Simon Le Bon. It was a remix of the lesser known Duran Duran single "Serious", from the studio album "Liberty" (1990).


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In late 2006, Le Bon became a member of Shinzou Sound, and took part in the Japan-based online manga project, 'Synesthesia', by co-writing the theme song "Nobody Knows" along with Nick Wood.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In 2010, Le Bon collaborated on the song "Record Collection", the title track from Mark Ronson's third studio album. In the song, Le Bon is heard singing the chorus, along with Mark Ronson and hip hop artist Wiley. Ronson later produced Duran Duran's 2010 studio album "All You Need Is Now", and 2015's "Paper Gods".


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Since 2020, he has been hosting the music show "WHOOOSH!" with Katy Krassner. Originally on the Duran Duran website, the show moved to Spotify and then to SiriusXM where it airs on the Volume channel. The duo play eight songs per week and discuss them. Le Bon curates all the tracks.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In the early 1980s, Le Bon was engaged to his then longtime girlfriend, model-turned-actress Claire Stansfield. After breaking up with her, he wooed fashion model Yasmin Parvaneh. Seeing her face in a magazine, he phoned her modelling agency to track her down and they married on 27 December 1985. Yasmin suffered two miscarriages, but the couple went on to have three daughters, including Amber. He became a grandfather in 2018.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: During Duran Duran's hiatus in 1985, Le Bon drew media attention when his maxi yacht, "Drum", lost its keel and capsized during the Fastnet Race, just off Falmouth along the southern coast of Cornwall. Before being rescued, Le Bon and other crew members were trapped under the boat, inside the hull, for forty minutes. All of them were rescued by the Royal Navy, using a search and rescue (SAR) helicopter from 771 Naval Air Squadron based near Helston. The rescue earned the Rescue Diver, POACMN L Slater, a George Medal. Despite the accident, Le Bon and "Drum" went on to participate in the 1985–1986 Whitbread Round the World Race, coming in third overall in elapsed time. Le Bon and his partners eventually sold "Drum"; the events surrounding "Drum" and the races were chronicled in a 1989 movie entitled "Drum – The Journey of a Lifetime" and the book "One Watch at a Time" written by "Drum"'s skipper, Skip Novak.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Twenty years after his accident, in 2005, Le Bon made public his desire to race again. During a touring break in August 2005, Le Bon again raced "Drum" in the Fastnet Race, borrowing the vessel from her current owner (the late Scottish multi car garage owner Sir Arnold Clark) to participate, and raising funds for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) charity. Le Bon had to leave the race unfinished, as light winds were slowing "Drum" (and the other competitors), and would have delayed the boat's arrival at Plymouth, interfering with Le Bon's obligation to perform in Japan. He appears as the narrator in a documentary film project called The Weekend Sailor which is about a Swan 65 sailing yacht called Sayula II that won the first Whitbread Round the World sailing race in 1973–74.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: In 2009 Le Bon (who describes himself as a "concerned agnostic") contributed an essay to the book "The Atheist's Guide to Christmas", edited by Ariane Sherine. In 2014, he became a distinguished supporter of Humanists UK.


title: Simon Le Bon

text: Le Bon injured his vocal cords and was unable to finish his 2011 summer tour. He remarked, "I am trying to be philosophical."


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Geraldo Rivera (born Gerald Riviera; July 4, 1943) is an American journalist, attorney, author, political commentator, and former television host. He hosted the tabloid talk show "Geraldo" from 1987 to 1998. He gained publicity with the live 1986 TV special "The Mystery of Al Capone's Vaults". Rivera hosted the news magazine program "Geraldo at Large", hosts the occasional broadcast of "Geraldo Rivera Reports" (in lieu of hosting "At Large"), and appears regularly on Fox News programs such as "The Five".


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera was born at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City, New York, the son of Lillian (née Friedman; October 16, 1924 – June 3, 2018) and Cruz "Allen" Rivera (October 1, 1915 – November 1987), a restaurant worker and cab driver respectively. He has Puerto Rican ancestry through his father. His mother was Jewish, while his father was Catholic. Rivera was raised "mostly Jewish" and had a bar mitzvah ceremony. He grew up in Brooklyn and West Babylon, New York, where he attended West Babylon High School. Rivera's family was sometimes subjected to prejudice and racism, and his mother took to spelling their surname as "Riviera" to avoid having bigotry directed at them.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: When I was born, my mother filled in my birth certificate with the name Gerald Riviera, adding an extra "i" to my father's surname. She did the same thing for my sister Irene. Later, she would drop the pretense for my sister Sharon, only to pick it up again with the birth of my baby brother Craig. Whenever we asked about the inconsistencies, she would shrug shyly and joke her way out of it. "I just forgot how to spell it", she would say, and leave it at that. Underneath, I came to realize, she was deeply embarrassed over what was a clumsy attempt at an ethnic cover-up.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: From 1961 to 1963, he attended the State University of New York Maritime College in the Throggs Neck section of the Bronx, where he was a member of the rowing team. Afterwards, he transferred to the University of Arizona, where he received a B.S. in business administration in 1965.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Following a series of jobs ranging from clothing salesman to short-order cook, Rivera enrolled at Brooklyn Law School in 1966. While a law student, he held internships with the New York County District Attorney under crime-fighter Frank Hogan and Harlem Assertion of Rights (a community-based provider of legal services) before receiving his J.D. near the top of his class in 1969. He then held a Reginald Heber Smith Fellowship in poverty law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School in the summer of 1969 before being admitted to the New York State Bar later that year.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: After working with such organizations as the lower Manhattan-based Community Action for Legal Services and the National Lawyers Guild, Rivera became a frequent attorney for the East Harlem-based New York City chapter of the Young Lords, a Puerto Rican activist group, eventually precipitating his entry into private practice. This work attracted the attention of WABC-TV news director Al Primo when Rivera was interviewed about the group's occupation of a neighborhood church in 1969. Primo offered Rivera a job as a reporter but was unhappy with the first name "Gerald" (as he wanted something more identifiably Latino), so they agreed to go with the pronunciation used by the Puerto Rican side of Rivera's family: Geraldo. Due to his dearth of journalistic experience, ABC arranged for Rivera to study introductory broadcast journalism under Fred Friendly in the Ford Foundation-funded Summer Program in Journalism for Members of Minority Groups at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1970.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera was hired by WABC-TV in 1970 as a reporter for "Eyewitness News". In 1972, he garnered national attention and won a Peabody Award for his report on the neglect and abuse of patients with intellectual disabilities at Staten Island's Willowbrook State School and Rockland County's Letchworth Village, and he began to appear on ABC national programs such as "20/20" and "Nightline" upon their launches in 1978 and 1979 respectively. After John Lennon watched Rivera's report on the patients at Willowbrook, he and Rivera put on a benefit concert called "One to One" on August 30, 1972, at Madison Square Garden in New York City (which Yoko Ono released posthumously in 1986, as "Live in New York City").


