title: Tilde

text: Before a number the tilde can mean 'approximately'; '~42' means 'approximately 42'. When used with currency symbols that precede the number (national conventions differ), the tilde precedes the symbol, thus for example '~$10' means 'about ten dollars'.


title: Tilde

text: The symbols ≈ (almost equal to) and ≅ (approximately equal to) are among the other symbols used to express approximation.


title: Tilde

text: "5〜10" means between 5 and 10) in place of dashes or brackets, and to indicate origin. The wave dash is also used to separate a title and a subtitle in the same line, as a colon is used in English.


title: Tilde

text: The sign is used as a replacement for the , katakana character, in Japanese, extending the final syllable.


title: Tilde

text: In practice the (Unicode ), is often used instead of the (Unicode ), because the Shift JIS code for the wave dash, 0x8160, which should be mapped to U+301C, is instead mapped to U+FF5E in Windows code page 932 (Microsoft's code page for Japanese), a widely used extension of Shift JIS.


title: Tilde

text: This decision avoided a shape definition error in the original (6.2) Unicode code charts: the wave dash reference glyph in JIS / Shift JIS matches the Unicode reference glyph for U+FF5E , while the original reference glyph for U+301C was reflected, incorrectly, when Unicode imported the JIS wave dash. In other platforms such as the classic Mac OS and macOS, 0x8160 is correctly mapped to U+301C. It is generally difficult, if not impossible, for users of Japanese Windows to type U+301C, especially in legacy, non-Unicode applications.


title: Tilde

text: A similar situation exists regarding the Korean KS X 1001 character set, in which Microsoft maps the EUC-KR or UHC code for the wave dash (0xA1AD) to , while IBM and Apple map it to U+301C. Microsoft also uses U+FF5E to map the KS X 1001 raised tilde (0xA2A6), while Apple uses .


title: Tilde

text: The current Unicode reference glyph for U+301C has been corrected to match the JIS standard in response to a 2014 proposal, which noted that while the existing Unicode reference glyph had been matched by fonts from the discontinued Windows XP, all other major platforms including later versions of Microsoft Windows shipped with fonts matching the JIS reference glyph for U+301C.


title: Tilde

text: The JIS / Shift JIS wave dash is still formally mapped to U+301C as of JIS X 0213, whereas the WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 follows Microsoft in mapping 0x8160 to U+FF5E. These two code points have a similar or identical glyph in several fonts, reducing the confusion and incompatibility.


title: Tilde

text: A tilde in front of a single quantity can mean "approximately", "about" or "of the same order of magnitude as."


title: Tilde

text: In written mathematical logic, the tilde represents negation: "~"p"" means "not "p"", where ""p"" is a proposition. Modern use often replaces the tilde with the negation symbol (¬) for this purpose, to avoid confusion with equivalence relations.


title: Tilde

text: In mathematics, the tilde operator (Unicode U+223C), sometimes called "twiddle", is often used to denote an equivalence relation between two objects. Thus "" means " is equivalent to ". It is a weaker statement than stating that equals . The expression "" is sometimes read aloud as " twiddles ", perhaps as an analogue to the verbal expression of "".


title: Tilde

text: The tilde can indicate approximate equality in a variety of ways. It can be used to denote the asymptotic equality of two functions. For example, means that formula_1.


title: Tilde

text: A tilde is also used to indicate "approximately equal to" (e.g. 1.902 ~= 2). This usage probably developed as a typed alternative to the used for the same purpose in written mathematics, which is an equal sign with the upper bar replaced by a bar with an upward hump, bump, or loop in the middle (♎) or, sometimes, a tilde (≃). The symbol "≈" is also used for this purpose.


title: Tilde

text: In physics and astronomy, a tilde can be used between two expressions (e.g. ) to state that the two are of the same order of magnitude.


title: Tilde

text: In statistics and probability theory, the tilde means "is distributed as"; see random variable(e.g. X ~ B(n,p) for a binomial distribution).


title: Tilde

text: A tilde can also be used to represent geometric similarity (e.g. , meaning triangle is similar to ). A triple tilde (≋) is often used to show congruence, an equivalence relation in geometry.


title: Tilde

text: In graph theory, the tilde can be used to represent adjacency between vertices. The edge formula_2 connects vertices formula_3 and formula_4 which can be said to be adjacent, and this adjacency can be denoted formula_5.


title: Tilde

text: The symbol "formula_6" is pronounced as "eff tilde" or, informally, as "eff twiddle" or, in American English, "eff wiggle". This can be used to denote the Fourier transform of "f", or a lift of "f", and can have a variety of other meanings depending on the context.


title: Tilde

text: In statistics and probability theory, a tilde placed on top of a variable is sometimes used to represent the median of that variable; thus formula_8 would indicate the median of the variable formula_9. A tilde over the letter n (formula_10) is sometimes used to indicate the harmonic mean.


title: Tilde

text: In machine learning, a tilde may represent a candidate value for a cell state in GRUs or LSTM units. (e.g. c̃)


title: Tilde

text: Often in physics, one can consider an equilibrium solution to an equation, and then a perturbation to that equilibrium. For the variables in the original equation (for instance formula_11) a substitution formula_12 can be made, where formula_3 is the equilibrium part and formula_14 is the perturbed part.


title: Tilde

text: A tilde is also used in particle physics to denote the hypothetical supersymmetric partner. For example, an electron is referred to by the letter "e", and its superpartner the selectron is written "ẽ".


title: Tilde

text: For relations involving preference, economists sometimes use the tilde to represent indifference between two or more bundles of goods. For example, to say that a consumer is indifferent between bundles "x" and "y", an economist would write "x" ~ "y".


title: Tilde

text: It can approximate the sine wave symbol (∿, U+223F), which is used in electronics to indicate alternating current, in place of +, −, or ⎓ for direct current.


title: Tilde

text: The tilde may indicate alternating allomorphs or morphological alternation, as in for "kneel~knelt" (the plus sign '+' indicates a morpheme boundary).


title: Tilde

text: The tilde may represent some sort of phonetic or phonemic variation between two sounds, which might be allophones or in free variation. For example, can represent "either or ".


title: Tilde

text: In formal semantics, it is also used as a notation for the "squiggle operator" which plays a key role in many theories of focus.


title: Tilde

text: Computer programmers use the tilde in various ways and sometimes call the symbol (as opposed to the diacritic) a squiggle, squiggly, swiggle, or twiddle. According to the Jargon File, other synonyms sometimes used in programming include not, approx, wiggle, enyay (after "eñe") and (humorously) sqiggle .


title: Tilde

text: On Unix-like operating systems (including AIX, BSD, Linux and macOS), tilde normally indicates the current user's home directory. For example, if the current user's home directory is , then the command is equivalent to , , or . This convention derives from the Lear-Siegler ADM-3A terminal in common use during the 1970s, which happened to have the tilde symbol and the word "Home" (for moving the cursor to the upper left) on the same key. When prepended to a particular username, the tilde indicates that user's home directory (e.g., for the home directory of user , such as ).


title: Tilde

text: Used in URLs on the World Wide Web, it often denotes a personal website on a Unix-based server. For example, might be the personal website of John Doe. This mimics the Unix shell usage of the tilde. However, when accessed from the web, file access is usually directed to a subdirectory in the user's home directory, such as or .


title: Tilde

text: In URLs, the characters (or ) may substitute for a tilde if an input device lacks a tilde key. Thus, and will behave in the same manner.


title: Tilde

text: The tilde is used in the AWK programming language as part of the pattern match operators for regular expressions:


title: Tilde

text: A variant of this, with the plain tilde replaced with codice_3, was adopted in Perl, and this semi-standardization has led to the use of these operators in other programming languages, such as Ruby or the SQL variant of the database PostgreSQL.


title: Tilde

text: In APL and MATLAB, tilde represents the monadic logical function NOT, and in APL it additionally represents the dyadic multiset function "without" (set difference).


title: Tilde

text: In C the tilde character is used as bitwise NOT unary operator, following the notation in logic (an codice_4 causes a logical NOT, instead). This is also used by most languages based on or influenced by C, such as C++, D and C#. The MySQL database also use tilde as bitwise invert as does Microsoft's SQL Server Transact-SQL (T-SQL) language. JavaScript also uses tilde as bitwise NOT, and because JavaScript internally uses floats and the bitwise complement only works on integers, numbers are stripped of their decimal part before applying the operation. This has also given rise to using two tildes codice_5 as a short syntax for a cast to integer (numbers are stripped of their decimal part and changed into their complement, and then back).


title: Tilde

text: In C++ and C#, the tilde is also used as the first character in a class's method name (where the rest of the name must be the same name as the class) to indicate a destructor – a special method which is called at the end of the object's life.


title: Tilde

text: In ASP.NET application tilde ('~') is used as a shortcut to the root of the application's virtual directory.


title: Tilde

text: In the CSS stylesheet language, the tilde is used for the indirect adjacent combinator as part of a selector.


title: Tilde

text: In the D programming language, the tilde is used as an array concatenation operator, as well as to indicate an object destructor and bitwise not operator. Tilde operator can be overloaded for user types, and binary tilde operator is mostly used to merging two objects, or adding some objects to set of objects. It was introduced because plus operator can have different meaning in many situations. For example, what to do with "120" + "14" ? Is this a string "134" (addition of two numbers), or "12014" (concatenation of strings) or something else? D disallows + operator for arrays (and strings), and provides separate operator for concatenation (similarly PHP programming language solved this problem by using dot operator for concatenation, and + for number addition, which will also work on strings containing numbers).


