title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: In "Spyfall" (2020), the Doctor faces off against the regenerated Master (Sacha Dhawan), who reveals that he has destroyed their home planet of Gallifrey in revenge for the Time Lords having lied to them about their species' origins, concerning a story of the "Timeless Child". In "Fugitive of the Judoon", the Doctor learns her former companion Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) has sent her a warning – "Do not give the Lone Cyberman what it wants" – just as she was encountering a past incarnation of herself (played by Jo Martin), that she has no recollection of being. The Doctor ignores Jack's warning in "The Haunting of Villa Diodati", when the Doctor gives a partially-converted Cyberman (Patrick O'Kane) from the future a compendium containing all knowledge of the fallen Cyber-Empire, in order to save the life of Percy Shelley (Lewis Rainer) and protect human history. The Doctor and her friends pursue the Lone Cyberman to the future and the aftermath of the Cyber-Wars in "Ascension of the Cybermen", where he has set in motion a plan to rebuild the Cyber-Empire and wipe out all life in the universe. As the last fragments of humanity face destruction at the hands of the Cybermen, the Doctor is pulled through a portal to Gallifrey by the Master in "The Timeless Children", where she learns of a radical cover-up of her origins: she is in fact the Timeless Child, an orphan from an unknown world whose unique power to regenerate was studied and replicated by her adopted mother, whose people used it to build the Time Lord empire. The Time Lords then forced her to work for them as an agent of the secretive "Division" for many years before erasing her memories. The Doctor defeats the Master's plan to conquer the universe with a new race of "CyberMaster" Cybermen-Time Lord hybrids, but is then arrested by the Judoon. She is broken out of prison by Jack Harkness in the New Year's Day special "Revolution of the Daleks" (2021), and with his help the TARDIS crew prevent an attempted takeover of Earth by clones of the Dalek discovered in Sheffield. Following this adventure, Jack, Ryan, and Graham choose to stay behind on Earth, leaving Yaz as the Doctor's sole travelling companion.


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: In Series 13 (2021), titled "Flux", the Doctor and Yaz are joined by new companion Dan Lewis (John Bishop) as Swarm (Sam Spruell), an enemy from the Doctor's forgotten past as a Division agent, returns to take revenge upon her. At the same time, the Flux, a cosmic event that has the power to destroy entire galaxies, rips through the universe, and Sontarans, Daleks, Cybermen, and Weeping Angels begin amassing. Swarm and his sister Azure attempt to trap the universe in a loop where it will be continually destroyed by the Flux, while the Sontarans attempt to survive it by having the combined matter of the Daleks' and Cybermen's fleets absorb and stop the Flux. An alien race called the Lupari, meanwhile, defend the Earth from the Flux. The Doctor manages to split herself into three temporal entities, one letting herself be tortured by Swarm at Division, while the other two sabotage the Sontarans' plan so that they are destroyed with the Daleks and the Cybermen, before the Doctor safely redirects the Flux. The crisis concludes with Dan joining the Doctor and Yaz as a full-time companion, but the Doctor is troubled by a warning that her end is nearing. In "Legend of the Sea Devils" (2022), Yaz confesses to the Doctor that she holds romantic feelings for her, which the Doctor acknowledges but discourages Yaz from acting on, as it will only lead to heartbreak. In "The Power of the Doctor", the Master returns alongside his CyberMasters in an alliance with the Daleks to eliminate the Doctor once and for all by stealing her body through a forced regeneration. Although defeated narrowly by Yaz and some of the Doctor's friends and past companions, the Master is able to land a fatal laser attack on the Doctor. When her regeneration process starts, she chooses to spend some quality time with Yaz before parting ways with her one last time. Alone, the Doctor regenerates overlooking the view from Durdle Door, and is surprised to find their new body is the same as an old one (played by David Tennant).


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: New Series Adventures released three novels starring the Thirteenth Doctor, Graham O'Brien, Ryan Sinclair and Yasmin Khan in October/November 2018: "The Good Doctor", "Molten Heart", and "Combat Magicks". A novel targeted at younger readers, "The Secret in Vault 13", was published that November by BBC Children's Books. "At Childhood's End", published in February 2020 is written by Sophie Aldred, who previously played the Seventh Doctor's companion Ace, and features an adult Ace reuniting with the Thirteenth Doctor to investigate a threat that links to the circumstances that prompted Ace to leave the Seventh Doctor, the reunion with the Thirteenth Doctor encouraging Ace to reconsider her relationship with the Doctor.


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: Fan reaction to Whittaker's casting was largely positive, although "a sizeable minority protested that the Doctor shouldn't be played by a woman." Some said that a female Doctor would be a good role model for young girls, while others felt the Doctor was only ever meant to be male, or criticised the casting as an exercise in political correctness. During the "Doctor Who" panel at the 2017 San Diego Comic Con International, outgoing showrunner Steven Moffat denied there had been a "backlash" over Whittaker's casting, and said there was "80% approval on social media". Moffat commented, "It strikes me that "Doctor Who" fans are more excited about the idea of a brilliant actress playing the part than the fact she's a woman. It's been incredibly progressive and enlightened."


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: "Guardian" journalist Zoe Williams described Whittaker's casting as "the revolutionary feminist we need right now", lauding the decision as "the difference between tolerating modernity and embodying it". Williams compared the casting of a female Doctor to other examples of the show breaking "cultural taboo[s]", mentioning companions Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) and Bill Potts (Pearl Mackie) as examples of the show's diversity.


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: Reaction among former "Doctor Who" actors was largely positive. Colin Baker, who portrayed the Sixth Doctor, quoting his own character in his introductory stories "The Caves of Androzani" and "The Twin Dilemma", tweeted: "Change my dears and not a moment too soon — she IS the Doctor whether you like it or not!" In an opinion piece for "The Guardian", Baker wrote that he had "never been able to think of any logical reason" why the Doctor could not be a woman, and described himself as "shocked" that some fans of the show were vowing not to watch again due to Whittaker's casting.


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: Conversely, Peter Davison, who portrayed the Fifth Doctor, stated that the casting would mean the "loss of a role model for boys". Nevertheless, he noted that Whittaker is a "terrific actress" and would do "a wonderful job" in the role. Baker and Davison argued over the casting at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con. Tom Baker, who portrayed the Fourth Doctor, reacted positively to the news. However, he warned that if the audience were to lose interest, Whittaker should be replaced: "I think it might be quite nice to have a woman. But you [BBC] just test it. If the audience don't like it then just kill her off. ... Nobody has ever failed by the way, nobody has, it's just how it is." Freema Agyeman, who played Martha Jones between 2007 and 2010, said she was "astounded" by the negative reception from some fans, noting that the show's history of change was key to its strength and longevity. Other former cast members Christopher Eccleston, Sylvester McCoy, Katy Manning, David Tennant, Billie Piper, Karen Gillan and John Barrowman reacted positively to the news.


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: Whittaker has received positive reviews for her portrayal of the Doctor. Ed Power of "The Independent" applauded her introduction in "The Woman Who Fell To Earth", commenting "Whittaker is a force of breezy nature – rambunctious, quirky but with a reassuring familiar aura of Gallifreyan uncanniness." Adding upon this he stated "still, she's soon in her stride with a turn that swerves satisfyingly between whimsical and tom-boyish." Morgan Jeffery of "Digital Spy" called her debut performance "terrific" and "fizzling with energy". Ben Lawrence of "The Telegraph" commented "Whittaker is a breath of fresh air: a talented, emotionally engaged actress who brings warmth and humanity to a show that was largely in danger of disappearing up its own black hole. From the outset, she proves to be a charismatic presence, righting alien wrongs in the gleaming metropolis of Sheffield (of all places.) Likeable, funny, as brave as a lion, Whittaker's Doctor has ushered in a new era for this 55-year-old show, with a remarkable level of assurance."


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: "Radio Times" Flora Carr commented: "She's channelled the best elements of recent Doctors (Matt Smith's whimsy, David Tennant's frenetic energy, Peter Capaldi's wry humour...), but above all, she's made the role her own." Mark Braxton also said, "Jodie's Doctor is a whirlwind of likeability and energy, a tour de force that has relaunched the show with panache." BBC Drama controller Piers Wenger told "Radio Times" his opinion of Whittaker's performance, stating it was "intensely moral, a little distracted and bursting with energy, she's both the Doctor we know and a new version of the Time Lord. Gone is the daffiness and idiosyncrasy of her predecessors in favour of a Doctor with energy, spark and relatability."


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: Whittaker's tenure as the Doctor was considered divisive, with praise for the series improved production values, but criticism for the scripts, characterization, and the retcon of the Doctor's origins in the episode "The Timeless Children".


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: For the 23rd Satellite Awards, Whitaker received a nomination for Best Actress in a Series, Drama/Genre.


