title: Nile crocodile

text: Living in the rich biosphere of Africa south of the Sahara, the Nile crocodile may come into contact with other large predators. Its place in the ecosystems it inhabits is unique, as it is the only large tetrapod carnivore that spends the majority of its life in water and hunting prey associated with aquatic zones. Large mammalian predators in Africa are often social animals and obligated to feed almost exclusively on land. The Nile crocodile is a strong example of an apex predator. Outside water, crocodiles can meet competition from other dominant savannah predators, notably big cats, which in Africa are represented by lions, cheetahs, and leopards. In general, big cats and crocodiles have a relationship of mutual avoidance. Occasionally, if regular food becomes scarce, both lions and the crocodile will steal kills on land from each other and, depending on size, will be dominant over one another. Both species may be attracted to carrion, and may occasionally fight over both kills or carrion. Most conflicts over food occur near the water and can literally lead to a tug-of-war over a carcass that can end either way, although seldom is there any serious fighting or bloodshed between the large carnivores. Intimidation displays may also resolve these conflicts. However, when size differences are prominent, the predators may prey on each other.


title: Nile crocodile

text: On average, sexual maturity is obtained from 12 to 16 years of age. For males, the onset of sexual maturity occurs when they are about long and mass of , being fairly consistent. On the other hand, that for females is rather more variable, and may be indicative of the health of a regional population based on size at sexual maturity. On average, according to Cott (1961), female sexual maturity occurs when they reach in length. Similarly, a wide range of studies from southern Africa found that the average length for females at the onset of sexual maturity was . However, stunted sexual maturity appears to occur in populations at opposite extremes, both where crocodiles are thought to be overpopulated and where they are overly reduced to heavy hunting, sometimes with females laying eggs when they measure as small as although it is questionable whether such clutches would bear healthy hatchlings.


title: Nile crocodile

text: According to Bourquin (2008), the average breeding female in southern Africa is between . Earlier studies support that breeding is often inconsistent in females less than and clutch size is smaller, a female at reportedly never lays more than 35 eggs, while a female measuring can expect a clutch of up to 95 eggs. In "stunted" newly mature females from Lake Turkana measuring , the average clutch size was only 15. Graham and Beard (1968) hypothesized that, while females do continue to grow as do males throughout life, that past a certain age and size that females much over in length in Lake Turkana no longer breed (supported by the physiology of the females examined here); however, subsequent studies in Botswana and South Africa have found evidence of nesting females at least in length. In the Olifants River in South Africa, rainfall influenced the size of nesting females as only larger females (greater than ) nested during the driest years. Breeding females along the Olifants were overall larger than those in Zimbabwe. Most females nest only every two to three years while mature males may breed every year.


title: Nile crocodile

text: During the mating season, males attract females by bellowing, slapping their snouts in the water, blowing water out of their noses, and making a variety of other noises. Among the larger males of a population, territorial clashes can lead to physical fighting between males especially if they are near the same size. Such clashes can be brutal affairs and can end in mortality but typically end with victor and loser still alive, the latter withdrawing into deep waters. Once a female has been attracted, the pair warble and rub the undersides of their jaws together. Compared to the tender behaviour of the female accepting the male, copulation is rather rough (even described as "rape"-like by Graham & Beard (1968)) in which the male often roars and pins the female underwater. Cott noted little detectable discrepancy in the mating habits of Nile crocodiles and American alligators. In some regions, males have reportedly mated with several females, perhaps any female that enters his claimed territory, though in most regions annual monogamy appears to be most common in this species.


title: Nile crocodile

text: Females lay their eggs about one to two months after mating. The nesting season can fall in nearly every month of the year. In the northern extremes of the distribution (i.e. Somalia or Egypt), the nesting season is December through February while in the southern limits (i.e. South Africa or Tanzania) is in August through December. In crocodiles between these distributions egg-laying is in intermediate months, often focused between April and July. The dates correspond to about a month or two into the dry season within that given region. The benefits of this are presumably that nest flooding risk is considerably reduced at this time and the stage at which hatchlings begin their lives out of the egg falls roughly at the beginning of the rainy season, when water levels are still relatively low but insect prey is in recovery. Preferred nesting locations are sandy shores, dry stream beds, or riverbanks. The female digs a hole a few metres from the bank and up to 0.5 m (20 in) deep, and lays on average between 25 and 80 eggs. The number of eggs varies and depends partially on the size of the female. The most significant prerequisites to a nesting site are soil with the depth to permit the female to dig out the nest mound, shading to which mother can retire during the heat of the day and access to water. She finds a spot soft enough to allow her to dig a sideways slanted burrow. The mother Nile crocodile deposits the eggs in the terminal chamber and packs the sand or earth back over the nest pit. While, like all crocodilians, the Nile crocodile digs out a hole for a nest site, unlike most other modern crocodilians, female Nile crocodiles bury their eggs in sand or soil rather than incubate them in rotting vegetation. The female may urinate sporadically on the soil to keep it moist, which prevents soil from hardening excessively. After burying the eggs, the female then guards them for the three-month incubation period. Nests have been recorded seldom in concealed positions such as under a bush or in grasses, but normally in open spots on the bank. It is thought the Nile crocodile cannot nest under heavy forest cover as can two of the three other African crocodiles because they do not use rotting leaves (a very effective method of producing heat for the eggs) and thus require sunlight on sand or soil the surface of the egg chamber to provide the appropriate warmth for embryo development. In South Africa, the invasive plant "Chromolaena odorata" has recently exploded along banks traditionally used by crocodiles as nesting sites and caused nest failures by blocking sunlight over the nest chamber.


title: Nile crocodile

text: When Nile crocodiles have been entirely free from disturbance in the past, they may nest gregariously with the nest lying so close together that after hatching time the rims of craters are almost contiguous. These communal nesting sites are not known to exist today, perhaps being most recently recorded at Ntoroko peninsula, Uganda where two such sites remaining until 1952. In one area, 17 craters were found in an area of , in another 24 in an area of . Communal nesting areas also reported from Lake Victoria (up until the 1930s) and also in the 20th century at Rahad River, Lake Turkana and Malawi. The behaviour of the female Nile crocodile is considered unpredictable and may be driven by the regional extent of prior human disturbance and human persecution rather than natural variability. In some areas, the mother crocodiles will only leave the nest if she needs to cool off (thermoregulation) by taking a quick dip or seeking out a patch of shade. Females will not leave nest site even if rocks are thrown at her back and several authors note her trance-like state while standing near nest, similar to that of crocodiles in aestivation but not like any other stage in their life-cycle. In such a trance, some mother Nile crocodiles may show no discernable reaction even if pelted with stones. At other times, the female will fiercely attack anything approaching their eggs, sometimes joined by another crocodile which may be the sire of the young. In other areas, the nesting female may disappear upon potential disturbance which may allow the presence of both the female and her buried nest to escape unwanted detection by predators. Despite the attentive care of both parents, the nests are often raided by humans and monitor lizards or other animals while she is temporarily absent.


title: Nile crocodile

text: At a reported incubation period of about 90 days, the stage is notably shorter than that of the American alligator (110–120 days) but slightly longer than that of the mugger crocodile. Nile crocodiles have temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), which means the sex of their hatchlings is determined not by genetics as is the case in mammals and birds, but by the average temperature during the middle third of their incubation period. If the temperature inside the nest is below 31.7 °C (89.1 °F), or above 34.5 °C (94.1 °F), the offspring will be female. Males can only be born if the temperature is within that narrow range. The hatchlings start to make a high-pitched chirping noise before hatching, which is the signal for the mother to rip open the nest. It is thought to be either difficult or impossible for hatchlings to escape the nest burrow without assistance, as the surface may become very heavy and packed above them. The mother crocodile may pick up the eggs in her mouth, and roll them between their tongue and the upper palate to help crack the shell and release her offspring. Once the eggs hatch, the female may lead the hatchlings to water, or even carry them there in her mouth, as female American alligators have been observed doing.


title: Nile crocodile

text: Hatchling Nile crocodiles are between long at first and weigh around . The hatchlings grow approximately that length each year for the first several years. The new mother will protect her offspring for up to two years, and if there are multiple nests in the same area, the mothers may form a crèche. During this time, the mothers may pick up their offspring either in their mouths or gular fold (throat pouch) to keep the babies safe. The mother will sometimes carry her young on her back to avoid natural predators of the small crocodiles, which can be surprisingly bold even with the mother around. Nile crocodiles of under two years are much more rarely observed than larger specimens, and more seldom seen than the same age young in several other types of crocodilian. Young crocodiles are shy and evasive due to the formidable array of predators that they must face in sub-Saharan Africa, spending little time sunning and moving about nocturnally whenever possible. Crocodiles two years old and younger may spend a surprising amount of time on land, as evidenced by the range of terrestrial insects found in their stomachs, and their lifestyle may resemble that of a semi-aquatic mid-sized lizard more so than the very aquatic lives of older crocodiles. At the end of the two years, the hatchlings will be about long, and will naturally depart the nest area, avoiding the territories of older and larger crocodiles. After this stage, crocodiles may loosely associate with similarly sized crocodiles and many enter feeding congregations of crocodiles once they attain , at which size predators and cannibal crocodiles become much less of a concern. Crocodile longevity is not well established, but larger species like the Nile crocodile live longer, and may have a potential average life span of 70 to 100 years, though no crocodilian species commonly exceeds a lifespan of 50 to 60 years in captivity.


title: Nile crocodile

text: An estimated 10% of eggs will survive to hatch and a mere 1% of young that hatch will successfully reach adulthood. The full range of causes for mortality of young Nile crocodiles is not well understood, as very young and small Nile crocodiles or well-concealed nests are only sporadically observed. Unseasonable flooding (during nesting which corresponds with the regional dry season) is not uncommon and has probably destroyed several nests, although statistical likelihood of such an event is not known. The only aspect of mortality in this age range that is well studied is predation and this is most likely the primary cause of death while the saurians are still diminutive. The single most virulent predator of nests is almost certainly the Nile monitor. This predator can destroy about 50% of studied Nile crocodile eggs on its own, often being successful (as are other nest predators) in light of the trance-like state that the mother crocodile enters while brooding or taking advantage of moments where she is distracted or needs to leave the nest. In comparison, perenties ("Varanus giganteus") (the Australian ecological equivalent of the Nile monitor) succeeds in depredating about 90% of freshwater crocodile ("Crocodylus johnsoni") eggs and about 25% of saltwater crocodile nests. Mammalian predators can take nearly as heavy of a toll, especially large mongooses such the Egyptian mongoose ("Herpestes ichneumon") in the north and the water mongoose in the south of crocodile's range. Opportunistic mammals who attack Nile crocodile nests have included wild pigs, medium-sized wild cats and baboon troops. Like Nile monitors, mammalian predators probably locate crocodile nests by scent as the padded-down mound is easy to miss visually. Marabou storks sometimes follow monitors to pirate crocodile eggs for themselves to consume, although can also dig out nests on their own with their massive, awl-like bills if they can visually discern the nest mound.


