title: Tamale

text: In the pre-Columbian era, the Mayas ate tamales and often served them at feasts and festivals. The Classic Maya hieroglyph for tamales has been identified on pots and other objects dating back to the Classic Era (200–1000 CE), although they likely were eaten much earlier. While tortillas are the basis for the contemporary Maya diet, remarkably little evidence exists for tortilla production among the Classic period Maya. A lack of griddles in the archaeological record suggests that the primary foodstuff of the Mesoamerican diet may have been the "tamal", a cooked, vegetal-wrapped mass of maize dough. Tamales are cooked without the use of ceramic technologies and therefore the form of the tamale is thought to predate the tortilla. Similarities between the two maize products can be found in both the ingredients and preparation techniques, and the linguistic ambiguity exhibited by the pan-Mayan term "wa" referring to a basic, daily consumed maize product that can refer to either tortillas or tamales.


title: Tamale

text: In the pre-Columbian era, the Aztecs ate tamales with fillings such as turkey, flamingo, frog, "axolotl", pocket gopher, rabbit, fish, turkey eggs, honey, fruits, squash, and beans, and even no filling. Aztec tamales differed from modern tamales by not having added fat.


title: Tamale

text: One of the most significant rituals for the Aztecs was the feast of Atamalcualiztli (eating of water tamales). This ritual, held every eight years for a whole week, was done by eating tamales without any seasoning, spices, or filling, which allowed the maize freedom from being overworked in the usual tamale cooking methods.


title: Tamale

text: In Mexico, tamales begin with a dough made from ground nixtamalized corn (hominy), called "masa", or alternatively a rehydrated "masa" powder, such as Maseca. It is combined with lard or vegetable shortening, along with broth or water, to bring the dough to the consistency of a very thick batter. It is traditional to whisk the lard, and whisk the resulting batter, with the intent of producing the signature soft and fluffy texture. Modern recipes may use baking powder to achieve a similar effect. Chili purees or dried chili powders are also occasionally added to the batter, which in addition to the spice can cause some tamales to appear red in color. Tamales are generally wrapped in corn husks or plantain leaves before being steamed, with the choice of husk depending on the region. They usually have a sweet or savory filling and are usually steamed until firm.


title: Tamale

text: Tamale-making is a ritual that has been part of Mexican life since pre-Hispanic times, when special fillings and forms were designated for each specific festival or life event. Today, tamales are typically filled with meats, cheese, or vegetables, especially chilies. Preparation is complex and time-consuming, and an excellent example of Mexican communal cooking, where this task usually falls to the women. Tamales are a favorite comfort food in Mexico, eaten as both breakfast and dinner, and often accompanied by hot "atole" or "champurrado" and "arroz con leche" (rice porridge, "rice with milk") or maize-based beverages of indigenous origin. Street vendors can be seen serving them from huge, steaming, covered pots () or "ollas".


title: Tamale

text: Instead of corn husks, banana or plantain leaves are used in tropical parts of the country, such as Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz, and the Yucatán Peninsula. These tamales are rather square in shape, often very large—15 inches (40 cm)—and these larger tamales are commonly known as "pibs" in the Yucatán Peninsula. Another very large type of tamale is , made in the Huasteca region of Mexico. Depending on the size, can feed between 50 and 200 people; they are made during festivals and holidays, for quinceañeras, and on Sundays to be sold at the markets.


title: Tamale

text: Humitas (from Quechua humint'a) is a Native South American dish from pre-Hispanic times, a traditional food from the Andes and it can be found in Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Northwest Argentina. It consists of fresh choclo (Peruvian corn) pounded to a paste, wrapped in a fresh corn husk, and slowly steamed or boiled in a pot of water. In Bolivia it is known as huminta and in Brazil as pamonha.


title: Tamale

text: Hallaca is a traditional meal from Venezuela that resembles the aspect of a tamal. It consists of corn dough stuffed with a stew of beef, pork, or chicken and other ingredients such as raisins, capers, and olives, fresh onion rings, red and green bell pepper slices. There are also vegetarian options with black beans or tofu. Hallacas are folded in plantain leaves, tied with strings, and boiled. The dish is traditionally served during the Christmas season and has several regional variants in Venezuela. It has been described as a national dish of Venezuela but it can be found also in variants. A characteristic of the hallaca is the delicate corn dough made with consommé or broth and lard colored with annatto.


title: Tamale

text: Tamales were one of the dishes that the gay, Peruvian chef Juan Jose Cabezudo was famous for serving from his food stand near the Plaza Mayor in Lima.


title: Tamale

text: In the Philippines and Guam, which were governed by Spain as a province of Mexico, different forms of tamale-like foods exist. In the Philippines, they merged with the native leaf-wrapped rice cakes ("kakanin") and are made with a dough derived from ground rice and are filled with seasoned chicken or pork with the addition of peanuts and other seasonings such as sugar. In some places, such as Pampanga, where it is popularly known as "bobotu", and Batangas provinces, the tamales are wrapped in banana leaves, but sweet corn varieties from the Visayas region are wrapped in corn husks similar to the sweet corn tamales of the American Southwest and Mexico. Because of the work involved in the preparation of tamales, they usually only appear during the special holidays or other big celebrations. Various recipes have practically disappeared under the pressures of modern life and the ease of fast food. Several varieties of tamales are also found in the Philippines.


title: Tamale

text: Tamales, "tamalis", "tamalos", and "pasteles" are different varieties found throughout the region. Some are sweet, some are savory, and some are sweet and savory. Mostly wrapped in banana leaves and made of rice, either the whole grain or ground and cooked with coconut milk and other seasonings, they are sometimes filled with meat and seafood, or are plain and have no filling. There are certain varieties, such as "tamalos", that are made of a sweet corn masa wrapped in a corn husk or leaf. There are also varieties made without masa, like "tamalis", which are made with small fish fry wrapped in banana leaves and steamed, similar to the from Mexico, where the small fish are cooked whole with herbs and seasonings wrapped inside a corn husk without masa. The number of varieties has dwindled through the years so certain types of tamales that were once popular in the Philippines have become lost or are simply memories. The variety found in Guam, known as "tamales guiso", is made with corn masa and wrapped in corn husks, and as with the Philippine tamales, are clear evidence of the influence of the galleon trade that occurred between the ports of Manila and Acapulco.


title: Tamale

text: Tamales have been eaten in the United States since at least 1893, when they were featured at the World's Columbian Exposition. In 1894, when tamales were the most popular ethnic food in Los Angeles, XLNT Foods started making them. The company is the oldest continuously operating Mexican food brand in the United States, and one of the oldest companies in Southern California.


title: Tamale

text: A tradition of roving tamale sellers was documented in early 20th-century blues music. They are the subject of the well-known 1937 blues/ragtime song "They're Red Hot" by Robert Johnson.


title: Tamale

text: While Mexican-style and other Latin American-style tamales are featured at ethnic restaurants throughout the United States, some distinctly indigenous styles also are made.


title: Tamale

text: The Choctaw and Chickasaw make a dish called "banaha", which can be stuffed or not (plain). Usually, the filling (range from none, fried bacon, turkey, deer, nuts, and vegetables such as onions, potatoes, squash, and sweet potatoes) can either be filled or mixed with the masa and steamed in a corn husk.


title: Tamale

text: Cherokee tamales, also known as bean bread or "broadswords", were made with hominy (in the case of the Cherokee, the masa was made from corn boiled in water treated with wood ashes instead of lime) and beans, and wrapped in green corn leaves or large tree leaves and boiled, similar to the meatless pre-Columbian bean and masa tamales still prepared in Chiapas, central Mexico, and Guatemala.


title: Tamale

text: In the Mississippi Delta, African Americans developed a spicy tamale made from cornmeal instead of masa, which is boiled in corn husks. This is sometimes called a "hot tamale".


title: Tamale

text: In northern Louisiana, tamales have been made for several centuries. The Spanish established presidio Los Adaes in 1721 in modern-day Robeline, Louisiana. The descendants of these Spanish settlers from central Mexico were the first tamale makers to arrive in the eastern US. Zwolle, Louisiana, has a Tamale Fiesta every year in October.


title: Tamale

text: Around the beginning of the 20th century, the name "tamale pie" was given to meat pies and casseroles made with a cornmeal crust and typical tamale fillings arranged in layers. Although characterized as Mexican food, these forms are not popular in Mexican American culture in which the individually wrapped style is preferred.


title: Tamale

text: The Indio International Tamale Festival held every December in Indio, California, has earned two Guinness World Records: the largest tamale festival (154 000 in attendance, Dec. 2002) and the world's largest tamale, over 1 foot (0.3 m) in diameter and 40 feet (12.2 m) in length, created by Chef John Sedlar, since beaten by H. Ayuntamiento de Centro Villahermosa (Mexico) in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico, on 25 November 2018. The current record stands at 50.05 m. The 2006 Guinness book calls the festival "the world's largest cooking and culinary festival".


