title: Isotope

text: The 146 even-proton, even-neutron (EE) nuclides comprise ~58% of all stable nuclides and all have spin 0 because of pairing. There are also 24 primordial long-lived even-even nuclides. As a result, each of the 41 even-numbered elements from 2 to 82 has at least one stable isotope, and most of these elements have "several" primordial isotopes. Half of these even-numbered elements have six or more stable isotopes. The extreme stability of helium-4 due to a double pairing of 2 protons and 2 neutrons prevents "any" nuclides containing five (, ) or eight () nucleons from existing for long enough to serve as platforms for the buildup of heavier elements via nuclear fusion in stars (see triple alpha process).


title: Isotope

text: 53 stable nuclides have an even number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. They are a minority in comparison to the even-even isotopes, which are about 3 times as numerous. Among the 41 even-"Z" elements that have a stable nuclide, only two elements (argon and cerium) have no even-odd stable nuclides. One element (tin) has three. There are 24 elements that have one even-odd nuclide and 13 that have two odd-even nuclides. Of 35 primordial radionuclides there exist four even-odd nuclides (see table at right), including the fissile . Because of their odd neutron numbers, the even-odd nuclides tend to have large neutron capture cross-sections, due to the energy that results from neutron-pairing effects. These stable even-proton odd-neutron nuclides tend to be uncommon by abundance in nature, generally because, to form and enter into primordial abundance, they must have escaped capturing neutrons to form yet other stable even-even isotopes, during both the s-process and r-process of neutron capture, during nucleosynthesis in stars. For this reason, only and are the most naturally abundant isotopes of their element.


title: Isotope

text: Forty-eight stable odd-proton-even-neutron nuclides, stabilized by their paired neutrons, form most of the stable isotopes of the odd-numbered elements; the very few odd-proton-odd-neutron nuclides comprise the others. There are 41 odd-numbered elements with "Z" = 1 through 81, of which 39 have stable isotopes (the elements technetium () and promethium () have no stable isotopes). Of these 39 odd "Z" elements, 30 elements (including hydrogen-1 where 0 neutrons is even) have one stable odd-even isotope, and nine elements:


title: Isotope

text: There are also five primordial long-lived radioactive odd-even isotopes, , , , , and . The last two were only recently found to decay, with half-lives greater than 10 years.


title: Isotope

text: Only five stable nuclides contain both an odd number of protons "and" an odd number of neutrons. The first four "odd-odd" nuclides occur in low mass nuclides, for which changing a proton to a neutron or vice versa would lead to a very lopsided proton-neutron ratio (, , , and ; spins 1, 1, 3, 1). The only other entirely "stable" odd-odd nuclide, (spin 9), is thought to be the rarest of the 251 stable nuclides, and is the only primordial nuclear isomer, which has not yet been observed to decay despite experimental attempts.


title: Isotope

text: Many odd-odd radionuclides (such as the ground state of tantalum-180) with comparatively short half-lives are known. Usually, they beta-decay to their nearby even-even isobars that have paired protons and paired neutrons. Of the nine primordial odd-odd nuclides (five stable and four radioactive with long half-lives), only is the most common isotope of a common element. This is the case because it is a part of the CNO cycle. The nuclides and are minority isotopes of elements that are themselves rare compared to other light elements, whereas the other six isotopes make up only a tiny percentage of the natural abundance of their elements.


title: Isotope

text: Actinides with odd neutron number are generally fissile (with thermal neutrons), whereas those with even neutron number are generally not, though they are fissionable with fast neutrons. All observationally stable odd-odd nuclides have nonzero integer spin. This is because the single unpaired neutron and unpaired proton have a larger nuclear force attraction to each other if their spins are aligned (producing a total spin of at least 1 unit), instead of anti-aligned. See deuterium for the simplest case of this nuclear behavior.


title: Isotope

text: Elements are composed either of one nuclide (mononuclidic elements), or of more than one naturally occurring isotopes. The unstable (radioactive) isotopes are either primordial or postprimordial. Primordial isotopes were a product of stellar nucleosynthesis or another type of nucleosynthesis such as cosmic ray spallation, and have persisted down to the present because their rate of decay is so slow (e.g. uranium-238 and potassium-40). Post-primordial isotopes were created by cosmic ray bombardment as cosmogenic nuclides (e.g., tritium, carbon-14), or by the decay of a radioactive primordial isotope to a radioactive radiogenic nuclide daughter (e.g. uranium to radium). A few isotopes are naturally synthesized as nucleogenic nuclides, by some other natural nuclear reaction, such as when neutrons from natural nuclear fission are absorbed by another atom.


title: Isotope

text: As discussed above, only 80 elements have any stable isotopes, and 26 of these have only one stable isotope. Thus, about two-thirds of stable elements occur naturally on Earth in multiple stable isotopes, with the largest number of stable isotopes for an element being ten, for tin (). There are about 94 elements found naturally on Earth (up to plutonium inclusive), though some are detected only in very tiny amounts, such as plutonium-244. Scientists estimate that the elements that occur naturally on Earth (some only as radioisotopes) occur as 339 isotopes (nuclides) in total. Only 251 of these naturally occurring nuclides are stable, in the sense of never having been observed to decay as of the present time. An additional 35 primordial nuclides (to a total of 286 primordial nuclides), are radioactive with known half-lives, but have half-lives longer than 100 million years, allowing them to exist from the beginning of the Solar System. See list of nuclides for details.


title: Isotope

text: All the known stable nuclides occur naturally on Earth; the other naturally occurring nuclides are radioactive but occur on Earth due to their relatively long half-lives, or else due to other means of ongoing natural production. These include the afore-mentioned cosmogenic nuclides, the nucleogenic nuclides, and any radiogenic nuclides formed by ongoing decay of a primordial radioactive nuclide, such as radon and radium from uranium.


title: Isotope

text: An additional ~3000 radioactive nuclides not found in nature have been created in nuclear reactors and in particle accelerators. Many short-lived nuclides not found naturally on Earth have also been observed by spectroscopic analysis, being naturally created in stars or supernovae. An example is aluminium-26, which is not naturally found on Earth but is found in abundance on an astronomical scale.


title: Isotope

text: The tabulated atomic masses of elements are averages that account for the presence of multiple isotopes with different masses. Before the discovery of isotopes, empirically determined noninteger values of atomic mass confounded scientists. For example, a sample of chlorine contains 75.8% chlorine-35 and 24.2% chlorine-37, giving an average atomic mass of 35.5 atomic mass units.


title: Isotope

text: According to generally accepted cosmology theory, only isotopes of hydrogen and helium, traces of some isotopes of lithium and beryllium, and perhaps some boron, were created at the Big Bang, while all other nuclides were synthesized later, in stars and supernovae, and in interactions between energetic particles such as cosmic rays, and previously produced nuclides. (See nucleosynthesis for details of the various processes thought responsible for isotope production.) The respective abundances of isotopes on Earth result from the quantities formed by these processes, their spread through the galaxy, and the rates of decay for isotopes that are unstable. After the initial coalescence of the Solar System, isotopes were redistributed according to mass, and the isotopic composition of elements varies slightly from planet to planet. This sometimes makes it possible to trace the origin of meteorites.


title: Isotope

text: The atomic mass ("m") of an isotope (nuclide) is determined mainly by its mass number (i.e. number of nucleons in its nucleus). Small corrections are due to the binding energy of the nucleus (see mass defect), the slight difference in mass between proton and neutron, and the mass of the electrons associated with the atom, the latter because the electron:nucleon ratio differs among isotopes.


title: Isotope

text: The mass number is a dimensionless quantity. The atomic mass, on the other hand, is measured using the atomic mass unit based on the mass of the carbon-12 atom. It is denoted with symbols "u" (for unified atomic mass unit) or "Da" (for dalton).


title: Isotope

text: The atomic masses of naturally occurring isotopes of an element determine the standard atomic weight of the element. When the element contains "N" isotopes, the expression below is applied for the average atomic mass formula_1:


title: Isotope

text: where "m", "m", ..., "m" are the atomic masses of each individual isotope, and "x", ..., "x" are the relative abundances of these isotopes.


title: Isotope

text: Several applications exist that capitalize on the properties of the various isotopes of a given element. Isotope separation is a significant technological challenge, particularly with heavy elements such as uranium or plutonium. Lighter elements such as lithium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are commonly separated by gas diffusion of their compounds such as CO and NO. The separation of hydrogen and deuterium is unusual because it is based on chemical rather than physical properties, for example in the Girdler sulfide process. Uranium isotopes have been separated in bulk by gas diffusion, gas centrifugation, laser ionization separation, and (in the Manhattan Project) by a type of production mass spectrometry.


title: MacBook Air

text: The MacBook Air is a line of ultrabook computers developed and manufactured by Apple Inc. It consists of a full-size keyboard, a machined aluminum case, and, in the more modern versions, a thin light structure. The Air was originally positioned above the previous MacBook line as a premium ultraportable. Since then, the original MacBook's discontinuation in 2011, and lowered prices on subsequent iterations, have made the Air Apple's entry-level notebook. In the current product line, the MacBook Air is situated below the performance range MacBook Pro.


title: MacBook Air

text: The Intel-based MacBook Air was introduced in January 2008 with a 13.3-inch screen, and was promoted as the world's thinnest notebook, opening a laptop category known as the ultrabook family. Apple released a second-generation MacBook Air in October 2010, with a redesigned tapered chassis, standard solid-state storage, and added a smaller 11.6-inch version. Later revisions added Intel Core i5 or i7 processors and Thunderbolt. The third generation was released in October 2018, with reduced dimensions, a Retina display, and combination USB-C/Thunderbolt 3 ports for data and power. An updated model was released in February 2020 with the Magic Keyboard and an option for an Intel Core i7 processor.


title: MacBook Air

text: In November 2020, Apple released the first MacBook Air with Apple silicon based on the Apple M1 processor. Apple announced a new design of the MacBook Air with an M2 processor in June 2022.


title: MacBook Air

text: Steve Jobs introduced the MacBook Air during Apple’s keynote address at the 2008 Macworld conference on January 15, 2008. The first generation MacBook Air was a 13.3" model, initially promoted as the world's thinnest notebook at 1.9 cm (a previous record holder, 2005's Toshiba Portege R200, was 1.98 cm high). It featured a custom Intel Merom CPU and Intel GMA GPU which were 40% as big as the standard chip package. It also featured an anti-glare LED backlit display, a full-size keyboard, and a large trackpad that responded to multi-touch gestures such as pinching, swiping, and rotating.


