title: Techno

text: Spiral Tribe, Bedlam and other English sound systems took their cooperative techno ideas to Europe, particularly Eastern Europe where it was cheaper to live, and audiences were quick to appropriate the free party ideology. It was European Teknival free parties, such as the annual Czechtek event in the Czech Republic that gave rise to several French, German and Dutch sound systems. Many of these groups found audiences easily and were often centered around squats in cities such as Amsterdam and Berlin.


title: Techno

text: By 1994 there were a number of techno producers in the UK and Europe building on the Detroit sound, but a number of other underground dance music styles were by then vying for attention. Some drew upon the Detroit techno aesthetic, while others fused components of preceding dance music forms. This led to the appearance (in the UK initially) of inventive new music that sounded far-removed from techno. For instance jungle (drum and bass) demonstrated influences ranging from hip hop, soul, and reggae to techno and house.


title: Techno

text: With an increasing diversification (and commercialization) of dance music, the collectivist sentiment prominent in the early rave scene diminished, each new faction having its own particular attitude and vision of how dance music (or in certain cases, non-dance music) should evolve. According to "Muzik" magazine, by 1995 the UK techno scene was in decline and dedicated club nights were dwindling. The music had become "too hard, too fast, too male, too drug-oriented, too anally retentive." Despite this, weekly night at clubs such as Final Frontier (London),The Orbit (leeds), House of God (Birmingham), Pure (Edinburgh, whose resident DJ Twitch later founded the more eclectic Optimo), and Bugged Out (Manchester) were still popular. With techno reaching a state of "creative palsy," and with a disproportionate number of underground dance music enthusiasts more interested in the sounds of rave and jungle, in 1995 the future of the UK techno scene looked uncertain as the market for "pure techno" waned. "Muzik" described the sound of UK techno at this time as "dutiful grovelling at the altar of American techno with a total unwillingness to compromise."


title: Techno

text: By the end of the 1990s, a number of post-techno underground styles had emerged, including ghettotech (a style that combines some of the aesthetics of techno with hip-hop and house music), nortec, glitch, digital hardcore, electroclash and so-called "no-beat techno".


title: Techno

text: In attempting to sum up the changes since the heyday of Detroit techno, Derrick May has since revised his famous quote in stating that "Kraftwerk got off on the third floor and now George Clinton's got Napalm Death in there with him. The elevator's stalled between the pharmacy and the athletic wear store."


title: Techno

text: While techno and its derivatives only occasionally produce commercially successful mainstream acts—Underworld and Orbital being two better-known examples—the genre has significantly affected many other areas of music. In an effort to appear relevant, many established artists, for example Madonna and U2, have dabbled with dance music, yet such endeavors have rarely evidenced a genuine understanding or appreciation of techno's origins with the former proclaiming in January 1996 that "Techno=Death".


title: Techno

text: The R&B artist, Missy Elliott, exposed the popular music audience to the Detroit techno sound when she featured material from Cybotron's "Clear" on her 2006 release "Lose Control"; this resulted in Juan Atkins' receiving a Grammy Award nomination for his writing credit. Elliott's 2001 album "Miss E... So Addictive" also clearly demonstrated the influence of techno inspired club culture.


title: Techno

text: In the late 90s the publication of relatively accurate histories by authors Simon Reynolds ("Generation Ecstasy", also known as "Energy Flash") and Dan Sicko ("Techno Rebels"), plus mainstream press coverage of the Detroit Electronic Music Festival in the 2000s, helped diffuse some of the genre's more dubious mythology. Even the Detroit-based company Ford Motors eventually became savvy to the mass appeal of techno, noting that "this music was created partly by the pounding clangor of the Motor City's auto factories. It became natural for us to incorporate Detroit techno into our commercials after we discovered that young people are embracing techno." With a marketing campaign targeting under-35s, Ford used "Detroit Techno" as a print ad slogan and chose Model 500's "No UFO's" to underpin its November 2000 MTV television advertisement for the Ford Focus.


title: Techno

text: In 1977, Steve Fairnie and Bev Sage formed an electronica band called the Techno Twins in London, England. When Kraftwerk first toured Japan, their music was described as "technopop" by the Japanese press. The Japanese band Yellow Magic Orchestra used the word 'techno' in a number of their works such as the song "Technopolis" (1979), the album "Technodelic" (1981), and a rare flexi disc EP, "The Spirit of Techno" (1983). When Yellow Magic Orchestra toured the United States in 1980, they described their own music as technopop, and were written up in Rolling Stone Magazine. Around 1980, the members of YMO added synthesizer backing tracks to idol songs such as Ikue Sakakibara's "Robot", and these songs were classified as 'techno kayou' or 'bubblegum techno.' In 1985, Billboard reviewed the Canadian band Skinny Puppy's album, and described the genre as "techno dance". Juan Atkins himself said "In fact, there were a lot of electronic musicians around when Cybotron started, and I think maybe half of them referred to their music as 'techno.' However, the public really wasn't ready for it until about '85 or '86. It just so happened that Detroit was there when people really got into it."


title: Techno

text: The popularity of Euro disco and Italo disco—referred to as "progressive" in Detroit—and new romantic synthpop in the Detroit high school party scene from which techno emerged has prompted a number of commentators to try to redefine the origins of techno by incorporating musical precursors to the Detroit sound as part of a wider historical survey of the genre's development. The search for a mythical "first techno record" leads such commentators to consider music from long before the 1988 naming of the genre. Aside from the artists whose music was popular in the Detroit high school scene ("progressive" disco acts such as Giorgio Moroder, Alexander Robotnick, and Claudio Simonetti and synthpop artists such as Visage, New Order, Depeche Mode, The Human League, and Heaven 17), they point to examples such as "Sharevari" (1981) by A Number of Names, danceable selections from Kraftwerk (1977–83), the earliest compositions by Cybotron (1981), Moroder's "From Here to Eternity" (1977), and Manuel Göttsching's "proto-techno masterpiece" "E2-E4" (1981). The song "I Feel Love", produced by Giorgio Moroder for Donna Summer in 1976, has been described as a milestone and blueprint for EDM because it was the first to combine repetitive synthesizer loops with a continuous four-on-the-floor bass drum and an off-beat hi-hat, which would become a main feature of techno and house ten years later. Another example is a record entitled "Love in C minor", released in 1976 by Parisian Euro disco producer Jean-Marc Cerrone; cited as the first so called "conceptual disco" production and the record from which house, techno, and other underground dance music styles flowed. Yet another example is Yellow Magic Orchestra's work which has been described as "proto-techno"


title: Techno

text: Around 1983, Sheffield band Cabaret Voltaire began including funk and EDM elements into their sound, and in later years, would come to be described as techno. Nitzer Ebb was an Essex band formed in 1982, which also showed funk and EDM influence on their sound around this time. The Danish band Laid Back released "White Horse" in 1983 with a similar funky electronica sound.


title: Techno

text: Certain electro-disco and European synthpop productions share with techno a dependence on machine-generated dance rhythms, but such comparisons are not without contention. Efforts to regress further into the past, in search of earlier antecedents, entails a further regression, to the sequenced electronic music of Raymond Scott, whose "The Rhythm Modulator," "The Bass-Line Generator," and "IBM Probe" are considered early examples of techno-like music. In a review of Scott's Manhattan Research Inc. compilation album the English newspaper The Independent suggested that "Scott's importance lies mainly in his realization of the rhythmic possibilities of electronic music, which laid the foundation for all electro-pop from disco to techno." In 2008, a tape from the mid-to-late 1960s by the original composer of the Doctor Who theme Delia Derbyshire, was found to contain music that sounded remarkably like contemporary EDM. Commenting on the tape, Paul Hartnoll, of the dance group Orbital, described the example as "quite amazing," noting that it sounded not unlike something that "could be coming out next week on Warp Records."


title: Techno

text: In general, techno is very DJ-friendly, being mainly instrumental (commercial varieties being an exception) and is produced with the intention of its being heard in the context of a continuous DJ set, wherein the DJ progresses from one record to the next via a synchronized segue or "mix." Much of the instrumentation in techno emphasizes the role of rhythm over other musical parameters, but the design of synthetic timbres, and the creative use of music production technology in general, are important aspects of the overall aesthetic practice.


title: Techno

text: Unlike other forms of EDM that tend to be produced with synthesizer keyboards, techno does not always strictly adhere to the harmonic practice of Western music and such strictures are often ignored in favor of timbral manipulation alone. The use of motivic development (though relatively limited) and the employment of conventional musical frameworks is more widely found in commercial techno styles, for example euro-trance, where the template is often an AABA song structure.


title: Techno

text: The main drum part is almost universally in common time (4/4); meaning 4 quarter note pulses per bar. In its simplest form, time is marked with kicks (bass drum beats) on each quarter-note pulse, a snare or clap on the second and fourth pulse of the bar, with an open hi-hat sound every second eighth note. This is essentially a drum pattern popularized by disco (or even polka) and is common throughout house and trance music as well. The tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 bpm (quarter note equals 120 pulses per minute) and 150 bpm, depending on the style of techno.


title: Techno

text: Some of the drum programming employed in the original Detroit-based techno made use of syncopation and polyrhythm, yet in many cases the basic disco-type pattern was used as a foundation, with polyrhythmic elaborations added using other drum machine voices. This syncopated-feel (funkiness) distinguishes the Detroit strain of techno from other variants. It is a feature that many DJs and producers still use to differentiate their music from commercial forms of techno, the majority of which tend to be devoid of syncopation. Derrick May has summed up the sound as 'Hi-tech Tribalism': something "very spiritual, very bass oriented, and very drum oriented, very percussive. The original techno music was very hi-tech with a very percussive feel... it was extremely, extremely Tribal. It feels like you're in some sort of hi-tech village."