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: Yuki Tsunoda (Japanese: 角田 裕毅, "Tsunoda Yūki", ; born 11 May 2000) is a Japanese racing driver who is racing for Scuderia AlphaTauri in Formula One. Supported by Honda since 2016 through the , he was the 2018 Japanese F4 champion and in 2019 also received backing from Red Bull. He finished third in the 2020 Formula 2 Championship and made his Formula One debut in for AlphaTauri.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: Born in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Tsunoda started his professional karting career in 2010, joining the JAF Junior Karting Championship, before moving to the regional class in 2013 and to the national class in 2014.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: In 2016, Tsunoda graduated from Honda's in the advanced formula class and became a member of the . In the same year he made his single-seater debut in the F4 Japanese Championship with the Sutekina Racing Team for a one-off event in Suzuka. He claimed his first podium with 2nd in the first race and finished 4th in the second race.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: In 2017, Tsunoda started his first full season of single-seater racing in the F4 Japanese Championship while also contesting in the regional East series of the JAF F4 Japanese Championship. Tsunoda won the title of the regional championship while finishing third in the national Formula 4 championship. He contested both championships with Honda.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: Tsunoda continued to race in Japanese F4 in 2018 with the Honda Formula Dream Project team. Tsunoda claimed the title amassing seven wins.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: With Honda tying up with Red Bull in Formula One, Tsunoda also joined the Red Bull junior team alongside the Honda programme. At the end of 2018, Tsunoda was announced to join Jenzer Motorsport in the newly announced FIA Formula 3 Championship. He finished 9th in the championship with three podiums and a win, scoring all of the Jenzer team's points during the season.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: Tsunoda also competed for Motopark in the Euroformula Open Championship, following the cancellation of Formula European Masters. After a second-place finish in the first race at Paul Ricard and achieving third place in the Pau Grand Prix, Tsunoda claimed his maiden championship win in the second race at Hockenheim.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: In the beginning of 2020, Honda announced that Tsunoda will join Carlin to race in the FIA Formula 2 Championship. During the 2020 season he took three wins, four pole positions, seven podiums and finished 3rd in the championship with 200 points.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: In August 2020, Scuderia AlphaTauri Honda Formula One team principal Franz Tost announced that Tsunoda would drive for the team in the end-of-season rookie test at Abu Dhabi in December 2020. He had his first drive in a 2018-spec car at the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, Italy. He again tested Formula One machinery at Imola in January 2021, but this time, he drove an AlphaTauri-liveried Toro Rosso STR14, Toro Rosso's 2019 car.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: Tsunoda replaced Daniil Kvyat and partnered Pierre Gasly at the team for the 2021 season. His car number is 22.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: At the season-opening , Tsunoda finished in ninth place. After the race, Ross Brawn, Formula One's technical director, hailed Tsunoda as "F1's best rookie for years". He crashed in qualifying for the and went on to finish the race in twelfth place after starting from the back. He qualified sixteenth for the and later apologised after questioning whether he and teammate Gasly had "the same car". He went on to retire from the race with an electrical failure. Tsunoda reached the third qualifying session (Q3) for the first time at the , but then brought out the red flags after crashing. He finished the race seventh. Tsunoda crashed again in qualifying at the and was forced to start from the pit lane. He reached Q3 again at the but received a grid penalty for impeding Valtteri Bottas.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: Tsunoda achieved his best Formula One result up to that point at the . He started the race sixteenth, improved to seventh place at the finish line, and was promoted to sixth after Sebastian Vettel's disqualification. He retired from the with a power unit issue. At the following race, the , he collided with Robert Kubica in sprint qualifying and then failed to start the race due to brake issues.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: In the next seven Grands Prix, Tsunoda advanced to Q3 all but once, but was only able to convert one of those into a points finish, placing ninth at the . However, in the final race of the season, the , he qualified in eighth position; notably, this was the first time all season that he outqualified teammate Pierre Gasly, who was eliminated in Q2. From this position, he went on to finish fourth and gain 12 points, just ahead of Gasly in fifth, thereby improving his best Formula One result thus far. With those points, Tsunoda secured 14th place in the drivers' championship and ended the year on 32 points.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: Tsunoda and Gasly were retained by AlphaTauri for the season. Tsunoda qualified sixteenth and finished eighth at the season-opening . A fuel issue prevented him from setting a qualifying time at the ; he then failed to start the race after a power unit failure. At the Tsunoda finished seventh, ahead of teammate Gasly, having qualified sixteenth. He described the race as the best of his Formula One career. His first Q3 appearance of the season came at the and he scored points for the third time in six races at the , finishing tenth.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: A streak of twelve races without scoring points followed. Tsunoda hit the wall in qualifying for the and finished the race seventeenth. He was running seventh at the until he was forced to pit for repairs after a DRS failure. He crashed whilst exiting the pits at the and collided with Gasly at the , for which Tsunoda later apologised. He qualified eighth for the but a first-lap collision with Esteban Ocon resulted in Tsunoda's eventual retirement. At the , Tsunoda retired with a differential issue. He had stopped at the side of the track and loosened his seatbelts before driving back to the pits, for which he was given his fifth reprimand of the season and therefore a grid penalty for the . At that event, he received another penalty for failing to slow for yellow flags in practice. He then crashed out of the having qualified tenth.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: Tsunoda scored a point at the where he started nineteenth, gained five places on the first lap and finished tenth. He was running eleventh at the but was eliminated in a collision with Daniel Ricciardo. He ended the season seventeenth in the drivers' championship with 12 points to Gasly's 23.


title: Yuki Tsunoda

text: On 22 September 2022, AlphaTauri announced Tsunoda would stay with the team through the 2023 season. Nyck de Vries will replace Alpine-bound Gasly as Tsunoda's new teammate.


title: Bernoulli distribution

text: In probability theory and statistics, the Bernoulli distribution, named after Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, is the discrete probability distribution of a random variable which takes the value 1 with probability formula_7 and the value 0 with probability formula_8. Less formally, it can be thought of as a model for the set of possible outcomes of any single experiment that asks a yes–no question. Such questions lead to outcomes that are boolean-valued: a single bit whose value is success/yes/true/one with probability "p" and failure/no/false/zero with probability "q". It can be used to represent a (possibly biased) coin toss where 1 and 0 would represent "heads" and "tails", respectively, and "p" would be the probability of the coin landing on heads (or vice versa where 1 would represent tails and "p" would be the probability of tails). In particular, unfair coins would have formula_9


title: Bernoulli distribution

text: The Bernoulli distribution is a special case of the binomial distribution where a single trial is conducted (so "n" would be 1 for such a binomial distribution). It is also a special case of the two-point distribution, for which the possible outcomes need not be 0 and 1.


title: Bernoulli distribution

text: The kurtosis goes to infinity for high and low values of formula_17 but for formula_18 the two-point distributions including the Bernoulli distribution have a lower excess kurtosis than any other probability distribution, namely −2.


title: Bernoulli distribution

text: This is due to the fact that for a Bernoulli distributed random variable formula_10 with formula_24 and formula_25 we find


title: Bernoulli distribution

text: With this result it is easy to prove that, for any Bernoulli distribution, its variance will have a value inside formula_31.


title: Bernoulli distribution

text: The skewness is formula_32. When we take the standardized Bernoulli distributed random variable formula_33 we find that this random variable attains formula_34 with probability formula_7 and attains formula_36 with probability formula_37. Thus we get


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl is a brand of various antihistamine medications used to stop allergies, whose content varies in different countries, but which includes some combination of diphenhydramine, acrivastine, and/or cetirizine.


title: Benadryl

text: It is sold by Johnson & Johnson and is used to relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, runny nose, rash, and hives. Some forms of Benadryl are to be taken orally, while some creams and gels are to be applied to the skin. Common side effects of the drug include drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth and throat, confusion, and blurred vision.


title: Benadryl

text: In the United States and Canada, the active ingredient is diphenhydramine. In the United Kingdom, the active ingredients of Benadryl are the antihistamines acrivastine or cetirizine. Benadryl is also sold as a cough medicine in Australia, India and New Zealand containing diphenhydramine, as well as the antitussive dextromethorphan or the expectorant guaifenesin.


title: Benadryl

text: There are many different forms of Benadryl found in different countries. In the United States and Canada, there are several versions of Benadryl for allergies, some to be taken orally and some as a topical analgesic. In Australia, New Zealand and India, Benadryl is known as a cough liquid.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl Allergy is the name of a Benadryl product found in the United States and Canada. It is an antihistamine drug used to relieve allergies. Its active ingredient is diphenhydramine, a first-generation antihistamine. A first-generation antihistamine is the oldest group of antihistamines and it includes diphenhydramine that can be found in Benadryl. It is known to be sedative, making drowsiness a common side effect. It is an oral drug to be taken by mouth, to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever and the common cold. It can also be used to relieve allergies such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, rash and hives.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl Allergy for Children is also available. It comes in liquid form and can be used to provide fast and effective relief for allergies such as sneezing, itchy, runny nose, itchy eyes and hives.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl Allergy is widely used as a sleep aid among adults. While it is not marketed as an over-the-counter (OTC) sleeping aid, most versions of Benadryl contain diphenhydramine, a drug with sedative properties. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) has also been used by parents to help improve their infant's sleep habits. However, this has been met by criticism on whether it is appropriate to do so.


title: Benadryl

text: In the United Kingdom, Benadryl can be found as Benadryl Allergy Relief. The main ingredient in this medication is acrivastine. Acrivastine is a non-drowsy antihistamine used to relieve allergies. It can treat hay fever, hives, insect bites and stings, conjunctivitis and eczema. Benadryl Allergy Relief contains 8 mg of acrivastine in each capsule. It is to be taken orally.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl Allergy Relief Plus Decongestant can also be found in the United Kingdom. It is used to relieve sinus, stuffy and runny nose, itchy eyes and sneezing. This version contains acrivastine and pseudoephedrine as its active ingredients. Pseudoephedrine is a decongestant used to relieve a nasal congestion. Benadryl Allergy Relief Plus Decongestant contains 8 mg of acrivastine and 60 mg of pseudoephedrine per capsule, and it is to be taken orally.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl can also be found in a topical form including gels and creams. Benadryl Itch Stopping Cream is a topical cream used to provide temporary itch relief for allergies, hives or even some insect bites. It can be found in the United States and Canada. This topical medication contains 2% of diphenhydramine hydrochloride and 1% of zinc acetate. This medication is intended for topical use only and not to be ingested.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl in Australia and New Zealand comes in the form of a cough syrup. It is not to be confused with Benadryl for allergies. There are several forms of cough syrup available in the market for different types of coughs such as dry, tickly cough, chesty coughs and coughs with nasal congestion. Cough liquids for children are also available.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl Chesty Forte is used to relieve heavy chesty coughs and chest congestion. The main ingredients found are guaifenesin and bromhexine hydrochloride. It is to be taken orally to provide relief from cough and congested chests due to the common cold. Benadryl Dry, Tickly Cough Liquid is a cough medicine found in Australia. It is used to temporarily relieve irritating coughs. Pholcodine is the main ingredient found in this cough liquid. This medication is to be taken orally and may cause drowsiness.