title: MacBook Air

text: The MacBook Air was the first subcompact notebook offered by Apple after the 12" PowerBook G4 discontinued in 2006. It was also Apple's first computer with an optional solid-state drive. It was Apple's first notebook since the PowerBook 2400c without a built-in removable media drive. To read optical disks, users could either purchase an external USB drive such as Apple's SuperDrive or use the bundled Remote Disc software to access the drive of another computer wirelessly that has the program installed. The MacBook Air also did without a FireWire port, Ethernet port, line-in, and a Kensington Security Slot.


title: MacBook Air

text: On October 14, 2008, a new model was announced with a low-voltage Penryn processor and Nvidia GeForce graphics. Storage capacity was increased to a 128 GB SSD or a 120 GB HDD, and the micro-DVI video port was replaced by the Mini DisplayPort. A mid-2009 version featured slightly higher battery capacity and a faster Penryn CPU.


title: MacBook Air

text: , Apple released a redesigned 13.3-inch model with a tapered enclosure, higher screen resolution, improved battery, a second USB port, stereo speakers, and standard solid state storage. An 11.6-inch model was introduced, offering reduced cost, weight, battery life, and performance relative to the 13.3-inch model, but better performance than typical netbooks of the time. Both 11-inch and 13-inch models had an analog audio output/headphone minijack supporting Apple earbuds with a microphone. The 13-inch model received a SDXC-capable SD Card slot.


title: MacBook Air

text: On July 20, 2011, Apple released updated models, which also became Apple's entry-level notebooks due to lowered prices and the discontinuation of the white MacBook around the same time. The mid-2011 models were upgraded with Sandy Bridge dual-core Intel Core i5 and i7 processors, Intel HD Graphics 3000, backlit keyboards, Thunderbolt, and Bluetooth was upgraded to v4.0. Maximum storage options were increased up to 256 GB. This revision also replaced the Expose (F3) key with a Mission Control key, and the Dashboard (F4) key with a Launchpad key.


title: MacBook Air

text: On June 11, 2012, Apple updated the line with Intel Ivy Bridge dual-core Core i5 and i7 processors, HD Graphics 4000, faster memory and flash storage speeds, USB 3.0, an upgraded 720p FaceTime camera, and a thinner MagSafe 2 charging port. The standard memory was upgraded to 4 GB, with a maximum configuration of 8 GB.


title: MacBook Air

text: On June 10, 2013, Apple updated the line with Haswell processors, Intel HD Graphics 5000, and 802.11ac Wi-Fi. Storage started at 128 GB SSD, with options for 256 GB and 512 GB. The Haswell considerably improved battery life from the previous generation, and the models are capable of 9 hours on the 11-inch model and 12 hours on the 13-inch model; a team of reviewers exceeded expected battery life ratings during their test.


title: MacBook Air

text: In March 2015, the models were refreshed with Broadwell processors, Intel HD Graphics 6000, Thunderbolt 2, and faster storage and memory. In 2017 the 13-inch model received a processor speed increase from 1.6 GHz to 1.8 GHz and the 11-inch model was discontinued. The 2017 model remained available for sale after Apple launched the next generation in 2018. It was discontinued in July 2019. Before its discontinuation it was Apple's last notebook with USB Type-A ports, a non-Retina display, and a backlit rear Apple logo.


title: MacBook Air

text: Apple released the third generation MacBook Air, with Amber Lake processors, a 13.3-inch Retina display with a resolution of 2560×1600 pixels, Touch ID, and two combination USB-C 3.1 gen 2/Thunderbolt 3 ports plus one audio jack. The screen displays 48% more color and the bezels are 50% narrower than the previous generation, and occupies 17% less volume. Thickness was reduced to 15.6mm and weight to 1.25 kg (2.75 pounds). It was available in three finishes, silver, space gray, and gold. Unlike the previous generation, this model couldn't be configured with an Intel Core i7 processor, possibly because Intel never released the i7-8510Y CPU that would have been used.


title: MacBook Air

text: The base 2018 model came with 8 GB of 2133 MHz LPDDR3 RAM, 128 GB SSD, Intel Core i5 processor (1.6 GHz base clock, with Turbo up to 3.6 GHz) with Intel UHD Graphics 617.


title: MacBook Air

text: Apple released updated models in July 2019 with True Tone display technology and an updated butterfly keyboard using the same components as the 2019 MacBook Pro. A test found that the 256 GB SSD in the 2019 model has a 35% lower read speed than the 256 GB SSD in the 2018 model, though the write speed is slightly faster.


title: MacBook Air

text: Updated models were released in March 2020 with Ice Lake Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors, updated graphics, support for 6K output to run the Pro Display XDR and other 6k monitors, and replaced the butterfly keyboard with a Magic Keyboard design similar to that initially found in the 2019 16-inch MacBook Pro.


title: MacBook Air

text: On November 10, 2020, Apple announced an updated Retina MacBook Air with an Apple-designed M1 processor, launched alongside an updated Mac Mini and 13-inch MacBook Pro as the first Macs with Apple's new line of custom ARM-based Apple silicon processors. The device uses a fanless design, the first ever on a MacBook Air. It also adds support for Wi-Fi 6, USB4 / Thunderbolt 3 and Wide color (P3). The M1 MacBook Air can only run one external display, unlike the previous Intel-based model that was capable of running two 4K displays. The FaceTime camera remains 720p but Apple advertises an improved image signal processor for higher quality video.


title: MacBook Air

text: The M1 MacBook Air received widespread positive reviews, with reviewers praising the extremely fast performance and long battery life.


title: MacBook Air

text: On June 6, 2022, during the 2022 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), Apple announced their second generation processor, called M2, with an improved performance versus the previous M1 processor. The first computer to receive this new chip was a radically redesigned MacBook Air.


title: MacBook Air

text: This complete redesign features a dramatically thinner, flat design, doing away with the familiar wedge shape chassis that MacBook Air was most known for having. The new MacBook Air takes on hardware design cues from the 14" and 16" MacBook Pro notebooks released on October 26, 2021, such as a thinner, lighter, flat chassis with 20% less volume than the previous MacBook Air. Other features include MagSafe 3, which also supports fast charging up to 50% in 30 minutes with a 67W or greater power adapter, a taller 13.6" Liquid Retina display with 500 nits max brightness (25% brighter than the previous MacBook Air), a 1080p FaceTime Camera, a three-mic array with advanced beam-forming algorithms, a high-impedance headphone jack, four-speaker sound system with Spatial Audio, full height function keys, and a total of four finishes. Silver, Space Gray, Starlight, a silver-champagne color, and Midnight, a dark blue-black color.


title: MacBook Air

text: macOS Ventura, the current release of macOS, will work with Wi-Fi and graphics acceleration on unsupported MacBook Air computers with a compatible patch utility.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit ("Artocarpus altilis") is a species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit family (Moraceae) believed to be a domesticated descendant of "Artocarpus camansi" originating in New Guinea, the Maluku Islands, and the Philippines. It was initially spread to Oceania via the Austronesian expansion. It was further spread to other tropical regions of the world during the Colonial Era. British and French navigators introduced a few Polynesian seedless varieties to Caribbean islands during the late 18th century. Today it is grown in some 90 countries throughout South and Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean, Central America and Africa. Its name is derived from the texture of the moderately ripe fruit when cooked, similar to freshly baked bread and having a potato-like flavor.


title: Breadfruit

text: The trees have been widely planted in tropical regions, including lowland Central America, northern South America, and the Caribbean. In addition to the fruit serving as a staple food in many cultures, the light, sturdy timber of breadfruit has been used for outriggers, ships, and houses in the tropics.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit is closely related to "Artocarpus camansi" (breadnut or seeded breadfruit) of New Guinea, the Maluku Islands, and the Philippines, "Artocarpus blancoi" ("tipolo" or "antipolo") of the Philippines, and "Artocarpus mariannensis" ("dugdug") of Micronesia, all of which are sometimes also referred to as "breadfruit". It is also closely related to the jackfruit.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit trees grow to a height of . The large and thick leaves are deeply cut into pinnate lobes. All parts of the tree yield latex, which is useful for boat caulking.


title: Breadfruit

text: The trees are monoecious, with male and female flowers growing on the same tree. The male flowers emerge first, followed shortly afterward by the female flowers. The latter grow into capitula, which are capable of pollination just three days later. Pollination occurs mainly by fruit bats, but cultivated varieties produce fruit without pollination. The compound, false fruit develops from the swollen perianth, and originates from 1,500 to 2,000 flowers visible on the skin of the fruit as hexagon-like disks.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit is one of the highest-yielding food plants, with a single tree producing up to 200 or more grapefruit-sized fruits per season, requiring limited care. In the South Pacific, the trees yield 50 to 150 fruits per year, usually round, oval or oblong weighing . Productivity varies between wet and dry areas. Studies in Barbados indicate a reasonable potential of . The ovoid fruit has a rough surface, and each fruit is divided into many achenes, each achene surrounded by a fleshy perianth and growing on a fleshy receptacle. Most selectively bred cultivars have seedless fruit, whereas seeded varieties are grown mainly for their edible seeds. Breadfruit is usually propagated using root cuttings.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit is closely related to the breadnut. It is similar in appearance to its relative of the same genus, the jackfruit ("Artocarpus heterophyllus").