title: Techno

text: There are many ways to create techno, but the majority will depend upon the use of loop-based step sequencing as a compositional method. Techno musicians, or "producers", rather than employing traditional compositional techniques, may work in an improvisatory fashion, often treating the electronic music studio as one large instrument. The collection of devices found in a typical studio will include units that are capable of producing many different sounds and effects. Studio production equipment is generally synchronized using a hardware- or computer-based MIDI sequencer, enabling the producer to combine in one arrangement the sequenced output of many devices. A typical approach to using this type of technology compositionally is to overdub successive layers of material while continuously looping a single measure or sequence of measures. This process will usually continue until a suitable multi-track arrangement has been produced.


title: Techno

text: Once a single loop-based arrangement has been generated, a producer may then focus on developing how the summing of the overdubbed parts will unfold in time, and what the final structure of the piece will be. Some producers achieve this by adding or removing layers of material at appropriate points in the mix. Quite often, this is achieved by physically manipulating a mixer, sequencer, effects, dynamic processing, equalization, and filtering while recording to a multi-track device. Other producers achieve similar results by using the automation features of computer-based digital audio workstations. Techno can consist of little more than cleverly programmed rhythmic sequences and looped motifs combined with signal processing of one variety or another, frequency filtering being a commonly used process. A more idiosyncratic approach to production is evident in the music of artists such as Twerk and Autechre, where aspects of algorithmic composition are employed in the generation of material.


title: Techno

text: Instruments used by the original techno producers based in Detroit, many of which are highly sought after on the retro music technology market, include classic drum machines like the Roland TR-808 and TR-909, devices such as the Roland TB-303 bass line generator, and synthesizers such as the Roland SH-101, Kawai KC10, Yamaha DX7, and Yamaha DX100 (as heard on Derrick May's seminal 1987 techno release "Nude Photo"). Much of the early music sequencing was executed via MIDI (but neither the TR-808 nor the TB-303 had MIDI, only DIN sync) using hardware sequencers such as the Korg SQD1 and Roland MC-50, and the limited amount of sampling that was featured in this early style was accomplished using an Akai S900.


title: Techno

text: By the mid-1990s TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines had already achieved legendary status, a fact reflected in the prices sought for used devices. During the 1980s, the 808 became the staple beat machine in Hip hop production while the 909 found its home in House music and techno. It was "the pioneers of Detroit techno [who] were making the 909 the rhythmic basis of their sound, and setting the stage for the rise of Roland's vintage Rhythm Composer." In November 1995 the UK music technology magazine "Sound on Sound" noted:


title: Techno

text: By May 1996, "Sound on Sound" was reporting that the popularity of the 808 had started to decline, with the rarer TR-909 taking its place as "the dance floor drum machine to use." This is thought to have arisen for a number of reasons: the 909 gives more control over the drum sounds, has better programming and includes MIDI as standard. "Sound on Sound" reported that the 909 was selling for between £900 and £1100 and noted that the 808 was still collectible, but maximum prices had peaked at about £700 to £800. Despite this fascination with retro music technology, according to Derrick May "there is no recipe, there is no keyboard or drum machine which makes the best techno, or whatever you want to call it. There never has been. It was down to the preferences of a few guys. The 808 was our preference. We were using Yamaha drum machines, different percussion machines, whatever."


title: Techno

text: In the latter half of the 1990s the demand for vintage drum machines and synthesizers motivated a number of software companies to produce computer-based emulators. One of the most notable was the "ReBirth RB-338", produced by the Swedish company Propellerhead and originally released in May 1997. Version one of the software featured two TB-303s and a TR-808 only, but the release of version two saw the inclusion of a TR-909. A "Sound on Sound" review of the RB-338 V2 in November 1998 noted that Rebirth had been called "the ultimate techno software package" and mentions that it was "a considerable software success story of 1997". In America "Keyboard Magazine" asserted that ReBirth had "opened up a whole new paradigm: modeled analog synthesizer tones, percussion synthesis, pattern-based sequencing, all integrated in one piece of software". Despite the success of ReBirth RB-338, it was officially taken out of production in September 2005. Propellerhead then made it freely available for download from a website called the "ReBirth Museum". The site also features extensive information about the software's history and development.


title: Techno

text: In 2001, Propellerhead released Reason V1, a software-based electronic music studio, comprising a 14-input automated digital mixer, 99-note polyphonic 'analogue' synth, classic Roland-style drum machine, sample-playback unit, analogue-style step sequencer, loop player, multitrack sequencer, eight effects processors, and over 500 MB of synthesizer patches and samples. With this release Propellerhead were credited with "creating a buzz that only happens when a product has really tapped into the zeitgeist, and may just be the one that many [were] waiting for." Reason is as of 2018 at version 10.


title: Techno

text: During the mid to late 90s, as computer technology became more accessible and music software advanced, interacting with music production technology was possible using means that bore little relationship to traditional musical performance practices: for instance, laptop performance ("laptronica") and live coding.


title: Techno

text: By the mid-2000s a number of software-based virtual studio environments had emerged, with products such as Propellerhead's Reason and Ableton Live finding popular appeal. Also during this period software versions of classic devices, that once existed exclusively in the hardware domain, became available for the first time. These software-based music production tools offered viable and cost-effective alternatives to typical hardware-based production studios, and thanks to continued advances in microprocessor technology, it became possible to create high quality music using little more than a single laptop computer. Using highly configurable software tools artists could also easily tailor their production sound by creating personalized software synthesizers, effects modules, and various composition environments. Some of the more popular programs for achieving such ends included commercial releases such as Max/Msp and Reaktor and freeware packages such as Pure Data, SuperCollider, and ChucK. In a certain sense this technological innovation lead to the resurgence of the DIY mentality that was once central to dance music culture. In the 00s these advances democratized music creation and lead to a significant increase in the amount of home-produced music available to the general public via the internet.


title: Techno

text: In Germany, noted techno clubs of the 1990s include Tresor and E-Werk in Berlin, Omen and Dorian Gray in Frankfurt, Ultraschall and in Munich as well as Stammheim in Kassel. In 2007, Berghain was cited as "possibly the current world capital of techno, much as E-Werk or Tresor were in their respective heydays". In the 2010s, aside from Berlin, Germany continued to have a thriving techno scene with clubs such as "Gewölbe" in Cologne, "Institut für Zukunft" in Leipzig, MMA Club and Blitz Club in Munich, "Die Rakete" in Nuremberg and "Robert Johnson" in Offenbach am Main.


title: Techno

text: In the United Kingdom, Glasgow's Sub Club has been associated with techno since the early 1990s and clubs such as London's Fabric and Egg London have gained notoriety for supporting techno. In the 2010s, a techno scene also emerged in Georgia, with the Bassiani in Tbilisi being the most notable venue.


title: Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

text: The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five sovereign states to whom the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.


text: The permanent members were all allies in World War II (and the victors of that war), and are all states with nuclear weapons. All have the power of veto which enables any one of them to prevent the adoption of any "substantive" draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international support. The remaining 10 members of the UN Security Council are elected by the General Assembly, giving a total of 15 UN member states.


text: At the UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the French Republic, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two seat changes since then, although these have not been reflected in of the United Nations Charter, as it has not been accordingly amended:


text: Additionally, France reformed its provisional government into the French Fourth Republic in 1946 and later into the French Fifth Republic in 1958, both under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle. France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition, although many of its overseas possessions eventually became independent.


text: The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II and have maintained the world's most powerful military forces ever since. They annually top the list of countries with the highest military expenditures along with India and Germany; in 2011, they spent over US$1 trillion combined on defence, accounting for over 60% of global military expenditures (the U.S. alone accounting for over 40%). They are also among the world's top 10 largest arms exporters and are the only nations officially recognised as "nuclear-weapon states" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons.


text: The "power of veto" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the permanent members, enabling them to prevent the adoption of any "substantive" draft Council resolution, regardless of the level of international support for the draft. The veto does not apply to procedural votes, which is significant in that the Security Council's permanent membership can vote against a "procedural" draft resolution, without necessarily blocking its adoption by the council.


text: The veto is exercised when any permanent member—the so-called "P5" casts a "negative" vote on a "substantive" draft resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does "not" prevent a draft resolution from being adopted.


text: There have been proposals suggesting the introduction of new permanent members. The candidates usually mentioned are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. They compose the group of four countries known as the G4 nations, which mutually support one another's bids for permanent seats.


text: This sort of reform has traditionally been opposed by the Uniting for Consensus group, which is composed primarily of nations that are regional rivals and economic competitors of the G4. The group is composed of Italy and Spain (opposing Germany), Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina (opposing Brazil), Pakistan and China (opposing India), and South Korea (opposing Japan), in addition to Turkey, Indonesia and others. Since 1992, Italy and other council members have instead proposed semi-permanent seats or expanding the number of temporary seats.


text: Most of the leading candidates for permanent membership are regularly elected onto the Security Council by their respective groups. Japan was elected for eleven two-year terms, Brazil for ten terms, and Germany for three terms. India has been elected to the council eight times in total, with the most recent successful bid being in 2020.


text: In 2013, the P5 and G4 members of the UN Security Council accounted for eight of the world's ten largest defence budgets, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).


text: The following are the heads of state or heads of government that represent the permanent members of the UN Security Council :


title: Toby Sebastian

text: Sebastian Toby M. Pugh (born 26 February 1992), known professionally as Toby Sebastian, is a British actor and musician. He is best known for portraying the character of Trystane Martell in the HBO series "Game of Thrones", and Andrea Bocelli in the biopic "The Music of Silence".


title: Toby Sebastian

text: Sebastian was born in Oxford but grew up in Andalusia, Spain, with his three sisters (all actresses): Florence, Arabella, and Rafaela. His father, Clinton Pugh, is a restaurateur and designer. His mother Deborah is a dance teacher.


title: Toby Sebastian

text: Sebastian first appeared on TV as a contestant on "Orange unsignedAct" in 2008. Sebastian performed as a singer-songwriter, performing his own songs as part of a competition to win a £60,000 recording contract, but did not make the final. Following the show, he left school for a record deal with A&M records (Universal) and spent years between London, Los Angeles and Nashville where he recorded his debut album with award-winning country producer Chris Lindsey.