title: Benadryl

text: In India, Benadryl can also be found in the form of a cough liquid and also cough lozenges. Benadryl Cough Syrup contains diphenhydramine, ammonium chloride and citrate as its main ingredients. It is used to relieve cough and cold, and also soothes the throat.


title: Benadryl

text: A common side effect of taking Benadryl containing diphenhydramine is drowsiness. Other common side effects can include dry mouth and throat. Symptoms such as confusion and blurred vision can also occur. Other side effects of taking Benadryl include headache and dizziness.


title: Benadryl

text: Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine and an anticholinergic drug. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Studies propose that long-term use of anticholinergic drugs is associated with an increased risk for dementia among older people. Long-term use of Benadryl can also lead to constipation and confusion.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl containing diphenhydramine can interact with alcohol as both are central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Side effects such as drowsiness and dizziness may be enhanced when taking alcohol with diphenhydramine. Mixing diphenhydramine with alcohol can also increase the chances of losing consciousness due to sedation. This combination can also lead to impaired motor skills and decreased alertness. Driving, operating machinery or any other activities that require full concentration and consciousness are not recommended as these effects persist.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl may interact with other medications such as anti-depressants, sleeping pills, muscle relaxants and other antihistamines. It is important to check with a professional before taking Benadryl with any other medications, vitamins and herbal products.


title: Benadryl

text: In 1940, diphenhydramine was discovered by George Rieveschl while working as a chemical engineer at the University of Cincinnati, where he was conducting research into muscle relaxants.


title: Benadryl

text: In 1946, Benadryl was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prescription use. In the 1980s, it was approved as an over-the-counter medication.


title: Benadryl

text: On 15 January 2010, McNeil Consumer Healthcare, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, recalled five lots of Benadryl due to the presence of an unusual odor linked to the chemical 2,4,6-tribromoanisole.


title: Benadryl

text: In April 2010, over four million packs of Benadryl Children Allergy tablets were recalled after it was revealed that they might contain a higher concentration of active ingredients than specified on the label, as well as inactive ingredients that had not met internal testing requirements.


title: Benadryl

text: In 2010, after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported over one hundred cases of mistaken ingestion by mouth, the packaging of Benadryl Itch Stopping Gel was redesigned to include a new warning ("for skin use only"), and a sticker was added as an additional precaution.


title: Benadryl

text: Diphenhydramine has a common side effect of drowsiness or sleepiness. Because of these sedative properties, Benadryl is often used as a sleep aid in people with insomnia. A study published in the "American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry" discovered that approximately one in three adults between the ages of 65 and 80 occasionally use over-the-counter drugs like Benadryl to help with sleep. In 2017, American Academy of Sleep Medicine discouraged the use of over-the-counter antihistamines as a sleep aid in treating chronic insomnia. The usage of antihistamines as a sleep aid could cause sleepiness during the day, grogginess and falls.


title: Benadryl

text: In May 2020, the Cook Children's Medical Center in Fort Worth, TX reported that 3 teenagers had been hospitalized as a result of diphenhydramine overdose. They claimed that the teenagers had gotten information on how to abuse Benadryl from the social media app TikTok. That August, an Oklahoma teen reportedly died from a Benadryl overdose. After a later-deleted Facebook post by the teen's family member claimed that the death was the result of a "Benadryl challenge," news outlets reported on the dangers of the supposed social media trend. This prompted the FDA to release a statement on the dangers of high doses of diphenhydramine.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl is available as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in most countries. Benadryl can be found in several countries including the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, India, Indonesia and the Philippines.


title: Benadryl

text: Benadryl comes in oral tablets and oral liquid to be taken by mouth. Some types of Benadryl such as Benadryl Itch Stopping Cream and gels are meant to be applied to the skin, not to be ingested.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: The Sound of Magic () is a 2022 South Korean streaming television series based on the Naver webtoon "Annarasumanara" by Ha Il-kwon. Directed by Kim Seong-yoon and written by Kim Min-jeong, starring Ji Chang-wook, Choi Sung-eun, and Hwang In-youp. It tells the story of a mysterious magician, Ri Eul suddenly appearing in front of a girl who lost her dream, Yoon Ah-yi and a boy who is forced to dream, Na Il-deung. The series was released on May 6, 2022 exclusively by Netflix.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: "The Sound of Magic" is an emotional music drama that revolves around Yoon Ah-yi, a poor student attending Sewoon High School, who has diminished her belief in magic, which she had a passion for when she was younger. Under many misfortunes, she wishes to grow faster to become an adult, so she can escape the major stressors and debts, which weigh her down. She then meets Ri Eul, an adult magician who wants to remain as a so-called 'child'. Under despise and suspicion from the whole community, he aims to claim he is a real magician, asking whoever he meets "Do you believe in magic?" After being a frequent visitor of Ri Eul's residence (which is at an eerily, abandoned amusement park), Ah-yi's deskmate Na Il-deung, who is a cold and well off student, starts to eavesdrop on her magic lessons with the magician, soon beginning to show a liking towards her and magic tricks. In all, Ah-yi's life gradually changes as she becomes a follower of Ri Eul, making herself again a believer in magic and further deciding to follow her dreams in earnest.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: The series reunited director Kim Seong-yoon and writer Kim Min-jeong who previously worked together in the 2016 drama "Love in the Moonlight". The series was choreographed by Hong Se-jeong of the musicals "Phantom" and "Laughing Man", while illusionist Lee Eun-gyeol served as the magic advisor. Music director Park Seong-il and lyricist Kim Eana were in charge of the music. Ji Chang-wook practiced magic for three months to play his role.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: In December 2020, it was announced that Ji Chang-wook was offered the role of the magician in the series. In the same month, Hwang In-youp was also reported to have been offered the role of Na Il-deung. In February 2021, it was reported that Choi Sung-eun was in talks to appear in the drama as Yoon Ah-yi. In April 2021, Netflix officially announced production as well as casting confirmation with Ji Chang-wook, Choi Sung-eun, and Hwang In-yeop.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: On July 26, 2021 it was reported that Ji Chang-wook and one of the staff tested positive for COVID-19. As the actor is self quarantined as per protocol, the filming for the series was suspended. On August 11, 2021 filming resumed as it was reported that Ji Chang-wook has recovered from COVID-19. Filming ended in September 2021.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: The music of this fantasy music drama was composed by music director Park Seong-il and lyrics are by Kim Eana, Seo Dong-seong, and Lee Chi-hoon. The production team worked together to create the music for 18 months. Director Park Seong-il said, "Once the script was completed, I started composing and took singing lessons for the actors during meetings." Praising the enthusiasm and hard work of the actors during the work period, he said, "I recorded every day for over a year. I needed concentration every moment enough to practice like a recording." Choi Sung-eun said, "As singing was a task, I went to the recording studio every day." Ji Chang-wook said that he worked while talking a lot with the production team about "how to express the emotions of the characters at the point where there was transition to the music in the play."


title: The Sound of Magic

text: The OST is composed by Park Seong-il on the lyrics of Kim Eana. Aside from Park Seong-il and Kim Eana, the drama's OST was also recorded with the Czech National Symphony Orchestra. The string recording was done in the second half of 2021 alongside composer Kim Seon Kyong.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: Pre-released OST titled "Annarasumanara" (), rendered by Ji Chang-wook and Choi Sung-eun was released by Vlending Co., Ltd, on April 28, 2022. The full OST was officially released simultaneously with the worldwide release of the series on May 6.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: "The Sound of Magic" was ranked 7th globally in the Netflix TV shows (Non-English) category, one day after its release. On May 11, it ranked no 3 in South Korea, and globally it was at 4th place in the Netflix TV shows (Non-English) category.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating, based on 5 reviews with an average rating of 7.10/10.


title: The Sound of Magic

text: Jonathon Wilson of Ready Steady Cut graded the TV series with 3 stars out of 5 and praised technical aspect writing, "[the series has] lovely visuals, solid performances, impressive song-and-dance numbers, and oodles of charm". Summarising his review Wilson said that the series "has all the right elements, or at least most of them, but there’s just a little spark of magic missing that prevents the illusion from really lingering in the memory." Kayti Burt of "Paste" rated the series 7.3 out of 10 and felt that "lack of narrative clarity keeps "The Sound of Magic" from becoming something special". Burt appreciated the direction of Kim Seong-yoon and wrote, the "dazzling visuals and the cast’s earnest performances (and solid vocals), make for an enjoyable, brief trip around this merry-go-round ride of a story."


title: The Sound of Magic

text: Kate Sánchez writing for BWT rated the series with 9/10 and described it as "fantastically emotive in every way." Sánchez further wrote, "The whimsy and beauty serve as a counterbalance to the rich narrative of one young girl trying to move past her circumstance."


title: The Sound of Magic

text: John Serba reviewing for Decider wrote, "The overlong episodes could be nipped and tucked here and there, but The Sound of Magic offers a fine balance of smart and silly." Serba opined, "Fans of K-stuff will probably love it." Pierce Conran of the "South China Morning Post" gave 3 stars out of 5 and criticised the narrative for "surprising lack of characters, locations and even extras." Concluding his review, Conran wrote, "In the end this is a half-baked fable that could have been so much more. It’s the sound of magic without the feeling of it."