title: Nile crocodile

text: Predators of Nile crocodiles eggs have ranged from insects such as the red flour beetle ("Tribolium castaneum") to predators as large and formidable as spotted hyenas ("Crocuta crocuta"). Unsurprisingly, once exposed to the elements as hatchlings, the young, small Nile crocodiles are even more vulnerable. Most of the predators of eggs also opportunistically eat young crocodiles, including monitors and marabous, plus almost all co-existing raptorial birds, including vultures, eagles, and large owls and buzzards. Many "large waders" are virulent predators of crocodile hatchlings, from dainty little egrets ("Egretta garzetta") and compact hamerkops ("Scopus umbretta") to towering saddle-billed storks ("Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis"), goliath herons and shoebills ("Balaeniceps rex"). Larger corvids and some non-wading water birds (i.e. pelicans) can also take some young Nile crocodiles. Mammalian carnivores take many hatchlings as well as large turtles and snakes, large predatory freshwater fish, such as the African tigerfish, the introduced largemouth bass, and possibly bull sharks, when they enter river systems. When crocodile nests are dug out and the young placed in water by the mother, in areas such as Royal Natal National Park predators can essentially enter a feeding frenzy. It may take a few years before predation is no longer a major cause of mortality for young crocodiles. African fish eagles can take crocodile hatchlings up to a few months of age and honey badgers can prey on yearlings. Once they reach their juvenile stage, large African rock pythons and big cats remain as the only predatory threat to young crocodiles. Perhaps no predator is more deadly to young Nile crocodiles than larger crocodiles of their own species, as, like most crocodilians, they are cannibalistic. This species may be particularly dangerous to their own kind considering their aggressive dispositions. While the mother crocodile will react aggressively toward potential predators and has been recorded chasing and occasionally catching and killing such interlopers into her range, due to the sheer number of animals who feed on baby crocodiles and the large number of hatchlings, she is more often unsuccessful at deflecting such predators.


title: Nile crocodile

text: Conservation organizations have determined that the main threats to Nile crocodiles, in turn, are loss of habitat, pollution, hunting, and human activities such as accidental entanglement in fishing nets. Though the Nile crocodile has been hunted since ancient times, the advent of the readily available firearm made it much easier to kill these potentially dangerous reptiles. The species began to be hunted on a much larger scale from the 1940s to the 1960s, primarily for high-quality leather, although also for meat with its purported curative properties. The population was severely depleted, and the species faced extinction. National laws, and international trade regulations have resulted in a resurgence in many areas, and the species as a whole is no longer wholly threatened with extinction. The status of Nile crocodiles was variable based on the regional prosperity and extent of conserved wetlands by the 1970s. However, as is the case for many large animal species whether they are protected or not, persecution and poaching have continued apace and between the 1950s and 1980s, an estimated 3 million Nile crocodiles were slaughtered by humans for the leather trade. In Lake Sibaya, South Africa, it was determined that in the 21st century, persecution continues as the direct cause for the inability of Nile crocodiles to recover after the leather trade last century. Recovery for the species appears quite gradual and few areas have recovered to bear crocodile populations, i.e. largely insufficient to produce sustainable populations of young crocodiles, on par with times prior to the peak of leather trading. Crocodile 'protection programs' are artificial environments where crocodiles exist safely and without the threat of extermination from hunters.


title: Nile crocodile

text: An estimated 250,000 to 500,000 individuals occur in the wild today. The IUCN Red List assesses the Nile crocodile as "Least Concern (LR/lc)". The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) lists the Nile crocodile under Appendix I (threatened with extinction) in most of its range; and under Appendix II (not threatened, but trade must be controlled) in the remainder, which either allows ranching or sets an annual quota of skins taken from the wild. The Nile crocodile is widely distributed, with strong, documented populations in many countries in eastern and southern Africa, including Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This species is farmed for its meat and leather in some parts of Africa. Successful sustainable-yield programs focused on ranching crocodiles for their skins have been successfully implemented in this area, and even countries with quotas are moving toward ranching. In 1993, 80,000 Nile crocodile skins were produced, the majority from ranches in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Crocodile farming is one of the few burgeoning industries in Zimbabwe. Unlike American alligator flesh, Nile crocodile meat is generally considered unappetizing although edible as tribes such as the Turkana may opportunistically feed on them. According to Graham and Beard (1968), Nile crocodile meat has an "indescribable" and unpleasant taste, greasy texture and a "repellent" smell.


title: Nile crocodile

text: The conservation situation is more grim in Central and West Africa presumably for both the Nile and West African crocodiles. The crocodile population in this area is much more sparse, and has not been adequately surveyed. While the natural population in these areas may be lower due to a less-than-ideal environment and competition with sympatric slender-snouted and dwarf crocodiles, extirpation may be a serious threat in some of these areas. At some point in the 20th century, the Nile crocodile appeared to have been extirpated as a breeding species from Egypt, but has locally re-established in some areas such as the Aswan Dam. Additional factors are a loss of wetland habitats, which is addition to direct dredging, damming and irrigation by humans, has retracted in the east, south and north of the crocodile's range, possibly in correlation with global warming. Retraction of wetlands due both to direct habitat destruction by humans and environmental factor possibly related to global warming is perhaps linked to the extinction of Nile crocodiles in the last few centuries in Syria, Israel and Tunisia. In Lake St. Lucia, highly saline water has been pumped into the already brackish waters due to irrigation practices. Some deaths of crocodiles appeared to have been caused by this dangerous salinity, and this one-time stronghold for breeding crocodiles has experienced a major population decline. In yet another historic crocodile stronghold, the Olifants River, which flows through Kruger National Park, numerous crocodile deaths have been reported. These are officially due to unknown causes but analysis has indicated that environmental pollutants caused by humans, particularly the burgeoning coal industry, are the primary cause. Much of the contamination of crocodiles occurs when they consume fish themselves killed by pollutants. Additional ecological surveys and establishing management programs are necessary to resolve these questions.


title: Nile crocodile

text: The Nile crocodile is the top predator in its environment, and is responsible for checking the population of mesopredator species, such as the barbel catfish and lungfish, that could overeat fish populations on which other species, including birds, rely. One of the fish predators seriously affected by the unchecked mesopredator fish populations (due again to crocodile declines) is humans, particularly with respect to tilapia, an important commercial fish that has declined due to excessive predation. The Nile crocodile also consumes dead animals that would otherwise pollute the waters.


title: Nile crocodile

text: Much of the hunting of and general animosity toward Nile crocodiles stems from their reputation as a man-eater, which is not entirely unjustified. Despite most attacks going unreported, the Nile crocodile along with the saltwater crocodile is estimated to kill hundreds (possibly thousands) of people each year, which is more than all other crocodilian species combined. While these species are much more aggressive toward people than other living crocodilians (as is statistically supported by estimated numbers of crocodile attacks), Nile crocodiles are not particularly more likely to behave aggressively to humans or regard humans as potential prey than saltwater crocodiles. However, unlike other "man-eating" crocodile species, including the saltwater crocodile, the Nile crocodile lives in close proximity to human populations through most of its range, so contact is more frequent. This combined with the species' large size creates a higher risk of attack. Crocodiles as small as are capable of overpowering and successfully preying on small apes and hominids, presumably including children and smaller adult humans, but a majority of fatal attacks on humans are by crocodiles reportedly exceeding in length.


title: Nile crocodile

text: In studies preceding the slaughter of crocodiles for the leather trade, when there were believed to be many more Nile crocodiles, a roughly estimated 1,000 human fatalities per annum by Nile crocodiles were posited, with a roughly equal number of aborted attacks. A more contemporary study claimed the number of attacks by Nile crocodiles per year as 275 to 745, of which 63% are fatal, as opposed to an estimated 30 attacks per year by saltwater crocodiles, of which 50% are fatal. With the Nile crocodile and the saltwater crocodile, the mean size of crocodiles involved in non-fatal attacks was about as opposed to a reported range of or larger for crocodiles responsible for fatal attacks. The average estimated size of Nile crocodiles involved in fatal attacks is . Since a majority of fatal attacks are believed to be predatory in nature, the Nile crocodile can be considered the most prolific predator of humans among wild animals. In comparison, lions, in the years from 1990 to 2006, were responsible for an estimated one-eighth as many fatal attacks on humans in Africa as were Nile crocodiles. Although Nile crocodiles are more than a dozen times more numerous than lions in the wild, probably fewer than a quarter of living Nile crocodiles are old and large enough to pose a danger to humans. Other wild animals responsible for more annual human mortalities either attack humans in self-defense, as do venomous snakes, or are deadly only as vectors of disease or infection, such as snails, rats and mosquitos.


title: Nile crocodile

text: Regional reportage from numerous areas with large crocodile populations nearby indicate, per district or large village, that crocodiles often annually claim about a dozen or more lives per year. Miscellaneous examples of areas in the last few decades with a dozen or more fatal crocodile attacks annually include Korogwe District, Tanzania, Niassa Reserve, Mozambique and the area around Lower Zambezi National Park, Zambia. Despite historic claims that the victims of Nile crocodile attacks are usually women and children, there is no detectable trends in this regard and any human, regardless of age, gender, or size is potentially vulnerable. Incautious human behavior is the primary drive behind crocodile attacks. Most fatal attacks occur when a person is standing a few feet away from water on a non-steep bank, is wading in shallow waters, is swimming or has limbs dangling over a boat or pier. Many victims are caught while crouching, and people in jobs that might require heavy usage of water, including laundry workers, fisherman, game wardens and regional guides, are more likely to be attacked. Many fisherman and other workers who are not poverty-stricken will go out of their way to avoid waterways known to harbor large crocodile populations.