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit has hundreds of varieties and thousands of common names varying according to its geographic distribution, and is cultivated in some 90 countries.


title: Breadfruit

text: The closely related "Artocarpus camansi" can be distinguished from "A. altilis" by having spinier fruits with numerous seeds. "Artocarpus mariannensis" can be distinguished by having dark green elongated fruits with darker yellow flesh, as well as entire or shallowly lobed leaves.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit is propagated mainly by seeds, although seedless breadfruit can be propagated by transplanting suckers that grow off the surface roots of the tree. The roots can be purposefully injured to induce the growth of suckers, which are then separated from the root and planted in a pot or directly transplanted into the ground. Pruning also induces sucker growth. Sucker cuttings are placed in plastic bags containing a mixture of soil, peat and sand, and kept in the shade while moistened with liquid fertilizer. When roots are developed, the transplant is put in full sun until time for planting in the orchard.


title: Breadfruit

text: For propagation in quantity, root cuttings are preferred, using segments about thick and long. Rooting may take up to 5 months to develop, with the young trees ready for planting when they are high.


title: Breadfruit

text: According to DNA fingerprinting studies, the wild seeded ancestor of breadfruit is the breadnut ("Artocarpus camansi") which is native to New Guinea, the Maluku Islands, and the Philippines. It was one of the canoe plants spread by Austronesian voyagers around 3,000 years ago into Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia, where it was not native.


title: Breadfruit

text: "A. camansi" was domesticated and selectively bred in Polynesia, giving rise to the mostly seedless "Artocarpus altilis". Micronesian breadfruit also show evidence of hybridization with the native "Artocarpus mariannensis", while most Polynesian and Melanesian cultivars do not. This indicates that Micronesia was initially colonized separately from Polynesia and Melanesia through two different migration events which later came into contact with each other in eastern Micronesia.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit is an equatorial lowland species. It has been spread from its Pacific source to many tropical regions.


title: Breadfruit

text: In 1769, Joseph Banks was stationed in Tahiti as part of the expedition commanded by Captain James Cook. The late-18th-century quest for cheap, high-energy food sources for slaves in British colonies prompted colonial administrators and plantation owners to call for breadfruit to be brought to the Caribbean. As president of the Royal Society, Banks provided a cash bounty and gold medal for success in this endeavor, and successfully lobbied for a British Naval expedition. After an unsuccessful voyage to the South Pacific to collect the plants as commander of , in 1791, William Bligh commanded a second expedition with and , which collected seedless breadfruit plants in Tahiti and transported these to St. Helena in the Atlantic and St. Vincent and Jamaica in the West Indies.


title: Breadfruit

text: The plant grows best below elevations of , but is found at elevations of . Preferred soils are neutral to alkaline (pH of 6.1–7.4) and either sand, sandy loam, loam or sandy clay loam. Breadfruit is able to grow in coral sands and saline soils. The breadfruit is ultra-tropical, requiring a temperature range of and an annual rainfall of .


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit is 71% water, 27% carbohydrates, 1% protein and negligible in fat (see table). In a 100 gram amount, raw breadfruit is a rich source (35% of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C, and a moderate source (10% DV each) of thiamin and potassium, with no other nutrients in significant content.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit is a staple food in many tropical regions. Most breadfruit varieties produce fruit throughout the year. Both ripe and unripe fruit have culinary uses; unripe breadfruit is cooked before consumption. Before being eaten, the fruit are roasted, baked, fried or boiled. When cooked, the taste of moderately ripe breadfruit is described as potato-like, or similar to freshly baked bread.


title: Breadfruit

text: One breadfruit tree can produce each season. Because breadfruit trees usually produce large crops at certain times of the year, preservation of harvested fruit is an issue. One traditional preservation technique is to bury peeled and washed fruits in a leaf-lined pit where they ferment over several weeks and produce a sour, sticky paste. So stored, the product may endure a year or more, and some pits are reported to have produced edible contents more than 20 years later. Fermented breadfruit mash goes by many names such as "mahr", "ma", "masi", "furo", and "bwiru", among others.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit can be eaten once cooked, or can be further processed into a variety of other foods. A common product is a mixture of cooked or fermented breadfruit mash mixed with coconut milk baked in banana leaves. Whole fruits can be cooked in an open fire, then cored and filled with other foods, such as coconut milk, sugar and butter, cooked meats, or other fruits. The filled fruit can be cooked further so the flavor of the filling permeates the flesh of the breadfruit.


title: Breadfruit

text: In addition to being edible raw, breadfruit can be ground into flour and the seeds can be cooked for consumption.


title: Breadfruit

text: The seedless breadfruit is found in Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia, where it is called . It is commonly made into fritters and eaten as snacks. Breadfruit fritters are sold as local street food.


title: Breadfruit

text: In the Philippines, breadfruit is known as in Tagalog and in the Visayan languages. It is also called (also spelled ), along with the closely related "Artocarpus camansi", and the endemic "Artocarpus blancoi" ( or ). All three species, as well as the closely related jackfruit, are commonly used much in the same way in savory dishes. The immature fruits are most commonly eaten as (cooked with coconut milk).


title: Breadfruit

text: In the Hawaiian staple food called , the traditional ingredient of mashed taro root can be replaced by, or augmented with, mashed breadfruit. The resulting "breadfruit poi" is called .


title: Breadfruit

text: In Sri Lanka, it is cooked as a curry using coconut milk and spices (which becomes a side dish) or boiled. Boiled breadfruit is a famous main meal. It is often consumed with scraped coconut or "coconut sambol", made of scraped coconut, red chili powder and salt mixed with a dash of lime juice. A traditional sweet snack made of finely sliced, sun-dried breadfruit chips deep-fried in coconut oil and dipped in heated treacle or sugar syrup is known as "rata del petti". In India, fritters of breadfruit, called "jeev kadge phodi" in Konkani or "kadachakka varuthath" in Malayalam are a local delicacy in coastal Karnataka and Kerala. In Seychelles, it was traditionally eaten as a substitute for rice, as an accompaniment to the mains. It would either be consumed boiled ("friyapen bwi") or grilled ("friyapen griye"), where it would be put whole in the wood fire used for cooking the main meal and then taken out when ready. It is also eaten as a dessert, called "ladob friyapen", where it is boiled in coconut milk, sugar, vanilla, cinnamon and a pinch of salt.


title: Breadfruit

text: In Puerto Rico, breadfruit is called "panapén" or "pana", for short, although the name "pana" is often used to refer to breadnut, seeds of which have traditionally been boiled, peeled and eaten whole. In some inland regions it is also called "mapén" and used to make "pasteles" and "alcapurrias". Breadfruit is often served boiled with a mixture of sauteed "bacalao" (salted cod fish), olive oil and onions. Mostly as "tostones" where about 1 inch chunks are fried, lighty flattered and fried again. "Mofongo de panapén" fried breadfruit mashed with olive oil, garlic, broth, and chicharrón. "Rellenos de panapén" the breadfruit version of "papa rellena". Dipping sauce made from boiled ripe breadfruit similar to chutney using spices, sesame seeds, herbs, lentil, coconut milk, and fruit. Both ripe and unripe are boiled together and mashed with milk and butter to make "pastelón de panapén", a dish similar to lasagna. Ripe breadfruit is used in desserts: "flan de pana" (breadfruit custard). "Cazuela", a crustless pie with ripe breadfruit, spices, raisins, coconut milk, and sweet potatoes. Breadfruit flour is sold all over Puerto Rico and used for making bread, pastries, cookies, pancakes, waffles, crepes, and "almojábana".


title: Breadfruit

text: In the Dominican Republic, it is called "buen pan" or "good bread". Breadfruit isn't popular in Dominican cookery and is used mainly for feeding pigs.


title: Breadfruit

text: In Barbados, breadfruit is boiled with salted meat and mashed with butter to make breadfruit coucou. It is usually eaten with saucy meat dishes.


title: Breadfruit

text: In Trinidad and Tobago, breadfruit is boiled, then fried and eaten with saucy meat dishes like curried duck.


title: Breadfruit

text: In Jamaica, breadfruit is boiled in soups or roasted on stove top, in the oven or on wood coal. It is eaten with the national dish ackee and salt fish. The ripe fruit is used in salads or fried as a side dish.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit was widely used in a variety of ways among Pacific Islanders. Its lightweight wood (specific gravity of 0.27) is resistant to termites and shipworms, so it is used as timber for structures and outrigger canoes. Its wood pulp can also be used to make paper, called breadfruit "tapa". Native Hawaiians used its sticky latex to trap birds, whose feathers were made into cloaks. The wood of the breadfruit tree was one of the most valuable timbers in the construction of traditional houses in Samoan architecture.


title: Breadfruit

text: Breadfruit contains phytochemicals having potential as an insect repellent. The parts of the fruits that are discarded can be used to feed livestock. The leaves of breadfruit trees can also be browsed by cattle.


title: Breadfruit

text: On Puluwat in the Caroline Islands, in the context of sacred "yitang" lore, breadfruit ("poi") is a figure of speech for knowledge. This lore is organized into five categories: war, magic, meetings, navigation, and "breadfruit".


title: Breadfruit

text: According to an etiological Hawaiian myth, the breadfruit originated from the sacrifice of the war god Kū. After deciding to live secretly among mortals as a farmer, Kū married and had children. He and his family lived happily until a famine seized their island. When he could no longer bear to watch his children suffer, Kū told his wife that he could deliver them from starvation, but to do so he would have to leave them. Reluctantly she agreed, and at her word, Kū descended into the ground right where he had stood until only the top of his head was visible. His family waited around the spot he had last been, day and night, watering it with their tears until suddenly, a small green shoot appeared where Kū had stood. Quickly, the shoot grew into a tall and leafy tree that was laden with heavy breadfruits that Kū's family and neighbors gratefully ate, joyfully saved from starvation.


title: Breadfruit

text: Though they are widely distributed throughout the Pacific, many breadfruit hybrids and cultivars are seedless or otherwise biologically incapable of naturally dispersing long distances. Therefore, it is clear that humans aided distribution of the plant in the Pacific, specifically prehistoric groups who colonized the Pacific Islands. To investigate the patterns of human migration throughout the Pacific, scientists have used molecular dating of breadfruit hybrids and cultivars in concert with anthropological data. Results support the west-to-east migration hypothesis, in which the Lapita people are thought to have traveled from Melanesia to numerous Polynesian islands.


title: Breadfruit

text: The world's largest collection of breadfruit varieties was established by botanist Diane Ragone, from over 20 years' travel to 50 Pacific islands, on a plot outside of Hana, on the isolated east coast of Maui (Hawaii).


title: Wang Yibo

text: Wang Yibo (, [], born 5 August 1997) is a Chinese actor, dancer, singer, rapper, and professional road motorcycle racer. He debuted as a member of the South Korean-Chinese boyband Uniq in 2014. As an actor, he is best known for his roles in television series "Love Actually" (2017), "Gank Your Heart" (2019), "The Untamed" (2019), "Legend of Fei" (2020) and "Luoyang" (2021). Wang has made regular appearance in the Forbes China Celebrity 100 list and ranked 2nd in 2021.