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: In July 1973, Rivera taped the pilot episode of "Good Night America", a late-night newsmagazine that he hosted (and executive produced). It began its semi-regular airing from April 1974 to June 1977 as part of the "ABC's Wide World of Entertainment" program block. The show featured Ringo Starr's "It Don't Come Easy" as the theme. "Good Night America" tackled controversial topics of the era, including marijuana usage and the status of Vietnam War draft dodgers. A 1975 episode of the program, featuring Dick Gregory and Robert J. Groden, showed the first national telecast of the historic Zapruder film. All 33 episodes of "Good Night America" may be viewed and downloaded on Rivera's web site.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On May 19, 1983, Rivera broadcast the first U.S. network television mention of "AIDS" by this name. (Other names had been used in the previous two years, as the disease was poorly understood at the time.) On "20/20", he interviewed New York City lighting designer Ken Ramsauer. Ramsauer died aged 27, four days later; Rivera delivered a eulogy at Ramsauer's Central Park memorial service.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: In October 1985, ABC's Roone Arledge refused to air a report done by Sylvia Chase for "20/20" on the relationship between Marilyn Monroe and John and Robert F. Kennedy. Rivera publicly criticized Arledge's journalistic integrity, claiming that his friendship with the Kennedy family (for example, Pierre Salinger, a former Kennedy aide, worked for ABC News at the time) had caused him to spike the story; as a result, Rivera was fired. During a Fox News interview with Megyn Kelly aired May 15, 2015, Rivera stated the official reason given for the firing was that he violated ABC policy when he donated $200 to a non-partisan mayoral race candidate.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On April 21, 1986, Rivera hosted "The Mystery of Al Capone's Vaults". The special broadcast was billed as the unearthing of mobster Al Capone's secret vaults, located under the old Lexington Hotel in Chicago. Millions of people watched the 2-hour show, which ultimately did not uncover any valuables from beneath the hotel. In a 2016 interview with the "Chicago Tribune", Rivera commented, "It was an amazingly high profile program—maybe the highest profile program I've ever been associated with."


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: In 1987, Rivera began producing and hosting the daytime talk show "Geraldo", which ran for 11 years. The show featured controversial guests and theatricality, which led to the characterization of his show as "Trash TV" by "Newsweek" and two United States senators. In another special in 1988, Rivera's nose was broken in a well-publicized brawl during a show whose guests included white supremacists, antiracist skinheads, black activist Roy Innis, and militant Jewish activists.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: From 1994 to 2001, Rivera hosted "Rivera Live", a CNBC evening news and interview show which aired on weeknights.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: In 2009, Rivera played himself in the "My Name is Earl" episodes "Inside Probe" (parts 1 and 2). In the same year Rivera lent his voice to "Phineas and Ferb", playing newscaster Morty Williams in the episode "Phineas and Ferb Get Busted!".