title: Nile crocodile

text: Most biologists who have engaged in months or even years of field work with Nile crocodiles, including Cott (1961), Graham and Beard (1968) and Guggisberg (1972), have found that with sufficient precautions, their own lives and the lives of their local guides were rarely, if ever, at risk in areas with many crocodiles. However, Guggisberg accumulated several earlier writings that noted the lack of fear of crocodiles among Africans, driven in part perhaps by poverty and superstition, that caused many observed cases of an "appalling" lack of caution within view of large crocodiles, as opposed to the presence of bold lions, which engendered an appropriate panic. Per Guggisberg, this disregard (essentially regarding the crocodile as a lowly creature and thus non-threatening to humans) may account for the higher frequency of deadly attacks by crocodiles than by large mammalian carnivores. Most locals are well aware of how to behave in crocodile-occupied areas, and some of the writings quoted by Guggisberg from the 19th and 20th century may need to be taken with a "grain of salt".


title: Odessa A'zion

text: Odessa Zion Segall Adlon (born June 17, 2000), also known as Odessa A'zion, is an American actress. She is known for her television roles in the CBS series "Fam" and the Netflix series "Grand Army".


title: Odessa A'zion

text: A'zion is from Los Angeles and also spent parts of her childhood in Boston and Neufahrn, Germany. She is the daughter of actress Pamela Adlon and German director Felix O. Adlon, and the middle child between Gideon Adlon and Valentine "Rocky" Adlon. Her paternal grandfather is German filmmaker Percy Adlon and her maternal grandfather was American writer-producer Don Segall, who was born to a Jewish family; her English maternal grandmother, originally an Anglican, converted to Judaism.


title: Odessa A'zion

text: She was initially credited as Odessa Adlon. A'zion landed her first notable role in 2017 as Liv in season 5 of "Nashville". Her film roles include the 2018 film "Ladyworld" and the 2020 horror film "Let's Scare Julie". She appeared in 2 episodes of "Wayne".


title: Odessa A'zion

text: A'zion landed her first main role as Shannon, the younger sister of Nina Dobrev's character, in the 2019 CBS sitcom "Fam". In October 2019, it was announced A'zion would star as Joey Del Marco, the lead character from "", in the 2020 Netflix series "Grand Army". She and Odley Jean received critical acclaim for their performances.


title: Odessa A'zion

text: A'zion played Lana in the independent comedy film "Mark, Mary & Some Other People" (2021). She has roles in several upcoming horror and thriller films such as "Hell House", "The Inhabitant", "Hellraiser", "For the Night", as well as the drama "Good Girl Jane".


title: Odessa A'zion

text: In December 2021, A'zion was cast in "Fresh Kills" written and directed by Jennifer Esposito, who will also star.


title: Simple Plan

text: Simple Plan is a Canadian rock band from Montreal, Quebec, formed in 1999. The band's lineup consists of Pierre Bouvier (lead vocals, studio bass guitar), Chuck Comeau (drums), Jeff Stinco (lead guitar), and Sébastien Lefebvre (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), with all four performing with the group since its inception. David Desrosiers (bass guitar, backing vocals) joined the band in early 2000 and departed in July 2020 due to sexual misconduct accusations. The band has released six studio albums: "No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls" (2002), "Still Not Getting Any..." (2004), "Simple Plan" (2008), "Get Your Heart On!" (2011), "Taking One for the Team" (2016), and "Harder Than It Looks" (2022). The band has also released an EP titled "Get Your Heart On – The Second Coming!" (2013), in addition to two live albums: "Live in Japan 2002" (2003) and "MTV Hard Rock Live" (2005).


title: Simple Plan

text: The band performed at the Vans Warped Tour every year from 1999 to 2005, and in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018. The band also performed at the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony, along with "The X Factor Australia". In December 2012, the band performed at Mood Indigo, the college festival of IIT Bombay in Mumbai, India. In 2004, the band appeared as themselves in the film "New York Minute", starring the Olsen twins, Mary-Kate and Ashley. Simple Plan also performed O Canada at the 2016 NHL Winter Classic. They also performed the theme music for and were featured on an episode of "What's New, Scooby-Doo?".


title: Simple Plan

text: In 1993, lead vocalist Pierre Bouvier and drummer Chuck Comeau were in a band named Reset. In 1998, Comeau left soon after to go to college. In mid 1999, he met with high school friends and guitarists Jeff Stinco and Sébastien Lefebvre who were in separate bands of their own. They combined to create Simple Plan. In late 1999, Bouvier and Comeau reacquainted at a Sugar Ray concert and Bouvier left Reset soon after to join Comeau in the band. Bassist and backing vocalist David Desrosiers replaced Bouvier in Reset, but he too left the band six months later to join Simple Plan. This allowed Bouvier, who had doubled as the band's lead vocalist and bassist, to concentrate on the singing, and Stinco, who had doubled as the band's lead guitarist and backing vocalist, to concentrate on the guitar. In 2001 the band performed at Edgefest II in Toronto.


title: Simple Plan

text: The origin of the band's name is obscure. Band members have given various responses, including that the band was their "simple plan to avoid working at McDonald's" or other fast food restaurant chains. However, the name may be derived from the 1998 film and novel of the same name.


title: Simple Plan

text: In 2002, Simple Plan released their debut studio album, "No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls", which featured the singles "I'm Just a Kid", "I'd Do Anything", "Addicted", and "Perfect". The band was aiming for a pure pop punk record.


title: Simple Plan

text: The record was originally released in the United States with 12 tracks, ending with "Perfect". Enhanced and foreign editions came in several different versions with up to two additional tracks in addition to the original 12. Two pop punk singers contributed on vocals:


title: Simple Plan

text: "I'd Do Anything" included vocals by Mark Hoppus from Blink-182, and "You Don't Mean Anything" included vocals by Joel Madden from Good Charlotte.


title: Simple Plan

text: The years of 2002 and 2003 were very formative for the band. MTV Networks featured "Addicted" on one of their top performing shows during the spring of 2003 in the United States and internationally; on MTV and MTVu, and was filmed at the University at Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo) in Western New York. "Addicted" was the theme song for "Fraternity Life". While the show was taken off the air the following season the band continued to rise on the billboard charts in the United States and performances continued to be booked and reruns of the show played around the world.


title: Simple Plan

text: In 2002, the band also performed and recorded the theme song for a rebooted installment of the Scooby-Doo franchise, "What's New, Scooby-Doo?". This show used the band's intro throughout its entire run until its conclusion in 2006. It also featured many of the band's songs within episodes of the show, including "I'd Do Anything".


title: Simple Plan

text: In 2003, the band played as a headliner on the Vans Warped Tour — an appearance memorialized in the comedy slasher film, "Punk Rock Holocaust", in which four of the five band members are killed. The band also played short stints on the Warped Tour in 2004 and 2005. That same year (2003) the band opened for Avril Lavigne on her "Try To Shut Me Up" Tour. In addition to several headlining tours, the band has also opened for Green Day and Good Charlotte. The album had sold one million copies in early 2003 then went on to sell over four million copies worldwide, making it the band's best selling album to date.


title: Simple Plan

text: In 2004, Simple Plan released its second album, "Still Not Getting Any..." which was produced by Bob Rock and led to the subsequent singles, "Welcome to My Life", "Shut Up", "Untitled (How Could This Happen to Me?)", "Crazy", and (in some markets) "Perfect World".


title: Simple Plan

text: According to the album's bonus DVD, the band originally considered other names for it like "Get Rich or Die Trying", "Enema of the State", and "In The Zone" before deciding on "Still Not Getting Any...". The name stemmed from the band's belief that they were not getting any good reviews, with Bouvier once noting that the band only had one recent good review in "Alternative Press". "Still Not Getting Any..." was a musical departure from the group's previous album: the band retained its style of downbeat lyrics matched to upbeat music, but managed to transcend from the standard pop punk genre. Although many of the tracks on this CD still carried the feeling of teen angst that is probably most noticeable in "I'm Just a Kid" from "No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls", the general slant of this album tends toward slightly deeper and more mature lyrical themes, as well as a more mainstream sound that edges away from the pure pop punk style of the group's last album. Some critics have pointed towards the inclusion of "classic" or "mainstream" rock elements, claiming the album "de-emphasizes punk-pop hyperactivity in favor of straightforward, well-crafted modern rock".


title: Simple Plan

text: In 2005, their cover version of Cheap Trick's "Surrender" was featured in the soundtrack album for the superhero film, "Fantastic Four".


title: Simple Plan

text: After nearly a year and a half in support of "Still Not Getting Any...", the band ended most touring in February 2006. They were playing only a few shows, taking some time off, and beginning work on the third studio album. Bouvier headed to Miami as on about 21 March 2007 to work with Dave Fortman. The band entered the studio for pre-production in Los Angeles on 29 June. On 15 July the band returned to Montréal to record at Studio Piccolo, the same studio in which the band had recorded "Still Not Getting Any...". The band finished recording and headed back to Miami and Los Angeles to mix the album. The final part of making the record was done in New York City, and it was officially completed on 21 October.


title: Simple Plan

text: "When I'm Gone", the first single from "Simple Plan", was released on 29 October. This album was produced by both Dave Fortman and Max Martin. On 17 February 2008, the band achieved its highest charting single in the U.K. After the first two albums just missed the UK top 40, "When I'm Gone" gave the band its best chart position in the UK, coming in at number 26.


title: Simple Plan

text: Simple Plan held an extensive tour schedule in support of the album. After completing an around-the-world promotional tour, they played several holiday shows during December 2007. After they continued promotional tours in January, Simple Plan played a triple bill in Camden Town, London on 27 January 2008, with the first show featuring songs from the band's first CD, the second from the second, and the third from the new release. The band played four U.S. shows in late February, and completed a European tour running until late April. The band played four Japan dates, followed by several European festivals and headlining dates. On 1 July 2008, the band gave a free concert on Québec City's Plains of Abraham, attracting a crowd of 150,000 people to the Canada Day show. After a return to the Far East in late July and early August, the band played a Cross Canada Tour with Faber Drive, Cute is What We Aim For and Metro Station. After dates in Germany, Mexico, and Australia, the band played its second full European tour of the year from 28 October to 29 November, playing in Estonia and Poland for the first time. The band also played in Tel Aviv and Dubai in early December—shows at which the band played as a four-piece, with Desrosiers absent due to a family emergency and Lefebvre on bass.


title: Simple Plan

text: The band's fourth album "Get Your Heart On!" was released on 21 June 2011. The album marks Simple Plan's second time since "No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls" to feature collaborations with other artists, including Weezer's Rivers Cuomo, Marie-Mai, Natasha Bedingfield, K'naan and Alex Gaskarth of All Time Low. In April, "Jet Lag" was released in English and French versions featuring singers Natasha Bedingfield and Marie-Mai respectively. The band was on the roster of Warped Tour 2011 for selected dates in June and July 2011.