title: Wang Yibo

text: Wang Yibo was born on 5 August 1997 in Luoyang, Henan, China. He started dancing when he was young, and during his second year in secondary school in 2011, Wang participated in IBD national dance competition. Placing in the top sixteen in the hip-hop category, he then became a trainee of Yuehua Entertainment. Prior to his debut, Wang trained in South Korea and studied in Hanlim Multi Art School.


title: Wang Yibo

text: Wang debuted in 2014 as a member of the South Korean-Chinese boy band group Uniq with the song "Falling in Love". He served as the main dancer and rapper of the group. Wang made his acting debut in the film "MBA Partners". He then played the role of Red Boy in "A Chinese Odyssey Part Three", and starred in the romance comedy drama series "Love Actually" as the second male lead character Zhai Zhiwei. Since 2016 to 2021, Wang had served as a host on the variety program "Day Day Up".


title: Wang Yibo

text: In March 2017, Wang was cast in his first lead role in the youth "xianxia" drama series "Private Shushan Gakuen". In April, he won the Best New Idol Award at the Top Chinese Music Awards. In August, Wang and Guan Xiaotong collaborated to sing "Once Again", the theme song of the movie with same name. In November, Wang released the theme song "Just Dance" for the 4th Xuan Wu Dance Festival. In the same year, Wang made a guest appearance in the youth campus drama series "When We Were Young", and was cast in the science fiction drama series "Super Talent", later named "My Strange Friend".


title: Wang Yibo

text: In celebration of the 2018 lunar new year, Wang performed a solo dance number at the Hunan Spring Festival by Hunan Television. He also performed an adaptation of Uniq's song "Happy New Year" along with other Hunan Television hosts. In January 2019, Wang debuted as a solo singer by releasing the digital single "Fire".


title: Wang Yibo

text: In March 2018, Wang was confirmed to be a dance mentor in the reality survival show "Produce 101". He gained an increased recognition for his dance skills on the show. In one of the episodes of the show, Wang revealed that during his childhood he had a disease called myocarditis and had to give up dancing and undergo serious medication to recover. Eventually, he was cured and had to start learning how to dance from scratch. Wang further shared that after his recovery, he went to dance lessons for six hours every day.


title: Wang Yibo

text: In 2019, Wang starred in the esports romance drama series "Gank Your Heart", playing a misunderstood professional gamer. He also sang the series' opening theme song, "Burning Adventure". With his portrayal of Ji Xiangkong, Wang took home his first major acting award for "Audience's Choice for Actor" at the 30th China TV Golden Eagle Award.


title: Wang Yibo

text: In the same year, Wang starred in the xianxia drama series "The Untamed", based on the novel "Mo Dao Zu Shi", as one of the two male leads alongside Xiao Zhan. Wang also released the song "Won't Forget", the theme song for his character in the series, as well as a duet with Xiao Zhan titled "Unrestrained". He gained an increased recognition and popularity both in China and overseas for his portrayal of Lan Wangji. Wang later entered the "Forbes China" Celebrity 100 and 30 Under 30 list for the first time.


title: Wang Yibo

text: On 30 December 2019, Wang released his single "No Sense", which is his first attempt in songwriting. He wrote it intermittently as he was busy shooting the drama series "Legend of Fei". Wang shared that the song was about his own feelings and experiences. He wanted his song to portray his wish for others to can also overcome difficulties and keep a good mindset. Six million digital copies of the song were sold within 20 minutes after its release, exceeding 30 million yuan in total sales. The song became the fastest digital single to sell over 10 million copies on NetEase Music. Wang then performed "No Sense" for the first time at Hunan Television's 2020 New Year's Eve Concert.


title: Wang Yibo

text: In May 2020, Wang was confirmed as one of the four captains in the dance competition show "Street Dance of China Season 3" . Through this show, Wang got an increased recognition for his street dance background and skills. On October, Yang Kai, a member of his team Yi Bo Wang Zha won the competition.


title: Wang Yibo

text: In December 2020, Wang starred as the male lead in the wuxia drama series "Legend of Fei", based on the novel "Bandits " by Priest, alongside Zhao Liying who played Zhou Fei. He also sang the "First Rays" for the series, which portrays the affectionate confession from his character, Xie Yun, to Zhou Fei. The series was very popular both domestically and internationally. It did not only reached a record of over 130 million views in eight hours after its release and 4 billion views in one month on Tencent Video, but also earned number one spot on WeTV Thailand and Philippines after one week of simultaneous release.


title: Wang Yibo

text: On 30 December 2020, Wang released his fourth single, "My Rules ". The song, composed by 24 and Vince from The Black Label with Wang participated in the lyrics writing, expresses his determination to follow his own path and find his self-worth. With this song, Wang broke a new record of the fastest digital single to sell 10 million copies on NetEase Music, which equals to 30 million yuan, within only 2 hours and 20 minutes. The single debuted at 14th on the "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales during the fourth week of January 2021. Wang performed "My Rules" for the first time at the Hunan Television's 2021 New Year's Eve Concert, where he also had a collaboration stage with Wang Leehom to the song "Descendants of the Dragon".


title: Wang Yibo

text: On 11 February 2021, Wang made his first appearance on the CCTV New Year's Gala, singing and dancing in a creative show titled "Ox Strut" alongside Andy Lau and Guan Xiaotong to celebrate the Year of Ox, which is the zodiac of all three performers. In the same month, Wang also appeared for the first time on CCTV's Lantern Festival Gala, singing his song "Youth Comes in Time" for his individual stage. During the grand gala celebrating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, Wang performed the song "Walking With You" together with Karry Wang and Roy Wang, as part of the theatrical performance "The Great Journey".


title: Wang Yibo

text: In June 2021, Wang played the role of Jiang Xianyun, a Chinese historical figure, in the episode "The Choice " of the movie series "Faith Makes Great ". In the same month, Wang was chosen as one of the nine individuals appearing in Youku's serial documentary "My Legacy and I Season 2", which follows the life and work of nine Chinese outstanding performers in their fields over the past two and half years.


title: Wang Yibo

text: Wang is set to play as a policeman in the crime detective drama series "Being a Hero" alongside Chen Xiao, directed by Fu Dongyu. He is also starring as Baili Hongyi in the period mystery drama series "Luoyang" alongside Huang Xuan and Victoria Song.


title: Wang Yibo

text: In August 2021, Wang returned as one of the captains of the dance competition show "Street Dance of China Season 4". Ye Yin, a member of Wang's team, won the competition competition, making Wang's team's second win in the two seasons of the show. On 30 December, Wang released his fifth digital single "Standup" () which topped the QQ Music New Song Chart. He performed the song for the first time at the Hunan Television's 2022 New Year's Eve Concert the next day.


title: Wang Yibo

text: Wang is one of the most in-demand and influential brand ambassadors in China. Partnering with over 30 brands, his endorsement ranges from domestic products such as Ping An Insurance and Youku to international ones like Casio G-Shock and Shu Uemura. He is also the global spokesperson of various brands in different industries, varying from Redmi smartphones to Bank of Communications banking credit card line. Since 2020, Wang has been the youngest member and youngest Brand Ambassador of the Elite Club of the German luxury car brand Audi. He is also the youngest Chinese Brand Image Ambassador of the French luxury fashion house Chanel. In April 2021, Wang became the Leading Global Brand Ambassador of the sportswear brand Anta, which is the official sports apparel partner of 2022 Winter Olympics.


title: Wang Yibo

text: In 2020, Wang was the first entertainer in Mainland China to become an official partner of Nike. In March 2021, Wang terminated his contract with the company after Nike criticized China for human rights violations against Uyghurs in Xinjiang, in the aftermath of U.S. sanctions on cotton grown in the region that followed widespread allegations of forced labor.


title: Wang Yibo

text: Through his pursuit of extreme sports, particularly skateboarding and motorcycle racing, as well as his widespread influence in the younger generation, Wang was appointed by the Chinese government as the Chinese Skateboarding Promotion Ambassador, and the ambassador for Chinese winter sports and the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and Paralympics. He also has served as the China’s Top Dancer Promotion Ambassador, awarded by the Chinese Dancers Association since 2021, for his acknowledged dancing skills and experiences.


title: Wang Yibo

text: Wang has appeared on the front covers of the Chinese edition of various international magazines, such as "GQ Style," "Cosmopolitan" and "Harper's Bazaar". In March 2020, Wang became the first Chinese celebrity to grace all three covers of "SuperELLE China" by himself. In November, Wang starred in a fashion film project between "Vogue Film" and Chanel alongside Zhou Xun titled "Le Vrai Ou ".


title: Wang Yibo

text: Wang has used his image to raise awareness for multiple causes, such as Firefighting Public Welfare of Luoyang City, SOS Children's Villages' campaign with Qingsongchou "No Child Alone: I want to have a family", the Civil Traffic of Hunan Province, and "Earth Aid, Green Life on the Table", a campaign co-sponsored by WildAid, China Green Carbon Foundation, and Food and Agriculture Organization. On 8 December 2019, Wang was honored as the Kuwo Music's 2019 Role Model Reading Charity Artist. He was one of the celebrity readers of "Model Reading", the first youth reading and sharing program jointly created by Kuwo Music and China Youth Daily. It aims to evoke interest and enthusiasm of the youth to start reading literary works.


title: Wang Yibo

text: Wang has been active to show his support in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2020, Wang and more than 200 celebrities donated a total of 278 million yuan to Han Hong Charity Foundation in order to help the city of Wuhan, an area vastly affected. He made another donation to Wuhan together with the other hosts of Day Day Up. They collectively donated 1 million yuan worth of masks, protective clothing, and other necessary supplies. Wang also sang a number of original songs as a tribute to front liners of the COVID-19 pandemic and to convey love and hope during those challenging times. Under the guidance of the Communist Youth League of China, Wang and other actors collaborated to sing "With You By My Side" (), a song that is part of the music album "Love Is Not Separated", created by China Youth Daily, China Youth Online, and Ku Wo Music. In March 2020, Wang and Xinhua News Agency launched the tribute song "We Stay Together" () to inspire people to work together against the pandemic.


title: Wang Yibo

text: Since 2019, Wang has been a member of the Yamaha China Racing Team as a professional road motorcycle racer. In August 2019, Wang participated in the Asia Road Racing Championship (ARRC) in Zhuhai International Circuit and won the second place in the mixed competition and the first place in the rookie division.