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Justin Chatwin (born October 31, 1982) is a Canadian actor. He began his career in 2001 with a brief appearance in the musical comedy "Josie and the Pussycats". Following his breakthrough role as Robbie Ferrier in the blockbuster "War of the Worlds" (2005), Chatwin headlined studio films such as "The Invisible" (2007) and "Dragonball Evolution" (2009), an action-adventure feature based on the Japanese manga "Dragon Ball". In the 2010s, Chatwin acted mostly in small independent films. He starred as rock star idol Bobby Shore in the surreal sci-fi musical "Bang Bang Baby" (2014), which earned him a Canadian Screen Awards nomination for Best Supporting Actor, and appeared in the romantic comedy "Unleashed" (2016), and drama "Summer Night" (2019).


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Throughout the 2000s, Chatwin made guest appearances in several television series including "Weeds" and "Lost", later being cast in his first regular role on the Showtime comedy-drama "Shameless", portraying Jimmy Lishman between 2011 and 2015. Chatwin starred as a cartoonist in the CBS murder mystery drama "American Gothic" (2016), and also that year he appeared as superhero Grant Gordon / The Ghost in the "Doctor Who" Christmas special "The Return of Doctor Mysterio". From 2019 to 2021, Chatwin played scientist Erik Wallace in Netflix's "Another Life".


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Aside from acting, he has a long-time passion for motorcycles, extreme sports and travelling. Chatwin's journey from Vancouver to Patagonia on motorcycle was depicted in the documentary series "No Good Reason" (2020), which he also executive produced.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin was born in Nanaimo, British Columbia. He is the son of Suzanne (née Halsall), a mixed-media artist, and Brian, an engineer who founded in 1982 Chatwin Engineering, a civil engineering and construction company based in British Columbia, where he served as President and CEO. Chatwin's parents divorced in 2010. His late grandfather was of French-Canadian ancestry. Chatwin has a younger sister, Brianna, who works as a tattoo artist. They were raised Catholic.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: After graduating from high school, Chatwin followed in his father's footsteps and began to study engineering at the University of British Columbia, but after one week he switched to commerce. He dropped out after one semester. Chatwin fell into acting and decided to pursue a career after he was "dared by a friend to go on an audition for a TV show in Canada", he recalls. "I took the dare, not knowing what I was getting into. I was called back and hired..."


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In 2005, Chatwin moved to Los Angeles, where he rented an apartment with fellow actor Noel Fisher. Prior to this, he lived for a month in a travel trailer with a friend, stating, "We didn't have girlfriends; we were reading Kerouac and Ginsberg, driving up to the desert, walking in the dunes, and showering at 24 Hour Fitness. It was an exciting time, but would I do it again? No."


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin made his debut in the musical comedy "Josie and the Pussycats" (2001), in which he played an enthusiastic fan. The film, based on the Archie Comics series and the Hanna-Barbera cartoon of the same name, was a commercial failure upon its initial release, but has enjoyed later success as a cult film.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Soon after, Chatwin starred as John Spencer in the two-part miniseries "Christy, Choices of the Heart". He went on to guest-star in several television series such as "Smallville", "Mysterious Ways", "Night Visions", "Just Cause", "Glory Days", "" and "Taken", playing also a juvenile delinquent in the television film "The Incredible Mrs. Ritchie" (2003), directed by Paul Johansson. One year later, Chatwin played an aspiring guitarist murdered by a serial killer who takes on the identities of his victims in D. J. Caruso's psychological thriller "Taking Lives", based on the novel of the same name by Michael Pye. He was also a helper and friend of the title characters in the family-oriented comedy "", a sequel to the 1999 film "Baby Geniuses". The feature is considered one of the worst films of all time, receiving an approval rating of 0% on Rotten Tomatoes. Ellen Fox of the "Chicago Tribune" called Chatwin "the only bright spot" of the film.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In 2004, "Newsweek" magazine labeled Chatwin an "Actor to Watch" based on his performance as Tyler McKay in the three-part miniseries "Traffic". He also starred opposite Kate Mara in The WB pilot "Prodigy", about a child prodigy.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin was chosen out of several young actors to play Tom Cruise's rebellious adolescent son in the alien invasion film "War of the Worlds" (2005), directed by Steven Spielberg, based on the 1898 novel by H. G. Wells. It was a commercial success, grossing $603 million worldwide against a $132 million budget, and garnered generally favorable reviews. Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" considered the film "meticulously detailed and expertly paced and photographed", Roger Ebert however called it "just a big, clunky movie containing some sensational sights but lacking the zest and joyous energy we expect from Spielberg". Ebert also found the human characters "one-dimensional". Chatwin's performance in "War of the Worlds" earned him the 'Breakthrough of the Year' award from Hollywood Life Magazine. In 2005, he also starred as teenage drug dealer Billy Peck in the black comedy "The Chumscrubber", alongside Camilla Belle and Jamie Bell. Arie Posin's directorial debut about a group of superficial parents and young adults living a seemingly perfect life, had the world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25, and was released theatrically on August 5, earning $351,401 on a production budget of $10 million. The film was poorly received by critics; writing for "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers opined that it was "an appallingly clumsy and stupid take on drugs, kidnapping and suicide in suburbia". That same month, Chatwin played the troubled homosexual son of Kevin Nealon's character in the Showtime series "Weeds", appearing in the pilot episode. He reprised his role seven years later for the series finale.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In 2006, Chatwin guest-starred as the undercover cop Eddie Colburn on the ABC drama series "Lost". Around that time, he was attached to produce and star in a film adaptation of Michael Turner's novel "The Pornographer's Poem" (1999), with Jeremiah S. Chechik on board to direct. That same year, Chatwin made his off-Broadway debut in Trip Cullman's play "Dark Matters" at the Rattlestick Playwrights Theater. Following a dysfunctional family whose mother goes missing then suddenly reappears claiming that she was abducted by aliens, Chatwin stars as Jeremy Cleary, the eccentric, but intelligent 16-year-old son of Michael (Reed Birney) and Bridget (Elizabeth Marvel).


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin landed his first leading role in "The Invisible" (2007), a remake of the Swedish film "Den Osynlige". David S. Goyer's supernatural thriller centers on high school senior Nick Powell, who is brutally beaten and left in an intermediate state. Chatwin liked the script because "it's about all these polar opposites – life and death, love and hate – and also about the idea that when you think something is black or white, you might suddenly find that there's gray to it". The film underperformed at the box office, grossing $26 million worldwide on a $30 million budget, and was also poorly received by critics; John Campea noticed a "subtle strength" in Chatwin's performance, writing, "nothing really ever went over the top, nor did he ever come off as forced", but criticized the feature for its "lack of depth" and "dramatic tension". Also in 2007, he returned to the stage to act in Jamie Wollrab’s "The Mistakes Madeline Made" at the Dairy Arts Center in Boulder, Colorado. The story revolves around Edna (Shannon Woodward), a young woman who develops ablutophobia, a fear of bathing. Chatwin plays Wilson, the protagonist's co-worker, "with lots of nervous energy, and generates laughs along the way" according to one critic. Chatwin starred opposite Anton Yelchin and Eva Amurri in the coming-of-age drama "Middle of Nowhere" directed by John Stockwell, which premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival, followed by a straight-to-DVD release two years later.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In 2009, Chatwin portrayed Goku in "Dragonball Evolution", the first big-screen adaptation of the popular Japanese "Dragon Ball" manga by Akira Toriyama. He described the role as the most physically demanding he had ever played, as he had to train in martial arts and adopt a strict diet with no sugar and carbohydrates. The feature was critically panned upon release, Ross Miller of the "Screen Rant" calling it "a badly written film with horrible dialogue, lackluster action and a sense of fun that's nowhere to be found". Miller also felt that Chatwin was "completely miscast" as Goku. In the aftermath of grossing only $56 million worldwide against a budget of $30 million, all the plans for a potential franchise were canceled. In the same year, Chatwin teamed up again with Jamie Wollrab for John Markland's three-person play "Red Light Winter" at the Dairy Arts Center, during Boulder International Fringe Festival. Written by Adam Rapp, the story sees Wollrab and Chatwin as two friends caught up in a love triangle with a young prostitute they encounter in Amsterdam.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In December 2009, Chatwin was filming the Showtime pilot "Shameless", an adaptation of Paul Abbott's British series of the same name. Starring opposite William H. Macy and Emmy Rossum, the 12-episode season began airing in January 2011, and over the course of three years, Chatwin portrayed Jimmy Lishman / Steve Wilton, Rossum's love interest, a car thief who comes from a wealthy family. Chatwin made a brief appearance in the fourth season finale, and returned in the fifth season as a special guest star. The show received mostly positive reviews; Eric Goldman of IGN opined that Chatwin brings "the right vibe of scruffy determination" to his role, while another critic noticed his "very intense and intimate chemistry" with Rossum.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: During an interview, when asked about one of show's most controversial aspects, the frequent use of sex and nudity, Chatwin said:


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin's film career in the 2010s consists primarily in independent features. Those usually premiered first at various film festivals and were later released in select theaters and through video-on-demand or streaming services. In 2011, he starred alongside Patrick Huard and Paul Doucet in the canadian film "Funkytown". Directed by Daniel Roby, the feature set in Montreal follows a group of characters and the events that changed their lives during the disco era. He plays Tino DeiFiori, a young italian dancer who is hiding a secret. Chatwin was drawn to the part because he "haven't danced a day" in his life: "I'm the guy who sits in the corner at the club and doesn't move". In 2011, he also acted in Shawn Christensen's short film "Brink", which earned a nomination for "Best Narrative Short" at the Tribeca Film Festival. In 2013, Chatwin guest-starred in the third season of "The Listener", and appeared in "Isolated", a documentary narrated and executive produced by Ryan Phillippe about a group of surfers in search of untouched waves.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Alongside Jane Levy and Peter Stormare, Chatwin subsequently appeared as rock and roll star Bobby Shore in the Jeffrey St. Jules-directed sci-fi musical "Bang Bang Baby" (2014). His character was based on Vanilla Ice, Justin Bieber and Elvis Presley. "Bang Bang Baby" won the award for Best Canadian First Feature Film at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, and garnered also two nominations at the third edition of Canadian Screen Awards, for Best Supporting Actor (Chatwin) and Best Overall Sound. "The Young Folks" critic Josh Cabrita thought he "perfectly balances celebrity charm, self-absorption, and wooden caricature". In the romantic comedy "No Stranger Than Love" (2015), which was the closing night film of the 16th annual Newport Beach Film Festival, Chatwin plays a sensitive poet teaming up with a woman (Alison Brie) in order to rescue an unfaithful man (Colin Hanks) trapped in a black hole. The Hollywood Reporter's Leslie Felperin gave the film a negative review, describing it as "disappointingly bland", lacking any "metaphor, playfulness" and "enigmatic, magical-realism" necessary to sustain the offbeat premise. In 2015, Chatwin also portrayed a troubled man desperate to retrieve his bike in the short film "The Cycle", and recorded the audio version of Celeritas, a screenplay who featured on 2014 Black List.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin starred as a detective tracking down a mysterious race of creatures in the TNT pilot "Breed" (2015), and also that year, he secured a recurring role in the third season of "Orphan Black", playing opposite Tatiana Maslany and Kristian Bruun. The following year, Chatwin landed the role of cartoonist Cameron Hawthorne in the CBS summer series "American Gothic", which centers upon a white-collar family dealing with a serial killer. As a result of the mixed reviews from critics and low ratings, CBS cancelled the show after one season. Chatwin then guest-starred on BBC's "Doctor Who", portraying superhero The Ghost and his alter ego Grant Gordon in 2016 Christmas special "The Return of Doctor Mysterio". The episode pays homage to the comic book films, Christopher Reeve's Superman and Tobey Maguire's Spider-Man serving as inspiration for his character. "Vulture" critic Ross Ruediger praised Chatwin's "splendid" performance.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: 2016 saw Chatwin appear in four independent films. He played Jackie Clean in the western drama "Poor Boy", which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival, as part of the Viewpoints section, followed by a limited release two years later. Chatwin was cast opposite Pierce Brosnan in the allegorical thriller "Urge", where he starred as an artist unaffected by the title drug which is said to remove your inhibitions. Christy Lemire from RogerEbert.com called Aaron Kaufman's film "empty and unlikable as the characters themselves". The romantic comedy "Unleashed", written and directed by Finn Taylor, stars Kate Micucci as a woman whose cat and dog are transformed into men (Chatwin and Steve Howey). In preparation for his role, Chatwin studied animal movement with Jean-Louis Rodrigue and Kristof Konrad, in order to embody the specific mannerisms and behavior. As the Audience Award winner at the 39th Mill Valley Film Festival, the film was met with generally positive reviews; Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" opined that "Unleashed" works "thanks to its engaging female lead and the exuberantly physical performances of her co-stars". Lastly, Chatwin and Anna Camp played a couple trying to save their marriage in the time travel drama "One Night". Following its world premiere at the Austin Film Festival, Minhal Baig's directorial debut was released nationwide early next year, with a mixed-to-negative response; despite noting the film's flawed script, Kimber Myers of the "Los Angeles Times" praised the "solid" performances of the cast.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin starred in the Joachim Rønning-directed pilot "The Doomsday Project" (2017) as Navy SEAL instructor Chris Wyatt. Also that year, he appeared in three films, starting with a cameo as Vincent D'Onofrio's drug-addicted son in the action-comedy "CHiPs", directed by Dax Shepard, based on the television series of the same name. Chatwin then portrayed modern cowboy Hugh Jay Linder in Blake Robbins' western noir "The Scent of Rain and Lightning", based on the 2010 novel of the same name by Nancy Pickard. Led by Maika Monroe, the film follows a young woman's attempt to uncover the truth behind the death of her parents (Chatwin and Maggie Grace in the flashback sequences). After making its debut at the Atlanta Film Festival, the critically acclaimed film was released to a general audience one year later, Frank Scheck deeming it "a well-acted, intelligent thriller", while another critic praised Chatwin's "subtle and strong" performance. He also had a role in the independent drama "We Don’t Belong Here", sharing the screen with Riley Keough and Anton Yelchin.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin later headlined Crackle's original sci-fi movie "In the Cloud" (2018), in which he plays a computer scientist. That same year, he starred as a rookie detective working on his first major case in the dramatic thriller "The Assassin's Code", which was screened at the 42nd Cleveland International Film Festival. Chatwin also featured as a hedonistic bartender named Andy in the ensemble coming-of-age drama "Summer Night" (2019), directed by Joseph Cross in his directorial debut. Following its premiere at the Atlanta Film Festival in the spring, the film opened in theaters that summer to mixed reviews; "Los Angeles Times" critic Carlos Aguilar called it "mediocre and forgettable", however, "The Hollywood Reporter" critic found Chatwin "very funny" providing the comic relief.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: From 2019 to 2021, over the course of two seasons, Chatwin played scientist Erik Wallace in the television series "Another Life".


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin co-starred opposite Diego Boneta, Alexandra Daddario and Travis Fimmel in the romantic crime film "Die in a Gunfight" (2021), which has been described as a modern version of William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet". He plays an unscrupulous stalker loosely based on Tybalt and Count Paris. Although it garnered a negative response, Mae Abdulbaki of "Screen Rant" opined that Chatwin is "chewing up scenery with gusto and a glint in his eyes" as the film's villain.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In 2022, Chatwin starred as a conflicted police officer in the period drama film "The Walk", directed by Daniel Adams. Based on true events, it centers upon the desegregation of school busses in 1974 Boston. Chatwin will portray Jack Reagan, the father of United States President Ronald Reagan in Sean McNamara's biopic "Reagan".


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin said many times that his biggest passion is motorcycles. He owns a Harley-Davidson Night Train which he named Charlie Crowe. Talking about the beginnings, he said: "I had bought my first motorcycle after riding a scooter on the Amalfi Coast in 2009. Five years later, and a full blown obsession under my belt, I'm back in Italy standing at the epic Ducati factory", adding, "A perfect day for me is when I wake up and know that all I have to do is ride my motorcycle for the next ten hours in a particular direction".


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In order to learn more and improve his skills, in November 2016, over the course of one weekend, Chatwin attended the Keith Code's California Superbike School, alongside actor Nicholas Hoult, motorcycle journalist Sean MacDonald, singer and music producer Albert Hammond Jr. and entrepreneur Jesse Waits. From there, he was invited to test the new AGV Corsa R helmets at Buttonwillow Raceway Park.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In 2017, Chatwin was invited at the inaugural edition of Moto Beach Classic Festival in Southern California. The one-day event was established to promote the moto culture, bringing together artists, bike builders and fans. Chatwin took part at the BMX Boxer Cup challenge against former professional freestyle motocross racer Andy Bell, custom builder Maxwell Hazan and seasoned photographer Preston Burroughs.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin is also part of WLF Enduro, a community of people from different backgrounds of work, such as teachers, salesmen or construction workers, brought together to ride in two days every year, throughout Southern California. Their mission is "Unifying riders around the globe with the common passion of two wheels and a throttle". About his decision to join the crew, he said, "This is my hobby. This is my community. This is how I stay happy in a work oriented world. These things are important to me. Because when we die these will be the memories that remain".


title: Justin Chatwin

text: The American web documentary series was released on the internet on July 29, 2020, and stars Chatwin and Nik Markovina (credited Nik Dean), both serving also as executive producers. The seven-episode documentary centers on Chatwin and one of his best friends, a fellow actor and former model, now the co-founder of Lords of Gastown, a company specialized on clothing and accessories for motorcycles. After a couple of long rides, they decide to embark on the ultimate journey from Vancouver to Patagonia on their motorcycles named Charlie Crowe and Bobby Valentine. From Santiago to Ecuador and Bariloche, the duo visit sacred places and meet interesting people, including indigenous rights activist Nina Gualinga. Chatwin stated that he has always been inspired by Bruce Chatwin, his favorite travel writer. They are not related although they share the same surname. Even though the series was released in 2020, the events depicted in it took place in 2016.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In 2011, Chatwin took part on a charitable motorcycle ride for amfAR, an American foundation for AIDS research, and was one of the celebrities who attended "Stand Up To Cancer", a special event and auction established in order to raise money in the fight against cancer, hosted by Jaime King and Nicky Hilton Rothschild.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In 2013, Chatwin joined Beau Garrett, Mark Foster and Kenna on the new edition of Summit on the Summit project, climbing Kilimanjaro. The purpose was to bring attention on the global water crisis and raise money for the people in need. Regarding the cause, he said, "We just need government will to change these things. It's something I really responded to... everyone in the world should have access to water".


