title: Electric field

text: The electric field can be visualized with a set of lines whose direction at each point is the same as the field's, a concept introduced by Michael Faraday, whose term 'lines of force' is still sometimes used. This illustration has the useful property that the field's strength is proportional to the density of the lines. The field lines are the paths that a point positive charge would follow as it is forced to move within the field, similar to trajectories that masses follow within a gravitational field. Field lines due to stationary charges have several important properties, including always originating from positive charges and terminating at negative charges, they enter all good conductors at right angles, and they never cross or close in on themselves. The field lines are a representative concept; the field actually permeates all the intervening space between the lines. More or fewer lines may be drawn depending on the precision to which it is desired to represent the field. The study of electric fields created by stationary charges is called electrostatics.


title: Electric field

text: Faraday's law describes the relationship between a time-varying magnetic field and the electric field. One way of stating Faraday's law is that the curl of the electric field is equal to the negative time derivative of the magnetic field. In the absence of time-varying magnetic field, the electric field is therefore called conservative (i.e. curl-free). This implies there are two kinds of electric fields: electrostatic fields and fields arising from time-varying magnetic fields. While the curl-free nature of the static electric field allows for a simpler treatment using electrostatics, time-varying magnetic fields are generally treated as a component of a unified electromagnetic field. The study of time varying magnetic and electric fields is called electrodynamics.


title: Electric field

text: Electric fields are caused by electric charges, described by Gauss's law, and time varying magnetic fields, described by Faraday's law of induction. Together, these laws are enough to define the behavior of the electric field. However, since the magnetic field is described as a function of electric field, the equations of both fields are coupled and together form Maxwell's equations that describe both fields as a function of charges and currents.


title: Electric field

text: In the special case of a steady state (stationary charges and currents), the Maxwell-Faraday inductive effect disappears. The resulting two equations (Gauss's law formula_1 and Faraday's law with no induction term formula_2), taken together, are equivalent to Coulomb's law, which states that a particle with electric charge formula_3 at position formula_4 exerts a force on a particle with charge formula_5 at position formula_6 of:


title: Electric field

text: where formula_8 is the unit vector in the direction from point formula_4 to point formula_6, and is the electric constant (also known as "the absolute permittivity of free space") with the unit C⋅m⋅N.


title: Electric field

text: Note that formula_11, the vacuum electric permittivity, must be substituted with formula_12, permittivity, when charges are in non-empty media.


title: Electric field

text: When the charges formula_5 and formula_3 have the same sign this force is positive, directed away from the other charge, indicating the particles repel each other. When the charges have unlike signs the force is negative, indicating the particles attract.


title: Electric field

text: To make it easy to calculate the Coulomb force on any charge at position formula_6 this expression can be divided by formula_5 leaving an expression that only depends on the other charge (the "source" charge)


title: Electric field

text: This is the "electric field" at point formula_6 due to the point charge formula_3; it is a vector-valued function equal to the Coulomb force per unit charge that a positive point charge would experience at the position formula_6.


title: Electric field

text: Since this formula gives the electric field magnitude and direction at any point formula_6 in space (except at the location of the charge itself, formula_4, where it becomes infinite) it defines a vector field.


title: Electric field

text: From the above formula it can be seen that the electric field due to a point charge is everywhere directed away from the charge if it is positive, and toward the charge if it is negative, and its magnitude decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the charge.


title: Electric field

text: The Coulomb force on a charge of magnitude formula_23 at any point in space is equal to the product of the charge and the electric field at that point


title: Electric field

text: The SI unit of the electric field is the newton per coulomb (N/C), or volt per meter (V/m); in terms of the SI base units it is kg⋅m⋅s⋅A.


title: Electric field

text: Due to the linearity of Maxwell's equations, electric fields satisfy the superposition principle, which states that the total electric field, at a point, due to a collection of charges is equal to the vector sum of the electric fields at that point due to the individual charges. This principle is useful in calculating the field created by multiple point charges. If charges formula_25 are stationary in space at points formula_26, in the absence of currents, the superposition principle says that the resulting field is the sum of fields generated by each particle as described by Coulomb's law:


title: Electric field

text: The superposition principle allows for the calculation of the electric field due to a continuous distribution of charge formula_31 (where formula_32 is the charge density in coulombs per cubic meter). By considering the charge formula_33 in each small volume of space formula_34 at point formula_35 as a point charge, the resulting electric field, formula_36, at point formula_30 can be calculated as


title: Electric field

text: where formula_39 is the unit vector pointing from formula_35 to formula_30. The total field is then found by "adding up" the contributions from all the increments of volume by integrating over the volume of the charge distribution formula_42:


title: Electric field

text: Similar equations follow for a surface charge with continuous charge distribution formula_44 where formula_45 is the charge density in coulombs per square meter


title: Electric field

text: and for line charges with continuous charge distribution formula_47 where formula_48 is the charge density in coulombs per meter.


title: Electric field

text: If a system is static, such that magnetic fields are not time-varying, then by Faraday's law, the electric field is curl-free. In this case, one can define an electric potential, that is, a function formula_50 such that This is analogous to the gravitational potential. The difference between the electric potential at two points in space is called the potential difference (or voltage) between the two points.


title: Electric field

text: In general, however, the electric field cannot be described independently of the magnetic field. Given the magnetic vector potential, , defined so that one can still define an electric potential formula_51 such that:


title: Electric field

text: where formula_53 is the gradient of the electric potential and formula_54 is the partial derivative of A with respect to time.


title: Electric field

text: The equations of electromagnetism are best described in a continuous description. However, charges are sometimes best described as discrete points; for example, some models may describe electrons as point sources where charge density is infinite on an infinitesimal section of space.


title: Electric field

text: A charge formula_23 located at formula_57 can be described mathematically as a charge density formula_58, where the Dirac delta function (in three dimensions) is used. Conversely, a charge distribution can be approximated by many small point charges.


title: Electric field

text: Electrostatic fields are electric fields that do not change with time. Such fields are present when systems of charged matter are stationary, or when electric currents are unchanging. In that case, Coulomb's law fully describes the field.


title: Electric field

text: Since the physical interpretation of this indicates that the electric field at a point is governed by the particle's state at a point of time in the future, it is considered as an unphysical solution and hence neglected. However, there have been theories exploring the advanced time solutions of maxwell's equations, such as Feynman Wheeler absorber theory.


title: Electric field

text: The above equation, although consistent with that of uniformly moving point charges as well as its non-relativistic limit, are not corrected for quantum-mechanical effects.


title: Sana (singer)

text: , known mononymously as Sana (; ), is a Japanese singer based in South Korea. She is one of three Japanese members of the South Korean girl group Twice, formed in 2015 by JYP Entertainment.


title: Sana (singer)

text: Sana wanted to become a singer and dancer early on and was inspired by K-pop groups such as Girls' Generation. In addition to her native Japanese, she can also speak Korean and basic English.


title: Sana (singer)

text: Sana began training with EXPG in Osaka in 2009, originally planning to be a singer in Japan, rather than South Korea. During her middle school years, she was scouted by a JYP Entertainment (JYPE) employee at a shopping mall and was invited to participate in the annual JYP Japan audition the following day. Sana passed the audition and joined the JYPE trainee program in South Korea in April 2012. She trained for over three years before her eventual debut with Twice. At one time, she was expected to become a member of a new JYPE girl group; however, this project was cancelled. In 2014, Sana appeared in Got7's music video for "A" as a waitress.


title: Sana (singer)

text: In 2015, Sana participated in the music survival show "Sixteen", a reality television series to determine the members of Twice. Out of the sixteen contestants, Sana was selected as one of the nine members of the newly formed girl group. She officially debuted with Twice in October 2015 with the title song "Like Ooh-Ahh" from their debut extended play "The Story Begins". Known for her energetic and cheerful personality, she has received recognition in both South Korea and abroad, and her popularity has been credited with helping to improve relations between Japan and South Korea. In Gallup Korea's annual music poll for 2018, Sana was voted the 17th most popular idol in South Korea, the highest-ranked Japanese individual in the poll. She ranked 15th in the 2019 poll. In 2019, Sana also ranked as the most popular female K-pop idol in a survey of soldiers completing mandatory military service in South Korea.


title: Sana (singer)

text: In February 2021, Sana became the first Twice member to release a solo single after she covered "Sotsugyou", a 2020 single by Japanese band Kobukuro. The cover, which includes an a cappella version, was released as a digital single through Warner Music Japan. She released a version with Kobukuro themselves in March 2021.


title: Sana (singer)

text: Outside of Twice, Sana was featured in several advertisements and has promoted various brands and products. In 2021, Sana and Twice bandmate Dahyun became models for skincare brand A'pieu. In March 2022, Sana became a model for cosmetic brand Wakemake.


title: Sana (singer)

text: All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database unless stated otherwise.