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: Whittaker was also nominated at the National Television Awards in the Best Dramatic Performance category, in the TV Choice Awards in the Best Actress Category, at the ITalkTelly Awards in the Best Dramatic Performance category, and she won the Heat Magazine Unmissable Award for actress of the year.


title: Thirteenth Doctor

text: In 2019, Whittaker received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress on Television for her performance in the eleventh series, making her the third person to receive a Saturn Award nomination for playing the Doctor after Paul McGann and David Tennant.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: "Jack Ketchums The Girl Next Door" (also known as "Jack Ketchum's Evil") is a 2007 American horror film directed by Gregory M. Wilson from a screenplay by Daniel Farrands and Philip Nutman. It is based on Jack Ketchum's 1989 novel of the same name, which was inspired by the real-life murder of Sylvia Likens, to whom the movie is dedicated.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: In 2007, a man named David Moran witnesses a man hit and run by a car in New York City. He responds to the situation and tries to resuscitate the victim. That evening, he reflects on his past in the summer of 1958, when he meets his first teenage crush, Meg Loughlin. Meg and her disabled sister Susan have lost their parents in a car accident and are now living with their aunt, Ruth Chandler, and her sons, Willie, Ralphie, and Donny.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: Ruth freely allows her sons' young friends, including David, to her house, where she entertains them and offers them beer and cigarettes. Meanwhile, Ruth starves Meg, subjects her to misogynistic lectures, and accuses her of being a whore while her children listen. After an incident when Meg hits Ralphie when he inappropriately touches her, Ruth strips and spanks Susan for being a "conniver," forcing Meg to watch. Ruth then confiscates Meg's ring necklace that had belonged to her mother.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: Meg reports the abuse to a local police officer named Officer Jennings, but law enforcement does not criminally charge Ruth. As punishment, Ruth and her sons bind Meg in the basement and torment her, strip her, and then leave her overnight, hanging by the arms from the rafters. She eventually becomes dehydrated and is unable to even eat the dry toast Ruth tries to feed her. Ruth again spanks Susan's bare bottom as punishment for Meg.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: With Ruth's approval, the neighborhood children visit the Chandler residence to tie, beat, burn and cut Meg for fun. Ruth cauterizes the wounds Meg receives with cigarettes. David tries to tell his parents but is unable to do so. Officer Jennings checks in once more, answering another call about Meg’s abuse, but Ruth and her sons convince Officer Jennings that they were simply roughhousing. While they are distracted speaking to the officer, David loosens Meg's bindings and tells her to escape that night, even offering to leave money for her in the woods. Meg very nearly escapes but is caught when she comes back for Susan.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: David returns to the Chandler house and is guided to the basement, where Meg is being raped by Willie. Donny also wishes to rape Meg, but Ruth refuses because she thinks it would be incest for him to "skinny dip in his brother's scum". Ruth then carves a sexually explicit message into Meg's abdomen with a heated bobby pin and burns her clitoris with a blowtorch. David attempts to leave and get help, but the boys tie him up and kick him in the groin before turning their attention back to Meg.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: Later in the day, David awakes still on the basement floor. He frees himself from his bindings and finds Susan sitting with an unconscious Meg. Susan reveals that she had confessed to Meg about Ruth molesting her, making Meg hesitant to escape alone. David plans their escape and lights a fire in the basement. As Ruth enters, David beats her to death with Susan's crutch. Ruth's sons arrive in the basement, and Willie attempts to cut David’s throat with a knife before Officer Jennings intervenes and arrests the Chandler boys. The police take Susan from the basement so that she can testify in court, leaving Meg with David. David returns the ring necklace to Meg, who uses the last of her energy to thank David for what he has done and profess her love for him before finally dying from her injuries.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: Back in 2007, the adult David reflects on how his past still haunts him. However, as Meg taught him, "It's what you do last that counts."


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: Additionally, Mark Margolis portrays the homeless man struck by a vehicle at the beginning of the film and Peter Stickles portrays an EMT. Jack Ketchum, the author of the novel that the film is based on, appears as a carnival worker.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: Blythe Auffarth asserted all the scenes in which she is hung up and blindfolded were wearing for her. "It's extremely humiliating and it's a little bit scary being so without control. It's scary being helpless and it's humiliating hanging and dangling there, and it's even more petrifying to have your senses taken away from you," she said.


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 67% based on reviews from 15 critics, with an average rating of 6.1/10. Metacritic gives the film a score of 29% based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: The Girl Next Door (2007 film)

text: Stephen King said about the film, "The first authentically shocking American film I've seen since "" over 20 years ago. If you are easily disturbed, you should not watch this movie. If, on the other hand, you are prepared for a long look into hell, suburban style, "The Girl Next Door" will not disappoint. This is the dark-side-of-the-moon version of "Stand by Me"."


title: Chairperson

text: The chairperson, also chairman, chairwoman or chair, is the presiding officer of an organized group such as a board, committee, or deliberative assembly. The person holding the office, who is typically elected or appointed by members of the group, presides over meetings of the group, and conducts the group's business in an orderly fashion.


title: Chairperson

text: In some organizations, the chairperson is also known as "president" (or other title). In others, where a board appoints a president (or other title), the two terms are used for distinct positions. Also, the chairman term may be used in a neutral manner not directly implying the gender of the holder.


title: Chairperson

text: Terms for the office and its holder include "chair", "chairperson", "chairman", "chairwoman", "convenor", "facilitator", "moderator", "president", and "presiding officer". The chairperson of a parliamentary chamber is often called the "speaker". "Chair" has been used to refer to a seat or office of authority since the middle of the 17th century; its earliest citation in the "Oxford English Dictionary" dates to 1658–1659, four years after the first citation for "chairman". "Chairman" has been criticized as sexist.


title: Chairperson

text: In World Schools Style debating, as of 2009, "chair" or "chairperson" refers to the person who controls the debate; it recommends using "Madame Chair" or "Mr. Chairman" to address the chair. The "FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication" and the American Psychological Association style guide advocate using "chair" or "chairperson". "The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style" (2000) suggested that the gender-neutral forms were gaining ground; it advocated "chair" for both men and women. The "Telegraph" style guide bans the use of "chair" and "chairperson"; the newspaper's position, as of 2018, is that "chairman is correct English". The National Association of Parliamentarians adopted a resolution in 1975 discouraging the use of "chairperson" and rescinded it in 2017.


title: Chairperson

text: The word "chair" can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be "in the chair" and is also referred to as "the chair". Parliamentary procedure requires that members address the "chair" as "Mr. (or Madam) Chairman (or Chair or Chairperson)" rather than using a name – one of many customs intended to maintain the presiding officer's impartiality and to ensure an objective and impersonal approach.


title: Chairperson

text: In the British music hall tradition, the chairman was the master of ceremonies who announced the performances and was responsible for controlling any rowdy elements in the audience. The role was popularised on British TV in the 1960s and 1970s by Leonard Sachs, the chairman on the variety show "The Good Old Days".


title: Chairperson

text: "Chairman" as a quasi-title gained particular resonance when socialist states from 1917 onward shunned more traditional leadership labels and stressed the collective control of "Soviets" (councils or committees) by beginning to refer to executive figureheads as "Chairman of the X Committee". Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russian government not as prime minister or as president but as "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR". At the same time, the "Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee" was the head of the state, an office held by Kalinin between 1919 and 1938, when it was replaced by the "Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR".


title: Chairperson

text: Later, Mao Zedong was commonly called "Chairman Mao", as he was officially Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.


title: Chairperson

text: In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the chairperson presides over meetings. Such duties at meetings include:


title: Chairperson

text: While presiding, the chairperson should remain impartial and not interrupt a speaker if the speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group. In committees or small boards, the chairperson votes along with the other members; in assemblies or larger boards, the chairperson should vote only when it can affect the result. At a meeting, the chairperson only has one vote (i.e. the chairperson cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organization has specifically given the chairperson such authority).


title: Chairperson

text: The powers of the chairperson vary widely across organizations. In some organizations they have the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions. In others they only make recommendations to a board of directors, and or may have no executive powers, in which case they are mainly a spokesperson for the organization. The power given depends upon the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself.


title: Chairperson

text: If the chairperson exceeds their authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform their duties, they may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the chairperson has the power to discipline them.


title: Chairperson

text: The chief executive officer (CEO) may also hold the title of chairperson, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. This position is equivalent to the position of président-directeur général in France.


title: Chairperson

text: Executive chairperson is an office separate from that of CEO, where the titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as Larry Ellison of Oracle, Douglas Flint of HSBC and Steve Case of AOL Time Warner. In particular, the group chair of HSBC is considered the top position of that institution, outranking the chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures. Before the creation of the group management board in 2006, HSBC's chair essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as the deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while the chairperson oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business.


title: Chairperson

text: Non-executive chairperson is also a separate post from the CEO; unlike an executive chairperson, a non-executive chair does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated the roles of chairperson and CEO, saying that this move improves corporate governance. The non-executive chairperson's duties are typically limited to matters directly related to the board, such as:


title: Chairperson

text: Many US companies have an executive chairperson; this method of organization is sometimes called the American model. Having a non-executive chairperson is common in the UK and Canada, and is sometimes called the British model. Expert opinion is rather evenly divided over which is the preferable model. There is a growing push by public market investors for companies with an executive chairperson to have a lead independent director to provide some element of an independent perspective.


title: Chairperson

text: The role of the chairperson in a private equity-backed board differs from the role in non-profit or publicly listed organizations in several ways, including the pay, role and what makes an effective private-equity chairperson. Companies with both an executive chairperson and a CEO include Ford, HSBC, Alphabet Inc., HP, and Apple.