title: Tilde

text: In Eiffel, the tilde is used for object comparison. If "a" and "b" denote objects, the boolean expression "a" ~ "b" has value true if and only if these objects are equal, as defined by the applicable version of the library routine "is_equal", which by default denotes field-by-field object equality but can be redefined in any class to support a specific notion of equality. If "a" and "b" are references, the object equality expression "a" ~ "b" is to be contrasted with "a" = "b" which denotes reference equality. Unlike the call "a"."is_equal" ("b"), the expression "a" ~ "b" is type-safe even in the presence of covariance.


title: Tilde

text: In the Apache Groovy programming language the tilde character is used as an operator mapped to the bitwiseNegate() method. Given a String the method will produce a java.util.regex.Pattern. Given an integer it will negate the integer bitwise like in C. codice_3 and codice_7 can in Groovy be used to match a regular expression.


title: Tilde

text: In Haskell, the tilde is used in type constraints to indicate type equality. Also, in pattern-matching, the tilde is used to indicate a lazy pattern match.


title: Tilde

text: In the Inform programming language, the tilde is used to indicate a quotation mark inside a quoted string.


title: Tilde

text: In "text mode" of the LaTeX typesetting language a tilde diacritic can be obtained using, e.g., codice_8, yielding "ñ". A stand-alone tilde can be obtained by using codice_9 or codice_10.


title: Tilde

text: In "math mode" a tilde diacritic can be written as, e.g., codice_11. For a wider tilde codice_12 can be used. The codice_13 command produce a tilde-like binary relation symbol that is often used in mathematical expressions, and the double-tilde ≈ is obtained with codice_14. The codice_15 package also supports entering tildes directly, e.g., codice_16.


title: Tilde

text: In both text and math mode, a tilde on its own (codice_17) renders a white space with no line breaking.


title: Tilde

text: In Max/MSP, a tilde is used to denote objects that process at the computer's sampling rate, i.e. mainly those that deal with sound.


title: Tilde

text: In Standard ML, the tilde is used as the prefix for negative numbers and as the unary negation operator.


title: Tilde

text: In Object REXX, the twiddle is used as a "message send" symbol. For example, codice_18 would cause the codice_19 method to act on the object codice_20's codice_21 attribute, returning the result of the operation. codice_22 returns the object that received the method rather than the result produced. Thus it can be used when the result need not be returned or when cascading methods are to be used. codice_23 would send multiple concurrent codice_24 messages, thus invoking the codice_24 method three consecutive times on the codice_26 object.


title: Tilde

text: The presence (or absence) of a tilde engraved on the keyboard depends on the territory where it was sold. In either case, computer's system settings determine the keyboard mapping and the default setting will match the engravings on the keys. Even so, it certainly possible to configure a keyboard for a different locale than that supplied by the retailer. On American and British keyboards, the tilde is a standard keytop and pressing it produces a free-standing "ASCII Tilde". To generate a letter with a tilde diacritic requires the US international or UK extended keyboard setting.


title: Tilde

text: The dominant Unix convention for naming backup copies of files is appending a tilde to the original file name.


title: Tilde

text: It originated with the Emacs text editor and was adopted by many other editors and some command-line tools.


title: Tilde

text: Emacs also introduced an elaborate numbered backup scheme, with files named , and so on. It didn't catch on, as the rise of version control software eliminates the need for this usage.


title: Tilde

text: The tilde was part of Microsoft's filename mangling scheme when it extended the FAT file system standard to support long filenames for Microsoft Windows. Programs written prior to this development could only access filenames in the so-called 8.3 format—the filenames consisted of a maximum of eight characters from a restricted character set (e.g. no spaces), followed by a period, followed by three more characters. In order to permit these legacy programs to access files in the FAT file system, each file had to be given two names—one long, more descriptive one, and one that conformed to the 8.3 format. This was accomplished with a name-mangling scheme in which the first six characters of the filename are followed by a tilde and a digit. For example, "" might become "".


title: Tilde

text: The tilde symbol is also often used to prefix hidden temporary files that are created when a document is opened in Windows. For example, when a document "Document1.doc" is opened in Word, a file called "~$cument1.doc" is created in the same directory. This file contains information about which user has the file open, to prevent multiple users from attempting to change a document at the same time.


title: Tilde

text: In the juggling notation system Beatmap, tilde can be added to either "hand" in a pair of fields to say "cross the arms with this hand on top". Mills Mess is thus represented as (~2x,1)(1,2x)(2x,~1)*.


title: Tilde

text: Unicode has code-points for many forms of non-combined tilde, for symbols incorporating tildes, and for characters visually similar to a tilde.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: Physical Graffiti is the sixth studio album by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released as a double album on 24 February 1975 by the group's new record label, Swan Song Records.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: The band wrote and recorded eight new songs for the album in early 1974 at Headley Grange, a country house in Hampshire, which gave them ample time to improvise arrangements and experiment with recording. The total playing time covered just under three sides of an LP, so they decided to expand it into a double by including previously unreleased tracks from the sessions for the earlier albums "Led Zeppelin III", "Led Zeppelin IV" and "Houses of the Holy". The album covered a range of styles including hard rock, progressive rock, rock 'n' roll and folk. The album was then mixed over summer 1974 and planned for an end-of-year release; however, its release was delayed because the Peter Corriston-designed die-cut album cover proved difficult to manufacture.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Physical Graffiti" was commercially and critically successful upon its release and debuted at number one on album charts in the UK and number three in the US. It was promoted by a successful US tour and a five-night residency at Earl's Court, London. The album has been reissued on CD several times, including an expansive 40th anniversary edition in 2015. "Physical Graffiti" was later certified 16× platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2006, signifying shipments of over sixteen million copies.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: The first attempt by Led Zeppelin to record songs for "Physical Graffiti" took place in November 1973 at Headley Grange in Hampshire, England, where they had previously recorded their untitled fourth album. The recording equipment consisted of Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio. Guitarist and producer Jimmy Page and drummer John Bonham recorded an instrumental which was later reworked as "Kashmir" during this visit. However, these sessions came to a halt quickly and the studio time was turned over to Bad Company, who used it to record songs for their debut album. The press reported that bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones was ill and unable to record. However, he became disillusioned with the group and fed up with touring, and told manager Peter Grant he was considering quitting. Grant asked him to reconsider and take the rest of the year off to recuperate.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: The group reconvened at Headley Grange in January and February 1974, where they recorded eight tracks engineered by Ron Nevison. Lead singer Robert Plant later referred to these eight tracks as "the belters", including "off-the-wall stuff that turned out really nice". As with previous sessions at Headley Grange, the informal atmosphere allowed the group to improvise and develop material while recording. Sometimes the group would rehearse or record a track several times, discuss what went wrong or what could be improved and then realised they had worked out an alternative arrangement for it which was better. Bonham was a driving force at the sessions, regularly suggesting ideas or the best ways in which a complicated arrangement could be played successfully. This led to him getting a lead songwriting credit on several tracks.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: The eight songs extended beyond the length of a conventional album, almost spanning three sides of an LP, so the group decided to create a double album, adding material they had recorded for previous albums but never issued. This included various jam sessions such as "Boogie With Stu", which Page thought would be unsuitable as a track on a single album. Additional overdubs were laid down, and the final mixing of the album was performed in July 1974 by Keith Harwood at Olympic Studios, London. The title "Physical Graffiti" was coined by Page to illustrate the whole physical and written energy that had gone into producing the set.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: The album spanned several years of recording and covered a range of musical styles, including hard rock ("Custard Pie", "The Rover", "The Wanton Song", "Sick Again", "Houses of the Holy"), eastern-influenced orchestral rock ("Kashmir"), progressive rock ("In the Light"), driving funk ("Trampled Under Foot"), acoustic rock and roll ("Boogie with Stu", "Black Country Woman"), love ballad ("Ten Years Gone"), blues rock ("In My Time of Dying"), soft rock ("Down by the Seaside"), country rock romp ("Night Flight"), and acoustic guitar instrumental ("Bron-Yr-Aur").


title: Physical Graffiti

text: Several tracks from the album became live staples at Led Zeppelin concerts. In particular, "In My Time of Dying", "Trampled Under Foot", "Kashmir", "Ten Years Gone", "Black Country Woman", and "Sick Again" became regular components of the band's live concert set lists following the release of the album.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Custard Pie" was recorded at Headley Grange in early 1974. The first take was played at a faster tempo than the finished version, with various improvised vocals. After a basic run-through, the group then discussed possibilities for rearranging it. Page played the guitar solo through an ARP synthesiser, while Jones overdubbed a Hohner Clavinet part and Plant played harmonica.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "The Rover" was written in 1970 at Bron-Yr-Aur, a cottage near Machynlleth, Wales. It was first recorded at Headley Grange in May 1970 as an acoustic number for "Led Zeppelin III". It was reworked as an electric number in 1972 for "Houses of the Holy", which formed the basis for the backing track. Page subsequently added guitar overdubs in 1974 with Keith Harwood engineering.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "In My Time of Dying" is based on a traditional song that Bob Dylan recorded on his debut album in 1962. The track was recorded live, with Page later adding further slide guitar overdubs. The arranging and structuring was led by Bonham, who worked out where the various stop / start sections in the track should be, and how the group would know where to come back in. The very end of the song features his off-mic cough, causing the rest of the group to break down at that point. Bonham subsequently shouted "That's got to be the one, hasn't it?", feeling it was the best take. It was left on the album to show fans that Led Zeppelin were a working band that took care in their recordings.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Houses of the Holy" was recorded as the title track for the album of the same name in May 1972 at Olympic Studios with Eddie Kramer engineering. It was left off that album because of its similarity to other tracks such as "Dancing Days", which were felt to be better. Unlike some of the other older material on "Physical Graffiti", it required no further overdubbing or remixing.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Trampled Under Foot" developed from a jam session driven by Jones at the Clavinet. The song went through several arrangement changes before arriving at the version heard on the album, with the group rehearsing various different ideas and arguing about the overall style. Bonham decided the track was too "souly" and rearranged it into a funk style, suggesting that Page should play a guitar riff throughout in place of chords. The lyrics are a series of double entendres around driving and cars. The song quickly became a popular live piece that was played at every live show from 1975 onwards, and was later revived by Plant for his solo tours. It was released as a single in the US on 2 April (with "Black Country Woman" as the B-side) and was a top 40 hit.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Kashmir" was an idea from Page and Bonham, and was first attempted as an instrumental demo in late 1973. Plant wrote the lyrics while on holiday in Morocco. Jones played Mellotron on the track, and arranged strings and brass parts that were played by session musicians. The song was one of the most critically acclaimed on the album, and was played at every gig from 1975 onwards. Page and Plant played it on their 1994 tour, and it was reworked in 1998 by Sean "Puffy" Combs for his single "Come With Me" which featured Page on guitar.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "In the Light" was recorded at Headley Grange in early 1974. It was initially called "In the Morning" and went through several rehearsals and takes to work out a basic structure. A drone / chant introduction was later added to the piece.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Bron-Yr-Aur" was a solo acoustic piece by Page, named after the cottage where he had composed and arranged much of "Led Zeppelin III" with Plant. It was recorded at Island Studios in mid-1970. The track was later used as background music in the group's film "The Song Remains the Same".