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin was also one of the celebrities who protested against the controversial Keystone XL pipeline. In order to show how the future could look for the environment, he starred alongside Amy Smart in "Keystone Horror" trailer.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: In 2017, Chatwin teamed up for a special ride with Vancouver-based motorcycle company "Lords of Gastown", and charitable organization "Waves for Water", which is dedicated to provide clean water for everyone who needs it. Riding across Central America, the goal was raising money in order to purchase and install clean-water filters for the communities living in Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua. Chatwin is also one of the Canadian ambassadors for Operation Smile.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin currently resides in Los Angeles, California, although he has considered moving many times in the past.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin is an advocate of the nomadic lifestyle. When not working on a film or a television show, he is always on the road, stating, "The anatomy of restlessness is what my fascination is. The nomadic instinct I will call it. And the need of constant movement". In these trips, he is joined usually by Ombú, a Uruguayan street dog which he adopted in 2016.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin describes himself as being a shy person and having difficulties living in the U.S.: "I've always been shy speaking in front of people maybe because I've never felt like I cared about show business or other things I had to talk about. Or maybe I'm shy because I don't really feel comfortable in my own skin in America".


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Having a passion for extreme sports, Chatwin used to snowboard when he lived in Canada, during his high school years. He enjoys spearfishing and film photography. More recently, Chatwin has developed a passion for truck camping and mountain biking.


title: Justin Chatwin

text: Chatwin had been in a relationship with Molly Sims. He dated "Fallen" actress Addison Timlin in 2010.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Kim Dotcom (born Kim Schmitz; 21 January 1974), also known as Kimble and Kim Tim Jim Vestor, is a German-Finnish Internet entrepreneur and political activist who resides in Glenorchy, New Zealand.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: He first rose to fame in Germany in the 1990s as an Internet entrepreneur and was convicted on charges of computer fraud in 1994.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom is the founder and former CEO of the now-defunct file hosting service Megaupload (2005–2012). The company was financially successful, but in 2012, the United States Department of Justice seized its website and pressed charges against Dotcom, including criminal copyright infringement, money laundering, racketeering and wire fraud.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom was residing in New Zealand at the time; at the request of US authorities, New Zealand police raided his home in 2012 and arrested him. Dotcom posted bail and has been going through legal proceedings ever since to avoid extradition to the United States.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In 2017, a New Zealand court ruled that Dotcom, as well as co-accused Mathias Ortmann, Bram van der Kolk and Carter Edwards, could be extradited to the US on fraud charges related to Megaupload. Dotcom denies any wrongdoing and has accused US authorities of pursuing a vendetta against him on behalf of politically influential Hollywood studios. In 2018, the New Zealand Court of Appeal upheld the lower court's ruling. Dotcom appealed to the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which ruled in 2020 that Dotcom could be extradited to the United States, but that he and three co-defendants were entitled to challenge the decision through a judicial review.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In 2013, Dotcom launched another cloud storage service called Mega, although he severed all ties with the service in 2015. He also started and funded the Internet Party. The party contested the 2014 New Zealand general election under an electoral alliance with the Mana Movement and contested the 2017 general election independently, but failed to win any seats at either election.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom was born Kim Schmitz in 1974 in Kiel in the north of Germany in what was then politically West Germany. His mother was Finnish, from Turku, so he holds a Finnish passport and has siblings in Finland. His father was German. He legally changed his surname to Dotcom in 2005.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Prior to his arrest in New Zealand, he enjoyed a luxurious life. In 2001, his main source of income was a company called Kimvestor, and he was known for spending his money on expensive cars and boats. During the 2000 Monaco Formula One Grand Prix, Dotcom chartered a yacht and used it to host parties for guests such as Prince Rainier of Monaco.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: He was granted permanent residence in New Zealand on 29 November 2010. While his residency was under consideration, Dotcom was planning a fireworks show in Auckland at a cost of NZ$600,000. He leased a mansion in Coatesville, a rural community near Auckland, owned by entrepreneurs Richard and Ruth Bradley, and considered one of the most expensive homes in the country. He wanted to buy the mansion when the lease expired.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Before his arrest in New Zealand, he was the world's number-one-ranked "" player out of more than 15 million online players.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In 2007, Dotcom met Mona Verga, whom he described as his "soulmate" and the "love of his life", and married her on 10 July 2009. He became the father of twin girls (his fourth and fifth child) when Verga gave birth in Auckland in March 2012, a month after he was released on bail from Mt Eden prison. On 17 May 2014, Dotcom announced on Twitter that he was separated from his wife Mona and was filing for divorce. Four days earlier, Mona had left her directorship positions in the Dotcom family's companies.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In November 2017, Dotcom announced he would marry his fiancée, Elizabeth Donnelly, on 20 January 2018; the anniversary of the raid during which he was arrested. They had been dating for two years and in 2017 moved to Queenstown to live.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: As a teenager, Schmitz acquired a reputation in his native Germany after saying that he had bypassed the security of NASA, the Pentagon and Citibank under the name of Kimble, derived from Richard Kimble, a character in the 1963 TV series "The Fugitive". He also stated that he had hacked corporate PBX systems in the United States and said he was selling the access codes.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Schmitz operated a bulletin board system called "House of Coolness" where users would trade pirated software; around 1993 Schmitz was reportedly targeted by German anti-piracy lawyer Günter von Gravenreuth and has become a paid informant. Schmitz was arrested in March 1994 for selling stolen phone numbers and held in custody for a month. He was arrested again on more hacking charges and convicted of 11 counts of computer fraud and 10 counts of data espionage. As he was a minor, he was given a two-year suspended sentence; the judge of the case described Schmitz's actions as "youthful foolishness".


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In 2001, Schmitz bought €375,000 worth of shares of the nearly bankrupt company and subsequently announced his intention to invest €50 million in the company. The announcement caused the share value of Letsbuyit.com to jump, resulting in a €1.5 million profit for Schmitz.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom moved to Thailand to avoid investigation, but was arrested there at the request of the German embassy. In response, he allegedly pretended to kill himself online and declared through his website that he wished to be known as "His Royal Highness King Kimble the First, Ruler of the Kimpire". He was deported back to Germany where he pleaded guilty to embezzlement in November 2003 and, after five months in jail awaiting trial, again received a suspended sentence, this time of 20 months. After avoiding a prison sentence for a second time, he left Germany and moved to Hong Kong in late 2003.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom found Hong Kong to his liking and registered Kimpire Limited in December 2003, soon after moving there. He set up a network of interlinked companies, including Trendax, which he said was an artificial intelligence-driven hedge fund. However, Trendax was never registered with Hong Kong's Securities and Futures Commission and the company was legally not allowed to accept investments or to conduct trades. After moving to New Zealand, Dotcom didn't disclose his investment activity to the Securities and Futures Commission and was fined HK$8,000.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom visited New Zealand for 10 days in December 2008 and again for two months in 2009. He applied for residency and received it in November 2010. Immigration New Zealand made its decision on his application, despite his foreign convictions and despite his "persona non grata" status in Thailand, after officials used a special direction to waive "good character" requirements. Warwick Tuck, head of Immigration New Zealand, said that Dotcom had been granted residency as an "investor plus", or someone who invested $10 million in New Zealand.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Despite granting him residency, Immigration New Zealand expressed concern that their decision might attract criticism that they had allowed Dotcom to buy his way into the country and attempted to keep it secret. Dotcom's residency status subsequently became the subject of intense media speculation when it came to light that Auckland mayor John Banks had become involved and that New Zealand's intelligence services had spied on him—an act made illegal by Dotcom's possession of residency in New Zealand. Immigration New Zealand officers judged Dotcom's convictions in Hong Kong to be too minor to consider deporting him.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On his residency application of 3 June 2010, Dotcom erroneously denied having been convicted of dangerous driving; he had pled guilty to dangerous driving north of Auckland in September 2009. The media speculated at the time that this could provide grounds for deportation.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: John Banks met Dotcom when he was Mayor of Auckland City. He asked Dotcom for help putting on a fireworks display in the city's harbour. Banks later attended a New Year's Eve party thrown by Dotcom at the city centre apartment of now bankrupt property developer David Henderson. He said it provided a great view of the fireworks display detonated over the Waitematā Harbour. Banks said he had advised Dotcom on how to obtain permission from the Overseas Investment Office to buy the Coatesville mansion.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 28 April 2012, Dotcom revealed he had donated $50,000 to John Banks' mayoralty campaign in 2010 and that Banks had asked him to split the donation in two, allowing the Banks campaign to claim them as anonymous by falling within the anonymous limit of $25,000. In 2014, Banks was found guilty of filing a false electoral return, with evidence from Dotcom playing a major part in the case. This conviction was subsequently overturned on appeal following the discovery of new evidence, and a planned retrial was later cancelled and a verdict of acquittal entered.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Among Dotcom's revelations was a phone call from Banks, thanking him for the contribution. Dotcom subsequently recorded a song titled "Amnesia", which mocks John Banks and the controversy of Dotcom's donation to him. A poll in October 2012 found the New Zealand public had a more favourable view of Kim Dotcom than of Banks.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In February 2003, Dotcom set up Data Protect Limited, but changed the name to Megaupload in 2005. He was the chief executive officer. Megaupload was an online file hosting and sharing service in which users could share links to files for viewing or editing, much of it pirated. Eventually it had over 150 employees, US$175 million revenues, and 50 million daily visitors. At its peak Megaupload was estimated to be the 13th most popular site on the Internet and responsible for 4% of all Internet traffic.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 5 January 2012, indictments were filed in Virginia in the United States against Dotcom and other company executives with crimes including racketeering, conspiring to commit copyright infringement, and conspiring to commit money laundering. Two weeks later (20 January), Kim Dotcom, Finn Batato, Mathias Ortmann and Bram van der Kolk were arrested in Coatesville, New Zealand, by New Zealand Police, in an armed raid on Dotcom's house involving 76 officers and two helicopters. Seized assets included eighteen luxury cars, large TVs, works of art and US$175 million in cash. Dotcom's bank accounts were frozen denying him access to 64 bank accounts world-wide, including BNZ and Kiwibank accounts in New Zealand, government bonds and money from numerous PayPal accounts.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom was remanded to Mt Eden Prison and alleged poor treatment by the authorities. On 22 February, North Shore District Court Judge Nevin Dawson overturned previous rulings and released Dotcom on bail, reasoning that Dotcom had neither the ability nor desire to flee the country.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 28 June 2012, High Court of New Zealand Justice Helen Winkelmann found that the warrants used to seize Dotcom's property were illegal because they were too broad. The Crown later admitted that it was aware that it was using the wrong order while the raid was in progress and that Dotcom should have been given the chance to challenge the seizure. It also admitted to giving seized hard drives to the FBI, who made copies of them in New Zealand and then sent them back to the US. Justice Winkelmann ruled that the handing of hard drives seized by New Zealand police in the raid to the FBI, and the copying of data on them by the FBI, was illegal.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: As a result of those rulings, Justice Judith Potter allowed Dotcom to withdraw approximately NZ$6 million (US$4.8 million) on 28 August 2012 of his seized assets, and to sell nine of his cars. The amount released was to cover $2.6 million in existing legal bills, $1 million in future costs, and another $1 million in rent on his New Zealand mansion.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In May 2012, a district court judge ruled that the FBI should hand over all its evidence against Dotcom relating to the extradition bid. The Crown appealed, but the ruling was upheld by the High Court. The Crown appealed again and in March 2013, the Court of Appeal quashed the previous court decisions. Crown lawyer John Pike, on behalf of the US Government, argued that the district court had no power to make disclosure decisions in an extradition case and that "disclosure was extensive and could involve billions of emails". The Court of Appeal agreed stating that extradition hearings were not trials and the full protections and procedures for criminal trials did not apply. Dotcom's lawyer, Paul Davison, QC, appealed to the Supreme Court. In May 2013, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case, so it will make the final decision on whether Dotcom should receive all the FBI investigation files before the extradition hearing.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: A series of subsequent court decisions delayed every attempt to hold a hearing focused on extradition. In March 2013, Dotcom won a Court of Appeal ruling allowing him to sue the GCSB, rejecting the attorney-general's appeal against a ruling in December 2012. A month later, Dotcom appeared in court again, seeking compensation from police over the raid on his house, which earlier had been deemed illegal.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In November 2017, Dotcom and his former wife Mona accepted a confidential settlement from the police over the raid. The settlement came after a damages claim was filed with the High Court over the "unreasonable" use of force when the anti-terrorism Special Tactics Group raided his mansion in January 2012. Settlements have already been reached between police and Bram van der Kolk and Mathias Ortmann, who were also arrested. The "New Zealand Herald" reported that their settlements were six-figure sums and "it is likely Dotcom would seek more as the main target in the raid". Commenting on the settlement, Dotcom said: "We were shocked at the uncharacteristic handling of my arrest for a non-violent Internet copyright infringement charge brought by the United States, which is not even a crime in New Zealand".