title: Jennifer Aniston filmography

text: Jennifer Aniston is an American actress, producer, and businesswoman who made her film debut in the 1988 comic science fiction film "Mac and Me" in an uncredited role of a dancer in McDonald's. Two years later, she made her television debut in the short-lived television series "Molloy" (1990) followed that year by a starring role in "Ferris Bueller", a television adaptation of the 1986 film "Ferris Bueller's Day Off"; both series were cancelled in their first seasons. In 1993, she starred as the young heroine in the horror comedy "Leprechaun", her first major role in a feature film. She was offered a spot as a featured player on "Saturday Night Live" but turned this down to accept a starring role on the NBC television sitcom "Friends" (1994–2004).


title: Jennifer Aniston filmography

text: Aniston gained worldwide recognition for portraying Rachel Green on "Friends", a role which earned her five Primetime Emmy Award nominations (two for Supporting Actress, three for Lead Actress), winning one for Lead Actress and also a Golden Globe Award. During its ninth and tenth seasons, Aniston became one of the highest-paid television actors of all time, earning $1 million for each episode. In 2003, Aniston appeared in the fantasy comedy "Bruce Almighty", starring opposite Jim Carrey, Morgan Freeman, and Steve Carell. In the film she portrayed Grace Connelly whose boyfriend (Carey) is offered the chance to be God for one week. The film grossed $484 million worldwide, making it Aniston's biggest commercial success in film. In 2004, she starred in the romantic comedy "Along Came Polly" alongside Ben Stiller, for which she received a nomination for Best Dance Sequence at the MTV Movie & TV Awards. In 2006, she appeared in Peyton Reed's romantic comedy-drama "The Break-Up". In the film, she plays Brooke who breaks up with her boyfriend (Vince Vaughn) but does not want to move out of his luxurious condo. For "The Break-Up", she was nominated for two People's Choice Awards and two Teen Choice Awards, winning the former for Favorite Female Movie Star and the latter for Movies – Choice Chemistry (shared with Vaughn).


title: Jennifer Aniston filmography

text: Following "The Break-Up", Aniston starred in commercially successful films including "Marley & Me" (2005), "He's Just Not That Into You" (2009), "The Bounty Hunter" (2010), and "Wanderlust" (2012). In "Marley & Me" (2005), she starred as newlywed Jenny Grogan opposite Owen Wilson, based on the memoir of the same name by John Grogan. The film grossed $247.8 million at the box office, and she received two national nominations including the Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actress. In 2010, she appeared as a guest star on the sitcom "Cougar Town" alongside former "Friends" co-star Courteney Cox. In 2014, Aniston starred in Daniel Barnz's drama "Cake", with her role highly praised by some critics. She received numerous awards and nominations for her dramatic performance, including nominations for a Golden Globe and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and she won the Montecito Award at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival. In 2019, she starred in the web television drama series "The Morning Show", for which she is also the executive producer. For her performance in "The Morning Show", she was nominated for a Golden Globe.


title: Jennifer Aniston filmography

text: Aside from acting, Aniston has directed three films including "Room 10," "Burma: It Can't Wait," and "Five""." She has also appeared in several music videos, video games, and theatrical plays. Along with Brad Pitt and Brad Grey, former CEO of Paramount Pictures, Aniston founded the film production company Plan B Entertainment in 2002; she and Grey withdrew in 2005. In 2008, Aniston and Kristin Hahn co-founded the production company Echo Films.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle (IAR) is a 5.56mm select-fire assault rifle, based on the HK416 by Heckler & Koch. It is used by the United States Marine Corps (USMC) and is intended to be issued to all infantry riflemen as well as automatic riflemen. The USMC initially planned to purchase 6,500 M27s to replace a portion of the M249 light machine guns employed by automatic riflemen within Infantry and Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions. Approximately 8,000–10,000 M249s will remain in service with the Marine Corps to be used at the discretion of company commanders. In December 2017, the Marine Corps announced that it would equip every member of an infantry squad with the M27, replacing the current M4 carbines and M16A4 rifles.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: In 1999, a Universal Need Statement was issued for an IAR. Around 2000, the 1st Marine Division’s 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines Regiment conducted initial, limited IAR trials which confirmed the desirability of a light automatic rifle. The key difference between a lighter infantry rifle and a more heavily built "automatic rifle" is the ability of the latter to maintain sustained continuous fire without: stoppages; overheating the barrel or receiver; or losing accuracy. Experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan resulted in formal requests for recommendations. The Universal Need Statement spent six years going through the procurement process before an official program was begun and a list of required capabilities was created in early 2005.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The Infantry Automatic Rifle program began on 14 July 2005, when the Marine Corps sent Requests For Information to arms manufacturers. Characteristics desired in the weapon included: portability and maneuverability; similarity in appearance to other rifles in the squad, reducing the likelihood that the gunner will receive special attention from the enemy; facilitation of the gunner's participation in counter-insurgency operations and capability of maintaining a high volume of fire. An initial requirement for a magazine with a minimum capacity of 100 rounds was dropped in favor of the 30-round STANAG magazine because, at the start of testing, available 100-round magazines were unreliable. Caliber was specified as 5.56×45mm with non-linked ammunition, so as to achieve commonality with existing service rifles.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: In 2006, contracts were issued to several manufacturers for sample weapons. Fabrique Nationale d'Herstal submitted an IAR variant of the FN SCAR, Heckler & Koch (H&K) submitted an HK416 variant, and Colt Defense submitted two designs. Companies that attempted to compete but were not accepted as finalists for testing included the Land Warfare Resources Corporation M6A4 IAR, Patriot Ordnance Factory, and General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products with the CIS Ultimax 100 MK5 (marketed as the GDATP IAR).


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: In December 2009, the H&K weapon won the competition and entered into a five-month period of final testing. In the summer of 2010, it was formally designated as the M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: After the Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity conducted further testing at Twentynine Palms, Fort McCoy and Camp Shelby (for dust, cold-weather, and hot-weather conditions, respectively), limited fielding of 458 IARs were sent to four infantry battalions (one per each Marine expeditionary force one reserve) and one light armored reconnaissance battalion, all of which deployed to Afghanistan in 2011.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: In May 2011, Marine General James F. Amos approved the conclusion of the Limited User Evaluation (LUE) and ordered the replacement of the M249 LMG by the M27. Fielding of the approximately 6,500 M27 units was completed by 2013, at a cost of $13 million. Each M27 gunner was to be equipped with around 22 30-round magazines of the type currently in use with the M16 and M4 carbine approximating the combat load of an M249 SAW gunner; although the M27 gunner would not be expected to carry all 22 magazines. The individual combat load would be determined at the unit level and was expected to vary by unit, based on results of evaluations. Though program officials were aware that switching from the belt-fed M249 would result in a loss of suppressive fire capability, Charles Clark III, of the Marine Corps' Combat Development and Integration Office, cited the substantially increased accuracy of the M27 as a significant factor in the decision to replace the M249.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: In early 2017, Commandant of the Marine Corps General Robert Neller said he wanted to equip every "0311" rifleman with an M27 IAR. Because of that, the Marine Corps issued a request in early 2017 for 11,000 M27 IARs from H&K. While talking about the Corps' request, Chris Woodburn, deputy of the Maneuver Branch, Fires and Maneuver Integration at Marine Corps Combat Development Command, said: "The new order will replace all M4s in every infantry squad with an M27, except for the squad leader." He also stated that the change includes infantry training battalions. The timeline for funding was planned for fiscal years 2019 and 2020, with the Corps acquiring some of the rifles in fiscal year 2018. As of August 2017, officials stated that "riflemen are the top priority," but that the M27 "will be in the hands of combat engineers and light armored reconnaissance battalion scouts next." The Corps later issued a pre-solicitation notice for the M27. "The new pre-solicitation notice of 50,184 [M27s]," said Woodburn, "is [meant] to up the production capacity that H&K must be able to meet as the sole-source provider [of the M27], should the Marines decide to order more in the future." At SHOT Show 2018, the Marine Corps announced that the deal with H&K to produce 11,000 M27s for the Marine Corps had been finalized and that the M27 IAR would be adopted as the standard issue service rifle of the Marine Corps infantry, replacing the M4A1. In 2019, it was reported that the last of the M27s would arrive at the Marine Corps inventory and are expected to be in the hands of each infantryman from platoon commander and below by mid-2021. Ultimately, the Marines bought just over 14,000 M27s, Manny Pacheco, spokesman for Marine Corps Systems Command, told "Marine Corps Times".