title: Wang Yibo

text: In the same month of the year, Wang received numerous unsolicited phone calls from callers who purchased his personal telephone number online. Wang answered some of these calls and personally appealed to the callers to respect his privacy and stop calling. He took to his Weibo account to urge fans to support and love him rationally, to stop calling him and not to waste their money to purchase his number as the calls have adversely affected his privacy. He informed that he would change his number even though it was troublesome for him to update his loved ones and transaction arrangements linked to his phone number. He posted screenshots of receiving 194 calls from unknown numbers. Wang's management agency, Yue Hua Entertainment threatened to take action informing that it has kept a record of these numbers and that it may turn them over to the authorities if necessary.


title: Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun

text: An anime television series adaptation produced by Bandai Namco Pictures, aired on NHK Educational TV between October 2019 and March 2020, and a second season aired from April to September 2021. A third season premiered in October 2022. As of September 2020, the manga had over 5 million copies in circulation.


title: Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun

text: The story follows Iruma Suzuki, a 14-year-old human boy who is sold to a demon by his lazy, selfish and neglectful parents. The demon, known as Sullivan, takes Iruma to the Demon World and officially adopts him as his grandson. He enrolls Iruma in the Babyls School for Demons where he is the headmaster and where Iruma quickly befriends the demons Alice Asmodeus and Clara Valac. However, Sullivan tells Iruma to never reveal that he is human since he will be eaten if anyone finds out. Iruma then vows to blend in during his time in the demon world, although he only stands out because of all the situations and adventures that arise. By his second year Iruma turns 15 years old.


title: Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun

text: The series has been serialized in Akita Shoten's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Champion" since March 2, 2017. Akita Shoten has collected its chapters into individual "tankōbon" volumes. The first volume was released on July 7, 2017. As of December 8, 2022, thirty volumes have been released.


title: Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun

text: A spin-off, titled , started serialization in "Weekly Shōnen Champion" on January 9, 2020. The first "tankōbon" volume was released on June 8, 2020. As of October 6, 2022, eleven volumes have been released.


title: Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced in 10th issue of "Weekly Shōnen Champion" alongside "Beastars" on February 7, 2019. The 23-episode series is animated by Bandai Namco Pictures and directed by Makoto Moriwaki, with Kazuyuki Fudeyasu handling series composition, and Akimitsu Honma composing the music. NHK and NHK Enterprises are credited for production. The series aired from October 5, 2019, to March 7, 2020, on NHK Educational TV. Da Pump performed the series' opening theme song "Magical Babyrinth," while Yū Serizawa performed the series' ending theme song . Crunchyroll and Muse Communication are streaming the series in their selected regions. A second season was announced and aired for 21 episodes from April 17, 2021, to September 11, 2021. The staff returned to reprise their roles. Da Pump performed the second season's opening theme song "No! No! Satisfaction!", while Amatsuki performed the second season's ending theme song .


title: Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun

text: On September 11, 2021, the Twitter account for the anime announced that a third season is in development. It premiered on October 8, 2022. Fantastics from Exile Tribe will perform the opening theme song , while Wednesday Campanella will perform the ending theme song .


title: Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun

text: As of January 2020, the first fifteen volumes of the manga had over 2.5 million copies in circulation. As of September 2020, the manga had over 5 million copies in circulation.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Nicolas Winding Refn (; born 29 September 1970), also known as Jang, is a Danish film director, screenwriter, and producer. He is known for his collaborations with Mads Mikkelsen, Tom Hardy and Ryan Gosling.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: He gained great success early in his career directing the "Pusher" trilogy (1996–2005), the crime drama "Bronson" (2008), and the adventure film "Valhalla Rising" (2009). In 2011 he gained newfound stardom directing the action drama film "Drive" (2011) for which he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director. He was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Direction. Refn's next films were the stylistically driven action film "Only God Forgives" (2013), and the psychological horror film "The Neon Demon" (2016). In 2019, he directed his first television series "Too Old to Die Young" (2019) which premiered on Amazon Prime.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Refn was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, and raised partly in New York, United States. Refn's parents are Danish film director and editor Anders Refn and cinematographer Vibeke Winding. His half-brother is Kasper Winding, who has become a singer in Denmark.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Refn made his directorial debut with the Danish crime film "Pusher" (1996). It garnered a Best Supporting Actor Award for Zlatko Burić at the 1997 Bodil Awards.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Refn then directed "Bleeder" (1999), which featured much of the same cast from the "Pusher" Trilogy, including actors such as Kim Bodnia and Mads Mikkelsen. Refn won the FIPRESCI prize for the film at the 2000 Sarajevo Film Festival the work won Best Lighting at the Robert Festival. The film was nominated for Best Film and Best Supporting Actress at the 2000 Bodil Awards, as well as for the Grand Prix Asturias for Best Feature at the 1999 Gijon International Film Festival.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2003, Refn directed and wrote his first English-language film, "Fear X", which starred John Turturro and was shot in Canada. Although a financial disappointment, the Danish-Canadian production won an International Fantasy Film Award for Best Screenplay at the 2004 Fantasporto Film Festival, and was nominated for best actor awards (for Turturro) at the Bodil Awards and the Fangoria Awards, and best film awards at festivals including Sitges Film Festival and the Sochi International Film Festival.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Refn later made two sequels to "Pusher", "Pusher II" (2004) (a.k.a. "Pusher II: With Blood on My Hands") and "Pusher 3" (2005) (a.k.a. "Pusher III: I'm The Angel of Death"). For "Pusher II", lead actor Mads Mikkelsen won a Best Actor award at the 2005 Bodil Awards, Best Actor at the 2005 Robert Festival (where the film was also nominated for Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Film, among other nominations), and Best Actor at the 2005 Zulu Awards. The film was remade as a British version in 2012, "Pusher", directed by Luis Prieto and executive produced by Refn.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2008, Refn returned to the European art house film circuit after his unsuccessful Hollywood venture "Fear X". He wrote and directed "Bronson" (2008), which starred Tom Hardy as the title character, the U.K. prisoner Charles Bronson, noted for mental illness, violence and art. The film won Best Film at the 2009 Sydney Film Festival, and was also nominated for the Grand Jury Prize (World Cinema — Dramatic) at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival. Hardy won a Best Actor award at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards for his portrayal of Charles Bronson (and the film was nominated for a Best Achievement in Production award as well). Hardy was nominated for Best Actor by the Evening Standard British Film Awards and the London Critics Circle Film Awards.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2009, Refn teamed up again with frequent collaborator Mads Mikkelsen to write and direct "Valhalla Rising", a surrealistic period piece about the Viking era. The film won an International Fantasy Film Special Jury Award and Special Mention at the 2010 Fantasporto Festival, and won the Titra Film Award for Refn at the 2010 Neuchatel International Fantastic Film Festival. The film also won a Best Make-Up award at the 2011 Robert Festival.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2011, Refn directed the American action drama film "Drive" (2011). It premiered in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, where he received the Best Director Award.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: The film earned Refn a BAFTA nomination for directing. The film was also nominated in 2012 for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture nomination for Albert Brooks, Excellence in Production Design Award from the Art Directors Guild, won Best Director, Best Screenplay (for Hossein Amini) and Best Supporting Actor (for Brooks) at the Austin Film Critics Awards, won Boston Society of Film Critics Awards for Best Supporting Actor (Albert Brooks) and Best Use of Music in a Film (by Cliff Martinez), the Critics Choice Award at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards for Best Action Movie, Best Director, Best Picture and Breakthrough Film Artist at the Central Ohio Film Critics Association, Best Original Score (Martinez) and Best Supporting Actor (Brooks) at the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards, Best Supporting Actor (Brooks) at the Florida Film Critics Circle Awards, Best Foreign Film at the Fotogramas de Plata, Best Director from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society, a Top Films Award from the National Board of Review, Best Supporting Actor (Brooks) at the National Society of Film Critics Awards, the San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards and the New York Film Critics Circle Awards, Best Director at the San Diego Film Critics Society Awards.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Refn wanted to cast "Drive" actress Christina Hendricks as Wonder Woman, but later focused on Batgirl instead.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: The Bangkok-set crime film "Only God Forgives", starring Ryan Gosling and Kristin Scott Thomas, premiered in competition at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. The film was awarded the Sydney Film Prize at the 2013 Sydney Film Festival.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Liv Corfixen, Refn's wife, directed the documentary "My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn", centered on the life and work of Refn and their relationship. The documentary film premiered on July 17, 2014, in Denmark.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In September 2011, Refn said his next film would be "I Walk with the Dead", with Carey Mulligan slated to play the lead; she was co-star of "Drive". According to Refn, it will be a horror-movie sex thriller that may be set in Tokyo or Los Angeles.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2013, Refn confirmed "I Walk with the Dead" as his next project. In October 2013 playwright Polly Stenham was confirmed to write the screenplay with Refn. They stated that the film will have an all-female cast. Refn admitted that he asked Stenham to write the screenplay to compensate for his perceived inability to write female characters.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: On November 3, 2014, his production company Space Rocket Nation, alongside its co-producers Gaumont Film Company and Wild Bunch, announced that Refn's next film would be titled "The Neon Demon", rather than "I Walk With The Dead". The Neon Demon would be filmed in Los Angeles, California, in early 2015. The film stars Elle Fanning, Karl Glusman, Keanu Reeves, Christina Hendricks, Abbey Lee, Jena Malone and Bella Heathcote. On April 14, 2016, it was announced that the film would be competing for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, marking it as the third consecutive film directed by Refn that had competed for the Palme d'Or.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: He directed an extended Gucci commercial featuring Blake Lively and himself in a brief cameo, which premiered at the 2012 Venice Film Festival. The short film is entitled Gucci Premiere. He also directed the music video for his frequent collaborator Peter Peter's band Bleeder, which featured his wife Liv Corfixen as a crazy nurse. He also directed a series of Lincoln commercials starring Matthew McConaughey.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: On August 14, 2016, Refn announced via his Twitter page that his next project would be titled "The Avenging Silence", calling it "Ian Fleming + William Burroughs + NWR = The Avenging Silence" and posted images for Fleming's novel "Dr. No" and for Burroughs's novel "The Soft Machine". Variety reported that producer Lene Borglum described the purported plot as following: "[A] former European spy [accepts] a mission from a Japanese businessman to take down the head of a Yakuza boss in Japan".