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera left CNBC in November 2001—two months after the September 11 terrorist attacks—to become a Fox News war correspondent. Rivera's brother Craig accompanied him as a cameraman on assignments in Afghanistan.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: In 2001, during the War in Afghanistan, Rivera was derided for a report in which he claimed to be at the scene of a friendly fire incident; it was later revealed he was actually 300 miles away. Rivera blamed a minor misunderstanding for the discrepancy.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Controversy arose in early 2003, while Rivera was traveling with the 101st Airborne Division in Iraq. During a Fox News broadcast, Rivera began to disclose an upcoming operation, even going so far as to draw a map in the sand for his audience. The military immediately issued a firm denunciation of his actions, saying it put the operation at risk; Rivera was expelled from Iraq. Two days later, he announced that he would be reporting on the Iraq conflict from Kuwait.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: In 2005, Rivera engaged in a feud with "The New York Times" over their allegations that he pushed aside a member of a rescue team in order to be filmed "assisting" a woman in a wheelchair down some steps in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. In the ensuing controversy, Rivera appeared on television and demanded a retraction from the "Times". He further threatened to sue the paper if one was not provided. The "Times" later acknowledged that Rivera did not push aside the woman.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: In 2007, Rivera was involved in a dispute with fellow Fox colleague Michelle Malkin. Malkin announced that she would not return to "The O'Reilly Factor", claiming that Fox News had mishandled a dispute over derogatory statements Rivera had made about her in a "Boston Globe" interview. Rivera, while objecting to her views on immigration, said, "Michelle Malkin is the most vile, hateful commentator I've ever met in my life. She actually believes that neighbors should start snitching out neighbors, and we should be deporting people." He added, "It's good she's in D.C., and I'm in New York. I'd spit on her if I saw her." Rivera later apologized for his comments.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On January 3, 2012, Rivera began hosting a weekday radio talk show on WABC (770 AM) in New York, N.Y. The show was scheduled in the two hours between "Imus in the Morning" and "The Rush Limbaugh Show" on WABC. On January 30, 2012, Rivera also began hosting a weekday show on KABC (790 AM) in Los Angeles.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On March 23, 2012, Rivera made comments regarding Trayvon Martin's hoodie and how the hoodie was connected to Martin's shooting death, specifically claiming that Martin would not have been shot if he was not wearing the hoodie, repeating them on subsequent occasions. Rivera apologized for any offense that he caused with the comments. His son Gabriel said that he was "ashamed". Some people found the apology disingenuous; among those who did not accept it was Rivera's longtime friend Russell Simmons. He later apologized to Trayvon Martin's parents as well.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: In 2015, Rivera competed on the 14th season of the television series "The Celebrity Apprentice", where he ultimately placed second to TV personality Leeza Gibbons. However, Rivera still raised the highest amount of money out of any contestant in the season, with $726,000, $12,000 more than Gibbons.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera hosted the newsmagazine program "Geraldo at Large" and appears regularly on Fox News. On November 13, 2015, Rivera revealed on Fox that his daughter, Simone Cruickshank, was at the Stade de France when the attacks and explosions occurred; she and her friends made it out alive and would be returning safely home.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: He continued to host a weekday talk radio show on WABC (770 AM) until a leadership change at parent company Cumulus Media resulted in his contract not being renewed in November 2015; Geraldo would later sue Cumulus for what he claimed was the reneging of a "handshake agreement" between him, previous chairman Lew Dickey and executive vice president John Dickey.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera competed on season 22 of "Dancing with the Stars", partnered with professional dancer Edyta Śliwińska. On March 28, 2016, Rivera and Śliwińska were the first couple to be eliminated from the competition. On November 29, 2017, Rivera defended Matt Lauer, who had been fired by NBC after inappropriate sexual behavior was alleged, by saying, "News is a flirty business." He later apologized after receiving heavy criticism. Part of the controversy stemmed from his 1991 book "Exposing Myself", which bragged about his active social life in the 1960s and 1970s. In a 1991 interview with Barbara Walters, actress Bette Midler accused Rivera and one of his producers of having drugged and groped her during the early 1970s. The allegation resurfaced during the 2017 #MeToo movement. He issued a statement in November 2017 that claimed a different recollection of events than Midler's and apologized for the incident.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: The 2017 Kendrick Lamar song "YAH." on his fourth studio album "DAMN." mentions Rivera, who criticized Lamar's performance of "Alright" at the BET Awards 2015. The album's second track, "DNA." also features Rivera's negative comments about Lamar.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On September 22, 2018, Geraldo and WTAM (1100 AM) in Cleveland, Ohio announced that he would join the station to host a daily one-hour talk show, "Geraldo in Cleveland", in addition to a weekly podcast on the parent iHeartRadio app, effective September 24. (Rivera resides in the Cleveland suburb of Shaker Heights.)


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On March 13, 2020, during a segment of "Fox & Friends" discussing the coronavirus pandemic, Rivera stated, "If you can't hold your breath for 10 seconds. Everyone should do that. Hold your breath for 10 seconds. If you can hold your breath for 10 seconds then you don't have this disease." This false claim has been debunked by medical experts.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On July 22, 2020, Rivera called President Trump "brave" for wishing Ghislaine Maxwell "well", after a reporter questioned Trump over Maxwell's charges of helping Jeffrey Epstein traffic and abuse children. Rivera called the fact that Maxwell had been denied bail and given solitary confinement an example of "woke politics". Rivera had previously accused the judge who had denied bail to Maxwell of caving to the "mob".


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On September 6, 2020, Fox News presented a one-hour special segment, "I Am Geraldo", on Rivera's 50-year television career, which began with accolades for such from President Trump.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On April 8, 2021, during a discussion on St. Louis mayor-elect Tishaura Jones, Rivera asked fellow contributor Leo Terrell, a black man, "when was the last time you were in the ghetto?" Terrell then became outraged, with the two escalating into a shouting match. Rivera later apologized to Terrell on Twitter, saying he "didn't mean it personally".


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On May 20, 2021, Rivera and Dan Bongino got in a shouting match on "Hannity" over the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. Rivera said it was "abhorrent" that Palestinian children died in bombings from Israel retaliating against Hamas. During the segment, Rivera called Bongino a "punk" and threw a wad of paper at the camera.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: On December 14, 2021, Rivera called to account texts sent by Fox news anchors, including Sean Hannity to then president Donald J. Trump asking for a forceful response to the January 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol Building. Imploring, "I beg you, Sean (Hannity), to remember the frame of mind you were in when you wrote that text on January 6th. And when Laura did. And when Brian did. And when Don Jr. did. Remember that concern you had."


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera has admitted to having a multi-year affair with Marian Javits, wife of New York Senator Jacob Javits, until 1985.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: In a 1991 interview with Barbara Walters, actress and singer Bette Midler accused Rivera of groping her. In a 2017 tweet, Midler renewed the accusation. Rivera later tweeted a response, saying he recalled the incident "much differently," and apologized, "in the very least, publicly embarrassing her all those years ago."


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera is a resident of Shaker Heights, Ohio. He previously resided in Middletown Township, New Jersey, at Rough Point, an 1895 shingle-style estate.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera is an active sailor. As owner and skipper of the sailing vessel "Voyager", he participated in the Marion–Bermuda Cruising Yacht Race in 1985, 2005, 2011, and 2013. In 2013, his vessel finished in 12th place out of 34 finishers. He also sailed "Voyager" 1,400 miles up the Amazon river and around the world, going so far as to meet the King of Tonga on the international dateline in time for the new millennium. The adventures were chronicled in six one-hour-long specials on The Travel Channel, and some of this footage remains available on his website.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera is a Republican, and considered running as a Republican in the 2013 United States Senate special election in New Jersey (to fill the Senate seat left vacant by the death of Frank Lautenberg). He eventually decided not to stand for election.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: A friend of Donald Trump, Rivera has nevertheless confirmed that he did not vote for the Republican candidate in the 2016 election because of "spousal influence". He had also previously said he would not vote for Trump because of comments made by the latter regarding Mexicans.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera considered running in the 2022 United States Senate election in Ohio after incumbent Senator Rob Portman announced he would not seek re-election for his seat in the Senate. He eventually decided not to.