title: Chairperson

text: A vice- or deputy chairperson, subordinate to the chairperson, is sometimes chosen to assist and to serve as chairperson in the latter's absence, or when a motion involving the chairperson is being discussed. In the absence of the chairperson and vice-chairperson, groups sometimes elect a "chairperson pro tempore" to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have both titles, deputy chairperson ranks higher than vice-chairperson, as there are often multiple vice-chairpersons but only a single deputy chairperson. This type of deputy chairperson title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as Ted Turner at Time Warner).


title: Chairperson

text: An unrelated definition of vice- and deputy chairpersons describes an executive who is higher ranking or has more seniority than an executive vice-president (EVP). Sometimes, EVPs report to a vice-chairperson, who in turn reports directly to the chief executive officer (CEO) (so vice-chairpersons in effect constitute an additional layer of management), while other vice-chairpersons have more responsibilities but are otherwise on an equal tier with EVPs. Executives with the title vice-chairperson and deputy chairperson are usually "not" members of the board of directors.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Lion Air Flight 610 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, Jakarta to Depati Amir Airport, Pangkal Pinang in Indonesia. On 29 October 2018, the Boeing 737 MAX operating the route crashed into the Java Sea 13 minutes after takeoff, killing all 189 passengers and crew. It was the first major accident involving the new Boeing 737 MAX series of aircraft, introduced in 2017, and the highest death toll of any accident or incident involving a 737 series aircraft, surpassing Air India Express Flight 812 in 2010. It was the deadliest accident in Lion Air's history, surpassing the 2004 Lion Air Flight 538 that killed 25, and the second deadliest aircraft accident in Indonesia behind Garuda Indonesia Flight 152.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The Indonesian government's search and rescue found debris and human remains soon after from a wide area. The first victim was identified two days after the crash. The flight data recorder was found on 1 November and recovered for analysis. One member of the volunteer rescue team died during recovery operations.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Preliminary investigations revealed serious flight control problems that traumatized passengers and crew on the aircraft's previous flight, as well as signs of failures of an angle of attack (AoA) sensor and other instruments on that and previous flights, tied to a design flaw involving the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) of the MAX series. As a result, the United States Federal Aviation Administration and Boeing issued warnings and training advisories to all operators of the MAX series to avoid letting the MCAS cause similar problems. These advisories were not fully implemented, however, and the design issues were suspected to have also been involved in the Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crash on 10 March 2019, prompting a worldwide grounding of all 737 MAX aircraft.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), which published its final report in October 2019. The NTSC found nine factors that contributed to the accident, without assigning precedence amongst them.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737 MAX 8, registration PK-LQP, line number 7058, powered by two CFM International LEAP engines. The aircraft was leased from China Minsheng Investment Group (CMIG) Aviation Capital. It made its first flight on 30 July 2018 and was delivered new to Lion Air on 13 August 2018. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had flown about 800 hours in service. This was the first accident involving a 737 MAX since the type's entry into service on 22 May 2017, and the deadliest accident involving a Boeing 737.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The flight's cockpit crew were Captain Bhavye Suneja (31), an Indian national who had flown with the airline for more than seven years and had about 6,028 hours of flight experience (including 5,176 hours on the Boeing 737) and received his training in California; and Indonesian co-pilot Harvino (41), who had 5,174 hours of flight experience, 4,286 of them on the Boeing 737. The six flight attendants were Indonesians.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The aircraft took off from Jakarta on 29 October 2018 at 6:20 a.m. local time (28 October 2018, 11:20 p.m. UTC) and was scheduled to arrive at Depati Amir Airport in Pangkal Pinang at 7:20 a.m. It took off in a westward direction before circling around to a northeast heading, which it held until crashing offshore northeast of Jakarta in waters estimated to be up to deep. The flight crew had requested clearance to return to the Jakarta airport into the flight. The accident site was located off the coast of the island of Java.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Communication between air traffic control (ATC) and Flight 610 was suddenly lost at 6:33 a.m. ATC informed the National Search and Rescue Agency, which deployed three ships and a helicopter to the area. At 7:30 a.m., the agency received reports that Flight 610 had crashed a few kilometres from an offshore oil platform. Workers on the platform reportedly saw the aircraft crash with a steep nose-down angle. Boats from the platform were immediately deployed and debris from the crashed aircraft was found shortly after.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: There were 189 people on board the aircraft: 181 passengers (178 adults, 1 child and 2 infants), as well as six cabin crew and two pilots. All 189 passengers and crew on board were killed.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Among the passengers were twenty Ministry of Finance employees, ten Audit Board of Indonesia employees, two auditors from the , three Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources employees, three public attorneys, three Indonesian National Police officers, six Bangka Belitung Regional People's Representative Council members, and three judges of Indonesia's High Court and National Court, for a total of thirty-eight civil servants, three police officers and ten state officials. There were two confirmed foreigners among those on board: the pilot from India and an Italian citizen, former professional cyclist Andrea Manfredi.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 29 October, Indonesia's Transportation Ministry ordered all of the country's airlines to conduct emergency inspections on their 737 MAX 8 aircraft. The ministry would also launch a special audit on Lion Air to see if there were any problems with its management system. The Transportation Ministry announced that all Indonesian Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft were airworthy and were allowed to resume normal operations on 31 October.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: A Basarnas spokesperson confirmed to reporters that the aircraft had crashed; Muhammad Syaugi, head of Basarnas, later confirmed that there had been casualties, without specifying a number.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The Transportation Ministry set up crisis centres in Jakarta and Pangkal Pinang. Lion Air offered free flights for the families of the victims to Jakarta. On 30 October, more than 90 relatives were flown to Jakarta for the identification of the victims. CEO of Lion Air Edward Sirait stated that accommodation had been provided for the relatives, and later added that relatives should go to Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport for further information. The Indonesian National Police announced that a trauma healing team would be provided for the relatives of the victims.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Indonesia's People's Representative Council announced on 29 October that they would examine the Standard Operating Procedure of Lion Air and the airworthiness of the aircraft. They would also examine the health history of the crew of Flight 610. The Speaker of the People's Representative Council, Bambang Soesatyo, later asked the government to enforce stricter rules for the aviation industry and to audit every airliner in the country. On 1 November, Indonesian Minister of Transportation Budi Karya Sumadi announced that the government would evaluate every low-cost carrier in Indonesia.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: As 20 of the passengers were employees of the Indonesian Ministry of Finance, Sri Mulyani, the Indonesian Finance Minister, immediately visited the Indonesian Search and Rescue Agency's office in Jakarta, seeking coordination and further information. She later announced that Finance Ministry employees should wear a black ribbon for a week to commemorate the victims. Posthumous awards were issued to the 20 victims and scholarships to their children.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Minister of Health Nila F Moeloek and Minister of Transportation Budi Karya Sumadi visited the relatives of the victims. Indonesian President Joko Widodo, who was attending a conference in Bali during the crash, visited the recovery efforts at the Port of Tanjung Priok the next day.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade announced that its staff would be banned from flying on Lion Air, as well as its subsidiary airlines Batik Air and Wings Air, until the cause of the accident was known. The Indonesian Minister of Transportation, Budi Karya Sumadi, later stated that his ministry would hold talks with the Australian government about the warning.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The government-owned social insurance company Jasa Raharja announced that the victims' families would each receive 50 million rupiah (US$) in compensation.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: In the immediate aftermath of the crash, the Indonesian media were warned by Indonesian Broadcasting Commission for their unethical coverage of the crash. Some media were accused of pushing the family members to answer unethical questions. Chairman of Indonesia's Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI), Abdul Manan, stated that images of debris were broadcast repeatedly and inappropriately. This, in turn, traumatized relatives of the victims. In response, some Indonesians voiced their anger and disappointment on social media.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 31 October, Transportation Minister Budi Karya Sumadi temporarily suspended Lion Air's technical director Muhammad Arif from his duties based on the crash investigation. Budi said the ministry had also suspended an unspecified number of Lion Air technicians who had cleared the aircraft for its final flight.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Indonesia's National Search and Rescue Agency (Basarnas) launched a search and rescue operation, with assistance from the Indonesian Air Force, the Indonesian Navy, and the Republic of Singapore Navy. Basarnas dispatched about 150 people in boats and helicopters to the site of the accident. Civilian vessels also responded to the reports of a downed aircraft, and the crew of a tugboat reported to authorities in Tanjung Priok that they had witnessed an aircraft crash at 6:45 a.m. and located debris in the water at 7:15 a.m. The Indonesian Agency for Assessment and Application for Technology deployed the research ship "Baruna Jaya", which had been previously used in the search for Adam Air Flight 574 and Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Officials from the National Search and Rescue Agency announced that the search and rescue operation would be conducted for seven days and be extended by three days if needed. A command centre was set up in Tanjung Priok.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 29 October, the director of operations for Basarnas said that all on board were presumed dead and that the first human remains had been recovered. Divers had located fragments of the aircraft's fuselage and assorted debris, but had yet to find the onboard flight recorders. Air Marshal Muhammad Syaugi, head of Basarnas, suggested that most of the victims were still inside the fuselage, as in the days following the crash rescue personnel only managed to recover a small number of body parts. Poor underwater visibility and strong sea current hampered the search and rescue effort.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On the same day, the National Search and Rescue Agency published the area of the search and rescue operation. It was divided into two main areas. The first was a underwater search area while the second was a "visual search" area, wide.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 30 October, the search area was divided into 13 sectors. The search area was widened to , reaching as far as Indramayu to the east. Approximately 850 personnel from the National Search and Rescue Agency, National Armed Forces and volunteers participated in the operation. At least 13 bodies were retrieved from the crash site. Indonesian officials confirmed that faint pings had been heard in the search area.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 31 October, it was reported that acoustic "pings" had been detected, no further than from the group of eight current search points, which were possibly from one or both of the underwater locator beacons (ULBs) attached to the aircraft's flight recorders.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The first victim was identified on 31 October. At the time, more than a dozen body parts had been found by authorities. Some of the parts had drifted more than in the sea current. Police also reported that 152 DNA samples had been collected from the victims' relatives. Hundreds of pieces of the aircraft had also been recovered; all of them were transported to Tanjung Priok, Jakarta. Authorities stated that the search area for dead bodies and debris would be focused in the sea off Karawang Regency, a coastal area of Java close to the crash site, as analysis showed that the sea currents in the area would bring debris to the south. A command centre was set up in Tanjung Pakis, Karawang to oversee the salvage effort.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On the same day, authorities widened the search area from . In all, 39 ships (including four equipped with sonar) and 50 divers were deployed to the search area. The National Police announced that 651 personnel had joined and assisted in the search and rescue operation. Officials stated that the operation, starting from 31 October, would focus on finding the fuselage of the aircraft and the flight recorders.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The joint search and rescue team announced on 31 October that at least three objects, one of which was suspected to be one of the aircraft's wings, were found in the search area. Officials confirmed that "pings" from the aircraft's ULBs were also heard near the area.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 1 November, searchers recovered Flight 610's flight data recorder (FDR), which was located at a depth of . The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was reported as not yet found. Haryo Satmiko, deputy chief of National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) (), the body investigating the crash, told journalists that the device's poor condition was evidence of the "extraordinary impact" of the crash, which had separated the memory unit from its housing. Despite the damage, investigators were able to recover data from the aircraft's most recent 19 flights spanning 69 hours, and planned to begin analysis on 5 November.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 2 November, the joint search and rescue team deployed more than 850 personnel and 45 vessels to the crash site. The aerial search area was widened to and the "underwater search area" was widened to . Joint search and rescue team announced that some engine parts were found in the search area. One of the aircraft's landing gears was recovered in the afternoon. Meanwhile, the Disaster Victim Identification team stated that at least 250 body parts had been recovered from the crash site.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: A volunteer rescue diver died during the search on the afternoon of 2 November, likely from decompression sickness.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: A second landing gear and both of the aircraft's engines were recovered by search and rescue personnel, and the main body of the aircraft was located. The main wreckage of the aircraft was located from the coast of Tanjung Pakis and was about from the location where the flight data recorder was discovered. Divers were immediately dispatched to the area. Faint "pings" from the ULB attached to the aircraft's cockpit voice recorder were also heard.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 4 November, nearly 1,400 personnel, including 175 divers, were dispatched to the crash site. 69 ships, five helicopters and thirty ambulances were also dispatched. The Head of the National Search and Rescue Agency Muhammad Syaugi announced that the search and rescue operation would be extended for another three days.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 10 November, the NSRA ended its search for victims, but on 22 November were continuing to search intensively for the cockpit voice recorder.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 23 November, investigators concluded the victim identification process. Out of 189 people on board, 125 (89 men and 36 women) were identified, including the two foreigners. Another 64 bodies were unaccounted for.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Lion Air paid US$2.8 million for a second attempt to search for the cockpit voice recorder between 19 and 29 December, utilizing the offshore supply vessel MPV "Everest". Divers detected a signal from an underwater locator beacon coming from underneath the aircraft wreckage and were able to fix the approximate position of the cockpit voice recorder but did not succeed in recovering it.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The NTSC funded a further underwater search using Indonesian Navy vessel KRI "Spica", which started on 8 January 2019 and continued until the cockpit voice recorder was recovered on 14 January. The cockpit voice recorder was found at a depth of covered by mud that was thick.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The Lion Air aircraft flight recorders were retrieved with assistance from Singapore's Transport Safety Investigation Bureau (TSIB), which sent on 29 October 2018, three specialists and an underwater locator beacon detector to help recover the devices. The Australian Transport Safety Bureau sent two of its personnel to assist the Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) with the downloading process of the FDR.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: In August 2019, an early draft of the NTSC report was leaked. The report in circulation blamed design and oversight lapses playing a key role in the Lion Air Flight 610 crash and also identified pilot and maintenance errors as causal factors among a hundred elements of the crash chronology, without ranking them. Lion Air expressed objections because NTSC's draft, according to a source who requested anonymity, attributed 25 lapses to Lion Air out of 41 lapses found. There are also doubts about the acceptability of some photographs used in the investigation, as they could be fabricated evidence of repair to the doomed Lion Air MAX. The company opposes raising an issue about the photographs in the final accident report.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: A Boeing technician and engineering team, and a team from the US National Transportation Safety Board arrived on 31 October to help with the investigation being conducted by the NTSC. Personnel from the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and engine manufacturer GE Aviation were also sent to Indonesia. A team from Singapore, that had already arrived on the night of 29 October, was to provide assistance in recovering the aircraft's flight recorders. The Australian Transport Safety Bureau sent two of its personnel to assist with the downloading process of the FDR.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The aircraft was used on a flight from Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta the night before the crash. Detailed reports from that flight revealed that the aircraft had suffered a serious incident, which left many passengers traumatized. Passengers in the cabin reported heavy shaking and a smell of burnt rubber inside the cabin. At one point, the aircraft had dropped more than in a few seconds. The seat belt sign was never turned off from takeoff to landing. A recording of air traffic control communications indicated that the pilot had called a "pan-pan." The crew later decided to cancel the pan-pan and continue the flight to Jakarta.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The aircraft's maintenance logbook revealed that the aircraft suffered an unspecified navigation failure on the captain's side, while the First Officer's side was reported to be in good condition.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Passengers recounted that the aircraft had suffered an engine problem and were told not to board it as engineers tried to fix the problem. While the aircraft was en route to Jakarta, it had problems maintaining a constant altitude, with passengers stating that it was like "a roller-coaster ride." The chief executive officer of Lion Air, Edward Sirait, said the aircraft had a "technical issue" on Sunday night, but this had been addressed in accordance with maintenance manuals issued by the manufacturer. Engineers had declared that the aircraft was ready for takeoff on the morning of the accident. Information later emerged that a third pilot was on the flight to Jakarta and told the crew to cut electrical power to the stabilizer trim motors. This method is a standard memory item in the 737 checklist and, on this flight, it fixed the problem. Subsequently, the National Transportation Safety Committee confirmed the presence of an off-duty Boeing 737 MAX 8 qualified pilot in the cockpit but did not confirm the role of this person in fixing the problem, and denied that there was any recording of the previous flight in the cockpit voice recorder of Lion Air Flight 610.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The erratic nature of the flight path led Indonesian aviation expert Gerry Soejatman to speculate that the pitot tubes, used in the airspeed indication system, may have played a role in the crash. They have contributed to previous crashes.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) reported that the weather was clear around the time of the crash, with winds at from the northwest. Visibility was good with no cumulonimbus clouds. Police Hospital Chief Musyafak said that an examination of the body parts indicated that it was unlikely that there had been an explosion or fire on board the aircraft.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Aviation experts noted that there were some abnormalities in the altitude and the airspeed of Flight 610. Just three minutes into the flight, the captain asked the controller for permission to return to the airport as there were flight control problems. About eight minutes into the flight, data transmitted automatically by the aircraft showed it had descended to about but its altitude continued to fluctuate. The mean value of the airspeed data transmitted by Flight 610 was around , which was considered by experts to be unusual, as typically aircraft at altitudes lower than are restricted to an airspeed of . Ten minutes into the flight, the data recorded the aircraft dropping by more than . The last recorded altitude of the aircraft was .