title: Simple Plan

text: In September and October 2011, Simple Plan performed four shows in Australia, on the "Get Your Heart On" tour, with supporting bands Tonight Alive and New Empire. During the Australian tour, Jenna McDougall from Tonight Alive featured in "Jet Lag". We the Kings supported Simple Plan in Europe on a tour in spring 2012. The song "Last One Standing" was featured on the "" soundtrack. Simple Plan also performed live with the Montreal Symphony Orchestra at Montreal Symphony House in Montréal, Quebec, Canada on 20 September 2011, raising over $500,000 for sick children and young people in need.


title: Simple Plan

text: An EP titled "Get Your Heart On – The Second Coming!" was released on 3 December. Consequently, Simple Plan uploaded the DVD, directed by Peter John from Epik Films and shot by Peter John for the official Simple Plan YouTube channel, in high quality for free as a gift to the fans.


title: Simple Plan

text: In March 2014, when the band members started recording the first demos for the album, it was announced through My Chemical Romance rhythm guitarist Frank Iero's Instagram that Iero is working with Simple Plan on the next album. This information was later confirmed by Comeau; the band estimated to release the album in the second half of 2015, plus the band discussed the band's future projects. On 30 July 2014, the band formally stated that the music writing for the next album had begun. In December 2014, Simple Plan started to choose which songs would be included on the album. "Saturday", was released on 21 June 2015, although the band stated this song would not be in the album.


title: Simple Plan

text: In April 2015, Simple Plan performed with up-and-coming Canadian singer Andee at the FIFA Women's World Cup Trophy Tour at MUCH in Toronto.


title: Simple Plan

text: On 28 August 2015, the band released "Boom", a song from the upcoming fifth album. On the same day, a music video was released for the song, which contains footage from the 2015 Vans Warped Tour, The Alternative Press Music Awards, and a performance in Montreal at New City Gas; the video contains cameos from members of the bands MxPx, All Time Low, New Found Glory, PVRIS, Pierce the Veil, The Summer Set, Silverstein, Black Veil Brides, Parkway Drive and Issues.


title: Simple Plan

text: On 18 September 2015, the band released a second song from the fifth studio album, "I Don't Wanna Be Sad," and a third called "I Don't Wanna Go to Bed," featuring rapper Nelly on 16 October 2015.


title: Simple Plan

text: On 17 October 2015, it was leaked by Pierre Bouvier that there will be a song called "Kiss Me Like Nobody's Watching". On 30 November 2015, the band revealed the title of the album would be "Taking One for the Team". The group set the release date for 19 February 2016, along with the album cover and the first tour dates of the Taking One for the Team Tour, with shows scheduled in European countries Also in 2016 the band performed at the 2016 NHL Winter Classic at Gillette Stadium against the Montreal Canadiens and Boston Bruins. They performed O Canada during the pregame and also performed during the second intermission.


title: Simple Plan

text: "Opinion Overload", the second single from "Taking One for the Team" was released on 5 February 2016. Simple Plan released their third single "Singing in the Rain" internationally on 12 April. The album was released on 19 February 2016. It was described as a "pure, no-frills, feel-good fun, a start-to-finish crowd-pleaser for fans of that classic pop-punk sound." On 5 December, Simple Plan released "Christmas Everyday", 15 years after their last Christmas song and first single, "My Christmas List". In 2017, the band embarked on a tour called No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls (15th Anniversary Tour Edition) in support of the album in question's anniversary, during which they played the entire album front to back during each show.


title: Simple Plan

text: From May 2017 until June 2019, David Desrosiers had been on hiatus from touring with Simple Plan, while he was at home recovering from depression. During that time, a touring musician named Chady Awad had been performing bass with the band as a touring substitute for more than two years, while Bouvier and Lefebvre had divided Desrosiers' vocal parts. This marks the second time Desrosiers has been absent from the band; the first time was in December 2008, when Lefebvre temporarily switched to bass for 2 weeks during live performances.


title: Simple Plan

text: In September 2017, while interviewed by Purdue University, Jeff Stinco revealed that the band would start working on their new album in early 2018.


title: Simple Plan

text: On 5 September 2018, Music in Minnesota reported that members of Simple Plan spent a day in Owatonna, Minnesota to appear in scenes of a punk rock musical titled "Summertime Dropouts". The feature film was released in the fall of 2019. Simple Plan recorded a song called "Bigger", which was released on the soundtrack of the film on 16 November 2018.


title: Simple Plan

text: On 8 June 2019, the band reunited with Desrosiers in Cleveland, Ohio, marking his official return to the band.


title: Simple Plan

text: On 2 September 2019, Pierre Bouvier revealed that the band had fulfilled their contract to Atlantic and were now free agents, and hinted at releasing new music later in the year.


title: Simple Plan

text: In October 2019, Simple Plan released a collaboration track with State Champs and We the Kings called "Where I Belong"; the three also conducted a tour together.


title: Simple Plan

text: On 10 July 2020, it was announced that Desrosiers had parted ways with Simple Plan for the third time after being accused of sexual misconduct on social media. Their touring bassist Chady Awad left the band over sexual allegations five days later.


title: Simple Plan

text: On July 22, 2021, the band re-recorded the "What's New, Scooby-Doo?" theme song and made it available for streaming.


title: Simple Plan

text: On November 5, 2021, the band released "The Antidote", the first single from their sixth album. It was their first self-released album, distributed by The Orchard. On February 18, 2022, the band released the single "Ruin My Life", featuring vocals from Deryck Whibley of Sum 41. On February 22, 2022, the band announced a U.S. tour with Sum 41 called the "Blame Canada" tour set to run from April to August 2022. On March 15, 2022, the band announced the release of their sixth studio album "Harder Than It Looks" with a release of the third promotional single "Congratulations". On April 8, 2022, the band released the album's fourth single, "Wake Me Up (When This Nightmare's Over)". The album was released on May 6, 2022, to positive reception, reaching #84 Canadian Albums, #55 Top Current Album Sales (US), and #90 Top Album Sales (US) on the Billboard Charts.


title: Simple Plan

text: Simple Plan started the "Blame Canada" tour on April 29, 2022 and on May 16th, 2022 Simple Plan announced they would be continuing their tour with Sum 41 with a European tour beginning September 2022.


title: Simple Plan

text: The single "Iconic" from the album garnered sync placements including: AT&T Sportsnet- Pittsburgh Penguins & Pittsburgh Pirates TV Broadcasts Fox Sports, NASCAR promotions (Race Hub and Race Day: Xfinity), and Riot Games- LSC Finals Video Game Tournament (League of Legends).


title: Simple Plan

text: Simple Plan's musical style has been described as pop punk, alternative rock, pop rock, power pop, emo, and punk rock. Atlantic Records marketing material has described the band's style as having "classic punk energy and modern pop sonics".


title: Simple Plan

text: The members of Simple Plan created the Simple Plan Foundation, which focuses on teen problems ranging from suicide to poverty to drug addiction. As of 9 December 2005, the Simple Plan Foundation had raised more than $100,000.


title: Simple Plan

text: A fundraising event was held in September 2009 in Montréal. In October 2008, the band announced a special release on iTunes of the single "Save You", to benefit the Foundation, with a special composite video featuring cancer survivors. The song was inspired by the struggle with cancer of Bouvier's brother Jay.


title: Simple Plan

text: On 15 March 2011, the Foundation stated it would donate $10,000 in aid after the 2011 earthquake that hit Japan.


title: Simple Plan

text: In 2012, to mark the band's 10th anniversary, the book "Simple Plan: The Official Story" was released, which was used as a fundraiser for the Simple Plan Foundation.


title: Ever Anderson

text: Ever Gabo Anderson (born November 3, 2007) is an American actress and model. She is known for portraying a young Natasha Romanoff in the 2021 film "Black Widow" and will star as Wendy Darling in the 2023 film "Peter Pan & Wendy".


title: Ever Anderson

text: Her mother is actress Milla Jovovich and her father is director Paul W. S. Anderson. She has two younger sisters, Dashiel and Osian. She is of Russian and Serbian descent through her mother, and of English descent through her father.


title: Ever Anderson

text: Her parents tried to discourage her entering into acting but she could not be dissuaded. At age nine, she was on the cover of "Vogue Bambini", photographed by Ellen von Unwerth. She's also been photographed by Karl Lagerfeld, Mikael Jansson, and Peter Lindbergh.


title: Ever Anderson

text: Her first feature film appearance was in "" in 2016, which was directed by her father. In it, she played a younger Alicia Marcus, who is played by her mother as an adult.


title: Ever Anderson

text: In March 2020, it was revealed that she would play a younger version of Natasha Romanoff in the 2021 Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film "Black Widow", as well as Wendy Darling in the 2022 film "Peter Pan & Wendy".


title: Ever Anderson

text: Anderson practices taekwondo. She lives in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. In addition to her native languages, English and


title: Silva Method

text: The Silva Method is a self-help and meditation program developed by José Silva. It claims to increase an individual's abilities through relaxation, development of higher brain functions, and psychic abilities such as clairvoyance.


title: Silva Method

text: José Silvadoros, an electronics repairman, developed an interest in psychology to see if it could help him increase his children's IQ. After experimenting and being convinced of his daughter's sudden clairvoyance, Silva decided to learn more about the development of psychic abilities.


title: Silva Method

text: In 1944 Silva began developing his method, formerly known as Silva Mind Control. He used it on his family members and friends before launching it commercially in the 1960s.


title: Silva Method

text: The technique aims to reach and sustain a state of mental functioning, called alpha state, where brainwave frequency is seven to fourteen Hz. Daydreaming and the transition to sleeping are alpha states.


title: Silva Method

text: Silva claimed to have developed a program that trained people to enter certain brain states of enhanced awareness. He also claimed to have developed several systematic mental processes to use while in these states allowing a person to mentally project with a specific intent. According to Silva, once the mind is projected, a person can allegedly view distant objects or locations and connect with higher intelligence for guidance. The information received by the projected mind is then said to be perceived as thoughts, images, feelings, smells, taste and sound by the mind. The information obtained in this manner can be acted upon to solve problems.


title: Silva Method

text: James Randi wrote that the Silva Method:claims to develop improved memory, learning ability, and paranormal powers like telepathy. Much of the course consists of "visiting" absent persons imagined by students and performing diagnoses on them. No tests of the validity of this practice have been done; such tests are discouraged by the teachers of the system.


title: Brie Bella

text: Brianna Monique Danielson (née Garcia-Colace; born November 21, 1983), known professionally as Brie Bella, is an American professional wrestler and TV personality. She is currently signed to WWE working as an ambassador.