title: Geraldo Rivera

text: Rivera supports some gun control. Following the Robb Elementary School shooting, he criticized the NRA for allowing 18-year-olds the ability to purchase assault weapons, questioning why an 18-year-old is able to buy an assault weapon but not a beer.


title: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies

text: The first of the AFI 100 Years... series of cinematic milestones, AFI's 100 Years... 100 American Movies is a list of the 100 best American movies, as determined by the American Film Institute from a poll of more than 1,500 artists and leaders in the film industry who chose from a list of 400 nominated movies. The 100-best list American films was unveiled in 1998. AFI released an updated list in 2007.


title: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies

text: Twenty-three films were replaced in the 2007 10th anniversary list. "Doctor Zhivago", previously ranked #39, was the highest-ranked film to be dropped from the updated list, while "The General" (at #18) was the highest-ranked new entry.


title: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies

text: A 460-minute version aired as a 10-part series on TNT, narrated by James Woods and hosted by American talents as follows:


title: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies

text: Another version of the same 460-minute program was produced by Monique De Villiers and John Heyman from "A World Production" company to British television and market featuring different interviews and each segment being hosted by British talents in the following order:


title: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies

text: As with awards, the list of those who vote and the final vote tally are not released to the public, nor the criteria for how the 400 nominated films have been selected.


title: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies

text: On June 26, 1998, the "Chicago Reader" published an article by film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum which offers a detailed response to the movies in the AFI list, as well as criticism of the AFI's appropriation of British films, such as "Lawrence of Arabia" (albeit with aforementioned American funding) and "The Third Man". Rosenbaum also produced an alternative list of 100 American movies that he felt had been overlooked by the AFI. Rosenbaum chose to present this alternative list alphabetically since to rank them according to merit would be "tantamount to ranking oranges over apples or declaring cherries superior to grapes."


title: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies

text: The AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) list includes five titles from Rosenbaum's list (including "Do the Right Thing"), and the accompanying promotional poster lists the titles in alphabetical order.


title: English-speaking world

text: Speakers of English are also known as Anglophones, and the countries where English is natively spoken by the majority of the population are termed the "Anglosphere". Over two billion people speak English , making English the largest language by number of speakers, and the third largest language by number of native speakers.


title: English-speaking world

text: England and the Scottish Lowlands, countries of the United Kingdom, are the birthplace of the English language, and the modern form of the language has been being spread around the world since the 17th century, first by the worldwide influence of England and later the United Kingdom, and then by that of the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media of these countries, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation and law. The United Kingdom remains the largest English-speaking country in Europe.


title: English-speaking world

text: The United States and India have the most total English speakers, with 283 million and 125 million, respectively. There are also 108 million in Pakistan, 79 million in Nigeria, and 64 million in the Philippines. When those who speak English as a second-language are included, estimates of the number of Anglophones vary greatly, from 470 million to more than 2 billion. David Crystal calculates that non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3:1. , India claimed to have the world's second-largest English-speaking population: the most reliable estimate is around 10% of its population (125 million people), a number that is expected to have quadrupled by 2022. When native and non-native speakers are combined, English is the most widely spoken language worldwide.


title: English-speaking world

text: Besides the major varieties of English, such as American English, British English, Canadian English, Australian English, Irish English, New Zealand English, and their sub-varieties, countries such as South Africa, India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago also have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from English-based creole languages to Standard English. Other countries, such as Ghana and Uganda, also use English as their primary official languages.


title: English-speaking world

text: English is the primary natively spoken language in several countries and territories. Five of the largest of these are sometimes described as the "core Anglosphere"; they are the United States of America (with at least 231 million native English speakers), the United Kingdom (60 million), Canada (19 million), Australia (at least 17 million), and New Zealand (4.8 million). English is also the primary natively spoken language in Ireland. English based creoles are spoken by a majority of people in Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, The Bahamas, Belize, Grenada, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Suriname. English is also spoken by a majority of people as a second language in countries such as Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Slovenia, and Sweden.


title: English-speaking world

text: In some countries where English is not the most spoken language, it is an official language or has some official status. These countries include Belize, Botswana, Cameroon (co-official with French), Eswatini (Swaziland), Fiji, Ghana, India, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malaysia, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, the Federated States of Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Rwanda, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, The Gambia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. There also are countries where in a part of the territory English became a co-official language, in Colombia's San Andrés y Providencia, Hong Kong, Honduras's Bay Islands, and Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast. This was a result of the influence of British colonization and American colonization in these areas.


title: English-speaking world

text: India has the largest number of second-language speakers of English ("see" Indian English); Crystal (2004) claims that combining native and non-native speakers, India has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world. However, most scholars and research that has been conducted dispute his assertions. Pakistan also has the English language (Pakistani English) as a second official language after the Urdu language as the result of British rule (Raj). Sri Lanka and the Philippines use English as their third and second official language after Sinhala and Tamil, and Filipino, respectively.


title: English-speaking world

text: English is one of the eleven official languages that are given equal status in South Africa (South African English), where there are 4.8 million native English speakers. It is also the official language in current dependent territories of Australia (Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands) and of the United States of America (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico (in Puerto Rico, English is co-official with Spanish) and the US Virgin Islands), and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.


title: English-speaking world

text: Although the United States federal government has no official languages, English has been given official status by 32 of the 50 US state governments. Furthermore, per United States nationality law, the process of becoming a naturalized citizen of the US entails a basic English proficiency test, which may be the most prominent example of the claim of the nation not having an official language being belied by policy realities.


title: English-speaking world

text: English is also an important language in several former colonies and protectorates of the United Kingdom, such as Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cyprus and the United Arab Emirates.


title: English-speaking world

text: Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a "world language", the lingua franca of the modern era, and while it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language. It is, by international treaty, the official language for aeronautical and maritime communications. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations and many other international organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. It is also one of two co-official languages for astronauts (besides the Russian language) serving on board the International Space Station.