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: While Marine Corps Systems Command was optimistic about operational testing, former Marine Commandant General James T. Conway remained skeptical because of the reduction in firepower at the fireteam-level that would result if the M27 was adopted. He felt that, while more accurate, it was unlikely that the M27 could provide fire superiority over the belt-fed M249 SAW. A magazine-fed rifle, requiring frequent reloading, would not be able to sustain the same rate of fire. In a firefight, squad members carrying extra magazines for the M27 might not always be in a position to supply them to the gunner. Further, the SAW was already a battle-proven weapon. It was also significant that the Army had chosen not to pursue the IAR concept.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The notion that the M27 represents a reduction in suppressive fire has spawned considerable debate between proponents of the M249 SAW within the infantry and those who advocate that a lighter, more maneuverable, and accurate weapon is sufficient to support offensive operations at the squad level. With the M249 SAW, the doctrine of fire suppression is the sound of continuous fire with rounds landing close to the enemy. While the M249's volume of fire may be greater, it is less accurate. Experienced troops who have dealt with incoming fire are less likely to take cover from incoming rounds if they are not close enough. With an IAR, the doctrine is that lower volume of fire is needed with better accuracy. Fewer rounds need to be used, and automatic riflemen can remain in combat longer and in more situations.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The IAR was initially fielded in December 2010. 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines were deployed to Afghanistan in April 2011 with 84 IARs. Former SAW gunners initially did not like the M27 but appreciated it as time went on. It weighed 9 lb (4 kg) loaded, compared to 22 lb (10 kg) for an M249, which was a significant difference when on five-hour missions. Gunners said it was "two weapons in one," being able to fire single shots accurately out to 800 meters and have fully automatic fire. It also blended in with standard M16-style service rifles, making it difficult for enemy forces to identify the machine gunner.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The battalion leadership saw the M27 IAR as better at preventing collateral damage, as it is more controllable on fully automatic than the M249. Concern of volume of fire loss was made up through training courses developed in December 2010. With the M249 SAW, the idea of suppression was volume of fire and the sound of the machine gun. With the M27 IAR, the idea of suppression shifts to engaging with precision fire, as it has rifle accuracy at long range and fully automatic fire at short range. Shooters transitioned from long-range precision fire at 700 meters to short-to-medium-range suppressive fire at 200 meters, both while in the prone position. Some gunners in combat have been used as designated marksmen. An M27 gunner with one aimed shot has the effect of three or four automatic shots from the SAW and still has the option of a heavier volume with an accurate grouping.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: Marines issued with the M27 enjoy its familiarity with the M4-style weapons in service. Its gas-operated short-stroke piston action with a rotating bolt runs cooler, cleaner, requires less maintenance, has less internal parts wear and is less susceptible to malfunctions compared to previous direct impingement M4/M16 style weapons. IAR gunners consider the rifle-grade accuracy to be a huge improvement over the SAW, despite the loss of sustained firing. With a shrinking budget, the Marine Corps is looking at ways to implement the IAR as a multipurpose weapon. Suggestions included use as an automatic rifle and as a designated marksman rifle, a role where it replaced the Squad Advanced Marksman Rifle. Additionally, the free-floating barrel offers improved accuracy at approximately 2 MOA compared with 4.5 MOA for M16A4 rifles.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The M27 is based on the H&K HK416. It features a gas-operated short-stroke piston action with a rotating bolt and a free-floating barrel. The handguard has four MIL-STD-1913 Picatinny rails for use with accessories and optics. The simpler gas-piston rifle system reduces the amount of time it takes to resolve malfunctions on the IAR compared with the M249. Alternate calibers other than 5.56 mm are being considered for the M27.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The M27 usually draws ammunition from a standard 30-round STANAG magazine. The improved STANAG magazine with the tan-colored anti-tilt follower is favored over the previous version with the green follower because it can be inserted more easily, and the anti-tilt follower can handle high rates of fully automatic fire with less chance of malfunction. There have been issues with some STANAG magazines sticking in the magwell, especially when painted and/or damaged. While a rifleman normally carries 7 30-round magazines, an IAR gunner has to carry up to 16 and may carry as many as 21, because of his role and fully automatic rate of fire. The magazine well has a flared opening that aids in magazine insertion, but a PMAG 30 GEN M2 magazine cannot be inserted because of the frontal plastic bevel on the PMAG.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: Because the M27 cannot be fed from the widely-used M2 PMAG magazines that M4s or M16 rifles in the squad could take, the Marines banned the polymer PMAG for issue to prevent interchangeability issues. In response, Magpul began the process of arranging verification and official testing for their improved PMAG 30 GEN M3 magazine, which is compatible with both the M27 and M16-series rifles. After Marine Corps testing of the M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round with the M27 showed reliability problems from feeding issues from standard magazines, the PMAG 30 GEN M3 Window, which had better reliability with the EPR, was approved for use by Marines in December 2016 so that M27 gunners who receive M855A1 rounds do not face such issues. High capacity magazines of between 50 and 100 rounds are being explored.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The M27 is an HK416 variant with accessories required by the Marine Corps. It is issued with the Vickers Combat Applications sling and rail sling mounts, AIM Manta Rail Covers, Harris bipod, KAC backup iron sights, a foregrip, and bayonet lug. The M27 initially had a grip pod, which is a foregrip with bipod legs inside, but it was later replaced by a separate foregrip and bipod.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The standard optic is the Trijicon Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG) Squad Day Optic (SDO), officially designated the Sight Unit, SU-258/PVQ Squad Day Optic. It is a 3.5×35 machine gun optic that has a Ruggedized Miniature Reflex (RMR) sight screwed on top for close-quarters engagements under 100 meters. Created for the SAW, the day optic offers slightly less magnification but longer eye relief than the ACOG Rifle Combat Optic (RCO) on M16s and M4s. The longer relief helps reduce injury risk from recoil.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: In February 2020, it was announced that Trijicon would deliver approximately 19,000 units of its newer 1-8x28 Variable Combat Optical Gunsight (VCOG) between 2021 and 2023 under the Squad Common Optic (SCO) designation. The VCOG SCO is a variable-power magnified day optic that comprises a noncaliber-specific reticle and an illuminated or nonilluminated aim-point and is intended to supplement the attrition and replacement of the older ACOG RCO and SDO sights for weapons including the M27. Fielding of the VCOG SCO began in January 2021.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: In January 2017, a USMC unit deployed with suppressors mounted to their M27 rifles as part of a concept to suppress every weapon in an infantry battalion. Exercises showed that having all weapons suppressed improved squad communication and surprise during engagements; disadvantages included additional heat and weight, increased maintenance, and the greater cost of equipping so many troops with the attachment. In July 2020, the Marine Corps announced it would be ordering suppressors for use by all M27s used by close combat units. The Marines began to rollout suppressors for all M27s in infantry, reconnaissance and special operations units in December 2020.


title: M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle

text: The M38 designated marksman rifle (M38 DMR) is an M27 fitted with a Leupold TS-30A2 Mark 4 MR/T 2.5-8x36mm variable power scope, the same optic fitted on the Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle. Although certain selected M27s had been employed as marksman rifles since 2016, the M38 version uses an optic with greater magnification. The naming of the M38 followed a similar convention to the M27, being named after the 3rd Battalion, 8th Marines unit that tested the rifle. By April 2018, fielding to all three Marine expeditionary forces had been completed. One M38 marksman version, fitted with a scope and QDSS suppressor, is to be fielded per infantry squad to engage targets out to 600 meters. Full operational capability is planned for September 2018. Since the fielding of VCOG optics to standard M27 IARs, the status of the M38 as the standard DMR and the distinction (if any) between it and other M27 rifles is uncertain.


title: Deaths of Kris Kremers and Lisanne Froon

text: Kris Kremers and Lisanne Froon were Dutch students who disappeared on 1 April 2014, while hiking the "El Pianista" trail in Panama. After an extensive search, portions of their bodies were found a few months later. Their cause of death could not be determined definitively, but Dutch authorities working with forensic and search-rescue investigators initially thought it likely the students had accidentally fallen from a cliff after becoming lost. However, foul play could not be entirely ruled out, and is considered by some much more likely due to other remains being found. The circumstances and aftermath of their disappearance have resulted in much speculation about their final days.


text: Panamanian authorities came under fire for allegedly mishandling the disappearance and aftermath. Further investigation into the case in 2017 raised questions about the initial investigation, as well as a possible link to murders in the area. Although many theories have been presented as to what happened to Kremers and Froon, no official cause of death has been ruled.


text: Kris Kremers (21) and Lisanne Froon (22) both grew up in Amersfoort, Utrecht, in the Netherlands. Kremers was described as an open, creative, and responsible individual, while Froon was described as aspiring, optimistic, intelligent, and a passionate volleyball player. Kremers had just completed her studies in cultural social education, specializing in art education at the University of Utrecht; Froon had graduated with a degree in applied psychology from Deventer.


text: Only a few weeks prior to leaving for Panama, Froon had moved in with Kremers in a dorm room in Amersfoort, and they worked together at the café/restaurant called ‘"In den Kleinen Hap"’. They both saved up money for six months and planned to go to Panama together on a special six-week vacation, hoping to learn Spanish and to do something of significance for the locals, particularly volunteering with children. The trip was also supposed to be a reward to Froon for graduating.


text: Kremers and Froon arrived in Panama on 15 March 2014. They toured the country for two weeks before arriving in Boquete, Chiriquí, on 29 March to live with a local family for a month while volunteering with children. On 1 April around 11:00, they went hiking near the clouded forests that surrounded the Baru volcano, on the "El Pianista" trail, not far from Boquete. Some sources say they took with them a dog that belonged to the owners of the ‘"Il Pianista"’ restaurant, but this has not been confirmed. The women wrote on Facebook that they intended to walk around Boquete, and it was reported that they had been seen having brunch with two young Dutch men before embarking on the trail.