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 5 November, the NTSC announced that Flight 610 was still intact when it crashed into the sea at high speed, citing the relatively small size of the pieces of debris. The impact was so powerful that the strongest part of the aircraft was obliterated. The NTSC also stated that the engines of Flight 610 were still running when it crashed into the sea, indicated by the high RPM. Further examination of the aircraft's instruments revealed that one of the aircraft's airspeed indicators had malfunctioned for its last four flights, including the flight to Denpasar.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 7 November, the NTSC confirmed that there had been problems with Flight 610's angle of attack (AoA) sensors. Thinking that it would fix the problem, the engineers in Bali then replaced one of the aircraft's AoA sensors, but the problem persisted on the penultimate flight, from Denpasar to Jakarta. Just minutes after takeoff, the aircraft abruptly dived. The crew of that flight, however, had managed to control the aircraft and decided to fly at a lower than normal altitude. They then managed to land the aircraft safely and recorded a twenty-degree difference between the readings of the left AoA sensor and the right sensor. NTSC chief Soerjanto Tjahjono told the press that future reporting or actions, enacted to prevent similar problems on similar aircraft, would be decided by Boeing and U.S. aviation authorities.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 28 November, Indonesia investigators said the Lion Air jet was not airworthy on the flight before the crash. Several relatives of the crash victims filed lawsuits against Boeing.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 28 November, the Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) released its preliminary accident investigation report. After airspeed and altitude problems, an AoA sensor was replaced and tested two days earlier on the accident aircraft. Erroneous airspeed indications were still present on the subsequent flight on 28 October, which experienced automatic nose down trim. The runaway stabilizer non-normal checklist was run, the electric stabilizer trim was turned off, and the flight continued with manual trim; the issues were reported after landing. Shortly after takeoff on 29 October, issues involving altitude and airspeed continued due to erroneous AoA data and commanded automatic nose-down trim via the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS). The flight crew repeatedly commanded nose-up trim over the final ten minutes of the flight. The preliminary report did not state whether the runaway stabilizer trim procedure was run or whether the electric stabilizer trim switches were cut out on the accident flight.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: "Leeham News", which principally covers Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier and Embraer issues, reported that the crew did not have a clear knowledge that trim runaway checklist will disengage MCAS.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: Boeing pointed to the successful troubleshooting conducted on 28 October as evidence that the MCAS did not change runaway stabilizer procedures, and emphasised the longstanding existence of procedures to cancel MCAS nose-down commands.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was found on 14 January 2019. On 21 January 2019, the NTSC announced that it would not release transcript from the cockpit voice recorder until the final report was released. Following the Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crash on 10 March 2019, however, the data from the CVR of the Lion Air Flight 610 were shared among the investigators; media citing anonymous sources reported that CVR recorded the pilots mentioning several problems, trying to climb, and checking the quick reference handbook for a solution. NTSC denied these claims but stated the pilots began to panic at the end of the flight.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The NTSC released its final report into the accident on 25 October 2019. The report listed nine "Contributing Factors":