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In February 2014, the New Zealand Court of Appeal deemed the raids on Kim Dotcom to be legal but not the FBI's taking of information. Dotcom appealed this decision to the Supreme Court. In December four of the five judges agreed with the Court of Appeal that the raid was legal and ordered Dotcom to pay $35,000 costs. Chief Justice Sian Elias dissented, saying there had been a miscarriage of justice as the search warrant was too broad.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: A month before the Supreme Court decision, Dotcom's legal team quit after he had spent $10 million on his defence, financed the Internet Party, then run out of money. When the US tried to have his bail revoked, a new lawyer, Ron Mansfield, helped keep him out of prison. In December 2014, events took another turn when the High Court in Hong Kong ruled that the United States "did not have a clear path to serve a legal summons on Dotcom's filesharing company" and he could take a case to get back $60 million seized by authorities there. In making this decision, Judge Tallentire said, "No one can say when that process of extradition will be completed given the appeal paths open to the various accused. Indeed, no one can say if it will ever be completed".


title: Kim Dotcom

text: After his arrest by the New Zealand police in January 2012, Dotcom had an ongoing dispute with Prime Minister John Key about when Key had first become aware of Dotcom. Dotcom argued that Key had been involved in a plan to allow him into New Zealand so that he could then be extradited to the US to face copyright charges. Key had consistently said he had never heard of Dotcom until the day before the New Zealand police raid on his mansion in Coatesville.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 24 September 2012, Key revealed that, at the request of the police, the New Zealand Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) had spied on Dotcom to help police to locate him and monitor his communications in the weeks prior to the raid on his house. The GCSB are not allowed to spy on New Zealand citizens or permanent residents; Dotcom, though not a citizen, had been granted permanent residency. Three days later, Key apologized for the illegal spying.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In December 2012, Chief High Court judge Helen Winkelmann ordered the GCSB to "confirm all entities" to which it gave information. This also allowed Dotcom to sue the Crown for damages. The Crown appealed Justice Winkelmann's decision, but in March 2013, the Court of Appeal upheld the High Court's decision. Dotcom was unable to access the information, but Stuart Grieve QC, who was appointed as a Special Advocate, was given access. Dotcom argued in the Court of Appeal that there had been judicial miscarriage, but the court ruled in favour of the GCSB. Dotcom next sought leave to appeal to the Supreme Court but in February 2020, it rejected his appeal and ordered him to pay the GCSB NZ$2,500.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: The mistakes by authorities attracted widespread media coverage and Key's handling of the affair was criticised by opposition parties in Parliament. Political commentator Bryce Edwards criticised the GCSB's involvement and described the prosecution of Dotcom as "the stuff of farce". "The Sunday Star-Times" commentator Richard Boock compared the Dotcom saga to Watergate and suggested it might eventually 'bring down' John Key. The story made headlines overseas, including in the "Wall Street Journal", "New York Times", "The Guardian", and the "Hollywood Reporter" which specialises in legal and entertainment issues.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In September 2013, Dotcom revealed he aspired to enter New Zealand politics. On 27 March 2014, Dotcom founded the Internet Party. In May 2014, it was announced that the Internet Party would form a political alliance with the Mana Party, led by local activist and sitting Member of Parliament Hone Harawira. The deal was brokered to serve the Mana Party financially, with the combined structure's political campaign in the 2014 general election being primarily funded by Dotcom. In contrast, the fledgling Internet Party was to benefit from the possibility of seats in parliament in the event that the combined structure were to achieve a greater percentage of the country's vote, helped along by the Mana Party's existing seat. Due to his citizenship status, Dotcom was ineligible to become a member of parliament, and Laila Harré, a veteran of left-wing politics and trade unions, was chosen as leader of the Internet Party.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 16 September 2014, Dotcom held an event in the Auckland Town Hall five days before the election in which he promised to provide "absolute proof" that Prime Minister John Key knew about him long before he was arrested. The event was billed as the "Moment of Truth" and included the release of what was claimed to be an email, dated 27 October 2010 from Kevin Tsujihara, the chief executive of Warner Bros. to a senior executive at the Motion Picture Association of America – the lobby group for the Hollywood studios. "The New Zealand Herald", which broke the story, contacted Warner Bros., who said the email was a fake.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In the 2014 general election, the joint Internet Party and Mana Movement gained 1.42% of the nationwide party vote but failed to win any seats. Dotcom, who was not a candidate because he is not a New Zealand citizen, sank NZ$3.5 million into the Internet Party, the largest personal contribution to a political party on record in New Zealand, according to the national Electoral Commission. "I take full responsibility for this loss tonight", Dotcom told reporters as election results became clear, "because the brand—the brand Kim Dotcom—was poison for what we were trying to achieve". The Serious Fraud Office investigated the email and determined that it was a forgery.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: The media criticised Dotcom for "failing to deliver" at the Moment of Truth after saying for three years that he could prove John Key had lied in relation to his copyright case. After the election, in which the Internet Mana alliance failed to win a seat, public support for Dotcom seemed to dissipate. Dotcom said in January 2015 he had become such "a pariah" in New Zealand that he might as well leave the country.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: The party remained leaderless until 8 February 2017, when Suzie Dawson was appointed as its new leader for the 2017 general election. The Mana connection was dropped and the party contended as the single entity the Internet Party. The Internet Party ran 8 party list candidates. The party won only 499 votes (0.0%) and failed to win any seats in the New Zealand House of Representatives.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: The Internet Party was deregistered on 12 June 2018 because its membership had dropped below the 500 required for registration.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: After three years' legal wrangling, involving two supreme court cases and 10 separate delays in the proceedings, extradition proceedings finally got underway in an Auckland court on 21 September 2015.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: The wrangling continued at the hearing with Dotcom and his colleagues saying that they were unable to present a proper defence because the US had threatened to seize any funds they try to spend on international experts in Internet copyright issues. Dotcom's American lawyer, Ira Rothken, said they would need about US$500,000 to get evidence from the appropriate experts. Harvard Law professor Lawrence Lessig, an international expert in copyright and fair use, provided his written opinion for free. He said there were no legal grounds to extradite Dotcom and the allegations and evidence made public by the US Department of Justice "do not meet the requirements necessary to support a prima facie case that would be recognised by United States federal law".


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Once the hearing finally got under way, Crown prosecutor Christine Gordon, on behalf of the US Government, called it a "simple scheme of fraud". Defence Lawyer Ron Mansfield's 300-page submission began with the argument that the case should be thrown out because the United States Supreme Court ruled in a parallel case in 1982 that copyright infringement was a civil matter and could not be prosecuted as criminal fraud.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: The Crown also made numerous references to intercepted Skype conversations between Dotcom and his co-defendants. Christine Gordon said one message written by Dotcom, when translated from German, read: "At some point a judge will be convinced about how evil we are and then we are in trouble." Mr Mansfield said this sentence was used repeatedly by Ms Gordon during her submission "with the knowledge that it would make international media headlines". Mansfield had the passage translated by three independent academics who said it had a very different meaning and should read: "At some stage a judge will be talked into how bad we allegedly are and then it will be a mess."