title: Toby Sebastian

text: In 2012, he landed his first acting role in the film, "After the Dark". He also appeared in "The Red Tent" as Re-mose, in "Barely Lethal" (alongside Hailee Steinfeld, Sophie Turner and Thomas Mann) as Cash Fenton. In the same movie, Sebastian contributed five original songs to the soundtrack.


title: Toby Sebastian

text: In 2015, Sebastian was cast in the fifth season of "Game of Thrones" as Trystane Martell. "Game of Thrones" casting director Nina Gold later explained his casting in the series: "We knew Toby more because he'd done a lot of music things in the past, but he has a really romantic feel that just worked."


title: Toby Sebastian

text: Sebastian portrayed Andrea Bocelli in the biopic "The Music of Silence", alongside Antonio Banderas and Jordi Mollà directed by the Academy Award nominated director Michael Radford.


title: Toby Sebastian

text: In 2017, Sebastian starred in the feature film "Trading Paint" (also released as "Burning Rubber") a sports film starring John Travolta, Michael Madsen and Shania Twain, directed by Karzan Kader.


title: Toby Sebastian

text: In 2019, Sebastian released an EP titled Hamliar produced by Matthew Benbrook, a producer affiliated to artists such as Dido, Paolo Nutini and Ed Drewitt.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The sixth-generation Honda Civic is an automobile produced by Honda from 1995 until 2000. It was introduced in 1995 with 3-door hatchback, 4-door sedan and 2-door coupe body styles, replicating its predecessor's lineup. The sixth-generation Civic offered two new 1.6-liter 4-cylinder engines and a new continuously variable transmission (CVT) on the HX model. The coupe and sedan are longer and the hatchback is longer than the previous generation Civic. This was the last generation of Civic to have front double-wishbone suspension, as the succeeding seventh generation would change the front suspension to a MacPherson strut.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: A 5-door hatchback was also produced to replace the Honda Concerto hatchback in Europe but this model, while using the same design language as the rest of the Civic range, was quite distinct, instead being a hatchback version of the Honda Domani, sharing that car's platform which was related to the fifth-generation (EG/EH/EJ) Civic. The Domani replaced the sedan version of the Concerto in Japan while the sedan version of the Concerto was directly replaced by the sixth generation Civic sedan in other markets. Two wagons were also made available; the JDM Orthia, based on the Civic sedan/3-door hatchback line, and a 5-door hatchback/Domani-based model, sold as the Civic Aerodeck, in Europe. Neither were offered in North America. The Civic 5-door hatchback also formed the basis for the 1995 Rover 400 although the 4-door sedan version of the Rover was quite distinct from the Domani.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: At its introduction in 1995, the Civic won the Car of the Year Japan Award, which was the nameplate's third such win.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: CX: The base trim package, available as a hatchback only. Appointed very sparingly (no standard radio or power steering), it came equipped with 13-inch wheels, 4-wheel double-wishbone suspension, dual airbags, split/folding rear seat, and seating for five people. In 1997, the CX added 14-inch wheels as standard equipment. In 2000, the CX added tilt steering as standard equipment.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: DX: Available as a hatchback, coupé, or sedan. It included all standard equipment from CX plus tilt steering and AM/FM radio. Power steering was standard on all sedans, and on the coupes when ordered with automatic transmission. For 1997, the DX added 14-inch wheels as standard equipment.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: LX: Available as a sedan only. It included all standard equipment from DX plus 14-inch wheels, power windows, power locks, power mirrors, power steering, front stabilizer bar, front center armrest with storage compartment, cargo area light, cruise control, and tachometer. For 1997, the LX added air conditioning as standard equipment.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: HX: Available as coupé only, this trim package was specially tooled for higher fuel efficiency. It was the only trim available with a CVT (continuously variable transmission), though customers could also choose a 5-speed manual transmission. It included all standard equipment from DX, plus a VTEC-E 4-cylinder engine, 14-inch alloy wheels, power windows, power locks, power steering, and tachometer.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: EX: Available as a coupé or sedan. It included all standard equipment from the LX plus a 1.6-liter SOHC VTEC 16-valve 4-cylinder D16Y8 engine producing , power moonroof, air conditioning, cruise control, remote entry system, plus body-colored side mirrors and side molding. ABS was standard on the sedan and optional on the coupe if equipped with an automatic transmission. For 1999, the EX added a CD player as standard equipment.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: GX: Introduced in 1997 and available as a sedan for fleet-purchase only, this trim package was specially designed to run on natural gas. See Honda Civic GX for detail and references.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: VP: Introduced in 1998 and available only as a sedan, this trim was designed as a “Value Package” above the DX. It included all standard equipment from DX plus an automatic transmission, power locks, CD player, air conditioning, keyless entry, and special paint.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Most trim packages had a standard AM/FM radio in the center dashboard with a backlit LCD display (except the CX which had no radio), but a slave cassette player or CD player was available through dealer-installed options and was installed in the forward portion of the console and was hidden from view when the cup holder was open. EX trims had the slave cassette player standard. Dealers also offered AM/FM cassette and AM/FM CD decks to replace the stock radio. All vehicles were equipped with four speakers (except for the EX coupe which included two extra tweeters located on the front doors), radio wiring (prep), and an antenna regardless of whether or not they had a radio.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Si: The Civic Si returned to the lineup in 1999 (in Canada badged as an SiR), available only as a coupé. With the adoption of the VTi badge in Europe and the SiR and Type R badges in Japan for the sports variants of Civics, the Si became primarily a US-specific badge, a branding trend that would continue in subsequent Civic generations. Accelerating from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 7.1 seconds, the 1999 Civic Si featured a 1.6-litre DOHC VTEC B16A2 4-cylinder engine that made at 8,000 rpm and of torque at 7,000 rpm. While similar to the powerplant in the del Sol VTEC, the Civic Si saw some notable differences, which included a larger throttle body, improved intake manifold, strengthened connecting rods, low-friction/high-silicon pistons, a fully counterweighted crankshaft, and an exhaust system with larger-diameter piping. Due to its good fuel economy (27/31 city/hwy MPG), and a more popular coupe form, the trim package garnered a dedicated following in spite of its short production cycle.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Changes from the standard Civic included stiffer, progressive-rate springs, stiffer front and rear anti-roll bars, and a tower brace, which contributed to a flatter-cornering ride. It was available with a 5-speed manual transmission only, the exhaust piping was upgraded to a 2 1/4 inch to reduce back pressure, standard equipment also including disc brakes all around. Aesthetic exterior changes from the LX/EX trims were minimal, with the Si trim package featuring a lower-profile and wider 15-inch wheel/tire package, a subtle chin-spoiler, painted side sills, and Si badging. The Si would only be available in three exterior colors: Electron Blue Pearl, Flamenco Black Pearl and Milano Red. There are power locks, power windows, a CD player, cruise control, air conditioning, power moonroof, and tilt steering. For the interior, the sixth-generation Civic Si also had tilt adjustment for the bottom cushion, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, remote keyless entry, and red-faced instrumentation with Si branding.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Canadian trim packages were mostly similar to the United States, though with different designations. Canadian Civic sedans came in LX and EX, which roughly correspond to the American DX and LX; there was no Honda-branded Canadian equivalent to the American EX sedan – the Canadian-market only Acura EL filled this spot. Canadian Civic coupes came in LX, Si, and SiR, the equivalent of the DX, EX, and Si in the United States. Only the EX sedan, Si coupe and SiR coupe had power locks and power windows, the Si and SiR coupes were the only Canadian Civic trims with a power moonroof. All sedans and coupes had a group option package available that added air conditioning and anti-lock brakes. The hatchbacks, available only in CX and DX trims, were sold as economy cars; as in the US, they had none of the amenities of other trims in the Civic lineup, not even as options. All sedans, coupes, and the hatchback DX had dual front airbags; while the CX hatchback had the driver's side airbag only.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Canadian Si and SiR trims included ABS and heated mirrors. The Canadian SiR also was available in New Vogue Silver Metallic.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: A Canadian SE sedan trim that slotted between the LX and EX was available for the 1999-2000 model years, which included all standard equipment from DX plus automatic transmission, power locks, CD player, air conditioning, and keyless entry.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The Civic DX Special Edition (SE) hatchback was a special trim package released for the model year 2000 only. The car was similar to the Canadian DX hatchback, but came with additional standard features including mesh 14-inch wheels (identical to an optional wheel in the Japanese market beginning with the previous generation of Civic, and similar in design to the common third generation 15-inch Integra mesh wheels), body-coloured side mirrors and side mouldings, a mid-wing and a Special badge on the rear of the hatch.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The updated cars received a facelift which included a new grille, new headlights, new front bumper, fenders and hood and redesigned taillights. The coupe and sedans models also received a slight redesign to the bottom of the rear bumper. On the pre-facelift sedans, the stop lights were on top of the reverse and turn lights; for the facelift version, the reverse and turn lights were on top of the stop lights. For the coupe and hatchback the layouts remained as before; however, the rear turn signal lenses became clear/white instead of amber to match the reverse lights (the turn light bulbs themselves now were amber).