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Down by the Seaside" was originally written as an acoustic track at Bron-Yr-Aur in 1970, and was influenced by Neil Young. It was reworked as an electric track during sessions for the fourth album the following year. Page and Bonham led the arranging, changing tempo from the slow to fast section and then back again.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Ten Years Gone" was mostly composed by Plant about an old love affair, and was combined with an instrumental piece from Page, featuring overdubbed electric and acoustic guitar parts. When the track was performed live, Jones played a triple-neck guitar featuring mandolin, six- and twelve-string guitars, in order to try to reproduce the various guitar overdubs on the studio recording.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Night Flight" was recorded at Headley Grange in 1971 for the fourth album. Besides the usual bass, Jones plays Hammond organ on the track, and Page plays guitar through a Leslie speaker. Plant wrote the lyrics after reading a news headline entitled "Nuclear Damage Test Threat" and wondered why there seemed to be little peace and love in the world.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "The Wanton Song" was built around a Page guitar riff. Unlike some of the other tracks recorded at the 1974 Headley Grange sessions, it was straightforward to arrange, with the group building the song around the riffs.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Boogie with Stu" was a jam session with Rolling Stones pianist Ian Stewart based around the Ritchie Valens song "Ooh My Head". It was recorded in 1971 at Headley Grange during the same session that produced "Rock and Roll" for the fourth album. It did not credit Valens or Bob Keane, instead crediting Valens' mother. Eventually, a lawsuit was filed by Keane, and half of the award went to Valens' mother, although she was not part of the suit.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Black Country Woman" was recorded in the garden at Stargroves in 1972 for "Houses of the Holy", as part of the group's desire to work in "off the wall" locations outside a traditional studio environment. The track was nearly abandoned when an aeroplane cruised overhead, but it was left on the final recording for effect.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Sick Again" was written by Page and Plant about the 1973 tour and their experience with meeting groupies. The track was driven by Bonham's drumming and Page's guitar riffs. The arrangement had been worked out before recording, and was straightforward to put down on tape.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: As "Physical Graffiti" collected various out-takes from earlier albums, little was left over from the recording sessions that was not eventually released. An early arrangement of "Custard Pie", different from the final version, was reworked as "Hots on For Nowhere" on the following album, "Presence". A number of other outtakes from earlier album sessions that had not been put on "Physical Graffiti" were later included on the 1982 album "Coda".


title: Physical Graffiti

text: The album was originally released with a die-cut sleeve design depicting a New York City tenement block, through whose windows various cultural icons could be interchangeably viewed. The album designer, Peter Corriston, was looking for a building that was symmetrical with interesting details, that was not obstructed by other objects and would fit the square album cover. He subsequently came up with the rest of the cover based on people moving in and out of the tenement, with various sleeves that could be placed under the main cover and filling the windows with various pieces of information. Incidentally, the same front doorway and stoop at 96 St. Mark's Place is also the location used by The Rolling Stones for their music video promoting their single "Waiting on a Friend" from their 1981 album "Tattoo You".


title: Physical Graffiti

text: The two five-storey buildings photographed for the album cover are located at 96 and 98 St. Mark's Place in New York City. The original photograph underwent a number of tweaks to arrive at the final image. The fourth floor of the building had to be cropped out to fit the square album cover format.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: Eschewing the usual gatefold design in favour of a special die-cut cover, the original album jacket included four covers made up of two inners (for each disc), a middle insert cover and an outer cover. The middle insert cover is white and details all the album track listings and recording information. The outer cover has die-cut windows on the building, so when the middle cover is wrapped around the inner covers and slid into the outer cover, the title of the album is shown on the front cover, spelling out the name "Physical Graffiti". Images in the windows touched upon a set of American icons and a range of Hollywood ephemera. Pictures of W. C. Fields and Buzz Aldrin alternated with the snapshots of Led Zeppelin. Photographs of Lee Harvey Oswald, Marcel Duchamp and Pope Leo XIII are also featured.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: Per the liner notes, package concept and design was by AGI/Mike Doud (London) and Peter Corriston (New York). Photography was by Elliott Erwitt, B. P. Fallon, and Roy Harper. "Tinting Extraordinaire": Maurice Tate, and window illustration by Dave Heffernan. In 1976 the album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of best album package.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Physical Graffiti" was Led Zeppelin's first release on their own Swan Song Records label, which had been launched in May 1974. Until this point, all of Led Zeppelin's albums had been released on Atlantic Records, who would distribute Swan Song. The album was first announced to the press on 6 November with a planned release date of 29 November and an accompanying US tour (the band's tenth) starting in January. Delays in the production of the album's sleeve design prevented its release prior to the commencement of the tour. It was finally released on 24 February 1975.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: The album was a commercial and critical success, having built up a huge advance order following the delayed release date, and when eventually issued it reached No. 1 in the UK charts. In the US, it debuted at No. 3 on the "Billboard" Pop Albums chart, rising to No. 1 the following week and staying there for six weeks. "Physical Graffiti" has since proven to be one of the most popular releases by the group, shipping 8 million copies in the United States. It was the first album to go platinum on advance orders alone. Shortly after its release, all previous Led Zeppelin albums simultaneously re-entered the top-200 album chart.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: The group debuted several songs from "Physical Graffiti" live for the first time at a warm-up gig in Rotterdam, Netherlands on 11 January, a week before the US tour, which lasted until 27 March. The tour was also successful, and was followed up by a series of shows at Earl's Court, London. Tickets for the shows sold out within four hours, described by promoter Mel Bush as "unprecedented demand in the history of rock music", so a further two dates were added. The shows attracted rave reviews, and critics noted the band enjoyed playing the new material on "Physical Graffiti" more than the older songs.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "NME"s Nick Kent reviewed the album three months before it was released. He speculated it could be the group's best work to date, saying "the album's tonal density is absolutely the toughest, most downright brutal I've heard all year". In March 1975, "Billboard" magazine's reviewer wrote: "["Physical Graffiti"] is a tour de force through a number of musical styles, from straight rock to blues to folky acoustic to orchestral sounds." Similarly, Jim Miller stated in "Rolling Stone" that the double album was "the band's "Tommy", "Beggar's Banquet" and "Sgt. Pepper" rolled into one: "Physical Graffiti" is Led Zeppelin's bid for artistic respectability". "Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau was less impressed, writing that except for side two, the material often wanders into "wide tracks, misconceived opi, and so forth", and "after a while Robert Plant begins to grate".


title: Physical Graffiti

text: In 2003, "Rolling Stone" ranked it at number 70 on the magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time." It was re-ranked at number 73 in a 2012 revised list, and re-ranked at number 144 in 2020.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: Plant later felt that "Physical Graffiti" represented the band at its creative peak, and has since said that it is his favourite Led Zeppelin album. Page has also said the album was a "high-water mark" for the group, and the creative energy from jamming and gradually working out song structures together led to some strong material. Reviewing the album for BBC Music in 2007, Chris Jones described it as "a towering monument to the glory of Zeppelin in their high-flying heyday".


title: Physical Graffiti

text: "Physical Graffiti" was first issued on CD as a double-disc set in 1987. However, it was done without input from the band, and the first pressing accidentally edited off the studio banter at the end of "In My Time of Dying" (later fixed on repressings). Page was unhappy with his lack of input over the CDs and decided he would produce new versions himself. He booked a week in May 1990 with engineer George Marino to remaster the entire back catalogue. Eight tracks from "Physical Graffiti" appeared on the four-disc "Boxed Set" and three on "Remasters", both in 1990; the remainder appeared on "Boxed Set 2" in 1993, while the album was properly reissued in 1994.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: An extended remastered version of "Physical Graffiti" was reissued on 23 February 2015, almost exactly forty years after the original album was released. The reissue comes in six formats: a standard two-CD edition, a deluxe three-CD edition, a standard two-LP version, a deluxe three-LP version, a super deluxe three-CD plus three-LP version with a hardback book, and as high resolution 24-bit/96k digital downloads. The deluxe and super deluxe editions feature bonus material containing alternative takes and arrangements of songs. The reissue was released with an altered colour version of the original album's artwork as its bonus disc's cover.


title: Physical Graffiti

text: 8-Track and Cassette Editions The 8-Track and Audio Cassette versions switched "Bron-Yr-Aur" from side three between "In the Light" and "Down by the Seaside" to side two at the end of "Kashmir."