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2019, Cannes Film Festival announced that it would host a masterclass with Refn on working in Film and TV.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2005, it was reported that Refn co-wrote a screenplay with Nicholas St. John titled "Billy’s People". However, Refn scrapped the project because his films "Bleeder" (1999) and "Fear X" (2003) were box office disasters.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2009, Refn expressed high interest in developing a film biopic of notoriously polemic and controversial English occultist, Aleister Crowley, with Bronson star, Tom Hardy, as Crowley. Refn admitted to not knowing anything about the life of the magician and referred to Crowley as a "Satan-worshipping cult personality". That year, he became attached to direct a modern retelling of "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" with Keanu Reeves playing the titular roles. The working title of the film was "Jekyll". According to an interview with SciFi Wire, he wanted the film to take place "in modern America and use as much credible science as possible." However, in February 2010, Winding Refn dropped out of the project in order to work on "Drive".


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2010, Refn planned to direct Paul Schrader's script "The Dying of the Light" with Harrison Ford as the lead. However, in February 2010,


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Winding Refn exited the project. In September 2011 during promotion for "Drive", he claimed that Ford did not want his character to die, causing the film production to fall apart.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Channing Tatum, who was to co-star with Ford in "The Dying of the Light", originally wanted Refn to direct "Magic Mike" (2012), which Steven Soderbergh came to direct.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In 2012, Refn became involved in the direction of a remake of the 1980s crime show "The Equalizer" starring Denzel Washington, but the deal with Sony fell through for unknown reasons. The adaptation "The Equalizer" ended up being directed by Antoine Fuqua for release in 2014.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: In July 2016, Refn revealed that he had turned down the offer to direct the James Bond movie "Spectre".


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Refn prefers to shoot his films in chronological order: "I read that [director John Cassavetes] had done it on some of his films, so I thought, 'That's a pretty cool approach.' And after I did it on my first movie, I felt, 'How can you do a movie any other way?' It's like a painting—you paint the movie as you go along, and I like the uncertainty of not knowing exactly how it's going to turn out." Refn spoke more about shooting in chronological order in September 2011, in reference to "Drive":


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Refn's color blindness has influenced his style: "I can't see mid-colors. That's why all my films are very contrasted, if it were anything else I couldn't see it."


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Refn has cited viewing "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" (1974) as inspiration for his filmmaking career:


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Refn has said numerous times that his largest cinematic influence has been the director Alejandro Jodorowsky (to whom Refn dedicated "Only God Forgives"), of whom he has said:


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: He stated that for his first film "Pusher", he stole everything from Gillo Pontecorvo's 1965 Oscar-nominated "The Battle of Algiers" and the 1980 Italian horror film "Cannibal Holocaust". Also influential to his film viewing experience were John Cassavetes' 1976 film "The Killing of a Chinese Bookie" and Kevin Smith's 1994 indie film "Clerks".


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: Other favorites include "Tokyo Drifter" (1966), "Kwaidan" (1965), "My Life as a Dog" (1985), "Man on Fire" (2004), "Pretty Woman" (1990), "Scorpio Rising" (1963), "Vampyr" (1932), "Videodrome" (1980), "Suspiria" (1977), "Cloverfield" (2008), "Flesh for Frankenstein" (1973), "Liquid Sky" (1982), "The Shining" (1980), "Night of the Living Dead" (1968), "To Die For" (1995), "Sixteen Candles" (1984), "The Night of the Hunter" (1955), "Alien" (1979) and "Beauty and the Beast" (1946). Some of the films Refn help restored include Ron Ormond's "The Burning Hell" (1974), Curtis Harrington's "Night Tide" (1961) and Ray Dennis Steckler's "Wild Guitar" (1962).


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: After making the movie "Fear X", Refn was heavily in debt. The story of Refn's recovery is recorded in the documentary "Gambler", directed by Phie Ambo. At the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, Refn said that he was repulsed by the controversial remarks by Lars von Trier about Adolf Hitler, calling them unacceptable.


title: Nicolas Winding Refn

text: His wife, Liv Corfixen, wrote and directed a documentary entitled "My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn", which chronicles the "behind the scenes" experience of shooting "Only God Forgives" when the entire family had to be relocated to Thailand. The documentary has received positive reviews after premiering at Fantastic Fest and Beyond Fest. The soundtrack for the documentary is also composed entirely by Cliff Martinez, with the last track "Disconnected" composed, written and sung by Julian Winding, Refn's nephew.


title: Glossary of chess

text: This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like "fork" and "pin". For a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece; for a list of terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems; for a list of named opening lines, see List of chess openings; for a list of chess-related games, see List of chess variants.


title: The Great Dictator

text: The Great Dictator is a 1940 American anti-war political satire black comedy film written, directed, produced, scored by, and starring British comedian Charlie Chaplin, following the tradition of many of his other films. Having been the only Hollywood filmmaker to continue to make silent films well into the period of sound films, Chaplin made this his first true sound film.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Chaplin's film advanced a stirring condemnation of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, fascism, antisemitism, and the Nazis. At the time of its first release, the United States was still formally at peace with Nazi Germany and neutral during what were the early days of World War II. Chaplin plays both leading roles: a ruthless fascist dictator and a persecuted Jewish barber.


title: The Great Dictator

text: "The Great Dictator" was popular with audiences, becoming Chaplin's most commercially successful film. Modern critics have praised it as a historically significant film, one of the greatest comedy films ever made and an important work of satire. Chaplin's climactic monologue has frequently been listed by critics, historians and film buffs as perhaps the greatest monologue in film history, and possibly the most poignant recorded speech of the 20th century. In 1997, it was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". "The Great Dictator" was nominated for five Academy Awards – Outstanding Production, Best Actor, Best Writing (Original Screenplay), Best Supporting Actor for Jack Oakie, and Best Music (Original Score).


title: The Great Dictator

text: In his 1964 autobiography, Chaplin stated that he could not have made the film if he had known about the true extent of the horrors of the Nazi concentration camps at that time.


title: The Great Dictator

text: On the Western Front in 1918, a Jewish Private (Charlie Chaplin) fighting for the Central Powers nation of Tomainia valiantly saves the life of a wounded pilot, Commander Schultz (Reginald Gardiner), who carries valuable documents that could secure a Tomainian victory. However, after running out of fuel, their plane crashes into a tree and the Private subsequently suffers memory loss. Upon being rescued, Schultz is informed that Tomainia has officially surrendered to the Allied Forces, while the Private is carried off to a hospital.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Twenty years later, still suffering from amnesia, the Private returns to his previous profession as a barber in a ghetto. The ghetto is now governed by Schultz who has been promoted in the Tomainian regime, which transformed into a fascist dictatorship under the ruthless Adenoid Hynkel (also Chaplin).


title: The Great Dictator

text: The Barber falls in love with a neighbor, Hannah (Paulette Goddard), and together they try to resist persecution by military forces. The storm troopers capture the Barber and are about to hang him, but Schultz recognizes him and restrains them. By recognizing him, and reminding him of World War I, Schultz helps the Barber regain his memory.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Meanwhile, Hynkel tries to finance his ever-growing military forces by borrowing money from a Jewish banker called Hermann Epstein, leading to a temporary ease on the restrictions on the ghetto. However, ultimately the banker refuses to lend him the money. Furious, Hynkel orders a purge of the Jews. Schultz protests against this inhumane policy and is sent to a concentration camp. He escapes and hides in the ghetto with the Barber. Schultz tries to persuade the Jewish family to assassinate Hynkel in a suicide attack, but they are dissuaded by Hannah. Troops search the ghetto, arrest Schultz and the Barber, and send both to a concentration camp. Hannah and her family flee to freedom at a vineyard in the neighboring country of Osterlich.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Hynkel has a dispute with the dictator of the nation of Bacteria, Benzino Napaloni (Jack Oakie), over which country should invade Osterlich. The two dictators argue over a treaty to govern the invasion, while dining together at an elaborate buffet, which happens to provide a jar of English mustard. The quarrel becomes heated and descends into a food fight, which is only resolved when both men eat the hot mustard and are shocked into cooperating. After signing the treaty with Napaloni, Hynkel orders the invasion of Osterlich. Hannah and her family are trapped by the invading force and beaten by a squad of arriving soldiers.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Escaping from the camp in stolen uniforms, Schultz and the Barber, dressed as Hynkel, arrive at the Osterlich frontier, where a victory parade crowd is waiting to be addressed by Hynkel. The real Hynkel is mistaken for the Barber while out duck hunting in civilian clothes and is knocked out and taken to the camp. Schultz tells the Barber to go to the platform and impersonate Hynkel, as the only way to save their lives once they reach Osterlich's capital. The Barber has never given a public speech in his life, but he has no other choice. He announces that he (as Hynkel) has had a change of heart, he makes an impassioned speech for brotherhood and goodwill, encouraging soldiers to fight for liberty, and unite the people in the name of democracy.


title: The Great Dictator

text: He then addresses a message of hope to Hannah: "Look up, Hannah. The soul of man has been given wings, and at last he is beginning to fly. He is flying into the rainbow, into the light of hope, into the future, the glorious future that belongs to you, to me, and to all of us." Hannah hears the Barber's voice on the radio. She turns toward the rising sunlight, and says to her fellows: "Listen."


title: The Great Dictator

text: Also featuring Esther Michelson, Florence Wright, Eddie Gribbon, Robert O. Davis, Eddie Dunn, Nita Pike and Peter Lynn.


title: The Great Dictator

text: According to Jürgen Trimborn's biography of Nazi propaganda filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl, both Chaplin and French filmmaker René Clair viewed Riefenstahl's "Triumph of the Will" together at a showing at the New York Museum of Modern Art. Filmmaker Luis Buñuel reports that Clair was horrified by the power of the film, crying out that this should never be shown or the West was lost. Chaplin, on the other hand, laughed uproariously at the film. He used it to inspire many elements of "The Great Dictator", and, by repeatedly viewing this film, Chaplin could closely mimic Hitler's mannerisms.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Trimborn suggests that Chaplin decided to proceed with making "The Great Dictator" after viewing Riefenstahl's film. Hynkel's rally speech near the beginning of the film, delivered in German-sounding gibberish, is a caricature of Hitler's oratory style, which Chaplin also studied carefully in newsreels.