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Inside, the center console had a makeover. The sliding HVAC controls were replaced by rotary knobs and relocated, which freed up space to accommodate an enlarged radio, which included the cassette player or Compact Disc player. Previously, the large size of the ventilation controls reduced the size of the radio, necessitating a slave cassette player or Compact Disc player at the bottom of the console.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: These redesigns could vary according to the country of origin for the car. In some European countries there was no redesign to the climate control area or to the rear of the sedan models.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: In Japan, the least expensive trim package was the EL (and also a short-lived special EL-II trim), powered by a 1,343 cc D13B engine with at 6,300 RPM. As for most of the sixth-generation Civics, it was a SOHC 16-valve design.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: In Japan, the Civic Ferio SiR used the second-generation B16A engine while the other trims used D15B, D16A or D13B engines.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The CX, DX, VP and LX trim packages was equipped with the 1.6-liter SOHC 16-valve "D16Y7" 4-cylinder engine. It produced at 6,200 RPM and of torque at 4,600 RPM, with a compression ratio of 9.6:1. Fuel injection was multi-point.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The HX trim was equipped with the 1.6-liter SOHC VTEC-E 16-valve "D16Y5" lean-burn 4-cylinder engine. It produced at 6,300 RPM and of torque at 5,400 RPM, with a compression ratio of 9.4:1. Fuel injection was multi-point.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The EX trim (Canadian Si trim) came equipped with the 1.6-liter SOHC VTEC 16-valve "D16Y8" 4-cylinder engine. It produced at 6,600 RPM and of torque at 5,500 RPM, with a compression ratio of 9.6:1. Fuel injection was multi-point.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The Si trim (Canadian SiR trim) used the 1.6-liter DOHC VTEC 16-valve "B16A2" 4-cylinder engine. It produced at 7,600 RPM and of torque at 7,000 RPM, with a compression ratio of 10.2:1. Fuel injection was multi-point.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The GX trim had the "D16B5" engine designed to run on compressed natural gas. It had a compression ratio of 12.5:1.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: in Australia, most trims came such as the CXi and GLi came with the D16Y4 engine; the VTi sedan trim had the "D16Y5", the VTI coupe the "D16Y8" and the VTi-R EK4 Hatchback and Coupe had the B16A2 engine.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: In the UK, Europe and South Africa, there were a number of sedans and Aerodecks between 1996 and 2000 produced with the B16A1, B16A2, B18B and even B18C motors.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: In the Philippines, a high-performance version of the Civic badged as a Civic SiR, was powered by the 1.6-liter DOHC VTEC B16A2 4-cylinder engine was available in 1999-2000.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Most trim packages (DX, LX, EX) were available with a standard 5-speed manual transmission with a hydraulic clutch, or an optional 4-speed automatic transmission. The Si however was only available with a 5-speed manual transmission. Various gear sets and final drives were used between trims and model years.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The HX trim was offered with the 5-speed manual or a "CVT" Continuously Variable Transmission which offered three driving ranges, D (standard transmission ratios for normal driving), S (secondary ratios for spirited driving with higher engine speeds), and L (lowest ratios to provide maximum engine braking and peak power). The conventional 4-speed automatic was not available on the HX trim.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: A JDM variant called the Civic RTi was also produced and it featured either manual and automatic transmissions coupled to a Honda real-time all-wheel-drive layout.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: 1996: Cyclone Blue Metallic (sedan), Cypress Green Pearl (coupe and sedan), Midori Green Pearl (hatch), Granada Black Pearl (hatch, coupe), Frost White (coupe and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic (hatch), Milano Red (coupe), Island Coral Pearl (coupe and sedan) and Roma Red (hatch).


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: 1997: Cyclone Blue Metallic (DX and LX sedan), Cypress Green Pearl (DX and EX coupe and sedan), Granada Black Pearl (LX and EX sedan, coupe and DX hatch) Frost White (DX and EX coupe and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic, Dark Amethyst Pearl (hatch), Milano Red (coupe), Inza Red Pearl (LX sedan) and Roma Red (hatch).


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: 1998: Cyclone Blue Metallic (sedan), Cypress Green Pearl (coupe and sedan), Taffeta White (coupe and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic, Flamenco Black Pearl, Dark Amethyst Pearl (hatch), Milano Red (coupe) and Roma Red (hatch).


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: 1999: Electron Blue Pearl (Si coupe), Iced Teal Pearl (sedan), Clover Green Pearl (coupe and sedan), Taffeta White (coupe and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic (hatch), Flamenco Black Pearl(hatch and coupe), Dark Amethyst Pearl (hatch), Milano Red (coupe) and Roma Red (hatch).


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: 2000: Electron Blue Pearl (Si coupe), Iced Teal Pearl (sedan), Clover Green Pearl (coupe and sedan), Taffeta White (coupe, hatch and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic, Flamenco Black Pearl, Milano Red (coupe), Roma Red (hatch), Vintage Plum Pearl (sedan) and Titanium Metallic (sedan).


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The JDM Civic Sedan (known as the Civic Ferio Si) featured a 1.6-liter DOHC VTEC B16A 4-cylinder engine, rear headrests, an Integra Type-R style shift knob, unique seating fabric and the same 15-inch alloy wheels that also appeared on the 1999-2000 US market Civic Si Coupé. Other JDM Ferio models included a model with the RealTime 4-wheel drive and a rear wiper on the sedan, which was not seen in other markets.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: In 1997, the Honda Civic Type R was introduced. The Civic Type R was sold only in the Japanese domestic market and was only available as a hatchback with a 5-speed manual transmission with a helical type limited-slip differential. This model was equipped with a hand-built 1.6-liter DOHC VTEC B16B 4-cylinder engine producing ( at 8,200 rpm) (AKA PCT), which is essentially a destroked, but powerful, version of the B18C engine from the Integra Type R. The B16B engine featured a hand-polished cylinder head, lighter flywheel, redesigned cam profiles, high compression pistons and balanced crankshaft. The chassis was given the designation EK9. The EK9 was unique as it was based on the JDM EK4 SiR but taken out of the production line and given additional reinforcement to the chassis and body shell. Weight was also meticulously removed to create a lightweight racecar feel. Other additions over the EK4 were bigger brakes, 5-stud wheel hub, quicker steering ratio, specially tuned suspension, Recaro seats, MOMO steering wheel, titanium shift knob, front lip spoiler, rear wing and smoked headlights.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Considered as the ""extra sporty"" version of the Honda Civic Ferio, the Honda Civic Ferio Vi-RS 1.5-litre, 4-door sedan was sold in the Japanese domestic market only. It has the 1.5-liter D15B three-stage VTEC 4-cylinder engine, a 5-speed manual or a CVT multimatic transmission. The Civic Vi-RS had a three-way switch installed on the right side of steering wheel marked D, S1, or S2. These settings affected which cam was used, the ECU's air-fuel mapping, and gearbox behaviour (on automatics). S2 was the sportiest mode.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The Civic was introduced in 1996 initially with two 1.6-litre engines; the 1.6-litre SOHC VTEC D16Y8 4-cylinder engine producing was found in the VTI coupe (EJ8), while the 1.6-litre SOHC D16Y4 4-cylinder engine producing was standard across the range in the GLi and CXi models (EK1), with an optional 4-speed automatic transmission in both the CXi and GLi or CVT in the VTi. The high output 1.6-litre DOHC VTEC


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: B16A2 4-cylinder engine was introduced later and available in the EK4 hatchback, known as the VTi-R. In 2000, the Vti-R body was no longer available as a EK4 hatchback and instead sold as the EM1 2-door coupe.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Also available in Australia was a special edition yellow version of the EK1 civic called the Indy Special. The name was inspired by Indy car racing.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: From 1996 until 2000, Honda produced the Civic SiR-II which came with a B16A, B16A5 and B16A6 engine, but it was only available in Asian market. This engine produced at 7,800 rpm and with a displacement of 1,595 cc.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The sixth-generation Civic was initially launched in 1996 with two trim packages: the LXi with a 1.5L SOHC D15Z4 4-cylinder engine, and the VTi with a 1.6L SOHC D16Y5 VTEC-E 4-cylinder engine. Both came with front disc brakes and rear drum brakes. Transmission choices were a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic, available in both trims. During the 1999 facelift, an SiR version was introduced. It came with a P6ZD1 (B16A2) 1.6L DOHC VTEC 4-cylinder engine and was initially available in Nighthawk Black, Tafetta White and Passion Orange variants. Formula Red and Sunburst Yellow color variants followed afterwards with silver accents on the center console. Other notable differences were a mesh grill (similar with the EK9), three-spoke red-stitched steering wheel, 15-inch Enkei alloy wheels (similar to the USDM Si & JDM Vi-RS), leather-stitched shift knob (similar to the JDM SiR), front upper strut bar, Kenwood CD player, bigger front and rear disc brakes, unique interior fabric colors and an optional front chin and spoiler. The only transmission choice was a 5-speed manual.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: In South Africa, the 3-door hatchback was sold under the "Civic Coupe" (pre-facelift) and "Civic" (facelift) nameplates. The 4-door sedan was marketed under the "Ballade" nameplate. The Type R and the 2-door Civic coupe (Si) was not available. Chassis codes also differed to other markets: SO3 (civic hatchback) and SO4 (Civic sedan/Ballade). South African model options were


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Civic 150i (D15Z4), Civic 160i (D16Y9), Civic VTEC (B16A6), Ballade 150i (D15Z4), Ballade 160i (D16Y9), Ballade 180i (B18B4) and