title: Brie Bella

text: She and her twin Nikki were signed to WWE in 2007, making their in-ring debut that year as The Bella Twins. Danielson is a one-time WWE Divas Champion and is also the first twin in WWE History to win the title. She is also a WWE Hall Of Famer with her sister Nicole (Nikki).


title: Brie Bella

text: Brianna Monique Garcia-Colace was born in San Diego, California, and raised on a farm in the Phoenix suburb of Scottsdale, Arizona. She was born sixteen minutes after her twin sister, Nicole, to parents Jon Garcia and Kathy Colace. She is of Mexican and Italian descent. Keen soccer enthusiasts, she along with her sister played for the Scottsdale club in elementary school. She graduated from Chaparral High School in 2002. She then returned to San Diego for college, and relocated to Los Angeles a year later, where she worked as a waitress at the Mondrian Hotel while trying to find an agent.


title: Brie Bella

text: She then started modeling, acting, and doing promotional work. She made her first national TV appearance on the Fox reality show "Meet My Folks". Following this appearance, the Garcia twins were hired to be the World Cup Twins for Budweiser and were photographed holding the World Cup trophy. Brie and her sister Nikki were contestants in the 2006 "International Body Doubles twins search". Brie and Nikki later participated in the 2006 "WWE Diva Search", but they did not make the cut.


title: Brie Bella

text: Brianna and Nicole were signed to developmental contracts by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in June 2007 and were assigned to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), WWE's then-developmental territory, in Tampa, Florida. On September 15, 2007, the twins made their in-ring debut. Dubbed The Bella Twins, they defeated Nattie Neidhart and Krissy Vaine with Victoria Crawford as the special guest referee. The duo quickly started a scripted rivalry with Neidhart and Crawford, and had a series of matches against them throughout October 2007. As a part of their on-screen personas, they switched places behind the referee's back if one of them was hurt. They also occasionally competed in mixed tag team matches, teaming with male wrestlers including Kofi Kingston and Robert Anthony. They also made some non-wrestling appearances on Heath Miller's "Happy Hour" promo segment.


title: Brie Bella

text: Starting in December 2007, they managed Derrick Linkin, but this storyline was cut short when Linkin was released in January 2008. They then resumed their feud with Neidhart and Crawford, wrestling them throughout much of 2008. After Neidhart was called up to the WWE roster in April 2008, Milena Roucka took her place in the feud. The twins also competed in bikini contests, and wrestled against other competitors including Katie Lea Burchill and Daisy. Their last FCW appearance was on September 2, when they competed in a Divas battle royal won by Miss Angela.


title: Brie Bella

text: On the August 29, 2008 episode of "SmackDown", Brianna debuted as Brie Bella and defeated Victoria. She quickly began a scripted rivalry with Victoria and Victoria's accomplice, Natalya, and had a series of matches against them. In each match, Brie would roll out of the ring and go underneath it, emerging and appearing revived, and then win the match. On the October 31 episode of "SmackDown", when Brie went under the ring Victoria grabbed her legs, but a second pair of legs kicked her off, implying that a second person was under the ring. The following week on "SmackDown", Brie picked up a win against Victoria and then ran under the ring to escape Natalya and Victoria, but Victoria and Natalya both reached for Brie under the ring, resulting in both Nicole and Brie being pulled out. The twins then attacked them and celebrated afterward. Nicole was then introduced as Nikki Bella. The twins had their first official match as a team on the November 21 episode of "SmackDown", defeating Victoria and Natalya. They continued competing in tag team matches over the following months.


title: Brie Bella

text: Starting in November, the twins developed an on-screen relationship with The Colóns (Carlito and Primo), appearing in numerous backstage segments with them, and accompanying them to the ring. In February 2009, the storyline expanded to include John Morrison and The Miz, who flirted with the Bellas and took them on a date for Valentine's Day. The date provoked a rivalry between the teams of The Miz and Morrison and Primo and Carlito, with the four competing for the affection of the twins, who were seemingly unable to choose between them. On March 17 on "ECW", Carlito and Primo, aiming for Morrison and The Miz, accidentally spat apples in the face of Brie. Nikki began to laugh at Brie's misfortune, and a fight broke out between the two, which led to Nikki leaving with The Miz and Morrison, while Brie stayed with Primo and Carlito. Brie won her first match over Nikki in a six-person intergender tag team match on "SmackDown" the following week, but was defeated by her villainous sister in their first singles match against each other on the edition of March 31 of "ECW", after a distraction from Morrison and The Miz.


title: Brie Bella

text: On April 15, 2009, The Bella Twins were both drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2009 supplemental draft. On April 27, Brie made her "Raw" in-ring debut in an eight-Diva tag team match, which her team won. Nikki also made an appearance, reuniting with her twin, as she was under the ring to help Brie during the match. Nikki then made her in-ring debut for the brand the following month in a battle royal but was eliminated by Beth Phoenix.


title: Brie Bella

text: On June 29, 2009, they were both traded to the ECW brand. They returned to "ECW" the following night on "The Abraham Washington Show", as the special guests. They quickly developed a storyline feud with Katie Lea Burchill, when Nikki defeated her in a match by switching places with Brie behind the referee's back. The following week on "Superstars", Brie defeated Burchill after a similar fashion, and the feud ended in September, when Nikki defeated Burchill on "Superstars".


title: Brie Bella

text: On October 12, the Bellas were traded back to Raw as part of a tri-branded Divas trade, where they predominately appeared in backstage segments with the weekly guest stars and only occasionally competed in matches. On the January 4, 2010, episode of "Raw", Brie participated in a tournament for the vacant Divas Championship, but lost to Maryse in the first round, when a switch resulted in Nikki being pinned. In June 2010, they developed a feud with Jillian Hall, when Brie defeated her after switching places with Nikki. The following week, Nikki defeated Hall after switching with Brie. The feud was exacerbated when the Bellas acted as the special guest referees during one of Hall's matches. During the match, Hall attacked both twins, but lost the match when Nikki made a fast count, allowing her to be pinned by Gail Kim. The next week on "Superstars", the twins defeated Hall and Maryse in a tag team match to end the storyline.


title: Brie Bella

text: On August 31, The Bella Twins announced they would be part of the all-female third season of "NXT", mentoring Jamie. Jamie was the first rookie Diva eliminated on the October 5 episode of "NXT". In November, the twins began a storyline with Daniel Bryan, when Brie accompanied him to the ring for his match. Following his win, Nikki ran out and the two fought over Bryan's affection, until Bryan broke it up and had them hug each other. They began to manage Bryan and frequently accompanied him to the ring over the next two months. In January 2011, both Bellas turned into villainous characters when they discovered Bryan kissing Gail Kim backstage and assaulted her. They continued to attack Kim, both at the Royal Rumble and on "Raw", and on February 7, they teamed with Melina in a losing effort to Kim, Eve Torres, and Tamina.


title: Brie Bella

text: The Bellas began feuding with Eve Torres after they appeared as lumberjills during a Divas Championship match between Torres and Natalya on the February 14 episode of "Raw". Following the match, they attacked Torres backstage before Gail Kim and Natalya stopped them. The next week, the twins defeated Torres and Kim in a tag team match. The following week, Nikki won a battle royal to become the number one contender for the Divas Championship, and unsuccessfully challenged Torres for the championship on March 7.


title: Brie Bella

text: On April 11, Brie defeated Torres to win the Divas Championship, marking the first time either twin had held a championship in WWE. Brie went on to successfully defend the championship against Kelly Kelly at Over the Limit, after switching places with Nikki. On a special "Power to the People" episode of "Raw" on June 20, Brie defended her WWE Divas Championship against Kelly, who was selected by voters. Kelly then defeated Brie and won the championship. On July 17, Brie challenged Kelly for the championship in a rematch at Money in the Bank, but failed to win.


title: Brie Bella

text: The twins spent the majority of the rest of the year in tag team matches, regularly facing Kelly and Torres. The Bellas began to show friction for the second time since joining WWE in March 2012, after both twins lost to AJ Lee in singles competition. After Brie's match with Lee, Nikki revealed that Brie was rooting for Team Johnny in the 12-man tag team match at WrestleMania XXVIII, whilst Nikki was rooting for Team Teddy, thus furthering their dissension.


title: Brie Bella

text: On the April 6 episode of "SmackDown", Nikki defeated the Divas Champion Beth Phoenix in a non-title match, after Kelly Kelly distracted Phoenix. On April 23, Nikki defeated Phoenix in a lumberjill match on "Raw" to win the Divas Championship for the first time. Brie lost Nikki's championship to Layla at Extreme Rules after "Twin Magic" failed, ending her Divas Championship reign after only a week. The following night on "Raw", they competed in their last match with the WWE, failing to win back the Divas Championship from Layla in a triple threat match. Later that night, WWE announced on their website that the twins had been fired by Executive Administrator Eve Torres.


title: Brie Bella

text: On May 1, 2012, the twins appeared at their first independent wrestling show in Newburgh, New York at Northeast Wrestling. They later appeared for CTWE Pro Wrestling at the "Season Beatings" pay-per-view on December 15, each accompanying a different wrestler to the ring.


title: Brie Bella

text: The Bella Twins returned to WWE on the March 11, 2013, episode of "Raw" in a backstage segment with Team Rhodes Scholars (Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow). On the March 15 episode of "SmackDown", the twins attacked The Funkadactyls (Cameron and Naomi), and the following week interfered in matches between Team Rhodes Scholars and Brodus Clay and Tensai, but were attacked by The Funkadactyls.<ref name="Raw3/25/13"></ref> The twins made their in-ring return facing and defeating The Funkadactyls on the March 27 episode of "Main Event" after interference from Cody Rhodes,<ref name="MainEvent3/27/13"></ref> and also defeated them on "Raw" five days later.<ref name="Raw4/1/13"></ref> The Bella Twins were scheduled to participate in an eight–person tag team match with Team Rhodes Scholars against Tons of Funk (Clay and Tensai) and The Funkadactyls at WrestleMania 29, but the match was cancelled due to time restraints, and instead took place the following night on "Raw", where The Bella Twins and Team Rhodes Scollars were defeated. The twins continued their feud with The Funkadactyls throughout April, defeating them in standard tag team,<ref name="NXT4/10/13"></ref> and six-Diva tag team matches. In June, Nikki suffered a fractured tibia.