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The report stated that 31 pages were missing from the airplane's log book. The NTSC recommended that Lion Air improve the duration and content of its Safety Management System training, including the identification of equipment hazards, such as the continuous stick shaker and trim runaway, which the pilot on the previous flight did not report. The Indonesian Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) was urged to improve its oversight of airlines and maintenance organisations.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The CFM LEAP engines used on the 737 MAX have a higher bypass ratio and have a larger nacelle than the engines of previous Boeing 737 models, requiring them to be placed further forward and upwards on the wing compared to previous models. This destabilises the aircraft pitch at high angles of attack (AoA) due to a change in aerodynamics.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) was designed to mitigate this aerodynamics issue in the 737 MAX series, automatically commanding the aircraft to pitch downwards if its angle of attack was too high, however out of two angle of attack sensors on the aircraft, MCAS would only read data from a single sensor. Former Boeing engineers expressed the opinion that a nose-down command triggered by a sensor single point of failure is a design flaw if the crew is not prepared, and the FAA was evaluating a fix of the possible flaw and investigating whether the pilots' transition training is adequate. A malfunction in the Captain-side AoA sensor, as occurred on the flight, caused the MCAS system to continuously trim the aircraft nose-down, causing the plane to crash.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 7 November, on the basis of preliminary information gathered in the investigation of the Lion Air accident, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States issued an emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) requiring that amended operating limitations and procedures relating to erroneous data from an AoA sensor be inserted into the aircraft flight manual of each 737 MAX aircraft, and urged all airlines operating Boeing 737 MAX 8s to heed the warnings.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 25 October 2019, after the release of the Final Report by NTSC, FAA revoked the repair certification of Florida-based Xtra Aerospace LLC, which fixed an AOA sensor suspected of contributing to the crash.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: During difference training, pilots of American Airlines and Southwest Airlines converting from earlier Boeing 737 Next Generation models to the 737 MAX were not informed of the MCAS linked to the fatal crash, leaving them concerned that they were possibly untrained with respect to other differences. In November 2018, "Aviation Week" reviewed the 737 MAX flight crew operations manual and found that it did not mention the MCAS. American Airlines' Allied Pilots Association and Southwest Airlines Pilots' Association were also caught unaware. "The Wall Street Journal" reported that Boeing had "decided against disclosing more details to cockpit crews due to concerns about inundating average pilots with too much information."


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 15 November, the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) in the United States, representing 61,000 pilots, urged the FAA and NTSB to ensure pilots receive all relevant information addressing a "potential, significant aviation system safety deficiency." ALPA's United Airlines branch, in line with its management, disagrees as the 737 pilot manual includes a standard procedure to shut down the flight-control behavior, and dismissed the MCAS implication in the accident as "speculation" based on the Boeing safety-warning bulletin and the follow-on FAA airworthiness directive.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: In an internal message on 19 November 2018, Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg defended the Flight Crew Operations Manual as describing the relevant function of MCAS. On 20 November, Boeing was to hold a conference call with 737 MAX operators to detail the new MCAS not present in the Next Generation models.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: The conference call was cancelled later, to be replaced by a series of regional calls to allow more questions.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 25 October 2019, after the release of the final investigation report by NTSC, Boeing President and CEO Dennis Muilenburg responded:"We are addressing the KNKT's [NTSC's] safety recommendations, and taking actions to enhance the safety of the 737 MAX to prevent the flight control conditions that occurred in this accident from ever happening again. Safety is an enduring value for everyone at Boeing and the safety of the flying public, our customers, and the crews aboard our airplanes is always our top priority. We value our long-standing partnership with Lion Air and we look forward to continuing to work together in the future."In January 2020, newly released unredacted internal messages within Boeing employees reveal that they have mocked Lion Air with profanity, belittling the airline for requesting additional simulator training for their Boeing 737 MAX pilots in 2017 citing that Lion's sister airline (Malindo Air) have already operated the type. Lion Air co-founder and former CEO Rusdi Kirana, currently the Indonesian ambassador to Malaysia, considered cancelling Lion Air's outstanding 190 Boeing aircraft orders – worth some $22 billion at list prices – over what he viewed as an attempt by Boeing to blame Lion Air for the crash.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 31 December 2018, the family of the first officer filed a lawsuit against Boeing, claiming negligence. The lawsuit also claimed that the aircraft's sensors provided inaccurate flight data, causing its anti-stall system to improperly engage, as well as Boeing not providing proper instructions to pilots about how to handle the situation.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: In March 2019, victims' families reported irregularities, saying that Lion Air pressured them into signing away their rights to seek legal recourse for under-compensation.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: In December 2020, a federal judge in Chicago froze the assets of attorney Thomas Girardi, as "finding that he misappropriated at least US$2 million in client funds that were due to the families of those killed in the crash". He was disbarred from legal practice and ordered return US$2.3 million in funds.


title: Lion Air Flight 610

text: On 10 March 2019, another 737 MAX 8, operated by Ethiopian Airlines (registration ET-AVJ), crashed shortly after takeoff from Addis Ababa; all 157 people on board perished. This raised further concerns about the safety of the 737 MAX and culminated in all 737 MAX aircraft being grounded worldwide for 21 months.


title: Autofellatio

text: Autofellatio is the act of oral stimulation of one's own penis as a form of masturbation. Only a limited number of males are physically capable of performing autofellatio.


title: Autofellatio

text: Egyptologist David Lorton says that many ancient texts refer to autofellatio within the religion of Egypt, both in the realm of the gods and among the followers performing religious rituals. According to Lorton, in the Papyrus Bremner-Rhind 28, 20–24, in a document called "Book of Overthrowing Apophis", there is a poem narrating how the sun god Ra had created the god Shu and goddess Tefnut by fellating himself and spitting out his own semen onto the ground. In ancient Egyptian texts, this act is usually performed by the god Atum, and most texts depict only the spitting of the semen or only the masturbation, but not both.


title: Autofellatio

text: Michel Foucault cites Artemidorus' "Oneirocritica" as identifying the act of "taking [one's] sex organ into one's [own] mouth" as one of three ways to commit "relations with oneself." Artemidorus thought that dreams of this "unnatural" act portended the death of one's children, loss of one's mistresses, or extreme poverty.


title: Autofellatio

text: Few men possess sufficient flexibility and penis length to safely perform the necessary frontbend. However, increased flexibility achieved via gravity-assisted positions, and physical training such as gymnastics, contortion, or yoga may make it possible for some. American biologists Craig Bartle and Alfred Charles Kinsey reported that fewer than 1% of males can successfully orally contact their own penis and that only 2 or 3 men in a thousand could perform a full autofellatio. Previously, autofellatio was considered by behavioristic science a problem rather than as a variety in sexual practice.


title: Autofellatio

text: Autofellatio is a niche in pornography. While relatively few pornographic films involve autofellatio, some pornographic actors are noted for this skill, including Ron Jeremy for his 1970s examples on film. Other actors, including Scott O'Hara, Cole Youngblood, Steve Holmes, and Ricky Martinez, have also been featured performing autofellatio. In Brian W. Aldiss' 1970 semi-autobiographical novel "The Hand-Reared Boy", he describes group masturbation practices at a British boys' boarding school. One boy with an especially large penis is capable of fellating himself, a fact which the narrator, Horatio Stubbs, verifies.