text: Some sources claim the owners of the restaurant became alarmed when their dog returned home that night without Kremers and Froon. Froon's parents stopped receiving text messages, which both women had been sending to their families daily. On the morning of 2 April, the women missed an appointment with a local guide. On 6 April, their parents arrived in Panama along with police, dog units, and detectives from the Netherlands to conduct a full-scale search of the forests for ten days. The parents offered a US$30,000 reward for any information leading to the whereabouts of Kremers and Froon.


text: Ten weeks later, on 14 June, a local woman turned in Froon's blue backpack, which she reported finding by a riverbank near her village of Alto Romero, in the Bocas del Toro Province. The backpack contained two pairs of sunglasses, US$83 in cash, Froon's passport, a water bottle, Froon's camera, two bras, and the women's phonesin good condition.


text: The women's phones showed that around six hours after the beginning of their hike someone dialed 112 (international emergency number in use in The Netherlands) and 9-1-1 (the emergency number in Panama). The first distress call attempt was made by Kremers' iPhone 4 at 16:39 (4:39 p.m) and, shortly after that, another attempt was made from Froon's Samsung Galaxy S III at 16:51 (4:51 p.m), but none of the calls got through due to lack of reception in the area. None of the subsequent call attempts ever managed to go through, either.


text: On 4 April, Froon's phone battery became exhausted after 05:00 and the phone was never used again. Kremers' iPhone would not make any more calls either but was intermittently turned on to search for reception. Between 5 and 11 April, the iPhone was turned on multiple times but without ever entering the correct PIN code again (either no PIN or a wrong PIN code was entered). On 11 April, the phone was turned on at 10:51h (10:51am) and was turned off for the last time at 11:56h (11:56am).


text: Froon's Canon camera contained photos from 1 April suggesting that the women had taken a trail at the overlook of the Continental Divide and wandered into some wilderness hours before their first attempt at making emergency calls, but with no signs of anything unusual. On 8 April, ninety flash photos were taken between 01:00 and 04:00, apparently deep in the jungle and in near-complete darkness. A few photos show that they were possibly near a river or a ravine. Some show a twig with plastic bags on top of a rock; another shows what looks like a backpack strap and a mirror on another rock, and another shows the back of Kremers' head.


text: The discovery of the backpack led to new searches along the Culubre River. Kremers' denim shorts were found atop a rock on the opposite bank of the tributary, a few kilometres away from where Froon's backpack had been discovered. A rumour claimed that the shorts were found zipped and neatly folded, but pictures of the shorts, published in 2021, disproved this information. Two months later, closer to where the backpack was discovered, a pelvis and a boot with a foot inside were found. Soon, at least 33 widely scattered bones were discovered along the same river bank. DNA testing confirmed they belonged to Kremers and Froon. Froon's bones still had some skin attached to them, but Kremers' bones appeared to have been bleached. A Panamanian forensic anthropologist later claimed that under magnification "there are no discernible scratches of any kind on the bones, neither of natural nor cultural originthere are no marks on the bones at all".


title: Shannon Leto

text: Shannon Leto (; born March 9, 1970) is an American musician best known as the drummer of rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars. He co-founded the group in 1998 in Los Angeles, California, with his younger brother Jared. Their debut album, "30 Seconds to Mars" (2002), was released to positive reviews but only to limited success. The band achieved worldwide fame with the release of their second album "A Beautiful Lie" (2005). Their following releases, "This Is War" (2009) and "Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams" (2013), received further critical and commercial success. As of September 2014, the band has sold over 15 million albums worldwide.


title: Shannon Leto

text: Leto has worked on several side projects during his career, including a collaboration with Antoine Becks, a recording with the short-lived supergroup The Wondergirls, and performing on occasional dates with Street Drum Corps. His creative contribution to music has received praise from musicians and critics. He is noted for his dynamic drumming style and his energetic live performances.


title: Shannon Leto

text: Shannon Leto was born in Bossier City, Louisiana, to Constance Leto (née Metrejon). His mother has Cajun ancestry. "Leto" is a stepfather's surname. His parents divorced when he was a child, and he and his younger brother Jared lived with their mother and their maternal grandparents William Lee Metrejon and Ruby Russell. His father remarried and committed suicide when Shannon was ten. Leto moved frequently with his family from his native Louisiana to different cities around the country. He has two younger half-brothers from his father's second marriage.


title: Shannon Leto

text: Constance joined the hippie movement and encouraged her sons to get involved in the arts. Leto became interested in percussions from the moment he and his brother started playing music together at early age, and his models were artists of many different mediums. "I come from a pretty artistic family," he explained, "There were canvases and paint everywhere, instruments, and all sorts of stuff. It just kind of made sense. I started playing on pots and pans at a very early age, so I just kind of flowed into it. It was just a natural progression." He received his first drum kit when he was ten years old and began teaching himself, developing his own style.


title: Shannon Leto

text: Leto has described his adolescence as a troubled time, in which he used drugs and dropped out of school. He said, "I was in a mess, I felt I didn't belong anywhere", calling himself as an "outsider" who hated conformity and rules, and "took any opportunity to break them." Ultimately, Jared helped him recover from drugs.


title: Shannon Leto

text: Leto formed the rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars in 1998 in Los Angeles, California with his brother Jared. Their debut album had been in the works for a couple of years and was recorded in rural Wyoming during 2001 and early 2002. Their work led to a number of record labels being interested in signing Thirty Seconds to Mars, which eventually signed to Immortal Records. The band worked with producers Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue on their debut album "30 Seconds to Mars", which was released on August 27, 2002, in the United States through Immortal and Virgin. It reached number 107 on the US "Billboard" 200 and number one on the US Top Heatseekers. Upon its release, "30 Seconds to Mars" was met with mostly positive reviews; music critic Megan O'Toole felt that the band has "managed to carve out a unique niche for themselves in the rock realm." The album was a slow-burning success, and eventually sold two million copies worldwide as of March 2011.


title: Shannon Leto

text: It took two years to record their next release "A Beautiful Lie", with the band traveling to four different continents to accommodate Jared Leto's acting career. "A Beautiful Lie" was released on August 30, 2005, in the United States. It has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has reached platinum and gold status in several countries, with a sales total of over four million. The band heavily toured in support of the album and played at several major festivals, including Roskilde, Pinkpop, Rock am Ring, and Download.


title: Shannon Leto

text: In August 2008, during the recording process of the band's third studio album, Thirty Seconds to Mars attempted to sign with a new label, prompting EMI (the parent label of Virgin), to file a $30 million breach of contract lawsuit. After nearly a year of legal battles, the band announced on April 28, 2009, that the suit had been settled following a defence based on the De Havilland Law. Thirty Seconds to Mars then signed a new contract with EMI and released their third album "This Is War" in December 2009 to critical acclaim.


title: Shannon Leto

text: "This Is War" reached the top ten of several national album charts and earned numerous music awards. The band began their Into the Wild Tour in February 2010 and was among the hardest-working touring artists of the year. In December 2011, they entered the "Guinness World Records" for most live shows during a single album cycle, with 300 shows. In September 2012, Leto released a remixed version of "Night of the Hunter", a track featured on "This Is War". The musician explained that he wanted to "reinvent" the song, to "shed a different light on it by bringing a dance element to it."


title: Shannon Leto

text: Thirty Seconds to Mars released their fourth album, "Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams", in May 2013 through Universal. It received generally positive reviews and reached the top ten in more than fifteen countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. The band promoted the album by embarking on their Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour and the Carnivores Tour, co-headlining with Linkin Park. In April 2014, Thirty Seconds to Mars announced that they have parted from Virgin Records after tumultuous years with the label.


title: Shannon Leto

text: Leto is known for his energetic live performances and his ability to blend traditional and experimental drum techniques. During the production of Thirty Seconds to Mars first studio album, he played almost exclusively electronic drums and drew influence from bands such as Pink Floyd, The Cure, Led Zeppelin, and The Who, which he considers "mostly big conceptional bands; bands that had depth; bands that were dynamic." Bob Ezrin, producer of the album, felt that Leto is "one of the most inventive drummers I've worked with. He isn't satisfied with simply adding a beat; his drum parts are an integral part of the orchestration of the record. He's also a great live drummer who is lots of fun to watch, with a presence and energy level that are mesmerizing."


title: Shannon Leto

text: Leto switched to a mostly acoustic set-up on the band's next release "A Beautiful Lie". His equipment consists of a hybrid kit that combines both acoustic and electric elements. His drum technician Joseph Ciccone, better known as Kentucky, stated that Leto's "sound is his technique. He's an animal behind that kit, so I love giving him tons of things to beat up." During the production of "This Is War", Leto widened his style with an abundance of electronic sounds and synth textures created by himself. He wrote the instrumental track "L490" and played every instrument on it, including all guitars and a singing bowl. He experimented with different instruments and drew influences from a varied range of styles in "Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams". Steve Lillywhite, who co-produced two band's albums, felt that Leto treats drumming "unlike most drummers do in rock bands. His cross rhythms explode in a guttural way ... very musical, extremely unique."