title: Brie Bella

text: Upon the debut of the "Total Divas" reality television program in July, The Bellas began feud with their co–star on the show, Natalya. Brie and Natalya went on to trade victories in singles competition on "Raw" and at SummerSlam. The cast of "Total Divas" then transitioned into a scripted feud with Divas Champion AJ Lee, who mocked the show and cast, turning The Bellas faces in the process. At Night of Champions, Brie unsuccessfully challenged Lee for the Divas Championship in a four-way match, which also involved Natalya and Naomi. Following Brie's real-life engagement to Daniel Bryan, their relationship began to be acknowledged on WWE television. Continuing their feud into October, Brie and AJ Lee faced off at the Battleground and Hell in a Cell pay-per-views for the Divas Championship, but Brie was unsuccessful. Nikki returned to in-ring action on the October 25 episode of "SmackDown", losing to Lee. At Survivor Series the following month, the twins were part of the victorious Team Total Divas. The twins failed to win the Divas Championship again at WrestleMania XXX in the Divas Invitational match, which was won by AJ Lee.


title: Brie Bella

text: In April 2014, Brie became involved in her real-life husband Daniel Bryan's ongoing storyline with Stephanie McMahon and Kane, where as part of the storyline, McMahon threatened to fire Brie if an injured Bryan did not relinquish the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at Payback, which forced Brie to "quit" WWE before slapping McMahon in the face. After Brie quit, McMahon put Nikki in several handicap matches as punishment. After a month absence, Brie returned to WWE television, appearing in the crowd on July 21; following a confrontation, McMahon slapped Brie and was subsequently arrested. In order to have Brie drop the "charges", Brie was rehired and received a match against McMahon at SummerSlam.


title: Brie Bella

text: At the pay-per-view, Nikki turned heel by attacking Brie, which allowed McMahon to win the match. The next several weeks saw the twins fight in several backstage and in-ring segments, including a cameo appearance from Jerry Springer on "Raw" on September 8. As part of the storyline, McMahon declared Nikki the face of the WWE Divas division and granted her a match at Night of Champions for the Divas Championship, which she failed to win. Nikki then obtained permission to begin forcing Brie to compete in handicap matches, similar to her punishment at the hands of McMahon, although Brie was able to win them. This led to a match between the twins at Hell in a Cell, where the loser was forced to become the winner's personal assistant for 30 days, in which Nikki defeated Brie. Five days later on "SmackDown", Nikki won a Halloween costume battle royal to become the number one contender for the Divas Championship.


title: Brie Bella

text: Nikki received her title match against AJ Lee on November 23 at Survivor Series, which she won, with Brie's help, to become a two-time Divas Champion. The duo had reconciled at this point, with Brie also turning heel in the process. Nikki then went on to retain her championship in three separate occasions – against Lee in a rematch on December 14, at , against Naomi two days later on "SmackDown", and against Paige at Fastlane on February 22, 2015. Paige and AJ then formed an alliance against the Bellas which led to a tag team match at WrestleMania 31, where AJ and Paige were victorious.


title: Brie Bella

text: On April 26, after Nikki, with the help of Brie, once again retained her title against Naomi at Extreme Rules a feud started, with Naomi aligning with the returning Tamina to even the odds against the Bellas, who began showing more heroic characteristics, This change in character was criticized as "sudden", "randomly" and "for no reason". This led to a tag team match between the two teams on May 17, at Payback, which Naomi and Tamina won. Two weeks later, at Elimination Chamber, Nikki retained her title against Naomi and Paige in a triple threat match, with Brie banned from ringside.


title: Brie Bella

text: In June, The Bella Twins became villains once again by employing "Twin Magic", which helped Nikki retain the title against Paige on the June 1 episode of "Raw" and at Money in the Bank. During the feud with Paige, Alicia Fox allied with them to form Team Bella.<ref name="Smackdown 6/18/15"></ref> At The Beast in the East on July 4, Nikki retained the title against Paige and Tamina. After weeks of Team Bella outnumbering Paige, Naomi, and Tamina, Stephanie McMahon called for a "revolution" in the WWE Divas division and introduced the debuting Charlotte and Becky Lynch as Paige's allies, while NXT Women's Champion Sasha Banks debuted as an ally to Naomi and Tamina, which led to a brawl between the three teams.<ref name="Raw 7/13/15"></ref> Nikki then lost to Charlotte in a tag team match on the August 3 episode of "Raw", and to Banks on the August 17 episode of "Raw" in a non-title match. The three teams faced off on August 23 at SummerSlam in a three team elimination match, in which Team Bella first eliminated Team B.A.D., before Team PCB's win.


title: Brie Bella

text: On the September 14 episode of "Raw", Nikki defended her title against Charlotte, who pinned Brie after the twins had switched places to win the match; however, since the title cannot change hands by disqualification, Nikki retained the championship, and in the process, became the new longest reigning Divas Champion in history, surpassing AJ Lee's previous record of 295 days. Nikki dropped the championship to Charlotte, on September 20, at Night of Champions, ending her reign at 301 days, and failed to regain the title in a rematch on October 25 at Hell in a Cell.


title: Brie Bella

text: Shortly after, Nikki went on a hiatus from television due to a neck injury which would require surgery, but returned for one night on December 21, to accept the Slammy Award for Diva of the Year. During this time, Brie continued to compete in singles competition, and in tag team matches with Fox. After defeating Charlotte in a non-title match on the February 1 episode of "Raw", Brie was granted a match for the Divas Championship at Fastlane on February 21, where she failed to capture the title. During that time, Team Bella quietly disbanded and both Brie and Fox transitioned into fan favorites.


title: Brie Bella

text: In March, Brie was placed in a feud with Lana, who argued that Brie's fans only supported her out of pity for having a "bad husband", and went on to distract and attacked her during and after her matches. Brie then aligned herself with fellow "Total Divas" cast members Alicia Fox, Natalya, Paige and Eva Marie, while Lana aligned herself with Team B.A.D. (Naomi and Tamina), Summer Rae and Emma, leading to a 10-Diva tag team match on the WrestleMania 32 kickoff show, which Team "Total Divas" would win after Naomi submitted to Brie. Three days later on April 6, Brie confirmed that she would be taking an extended break from in-ring competition, citing family reasons, while also stating that she would continue working for WWE as an ambassador.


title: Brie Bella

text: The Bella Twins returned for the 25th anniversary of "Raw" on January 22, 2018. Brie later returned to in-ring competition at Royal Rumble, entering at number 28 in the inaugural women's Royal Rumble match, one number after her sister Nikki, who would eliminate her from the match minutes later.


title: Brie Bella

text: At SummerSlam, The Miz defeated Daniel Bryan after an interference from Miz's wife Maryse. On the following "SmackDown", Miz and Maryse came out, Miz then mocked Bryan's retirement speech two years earlier. Brie and Bryan came out and confronted them. A mixed tag team match with Brie and Bryan against The Miz and Maryse was scheduled for Hell in a Cell. At the event, Brie and Bryan were defeated when Maryse pinned Brie.


title: Brie Bella

text: At WWE Super Show-Down on October 6, Brie teamed with sister Nikki and Ronda Rousey in defeating The Riott Squad. Two nights later on "Raw", the Bellas and Rousey defeated The Riott Squad in a rematch, and afterwards, Brie joined Nikki in attacking Rousey, with Brie turning heel for the first time since November 2014. On the March 10, 2019 episode of Total Bellas, Brie announced that she was retired. On the February 21, 2020 edition of "SmackDown", it was announced that Brie and her twin sister Nikki would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, during "A Moment of Bliss" segment. On the January 7, 2022 episode of Smackdown, it was announced that Brie and Nikki would be competing in the 2022 Women's Royal Rumble match.


title: Brie Bella

text: Prior to working with WWE, the twins appeared on "Meet My Folks". Both twins also appeared in the music video for "Right Side of the Bed" by the band Atreyu. They also appeared in the music video for "Na Na" by Trey Songz in 2014. The twins made a guest appearance on the MTV series "Ridiculousness" in October 2012.


title: Brie Bella

text: The twins guest starred on the television series "Psych", in the 2014 episode "A Nightmare on State Street". Nikki and Brie are part of the main cast for the reality television show "Total Divas", which began airing in July 2013, and they also star in their own spinoff entitled "Total Bellas", which premiered on E! on October 5, 2016. Nikki and Brie co-starred in the 2014 independent film "Confessions of a Womanizer", and provided voices for the 2015 movie "". Both twins appeared on the WWE YouTube show "The JBL & Cole Show". Nikki appeared at the Miss USA 2013 pageant as one of the celebrity judges. They appeared at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards, where they presented the award for Best Female. The twins were both nominated for Choice Female Athlete at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards. Brie appeared alongside Paige, Natalya and the Chrisley family on the 88th Academy Awards edition of "E! Countdown to the Red Carpet" in February 2016. In 2016, Brie and Nikki were voted as Choice Female Athletes for the 2016 Teen Choice Awards.


title: Brie Bella

text: On November 21, 2016, Brie and Nikki unveiled their new YouTube channel, "The Bella Twins." The sisters' channel features daily fashion, beauty, travel, fitness, relationship, and health videos, along with daily video blogs, created by the twins themselves.


title: Brie Bella

text: The Bella Twins appeared in YouTuber iiSuperwomanii's video "When Someone Tries to Steal Your BFF" on March 2, 2017.


title: Brie Bella

text: On August 21, 2017, Brie and Nikki launched their own wine label called Belle Radici in collaboration with Hill Family Estates and Gauge Branding.


title: Brie Bella

text: On November 1, 2017, Brie and Nikki launched Birdiebee, a lifestyle intimates and activewear brand. The line includes transitional intimates, activewear, and loungewear aimed at "empowering and educating women through mirroring the twins' passion for life, strength, women's health and wellness, and fun."


title: Brie Bella

text: In 2021, Brie and Nikki launched their own baby gear collection in partnership with Colugo. Brie and Nikki also announced that they joined Colugo as investors and are now creative advisors.


title: Brie Bella

text: The Bella Twins have appeared in eleven WWE video games. They made their in-game debut at "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010" and appeared in "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011", "WWE '12" (DLC), "WWE '13", "WWE 2K14" (DLC), "WWE 2K15", "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18", "WWE 2K19", "WWE 2K20", and "WWE 2K Battlegrounds".


title: Brie Bella

text: In September 2013, she revealed her engagement to fellow professional wrestler Bryan Danielson. The couple married on April 11, 2014. Brie and her husband were previously both vegetarians. The couple have two children together.


title: LazyTown

text: LazyTown () is an Icelandic television series created by aerobics champion Magnús Scheving. The show was designed to encourage healthy lifestyles. The series was based on Scheving's stage plays "Áfram Latibær!" (itself adapted from a book that Scheving wrote in 1991) and "Glanni Glæpur í Latabæ". Every episode was filmed in Garðabær.