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: LZ 129 "Hindenburg" (; Registration: D-LZ 129) was a German commercial passenger-carrying rigid airship, the lead ship of the "Hindenburg" class, the longest class of flying machine and the largest airship by envelope volume. It was designed and built by the Zeppelin Company ("Luftschiffbau Zeppelin GmbH") on the shores of Lake Constance in Friedrichshafen, Germany, and was operated by the German Zeppelin Airline Company ("Deutsche Zeppelin-Reederei"). It was named after Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, who was President of Germany from 1925 until his death in 1934.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: The airship flew from March 1936 until it was destroyed by fire 14 months later on May 6, 1937, while attempting to land at Lakehurst Naval Air Station in Manchester Township, New Jersey, at the end of the first North American transatlantic journey of its second season of service. This was the last of the great airship disasters; it was preceded by the crashes of the British R38, the US airship "Roma", the French "Dixmude", the British R101, and the USS "Akron".


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: The Zeppelin Company had proposed "LZ 128" in 1929, after the world flight of the LZ 127 "Graf Zeppelin". This ship was to be approximately long and carry of hydrogen. Ten Maybach engines were to power five tandem engine cars (a plan from 1930 only showed four). The disaster of the British airship "R 101" prompted the Zeppelin Company to reconsider the use of hydrogen, therefore scrapping the LZ 128 in favour of a new airship designed for helium, the LZ 129. Initial plans projected the LZ 129 to have a length of , but was dropped from the tail in order to allow the ship to fit in Lakehurst Hangar No. 1.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: Manufacturing of components began in 1931, but construction of the "Hindenburg" did not commence until March 1932. The delay was largely due to Daimler-Benz designing and refining the LOF-6 diesel engines to reduce weight while fulfilling the output requirements set by the Zeppelin Company.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: "Hindenburg" had a duralumin structure, incorporating 15 Ferris wheel-like main ring bulkheads along its length, with 16 cotton gas bags fitted between them. The bulkheads were braced to each other by longitudinal girders placed around their circumferences. The airship's outer skin was of cotton doped with a mixture of reflective materials intended to protect the gas bags within from radiation, both ultraviolet (which would damage them) and infrared (which might cause them to overheat). The gas cells were made by a new method pioneered by Goodyear using multiple layers of gelatinized latex rather than the previous goldbeater's skins. In 1931 the Zeppelin Company purchased of duralumin salvaged from the wreckage of the October 1930 crash of the British airship R101.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: "Hindenburg"s interior furnishings were designed by Fritz August Breuhaus, whose design experience included Pullman coaches, ocean liners, and warships of the German Navy. The upper "A" Deck contained 25 small two-passenger cabins in the middle flanked by large public rooms: a dining room to port and a lounge and writing room to starboard. Paintings on the dining room walls portrayed the "Graf Zeppelin"s trips to South America. A stylized world map covered the wall of the lounge. Long slanted windows ran the length of both decks. The passengers were expected to spend most of their time in the public areas, rather than their cramped cabins.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: The lower "B" Deck contained washrooms, a mess hall for the crew, and a smoking lounge. Harold G. Dick, an American representative from the Goodyear Zeppelin Company, recalled "The only entrance to the smoking room, which was pressurized to prevent the admission of any leaking hydrogen, was via the bar, which had a swiveling air lock door, and all departing passengers were scrutinized by the bar steward to make sure they were not carrying out a lit cigarette or pipe."


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: Helium was initially selected for the lifting gas because it was the safest to use in airships, as it is not flammable. One proposed measure to save helium was to make double-gas cells for 14 of the 16 gas cells; an inner hydrogen cell would be protected by an outer cell filled with helium, with vertical ducting to the dorsal area of the envelope to permit separate filling and venting of the inner hydrogen cells. At the time, however, helium was also relatively rare and extremely expensive as the gas was available in industrial quantities only from distillation plants at certain oil fields in the United States. Hydrogen, by comparison, could be cheaply produced by any industrialized nation and being lighter than helium also provided more lift. Because of its expense and rarity, American rigid airships using helium were forced to conserve the gas at all costs and this hampered their operation.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: Despite a U.S. ban on the export of helium under the Helium Control Act of 1927, the Germans designed the airship to use the far safer gas in the belief that they could convince the U.S. government to license its export. When the designers learned that the National Munitions Control Board refused to lift the export ban, they were forced to re-engineer "Hindenburg" to use flammable hydrogen gas, which was the only alternative lighter-than-air gas that could provide sufficient lift. One of the side benefits of being forced to utilize the flammable yet lighter hydrogen was that more passenger cabins could be added.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: Five years after construction began in 1931, "Hindenburg" made its maiden test flight from the Zeppelin dockyards at Friedrichshafen on March 4, 1936, with 87 passengers and crew aboard. These included the Zeppelin Company chairman, Dr. Hugo Eckener, as commander, former World War I Zeppelin commander Lt. Col. Joachim Breithaupt representing the German Air Ministry, the Zeppelin Company's eight airship captains, 47 other crew members, and 30 dockyard employees who flew as passengers. Harold G. Dick was the only non-Luftschiffbau representative aboard. Although the name "Hindenburg" had been quietly selected by Eckener over a year earlier, only the airship's formal registration number (D-LZ129) and the five Olympic rings (promoting the 1936 Summer Olympics to be held in Berlin that August) were displayed on the hull during its trial flights. As the airship passed over Munich on its second trial flight the next afternoon, the city's Lord Mayor, Karl Fiehler, asked Eckener by radio the LZ129's name, to which he replied ""Hindenburg"". On March 23, "Hindenburg" made its first passenger and mail flight, carrying 80 reporters from Friedrichshafen to Löwenthal. The ship flew over Lake Constance with "Graf Zeppelin".


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: The name "Hindenburg" lettered in high red Fraktur script (designed by Berlin advertiser Georg Wagner) was added to its hull three weeks later before the "Deutschlandfahrt" on March 26. No formal naming ceremony for the airship was ever held.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: The airship was operated commercially by the Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei (DZR) GmbH, which had been established by Hermann Göring in March 1935 to increase Nazi influence over airship operations. The DZR was jointly owned by the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin (the airship's builder), the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (German Air Ministry), and Deutsche Lufthansa A.G. (Germany's national airline at that time), and also operated the LZ 127 "Graf Zeppelin" during its last two years of commercial service to South America from 1935 to 1937. "Hindenburg" and its sister ship, the LZ 130 "Graf Zeppelin II" (launched in September 1938), were the only two airships ever purpose-built for regular commercial transatlantic passenger operations, although the latter never entered passenger service before being scrapped in 1940.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: After a total of six flights made over a three-week period from the Zeppelin dockyards where the airship had been built, "Hindenburg" was ready for its formal public debut with a propaganda flight around Germany ("Die Deutschlandfahrt") made jointly with the "Graf Zeppelin" from March 26 to 29. This was to be followed by its first commercial passenger flight, a four-day transatlantic voyage to Rio de Janeiro that departed from the Friedrichshafen Airport in nearby Löwenthal on March 31. After again departing from Löwenthal on 6 May on its first of ten round trips to North America made in 1936, all "Hindenburg"s subsequent transatlantic flights to both North and South America originated at the airport at Frankfurt am Main.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: Although designed and built for commercial transatlantic passenger, air freight, and mail service, at the behest of the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ("Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda" or "Propagandaministerium"), "Hindenburg" was first pressed into use by the Air Ministry (its DLZ co-operator) as a vehicle for the delivery of Nazi propaganda. On March 7, 1936, ground forces of the German Reich had entered and occupied the Rhineland, a region bordering France, which had been designated in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles as a de-militarized zone established to provide a buffer between Germany and that neighboring country.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: In order to justify its remilitarization—which was also a violation of the 1925 Locarno Pact—a "post hoc" referendum was quickly called by Hitler for March 29 to "ask the German people" to both ratify the Rhineland's occupation by the German Army, and to approve a single party list composed exclusively of Nazi candidates to sit in the new Reichstag. The "Hindenburg" and the "Graf Zeppelin" were designated by the government as a key part of the process.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: As a public relations ploy, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels demanded that the Zeppelin Company make the two airships available to fly "in tandem" around Germany over the four-day period prior to the voting with a joint departure from Löwenthal on the morning of March 26. While gusty wind conditions that morning would prove to make the process of safely launching the new airship a difficult one, "Hindenburg"s commander, Captain Ernst Lehmann, was determined to impress the politicians, Nazi party officials, and press present at the airfield with an "on time" departure and thus proceeded with its launch despite the adverse conditions. As the massive airship began to rise under full engine power she was caught by a 35-degree crosswind gust, causing her lower vertical tail fin to strike and be dragged across the ground, resulting in significant damage to the bottom portion of the airfoil and its attached rudder. Zeppelin Company chairman Eckener, who had opposed the joint flight both because it politicized the airships and had forced the cancellation of an essential final endurance test for "Hindenburg", was furious and rebuked Lehmann.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: "Graf Zeppelin", which had been hovering above the airfield waiting for "Hindenburg" to join it, had to start off on the propaganda mission alone while LZ 129 returned to her hangar. There temporary repairs were quickly made to its empennage before joining up with the smaller airship several hours later. As millions of Germans watched from below, the two giants of the sky sailed over Germany for the next four days and three nights, dropping propaganda leaflets, blaring martial music and slogans from large loudspeakers, and broadcasting political speeches from a makeshift radio studio aboard "Hindenburg".