title: Shannon Leto

text: Leto was largely an autodidact on drums; "I've always wanted to find my way of doing things," he explained, "Discovering what I can contribute with my own voice. There were so many styles that I was into at a young age. I didn't want to get locked into just one thing." During his youth, Leto had been a devoted fan of progressive rock and blues music, listening to artists such as Fleetwood Mac, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, and Boz Scaggs. He is inspired by electronic music, including Depeche Mode and The Cure. His major influences also include jazz band Steely Dan, as well as heavy metal groups Mountain, Iron Maiden and Kiss. According to Leto, these artists were commercially viable but also respected for their statements and contributions. He explained that he "never focused on the drummers," saying that he felt more connected to music than a particular drummer. When Thirty Seconds to Mars first started, the Leto brothers experimented to try and create a specific sound, whose process was described as "very organic". They were attempting to produce a "feeling" rather than a sound, in order to recreate the sense of community that marked their childhood. Leto also stated that the band's concerts are a direct reflection of that period of his early life.


title: Shannon Leto

text: Journalist Kelly King, a long-time contributor with "Drumhead" magazine, opined that Leto is "energy and grace behind the drums, stoking the fire that drives his band." He commented that the musician is both confident and aggressive on his kit, and felt that "his drive to push himself to the limit, to create and explore his own artistic capabilities is paramount." Ryan Jones, writing for Alternative Addiction, described Leto as one of rock's most dynamic drummers of present day. He received the Indie Drummer Award at the 2012 Drummies Awards. He was also nominated for Alternative Drummer in 2009 and 2011.


title: Shannon Leto

text: In 1994, Leto found a minor role on the television series "My So-Called Life", in which his brother starred. He later appeared in the films "Prefontaine" (1997), "Sol Goode" (2001), and "Highway" (2002). Leto recorded the songs "Drop That Baby" and "Let's Go All the Way" with the short-lived supergroup The Wondergirls in 1999, which members included Scott Weiland, Mark McGrath, and Ian Astbury, among others. Since 2007, Leto has performed on occasional dates with American percussion band Street Drum Corps. In June 2008, he joined Habitat for Humanity to work with Thirty Seconds to Mars on a home being repaired and renovated through the Greater Los Angeles Area's "A Brush With Kindness" programme. Leto began producing American electronic band CB7 after meeting musician Antoine Becks in 2009. CB7 later supported Thirty Seconds to Mars on the North American leg of their Into the Wild Tour in 2011. The same year, Leto created a side project with Becks and toured worldwide with him until the summer of 2012, when the duo split. In 2014, Leto launched Black Fuel Trading Company, a lifestyle brand primarily focusing on responsibly sourced, direct-trade coffee.


title: Alanna Ubach

text: Alanna Ubach (born October 3, 1975) is an American actress, known for her roles as Serena McGuire in "Legally Blonde" (2001) & "" (2003), Isabel Villalobos in "Meet the Fockers" (2004), Maria in "" (1993), Noreen in "The Brady Bunch Movie" (1995), Jane in "Clockwatchers" (1997), Naomi in "Waiting..." (2005) & "Still Waiting..."(2009), Jeanine Pirro in "Bombshell" (2019), and the voice of Mamá Imelda in "Coco" (2017), as well as Jo Hernandez-Frumpkis on "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce", Suze Howard on "Euphoria", Tessa Flores on "Guilty Party", Carol Atkinson on "The Flight Attendant", and Susan Bennett on "Ted".


title: Alanna Ubach

text: She has provided voices for several characters in a number of animated television shows and movies, such as Liz Allan on "The Spectacular Spider-Man", the title character on "", Lola Boa on "Brandy & Mr. Whiskers", Strudel on "Pound Puppies", and four characters in the Oscar-winning animated film "Rango" (2011). She played the first female assistant, Josie, on the television show "Beakman's World", for which she was nominated for a Young Artist Award in 1992.


title: Alanna Ubach

text: Ubach was born on October 3, 1975, in Downey, California, the daughter of Sidna ( González) and Rodolfo Ubach. Her father was from San Juan, Puerto Rico, and her mother, raised in Los Angeles, was from Sinaloa, Mexico.


title: Alanna Ubach

text: In 1994, she received a positive review from "The New York Times" for her role as a Jewish girl in "Kindertransport" at the Manhattan Theatre Club. During this stage, she also landed a regular spot as Josie the assistant in the TV series, "Beakman's World". Her early film roles included "Airborne" (1993), "" (1993), "Renaissance Man" (1994), and "The Brady Bunch Movie" (1995). She later had roles in a series of indie films: "Denise Calls Up" (1995), in which she played the title character; "Johns" (1996), playing David Arquette's girlfriend, and in "Freeway" (1996) with Reese Witherspoon and Kiefer Sutherland, playing a Latina gang girl. She also played roles in more mainstream films like "Clockwatchers" (1997) and alongside Reese Witherspoon in the two "Legally Blonde" films.


title: Alanna Ubach

text: In 2004, Ubach starred in the movie "Waiting...", alongside Ryan Reynolds and Anna Faris, and landed the role of a Latina caterer in "Meet The Fockers" (2004). She also had recurring roles on "Hung" (2009) and "Californication" (2013).


title: Alanna Ubach

text: Ubach starred with Lisa Edelstein as a regular cast member on Bravo's first scripted series, "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce". Ubach portrayed Jo, who moved to Los Angeles to reinvent herself in the guest house of her newly divorced best friend from college, Abby. Ubach described the show as "fun and stylish, it's very relatable". The role of Jo was created following the exit of Janeane Garofalo.


title: Alanna Ubach

text: Recent television roles include Suze Howard on "Euphoria", Tessa Flores on "Guilty Party", and Carol Atkinson on "The Flight Attendant".


title: Alanna Ubach

text: In 2022, it was announced that Ubach was cast in the lead role of Susan Bennett on the Peacock series "Ted", the television adaptation of the hit movie.


title: Alanna Ubach

text: In June 2008, Ubach starred in and narrated her ongoing one-woman show, "Patriotic Bitch", which ran at the Clurman Theatre in Theater Row. Reviewing "Patriotic Bitch", "The New York Times" described it as an "entertaining one-act series of character monologues" and noted that Ubach is "seriously talented".


title: Carlito's Way

text: Carlito's Way is a 1993 American crime drama film directed by Brian De Palma, based on the novels "Carlito's Way" (1975) and "After Hours" (1979) by Judge Edwin Torres. The film adaptation was scripted by David Koepp. It stars Al Pacino, Sean Penn, Penelope Ann Miller, Luis Guzman, John Leguizamo, Jorge Porcel, Joseph Siravo, and Viggo Mortensen.


title: Carlito's Way

text: The film stars Pacino as Carlito Brigante, a Nuyorican criminal who vows to go straight and to retire in paradise. However, his criminal past proves difficult to escape, and he unwittingly ends up being dragged into the same activities that got him imprisoned in the first place. The film is based mainly on "After Hours", but used the title of the first novel to avoid it being confused with Martin Scorsese's 1985 film of the same name. This is the second film collaboration between Pacino and De Palma, after 1983's film, "Scarface".


title: Carlito's Way

text: "Carlito's Way" received a positive response from critics, with a lukewarm result at the box office, but has subsequently become a cult film. Both Penn and Miller received Golden Globe nominations for their performances. A prequel titled "", based on the first novel, was released direct-to-video in 2005.


title: Carlito's Way

text: In 1975 New York, after having served five years of a 30-year prison sentence, career criminal Carlito Brigante is freed on a legal technicality exploited by his close friend and lawyer, Dave Kleinfeld. Carlito vows to end his unlawful activities but is persuaded to accompany his young cousin Guajiro to a drug deal held at a bar. Guajiro's suppliers betray and kill him, forcing Carlito to shoot his way out. Later, Carlito takes Guajiro's $30,000 from the botched deal and uses it to buy into a nightclub owned by a gambling addict named Saso, intending to save $75,000 to retire to the Caribbean.


title: Carlito's Way

text: As nightclub co-owner, Carlito declines several offers for a business partnership with a hot-headed young gangster from the Bronx named Benny Blanco. Carlito also rekindles his romance with his former girlfriend Gail, a ballet dancer moonlighting as a stripper. Kleinfeld develops a love interest with Benny's girlfriend, Steffie, a waitress at the club. Benny's frustration with Carlito's constant rejections boils over and he confronts Carlito one night at his table. Carlito publicly humiliates Benny, who reacts by manhandling Steffie. Fueled by his now-extensive use of alcohol and cocaine, Kleinfeld brazenly pulls out a gun and threatens to kill Benny, but Carlito intervenes. Despite being personally threatened by Benny himself, Carlito lets him go unharmed, a decision which alienates Carlito's bodyguard Pachanga.


title: Carlito's Way

text: Kleinfeld, who stole $1 million in payoff money from his client, Mafia boss Anthony Taglialucci, is coerced into providing his yacht to help Taglialucci break out of the Rikers Island prison barge. Kleinfeld begs for Carlito's assistance in the prison break, and Carlito reluctantly agrees. That night, Carlito, Kleinfeld, and Taglialucci's son Frankie sail to a floating buoy outside of the barge where Taglialucci is waiting. As they pull Taglialucci aboard, Kleinfeld kills him and Frankie and dumps their bodies in the East River, claiming that they would have killed him anyway. He then smugly admits to stealing Taglialucci's money. Knowing mob retaliation is imminent, Carlito immediately severs his ties with Kleinfeld and decides to leave town with Gail. The next day, Kleinfeld barely survives a retaliatory assassination attempt at his office.