title: English-speaking world

text: English is studied most often in the European Union, and the perception of the usefulness of foreign languages among Europeans is 67% in favor of English ahead of 17% for German and 16% for French (). Among some of the non-English-speaking EU countries, the following percentages of the adult population claimed to be able to converse in English in 2012: 90% in the Netherlands, 89% in Malta, 86% in Sweden and Denmark, 73% in Cyprus, Croatia, and Austria, 70% in Finland, and over 50% in Greece, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and Germany. In 2012, excluding native speakers, 38% of Europeans consider that they can speak English.


title: English-speaking world

text: Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world, and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences with Science Citation Index reporting as early as 1997 that 95% of its articles were written in English, even though only half of them came from authors in English-speaking countries.


title: English-speaking world

text: In publishing, English literature predominates considerably with 28 per cent of all books published in the world [Leclerc 2011] and 30 per cent of web content in 2011 (down from 50 per cent in 2000).


title: English-speaking world

text: This increasing use of the English language globally has had a large impact on many other languages, leading to language shift and even language death, and to claims of linguistic imperialism. English itself has become more open to language shift as multiple regional varieties feed back into the language as a whole.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Susan Elizabeth Perkins (born 22 September 1969) is an English actress, broadcaster, comedian, presenter and writer. Originally coming to prominence through her comedy partnership with Mel Giedroyc in "Mel and Sue", she has since become best known as a radio broadcaster and television presenter, notably of "The Great British Bake Off" (2010–2016), "Insert Name Here" (2016–2019) and "Just a Minute" (since 2021) on BBC Radio 4.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins was born on 22 September 1969 in Croydon, London, where she grew up with her two younger siblings, and her parents. Her father worked for a local car dealership and her mother was employed as a secretary. She was educated at Croham Hurst School, a nearby independent school for girls in South Croydon, Greater London, at the same time as television presenter Susanna Reid.


title: Sue Perkins

text: She later studied English at New Hall (now Murray Edwards College) at the University of Cambridge, graduating in 1991. While at Cambridge, she was a member of the Footlights, where she met Mel Giedroyc. She was Footlights president during the academic year 1990–91.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins and creative partner Mel Giedroyc took their first steps into television under the name Mel and Sue. The duo began to gain success and were short-listed for the "Daily Express" Best Newcomers award at the Edinburgh Festival in 1993. After a few years writing for French & Saunders (and occasionally appearing on their BBC series), they co-hosted a lunchtime show on Channel 4 entitled "Light Lunch", and an early evening version, "Late Lunch", which ran from March 1997 to February 1998.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In January 2015, Giedroyc and Perkins began hosting their own daytime chat show on ITV called "Mel and Sue". In August 2015, it was announced that "Mel and Sue" had been cancelled by ITV. On 23 July 2017, it was confirmed that they would host a new version of "The Generation Game" for BBC One.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In 2002, Perkins appeared on the second UK series of "Celebrity Big Brother" in aid of four charities, Centrepoint, National Missing Persons Helpline, Rethink and Samaritans. During the series, she interacted with series winner Mark Owen from Take That, and TV presenter Les Dennis. Perkins was evicted from the house on Day 9.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In 2003, Perkins joined Channel 4 morning television programme "". In the same year, Perkins also provided additional written material for BBC sitcom "Absolutely Fabulous".


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins has appeared on several BBC shows including "Have I Got News for You", "Mock the Week", "QI", "Room 101", "Celebrity Weakest Link", "Question Time" and "Newsnight". She has made appearances as a field reporter for Armando Iannucci vehicle "The Saturday Night Armistice".


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins hosted the second series of "Good Evening, Rockall", a short-lived, news-oriented panel game shown on BBC Choice. In 2006, she appeared in BBC Four's vocabulary quiz show "Never Mind the Full Stops". She was also a team captain on ITV's "Win, Lose or Draw Late". During the same decade she made appearances on "Celebrity MasterChef", "Celebrity Poker" and "News Knight with Sir Trevor McDonald".


title: Sue Perkins

text: In April 2007, she participated in the television series, "Edwardian Supersize Me" for the BBC. She was joined by food critic Giles Coren. The series focused on spending a week eating the equivalent of a wealthy Edwardian couple's food, whilst wearing period clothing.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Following the series, Perkins and Coren were commissioned to present a new series called, "The Supersizers Go...". The premise of "Edwardian Supersize Me" was replicated and focused on other periods throughout history.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In the first episode, they survived for a week on Second World War rations. It was re-commissioned for a second episode, Perkins and Coren covered the English Restoration period. The third episode covered the Victorian period, the fourth the 1970s, the fifth the Elizabethan period and the sixth the Regency period.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In August and September 2008, Perkins appeared in the reality television series "Maestro" on BBC Two. During the series, a group of eight celebrities attempted (until eliminated) to learn to conduct orchestral, choral and operatic music. During the series, Perkins conducted three pieces, two of them with soprano soloist Lesley Garrett. Perkins won the series. In 2008, Perkins narrated the series "...And Proud" on Virgin 1.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins appeared in a second "Supersizers" series called "The Supersizers Eat..." with Giles Coren which aired on BBC Two in June and July 2009. In September and October 2009 she hosted the Channel 4 panel game "The Big Food Fight".


title: Sue Perkins

text: She then gave a televised lecture for the Royal Television Society. Entitled "Wit's End? British Comedy at the Crossroads", the lecture focused on the state of British comedy. The presentation was broadcast on BBC Two.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In March 2010, Perkins appeared in a three part mini-series on BBC Two, "A Band for Britain", in which she attempted to revive the fortunes of the Dinnington Colliery Band.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In 2010, Perkins and Coren presented "Giles and Sue Live the Good Life", a celebration of the 1970s BBC series "The Good Life", where they were challenged to live a self-sufficient lifestyle.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Later that year, Perkins was joined by Mel Giedroyc to present "The Great British Bake Off". The series is a cookery competition with each episode looking at a different aspect of baking which they co-hosted for seven seasons. In September 2016, Love Productions announced that a three-year deal had been agreed to broadcast the show on Channel 4 instead of the BBC from 2017. Perkins and Giedroyc announced that they would not be continuing with Bake Off on its new network. Mary Berry announced she was also leaving Bake Off on the same day that fellow-judge Paul Hollywood separately announced he would be staying with the show.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins narrated the 2011 game show "Don't Scare the Hare". In October 2011, she presented a series on BBC Two called "All Roads Lead Home". It featured Perkins learning how to use nature as a navigation tool. She was joined on the series by Alison Steadman and Stephen Mangan.