title: The Great Dictator

text: The film was directed by Chaplin (with his half-brother Wheeler Dryden as assistant director), and written and produced by Chaplin. The film was shot largely at the Charlie Chaplin Studios and other locations around Los Angeles. The elaborate World War I scenes were filmed in Laurel Canyon. Chaplin and Meredith Willson composed the music. Filming began in September 1939 (coincidentally soon after Germany invaded Poland, triggering World War II) and finished six months later.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Chaplin wanted to address the escalating violence and repression of Jews by the Nazis throughout the late 1930s, the magnitude of which was conveyed to him personally by his European Jewish friends and fellow artists. Nazi Germany's repressive nature and militarist tendencies were well known at the time. Ernst Lubitsch's 1942 "To Be or Not To Be" dealt with similar themes, and also used a mistaken-identity Hitler figure. But Chaplin later said that he would not have made the film had he known of the true extent of the Nazis' crimes. After the horror of the Holocaust became known, filmmakers struggled for nearly 20 years to find the right angle and tone to satirize the era.


title: The Great Dictator

text: In the period when Hitler and his Nazi Party rose to prominence, Chaplin was becoming internationally popular. He was mobbed by fans on a 1931 trip to Berlin, which annoyed the Nazis. Resenting his style of comedy, they published a book titled "The Jews Are Looking at You" (1934), describing the comedian as "a disgusting Jewish acrobat" (although Chaplin was not Jewish). Ivor Montagu, a close friend of Chaplin's, relates that he sent the comedian a copy of the book and always believed that Chaplin decided to retaliate with making "Dictator".


title: The Great Dictator

text: In the 1930s, cartoonists and comedians often built on Hitler and Chaplin having similar mustaches. Chaplin also capitalized on this resemblance in order to give his Little Tramp character a "reprieve".


title: The Great Dictator

text: In his memoir "My Father, Charlie Chaplin", Chaplin's son Charles Chaplin Jr. described his father as being haunted by the similarities in background between him and Hitler; they were born four days apart in April 1889, and both had risen to their present heights from poverty. He wrote:


title: The Great Dictator

text: Their destinies were poles apart. One was to make millions weep, while the other was to set the whole world laughing. Dad could never think of Hitler without a shudder, half of horror, half of fascination. "Just think", he would say uneasily, "he's the madman, I'm the comic. But it could have been the other way around."


title: The Great Dictator

text: Chaplin prepared the story throughout 1938 and 1939, and began filming in September 1939, six days after the beginning of World War II. He finished filming almost six months later. The 2002 TV documentary on the making of the film, "The Tramp and the Dictator", presented newly discovered footage of the film production (shot by Chaplin's elder half-brother Sydney) that showed Chaplin's initial attempts at the film's ending, filmed before the fall of France.


title: The Great Dictator

text: According to "The Tramp and the Dictator", Chaplin arranged to send the film to Hitler, and an eyewitness confirmed he saw it. Hitler's architect and friend Albert Speer denied that the leader had ever seen it. Hitler's response to the film is not recorded, but another account tells that he viewed the film twice.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Some of the signs in the shop windows of the ghetto in the film are written in Esperanto, a language that Hitler condemned as an anti-nationalist Jewish plot to destroy German culture because it was an international language whose founder was a Polish Jew.


title: The Great Dictator

text: The film score was written and composed by Meredith Willson, later known as composer and librettist of the 1957 musical comedy "The Music Man":


title: The Great Dictator

text: According to Willson, the scene in which Chaplin shaves a customer to "Brahms' Hungarian Dance" No. 5 had been filmed before he arrived, using a phonograph record for timing. Willson's task was to re-record it with the full studio orchestra, fitting the music to the action. They had planned to do it painstakingly, recording eight measures or less at a time, after running through the whole scene to get the overall idea. Chaplin decided to record the run-through in case anything was usable. Willson later wrote, "by dumb luck we had managed to catch every movement, and that was the first and only 'take' made of the scene, the one used in the finished picture".


title: The Great Dictator

text: James L. Neibaur has noted that among the many parallels that Chaplin noted between his own life and Hitler's was an affinity for Wagner's music. Chaplin's appreciation for Wagner has been noted in studies of the director's use of film music. Many commentators have noted Chaplin's use of Wagner's "Lohengrin" prelude when Hynkel dances with the globe-balloon. Chaplin repeated the use of the "Lohengrin" prelude near the conclusion when the exiled Hannah listens to the Jewish barber's speech celebrating democracy and freedom. The music is interrupted during the dictator's dance but it is heard to climax and completion in the barber's pro-democracy speech.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Chaplin's film was released nine months after Hollywood's first parody of Hitler, the short subject "You Nazty Spy!" by the Three Stooges, which premiered in January 1940. Chaplin had been planning his feature-length work for years, and began filming in September 1939. Hitler had been previously allegorically pilloried in the 1933 German film "The Testament of Dr. Mabuse", by Fritz Lang.


title: The Great Dictator

text: The film was well received in the United States at the time of its release, and was popular with the American public. For example, Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" called the film "a truly superb accomplishment by a truly great artist" and "perhaps the most significant film ever produced." The film was also popular in the United Kingdom, drawing 9 million to the cinemas, despite Chaplin's fears that wartime audiences would dislike a comedy about a dictator. The film earned theater rentals of $3.5 million from the U.S. and Canada and $5 million in total worldwide rentals.


title: The Great Dictator

text: The film was banned in several Latin American countries, where there were active movements of Nazi sympathizers.


title: The Great Dictator

text: During the film's production, the British government had announced that it would prohibit its exhibition in the United Kingdom, in keeping with its appeasement policy concerning Nazi Germany, but by the time the film was released, the UK was at war with Germany and the film was welcomed in part for its obvious propaganda value. In 1941, London's Prince of Wales Theatre screened its UK premiere. The film had been banned in many parts of Europe, and the theatre's owner, Alfred Esdaile, was apparently fined for showing it.


title: The Great Dictator

text: When the film was released in France in 1945, it became the most popular film of the year, with admissions of 8,280,553. The film was voted at No. 24 on the list of "100 Greatest Films" by the prominent French magazine "Cahiers du cinéma" in 2008. In 2010, "The Guardian" considered it the 22nd-best comedy film of all time. The film was voted at No. 16 on the list of "The 100 greatest comedies of all time" by a poll of 253 film critics from 52 countries conducted by the BBC in 2017.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance concludes his lengthy examination of the film, in his book "Chaplin: Genius of the Cinema", by asserting the film's importance among the great film satires. Vance writes, "Chaplin's "The Great Dictator" survives as a masterful integration of comedy, politics and satire. It stands as Chaplin's most self-consciously political work and the cinema's first important satire."


title: The Great Dictator

text: Vance further reports that a refugee from Germany who had worked in the film division of the Nazi Ministry of Culture before deciding to flee told Chaplin that Hitler had watched the movie twice, entirely alone both times. Chaplin replied that he would "... give anything to know what he thought of it."


title: The Great Dictator

text: There is no critical consensus on the relationship between Chaplin's earlier Tramp character and the film's Jewish barber, but the trend is to view the barber as a variation on the theme. French film director François Truffaut later noted that early in the production, Chaplin said he would not play The Tramp in a sound film. Turner Classic Movies says that years later, Chaplin acknowledged a connection between The Tramp and the barber. Specifically, "There is some debate as to whether the unnamed Jewish barber is intended as the Tramp's final incarnation. Although in his autobiography he refers to the barber as the Little Tramp, Chaplin said in 1937 that he would not play the Little Tramp in his sound pictures." In "My Autobiography", Chaplin would write, "Of course! As Hitler I could harangue the crowds all I wished. And as the tramp, I could remain more or less silent." "The New York Times", in its original review (16 October 1940), specifically sees him as the tramp. However, in the majority of his so-called tramp films, he was not literally playing a tramp. In his review of the film years after its release, Roger Ebert says, "Chaplin was technically not playing the Tramp." He also writes, "He [Chaplin] put the Little Tramp and $1.5 million of his own money on the line to ridicule Hitler."


title: The Great Dictator

text: Critics who view the barber as different include Stephen Weissman, whose book "Chaplin: A Life" speaks of Chaplin "abandoning traditional pantomime technique and his little tramp character". DVD reviewer Mark Bourne asserts Chaplin's stated position: "Granted, the barber bears more than a passing resemblance to the Tramp, even affecting the familiar bowler hat and cane. But Chaplin was clear that the barber is not the Tramp and "The Great Dictator" is not a Tramp movie." "The Scarecrow Movie Guide" also views the barber as different.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Annette Insdorf, in her book "Indelible Shadows: Film and the Holocaust" (2003), writes that "There was something curiously appropriate about the little tramp impersonating the dictator, for by 1939 Hitler and Chaplin were perhaps the two most famous men in the world. The tyrant and the tramp reverse roles in "The Great Dictator", permitting the eternal outsider to address the masses". In "The 50 Greatest Jewish Movies" (1998), Kathryn Bernheimer writes, "What he chose to say in "The Great Dictator", however, was just what one might expect from the Little Tramp. Film scholars have often noted that the Little Tramp resembles a Jewish stock figure, the ostracized outcast, an outsider."


title: The Great Dictator

text: Several reviewers of the late 20th century describe the Little Tramp as developing into the Jewish barber. In "Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s", Thomas Schatz writes of "Chaplin's Little Tramp transposed into a meek Jewish barber", while, in "Hollywood in Crisis: Cinema and American Society, 1929–1939", Colin Shindler writes, "The universal Little Tramp is transmuted into a specifically Jewish barber whose country is about to be absorbed into the totalitarian empire of Adenoid Hynkel." Finally, in "A Distant Technology: Science Fiction Film and the Machine Age", J. P. Telotte writes that "The little tramp figure is here reincarnated as the Jewish barber".


title: The Great Dictator

text: A two-page discussion of the relationship between the barber and The Tramp appears in Eric L. Flom's book "Chaplin in the Sound Era: An Analysis of the Seven Talkies." He concludes:


title: The Great Dictator

text: Chaplin also won best actor awards at National Board of Review awards and New York Film Critics Circle Awards.


title: The Great Dictator

text: In 1997, "The Great Dictator" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".