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: With the completion of voting on the referendum (which the German Government claimed had been approved by a "98.79% 'Yes' vote"), "Hindenburg" returned to Löwenthal on March 29 to prepare for its first commercial passenger flight, a transatlantic passage to Rio de Janeiro scheduled to depart from there on March 31. Hugo Eckener was not to be the commander of the flight, however, but was instead relegated to being a "supervisor" with no operational control over "Hindenburg" while Ernst Lehmann had command of the airship. To add insult to injury, Eckener learned from an Associated Press reporter upon "Hindenburg"s arrival in Rio that Goebbels had also followed through on his month-old threat to decree that Eckener's name would "no longer be mentioned in German newspapers and periodicals" and "no pictures nor articles about him shall be printed." This action was taken because of Eckener's opposition to using "Hindenburg" and "Graf Zeppelin" for political purposes during the "Deutschlandfahrt", and his "refusal to give a special appeal during the Reichstag election campaign endorsing Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his policies." The existence of the ban was never publicly acknowledged by Goebbels, and it was quietly lifted a month later.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: While at Rio, the crew noticed one of the engines had noticeable carbon buildup from having been run at low speed during the propaganda flight days earlier. On the return flight from South America, the automatic valve for gas cell 3 stuck open. Gas was transferred from other cells through an inflation line. It was never understood why the valve stuck open, and subsequently the crew used only the hand-operated maneuvering valves for cells 2 and 3. Thirty-eight hours after departure, one of the airship's four Daimler-Benz 16-cylinder diesel engines (engine car no. 4, the forward port engine) suffered a wrist pin breakage, damaging the piston and cylinder. Repairs were started immediately and the engine functioned on fifteen cylinders for the remainder of the flight. Four hours after engine 4 failed, engine no. 2 (aft port) was shut down, as one of two bearing cap bolts for the engine crankshaft failed and the cap fell into the crank case. The cap was removed and the engine was run again, but when the ship was off Cape Juby the second cap broke and the engine was shut down again. The engine was not run again to prevent further damage. With three engines operating at a speed of and headwinds reported over the English Channel, the crew raised the airship in search of counter-trade winds usually found above , well beyond the airship's pressure altitude. Unexpectedly, the crew found such a wind at the lower altitude of which permitted them to guide the airship safely back to Germany after gaining emergency permission from France to fly a more direct route over the Rhone Valley. The nine-day flight covered in 203 hours and 32 minutes of flight time. All four engines were later overhauled and no further problems were encountered on later flights. For the rest of April, "Hindenburg" remained at its hangar where the engines were overhauled and the lower fin and rudder received a final repair; the ground clearance of the lower rudder was increased from 8 to 14 degrees.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: "Hindenburg" made 17 round trips across the Atlantic in 1936—its first and only full year of service—with ten trips to the United States and seven to Brazil. The flights were considered demonstrative rather than routine in schedule. The first passenger trip across the North Atlantic left Frankfurt on 6 May with 56 crew and 50 passengers, arriving in Lakehurst on 9 May. As the elevation at Rhein-Main's airfield lies at above sea level, the airship could lift more at takeoff there than she could from Friedrichshafen, which was situated at . Each of the ten westward trips that season took 53 to 78 hours and eastward took 43 to 61 hours. The last eastward trip of the year left Lakehurst on October 10; the first North Atlantic trip of 1937 ended in the "Hindenburg" disaster.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: In May and June 1936, "Hindenburg" made surprise visits to England. In May it was on a flight from America to Germany when it flew low over the West Yorkshire town of Keighley. A parcel was then thrown overboard and landed in the High Street. Two boys, Alfred Butler and Jack Gerrard, retrieved it and found the contents to be a bouquet of carnations, a small silver cross and a letter on official note paper dated May 22, 1936. The letter read: "To the finder of this letter, please deposit these flowers and cross on the grave of my dear brother, Lt. Franz Schulte, 1 Garde Regt, zu Fuss, POW in Skipton cemetery in Keighley near Leeds. Many thanks for your kindness. John P. Schulte, the first flying priest". Historian Oliver Denton speculates that the June visit may have had a more sinister purpose: to observe the industrial heartlands of Northern England.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: In July 1936, "Hindenburg" completed a record Atlantic round trip between Frankfurt and Lakehurst in 98 hours and 28 minutes of flight time (52:49 westbound, 45:39 eastbound). Many prominent people were passengers on the "Hindenburg", including boxer Max Schmeling making his triumphant return to Germany in June 1936 after his world heavyweight title knockout of Joe Louis at Yankee Stadium. In the 1936 season, the airship flew and carried 2,798 passengers and 160 tons of freight and mail, encouraging the "Luftschiffbau Zeppelin" Company to plan the expansion of its airship fleet and transatlantic service.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: The airship was said to be so stable a pen or pencil could be balanced on end atop a tablet without falling. Launches were so smooth that passengers often missed them, believing the airship was still docked to the mooring mast. A one-way fare between Germany and the United States was US$400 (); "Hindenburg" passengers were affluent, usually entertainers, noted sportsmen, political figures, and leaders of industry.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: "Hindenburg" was used again for propaganda when it flew over the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on August 1 during the opening ceremonies of the 1936 Summer Olympic Games. Shortly before the arrival of Adolf Hitler to declare the Games open, the airship crossed low over the packed stadium while trailing the Olympic flag on a long weighted line suspended from its gondola. On September 14, the ship flew over the annual Nuremberg Rally.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: On October 8, 1936, "Hindenburg" made a 10.5 hour flight (the "Millionaires Flight") over New England carrying 72 wealthy and influential passengers including financier and future Ambassador to the United Kingdom Winthrop W. Aldrich, his 28-year-old nephew who later became the Governor of New York and later Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, various German and American government officials and military officers, as well as key figures in the aviation industry, including Juan Trippe, founder and Chief Executive of Pan American Airways, and World War I flying ace Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, president of Eastern Airlines. The ship arrived at Boston by noon and returned to Lakehurst at 5:22 pm before making its final transatlantic flight of the season back to Frankfurt.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: During 1936, "Hindenburg" had a Blüthner aluminium grand piano placed on board in the music salon, though the instrument was removed after the first year to save weight. Over the winter of 1936–37, several alterations were made to the airship's structures. The greater lift capacity allowed nine passenger cabins to be added, eight with two beds and one with four, increasing passenger capacity to 70. These windowed cabins were along the starboard side aft of the previously installed accommodations, and it was anticipated for the LZ 130 to also have these cabins. Additionally, the Olympic rings painted on the hull were removed for the 1937 season.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: "Hindenburg" also had an experimental aircraft hook-on trapeze similar to the one on the U.S. Navy Goodyear–Zeppelin built airships "Akron" and "Macon". This was intended to allow customs officials to be flown out to "Hindenburg" to process passengers before landing and to retrieve mail from the ship for early delivery. Experimental hook-ons and takeoffs, piloted by Ernst Udet, were attempted on March 11 and April 27, 1937, but were not very successful, owing to turbulence around the hook-up trapeze. The loss of the ship ended all prospects of further testing.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: After making the first South American flight of the 1937 season in late March, "Hindenburg" left Frankfurt for Lakehurst on the evening of 3 May, on its first scheduled round trip between Europe and North America that season. Although strong headwinds slowed the crossing, the flight had otherwise proceeded routinely as it approached for a landing three days later.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: "Hindenburg"s arrival on 6 May was delayed for several hours to avoid a line of thunderstorms passing over Lakehurst, but around 7:00 pm the airship was cleared for its final approach to the Naval Air Station, which it made at an altitude of with Captain Max Pruss in command. At 7:21 pm a pair of landing lines were dropped from the nose of the ship and were grabbed hold of by ground handlers. Four minutes later, at 7:25 pm "Hindenburg" burst into flames and dropped to the ground in a little over half a minute. Of the 36 passengers and 61 crew aboard, 13 passengers and 22 crew died, as well as one member of the ground crew, a total of 36 lives lost. Herbert Morrison's commentary of the incident became a classic of audio history.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: The exact location of the initial fire, its source of ignition, and the source of fuel remain subjects of debate. The cause of the accident has never been determined conclusively, although many hypotheses have been proposed. Sabotage theories notwithstanding, one hypothesis often put forth involves a combination of gas leakage and atmospheric static conditions. Manually controlled and automatic valves for releasing hydrogen were located partway up one-meter diameter ventilation shafts that ran vertically through the airship. Hydrogen released into a shaft, whether intentionally or because of a stuck valve, mixes with air already in the shaft - potentially in an explosive ratio. Alternatively, a gas cell could have been ruptured by the breaking of a structural tension wire causing a mixing of hydrogen with air. The high static charge collected from flying within stormy conditions and inadequate grounding of the outer envelope to the frame could have ignited any resulting gas-air mixture at the top of the airship. In support of the hypothesis that hydrogen was leaking from the aft portion of the "Hindenburg" prior to the conflagration, water ballast was released at the rear of the airship and six crew members were dispatched to the bow to keep the craft level. Another more recent theory involves the airship's outer covering. The silvery cloth covering contained material with cellulose nitrate, which is highly flammable. This theory is controversial and has been rejected by other researchers because the outer skin burns too slowly to account for the rapid flame propagation and gaps in the fire correspond with internal gas cell divisions, which would not be visible if the fire had spread across the skin first. Hydrogen fires had previously destroyed many other airships.


title: LZ 129 Hindenburg

text: The duralumin framework of "Hindenburg" was salvaged and shipped back to Germany. There the scrap was recycled and used in the construction of military aircraft for the "Luftwaffe", as were the frames of "Graf Zeppelin" and "Graf Zeppelin II" when they were scrapped in 1940.


title: Moira Kelly

text: Moira Kelly (born on March 6, 1968 in Queens, New York) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Kate Moseley in the 1992 film "The Cutting Edge" as well as single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama "One Tree Hill". She is also known for playing the role of Donna Hayward in "", replacing Lara Flynn Boyle in the prequel to the 1990 TV series "Twin Peaks". Other roles include Dorothy Day in "", White House media consultant Mandy Hampton in the first season of "The West Wing", and the voice of Simba's love interest Nala in "The Lion King" and its direct-to-video sequels "" and "The Lion King 1½". She also played Hetty Kelly and Oona O'Neill in "Chaplin".