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Ballade VTEC (B16A6). The VTEC model Civic and Ballade were the highest specification model one could purchase at the time. Leather seats, electric power windows and better performance all came with the VTEC models (Civic or Ballade). As Honda were distributed by Mercedes Benz South Africa at the time, many models used some Mercedes trim, such as their leather trim and alarm system on the Ballade and Civic VTEC models. An AMG/Sport version Ballade was also released featuring a performance exhaust system, Type R style gearshift knob and AMG body pieces.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Based on the Domani, which in turn was mechanically similar to the fifth generation Civic, this version was marketed in Europe as the MA/MB/MC Civic and Civic Aerodeck. It was built in five-door hatchback and Aerodeck (Estate) models in various trim levels and engine sizes. The Aerodeck name was previously used on the Honda Accord Aerodeck, which was a two-door station wagon, popularly known in Europe as a shooting-brake. 1.4 L (D14A2/A5/A7), 1.5 L (D15Z8/Z6), 1.6 L (D16Y2/Y3, D16W2/W3, D16B2 etc.) and 1.8 litre (B18C4) petrol engines were available. These came with five-door body and fifty-five litre fuel tank, ABS, driver and passenger air bags, power steering and electric door mirrors, amongst other things. The later models came with air conditioning as standard. The 1.8 VTi model was the flagship model (explained in detail below) with the biggest petrol engine to be given to MA MB MC Civics. The Domani-based Civics were also available with the Rover L-Series diesel engine which was a 2-litre, eight-valve, direct-injection turbocharged unit (20T2N, 20T2R); an essential addition in the European market. Later diesel engines came with intercoolers. The chassis codes designated to this model and generation of Civics were chassis codes MA8, MA9, MB1, MB2, MB3, MB4, MB6, MB7, and MB8 for the liftback, while the Aerodeck chassis codes are MB9, MC1, MC2, MC3, and MC9. Compared to the original Domani, the Liftback and Aerodeck featured a new interior, similar to that of the more upmarket Rover 400. Honda had a long-serving partnership with the Rover group, who at the time didn't have enough funds for the tooling to produce an all new car, which allowed Rover to produce its own C-segment competitor based around the design of the Domani shell and using a lot of its underpinnings to produce the Rover 400/45 and later MG ZS. Rover made mostly cosmetic changes (which included front fenders/wings, bonnet, headlights, bumpers, rear lights and tailgate were different on the Rover as well as more upmarket cabin materials and greater use of wood and decals) to have a brand new design in the showrooms, which was very cost effective but divided opinion amongst brand enthusiasts.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: As with all Honda models of the age, VTi denoted the inclusion of Honda's VTEC technology. There was a rear VTi badge, and decals of "DOHC VTEC" on the rear doors, as well as front and rear bumper lips and side skirts (in VTI-S models). 1996 saw the introduction of the VTi model and then a limited edition VTI-S. The VTI came in two different trim levels - the DOHC 1.6 VTi hatchback and sedan (B16A2 engine) and the DOHC 1.8 VTi five-door (with the larger B18C4). The 1.6 VTi car was actually slightly faster in acceleration than the 1.8 due to the different gear ratios. The 1.6 was also a lighter engine in a lighter car, helping to reduce the 0-60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration time by about 0.3 seconds. Front and rear disc brakes were standard on all VTi/VTi-S versions. The five-door versions (VTi/VTi-S) included a Torsen limited-slip differential, which meant they were quicker out of corners than the 1.6 (three-door) due to being able to accelerate out of corners more effectively.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The 1.8 VTi Civic came with a host of standard equipment, some of which was not available on the three-door (1.6) equivalents. Standard 1.8 spec includes:


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Front lip/spoiler, rear-boot spoiler with integral brake light, headlight washers, electric sunroof, colour-coded mirrors, colour-coded door handles, colour-coded front rear bumpers, front fog lights and lightweight Speedline 5-spoke alloy wheels.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Interior: Unique half leather sports style seats (full leather optional), front and rear electric windows, heated side mirrors, air conditioning, dashboard instrument light dimmer, front and rear head rests and a leather-wrapped steering wheel with red stitching.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: The MB6 VTi-S 5-door was made in a limited run of 500 of each body type, and only sold in the Honda colour 'Pirates Black', with body coloured bumpers. The VTI-S improved on the appearance of the standard Civic VTi 5-door with a more pronounced front lip and also a rear lip on the bumpers, and different side skirts. The VTi-S specification also included chrome/aluminium gear-knob(silver/black plastic on later VTiS models), VTI-S floor-mats and tailgate badging. It also came fitted with lightweight 15-inch Speedline Chrono alloy wheels, with a split spoke design. The later VTi-S models came fitted with the lightweight Speedline "fan" alloy wheels. Other than this, it is identical to the regular VTi. The instrument dials on later VTi-S models changed slightly, now with italic numbering.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: To commemorate the Honda (Mugen) Jordan F1 team. A 500 car special limited edition Honda Civic VTi (EK4 3-door model) was created with their own signed Eddie Jordan plaque with the specific number stamped on it in the centre console. This car was sold in 1999–2000. It had the same basic spec as the EK4 VTi, but the extras included: Sunlight Yellow paint work, yellow-and-black leather interior, Jordan decals on the sides and rear of the car as well as stitched into the seats and floor carpets. Like the Renault Clio Williams, the Jordan team had no involvement in the development of the car.


title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Rover developed these vehicles from the Honda Domani-based European Civic, using their own engines. UK produced with styling and interior specifications were aimed primarily at the UK market. Early automatic 400s used the Honda 1.6 D-series engine carried over from the R8 Rover 200/400, meanwhile, Honda used Rover’s competitive L-Series diesel for the European Civic in this generation.


title: Killing Floor (novel)

text: Killing Floor is the debut novel by Lee Child, first published in 1997 by Putnam. The book won the Anthony Award and Barry Award for best first novel. It is also the first book to feature the character Jack Reacher. It is written in the first person.


title: Killing Floor (novel)

text: The novel has three prequels: "The Enemy" (set eight years before "Killing Floor" and published in 2004), "Night School" (set one year before "Killing Floor"; published in 2016), "The Affair" (set six months before "Killing Floor"; published in 2011).


title: Killing Floor (novel)

text: Jack Reacher gets off a Greyhound bus in the town of Margrave, Georgia, because he remembers his brother mentioning that a blues musician named Blind Blake had died there. Much to his surprise, shortly after his arrival, he is arrested in a local diner for murder on the orders of the sheriff, Morrison, who falsely claims he saw Reacher leave the scene.


title: Killing Floor (novel)

text: While in custody, Reacher meets Finlay, the chief of detectives, and Roscoe, a female officer who believes him to be innocent. Reacher persuades Finlay to call a number on a piece of paper found in the dead man's shoe; the number leads them to Paul Hubble, a retired banker who instantly confesses to the murder. Before Reacher can be released, he and Hubble are transferred to a state prison in Warburton, where Reacher manages to thwart an attempt on their lives by the Aryan Brotherhood. Suspecting that the deputy warden set them up, Reacher joins Finlay's investigation, while Hubble is presumed dead after vanishing from his house in the middle of the day.


title: Killing Floor (novel)

text: Reacher learns that the murdered man is his brother, Joe, who was running an investigation into a counterfeiting ring operated by the Kliner family under the protection of Morrison, several dirty cops, and the corrupt mayor, Grover Teale. A second body, belonging to truck driver Sherman Stoller, is found, and Morrison and his wife are brutally murdered shortly thereafter. Roscoe theorizes that the Kliners are using Margrave as a distribution hub for their counterfeit money, but this is eventually disproven when Reacher searches one of their trucks and finds it empty. He then realizes that the opposite is true: the Kliners have been hoarding the money in response to a Coast Guard operation cutting off their supply of bills from Venezuela, and plan to resume distribution once the operation is shut down as a cost-saving measure.


title: Killing Floor (novel)

text: Sending Hubble's family into hiding to protect them from Kliner, Reacher kills Kliner’s son and several other associates after luring them into an ambush. He then informs Finlay of the secret behind Kliner's operation, which his brother had been trying to prove: to obtain the special paper required to make undetectable forgeries, the criminals had employed Hubble to collect hundreds of thousands of used $1 bills and send them to ports in Florida through Stoller and other drivers, whereupon they would be bleached in Venezuela to remove the ink and then used to make forged $100 bills. However, when they return to Margrave, they are taken captive by Kliner, Teale, and Finlay's FBI contact Picard, who reveals that he has been keeping track of their progress, and has Roscoe and Hubble's family in his custody. Kliner reveals that Hubble isn't dead, but in hiding, and threatens to kill his hostages unless Reacher finds him.


title: Killing Floor (novel)

text: En route, Reacher stages a distraction and kills Picard's escorts, before apparently shooting him dead. He then locates Hubble in a nearby motel, and brings him back to Margrave. Finding the criminals gone, they spring Finlay from captivity in the police station and set it on fire, before locating the hostages at Kliner's warehouse. Reacher kills a dirty cop named Baker, shoots Teale and Kliner, and sets fire to the rest of their money. A wounded Picard shows up and beats Reacher down, but Finlay distracts him long enough for Reacher to kill him. The group then escapes as the warehouse explodes, and Reacher ends up spending the night with Roscoe. Realizing that his actions will attract a lot of unwanted attention from the authorities, Reacher decides to leave Georgia. Roscoe gives him one last gift: a picture of his brother retrieved from one of Kliner's victims.


title: Killing Floor (novel)