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 23 December 2015, North Shore District Court Judge Nevin Dawson announced that Dotcom and the three other Megaupload co-founders were eligible for extradition. He said the US had a "large body of evidence" which supported a prima facie case. An immediate appeal was lodged by Dotcom's lawyer.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In February 2017, the New Zealand High Court upheld the earlier decision of the district court that Dotcom and his three co-accused could be extradited to the United States. However, Justice Murray Gilbert accepted the argument made by Dotcom's legal team that he and his former Megaupload colleagues cannot be extradited because of copyright infringement. The judge said he made this decision because: "online communication of copyright protected works to the public is not a criminal offence in New Zealand". However, Justice Gilbert said there were "general criminal law fraud provisions" in New Zealand law which covered the actions of the accused and they could be extradited on that basis.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom saw this decision as a major victory saying: "The major part of this litigation has been won by this judgement - that copyright is not extraditable." The ruling opened the door to further appeals because the warrant which was served on him when he was arrested on 20 January 2012, stated he was being charged specifically with "copyright" offences. Both sides are expected to challenge aspects of the ruling before the New Zealand Court of Appeal and eventually the Supreme Court.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 5 July 2018, the New Zealand Court of Appeal upheld the High Court's decision that Dotcom and the three co-accused could be extradited to the United States. In particular, the Court, disagreeing with Justice Gilbert, found that, even during the time of Megaupload's operations, it is a criminal offence in New Zealand to possess digital copyrighted works with an intention to disseminate them. Accordingly, Dotcom and his co-accused could be extradited on the basis of copyright infringement to stand trial in the United States. Dotcom's lawyer said that he would appeal the ruling to the Supreme Court. In June 2019, Dotcom began "a final appeal to halt his extradition from New Zealand to the US".


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 4 November 2020, the Supreme Court of New Zealand ruled that Dotcom could be extradited to the United States to face 12 criminal copyright-related charges. However, the Supreme Court also ruled that he and three other co-defendants could challenge the decision through a judicial review. In addition, the Supreme Court ruled that the High Court and Court of Appeal had been wrong not to consider their application for a judicial review of the original district court decision in 2015 that had first ruled in favour of extradition. Dotcom's lawyer Ron Mansfield described the judgment as a "mixed bag", stating that the Supreme Court had accepted there were "serious procedural issues" while warning that the Court's rejection of Megaupload's "safe harbour" defence would have "an immediate and chilling impact" on the Internet.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom claimed to be a legitimate businessman who has been persecuted by the United States government and industry trade groups such as the RIAA and Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). He blames former US President Barack Obama for colluding with Hollywood to orchestrate his arrest and has spoken out against his negative portrayal in the media. In regard to the illegal spying conducted by GCSB, Dotcom said they were not spying to find out where he was. In May 2013, Dotcom released a 39-page white paper alleging that the US government persecuted him at the behest of Hollywood, in exchange for support for Obama.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Speculation about Hollywood's role in Dotcom's arrest grew when, in September 2012, Key made a four-day visit to meet top studio executives. Key said the trip was intended to promote New Zealand as a good country to produce films, but he was planning to meet with the MPAA, which had described Dotcom as "a career criminal".


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In November 2013, "The New Zealand Herald" journalist David Fisher published "The Secret Life of Kim Dotcom: Spies, Lies and the War for the Internet".


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In November 2019, Kim Dotcom was going to launch his own cryptocurrency, but due to regulatory uncertainty, the offer was cancelled.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Following the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States, Dotcom launched a group called Young Intelligent Hackers Against Terrorism (YIHAT). He said that he had hacked Sudanese bank accounts belonging to Osama Bin Laden and offered a $10 million reward for information leading to Osama's capture on his now-defunct kimble.org site.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom participated in a mock funeral procession for public broadcaster TVNZ 7 in downtown Auckland, on the day of its final broadcast. He had warmed to one of its more notable shows, "Media7", for its championing of Internet freedom and had been interviewed on the show at least once.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In February 2012, Lindsey Stirling released Lord of The Rings Medley, a music video funded by Dotcom.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In June 2012, Dotcom announced the upcoming launch of Megabox, a music streaming service. That October, he said that Megabox would launch on 19 January 2013, the first anniversary of Megaupload's shutdown.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: In August 2012, Dotcom teased an upcoming album with the release of a song titled "Party Amplifier". Dotcom was already in the process of recording the album with friend and producer, Printz Board (who wrote "Yes We Can" for Barack Obama's 2008 election campaign), when he was arrested. Printz and Dotcom recorded more than 20 songs at Neil Finn's Roundhead Studios in Newton, Auckland – one of which is called "Mr President" – an electronica protest song against Barack Obama.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 2 November, Dotcom announced a new file storage service, similar to Megaupload, using the domain name me.ga. It was to be launched 19 January 2013, but the African state of Gabon, which controls the .ga domain, cancelled the me.ga name on 6 November 2012. The site has since registered the names mega.co.nz and mega.net.nz. The new file hosting service offers file encryption to enhance user privacy and security. As a result of this encryption, Dotcom and mega.co.nz will not know of the content of the uploaded data, allowing for the claim of plausible deniability to be made should new charges arise. In January 2013, Dotcom offered a $13,500 reward to anyone able to defeat the site's security system.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: Dotcom has been involved in the local community in Auckland. In December 2012, he announced that he would be playing the part of Santa Claus in the play "MegaChristmas", run by Auckland's Basement Theatre. In a local ceremony on the first of that month, he turned on the Franklin Road Christmas lights and delivered a speech before the display.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 4 September 2013, Kim Dotcom stepped down as director of Mega and announced he was working on a music streaming service called Baboom. Dotcom says it will be more advanced than Megabox.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 10 September 2013, Dotcom announced that he would play 100 people in "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3" at New Zealand's first Digital Entertainment Expo.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 25 December 2014, Dotcom helped stop the Christmas DDoS attacks on Xbox Live and PlayStation Network by giving Lizard Squad 3,000 $99 one year MEGA accounts which would then be converted to lifetime accounts worth approximately $300,000.


title: Kim Dotcom

text: On 22 May 2017, Dotcom posted a statement on his website saying that he had information relevant to the investigation into the July 2016 murder of DNC staffer Seth Rich. Dotcom said that he had proof that Rich was the source of the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and that he was willing to provide evidence if US special counsel Robert Mueller could guarantee his safe passage from New Zealand to the United States. Seth Rich's family issued a statement calling Dotcom's statements "ridiculous, manipulative, and non-credible." Also in 2017, the biographical documentary "Kim Dotcom: Caught in the Web", directed by Annie Goldson, premiered at the New Zealand International Film Festival.


title: Rapid transit

text: Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail or metro, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. A rapid transit system that primarily or traditionally runs below the surface may be called a subway, tube, or underground. Unlike buses or trams, rapid transit systems are railways (usually electric) that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles, and which is often grade-separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.


title: Rapid transit

text: Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on rail tracks, although some systems use guided rubber tires, magnetic levitation ("maglev"), or monorail. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines.


title: Rapid transit

text: The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives, and now forms part of the London Underground. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, initially a cable-hauled line using static steam engines.


title: Rapid transit

text: , China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world—40 in number, running on over of track—and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in the 2010s. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length is the Shanghai Metro. The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the New York City Subway. The three busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo subway system and the Moscow Metro.


title: Rapid transit

text: "Metro" is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts; the use of tunnels inspires names such as "subway", "underground", "Untergrundbahn (U-Bahn)" in German, or the "Tunnelbana (T-bana)" in Swedish; the use of viaducts inspires names such as "elevated" ("L" or "el"), "skytrain", "overhead", "overground" or "Hochbahn" in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if a large part of the network (for example, in outer suburbs) runs at ground level.


title: Rapid transit

text: In most of Britain, a "subway" is a pedestrian underpass; the terms "Underground" and "Tube" are used for the London Underground, and the North East England Tyne and Wear Metro, mostly overground, is known as the "Metro". In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the "Subway".


title: Rapid transit

text: Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America. The term "metro" is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, the Miami Metrorail, and the Montreal Metro are generally called the "Metro". In Philadelphia, the term “El” is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term “subway” applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground.Chicago's commuter rail system that serves the entire metropolitan area is called "Metra" (short for "Metropolitan Rail"), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L". Boston's subway system is known locally as "The T", while in the San Francisco Bay Area, residents refer to Bay Area Rapid Transit by its acronym "BART".


title: Rapid transit

text: The New York City Subway is referred to simply as “the subway”, despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term “L” or “El” is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The “L” train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains.


title: Rapid transit

text: In most of Southeast Asia and in Taiwan, rapid transit systems are primarily known by the acronym "MRT". The meaning however varies from one country to another. In Indonesia, the acronym stands for "Moda Raya Terpadu" or "Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode" in English. In the Philippines, it stands for "Metro Rail Transit", with two lines also using the term "subway" being underground lines. In Thailand, it stands for "Metropolitan Rapid Transit", and previously also used the "Mass Rapid Transit" name. Outside of Southeast Asia, Kaohsiung and Taoyuan, Taiwan have their own "MRT" systems which also stands for "Mass Rapid Transit" as with Singapore.


title: Rapid transit

text: The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam and the natural choice for trains running in tunnels and proved superior for elevated services.


title: Rapid transit

text: In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing the term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset.


title: Rapid transit

text: The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe, the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from the outset. Budapest, Chicago, Glasgow and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services.


title: Rapid transit

text: Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities was low and suburbs tended to spread out. Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne, has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had tunnels and stations developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The first line of Sydney Metro, was opened in 2019.