title: Carlito's Way

text: The police apprehend Carlito and take him to the office of District Attorney Norwalk, where he is played a tape of Kleinfeld offering to testify to false criminal allegations against Carlito. Norwalk advises that he is aware that Carlito is an accomplice to the Taglialucci murders in an attempt to leverage him into betraying Kleinfeld, but Carlito refuses. In the hospital, Carlito visits Kleinfeld, who confesses to selling him out. Having noticed a suspicious man dressed in a police uniform waiting in the lobby, Carlito secretly unloads Kleinfeld's revolver and leaves. The man is Taglialucci's other son, Vinnie, seeking vengeance for his brother and father. After sending the officer already guarding Kleinfeld away, Vinnie enters Kleinfeld's room and shoots him dead.


title: Carlito's Way

text: Carlito buys train tickets to Miami for himself and Gail, now pregnant. When he stops by his club to get the stashed money, Carlito is met by a group of East Harlem Italian gangsters led by Vinnie. The Italians plan to kill Carlito, but he manages to slip out through a secret exit. The Italians pursue him throughout the city's subway system and into Grand Central Terminal, where they engage in a gunfight. Carlito kills all of his pursuers except Vinnie, whom the police shoot and kill. As Carlito runs to catch the train where Gail and Pachanga are waiting for him, Benny ambushes him and fatally shoots him several times with a silenced gun. Pachanga admits to Carlito that he is now working for Benny, but Benny then shoots him dead as well. Carlito hands a tearful Gail the money and tells her to escape with their unborn child and start a new life. Carlito is wheeled away on a gurney to be taken to the hospital. As he dies, Carlito stares at a billboard with a Caribbean beach and a picture of a woman. The billboard then comes to life in his mind, and the woman, now Gail, starts dancing.


title: Carlito's Way

text: Pacino first heard about the character Carlito Brigante in a YMCA gym in New York City in 1973. Pacino was working out for his movie "Serpico" when he met New York state supreme court Judge Edwin Torres (the author who was writing the novels "Carlito's Way" and "After Hours"). When the novels were completed Pacino read them and liked them, especially the character of Carlito. Inspiration for the novels came from Torres' background: the East Harlem barrio where he was born and its atmosphere of gangs, drugs and poverty. In 1989, Pacino faced a $6 million lawsuit from producer Elliott Kastner. Kastner claimed Pacino had gone back on an agreement to star in his version of a Carlito movie with Marlon Brando as criminal lawyer David Kleinfeld. The suit was dropped and the project was abandoned.


title: Carlito's Way

text: Pacino went to producer Martin Bregman with the intention of getting a Carlito Brigante film made and showed him an early draft of a screenplay, which Bregman rejected. Both Bregman and Pacino agreed that the character of Brigante would provide a suitable showcase for Pacino's talents. Bregman approached screenwriter David Koepp, who had just finished writing the script for Bregman's forthcoming "The Shadow," and asked him to write the script for "Carlito's Way". The decision came that the screenplay would be based on the second novel "After Hours". Carlito at this stage would match closer with Pacino's age. Although based primarily on the second novel, the title "Carlito's Way" remained, mainly because of the existence of Martin Scorsese's movie "After Hours". Bregman would work closely with Koepp for two years to develop the shooting script for "Carlito's Way".


title: Carlito's Way

text: Koepp wrestled with the voice-over throughout the writing process. Initially the voice-over was to take place in the hospital, but De Palma suggested the train station platform. The hospital scenes were written 25 to 30 times because the actors had trouble with the sequence, with Pacino even thinking that Carlito would not go to the hospital. With one final re-write Koepp managed to make the scene work to Pacino's satisfaction. In the novels Kleinfeld does not die, but De Palma has a huge sense of justice and retribution. He could not have Carlito killed off and have Kleinfeld live.


title: Carlito's Way

text: At one point, "The Long Good Friday" director, John Mackenzie, was linked with the film. When "Carlito's Way" and its sequel "After Hours" were optioned, Martin Bregman had Abel Ferrara in mind. However, when Bregman and Ferrara parted ways, De Palma was brought in. Bregman explained that this decision was not about "getting the old team back together", rather than making use of the best talent available. De Palma, reluctantly, read the script and as soon as Spanish-speaking characters cropped up he feared it would be "Scarface" all over again. He said that he did not want to make another Spanish-speaking gangster movie. When De Palma finally did read it all the way through, he realized it was not what he thought it was. De Palma liked the script and envisioned it as a noir movie. Bregman supervised casting throughout the various stages of pre-production, and carefully selected the creative team who would make the film a reality. This included production designer Richard Sylbert, editor Bill Pankow, costume designer Aude Bronson-Howard and director of photography Stephen Burum.


title: Carlito's Way

text: Initially, filming began on March 22, 1993, though the first scheduled shoot, the Grand Central Station climax, had to be changed when Pacino showed up on crutches. Instead, the tension-building pool hall sequence, where Carlito accompanies his young cousin Guajiro on an ill-fated drug deal, started the production. Because the film was heavily character based and featured little action, the early pool sequence had to be elaborate and set up right. A huge amount of time was spent setting it up and filming it. After the film studio had viewed a cut of the pool hall sequence, a note was passed onto the crew stating that they felt the scene was too long. De Palma spent more time adding to the sequence and with the help of editor Bill Pankow made it work. The producers came back saying "much better shorter."


title: Carlito's Way

text: Apart from the poster sequence, which was shot in Florida, the entire movie was filmed on location in New York. De Palma roamed Manhattan searching for suitable visual locations. A tenement on 115th Street became the site of Carlito's homecoming: the barrio scene. The courtroom, in which Carlito thanks the prosecutor, was shot in Judge Torres's workplace, the State Supreme Court Building at 60 Centre Street. The Club Paradise was initially in a West Side brownstone as the model for the book's postprandial premises. But this was considered too cramped for filming. A multi-level bistro club designed by De Palma took shape at the Kaufman-Astoria Studios in Long Island City, in a style of 1970's art deco disco.


title: Carlito's Way

text: Tony Taglialucci's escape from Rikers Island, a night shoot mid-river, was considered impossible. Instead, the production used a Brooklyn shipyard where Kleinfeld's boat was lowered into an empty "lock" into which river water was pumped. Smoke machines and towers of space lights were installed.


title: Carlito's Way

text: For a climactic finale, De Palma staged a chase from the platform of the Harlem-125th Street (Metro-North) Station to the escalators of Grand Central Terminal. For the shoot, trains were re-routed and timed so that Pacino and his pursuers could dart from car to hurtling car. The length of the escalator scene during the climactic shoot out at Grand Central Station caused a headache for editor Pankow. He had to piece together the sequences so that the audience would be so tied up in the action that they would not be thinking about how long the escalator was running.


title: Carlito's Way

text: "Carlito's Way" wrapped on July 20, 1993, and was released on November 3, 1993. Critical response to the theatrical release was somewhat lukewarm. The film was criticized for re-treading old ground, mainly De Palma's own "Scarface" and "The Untouchables". Roger Ebert stated in his review that the film is one of De Palma's finest with some of the best set-pieces he has done. Patrick Doyle was praised on his scoring of the film soundtrack, which was described as "elegiac" and "hauntingly beautiful," which "displays Doyle as one of the major talents of modern film scoring." Peter Travers (of "Rolling Stone") criticized the film for Pacino's "Rican" accent slipping into his "Southern drawl from "Scent of a Woman"", "De Palma's erratic pacing and derivative shootouts" and "what might have been if "Carlito's Way" had forged new ground and not gone down smokin' in the shadow of "Scarface"."


title: Carlito's Way

text: On the Siskel & Ebert show, Ebert gave the film a thumbs up while Siskel gave it a thumbs down. Owen Gleiberman (from "Entertainment Weekly") described the film as "a competent and solidly unsurprising urban-underworld thriller" and is "okay entertainment," but went on to say that the plot would have worked better "as a lean and mean "Miami Vice" episode." The film has an approval rating of 82% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 49 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.10/10. The site's consensus states: ""Carlito's Way" reunites De Palma and Pacino for a more wistful take on the crime epic, delivering a stylish thriller with a beating heart beneath its pyrotechnic performances and set pieces."


title: Carlito's Way

text: Bregman was surprised about some of the negative reviews, but stated that some of the same reviewers have since "retracted" their views upon further discussions of the film. A few weeks before the film's premiere, De Palma told the crew not to get their hopes up about the film's reception. He correctly predicted that Pacino, having just won an Oscar, would be criticized; Koepp, having just done "Jurassic Park", would "suck"; Penn would be "brilliant" because he had not done anything for a while; and he himself, having not been forgiven for "The Bonfire of the Vanities", would not quite be embraced.