title: Autofellatio

text: Comedian Bill Hicks elaborated an oft-quoted riff on the subject of fellatio, "A woman one night yelled out, 'Yeah, you ever try it?' I said 'Yeah. Almost broke my back.'" Kevin Smith later developed a similar theme ("He broke his neck trying to suck his own dick") in his 1994 debut film "Clerks". Writer/director Larry David, in his 1998 film "Sour Grapes", used autofellatio as a recurring plot device with several mentions and muted shots of a lead actor fellating himself (back trouble allowing) throughout the movie. In a 26th season (2000–2001) "Saturday Night Live" sketch, Will Ferrell plays a character who joins a yoga class with the sole purpose of developing the ability to fellate himself as a part of reaching Samadhi. In the 2001 film "Scary Movie 2", Professor Dwight Hartman (David Cross) performs autofellatio after rebuffing Theo's (Kathleen Robertson) offer to perform oral sex on him.


title: Autofellatio

text: The opening sequence of the 2006 film "Shortbus" shows James (Paul Dawson) fellating himself on videotape; like all of "Shortbus"s sexual content, the scene was unsimulated.


title: Autofellatio

text: In 1993, American feminist artist Kiki Smith created a beeswax life-size sculpture titled "Mother/Child" which included a depiction of a man performing autofellatio.


title: Autofellatio

text: The term may be insulting to a man's masculinity, implying that someone performs autofellatio due either to extremely high self-regard or inability to get someone else to do it for him. This was the sense in which the term was used by President Donald Trump's former White House Communications Director Anthony Scaramucci, when he said of strategist Steve Bannon, "I'm not Steve Bannon, I'm not trying to suck my own cock."


title: Company

text: A company, abbreviated as co., is a legal entity representing an association of people, whether natural, legal or a mixture of both, with a specific objective. Company members share a common purpose and unite to achieve specific, declared goals. Companies take various forms, such as:


title: Company

text: A company can be created as a legal person so that the company itself has limited liability as members perform or fail to discharge their duty according to the publicly declared incorporation, or published policy. When a company closes, it may need to be liquidated to avoid further legal obligations.


title: Company

text: Companies may associate and collectively register themselves as new companies; the resulting entities are often known as corporate groups.


title: Company

text: A company can be defined as an "artificial person", invisible, intangible, created by or under law, with a discrete legal personality, perpetual succession, and a common seal. Except for some senior positions, companies remain unaffected by the death, insanity, or insolvency of an individual member.


title: Company

text: The English word, "company", has its origins in the Old French term (first recorded in 1150), meaning a "society, friendship, intimacy; body of soldiers", which came from the Late Latin word ("one who eats bread with you"), first attested in the Salic law ( 500 AD) as a calque of the Germanic expression (literally, "with bread"), related to Old High German ("companion") and to Gothic ("messmate").


title: Company

text: By 1303, the word referred to trade guilds. Usage of the term "company" to mean "business association" was first recorded in 1553,


title: Company

text: In China, companies are often government run or government supported. Other companies may be foreign companies or export-based corporations. However, many of these companies are government regulated.


title: Company

text: In English law and in legal jurisdictions based upon it, a company is a body corporate or corporation company registered under the Companies Acts or under similar legislation. Common forms include:


title: Company

text: In the United Kingdom, a partnership is not legally a company, but may sometimes be referred to (informally) as a "company". It may be referred to as a "firm".


title: Company

text: In the United States, a company is not necessarily a corporation. For example, a company may be a "corporation, partnership, association, joint-stock company, trust, fund, or organized group of persons, whether incorporated or not, and (in an official capacity) any receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, or similar official, or liquidating agent, for any of the foregoing".


title: Company

text: When "Ltd" is placed after the company's name, it signifies a limited company, and "PLC" (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held.


title: Company

text: In the legal context, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the "members". In a company limited or unlimited by shares (formed or incorporated with a share capital), this will be the shareholders. In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors. Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions. Examples include segregated portfolio companies and restricted purpose companies.


title: Company

text: However, there are many sub-categories of company types that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world.


title: Company

text: Companies are also sometimes distinguished for legal and regulatory purposes between public companies and private companies. Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a stock exchange which imposes listing requirements/Listing Rules as to the issued shares, the trading of shares and future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of an exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders.


title: Company

text: A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed a subsidiary of the parent company. The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (), officially known as Naval Station Guantanamo Bay or NSGB, (also called GTMO, pronounced Gitmo as jargon by members of the U.S. military) is a United States military base located on of land and water on the shore of Guantánamo Bay at the southeastern end of Cuba. It has been permanently leased to the United States since 1903 as a coaling station and naval base, making it the oldest overseas U.S. naval base in the world. The lease was $2,000 in gold per year until 1934, when the payment was set to match the value in gold in dollars; in 1974, the yearly lease was set to $4,085.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Since taking power in 1959, the Cuban communist government has consistently protested against the U.S. presence on Cuban soil, arguing that the base "was imposed on Cuba by force" and is "illegal under international law." Since 2002, the naval base has contained a military prison, for alleged unlawful combatants captured in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other places during the War on Terror. Cases of alleged torture of prisoners by the U.S. military, and their denial of protection under the Geneva Conventions, have been criticized.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The 1903 lease has no fixed expiration date, it can only be ended if the US Navy decided to abandon the area or both countries agreed mutually to end the lease.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The Naval Base occupies three main geographical sections: Leeward Point, Windward Point, and Guantánamo Bay. Guantánamo Bay physically divides the Naval Station into sections. The bay extends past the boundaries of the base into Cuba, where the bay is then referred to as Bahía de Guantánamo. Guantánamo Bay contains several cays, which are identified as Hospital Cay, Medico Cay, North Toro Cay, and South Toro Cay.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Leeward Point of the Naval Station is the site of the active airfield. Major geographical features on Leeward Point include Mohomilla Bay and the Guantánamo River. Three beaches exist on the Leeward side. Two are available for use by base residents, while the third, Hicacal Beach, is closed.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Windward Point contains most of the activities at the Naval Station. There are nine beaches available to base personnel. The highest point on the base is John Paul Jones Hill (named after the Revolutionary War hero of the same name) at a total of . The geography of Windward Point is such that there are many coves and peninsulas along the bay shoreline providing ideal areas for mooring ships.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: According to Stephen Benz, Stephen Crane described the area as "craggy" and "cut with ravines." He also described the coastline as covered in ridges and "chalky cliffs".


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The area surrounding Guantanamo bay was originally inhabited by the Taíno people. On 30 April 1494, Christopher Columbus, on his second voyage, arrived and spent the night. The place where Columbus landed is now known as Fisherman's Point. Columbus declared the bay "Puerto Grande". The bay and surrounding areas briefly came under British control during the War of Jenkins' Ear. Prior to the outbreak of the conflict, the bay was referred to as "Walthenham Harbor" by British cartographers. The British expeditionary force renamed the bay "Cumberland Bay". They eventually retreated from the area after an attempt to march to Santiago de Cuba was repulsed by Spanish troops.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: During the Spanish–American War, the U.S. fleet attacking Santiago secured Guantánamo's harbor for protection during the hurricane season of 1898. To gain control of the bay, the First Marine Battalion was landed at Fisherman's Point, at the entrance to Guantanamo Bay. After being repeatedly attacked by Spanish forces, the First Marine Battalion, supported by Cuban allies and a U.S. Navy gunboat, attacked and defeated a Spanish force at the Battle of Cuzco Well. The action was highly significant in the U.S. gaining control of the bay. There is a monument on McCalla Hill to one Navy officer and five Marines who died in battle at Guantanamo Bay.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The war ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, in which Spain formally relinquished control of Cuba. Although the war was over, the United States maintained a strong military presence on the island. In 1901 the United States government passed the Platt Amendment as part of an Army Appropriations Bill. Section VII of this amendment read


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: After initial resistance by the Cuban Constitutional Convention, the Platt Amendment was incorporated into the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba in 1901. The Constitution took effect in 1902, and land for a naval base at Guantanamo Bay was granted to the United States the following year.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The 1903 lease agreement, which has no fixed expiration date, was executed in two parts. The first, signed in February, consisted of the following provisions:


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: In 1934, the United States unilaterally changed the payment from gold coin to U.S. dollars per the Gold Reserve Act. The lease amount was set at US$3,386.25, based on the price of gold at the time. In 1973, the U.S. adjusted the lease amount to $3,676.50, and in 1974 to $4,085, based on further increases to the price of gold in USD. Payments have been sent annually, but only one lease payment has been accepted since the Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro claimed that this check was deposited due to confusion in 1959. The Cuban government has not deposited any other lease check since that time.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The Naval Base became a prime area for winter training for the Atlantic fleet. Due to the large increase in population during the training months, the Naval Base quickly established facilities to support everyday functions. Guantanamo Bay fleet range system began its construction as early as 1905 under Captain Rogers. Four primary ranges were built during its construction: Range Alpha, Range Beta, Range Charlie, and Range Delta. Due to the size of the base, sections were shut down in order for range operations to proceed. Ironically , the concrete range system's size and cost led to its downfall. Strong evidence suggests the fleet ranges were used throughout World War I and the beginning of World War II.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: During World War II, the base was set up to use a nondescript number for postal operations. The base used the Fleet Post Office, Atlantic, in New York City, with the address: 115 FPO NY. The base was also an important intermediate distribution point for merchant shipping convoys from New York City and Key West, Florida, to the Panama Canal and the islands of Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: From 1953 to 1959, thousands of Cubans commuted daily from outside the base to jobs within it. In mid-1958, vehicular traffic was stopped; workers were required to walk through the base's several gates. Public Works Center buses were pressed into service almost overnight to carry the tides of workers to and from the gate.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The "Cactus Curtain" is a term describing the line separating the naval base from Cuban-controlled territory, an allusion to Europe's Iron Curtain, the Bamboo Curtain in East Asia, and the similar Ice Curtain in the Bering Strait. After the Cuban Revolution, some Cubans sought refuge on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. In late 1961, Cuban troops planted an long, wide barrier of "Opuntia" cactus along the northeastern section of the fence surrounding the base in order to prevent checkpoint evasion when moving between the base and Cuba proper.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The curtain forms part of a "no man's land" that encircles the base. This area is complete with perimeter patrols, outposts featuring sandbags, and watchtowers, and has been complemented with barbed wire fences, minefields, and cacti. Apart from the cacti, both U.S. and Cuban troops erected, maintained, and otherwise manned these defenses, primarily to prevent checkpoint evasion and possible invasion from the other side.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: U.S. and Cuban troops placed some 55,000 anti-personnel and anti-tank land mines across the "no man's land" around the perimeter of the naval base, creating the second-largest minefield in the world, and the largest in the Western Hemisphere. Initially, the mines were laid down by US troops, who also laid down signs stating that the landmines were "precautions" and should not be viewed as "aggressive". In response, Cuban troops also laid down their own mines, with both sides completing their minefields in 1961. Between 1961 and 1965, landmine explosions resulted in the deaths of at least 10 people, including as the result of engineering accidents and late-night partygoers. On 16 May 1996, U.S. President Bill Clinton ordered the demining of the American field. They have since been replaced with motion and sound sensors to detect intruders on the base. The Cuban government has not removed its corresponding minefield outside the perimeter.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the families of military personnel were evacuated from the base. Notified of the evacuation on 22 October, evacuees were told to pack one suitcase per family member, to bring evacuation and immunization cards, to tie pets in the yard, to leave the keys to the house on the dining table, and to wait in front of the house for buses. Dependents travelled to the airfield for flights to the United States, or to ports for passage aboard evacuation ships. After the crisis was resolved, family members were allowed to return to the base in December 1962.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: From 1939, the base's water was supplied by pipelines that drew water from the Yateras River about northeast of the base. The U.S. government paid a fee for this; in 1964, it was about $14,000 a month for about per day. In 1964, the Cuban government stopped the flow. The base had about of water in storage, and strict water conservation was put into effect immediately. The U.S. first imported water from Jamaica by barge, then relocated a desalination plant from San Diego (Point Loma). When the Cuban government accused the United States of "stealing water," base commander John D. Bulkeley ordered that the pipelines be cut and a section removed. A length of the diameter pipe and a length of the diameter pipe were lifted from the ground and the openings sealed.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, the base had problems with alcohol and racial tension. Harassment and strip searches also became a regular occurrence for Cuban workers on the base.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Several old guns from the USS "Monongahela" (1862) have been salvaged and placed around the base. The old warship served as a storeship at Guantanamo until destroyed by fire on 17 March 1908. A gun was salvaged from her wreck and put on display at the Naval Station. Since the gun was deformed by the heat from the fire, it was nicknamed "Old Droopy". A similar gun, possibly also salvaged from the "Monongahela", is on display near the Bay View Club on the Naval Station.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: By 2006, only two elderly Cubans, Luis Delarosa and Harry Henry, still crossed the base's North East Gate daily to work on the base, because the Cuban government prohibited new recruitment since 1959. They both retired at the end of 2012. At the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2013, Cuba's Foreign Minister demanded the U.S. return the base.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The military facilities at Guantanamo Bay have over 8,500 U.S. sailors and Marines stationed there. It is the only military base the U.S. maintains in a socialist country.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: In 2005, the U.S. Navy completed a $12 million wind-power project at the base, erecting four 950 kilowatt, wind turbines, reducing the need for diesel fuel to power the existing diesel generators (the base's primary electricity generation). In 2006, the wind turbines reduced diesel fuel consumption by annually.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Access to the Naval Station is very limited and must be pre-approved through the appropriate local chain of command with the Commander of the station as the final approval. Since berthing facilities are limited, visitors must be sponsored indicating that they have an approved residence for the duration of the visit.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Besides servicemembers, the base houses a large number of civilian contractors working for the military. Many of these contractors are migrant workers from Jamaica and the Philippines, and are thought to constitute up to 40% of the base's population.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Ocean transportation is provided by Schuyler Line Navigation Company, a U.S. Flag Ocean Carrier. Schuyler Line operates under government contract to supply sustainment and building supplies to the base.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: There are two airfields within the base, Leeward Point Field and McCalla Field. Leeward Point Field is the active military airfield, with the ICAO code MUGM and IATA code NBW. McCalla Field was designated as the auxiliary landing field in 1970, but was no longer a viable airfield by the 1990s.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Leeward Point Field has a single active runway, 10/28, measuring . The former runway, 9/27 was . Currently, Leeward Point Field operates several aircraft and helicopters supporting base operations. Leeward Point Field was home to Fleet Composite Squadron 10 (VC-10) until the unit was phased out in 1993. VC-10 was one of the last active-duty squadrons flying the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: McCalla Field was established in 1931 and remained operational until 1970. The airfield was named for Bowman H. McCalla, who was a United States Navy admiral in charge of the Battle of Guantánamo Bay. The current field was expanded in 1941 when the original grass runway was replaced. Naval Air Station Guantanamo Bay was officially established 1 February 1941. Aircraft routinely operating out of McCalla included JRF-5, N3N, J2F, C-1 Trader, and dirigibles.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The airfield was deactivated in the 1970s and was used to house Cuban and Haitian refugees beginning in the 1990s. Sometime between 1996 and 2001, the refugee camps were dismantled and the area became a collection of abandoned buildings. McCalla Field is now listed as a closed airfield. The USN aviation assets are now located across the bay at Leeward Point Field.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: After the events of September 11, the area was reevaluated as a possible location for a detention facility. Camp Justice is now located on the grounds of the former airfield.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Beginning in the last quarter of the 20th century, the base was used to house Cuban and Haitian refugees intercepted on the high seas. In the early 1990s, it held refugees who fled Haiti after military forces overthrew president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. These refugees were held in a detainment area called Camp Bulkeley until United States district court Judge Sterling Johnson, Jr. declared the camp unconstitutional on 8 June 1993. This decision was later vacated. The last Haitian migrants departed Guantanamo on 1 November 1995.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Beginning in 2002, following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, started in response to the September 11 attacks, a small portion of the base was used to detain several hundred individuals with ties or suspected ties to Islamic terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda and the Taliban. These detainees were not afforded POW status or facing formal charges but instead designated enemy combatants; assigned to confinement in Camp Delta, Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and the now-closed Camp X-Ray. In litigation regarding the availability of fundamental rights to those imprisoned at the base, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that the detainees "have been imprisoned in territory over which the United States exercises exclusive jurisdiction and control." Therefore, the detainees have the fundamental right to due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. A district court has since held that the "Geneva Conventions applied to the Taliban detainees, but not to members of Al-Qaeda terrorist organization."


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: On 10 June 2006, the Department of Defense reported that three Guantanamo Bay detainees took their own lives. The military reported the men hanged themselves with nooses made of sheets and clothes. A study published by Seton Hall Law's Center for Policy and Research, while making no conclusions regarding what actually transpired, asserts that the military investigation failed to address significant issues detailed in that report.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: On 6 September 2006, President George W. Bush announced that alleged or non-alleged combatants held by the CIA would be transferred to the custody of Department of Defense, and held at Guantanamo Prison. Of approximately 500 prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, only 10 have been tried by the Guantanamo military commission, but all cases have been stayed pending the adjustments being made to comply with the U.S. Supreme Court decision in "Hamdi v. Rumsfeld".


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: In January 2009, President Obama signed an executive order directing the closing of the Guantánamo detention camp within a year. This plan was thwarted for the time being on 20 May 2009, when the United States Senate voted to keep the prison at Guantanamo Bay open for the foreseeable future and forbid the transfer of any detainees to facilities in the United States. Senator Daniel Inouye, a Democrat from Hawaii and chairman of the appropriations committee, said he favored keeping Guantanamo open until Obama produced a "coherent plan for closing the prison."