title: The Great Dictator

text: The film holds a 92% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 8.90/10. The consensus reads, "Charlie Chaplin demonstrates that his comedic voice is undiminished by dialogue in this rousing satire of tyranny, which may be more distinguished by its uplifting humanism than its gags." Film critic Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four and included it in his Great Movies list.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Chaplin's half-brother Sydney directed and starred in a 1921 film called "King, Queen, Joker" in which, like Chaplin, he played the dual role of a barber and ruler of a country which is about to be overthrown. More than twenty years later, in 1947, Charles Chaplin was sued over alleged plagiarism with "The Great Dictator". Yet, apparently, neither the suing party nor Chaplin himself brought up his own brother's "King, Queen, Joker" of the silent era. The case, "Bercovici v. Chaplin", was settled, with Chaplin paying Konrad Bercovici $95,000. Bercovici claimed that he had created ideas such as Chaplin playing a dictator and a dance with a globe, and that Chaplin had discussed his five-page outline for a screenplay with him for several hours. In return, Bercovici conceded that Chaplin was the sole author. Chaplin insisted in his autobiography that he had been the sole writer of the movie's script. He agreed to a settlement, because of his "unpopularity in the States at that moment and being under such court pressure, [he] was terrified, not knowing what to expect next."


title: The Great Dictator

text: A digitally restored version of the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by the Criterion Collection in May 2011. The extras feature color production footage shot by Chaplin's half-brother Sydney, a deleted barbershop sequence from Chaplin's 1919 film "Sunnyside", a barbershop sequence from Sydney Chaplin's 1921 film "King, Queen, Joker", a visual essay by Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance titled "The Clown Turns Prophet", and "The Tramp and the Dictator" (2001), Kevin Brownlow and Michael Kloft's documentary exploring the lives of Chaplin and Hitler, including interviews with author Ray Bradbury, director Sidney Lumet, screenwriter Budd Schulberg, and others. It has a booklet featuring an essay by film critic Michael Wood, Chaplin's 1940 "The New York Times" defense of his movie, a reprint from critic Jean Narboni on the film's final speech, and Al Hirschfeld's original press book illustrations.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Excerpts from Chaplin's speech were incorporated, as a voice-over, into a television advertisement (entitled "Good Morning Humanity") for the coffee company Lavazza.


title: The Great Dictator

text: "The Great Dictator" influenced numerous directors, such as Stanley Kubrick, Mel Brooks, Wes Anderson, and Chuck Jones and inspired such films as "The Dictator" (2012), "The Interview" (2014), and "Jojo Rabbit" (2019).


title: The Great Dictator

text: The 2006 comedy "Idiocracy" pays minor homage to "The Great Dictator" when the main characters ride a time travel-themed attraction misspelled The Time Masheen presenting ridiculously inaccurate depictions of history including one with "Charlie Chaplin and his evil Nazi regime."


title: The Great Dictator

text: Hynkel is mentioned in Alan Moore's "" (2012), most significantly in one of the prose short stories set in 1964. The spin-off graphic novel "" (2014) depicts Hynkel's regime and mentions an American comedian named "Addie Hitler" who mocks it.


title: The Great Dictator

text: Sean McArdle and Jon Judy's Eisner Award-nominated comic book, "The Führer and the Tramp", is set during the production of "The Great Dictator".


title: The Great Dictator

text: The 2000 album "Wat" by Slovenian music project Laibach features the track "Tanz mit Laibach" (en. "Dance with Laibach") which mentions Adenoid Hynkel (ger. Ado Hynkel), Benzino Napoloni and a direct hint on Hitler ("Schiekelgrüber", the slightly altered name of his grandmother Maria Anna Schicklgruber) in the lyrics.


title: The Great Dictator

text: In the episode of the comedy superhero TV show "El Chapulín Colorado" "El encuentro del siglo", the main character (played by Chespirito) fights Adolf Hitler (also played by Chespirito), in a manner inspired by The Great Dictator.


title: The Great Dictator

text: "Iron Sky", a 2014 song by Paolo Nutini, features an audio excerpt from the final speech in "The Great Dictator".


title: The Great Dictator

text: U2 used a modified version of the movie's final speech as part of the intro sequence for their Experience + Innocence Tour in European venues in 2018.


title: The Great Dictator

text: During their 2016-2017 A Head Full of Dreams Tour, Coldplay used the final speech as the opening to their shows. Blended with electronic sounds played behind the speech, Coldplay made use of the speech to echo their own message of the tour which included spreading hope and love throughout the world.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution was the culmination of a decade of agitation, revolts, and uprisings. Its success marked the collapse of the Chinese monarchy, the end of 2,132 years of imperial rule in China and 276 years of the Qing dynasty, and the beginning of China's early republican era.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: The Qing dynasty had struggled for a long time to reform the government and resist foreign aggression, but the program of reforms after 1900 was opposed by conservatives in the Qing court as too radical and by reformers as too slow. Several factions, including underground anti-Qing groups, revolutionaries in exile, reformers who wanted to save the monarchy by modernizing it, and activists across the country debated how or whether to overthrow the Qing dynasty. The flash-point came on 10 October 1911, with the Wuchang Uprising, an armed rebellion among members of the New Army. Similar revolts then broke out spontaneously around the country, and revolutionaries in all provinces of the country renounced the Qing dynasty. On 1 November 1911, the Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai (leader of the powerful Beiyang Army) as Prime Minister, and he began negotiations with the revolutionaries.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: In Nanjing, revolutionary forces created a provisional coalition government. On 1 January 1912, the National Assembly declared the establishment of the Republic of China, with Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Tongmenghui (United League), as President of the Republic. A brief civil war between the North and the South ended in compromise. Sun would resign in favor of Yuan Shikai, who would become President of the new national government, if Yuan could secure the abdication of the Qing emperor. The edict of abdication of the last Chinese emperor, the six-year-old Puyi, was promulgated on 12 February 1912. Yuan was sworn in as president on 10 March 1912. Yuan's failure to consolidate a legitimate central government before his death in 1916, led to decades of political division and warlordism, including an attempt at imperial restoration.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: The revolution is named Xinhai because it occurred in 1911, the year of the Xinhai () stem-branch in the sexagenary cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar. The Republic of China on the island of Taiwan and the People's Republic of China on the Chinese mainland both consider themselves the legitimate successors to the 1911 Revolution and honor the ideals of the revolution including nationalism, republicanism, modernization of China and national unity. In Taiwan, 10 October is commemorated as Double Ten Day, the National Day of the Republic of China. In mainland China, the day is celebrated as the Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: After suffering its first defeat by the West in the First Opium War in 1842, a conservative court culture constrained efforts to reform and did not want to cede authority to local officials. Following defeat in the Second Opium War in 1860, the Qing began efforts to modernize by adopting Western technologies through the Self-Strengthening Movement. In the wars against the Taiping (1851–64), Nian (1851–68), Yunnan (1856–73) and the Northwest (1862–77), the court came to rely on armies raised by local officials. After a generation of relative success in importing Western naval and weapons technology, defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 was all the more humiliating and convinced many of the need for institutional change. The court established the New Army under Yuan Shikai and many concluded that Chinese society also needed to be modernized if technological and commercial advancements were to succeed.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: In 1898, the Guangxu Emperor turned to reformers like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao who offered a program inspired in large part by the reforms in Japan. They proposed basic reform in education, military, and economy in the so-called Hundred Days' Reform. The reform was abruptly canceled by a conservative coup led by Empress Dowager Cixi. The Emperor was put under house arrest in June 1898, where he remained until his death in 1908. Reformers Kang and Liang exiled themselves to avoid being executed. The Empress Dowager controlled policy until her death in 1908, with support from officials such as Yuan. Attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians in the Boxer Rebellion, encouraged by the Empress Dowager, prompted another foreign invasion of Beijing in 1900.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: After the Allies imposed a punitive settlement, the Qing court carried out basic fiscal and administrative reforms, including local and provincial elections. These moves did not secure trust or wide support among political activists. Many, like Zou Rong, felt strong anti-Manchu prejudice and blamed them for China's troubles. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao formed the Emperor Protection Society in an attempt to restore the emperor, but others, such as Sun Yat-sen organized revolutionary groups to overthrow the dynasty rather than reform it. They could operate only in secret societies and underground organizations, in foreign concessions, or exile overseas, but created a following among Chinese in North America and Southeast Asia, and within China, even in the new armies. The famine in 1906 and 1907 was also a major contributor to the revolution. After the death of the Empress Dowager and the Emperor in 1908, conservative Manchu elements in the court opposed reform and provoked support for revolutionaries.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: Many revolutionaries and groups wanted to overthrow the Qing government to re-establish the Han-led government. The earliest revolutionary organizations were founded outside of China, such as Yeung Ku-wan's Furen Literary Society, created in Hong Kong in 1890. There were 15 members, including Tse Tsan-tai, who did political satire such as "The Situation in the Far East", one of the first-ever Chinese manhua, and who later became one of the core founders of the "South China Morning Post".


title: 1911 Revolution

text: Sun Yat-sen's Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society) was established in Honolulu in 1894 with the main purpose of raising funds for revolutions. The two organizations merged in 1894.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: The Huaxinghui (China Revival Society) was founded in 1904 by notables like Huang Xing, Zhang Shizhao, Chen Tianhua , Sun Yat-sen, and Song Jiaoren, along with 100 others. Their motto was "Take one province by force, and inspire the other provinces to rise".


title: 1911 Revolution

text: The Guangfuhui (Restoration Society) was also founded in 1904, in Shanghai, by Cai Yuanpei. Other notable members include Zhang Binglin and Tao Chengzhang. Despite professing the anti-Qing cause, the Guangfuhui was highly critical of Sun Yat-sen. One of the most famous female revolutionaries was Qiu Jin, who fought for women's rights and was also from Guangfuhui.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: There were also many other minor revolutionary organizations, such as Lizhi Xuehui (勵志學會) in Jiangsu, Gongqianghui (公強會) in Sichuan, Yiwenhui (益聞會) and Hanzudulihui (漢族獨立會) in Fujian, Yizhishe (易知社) in Jiangxi, Yuewanghui (岳王會) in Anhui and Qunzhihui (群智會/群智社) in Guangzhou.


title: 1911 Revolution

text: Criminal organizations also existed that were anti-Manchu, including the Green Gang and Hongmen Zhigongtang (致公堂). Sun Yat-sen himself came in contact with the Hongmen, also known as Tiandihui (Heaven and Earth society).


title: 1911 Revolution

text: Gelaohui (Elder Brother Society) was another group, with Zhu De, Wu Yuzhang, Liu Zhidan (劉志丹) and He Long. This revolutionary group would eventually develop a strong link with the later Communist Party.