title: Carlito's Way

text: "Carlito's Way" premiered with an opening weekend box office taking of over $9 million. At the end of its theatrical run, the film had grossed over $37 million domestically. Sean Penn and Penelope Ann Miller both received Golden Globe nominations for their respective roles as Kleinfeld and Gail. The later appreciation of the film was highlighted when the French publication "Cahiers du cinéma" named it as one of the three best films of the 1990s, along with


title: Carlito's Way

text: Patrick Doyle composed the original score, while Musical supervisor Jellybean Benitez supplemented the soundtrack with elements of salsa, merengue and other authentic styles.


title: Carlito's Way

text: The film was released on VHS, and on LaserDisc in standard and widescreen versions. It was later released on DVD in 2004, with an Ultimate Edition following in 2005. The Ultimate Edition DVD includes deleted scenes, an interview with De Palma, a making-of documentary, and more. In 2007, an HD DVD version was released, which features the same bonus material as the Ultimate Edition. The film was released on Blu-ray on May 18, 2010.


title: Carlito's Way

text: A prequel based on Edwin Torres' first novel was released direct-to-video in 2005, with the title "Carlito's Way: Rise to Power". Critically panned, the film nevertheless received Torres's blessing as an accurate adaptation of the first novel.


title: Carlito's Way

text: Samples from this movie have been used by many bands including Slipknot and Overkill. Carlito's threatening monologue was sampled for the intro in Brooklyn's Finest by Jay-Z featuring The Notorious B.I.G.


title: Beth Harmon

text: Elizabeth Harmon is a fictional character and the main protagonist in the Walter Tevis novel "The Queen's Gambit" and the Netflix drama miniseries of the same name, in which she is portrayed by Anya Taylor-Joy. Taylor-Joy's performance as Beth was critically acclaimed. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. She also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie.


title: Beth Harmon

text: Beth Harmon is orphaned at age eight when her mother dies in a car crash. Growing up in an orphanage in Kentucky, she is taught chess by the custodian Mr. Shaibel, and soon becomes a chess prodigy. While at the orphanage, she struggles with an addiction to tranquilizers. In her teens she is adopted and begins her rapid rise in the chess world, eventually challenging the top Soviet players. As her skill and profile grows, so does her dependency on tranquilizers and eventually alcohol.


title: Beth Harmon

text: Diana Lanni, a New York chess player contemporary with Tevis who represented the United States at the 1982 Chess Olympiad in Lucerne, suggested she was at least in part the inspiration for the Beth Harmon character, and that her friend grandmaster Larry Kaufman was the inspiration for the book's Harry Beltik character. Lanni thinks it is plausible she got Tevis' attention when playing at the outdoor tables at Washington Square Park as the only woman, and as someone with depression and addiction problems. Other real life chess players said to have inspired the character include Bobby Fischer and Tevis himself. Tevis, however, explicitly denied any of his characters were based on any real life people. He also said he found it more interesting to write a female character.


title: Beth Harmon

text: After several aborted attempts to bring the novel to screen, Netflix announced they had acquired the rights, with Anya Taylor-Joy confirmed as the show's lead, on March 19, 2019, with a Twitter post by Netflix Queue.


title: Majel Barrett

text: Majel Barrett-Roddenberry (; born Majel Leigh Hudec; February 23, 1932 – December 18, 2008) was an American actress and producer. She was best known for her roles as various characters in the "Star Trek" franchise: Nurse Christine Chapel (in the , "", and two films of the franchise), Number One (also in the original series), Lwaxana Troi (on "" and ""), and the voice of most onboard computer interfaces throughout the series from 1966 to 2009. She married "Star Trek" creator Gene Roddenberry in 1969. As his wife and given her relationship with "Star Trek"participating in some way in every series during her lifetimeshe was sometimes referred to as "the First Lady of "Star Trek"".


title: Majel Barrett

text: Barrett was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She began taking acting classes as a child. She attended Shaker Heights High School, graduating in 1950 before going on to the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, then had some stage roles and came to Hollywood. Her father, William Hudec, was a Cleveland police officer. He was killed in the line of duty on August 30, 1955 while Barrett was touring with an off-Broadway road company.


title: Majel Barrett

text: Barrett was briefly seen in "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" (1957) in an ad parody at the beginning of the film, and had roles in a few films, including "Love in a Goldfish Bowl" (1961), "Sylvia" (1965), "A Guide for the Married Man" (1967), and "Track of Thunder" (1967). She worked at the Desilu Studios on several TV shows, including "Bonanza", "The Untouchables", "The Lucy Show", and "The Lieutenant" (produced by Gene Roddenberry). She received training in comedy from Lucille Ball. In 1960, she played Gwen Rutherford on "Leave It to Beaver".


title: Majel Barrett

text: In various roles, Barrett participated in every incarnation of the popular science fiction "Star Trek" franchise produced during her lifetime, including live-action and animated versions, television and cinema, and all of the time periods in which the various series have been set.


title: Majel Barrett

text: She first appeared in 's initial pilot, "" (1964), as the USS "Enterprise"'s unnamed first officer, "Number One". Barrett was romantically involved with Roddenberry, whose marriage was on the verge of failing at the time, and the idea of having an otherwise unknown woman in a leading role just because she was the producer's girlfriend is said to have infuriated NBC network executives who insisted that Roddenberry give the role to a man. William Shatner corroborated this in "Star Trek Memories", and added that female viewers at test screenings hated the character as well. Shatner noted that female viewers felt she was "pushy" and "annoying" and also thought that "Number One shouldn't be trying so hard to fit in with the men." Barrett often joked that Roddenberry, given the choice between keeping Mr. Spock (whom the network also hated) or the woman character, "kept the Vulcan and married the woman, 'cause he didn't think Leonard [Nimoy] would have it the other way around".


title: Majel Barrett

text: When Roddenberry was casting for the second "" pilot, "Where No Man Has Gone Before", she changed her last name from Hudec to Barrett and wore a blonde wig for the role of nurse Christine Chapel, a frequently recurring character, who was introduced in "The Naked Time", the sixth new episode recorded, and was known for her unrequited affection for the dispassionate Spock. Her first appearance as Chapel in film dailies prompted NBC executive Jerry Stanley to yodel "Well, well—look who's back!". In an early scene in "", viewers are informed that she has now become Doctor Chapel, a role which she reprised briefly in "", as Commander Chapel. Barrett provided several voices for "", including those of Nurse Chapel and a communications officer named M'Ress, an ailuroid officer who served alongside Uhura.


title: Majel Barrett

text: Barrett returned years later in "", cast as the outrageously self-assertive, iconoclastic, Betazoid ambassador, Lwaxana Troi, who appeared as a recurring character in the series, often visiting her daughter Deanna, the ship's counselor. Her character often vexed the captain of the "Enterprise", Jean-Luc Picard, who spurned her amorous advances. She later appeared as Ambassador Troi in several episodes of "", where her character developed a strong relationship with Constable Odo.


title: Majel Barrett

text: She provided the regular voice of the onboard computers of Federation starships for "", "", "", "", and most of the "Star Trek" movies. She reprised her role as a shipboard computer's voice in two episodes of the prequel series "", thus making her the only actor to have a role in all six televised "Star Trek" series produced up to that time. She also lent her voice to various computer games and software related to the franchise. The association of her voice with interactions with computers led to Google's Assistant project being initially codenamed Google Majel. Barrett had also made a point of attending a major "Star Trek" convention each year in an effort to inspire fans and keep the franchise alive.


title: Majel Barrett

text: On December 9, 2008, less than ten days before her death, Roddenberry Productions announced that she would be providing the voice of the ship's computer once again, this time for the 2009 motion picture reboot of "Star Trek". Sean Rossall, a Roddenberry family spokesman, stated that she had already completed the voiceover work, around December 4, 2008. The film is dedicated to Roddenberry and Barrett.


title: Majel Barrett

text: She appeared as Primus Dominic in Roddenberry's 1973 postapocalyptic TV drama pilot, "Genesis II"; as Dr. Bradley in his 1974 television film "The Questor Tapes" and as Lilith the housekeeper in his 1977 TV drama pilot, "Spectre". She also appeared in Michael Crichton's 1973 sci-fi Western, "Westworld" as Miss Carrie, a robot brothel madam; the 1977 Stanley Kramer thriller "The Domino Principle"; and the 1979 television film "The Man in the Santa Claus Suit" starring Fred Astaire. Her later film appearances included small roles in "Teresa's Tattoo" (1994) and "Mommy" (1995).


title: Majel Barrett

text: After Gene Roddenberry's death, Barrett took material from his archives to bring two of his ideas into production. She was executive producer of "" (in which she also played the character Dr. Julianne Belman), and "Andromeda". She also served as creative director for "Gene Roddenberry's Lost Universe", a comic book series based on another archival Roddenberry concept.


title: Majel Barrett

text: In a gesture of goodwill between the creators of the "Star Trek" franchise and of "Babylon 5", she appeared in the "Babylon 5" episode "Point of No Return", as Lady Morella, the psychic widow of the Centauri emperor, a role which foreshadowed major plot elements in the series.


title: Majel Barrett

text: Parodying her voice work as the computer for the "Star Trek" series, Barrett performed as a guest voice on "Family Guy" as the voice of Stewie Griffin's ship's computer in the episode "Emission Impossible".