title: Sue Perkins

text: On 30 December 2011, she presented and performed "Mrs Dickens's Family Christmas", a 60-minute documentary for BBC Two that examined the marriage of Charles Dickens through the eyes of his wife, Catherine.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Periodically, she has presented "The Culture Show", including its broadcast from the Edinburgh Festival in August 2012. During that broadcast she interviewed Nile Rodgers, a member of the American disco pop music group Chic.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In 2011, Perkins featured in the BBC travel adventure show "World's Most Dangerous Roads: Alaska". She and Charley Boorman, her companion for the trip, drove the Dalton Highway. She then appeared with Liza Tarbuck in Series 2 Episode 2 of "World's Most Dangerous Roads: Ho Chi Minh Trail", shown in 2012, driving in Vietnam and Laos. In November 2014 she returned to South-East Asia, travelling from the Mekong delta up to Tibet in "The Mekong River with Sue Perkins", produced by Indus Films for the BBC. In September 2015, she presented a one-off show "Kolkata with Sue Perkins" on BBC One.


title: Sue Perkins

text: On 26 February 2013, the first episode of Perkins's self-penned sitcom, "Heading Out" was broadcast. Produced by Red Production Company and Square Peg TV, Perkins also portrayed the show's lead, Sara.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins was a team captain on the second and third series of "What the Dickens?", hosted by Sandi Toksvig on Sky Arts.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In 2016, she began hosting the BBC Two panel show "Insert Name Here" and was a commentator on the BBC game show "Can't Touch This". She co-presented "The Big Spell", a weekly game show for Sky1 alongside Joe Lycett and Moira Stuart.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In September 2019 she presented "Japan with Sue Perkins", a two part BBC travel series about life in Japan.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In 2021, she participated in the second series of "The Masked Singer" as "Dragon" and finished in fifth place.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Following her success in "Maestro" in 2008, Perkins guest-conducted the London Gay Symphony Orchestra on 11 October 2009, at St Anne's Church Garden in Soho. She conducted two pieces, the Simpsons Theme by Danny Elfman, and the William Tell Overture by Rossini, the latter for the first time.


title: Sue Perkins

text: As part of "A Band for Britain", Perkins conducted the Dinnington Colliery Band at the DW Stadium playing the National Anthem for a Four Nations rugby match, and also conducted them together with the Grimethorpe Colliery Band at Sheffield City Hall.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins again conducted the BBC Concert Orchestra at the first Comedy Prom at the Royal Albert Hall during the 2011 Prom season.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins is a panel member on Radio 4's "The News Quiz" and has made regular appearances on Radio 2's "It's Been a Bad Week". She was also a frequent panellist on another popular Radio 4 show, "Just a Minute": in the 2012 television version, she appeared in four out of the 10 episodes (more than any other panellist except Paul Merton who appeared in all 10) and won on all four occasions. After original "Just a Minute" host Nicholas Parsons died in 2020, Perkins was part of the roster of guest hosts for the series, and in July 2021, she was announced as the new permanent host, starting with the 87th season.


title: Sue Perkins

text: She was the chairman of Radio 4's "The 99p Challenge" until the show finished in 2004. Perkins appeared every day in the last half-hour of Mark Radcliffe's afternoon radio show on Radio 2, when he sat in for Steve Wright.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Between 2006 and 2007, Perkins was a panellist on a Radio 4 show, "The Personality Test", a quiz show about the host, presented by a different host each week. Past hosts include Gyles Brandreth and Rick Wakeman, and other panellists include Robin Ince, Lucy Porter and Will Smith. She also provided the voiceovers at the start and end of each programme.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins presented a Radio 4 documentary on the Lake District's competition the "World's Biggest Liar", which she won.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In December 2008, she was a guest on "Private Passions", the biographical music discussion programme on BBC Radio 3.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins was also chairman of the Radio 4 panel game "Dilemma", in which four humorous guests discussed moral conundrums she provided for them. The first series ran for six episodes on Sunday evenings from 13 November to 18 December 2011. Another series of this programme ran in February 2013.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In February 2020, she began presenting a 6.30 pm comedy series on BBC Radio 4 called "Nature Table", taking a humorous look at the natural world, recorded at ZSL London Zoo.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins was a judge for the 2009 Man Booker Prize. Perkins's memoir, "Spectacles", was published in October 2015. In October 2018, she released an autobiographical travel book "East of Croydon: Blunderings Through India and South East Asia", which was shortlisted in the 'Autobiography of the Year' category at the 2018 National Book Awards.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins has performed two stand-up comedy solo shows at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival: "Spectacle Wearer of the Year 2006" in 2005, and "The Disappointing Second Show" in 2006.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In August 2012, Perkins appeared on "Tatler"s list of high-profile lesbians in London. She was outed as a lesbian in 2002 by her ex-girlfriend Rhona Cameron during Cameron's appearance on ITV's "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!" Perkins has said that "being a lesbian is only about the 47th most interesting thing about me".


title: Sue Perkins

text: In April 2015, Perkins was the victim of online harassment on Twitter after oddsmakers made her the favourite to fill the vacancy on the BBC's "Top Gear" programme left by the departure of Jeremy Clarkson, despite Perkins saying that rumours about her imminent appointment to the show were "fabricated". She temporarily quit the social media site, but returned in August 2015.