text: The book was developed into the first season of TV series "Reacher", produced by Skydance Television, Paramount Television Studios, Blackjack Films and Amazon Studios for Amazon Prime Video. It premiered in February 2022.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: The Tesla Cybertruck is an upcoming battery electric light-duty truck announced by Tesla, Inc. in 2019. Three models have been announced, with EPA range estimates of and an estimated time of 2.9–6.5 seconds, depending on the model.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: The stated goal of Tesla in developing the Cybertruck is to provide a sustainable energy substitute for the roughly 6,500 fossil-fuel-powered trucks sold per day in the United States.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: The base price of the rear-wheel drive (RWD) model of the vehicle was announced to be US$39,900, with all-wheel drive (AWD) models starting at US$49,900. Production of the dual-motor AWD and tri-motor AWD Cybertruck was slated to begin in late 2021, with the RWD model release date in late 2022, but it was pushed back multiple times. , the start of production is estimated to be in mid 2023.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: In 2012 and 2013 Elon Musk discussed the desire to build a truck with load-compensating suspension, making comparisons with a Ford F-250. In early 2014 Musk predicted 4–5 years before work could start on the product.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: In mid-2016, Musk outlined the intent for a new kind of consumer pickup truck, and suggested using the same chassis for a van and a pickup truck. In late 2017, the size was estimated to be at least that of a Ford F-150, in order to be large enough to enable a "game-changing" feature. During the Tesla Semi and Tesla Roadster unveiling in November 2017, a picture of a "pickup truck that can carry a pickup truck" was displayed. Background ideas had been in preparation for nearly five years.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: In March 2019, following the Tesla Model Y launch, Elon Musk distributed a teaser image of a vehicle described as having a cyberpunk or "Blade Runner" style, with the form resembling a futuristic armored personnel carrier. It was rumored to be named the "Model B". On November 6, 2019, Tesla filed for a trademark on "Cybrtrk", which was granted under United States Patent and Trademark Office 88682748; it was abandoned on August 10, 2020.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: In mid-2019, the towing capacity of the vehicle was stated to meet or exceed that of a Ford F-150. In June 2019, Musk noted that an amphibious vehicle design concept—based partly on Wet Nellie, the submarine car from the film "The Spy Who Loved Me"—was possible. Musk had bought a Wet Nellie used in the filming at a 2013 Sotheby's auction.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: In response to queries for an unveiling date, Musk stated in late July 2019, "We're close, but the magic is in the final details. Maybe 2 to 3 months", indicating late 2019. The unveiling was then scheduled for 21 November 2019 at the Tesla Design Studio, next to SpaceX headquarters in Los Angeles—the same month, year and location that the movie "Blade Runner" was set in. The truck was launched under a graffiti-themed logo of "Cybertruck", and a new trademark request was filed with the graffiti logo at the same time.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: In April 2022 Elon Musk joined the new prototype of the Cybertruck onstage at the Cyber Rodeo Event in Texas, where he revealed a new detail, no door handles. Musk said that the truck can sense your approach and "just knows that it needs to open the doors." Additionally Tesla has reportedly decided to allow the rear glass of the truck to drop, which would optimize the Cybertruck’s capability to carry cargo.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: Cybertruck was unveiled at the Tesla Design Studio in Los Angeles on 21 November 2019. During the unveiling, Tesla claimed that the Cybertruck's "Armor Glass" windows were virtually unbreakable, but two windows shattered when Franz von Holzhausen threw a metal ball at each of them. Musk jokingly exclaimed that "the ball didn't make it through" and "we'll fix it in post". He later claimed that the windows were damaged because, in an earlier demonstration, the door was hit by a sledgehammer and that cracked the base of the glass.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: At the end of the presentation, the Tesla Cyberquad, an all-terrain vehicle (ATV), was driven onto the bed of the Cybertruck using built-in ramps in the tailgate. The Cyberquad was plugged into the Cybertruck's onboard power outlet to charge the Cyberquad's batteries. The ATV will be available for sale as an optional package with the Cybertruck.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: Many social media commentators disliked the sharp contours and unusual exterior. Tesla, Inc. stock declined 6% following the announcement.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: On 23 November 2019, Musk tweeted that Tesla had received 146,000 pre-orders in the first 1.5 days after the unveiling—each requiring a refundable deposit—with 42% choosing the dual-motor configuration, 41% choosing the tri-motor configuration, and 17% choosing the single-motor configuration. The number was reported to be 250,000 on 26 November.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: Tesla released a video of Cybertruck pulling a rear-wheel-drive Ford F-150 uphill in a tug of war. Various news outlets pointed out this was simply due to the Cybertruck's heavier weight.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: The proposed truck uses self-leveling suspension which compensates for variable load and some models feature all-wheel drive. The company states that other standard features will include on-board power inverters for supplying both 120 and 240-volt electricity, allowing use of power tools without a portable generator. An air compressor for powering pneumatic tools is included. The exterior stainless steel sheet-metal is said to be bullet-resistant. All vehicles are also planned to come with Tesla Autopilot, and they are planned to have the hardware capabilities for fully autonomous operation. As of 2019, Musk indicated that there would be a solar roof option which would add of range per day.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: Beginning in November 2019, Tesla has accepted Cybertruck pre-orders with a US$100 deposit, and offered a US$10,000 'full self-driving' option.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: Tesla stated in 2019 that they expected the EPA range of the Cybertruck to range from , depending on configuration selections.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: The interior of the prototype unveiled on 21 November 2019 included a 17-inch center display, seating for 6 using two bench seats with the front middle seat being a fold-down center arm rest, a digital rear-view camera based mirror, a race car style steering yoke, and a dashboard with a surface resembling marble. The rear middle seat folds down to allow loading long cargo extending into the cab from the vault (enclosed lockable bed). The "marble look" dashboard of the unveil prototype vehicle was a paper composite material made from "paper, wood-based fibers, natural wood pigments and non-petroleum based resins."


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: The bed of the truck is planned to be a standard-bed size, long, similar to a conventional pickup truck bed. It has sloped side walls, similar to a first-generation Honda Ridgeline, and a planned integral motorized roller shutter style tonneau cover to improve the aerodynamics of the vehicle. Because of the additional security this provides, Tesla terms this enclosed space "the vault". It includes LED light strips along each side, an additional under-floor storage space behind the rear wheels, 120 and 240 V AC outlets, and a compressed air outlet for pneumatic tools. While one article claims that there is a pass-through to the cabin for long cargo, the displayed prototype lacks any corresponding opening in the front of the bed. The cabin's climate control was expected to be available in the vault for uses such as camping.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: According to Musk, the design of the Cybertruck was inspired by "Blade Runner" and the Lotus Esprit driven by James Bond in "The Spy Who Loved Me", which doubled as a submarine.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: The Cybertruck uses stressed skin construction (termed an "exoskeleton" by Tesla) like most modern aircraft, rather than the body-on-frame construction which is typical of trucks, as a standard vehicle frame would conflict with the under-floor battery pack. It uses unusually thick 30x-series cold-rolled stainless steel body panels, which cannot be stamped like conventional automobile parts. The panels can only be bent along straight lines, resulting in a very distinctive faceted design which has been called "low-poly" or likened to origami. This material is the same material SpaceX (also owned by Musk) uses on their Starship Rocket, because it distributes stress more evenly and allows for more interior volume. Earlier design concepts for Cybertruck had included using titanium for the outer panels, but this was later switched to stainless steel for additional strength, using an alloy that was developed in-house by Tesla.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: The powertrain for the dual motor AWD version is similar to the 2019 and newer "Raven" Tesla Model S and Model X, all of which have an inductive rear motor and the Model 3's permanent-magnet motor in front. Other versions are single-motor rear-wheel drive, or tri-motor with one front and two rear motors.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: Similar to other Tesla models, the Cybertruck can be pre-ordered with Full Self-Driving software upgrade, adding an additional US$10,000 to the price of the configuration.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: All models will have of storage space, and a cargo area. As on off-road vehicle, up to of ground clearance is provided, with a 35 degree approach angle, and 28 degree departure angle.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: In October 2021, Tesla removed the Cybertruck's pricing and specifications from its website without explanation while still accepting deposits.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: At the 2022 Annual Shareholders meeting, Elon Musk stated that final specifications and pricing will be materially different from those unveiled on the concept vehicle in 2019.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: , Tesla Cybertruck production was scheduled to start in late 2021 and expand to offer more configurations in 2022. By 22 July 2020, Tesla had chosen Austin, Texas, (Gigafactory Texas) for the production of the Cybertruck, Model Y, and Semi. The factory will reportedly be open to the public and will include a boardwalk near the Colorado River (Texas), hiking trails, and biking trails.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: By March 2021 a Giga Press die casting machine capable of had been ordered for production of the Cybertruck rear chassis casting.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: On August 9, 2021, the production of the Cybertruck was delayed to 2022 according to Tesla's website. In January 2022, the production was further delayed into early 2023 and then again to end of 2023, two years after the initial production target date.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: In the United States, the total addressable market for full-sized pickup trucks is over two million vehicles per year. It has been argued that the Cybertruck will be able to take advantage of the Tesla Network of shared vehicles to generate an income stream, if the latter were to become available in the United States and worldwide.