title: LazyTown

text: The series was commissioned by Nickelodeon in 2003, following the production of two stage plays and a test pilot. Originally performed in English, the show has been dubbed into more than thirty languages (including Icelandic) and aired in over 180 countries. The show combines live action, puppetry and computer-generated imagery, making it one of the most expensive children's shows ever made.


title: LazyTown

text: The first two seasons (fifty-two episodes) were produced from 2004 to 2007. "LazyTown" originally aired on Nickelodeon’s Nick Jr. block in the United States, CBeebies and Nick Jr. in the United Kingdom and RÚV in Iceland. Turner Broadcasting System Europe acquired LazyTown Entertainment in 2011 and commissioned the third and fourth seasons. for a total of 26 new episodes, which premiered in 2013 on Turner's Cartoonito and later on Viacom's Channel 5.


title: LazyTown

text: Multiple spin-offs were created, including stage productions and a short-format television program for younger children titled "LazyTown Extra".


title: LazyTown

text: The series follows an 8-year-old pink-haired girl named Stephanie, the newest resident of the LazyTown community. She has moved to LazyTown to live with her uncle, Mayor Milford Meanswell, and is surprised to learn that all of her neighbors lead inactive lifestyles. With the help of an above-average hero named Sportacus, she helps teach the other residents how to partake in more athletic pastimes. Her attempts are often nearly thwarted by Robbie Rotten, who prefers to lead a sluggish life and is agitated by the sudden boom of physical activity. On a regular basis, Robbie devises ill-judged schemes to make LazyTown lazy once again. However, his plans are never foolproof and always end with him losing.


title: LazyTown

text: Each of the children that Stephanie befriends embodies negative characteristics. Ziggy, who is kind-hearted and wants to be a superhero when he grows up, has an unbalanced diet devoid of fruits and vegetables. Pixel is a reclusive inventor who spends too much time on his computer. Stingy has a self-centered attitude and is possessive of nearly everything in town. Trixie is a troublemaker with little respect for rules and other people. As the series progresses, the characters become less lazy in favor of a healthier way of living which promotes such lifestyle to the audience watching to help with childhood obesity.


title: LazyTown

text: The program features a predominantly Eurodance soundtrack. Each episode features at least one original song and concludes with a different performance of "Bing Bang (Time to Dance)", which is sung by Stephanie. Many tracks are reworked versions of songs from the basis for Icelandic plays.


title: LazyTown

text: "LazyTown" began as a storybook published in 1995 titled "Áfram Latibær!" (""Go Go LazyTown!""). In 1996, a stage adaptation of the book was shown in Iceland. It featured Stephanie as an out-of-shape dancer and Sportacus as an energetic elf. The puppet characters seen in the television series also appeared in human form, but Robbie Rotten did not yet exist. A second stage show titled "Glanni Glæpur í Latabæ" (""Robbie Rotten in LazyTown"") debuted in 1999. It introduced Stefán Karl Stefánsson as Robbie and featured more finalized versions of the other characters. Nickelodeon Australia reported that by the time the second play finished touring, "LazyTown" had become a household name in Iceland. A variety of tie-in products and media were created in the country before Scheving decided to develop "LazyTown" into a television program; these included bottled water, toy figures, and a radio station.


title: LazyTown

text: In most episodes, the only characters played by live actors are Stephanie, Sportacus, and Robbie Rotten. The rest of the characters are depicted as puppets, made by the Neal Scanlan Studio and Wit Puppets. The show was filmed and produced at 380 Studios, a purpose-built studio near Reykjavík equipped with high-end HDTV production facilities and one of the largest green screens in the world. The production floor area is 1,800 square meters. The budget for each episode was approximately ISK 70,000,000 (US$1 million), about five times the average cost for a children's television program at the time, making it "the most expensive children's show in the world" according to Scheving.


title: LazyTown

text: Its virtual sets were generated with an Unreal Engine 3-based framework, created by Raymond P. Le Gué and known as XRGen4. According to Le Gué, "We start with the live actors and puppets on a physical set with a green screen behind them as a backdrop. The green screen is replaced in real time with the sets created in XRGen4 using UE3. As we move the camera and actors around the physical set, the backdrop scene also moves in real time in complete synchronization with the movements of the real camera. All of this is recorded, and the director can watch the resulting composition in real time." Seasons 3 and 4 of "LazyTown" were filmed as usual in the LazyTown Studios in Iceland, but the special effects were created this time around by Turner Studios in Atlanta.


title: LazyTown

text: In the United States, the show debuted on Nick Jr. on 16 August 2004 and ended in 15 October 2007. The second season debuted in the United States on Nick Jr. in 2006. It also aired in the United States on CBS, as part of the "Nick Jr. on CBS" Saturday morning block, from 18 September 2004 to 9 September 2006. The series aired daily on the Nick Jr. channel from 28 September 2009 until 18 July 2010. On 18 April 2011, Sprout acquired the US TV rights to "LazyTown", and started airing the series on 5 September 2011. It aired daily on the channel until 26 September 2016.


title: LazyTown

text: The series has been broadcast on a variety of networks internationally, many of which belong to Viacom Media Networks. Nickelodeon Southeast Asia has carried the program in eleven territories. In Austria and Germany, it is shown on Nickelodeon Austria In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it aired on Nick Jr. UK, Noggin, Boomerang and CBeebies. The series arrived in the UK on the 3rd of October 2005, making a simultaneous debut on both Nickelodeon and CBeebies. CBeebies aired the first two series and stopped repeats in March 2012. Nick Jr UK stopped airing repeats in 2011. After the series was revived for seasons three and four, Turner's Cartoonito premiered episodes from 2013 to 2014. Viacom's Channel 5 also aired the newer episodes as part of its Milkshake! block until 2016. Channel 5's Demand 5 service carried episodes of the Icelandic version in 2015.


title: LazyTown

text: In 2008, a Spanish-dubbed version of "LazyTown" debuted on V-me, a television network created for the Hispanic market in the US. NBC began airing it every Saturday on 7 July 2012, as part of the new Saturday morning "NBC Kids" pre-school block, until 25 September 2016. The Spanish-dubbed version also airs on Telemundo (a sister station to NBC) as part of the weekend pre-school morning block MiTelemundo.


title: LazyTown

text: In Brazil, the two first seasons of the show was broadcast with Brazilian Portuguese dubbing on SBT (on the children's television block "Bom Dia & Cia"), and subsequently on Discovery Kids. The two last seasons was broadcast on Boomerang until 2018.


title: LazyTown

text: In Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia, the show was broadcast on "Ultra TV". A Croatian-dubbed version called "Lijeni Grad" was broadcast in Croatia on HRT 2. In the European Portuguese-dubbed version, the show aired on Nick Jr. and Canal Panda in Portugal. The series has been dubbed into thirty-two languages. In the UK dub, actors Magnús Scheving (Sportacus), Julianna Rose Mauriello (Stephanie, seasons 1–2), Chloe Lang (Stephanie, seasons 3–4) and Stefán Karl Stefánsson (Robbie Rotten) dubbed themselves over. In the Icelandic dub, actors Magnús Scheving (Sportacus), Guðmundur Þór Kárason (Ziggy) and Stefán Karl Stefánsson (Robbie Rotten) dubbed themselves over.


title: LazyTown

text: The week of "LazyTown"s debut on Nickelodeon in the United States was the channel's highest-rated premiere week in three years. A broadcast of the hour-long primetime episode "LazyTown's New Superhero" in August 2005 drew three million total viewers, ranking number-one in its time period among all broadcast and cable television with the 2–5, 2–11, and 6–11 demographics. The episode garnered double-digit increases over the last Nick Jr. primetime special to air before it, which was an episode of the network's then-highest-rated series "Dora the Explorer".


title: LazyTown

text: "The Hollywood Reporter"s Marilyn Moss praised the show's intentions to encourage exercise, calling it "great fun for the very young set, not to mention educational, maybe even life-changing." Justin New of "The Washington Times" called "LazyTown" "a great show" and stated that he admired the Sportacus character. Common Sense Media's Joly Herman gave the show a more mixed review, stating that the characters' healthy choices are "sometimes lost in the show's chaotic nature." Pete Vonder Haar of the "Houston Press" called "LazyTown" "pretty much the creepiest show on TV since "Twin Peaks"," citing the "off-putting" mix of live-action and puppetry.


title: LazyTown

text: The program has been noted for its appeal towards multiple age groups. In 2005, "The Boston Globe" stated that the program "has sparked a cult of healthy living among a certain preschool set [and] has a grown-up following, too." Lynne Heffley of the "Los Angeles Times" stated that LazyTown "has zany appeal, even to viewers who are no longer 'junior.'"


title: LazyTown

text: In 2007, the song "You Are a Pirate" from the 12th episode "Rottenbeard" became an internet meme. In 2011, the song was covered by the pirate metal band Alestorm in their album "Back Through Time".


title: LazyTown

text: The song "We Are Number One" was named "Dank Meme of the Year" in 2016 on the Reddit subreddit /r/dankmemes, a popular subreddit for memes. The Robbie Rotten memes began in October that year when Stefán Karl Stefánsson, the actor who played Robbie Rotten, announced that he was diagnosed with bile duct cancer.


title: LazyTown

text: A GoFundMe page was established by "LazyTown" head writer Mark Valenti to help the actor as he endured his illness. "We Are Number One" and many other LazyTown videos were used to promote the fundraising effort, which eventually surpassed its $100,000 goal. The campaign was popularized by the YouTube channel SiIvaGunner uploading a "We Are Number One" video. To thank his supporters, Stefánsson celebrated by uploading a video of that song performed with his former cast members and "LazyTown"s composer. On 13 August 2017, Stefánsson was declared cancer free after a successful surgery; however, he died on 21 August 2018 after his cancer recurred.


title: LazyTown

text: On 15 September 2008, a spin-off television series called "LazyTown Extra" debuted in the United Kingdom on CBeebies. A "magazine format style show" for 3 to 6-year-olds, it features characters from "LazyTown" in an assortment of short sketches. 26 episodes of "Lazy Town Extra" were produced, each between 11 and 15 minutes in duration.


title: LazyTown

text: In February 2005, Nickelodeon unveiled a collection of "LazyTown" products at the American International Toy Fair. Fisher-Price partnered with Viacom's consumer product division to produce the merchandise, all of which was designed to encourage physical activity.