title: Sue Perkins

text: In September 2015, Perkins revealed that she was diagnosed with prolactinoma, which is a benign growth on her pituitary gland. Perkins received the diagnosis eight years previously. The side effects prevent her from having children.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins was brought up as a Roman Catholic. She lives in London and Cornwall. Between 2014 and 2021, she was in a relationship with TV presenter Anna Richardson.


title: Sue Perkins

text: Perkins has both English and German ancestry including a great-grandmother who was an ethnic German from what is now Lithuania.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) from Microsoft that combines the relational Access Database Engine (ACE) with a graphical user interface and software-development tools (not to be confused with the old Microsoft Access which was a telecommunication program that provided terminal emulation and interfaces for ease of use in accessing online services such as Dow Jones, Compuserve and electronic mailbox in the 1980s). It is a member of the Microsoft 365 suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher editions or sold separately.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Database Engine (formerly Jet Database Engine). It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Software developers, data architects and power users can use Microsoft Access to develop application software. Like other Microsoft Office applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), an object-based programming language that can reference a variety of objects including the legacy DAO (Data Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects, and many other ActiveX components. Visual objects used in forms and reports expose their methods and properties in the VBA programming environment, and VBA code modules may declare and call Windows operating system operations.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Prior to the introduction of Access, Borland (with Paradox and dBase) and Fox (with FoxPro) dominated the desktop database market. Microsoft Access was the first mass-market database program for Windows. With Microsoft's purchase of FoxPro in 1992 and the incorporation of Fox's Rushmore query optimization routines into Access, Microsoft Access quickly became the dominant database for Windows—effectively eliminating the competition which failed to transition from the MS-DOS world.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Microsoft's first attempt to sell a relational database product was during the mid 1980s, when Microsoft obtained the license to sell . In the late 1980s Microsoft developed its own solution codenamed Omega. It was confirmed in 1988 that a database product for Windows and OS/2 was in development. It was going to include the "EB" Embedded Basic language, which was going to be the language for writing macros in all Microsoft applications, but the unification of macro languages did not happen until the introduction of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Omega was also expected to provide a front end to the Microsoft SQL Server. The application was very resource-hungry, and there were reports that it was working slowly on the 386 processors that were available at the time. It was scheduled to be released in the 1st quarter of 1990, but in 1989 the development of the product was reset and it was rescheduled to be delivered no sooner than in January 1991. Parts of the project were later used for other Microsoft projects: Cirrus (codename for Access) and Thunder (codename for Visual Basic, where the Embedded Basic engine was used). After Access's premiere, the Omega project was demonstrated in 1992 to several journalists and included features that were not available in Access.


title: Microsoft Access

text: After the Omega project was scrapped, some of its developers were assigned to the Cirrus project (most were assigned to the team which created Visual Basic). Its goal was to create a competitor for applications like Paradox or dBase that would work on Windows. After Microsoft acquired FoxPro, there were rumors that the Microsoft project might get replaced with it, but the company decided to develop them in parallel. It was assumed that the project would make use of Extensible Storage Engine (Jet Blue) but, in the end, only support for Jet Database Engine (Jet Red) was provided. The project used some of the code from both the Omega project and a pre-release version of Visual Basic. In July 1992, betas of Cirrus shipped to developers and the name Access became the official name of the product. "Access" was originally used for an older terminal emulation program from Microsoft. Years after the program was abandoned, they decided to reuse the name here.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Microsoft released Access version 1.0 on November 13, 1992, and an Access 1.1 release in May 1993 to improve compatibility with other Microsoft products and to include the Access Basic programming language.


title: Microsoft Access

text: With Access v2.0, Microsoft specified the minimum hardware requirements to be Microsoft Windows v3.1 with 4 MB of RAM required, 6 MB RAM recommended; 8 MB of available hard disk space required, 14 MB hard disk space recommended. The product shipped on seven 1.44 MB diskettes. The manual shows a 1994 copyright date.


title: Microsoft Access

text: As a part of the Microsoft Office 4.3 Professional with Book Shelf, Microsoft Access 2.0 was included with first sample databases "NorthWind Trader" which covered every possible aspect of programming your own database. The Northwind Traders sample first introduced the Main Switchboard features new to Access 2.0 for 1994.


title: Microsoft Access

text: The photo of Andrew Fuller, record #2 of that sample database was the individual that presented and worked with Microsoft to provide such an outstanding example database.


title: Microsoft Access

text: With Office 95, Microsoft Access 7.0 (a.k.a. "Access 95") became part of the Microsoft Office Professional Suite, joining Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint and transitioning from Access Basic to VBA. Since then, Microsoft has released new versions of Microsoft Access with each release of Microsoft Office. This includes Access 97 (version 8.0), Access 2000 (version 9.0), Access 2002 (version 10.0), Access 2003 (version 11.5), Access 2007 (version 12.0), Access 2010 (version 14.0), and Access 2013 (version 15.0).


title: Microsoft Access

text: Versions 3.0 and 3.5 of Jet Database Engine (used by Access 7.0 and the later-released Access 97 respectively) had a critical issue which made these versions of Access unusable on a computer with more than 1 GB of memory. While Microsoft fixed this problem for Jet 3.5/Access 97 post-release, it never fixed the issue with Jet 3.0/Access 95.