title: Moira Kelly

text: Moira Kelly was born in Queens, New York on March 6, 1968. She is the daughter of Peter (a trained concert violinist) and Anne (a nurse) who are Irish immigrants. Kelly is the third of six children and was raised in Ronkonkoma, New York. She was brought up as a Catholic. Kelly attended Connetquot Senior High School in Bohemia, Long Island, graduating in the class of 1986. Later, she attended Marymount Manhattan College.


title: Moira Kelly

text: In her youth, Kelly was cast in a small role in her high school's 1984 production of "Annie". Due to illness, the girl playing Miss Hannigan was replaced, causing a series of cast changes leading to her choice of career. A devout Catholic, Kelly had to decide between acting and her childhood ambition of becoming a nun.


title: Moira Kelly

text: Kelly made her professional acting debut in the fact-based made-for-TV movie "Love, Lies and Murder", playing teenager Cinnamon Brown, who was coerced by her father into killing his wife and her stepmother, Linda Brown. She was originally going to have a starring role as Polly Pry in Trey Parker and Matt Stone's "Cannibal! The Musical", but Kelly was convinced not to do so by her agent out of concerns it could potentially ruin her career, and was ultimately replaced with Toddy Walters, though she was still credited in the end credits under her initials "M.K." as "the Dropout". She went on to have small roles in the films "The Boy Who Cried Bitch", "Hi-Life", and "Billy Bathgate" before being cast as Donna Hayward in "". For that film, she went home and got permission from her priest because of an explicit sex scene. In the same year, she starred opposite D. B. Sweeney in the romantic comedy "The Cutting Edge" and played two roles opposite Robert Downey Jr. in "Chaplin". According to a "TV Guide" interview, before taking on her role in "Daybreak", Kelly once again asked her priest for advice: "Being a Catholic, I wondered if it would be against my religion to play a girl who has premarital sex." The priest told her "it was okay, as long as my artistic intentions were true and I wasn't doing it for the notoriety or the money."


title: Moira Kelly

text: She has since appeared in the films "With Honors", "Little Odessa", "The Tie That Binds", and "Dangerous Beauty", amongst others, and provided the adult voice of Nala in Disney's "The Lion King", "", and "The Lion King 1½". In her independent film career, Kelly had the starring role of activist Dorothy Day in "" and starred alongside Glenn Close in "The Safety of Objects". She played Helen Keller in the made-for-TV movie "Monday After the Miracle", which broadcast on November 15, 1998, on CBS.


title: Moira Kelly

text: Kelly starred in the CBS drama "To Have & to Hold" opposite Jason Beghe before playing Mandy Hampton in the first season of "The West Wing". In 2003, Kelly began playing single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama "One Tree Hill". She also directed two episodes of the series: "Resolve" (2007) and "I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me" (2006). In the fifth season, she ceased to be a regular cast member, but made guest appearances in the 100th episode and the sixth-season finale. She has made guest appearances in television shows such as "Heroes", "Law & Order", and "Numb3rs". Kelly has also appeared in the films "Remember the Daze", "A Smile as Big as the Moon", "Taken Back: Finding Haley", and "Girl in the Bunker".


title: Moira Kelly

text: On August 5, 2000, Kelly married Steve Hewitt, a Texas businessman. They have two children, a daughter Ella and a son Eamon. Kelly previously maintained a residence in Wilmington, North Carolina, for eleven years. They currently reside in Flower Mound, Texas.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint is a web-based collaborative platform that integrates natively with Microsoft Office. Launched in 2001, SharePoint is primarily sold as a document management and storage system, but the product is highly configurable and its usage varies substantially among organizations.


title: SharePoint

text: Microsoft SharePoint Standard builds on the Microsoft SharePoint Foundation in a few key product areas:


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint Standard licensing includes a CAL (client access license) component and a server fee. SharePoint Standard may also be licensed through a cloud model.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint Server is provided to organizations that seek greater control over SharePoint's behavior or design. This product is installed on customers' IT infrastructure. It receives fewer frequent updates but has access to a wider set of features and customization capabilities. There are two editions of SharePoint Server: Standard and Enterprise. A free version called 'Foundation' was discontinued in 2016. These servers may be provisioned as normal virtual/cloud servers or as hosted services.


title: SharePoint

text: Built upon SharePoint Standard, Microsoft SharePoint Enterprise features can be unlocked by providing an additional license key.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint Enterprise licensing includes a CAL component and a server fee that must be purchased "in addition to" SharePoint Server licensing. SharePoint Enterprise may also be licensed through a cloud model.


title: SharePoint

text: Microsoft's hosted SharePoint is typically bundled in Microsoft 365 subscriptions, but can be licensed separately. SharePoint Online has the advantage of not needing to maintain one's own servers, but as a result lacks the customization options of a self-hosted installation of SharePoint.


title: SharePoint

text: It is limited to a core set of collaboration, file hosting, and document and content management scenarios, and is updated on a frequent basis, but is typically comparable with SharePoint Enterprise.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint usage varies from organization to organization. The product encompasses a wide variety of capabilities, most of which require configuration and governance.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint allows for storage, retrieval, searching, archiving, tracking, management, and reporting on electronic documents and records. Many of the functions in this product are designed around various legal, information management, and process requirements in organizations. SharePoint also provides search and 'graph' functionality. SharePoint's integration with Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office allow for collaborative real-time editing, and encrypted/information rights managed synchronization.


title: SharePoint

text: This capability is often used to replace an existing corporate file server, and is typically coupled with an enterprise content management policy.


title: SharePoint

text: A SharePoint intranet or intranet portal is a way to centralize access to enterprise information and applications. It is a tool that helps an organization manage its internal communications, applications and information more easily. Microsoft claims that this has organizational benefits such as increased employee engagement, centralizing process management, reducing new staff on-boarding costs, and providing the means to capture and share tacit knowledge (e.g. via tools such as wikis).


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint contains team collaboration groupware capabilities, including: project scheduling (integrated with Outlook and Project), social collaboration, shared mailboxes, and project related document storage and collaboration. Groupware in SharePoint is based around the concept of a "Team Site".


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint Server hosts OneDrive for Business, which allows storage and synchronization of an individual's personal documents, as well as public/private file sharing of those documents. This is typically combined with other Microsoft Office Servers/Services, such as Microsoft Exchange, to produce a "personal cloud",


title: SharePoint

text: WebDAV can be used to access files without using the web interface. However, Microsoft's implementation of WebDAV doesn't conform to the official WebDAV protocol and therefore isn't compliant to the WebDAV standard. For example, WebDAV applications have to support the language tagging functionality of the XML specification which Microsoft's implementation doesn't. Only Windows XP to Windows 8 are supported.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint's custom development capabilities provide an additional layer of services that allow rapid prototyping of integrated (typically line-of-business) web applications. SharePoint provides developers with integration into corporate directories and data sources through standards such as REST/OData/OAuth. Enterprise application developers use SharePoint's security and information management capabilities across a variety of development platforms and scenarios. SharePoint also contains an enterprise "app store" that has different types of external applications which are encapsulated and managed to access to resources such as corporate user data and document data.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint provides free-form pages which may be edited in-browser. These may be used to provide content to users, or to provide structure to the SharePoint environment.


title: SharePoint

text: Web parts and app parts are components (also known as portlets) that can be inserted into Pages. They are used to display information from both SharePoint and third-party applications.


title: SharePoint

text: In SharePoint 2013, in some locations, Lists and Libraries were renamed 'Apps' (despite being unrelated to the "SharePoint App Store"). In SharePoint 2016, some of these were renamed back to Lists and Libraries.


title: SharePoint

text: A SharePoint Site is a collection of pages, lists, libraries, apps, configurations, features, content types, and sub-sites. Examples of Site templates in SharePoint include: collaboration (team) sites, communication sites, organization sites, wiki sites, blank sites, and publishing sites.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint is primarily configured through a web browser. The web-based user interface provides most of the configuration capability of the product.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint Designer is a semi-deprecated product that provided 'advanced editing' capabilities for HTML/ASPX pages, but remains the primary method of editing SharePoint workflows.


title: SharePoint

text: A significant subset of HTML editing features were removed in Designer 2013, and the product is expected to be deprecated in 2016–7.


title: SharePoint

text: Microsoft SharePoint's Server Features are configured either using PowerShell, or a Web UI called "Central Administration". Configuration of server farm settings (e.g. search crawl, web application services) can be handled through these central tools.


title: SharePoint

text: While Central Administration is limited to farm-wide settings (config DB), it provides access to tools such as the 'SharePoint Health Analyzer', a diagnostic health-checking tool.


title: SharePoint

text: In addition to PowerShell's farm configuration features, some limited tools are made available for administering or adjusting settings for sites or site collections in content databases.


title: SharePoint

text: A limited subset of these features are available by SharePoint's SaaS providers, including Microsoft.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint Server can be scaled down to operate entirely from one developer machine, or scaled up to be managed across hundreds of machines.


title: SharePoint

text: A SharePoint farm is a logical grouping of SharePoint servers that share common resources. A farm typically operates stand-alone, but can also subscribe to functions from another farm, or provide functions to another farm. Each farm has its own central configuration database, which is managed through either a PowerShell interface, or a Central Administration website (which relies partly on PowerShell's infrastructure). Each server in the farm is able to directly interface with the central configuration database. Servers use this to configure services (e.g. IIS, windows features, database connections) to match the requirements of the farm, and to report server health issues, resource allocation issues, etc...


title: SharePoint

text: Web applications (WAs) are top-level containers for content in a SharePoint farm. A web application is associated primarily with IIS configuration. A web application consists of a set of access mappings or URLs defined in the SharePoint central management console, which are replicated by SharePoint across every IIS Instance (e.g. Web Application Servers) configured in the farm.