title: Tesla Cybertruck

text: The Cybertruck's design has received criticism from automotive safety groups, including the Australasian New Car Assessment Program and the Euro NCAP, for not conforming to standards for pedestrian and cyclist safety. In its December 2019 form, the truck would likely not be street-legal in either Australia or the European Union. Particular concerns highlighted by these two bodies include the high stiffness of the "exoskeleton" exterior resulting in a lack of crumple zones, as well as the tall, flat front of the truck, which could increase the severity of leg injuries.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Mommie Dearest is a 1981 American biographical psychological drama film directed by Frank Perry. The film depicts Christina Crawford's adoptive mother, actress Joan Crawford, as an abusive and manipulative mother.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Starring Faye Dunaway, Mara Hobel, and Diana Scarwid, the film was adapted for the screen by Robert Getchell, Tracy Hotchner, Frank Perry, and Frank Yablans from Christina's 1978 autobiography of the same name. The executive producers were Christina's husband, David Koontz, and Terry O'Neill, Dunaway's then-boyfriend and soon-to-be husband. The film was distributed by Paramount Pictures, the only one of the Big Eight film studios for which Crawford had never appeared in a feature film.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: The film was a commercial failure, grossing just over $19 million in North America from a $10 million budget. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics, the film's perceived bizarre script and highly charged acting, particularly Dunaway's, have brought a cult following to the film as an "unintentional comedy". It is often considered to be one of the worst films ever made. It was nominated for nine Razzies at the 2nd Golden Raspberry Awards, and "won" five, including Worst Picture.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Joan Crawford is a driven actress and compulsively clean housekeeper who tries to control the lives of those around her as tightly as she controls herself. To prepare to work at MGM Studios, she rises at 4:00a.m., scrubbing her face and arms with soap and boiling water before plunging her face into a bowl of witch hazel and ice to close the pores. Helga, a new maid, thinks Joan's living room is spotless, but Joan finds a detail she overlooked and loses her temper.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Joan is in a relationship with Hollywood lawyer Gregg Savitt, but her career is on a downswing. Despite wanting a baby, she cannot get pregnant; seven pregnancies when she was married to actor Franchot Tone ended in miscarriages. When denied an application for adoption, she enlists Gregg's help to secure a baby. Joan adopts a girl, Christina, and then a boy, Christopher. Joan lavishes Christina with attention and luxuries such as an extravagant birthday party, but also enforces a code of denial and discipline. When Christina is showered with birthday gifts, Joan allows her to choose just one to keep and donates the rest to charity.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: When Christina rebels against her mother, confrontations ensue. Joan beats Christina in a swimming pool race and laughs at her; when Christina reacts angrily, Joan becomes enraged and locks the child in the pool house. Later, when Joan discovers Christina wearing her makeup and imitating her, she takes offense and cuts off chunks of Christina's hair to punish her.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Joan resents Gregg's allegiance to studio boss Louis B. Mayer. Arguing with Gregg, she downs glasses of vodka and throws a drink in his face. When Gregg breaks up with her, she cuts him out of photos. When Mayer forces Joan to leave MGM after theater owners brand her "box-office poison", she hacks down her prized rose garden with a pair of gardening shears and an ax.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Joan finds Christina's expensive dresses hanging from wire hangers, which she despises and prohibits. Enraged, Joan yanks dresses from Christina's closet, throwing them all over her room, and beats Christina with the metal hanger as she squeals. Declaring that the sparkling clean bathroom floor is dirty, Joan throws cleaning powder all over it before striking Christina across the back with the can and wailing for someone to clean it.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Joan sends Christina to Chadwick School. Years later, when a teenage Christina is caught kissing a boy, Joan brings her home. Barbara Bennett, a reporter from "Redbook", is there, writing a puff piece on Joan's home life. After Joan lies about Christina, saying she got expelled, Christina confronts her in front of the reporter. Joan slaps Christina twice in the face. The confrontation ends with Joan tackling Christina to the floor and choking her. Christina thrashes around helplessly until Joan's live-in assistant and the reporter pull her away.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Joan sends Christina to Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy, where she is allowed no contact with the outside world. Joan marries Alfred Steele, CEO of Pepsi Cola, moves to New York City, and pressures him to go into debt to fund their lavish lifestyle. After his death, the Pepsi board of directors tries to force her to resign, but Joan threatens to publicly badmouth the product if they do not let her retain her position.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: After graduating from Flintridge, Christina rents an apartment in Manhattan, and is acting in a soap opera. When Christina is hospitalized for an ovarian tumor, she is temporarily replaced on the show by her visibly drunk mother. Joan dies of cancer in 1977, and Christina and Christopher learn she has disinherited them both. Christopher says their mother has the last word, as usual; Christina says, "Does she?".


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: According to Dunaway, producer Frank Yablans promised her in the casting process that he wished to portray Joan Crawford in a more moderate way than she was portrayed in Christina Crawford's book. In securing the rights to the book, Christina's husband David Koontz was given an executive producer credit, though he had no experience producing films. Dunaway likewise demanded that her own husband, photographer Terry O'Neill, be given a producer credit so he could advocate for her on set. According to Yablans, the two husbands jostled over Dunaway's portrayal of Crawford: "I had two husbands to deal with, David driving me crazy that Faye was trying to sanitize Joan, and Terry worried we were pushing Faye too far and creating a monster."


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: In 2015, actress Rutanya Alda (Carol Ann) published a behind-the-scenes memoir, detailing the making of the film, "The Mommie Dearest Diary: Carol Ann Tells All". In it, she describes the difficulty of working with Dunaway, whose method approach to playing Joan seemed to absorb her and make her difficult to the cast and crew. In an interview with the "Bay Area Reporter", Alda stated, "People despised Faye...because she was rude to people. Everyone was on pins and needles when she worked, and relaxed when she didn't." Alda described the process of acting opposite Dunaway very unfavorably by claiming that she manipulated the director to deprive the other actors of screen time and required the members of the cast to turn their backs when not in the shot so she would have no audience. She also claimed that Dunaway was "out of control" while filming the scene where Joan attacks Christina (Diana Scarwid) in front of a reporter (Jocelyn Brando) and Carol Ann has to pull her off. Alda was hit hard in the chest and knocked over several times, while Brando, who was scripted to help Alda pull Dunaway off of Scarwid, refused to get near her for fear of being injured.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Roughly a month into release, Paramount realized the film was getting a reputation at the box office as an unintentional comedy and changed its advertising to reflect its new camp status, proclaiming, "Meet the biggest MOTHER of them all!"


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Paramount Pictures released the film on Blu-ray from a newly restored 4K film transfer for its 40th anniversary on June 1, 2021.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Roger Ebert opened his one-star review with, "I can't imagine who would want to subject themselves to this movie," calling it "unremittingly depressing, not to any purpose of drama or entertainment, but just to depress. It left me feeling creepy."


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: About Dunaway's performance, "Variety" said, "Dunaway does not chew scenery. Dunaway starts neatly at each corner of the set in every scene and swallows it whole, costars and all."


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called it "an extremely strange movie" yet "a peculiarly engaging film, one that can go from the ridiculous to the sublime and back again within a single scene, sometimes within a single speech."


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film two and a half stars out of four and wrote, "'Mommie Dearest' isn't a bad film, it's more of an incomplete story," because the script "doesn't care enough to attempt a thoughtful answer to the most obvious question of all—why? Why did Joan Crawford punish her adopted daughter with beatings and isolation? Why did Joan Crawford force her adopted son to wear, in effect, a harness to strap him in bed? I don't think you can show such extraordinary behavior in a film about a famous person and not offer some answers. It's simply not responsible filmmaking, both intellectually and dramatically."


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that Faye Dunaway "is a terrific Joan Crawford," but the film "plays like a limp parody of a bad Crawford movie. When Dunaway's Crawford, who's a seething volcano of emotions, finally erupts, the effect is laughable, rather than terrifying or pathetic, so pallid is the picture. 'Mommie Dearest' is at best campy, and at worst, merely plodding."


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Pauline Kael declared that Faye Dunaway gave "a startling, ferocious performance," adding, "Dunaway brings off these camp horror scenes—howling 'No wire hangers!' and weeping while inflecting 'Tina, bring me the axe' with the beyond-the-crypt chest tones of a basso profundo—but she also invests the part with so much power and suffering that these scenes transcend camp."


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" wrote, "one doesn't envy screen writers obliged to hack a playable, coherent continuity out of the complicated chronology and simple-minded psychoanalysis that clogs the book. It's a booby-trapped source, and there are intermittent signs of both skill and wariness in the filmmakers ... But once the ugly stuff begins, all that methodical preparation and desire to be fair becomes meaningless. The movie is committed to a prolonged, exhibitionistic wallow and can't escape the trashy consequences."


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Among retrospective reviews, "Slant Magazine" awarded the film four stars in the May 31, 2006 edition. Also, Dennis Price wrote, "Faye Dunaway portrays Joan Crawford in a likeness so chilling it's almost unnatural" in his assessment of the film for "DVD Review." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 47% based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critics consensus states: ""Mommie Dearest" certainly doesn't lack for conviction, and neither does Faye Dunaway's legendary performance as a wire-wielding monster; unfortunately, the movie is too campy and undisciplined to transcend guilty pleasure." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: "Mommie Dearest" was released by Paramount Home Video on VHS in the 1990s. In 2006, a "Hollywood Royalty" bilingual Special Collector's Edition was released on DVD through Warner Home Video. Subsequent Blu-ray releases of the film have existed since 2017, facilitated through Paramount Pictures, while Amazon Prime and Paramount Plus both control the film's streaming format.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: Christina Crawford, the writer of the memoir on which the film is based, had no involvement with the making of the film, and denounced the film as "grotesque" and a work of fiction, specifically stating that Joan never chopped down a tree with an ax, or beat her with a wire hanger as depicted in the film.


title: Mommie Dearest (film)

text: For decades, Dunaway was famously reluctant to discuss "Mommie Dearest" in interviews. In her 1997 autobiography, she only briefly mentions the film by stating that she wished that director Perry had had enough experience to see when actors needed to rein in their performances. In 2016, Dunaway expressed regret over taking the part and blamed it for causing a decline in her Hollywood career. She also claimed that the performance took a heavy emotional toll on her stating: "At night, I would go home to the house we had rented in Beverly Hills, and felt Crawford in the room with me, this tragic, haunted soul just hanging around...It was as if she couldn't rest."


title: Jack Reynor

text: Jack Reynor (born 23 January 1992) is an Irish-American actor. His notable roles include the films "What Richard Did", "", "Glassland", "Macbeth", "Sing Street", and "Midsommar", as well as the series "Strange Angel" and "The Peripheral".


title: Jack Reynor

text: Reynor was born on 23 January 1992 in Longmont, Colorado, the son of an Irish mother and American father. He has a younger brother and sister. He initially lived in Boulder with his mother, human rights activist Tara, but moved with her to the Irish village of Valleymount when he was two years old. He attended primary school in Valleymount and spent his formative years there with his mother and maternal grandparents. His interest in acting began when he played an altar boy on the set of "Country", directed by Kevin Liddy, in 1999. He moved to Dublin in 2004 to attend Belvedere College, a private Jesuit school, where he performed onstage in numerous theatrical productions.


title: Jack Reynor

text: In early 2010, Reynor was cast as Robbie, "the boy next door", in the live format, unscripted "Dollhouse", directed by Kirsten Sheridan, which premiered at Berlinale 2012. He depicted Richard Karlsen in Lenny Abrahamson's feature "What Richard Did", which screened at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival. The film portrays the fall of a high school rugby star and golden boy whose world unravels after his involvement in an act of careless violence. Reynor earned the Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) award for best actor in 2013 for his performance.


title: Jack Reynor

text: In January 2013, Reynor was cast as Shane, an Irish race car driver, in "". The film was released in June 2014 and co-starred Mark Wahlberg and Nicola Peltz. It shattered worldwide box office records, making just over $1.1 billion and becoming the highest-grossing movie in Chinese history.