title: Microsoft Access

text: The native Access database format (the Jet MDB Database) has also evolved over the years. Formats include Access 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 7.0, 97, 2000, 2002, and 2007. The most significant transition was from the Access 97 to the Access 2000 format; which is not backward compatible with earlier versions of Access. all newer versions of Access support the Access 2000 format. New features were added to the Access 2002 format which can be used by Access 2002, 2003, 2007, and 2010.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Microsoft Access 2007 introduced a new database format: ACCDB. It supports links to SharePoint lists and complex data types such as multivalue and attachment fields. These new field types are essentially recordsets in fields and allow the storage of multiple values or files in one field. Microsoft Access 2007 also introduced File Attachment field, which stored data more efficiently than the OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) field.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Microsoft Access 2010 introduced a new version of the ACCDB format supported hosting Access Web services on a SharePoint 2010 server. For the first time, this allowed Access applications to be run without having to install Access on their PC and was the first support of Mac users. Any user on the SharePoint site with sufficient rights could use the Access Web service. A copy of Access was still required for the developer to create the Access Web service, and the desktop version of Access remained part of Access 2010. The Access Web services were not the same as the desktop applications. Automation was only through the macro language (not VBA) which Access automatically converted to JavaScript. The data was no longer in an Access database but SharePoint lists. An Access desktop database could link to the SharePoint data, so hybrid applications were possible so that SharePoint users needing basic views and edits could be supported while the more sophisticated, traditional applications could remain in the desktop Access database.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Microsoft Access 2013 offers traditional Access desktop applications plus a significantly updated SharePoint 2013 web service. The Access Web model in Access 2010 was replaced by a new architecture that stores its data in actual SQL Server databases. Unlike SharePoint lists, this offers true relational database design with referential integrity, scalability, extensibility and performance one would expect from SQL Server. The database solutions that can be created on SharePoint 2013 offer a modern user interface designed to display multiple levels of relationships that can be viewed and edited, along with resizing for different devices and support for touch. The Access 2013 desktop is similar to Access 2010 but several features were discontinued including support for Access Data Projects (ADPs), pivot tables, pivot charts, Access data collections, source code control, replication, and other legacy features. Access desktop database maximum size remained 2 GB (as it has been since the 2000 version).


title: Microsoft Access

text: In addition to using its own database storage file, Microsoft Access also may be used as the 'front-end' of a program while other products act as the 'back-end' tables, such as Microsoft SQL Server and non-Microsoft products such as Oracle and Sybase. Multiple backend sources can be used by a Microsoft Access Jet Database (ACCDB and MDB formats). Similarly, some applications such as Visual Basic, ASP.NET, or Visual Studio .NET will use the Microsoft Access database format for its tables and queries. Microsoft Access may also be part of a more complex solution, where it may be integrated with other technologies such as Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint and ActiveX controls.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Access tables support a variety of standard field types, indices, and referential integrity including cascading updates and deletes. Access also includes a query interface, forms to display and enter data, and reports for printing. The underlying Access database, which contains these objects, is multi-user and handles record-locking.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Repetitive tasks can be automated through macros with point-and-click options. It is also easy to place a database on a network and have multiple users share and update data without overwriting each other's work. Data is locked at the record level which is significantly different from Excel which locks the entire spreadsheet.


title: Microsoft Access

text: There are template databases within the program and for download from Microsoft's website. These options are available upon starting Access and allow users to enhance a database with predefined tables, queries, forms, reports, and macros. Database templates support VBA code, but Microsoft's templates do not include VBA code.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Programmers can create solutions using VBA, which is similar to Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6) and used throughout the Microsoft Office programs such as Excel, Word, Outlook and PowerPoint. Most VB6 code, including the use of Windows API calls, can be used in VBA. Power users and developers can extend basic end-user solutions to a professional solution with advanced automation, data validation, error trapping, and multi-user support.


title: Microsoft Access

text: The number of simultaneous users that can be supported depends on the amount of data, the tasks being performed, level of use, and application design. Generally accepted limits are solutions with 1 GB or less of data (Access supports up to 2 GB) and it performs quite well with 100 or fewer simultaneous connections (255 concurrent users are supported). This capability is often a good fit for department solutions. If using an Access database solution in a multi-user scenario, the application should be "split". This means that the tables are in one file called the back end (typically stored on a shared network folder) and the application components (forms, reports, queries, code, macros, linked tables) are in another file called the front end. The linked tables in the front end point to the back end file. Each user of the Access application would then receive his or her own copy of the front end file.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Applications that run complex queries or analysis across large datasets would naturally require greater bandwidth and memory. Microsoft Access is designed to scale to support more data and users by linking to multiple Access databases or using a back-end database like Microsoft SQL Server. With the latter design, the amount of data and users can scale to enterprise-level solutions.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Microsoft Access's role in web development prior to version 2010 is limited. User interface features of Access, such as forms and reports, only work in Windows. In versions 2000 through 2003 an Access object type called Data Access Pages created publishable web pages. Data Access Pages are no longer supported. The Jet Database Engine, core to Access, can be accessed through technologies such as ODBC or OLE DB. The data (i.e., tables and queries) can be accessed by web-based applications developed in ASP.NET, PHP, or Java. With the use of Microsoft's Terminal Services and Remote Desktop Application in Windows Server 2008 R2, organizations can host Access applications so they can be run over the web. This technique does not scale the way a web application would but is appropriate for a limited number of users depending on the configuration of the host.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Access 2010 allows databases to be published to SharePoint 2010 web sites running Access Services. These web-based forms and reports run in any modern web browser. The resulting web forms and reports, when accessed via a web browser, don't require any add-ins or extensions (e.g., ActiveX and Silverlight).


title: Microsoft Access

text: Access 2013 can create web applications directly in SharePoint 2013 sites running Access Services. Access 2013 web solutions store its data in an underlying SQL Server database which is much more scalable and robust than the Access 2010 version which used SharePoint lists to store its data.


title: Microsoft Access

text: A compiled version of an Access database (file extensions .MDE /ACCDE or .ADE; ACCDE only works with Access 2007 or later) can be created to prevent users from accessing the design surfaces to modify module code, forms, and reports. An MDE or ADE file is a Microsoft Access database file with all modules compiled and all editable source code removed. Both the .MDE and .ADE versions of an Access database are used when end-user modifications are not allowed or when the application's source code should be kept confidential.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Microsoft also offers developer extensions for download to help distribute Access 2007 applications, create database templates, and integrate source code control with Microsoft Visual SourceSafe.


title: Microsoft Access

text: Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports, and connect them together with macros. Advanced users can use VBA to write rich solutions with advanced data manipulation and user control. Access also has report creation features that can work with any data source that Access can access.