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Consequently, Obama decided to postpone difficult decisions on the details for at least six months. On 7 March 2011, Obama issued a new executive order permiting indefinite detention of Guantánamo detainees. This decision was codifed into federal law by provision added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: In early February 2021, the administration of U.S. President Joe Biden declared his intention to shut down the facility before he leaves office. In July 2021, an additional detainee was released.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: In June 2022, an Afghan prisoner held at Guantanamo Bay for about 15 years without trial was released.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Despite the prohibition on the establishment of "commercial or other enterprises" as stated in Article 3 of the second part of the lease, several recognized American food outlets have been opened at the military base. Most of the restaurants on the installation are franchises which are owned and operated by the Department of the Navy. Proceeds from these restaurants are used to support morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) activities for service personnel and their families. These restaurants are located inside the base; as such, they are not accessible to Cubans.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: A Baskin-Robbins ice cream stand, which opened in the 1980s, was one of the first business franchises allowed on the base. In early 1986, the base added the first and only McDonald's restaurant within Cuba. A Subway restaurant was opened in 2002. In 2004, a combined KFC & A&W restaurant was opened at the bowling alley and a Pizza Hut Express was added to the Windjammer Restaurant. There is also a cafe that sells Starbucks coffee, and there is a combined KFC & Taco Bell restaurant.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) provides for the education of dependent personnel with two schools. Both schools are named for Rear Admiral William Thomas Sampson. W.T. Sampson Elementary School serves grades K–5 and W. T. Sampson High School serves grades 6–12. The Villamar Child Development Center provides child care for dependents from six weeks to five years old. MWR operates a Youth Center that provides activities for dependents.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Some former students of Guantánamo have shared stories of their experiences with the Guantánamo Public Memory Project. The 2013 documentary "Guantanamo Circus" directed by Christina Linhardt and Michael Rose reveals a glimpse of day-to-day life on GTMO as seen through the eyes of circus performers who visit the base. It is used as a reference by the Guantánamo Public Memory Project.


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: The bay has an annual rainfall of about . The amount of rainfall has resulted in the base being classified as a semi-arid desert environment. The annual average high temperature on the base is , the annual average low is .


title: Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

text: Notable people born at the naval base include actor Peter Bergman and American guitarist Isaac Guillory.


title: Truecaller

text: TrueCaller is a smartphone application that has features of caller-identification, call-blocking, flash-messaging, call-recording (on Android up to version 8), Chat & Voice by using the Internet. It requires users to provide a standard cellular mobile number for registering with the service. The app is available for Android and iOS.


title: Truecaller

text: TrueCaller is developed by True Software Scandinavia AB, a privately held company with a head office in Stockholm, Sweden, founded by Alan Mamedi and Nami Zarringhalam in 2009, but most of its employees are in India.


title: Truecaller

text: It was initially launched on Symbian and Windows Mobile on 1 July 2009. It was released for Android and Apple iPhone on 23 September 2009, for BlackBerry on 27 February 2012, for Windows Phone on 1 March 2012, and for Nokia Series 40 on 3 September 2012.


title: Truecaller

text: As of September 2012, TrueCaller had five million users performing 120 million searches of the telephone number database every month. As of 22 January 2013, TrueCaller reached 10 million users. As of January 2017, TrueCaller had reached 250 million users worldwide. As of 4 February 2020, it crossed 200 million monthly user-base globally, of which 150 million were from India.


title: Truecaller

text: On 18 September 2012, TechCrunch announced that OpenOcean, a venture capital fund led by former MySQL and Nokia executives (including Michael Widenius, founder of MySQL), were investing US$1.3 million in TrueCaller to push TrueCaller’s global reach. TrueCaller said that it intended to use the new funding to expand its footprint in "key markets"—specifically North America, Asia and the Middle East.


title: Truecaller

text: In February 2014, TrueCaller received in funding from Sequoia Capital, alongside existing investor OpenOcean, TrueCaller chairman Stefan Lennhammer, and an unnamed private investor. It also announced a partnership with Yelp to use Yelp's API data to help identify business numbers when they call a smartphone. In October of the same year, they received from Niklas Zennström's Atomico investment firm and from Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers.


title: Truecaller

text: On 7 July 2015, TrueCaller launched its SMS app called TrueMessenger exclusively in India. TrueMessenger enables users to identify the sender of SMS messages. This launch was aimed at increasing the company's user base in India which are the bulk of its active users. TrueMessenger was integrated into the TrueCaller app in April 2017.


title: Truecaller

text: In December 2019, TrueCaller announced it plans to go public in an IPO in 2022. TrueCaller has launched the Covid Hospital Directory keeping in mind the increasing cases of corona infection in India. Through this directory, Indian users will get information about the telephone number and address of Covid Hospital.


title: Truecaller

text: On 17 July 2013, TrueCaller servers were allegedly hacked into by the Syrian Electronic Army. E Hacking News reported the group identified 7 sensitive databases it claimed to have exfiltrated, primarily due to an unmaintained WordPress installation on the servers. Claims made regarding the size of the databases were inconsistent. On 18 July 2013, TrueCaller issued a statement on its blog stating that their website was indeed hacked, but claiming that the attack did not disclose any passwords or credit card information.


title: Truecaller

text: In November 2019, India-based security researcher Ehraz Ahmed discovered a security flaw that exposed user data as well as system and location information. TrueCaller confirmed this information and the bug was immediately fixed.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: Gujarat Legislative Assembly or Gujarat Vidhan Sabha is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Gujarat, in the state capital Gandhinagar. Presently, 182 members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected from single-member constituencies (seats). It has a term of 5 years unless it is dissolved sooner. 13 constituencies are reserved for scheduled castes and 27 constituencies for scheduled tribes. From its majority party group or by way of a grand coalition cabinet of its prominent members,the state's Executive namely the Government of Gujarat is formed.<section end="Lead"/>


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: Since 1995 the Gujarat Legislative Assembly is controlled by the Bharatiya Janata Party with a majority after elections.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: Bhavsinhji Gohil, ruler of Bhavnagar State, established "The Peoples' Representative Assembly" consisting of 38 members appointed by him. His succeeding son, Krishnakumar Sinhji, formed the Bhavnagar legislative assembly in 1941 having 55 members, consisting of 33 elected members, 16 nominated members by him and 6 ex-officio members. They had power to ask questions, move resolutions, discuss the budget and introduce bills in the assembly. This assembly used to meet at least twice in a year. Porbandar state assembly had same powers. Sayajirao Gaekwad III, ruler of Baroda State, had formed the Baroda legislative assembly in 1908.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: Since 1921, representatives were elected by the people of that area of the present Gujarat state except the princely states, and sent to the Bombay State legislative assembly. In 1952, Saurashtra State legislative assembly was constituted after the independence of India. It was functional till 31 October 1956. Saurashtra State was merged into the Bombay State under the States Reorganization Act, 1956.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: On 1 May 1960, the Bombay State was bifurcated into Gujarat and Maharashtra states which resulted in formation of Gujarat legislative assembly. The 132 members of the former Bombay legislative assembly, elected from the territorial constituencies of Gujarat, formed the first Gujarat legislative assembly. The number of the members was increased to 154 in 1962, 168 in 1967 and 182 in 1975.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: After formation of Gujarat state in 1960, Ahmedabad was a capital of the state. The Assembly started functioning from the present day OPD building of Ahmedabad Civil Hospital. The new capital city, Gandhinagar was built in 1971. Later assembly was shifted to Central Library building, sector-17, Gandhinagar on 11 February 1971. The new assembly building, Vithalbhai Patel Bhavan, was completed and inaugurated in 1982. Since then the Gujarat legislative assembly functions there.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy laid foundation stone of new assembly building, Vithalbhai Patel Bhavan on 20 March 1978. It was designed by H. K. Mewada, chief planner of Gandhinagar. The construction was completed in July 1982 and it is named after Vithalbhai Patel, the first Indian speaker of Central Legislative Assembly during the British period. It was inaugurated by the Governor Sharda Mukherjee on 8 July 1982.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: It is constructed with Reinforced concrete and the outer walls of the building is affixed with Dholpur light pink stones. The building is constructed on the 133 square metre platform amid a water pool having diameter of 200 metres. This central building was linked with the Ministerial Secretariat by bridges formerly but now new buildings are constructed in between known as Swarnim Sankul. The building is 33.45 metres high including its octagonal dome. The constructed area of building is 8100 square metres while the total built up area of square platform is 17689 square metres. It has four floors with total built up area of 43350 square metres or total carpet area of 16180 square metres. The entrance of the building is reached by a flight of steps.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: The Assembly hall is situated on the second floor. It is octagonal from inside. The octagonal roof is supported by eight V-shaped pillars and one pillar in the centre. These pillars tapers and forms octagonal dome on the hall. There is an arrangement of white floodlights on the top. The hall has a capacity of 232 seats though currently the assembly has only 182 elected members. The hall is viewed from the galleries on the third floor which has a capacity of 564 seats.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: There is a podium just under the Assembly hall which is used for ceremonies and functions. The downward floor of the Assembly hall makes an umbrella-like roof of the podium. The podium has some personal belongings of Mahatma Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel on display. There are oil paintings of several national leaders, independence activists and personalities on its walls.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: It was constructed at the cost of 6 crore. The assembly building along with other government offices is in Sector 10 of Gandhinagar, a capitol complex spanning 370 acres.


title: Gujarat Legislative Assembly

text: At present, 13 constituencies are reserved for candidates of the Scheduled Castes, and 27 constituencies are reserved for candidates of the Scheduled tribes.


title: The Monkey's Paw

text: "The Monkey's Paw" is a horror short story by English author W. W. Jacobs, first published in the collection "The Lady of the Barge" in 1902.


title: The Monkey's Paw

text: In the story, three wishes are granted to the owner of The Monkey's Paw, but the wishes come with an enormous price for interfering with fate.