title: Jack Reynor

text: Days after wrapping the T4 global press tour, Reynor travelled to London to shoot Andy Serkis' Netflix film, "Mowgli", alongside Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, and Benedict Cumberbatch. The feature uses cutting-edge facial recognition technology that has been specifically invented for the project. Also that year, Reynor starred in upcoming writer/director Gerard Barrett's film "Glassland" with Toni Collette and Will Poulter, in which he plays a young taxi driver who struggles to instill a sense of structure in his life while his mother suffers from severe alcoholism. The film was released early 2015 and earned Reynor the World Cinema Dramatic Special Jury Award for Acting at the Sundance Film Festival. After "Glassland", Reynor shot Julian Jarrold's romantic comedy, "A Royal Night Out". His role opposite Sarah Gadon was the character RAF airman Jack, the young Princess Elizabeth's fictional romantic interest during the VE Day celebrations in 1945.


title: Jack Reynor

text: Reynor starred as Malcolm Canmore, the rightful heir to the throne, in the 2015 film adaptation of "Macbeth", which earned an unprecedented 10-minute standing ovation at the Cannes Film Festival and premiered in Edinburgh in September 2015. Following on from the film, he next completed shooting John Carney's project playing Brendan in "Sing Street", set in 1980s Dublin. It premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Jack Reynor

text: He appeared in the 2017 mini-series "Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams" and the 2018 drama film "On the Basis of Sex", and then starred in the 2019 horror film "Midsommar". He appeared in the Amazon Prime Video series "The Peripheral".


title: Jack Reynor

text: Reynor met Irish model and actress Madeline Mulqueen in 2013, and they became engaged in March 2014. They reportedly split their time between homes in Los Angeles, Detroit, and Ireland.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Ilham Heydar oghlu Aliyev (, ; born 24 December 1961) is the fourth president of Azerbaijan, serving in the post since 31 October 2003.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: The son and second child of the former Azerbaijani leader Heydar Aliyev, Ilham Aliyev became president of Azerbaijan in 2003 following his father's death, in an election defined by election fraud. Azerbaijan being oil-rich has strengthened the stability of Aliyev's regime and enriched ruling elites in Azerbaijan, making it possible for the country to host lavish international events, as well as engage in extensive lobbying efforts.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Aliyev's family have enriched themselves through their ties to state-run businesses. They own significant parts of several major Azerbaijani banks, construction firms and telecommunications firms, and partially owns the country's oil and gas industries. Much of the wealth is hidden through an elaborate network of offshore companies. He was named Corruption's 'Person Of The Year' by Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project in 2012. In 2017, it was revealed that Aliyev and his family were involved in Azerbaijani laundromat, a complex money-laundering scheme to pay off prominent European politicians to deflect criticism of Aliyev and promote a positive image of his regime.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Many observers see Aliyev as a dictator. He rules an authoritarian regime in Azerbaijan; elections are not free and fair, political power is concentrated in the hands of Aliyev and his extended family, corruption is rampant, and human rights violations are severe (including torture, arbitrary arrests, as well as harassment of journalists and non-governmental organizations). The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict continued during Aliyev's presidency and culminated into a full-scale war in 2020 in which Azerbaijan regained control over the Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh that were lost during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, as well as a part of Nagorno-Karabakh region itself.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Ilham Aliyev is the son of Heydar Aliyev, president of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2003. His mother Zarifa Aliyeva was an Azerbaijani ophthalmologist. He also has an older sister, Sevil Aliyeva. In 1977, Ilham Aliyev entered the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-MSIIR) and in 1982, continued his education as a postgraduate. In 1985 he received a PhD degree in history. From 1985 to 1990 Aliyev lectured at MSIIR. From 1991 to 1994, he led a group of private industrial-commercial enterprises. In 1994–2003, he was vice-president, and later the first vice-president of SOCAR, the state-owned Azerbaijani oil and gas company. Since 1997, Aliyev is the president of the National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: In 1999, Ilham Aliyev was elected as the deputy chair of the ruling party New Azerbaijan Party and in 2001, he was elected to the post of first deputy chair at the Second Congress of the Party. At the third Congress of the New Azerbaijan Party held on March 26, 2005, President Aliyev and the first deputy of the Party was unanimously elected to the post of chairman of the Party. The fourth and fifth congresses of the party held in 2008 and 2013 unanimously supported his nomination for the next presidential term.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: In 1995, Aliyev was elected to the Parliament of Republic of Azerbaijan; later he became president of the National Olympic Committee (still incumbent).


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: From 2001 to 2003, Aliyev was head of the Azerbaijani delegation to Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE).


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: In August 2003, while his father Heydar Aliyev was still formally president of Azerbaijan but was ill and absent from public events, Ilham Aliyev was appointed as Prime Minister.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: The official results of the October 15, 2003, elections gave victory to Ilham Aliyev, who earned 76.84% of the votes. The election was defined by election fraud. Human Rights Watch and the Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe documented arrests of opposition candidates, police violence against journalists and participants in election rallies, and "widespread fraud and abuse" in the conduct of the election itself.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Ilham Aliyev was re-elected in 2008 with 87% of the polls. A total of seven candidates filed to run in the election who had to collect 40,000 voter signatures. According to the report of the Election Observation Delegation from the European Parliament the elections took place with no reported unrest and few minor electoral violations. The report also highlights numerous reforms to the Electoral Code in accordance with OSCE and Council of Europe requirements and standards, which include inking of voters, more transparency of voter lists, and the prohibition of government interference in the election process.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: During the 2008 presidential elections, PACE observers included a large group of frankly pro-Azerbaijani MPs. The variant of the statement on elections, prepared by the head of the group of observers Andreas Herkel, containing critical remarks, faced the rejection of the pro-Azerbaijani group consisting of Michael Hancock, Eduard Lintner and Paul Ville. Herkel was forced to declare his resignation if criticism did not go into the statement. During the referendum, which lifted the limits on the number of presidential terms for Ilham Aliyev, four PACE deputies – Eduard Litner, Paul Ville, Khaki Keskin and Pedro Agramunt evaluated the referendum as the progress of democracy. In a constitutional referendum in 2009, term limits for the presidency were abolished. The opposition claimed this to be a violation of the Azerbaijani constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights. European Commission said the step "signalled a serious setback".


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: In the 2013 presidential elections held on 9 October, Aliyev claimed victory with 85 percent of the vote, securing a third five-year term. The election results were accidentally released before the polls opened.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Election observation delegations from the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament claimed to have observed a free, fair and transparent electoral process with no evidence of voter intimidation. A day before voting began, however, the Central Election Commission released a new smartphone application intended to allow citizens to watch the ballot counting in real time, and instead the app accidentally showed the results of the election before the election had taken place. The Central Election Commission tried to explain this away by saying that the initially displayed results were those of the 2008 election, even though the candidates listed, including Jamil Hasanli in second place, were from the 2013 ballot. Aliyev's main rivals in the election were Jamil Hasanli and Igbal Agazade. In 2013, Amnesty International called on western leaders to present position on jailed activist which was officially charged with tax evasion and illegal business activity.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Observers from the OSCE / ODIHR spoke of restrictions on freedom of speech during elections. The US State Department described the elections as not meeting international standards, and expressing solidarity with the ODIHR's assessment.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: There was a controversy over election observers who had allegedly been paid by the Azerbaijani regime through the Azerbaijani laundromat scandal. A German former lawmaker Eduard Lintner led a mission that claimed that the elections were up to "German standards"; however, Lintner's group had been paid 819,500 euros through the laundromat moneylaundering scheme. According to the OCCRP, there is "ample evidence of its connection to the family of President Aliyev."


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Ilham Aliyev got 86.02% of votes in the 2018 presidential election. Major opposition parties did not participate in the election, and evidence indicates that the election was fraudulent.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Azerbaijani foreign relations under Aliyev included strengthened cooperation with the European Union (EU), strong economic ties with Russia, cooperation with NATO via the NATO–Azerbaijan Individual Partnership Action Plan, and close relations with the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). using Azerbaijan's oil wealth, the Azerbaijani regime engages in extensive lobbying efforts, using complex money-laundering and bribery schemes discovered during the Azerbaijani laundromat scandal, such as Caviar diplomacy, to pay off prominent European politicians to deflect and whitewash criticism of Aliyev and promote a positive image of his regime and gain support for Azerbaijani projects.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: During Aliyev's presidency, in 2019, Azerbaijan was elected chair of the Turkic Council, as well as Non-Aligned Movement for a three-year mandate.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Ilham Aliyev attended and addressed the general debates of the 59th, 65th and 72 sessions (2004, 2010, 2017) of the UN General Assembly.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Ilham Aliyev expanded cooperation with the European Union (EU) during his presidency, using caviar diplomacy as a controversial technique of persuading European officials to support Azerbaijani projects. in 2004, Azerbaijan became part of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the EU. In 2006, Aliyev and Matti Vanhanen, president of the European Council, and José Manuel Barroso, president of the commission, signed the Memorandum of Understanding on a Strategic Partnership.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: In 2009, Azerbaijan was included in the Eastern Partnership Policy. In 2011, Aliyev and José Manuel Barroso concluded the Joint Declaration on the Southern Gas Corridor.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: On 6 February 2017, Aliyev visited Brussels, the capital of the EU, where he paid visits to High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, with the President of the European Council, Commission President, and the Commissioner for Energy Union. which resulted in signing the "Partnership Priorities" between EU and Azerbaijan on July 11, 2018.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: During 12–15 March 2017, Aliyev made an official visit to France and met with executive officials of international companies SUEZ, DCNS, CIFAL, Space Systems in the Airbus Defence and Space Division. during a meeting with French entrepreneurs, he stated that the activities of some companies in the Republic of Artsakh is "unacceptable and violates international and national laws". Following his visit, Aliyev met with the French President in the Elysee Palace. French President Francois Hollande made a press statement in which he stated that "the status quo in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is not the right option and he hopes that there can be a resumption of negotiations." During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, in which France supported Azerbaijan's adversary Armenia, Aliyev demanded that French president Emmanuel Macron apologize for accusing Azerbaijan of using Syrian mercenaries.