title: LazyTown

text: From June to August 2005, "LazyTown"s Stephanie hosted the "Nick Jr. Power Play Summer" event, which involved a series of television spots that replaced the channel's standard on-air continuity. Similarly to the live performances and the program itself, this campaign was an experiment designed by the network to increase awareness of exercise and nutrition in its preschool audience.


title: LazyTown

text: Nickelodeon produced a stage show titled "LazyTown Live!" in 2005. It debuted at Nickelodeon Suites Resort on 6 August. A modified version toured the United Kingdom and Ireland between October 2007 and August 2008. It introduced a new cast to the United Kingdom, including Julian Essex-Spurrier as Sportacus.


title: LazyTown

text: A Spanish-speaking version of the live show premiered in Mexico in 2008, followed by Argentina, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Panama. , it was scheduled to tour the United States in 2010. A Brazilian version of the live show premiered in São Paulo in October 2008. New productions of "LazyTown Live" had their premieres in November 2009 in Portugal and in March 2010 in Spain by producers Lemon Entertainment. A stage play premiering in 2011 introduced the character and concept for Roboticus, which became the first episode of Season 3 of the show in an abridged form.


title: LazyTown

text: From 28 January 2009 to 29 November 2009, a live stage production entitled "LazyTown Live! The Pirate Adventure" toured the United Kingdom and Ireland. It featured characters and songs from "LazyTown", performed by a new cast. In 2016, a UK production entitled "LazyTown Live On Stage" ran from 7 July 2016 to 4 September 2016. This production was posted on YouTube and featured the song "We Are Number One".


title: LazyTown

text: A live show "LazyTown in Schools" premiered in Australia in 2012, touring schools to promote healthy eating and fitness for children.


title: Turkish lira

text: The lira (; sign: ₺; ISO 4217 code: TRY; abbreviation: TL) is the official currency of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. One lira is divided into one hundred "kuruş".


title: Turkish lira

text: The lira, along with the related currencies of Europe and the Middle East, has its roots in the ancient Roman unit of weight known as the libra which referred to the Troy pound of silver. The Roman libra adoption of the currency spread it throughout Europe and the Near East, where it continued to be used into medieval times. The Turkish lira, the French livre (until 1794), the Italian lira (until 2002), Syrian pound, Lebanese pound and the pound unit of account in sterling (a translation of the Latin "libra"; the word "pound" as a unit of weight is still abbreviated as "lb.") are the modern descendants of the ancient currency.


title: Turkish lira

text: The lira was introduced as the main unit of account in 1844, with the former currency, kuruş, remaining as a subdivision. The Ottoman lira remained in circulation until the end of 1927.


title: Turkish lira

text: The banknotes of the first and second issue depict "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" on the obverse side. This change was done according to the 12 January 1926 issue of the official gazette. After Atatürk's death his portrait was replaced with one of İsmet İnönü for the third and fourth issues. Atatürk returned for the fifth issue and all subsequent issues.


title: Turkish lira

text: After periods of the lira pegged to sterling and the franc, a peg of TL 2.8 = US$1 was adopted in 1946 and maintained until 1960, when the currency was devalued to TL 9 = US$1. From 1970, a series of hard, then soft pegs to the dollar operated as the value of the Turkish lira began to fall.


title: Turkish lira

text: The "Guinness Book of Records" ranked the Turkish lira as the world's least valuable currency in 1995 and 1996, and again from 1999 to 2004. The lira's value had fallen so far that one original gold lira coin could be sold for TL 154,400,000 before the 2005 revaluation.


title: Turkish lira

text: In December 2003, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed a law that allowed for redenomination by the removal of six zeros from the Turkish lira, and the creation of a new currency. It was introduced on 1 January 2005, replacing the previous Turkish lira (which remained valid in circulation until the end of 2005) at a rate of YTL 1 (ISO 4217 code "TRY") = TL 1,000,000 in old lira (ISO 4217 code "TRL"). With the revaluation of the Turkish lira, the Romanian leu (also revalued in July 2005) briefly became the world's least valued currency unit. At the same time, the Government introduced two new banknotes with the denominations of ₺50 and ₺100.


title: Turkish lira

text: In the transition period between January 2005 and December 2008, the second Turkish lira was officially called "Yeni Türk lirası" ("New Turkish lira"). The letter "Y" in the currency code was taken from the Turkish word , meaning "new". It was officially abbreviated "YTL" and subdivided into 100 new (). Starting in January 2009, the "new" marking was removed from the second Turkish lira, its official name becoming just "Turkish lira" again, abbreviated "TL". All obverse sides of current banknotes have portraits of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Until 2016, the same held for the reverse sides of all current coins, but in 2016 ₺1 coins were issued to commemorate the "martyrs and veterans" of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, the reverse sides of some of which depict hands holding up a Turkish flag while others show in stylized form a collection of five-pointed stars topped by a Turkish flag.


title: Turkish lira

text: In 2018, the lira's exchange rate accelerated deterioration, reaching a level of ₺4.5/US$ by mid-May and of ₺4.9 a week later. Among economists, the accelerating loss of value was generally attributed to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan preventing the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey from making the necessary interest rate adjustments. Erdoğan, who claimed interest rates beyond his control to be "the mother and father of all evil", said that "the central bank can't take this independence and set aside the signals given by the president." Despite Erdogan's apparent opposition, Turkey's Central Bank raised interest rates sharply.


title: Turkish lira

text: As of 2020, the Turkish lira continued to plummet in value, with the currency going through a process of depreciation, consistently reaching all time lows. The Turkish lira deflated by over 400% compared to the US dollar and the euro since 2008, largely due to Erdogan's expansionist foreign policy. Erdoğan has tried to fix the current financial crisis with unorthodox methods of banking.


title: Turkish lira

text: The Turkish lira recovered partially throughout early 2021 with the government's rise of interest rates, until the currency began crashing though rapid stages of inflation and depreciation on 21 March 2021, after the sacking of Central Bank chief Naci Ağbal. The Turkish lira on 4 June reached a then-all-time-low of ₺8.8 to the dollar. The Turkish lira being one of the quickest collapsing currencies in 2021. The Turkish lira during September 2021 reached a new low of ₺8.9 to the dollar. In late 2021 the Turkish lira began collapsing rapidly, with the exchange rate falling 9% against the US dollar, reaching an all-time low of ₺12.5 to the dollar. The Turkish lira continued to collapse in December, with the inflation rate reaching unseen levels, the Turkish lira collapsing to ₺14.5 to the US Dollar, losing nearly all of its original value. On December 17, the lira fell by 8.5%, raising the exchange rate to ₺16.5 to the US dollar. Despite the currency collapse, Erdogan lowered interest rates down to 14% from 15%, with the lira losing half of its value since the start of 2021. The Turkish Lira continued to lower throughout 2022. The central bank governor Şahap Kavcıoğlu lowered interest rates by 150 basis points, from 12% to 10.5%, down from 2021 low of 15%. The official inflation rate of the Lira through 2022 reached 83%. Independent reviews of the Turkish lira put the inflation rate higher.


title: Turkish lira

text: In the campaign for the 2018 general election in Turkey, a widespread conspiracy theory claimed that the Turkish lira's decline was the work of a shadowy group, made up of "Americans, English, Dutch and some Jewish families" who would want to deprive incumbent President Erdogan of support in the elections. According to a poll from April 2018, 42 percent of Turks and 59 percent of governing AK Party voters saw the decline in the lira as a plot by foreign powers.


title: Turkish lira

text: Turkish foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu claimed Trump's wish to let the current US-Turkish tensions to drag on to the November 2018 US elections so to appeal to his Christian base and gain some points for his party.


title: Turkish lira

text: The late 2021 collapse of the Turkish lira has cost Erdogan greatly, for with the currency collapsing faster than it ever had in its history, his opinion poll ratings are slumping. He recently sacked another finance minister and replaced him with a hard-line Erdoganist and opponent of interest rates. In a statement on 10 December 2021, the Central Bank said it had sold foreign exchange for a third time during December 2021, helping to arrest the lira's slide closer to the 14-per-dollar mark. The loss of value by the Turkish lira has had a large effect on the prices of goods in Turkey, the price of bread since December 2021, according to the BBC, rising 40%. The collapse has also drastically increased the cost of imports.


title: Turkish lira

text: From 1 January 2009, the prefix "new" was removed from the second Turkish lira, its official name in Turkey becoming "Turkish lira" again; new coins without the word ""yeni"" were introduced in denominations of 1kr., 5kr., 10kr., 25kr., 50kr. and ₺1. Also, the center and ring alloys of the 50kr. and ₺1 coins were reversed.


title: Turkish lira

text: A new series of banknotes, the "E-9 Emission Group" entered circulation on 1 January 2009, with the E-8 group ceasing to be valid after 31 December 2009 (although still redeemable at branches of the Central Bank until 31 December 2019). The E-9 banknotes refer to the currency as "Turkish lira" rather than "new Turkish lira" and include a new ₺200 denomination. The new banknotes have different sizes to prevent forgery. The main specificity of this new series is that each denomination depicts a famous Turkish personality, rather than geographical sites and architectural features of Turkey. The dominant color of the 5-Turkish-lira banknote has been determined as "purple" on the second series of the current banknotes.


title: Turkish lira

text: The lira was originally symbolised as TL, inverting the characters of the Ottoman lira's sign, LT, which stood for "" in French. Historically English language sources used "£T" or "T£" for the currency, but it is unknown whether this notation was ever used within Turkey.


title: Turkish lira

text: The current currency sign of Turkish lira was created by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey in 2012. The new sign was selected after a country-wide contest. The new symbol is composed of the letter "L" shaped like a half anchor, and embedded double-striped letter "T" angled at 20 degrees.


title: Turkish lira

text: The design, created by Tülay Lale, was endorsed after a country-wide competition. It was chosen as the winner from a shortlist of seven submissions to the board of the Central Bank, selected from a total of 8,362 entries. The symbol resembles the first letter of the Turkish monetary unit, "L", in the form of a half anchor with double stroke.


title: Turkish lira

text: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the new symbol on 1 March 2012. At its unveiling, Erdoğan explained the design as "the anchor shape hopes to convey that the currency is a 'safe harbour' while the upward-facing lines represent its rising prestige".


title: Turkish lira

text: Faik Öztrak, vice chairman of the main opposition party CHP, alleged that the new sign resembles the initials "TE" of then-prime minister Tayyip Erdoğan in a reference to the tughra of Ottoman sultans. The new Turkish lira sign was also criticized for allegedly showing a similarity with an upside-down Armenian dram sign.