title: SharePoint

text: A site collection is a hierarchical group of 'SharePoint Sites'. Each web application must have at least one site collection. Site collections share common properties (detailed here), common subscriptions to service applications, and can be configured with unique host names. A site collection may have a distinct content databases, or may share a content database with other site collections in the same web application.


title: SharePoint

text: Service applications provide granular pieces of SharePoint functionality to other web and service applications in the farm. Examples of service applications include the User Profile Sync service, and the Search Indexing service. A service application can be turned off, exist on one server, or be load-balanced across many servers in a farm. Service Applications are designed to have independent functionality and independent security scopes.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint Central Administration (the CA) is a web application that typically exists on a single server in the farm; however, it is also able to be deployed for redundancy to multiple servers. This application provides a complete centralized management interface for web & service applications in the SharePoint farm, including AD account management for web & service applications. In the event of the failure of the CA, Windows PowerShell is typically used on the CA server to reconfigure the farm.


title: SharePoint

text: The structure of the SharePoint platform enables multiple WAs to exist on a single farm. In a shared (cloud) hosting environment, owners of these WAs may require their own management console. The SharePoint 'Tenant Administration' (TA) is an optional web application used by web application owners to manage how their web application interacts with the shared resources in the farm.


title: SharePoint

text: SharePoint evolved from projects codenamed "Office Server" and "Tahoe" during the Office XP development cycle.


title: SharePoint

text: "Office Server" evolved out of the FrontPage and Office Server Extensions and "Team Pages". It targeted simple, bottom-up collaboration.


title: SharePoint

text: "Tahoe", built on shared technology with Exchange and the "Digital Dashboard", targeted top-down portals, search and document management. The searching and indexing capabilities of SharePoint came from the "Tahoe" feature set. The search and indexing features were a combination of the index and crawling features from the Microsoft Site Server family of products and from the query language of Microsoft Index Server.


title: SharePoint

text: GAC-(Global Assembly Cache) is used to accommodate the shared assemblies that are specifically designated to be shared by applications executed on a system.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The gravity of Earth, denoted by , is the net acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the combined effect of gravitation (from mass distribution within Earth) and the centrifugal force (from the Earth's rotation).


title: Gravity of Earth

text: It is a vector quantity, whose direction coincides with a plumb bob and strength or magnitude is given by the norm formula_1.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: In SI units this acceleration is expressed in metres per second squared (in symbols, m/s or m·s) or equivalently in newtons per kilogram (N/kg or N·kg). Near Earth's surface, the gravity acceleration is approximately , which means that, ignoring the effects of air resistance, the speed of an object falling freely will increase by about per second every second. This quantity is sometimes referred to informally as "little " (in contrast, the gravitational constant is referred to as "big ").


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The precise strength of Earth's gravity varies depending on location. The nominal "average" value at Earth's surface, known as is, by definition, . This quantity is denoted variously as , (though this sometimes means the normal equatorial value on Earth, ), , gee, or simply (which is also used for the variable local value).


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The weight of an object on Earth's surface is the downwards force on that object, given by Newton's second law of motion, or (). Gravitational acceleration contributes to the total gravity acceleration, but other factors, such as the rotation of Earth, also contribute, and, therefore, affect the weight of the object. Gravity does not normally include the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, which are accounted for in terms of tidal effects.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: A non-rotating perfect sphere of uniform mass density, or whose density varies solely with distance from the centre (spherical symmetry), would produce a gravitational field of uniform magnitude at all points on its surface. The Earth is rotating and is also not spherically symmetric; rather, it is slightly flatter at the poles while bulging at the Equator: an oblate spheroid. There are consequently slight deviations in the magnitude of gravity across its surface.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: Gravity on the Earth's surface varies by around 0.7%, from 9.7639 m/s on the Nevado Huascarán mountain in Peru to 9.8337 m/s at the surface of the Arctic Ocean. In large cities, it ranges from 9.7806 in Kuala Lumpur, Mexico City, and Singapore to 9.825 in Oslo and Helsinki.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: In 1901 the third General Conference on Weights and Measures defined a standard gravitational acceleration for the surface of the Earth: "g" = 9.80665 m/s. It was based on measurements done at the Pavillon de Breteuil near Paris in 1888, with a theoretical correction applied in order to convert to a latitude of 45° at sea level. This definition is thus not a value of any particular place or carefully worked out average, but an agreement for a value to use if a better actual local value is not known or not important. It is also used to define the units kilogram force and pound force.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: Calculating the gravity at Earth's surface using the average radius of Earth (), the experimentally determined value of the gravitational constant, and the Earth mass of 5.9722 kg gives an acceleration of 9.8203 m/s, slightly greater than the standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s. The value of standard gravity corresponds to the gravity on Earth at a radius of .


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The surface of the Earth is rotating, so it is not an inertial frame of reference. At latitudes nearer the Equator, the outward centrifugal force produced by Earth's rotation is larger than at polar latitudes. This counteracts the Earth's gravity to a small degree – up to a maximum of 0.3% at the Equator – and reduces the apparent downward acceleration of falling objects.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The second major reason for the difference in gravity at different latitudes is that the Earth's equatorial bulge (itself also caused by centrifugal force from rotation) causes objects at the Equator to be farther from the planet's center than objects at the poles. Because the force due to gravitational attraction between two bodies (the Earth and the object being weighed) varies inversely with the square of the distance between them, an object at the Equator experiences a weaker gravitational pull than an object on the pole.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: In combination, the equatorial bulge and the effects of the surface centrifugal force due to rotation mean that sea-level gravity increases from about 9.780 m/s at the Equator to about 9.832 m/s at the poles, so an object will weigh approximately 0.5% more at the poles than at the Equator.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: Gravity decreases with altitude as one rises above the Earth's surface because greater altitude means greater distance from the Earth's centre. All other things being equal, an increase in altitude from sea level to causes a weight decrease of about 0.29%. (An additional factor affecting apparent weight is the decrease in air density at altitude, which lessens an object's buoyancy. This would increase a person's apparent weight at an altitude of 9,000 metres by about 0.08%)


title: Gravity of Earth

text: It is a common misconception that astronauts in orbit are weightless because they have flown high enough to escape the Earth's gravity. In fact, at an altitude of , equivalent to a typical orbit of the ISS, gravity is still nearly 90% as strong as at the Earth's surface. Weightlessness actually occurs because orbiting objects are in free-fall.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The effect of ground elevation depends on the density of the ground (see Slab correction section). A person flying at above sea level over mountains will feel more gravity than someone at the same elevation but over the sea. However, a person standing on the Earth's surface feels less gravity when the elevation is higher.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The formula treats the Earth as a perfect sphere with a radially symmetric distribution of mass; a more accurate mathematical treatment is discussed below.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: An approximate value for gravity at a distance from the center of the Earth can be obtained by assuming that the Earth's density is spherically symmetric. The gravity depends only on the mass inside the sphere of radius . All the contributions from outside cancel out as a consequence of the inverse-square law of gravitation. Another consequence is that the gravity is the same as if all the mass were concentrated at the center. Thus, the gravitational acceleration at this radius is


title: Gravity of Earth

text: where is the gravitational constant and is the total mass enclosed within radius . If the Earth had a constant density , the mass would be and the dependence of gravity on depth would be


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The gravity at depth is given by where is acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth, is depth and is the radius of the Earth.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: If the density decreased linearly with increasing radius from a density at the center to at the surface, then , and the dependence would be


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The actual depth dependence of density and gravity, inferred from seismic travel times (see Adams–Williamson equation), is shown in the graphs below.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: Local differences in topography (such as the presence of mountains), geology (such as the density of rocks in the vicinity), and deeper tectonic structure cause local and regional differences in the Earth's gravitational field, known as gravitational anomalies. Some of these anomalies can be very extensive, resulting in bulges in sea level, and throwing pendulum clocks out of synchronisation.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The study of these anomalies forms the basis of gravitational geophysics. The fluctuations are measured with highly sensitive gravimeters, the effect of topography and other known factors is subtracted, and from the resulting data conclusions are drawn. Such techniques are now used by prospectors to find oil and mineral deposits. Denser rocks (often containing mineral ores) cause higher than normal local gravitational fields on the Earth's surface. Less dense sedimentary rocks cause the opposite.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: There is a strong correlation between the gravity derivation map of earth from NASA GRACE with positions of recent volcanic activity, ridge spreading and volcanos: these regions have a stronger gravitation than theoretical predictions.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: In air or water, objects experience a supporting buoyancy force which reduces the apparent strength of gravity (as measured by an object's weight). The magnitude of the effect depends on the air density (and hence air pressure) or the water density respectively; see Apparent weight for details.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The gravitational effects of the Moon and the Sun (also the cause of the tides) have a very small effect on the apparent strength of Earth's gravity, depending on their relative positions; typical variations are 2 µm/s (0.2 mGal) over the course of a day.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: Gravity acceleration is a vector quantity, with direction in addition to magnitude. In a spherically symmetric Earth, gravity would point directly towards the sphere's centre. As the Earth's figure is slightly flatter, there are consequently significant deviations in the direction of gravity: essentially the difference between geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude. Smaller deviations, called vertical deflection, are caused by local mass anomalies, such as mountains.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: Tools exist for calculating the strength of gravity at various cities around the world. The effect of latitude can be clearly seen with gravity in high-latitude cities: Anchorage (9.826 m/s), Helsinki (9.825 m/s), being about 0.5% greater than that in cities near the equator: Kuala Lumpur (9.776 m/s). The effect of altitude can be seen in Mexico City (9.776 m/s; altitude ), and by comparing Denver (9.798 m/s; ) with Washington, D.C. (9.801 m/s; ), both of which are near 39° N. Measured values can be obtained from Physical and Mathematical Tables by T.M. Yarwood and F. Castle, Macmillan, revised edition 1970.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: If the terrain is at sea level, we can estimate, for the Geodetic Reference System 1980, formula_6, the acceleration at latitude formula_7:


title: Gravity of Earth

text: This is the International Gravity Formula 1967, the 1967 Geodetic Reference System Formula, Helmert's equation or Clairaut's formula.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: An alternative formula for "g" as a function of latitude is the WGS (World Geodetic System) 84 Ellipsoidal Gravity Formula:


title: Gravity of Earth

text: From the law of universal gravitation, the force on a body acted upon by Earth's gravitational force is given by


title: Gravity of Earth

text: where "r" is the distance between the centre of the Earth and the body (see below), and here we take formula_19 to be the mass of the Earth and "m" to be the mass of the body.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: Additionally, Newton's second law, "F" = "ma", where "m" is mass and "a" is acceleration, here tells us that


title: Gravity of Earth

text: So, to find the acceleration due to gravity at sea level, substitute the values of the gravitational constant, "G", the Earth's mass (in kilograms), "m", and the Earth's radius (in metres), "r", to obtain the value of "g":


title: Gravity of Earth

text: This formula only works because of the mathematical fact that the gravity of a uniform spherical body, as measured on or above its surface, is the same as if all its mass were concentrated at a point at its centre. This is what allows us to use the Earth's radius for "r".


title: Gravity of Earth

text: The value obtained agrees approximately with the measured value of "g". The difference may be attributed to several factors, mentioned above under "Variations":


title: Gravity of Earth

text: There are significant uncertainties in the values of "r" and "m" as used in this calculation, and the value of "G" is also rather difficult to measure precisely.


title: Gravity of Earth

text: If "G", "g" and "r" are known then a reverse calculation will give an estimate of the mass of the Earth. This method was used by Henry Cavendish.


title: The Four Agreements

text: The Four Agreements: A Practical Guide to Personal Freedom is a self-help book by bestselling author Don Miguel Ruiz. The book offers a code of conduct claiming to be based on ancient Toltec wisdom that advocates freedom from self-limiting beliefs that may cause suffering and limitation in a person's life.


title: The Four Agreements

text: First published in 1997, the book has sold over 12 million copies in the US and has been translated into 48 languages worldwide. The book gained popularity after being endorsed by Oprah Winfrey on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" in 2001 and again on the television show in 2013. The book was also on the "New York Times" bestseller list for over a decade.


title: The Four Agreements

text: The book takes inspiration from a set of spiritual beliefs held by the ancient Toltec people to help readers transform their lives into a new experience of freedom, true happiness, and love. According to the author, everything a person does is based on 'agreements' they have made with themselves, with others, with God, and with life itself. In these agreements, people may tell themselves who they are, how to behave, what is possible, and what is impossible. Some agreements that individuals create may not cause issues, but there are certain agreements that come from a place of fear and have the power to deplete one's emotional energy as well as diminish the self-worth of a person. The book states that these self-limiting agreements are what creates needless suffering. Ruiz also believes that to find personal joy, one must get rid of society-imposed and fear-based agreements that may subconsciously influence the behavior and mindset of the individual. Another basic premise of the book suggests that much of suffering is self-created and that most of the time, individuals have the ability to transform themselves and the negative thoughts they may have about situations occurring within their life. The author identifies sources of unhappiness in life and proposes four beneficial agreements that one can make with oneself to improve ones overall state of well-being. By making a pact with these four key agreements, an individual is able to dramatically impact the amount of happiness they feel in their lives, regardless of external circumstances.


title: The Four Agreements

text: Ruiz states that while this agreement is the most important, it is the most difficult one to honor. For this agreement, Ruiz first analyzes the word "impeccable". The word impeccable comes from the Latin word peccatus meaning "sin", and the "im" in the beginning of impeccable is the Latin prefix that means "without". Ruiz describes a sin to be anything that goes against oneself, and therefore being impeccable with language means to take responsibility for one's actions and remain without judgment against oneself and others. In essence, this agreement focuses on the significance of speaking with integrity and carefully choosing words before saying them aloud.


title: The Four Agreements

text: The second agreement provides readers with a way to deal with hurtful treatment from others that they may experience in life. It advocates the importance of having a strong sense of self and not needing to rely on the opinions of others in order to be content and satisfied with their self-image. This agreement also allows readers to understand the notion that each individual has a unique worldview that alters their own perceptions, and that the actions and beliefs of a person is a projection of their own personal reality. Ruiz believes that anger, jealousy, envy, and even sadness can lessen or dissipate once an individual stops taking things personally.


title: The Four Agreements

text: The third agreement describes the issue of making assumptions, how it leads to suffering, and why individuals should not partake in making them. When one assumes what others are thinking, it can create stress and interpersonal conflict because the person believes their assumption is a representation of the truth. Ruiz believes that a solution to overcoming the act of making an assumption is to ask questions and ensure that the communication is clear between the persons involved.


title: The Four Agreements

text: The fourth agreement allows readers to have better insight into achieving progress towards their goals in life. This agreement entails integrating the first three agreements into daily life and also living to one's full potential. It involves doing the best that one can individually manage, which varies from the different situations and circumstances that the individual may encounter. Ruiz believes that if one does their best in any given moment, they will be able to avoid self-judgment and regret. By incorporating the first three agreements and doing the best they can in all facets of life, individuals will be able to live a life free from sorrow and self-ridicule.


title: The Four Agreements

text: The book was originally published in 1997 by Amber-Allen publishing in San Rafael, California. The book has been translated into 48 languages including Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Bulgarian, Mongolian, Turkish, Slovak, Czech, and Armenian. An illustrated edition was later published by the same company in 2010 to celebrate the 15th anniversary of the book.


title: The Four Agreements

text: In 2001, the book was featured in "O, The Oprah Magazine", where the author had an interview with comedian and television host Ellen DeGeneres regarding the book. The book was also featured on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" in 2001 and on the television show "Super Soul Sunday" in 2013. The book spent over two years on "Publishers Weekly" bestsellers list and spent over a decade on the "New York Times" bestseller list.


title: The Four Agreements

text: Ashley Rao of Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors wrote that "Regardless of where we land on the spiritual spectrum—from skeptic to believer and across religious creeds—the application of Ruiz's tenets offers opportunities for transformation within our journey through grief." Rachel Thompson of HuffPost says the book "is an extremely helpful book you can put into daily practice in dealing with criticism of any kind."


title: The Four Agreements

text: Tom Brady holds the book in high regard, crediting it with helping him recover from the trauma of the Deflategate controversy. He told a reporter: "I take everything from it... There isn't a wrong word in that book."


title: The Four Agreements

text: In addition to the book and audiobook, there is also an eBook, a four-color illustrated book, a card-deck, a companion book, and an online course available.


title: Battle of the Coral Sea

text: The Battle of the Coral Sea, from 4 to 8 May 1942, was a major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and naval and air forces of the United States and Australia. Taking place in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, the battle is historically significant as the first action in which the opposing fleets neither sighted nor fired upon one another, attacking over the horizon with aircraft carriers instead.


title: Battle of the Coral Sea

text: To strengthen their defensive position in the South Pacific, the Japanese decided to invade and occupy Port Moresby (in New Guinea) and Tulagi (in the southeastern Solomon Islands). The plan, Operation Mo, involved several major units of Japan's Combined Fleet. Two fleet carriers and a light carrier were assigned to provide air cover for the invasion forces, under the overall command of Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue. The U.S. learned of the Japanese plan through signals intelligence and sent two U.S. Navy carrier task forces and a joint Australian-American cruiser force to oppose the offensive, under the overall command of U.S. Admiral Frank J. Fletcher.


title: Battle of the Coral Sea

text: On 3–4 May, Japanese forces successfully invaded and occupied Tulagi, although several supporting warships were sunk or damaged in a surprise attack by the U.S. carrier . Alerted to the presence of enemy aircraft carriers, the Japanese fleet carriers advanced towards the Coral Sea to locate and destroy the Allied naval forces. On the evening of 6 May, the two carrier fleets closed to within but did not detect each other in the darkness. The next day, both fleets launched airstrikes against what they thought was the enemy fleet carriers, but both sides actually attacked other targets. The U.S. sank the Japanese light carrier , and the Japanese sank a U.S. destroyer and damaged the fleet oiler "Neosho". On 8 May, both sides finally located and attacked the other's fleet carriers, with the Japanese fleet carrier damaged, the U.S. fleet carrier critically damaged and later scuttled, and the fleet carrier "Yorktown" lightly damaged.


title: Battle of the Coral Sea

text: Both sides having suffered heavy aircraft losses and carriers sunk or damaged, the two forces disengaged and retired from the area. Because of the loss of carrier air cover, Inoue also recalled the Port Moresby invasion fleet. Although the battle was a tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk, it has been described as a strategic victory for the Allies. The battle marked the first time since the start of the war that a major Japanese advance had been turned back. More importantly, the damage to "Shōkaku" and the aircraft losses of prevented both ships from participating in the Battle of Midway in the following month.


title: Battle of the Coral Sea

text: On 8 December 1941 (7 December U.S. time), Japan declared war on the U.S. and the British Empire, after Japanese forces attacked Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong as well as the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor. In launching this war, Japanese leaders sought to neutralize the U.S. fleet, seize territory rich in natural resources, and obtain strategic military bases to defend their far-flung empire. In the words of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) Combined Fleet's "Secret Order Number One", dated 1 November 1941, the goals of the initial Japanese campaigns in the impending war were to "[eject] British and American strength from the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines, [and] to establish a policy of autonomous self-sufficiency and economic independence."