title: Majel Barrett

text: Barrett's widely recognized voice performance as the "Star Trek" computer inspired the Amazon Alexa interactive virtual assistant, according to its developer Toni Reid, although Barrett had no direct role in it.


title: Majel Barrett

text: The Southern Pacific Railroad used her voice talent contained inside Harmon Electronics (of Grain Valley, MO) track-side defect detector devices, used in various locations west of the Mississippi River. When a defect is identified on the passing train, the system responds with her recorded voice announcing the defect location information to the train crew over the radio. In railroad forums and railroad radio monitoring groups, she was and is still referred to as the "SP Lady". However, with the implementation of newer hotbox detector technology, finding her voice today on working detectors is very rare. The hotbox detectors that had her voice installed in them were not upgradeable to the newer digital signaling requirements, and finding parts for them was difficult. Today, her voice is found on smaller regional railroads, usually only at dragging equipment locations, such as in California at milepost 24.6 on the Metrolink Lancaster line (under the I-5 and I-210 interchange in Sylmar), and in Oregon on the Portland & Western at milepost 746.5, near Lake Oswego. These voiced detectors remain because the lines were once owned by Southern Pacific, and because only two unchanging recorded messages are used, compared to the dynamic changing library used in hotbox detectors. The only major railroad that still uses her voice today is Union Pacific.


title: Majel Barrett

text: Initially, Guilford commissioned Majel to say "Guilford Rail System", and the recording was programmed into detectors across the railroad. Train crews and local rail enthusiasts dubbed the MBTA Andover detector with the nickname "Andover Annie". Both the Andover and Shirley detectors with Majel's voice were replaced between 2015 and 2017 respectively with General Electric brand detectors, which use a male voice.


title: Majel Barrett

text: In 2006–2007, just before Majel Barrett-Roddenberry died on December 18, 2008, the recently re-branded Pan Am Railways (formerly Guilford) was able to commission Majel one last time to say "Pan Am Railways" for their defect detectors. As of October 2020, Pan Am Railways still uses Majel Barrett-Roddenberry's voice for defect detectors at eight different locations between Maine, Massachusetts, and Upstate New York.


title: Majel Barrett

text: Pan Am Railways defect detectors that still utilize Barrett's voice recordings include the following locations: In District 1, MP 134.1 in Readfield, Maine, just off of Plains Road crossing. Second is MP 157.2 in Lewiston, Maine, just off of Merrill Road crossing. Lastly, MP 176.7 in Gray, Maine, just off of Depot Road crossing. In District 2, only one detector with her voice is in service. MP 234.2 in North Berwick, Maine, just off of Elm Street/Route 4 crossing. In District 3, there are four locations that still utilize her voice. First, MP 346.6 in Gardner, Massachusetts, near Parkers Street underpass. Second is at MP 369.1 in Wendell, Massachusetts, just off of Wendell Depot Road crossing. Third is at MP 410.9 in Zoar, Massachusetts, paralleling Zoar Road. Finally, at MP 440.2 in Hoosick, New York. The future of these defect detectors remains uncertain with the current state of Pan Am Railways being for sale. If a new railroad takes over, these rare defect detectors will likely be replaced.


title: Majel Barrett

text: Some of Barrett's final voiceover work was still in post-production, to be released in 2009 after her death, as mentioned in the credits of the 2009 film "Star Trek", again as the voice of the "Enterprise" computer. An animated production called "Hamlet A.D.D." credited her as Majel Barrett Roddenberry, playing the voiceover role of Queen Robot.


title: Majel Barrett

text: In 1969, while scouting locations in Japan for MGM, Roddenberry claimed that he realized that he missed Barrett, and proposed to her by telephone. In the version recited by Herbert F. Solow, Roddenberry traveled to Japan with the intention of marrying Barrett. She subsequently joined Roddenberry in Tokyo, where they were married in a Shinto ceremony on August 6, 1969. Roddenberry had considered it "sacrilegious" to use an American minister in Japan, and the ceremony was attended by two Shinto priests, as well as maids of honor. Roddenberry and Barrett both wore kimono, and spent their honeymoon touring Japan. He continued to have liaisons with other women, telling his friends that, while in Japan, he had an encounter with a masseuse about a week after he was married.


title: Majel Barrett

text: The new marriage was not legally binding, as his divorce from Eileen had not yet been finalized. This was resolved two days after his divorce was complete, and on December 29, a small ceremony was held at their home, followed by a reception for family and friends. Despite this, the couple continued to celebrate August 6 as their wedding anniversary. Roddenberry's young daughter, Dawn, decided to live with Barrett and him, and the family moved to a new house in Beverly Hills the following October. In February 1974, Barrett and Roddenberry had a son, Eugene Jr., commonly referred to as Rod Roddenberry. They remained married until Roddenberry's death at Barrett's side on October 24, 1991, in Santa Monica, California.


title: Majel Barrett

text: After her husband's death, Barrett-Roddenberry commissioned Celestis to launch her together with Gene on an infinite mission to deepest space. After manifesting them on NASA's "Sunjammer" mission, the agency cancelled the mission in 2014. Celestis rescheduled their launch for 2020, then later rescheduled for June 2022, the next available commercial mission to deep space. A sample of the couple's cremated remains will be sealed into a specially made capsule designed to withstand space travel. A spacecraft will carry the capsule, along with digitized tributes from fans, on Celestis' "Enterprise Flight". The flight will also contain the ashes of Nichelle Nichols and Douglas Trumbull.


title: Majel Barrett

text: Barrett-Roddenberry died on the morning of December 18, 2008, at her home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, as a result of leukemia. She was 76 years old. A public funeral was held on January 4, 2009, in Los Angeles. More than 250 people attended, including Nichelle Nichols, George Takei, Walter Koenig, Marina Sirtis, Brent Spiner and Wil Wheaton.


title: Majel Barrett

text: Barrett and her husband were honored in 2002 by the Space Foundation with the Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award for their work creating awareness of and enthusiasm for space.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American streaming television sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role. It premiered on March 6, 2015, on Netflix and ran for four seasons, ending on January 25, 2019. An interactive special premiered on May 12, 2020.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life after being rescued from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville, Indiana, where she and three other women were held captive by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years. Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, Kimmy decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for the melancholic and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski).


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: Throughout its run, the series received critical acclaim, with critic Scott Meslow calling it "the first great sitcom of the streaming era". It received a total of twenty Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series and a nomination for Outstanding Television Movie for the 2020 special "".


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: Kimmy Schmidt (Ellie Kemper) was in eighth grade when she was kidnapped by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm). The Reverend held Kimmy and three other women captive for 15 years in an underground bunker and convinced them that a nuclear apocalypse had come, gone, and left them the sole survivors of humanity.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: In the first season, the women are rescued, and go on to appear on the "Today Show" in New York City. After the show, Kimmy decides she does not want to return to Indiana, and does not want to be seen by everyone as a victim, so she starts a new life in New York City. Roaming around the city, Kimmy comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane). Kaushtupper offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess) in her downstairs apartment. However, Kimmy has to find a job in order to get the apartment. Upon attempting to get a job at a nearby candy store, Kimmy sees a boy stealing candy. She pursues him back to his home, and ends up encountering his mother, Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski), a Manhattan trophy wife, who mistakes her for a nanny, and whom Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult. Soon after, Jacqueline hires Kimmy as a nanny for her 10-year-old son. As Season 1 continues, Kimmy falls in love with a Vietnamese man, Dong (Ki Hong Lee) from her G.E.D. class, goes to court to testify against the Reverend, and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was held captive.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: In the second season, Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and gets a job at a year-round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver. She tries to get over Dong, who enters a green card marriage with another G.E.D. student and is eventually deported. As Kimmy tries to move on, so do Titus and Jacqueline, who both find boyfriends. Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano (Mike Carlsen) and Jacqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder (David Cross). Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Washington Redskins, who her boyfriend's father happens to own. Kimmy reunites with Gretchen and Cyndee to save them from joining another cult and getting married on television, respectively. When Season 2 ends, Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters in her neighborhood, while Kimmy makes amends with her mother (Lisa Kudrow) after advice from her therapist (Tina Fey) before receiving a phone call from the Reverend in prison, telling her that they need to get a divorce.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: In the third season, Kimmy proceeds with the divorce from the Reverend but hits a snag when she learns that a devoted fan (guest star Laura Dern) wants to marry him. After getting her G.E.D., Kimmy decides to go to college and ends up at Columbia University, where she is popular but fails academically. She forms a friendship with Perry (Daveed Diggs), a philosophy and religion transfer student who, like Kimmy, does not fit in with the rich, elitist Ivy League students. Titus returns from his stint on the cruise harboring a secret and, determined to come home to Mikey with money and a job, he auditions for "Sesame Street". However, after the man auditioning Titus asks him to perform sexual acts on a puppet, Titus leaves and runs home to Mikey. However, Titus sees Mikey out with another man, and breaks up with him. Lillian is elected to the city council and attempts to block the construction of a supermarket chain for fear it will gentrify the neighborhood. She later starts a relationship with the owner of the chain (Peter Riegert). Meanwhile, Jacqueline and Russ execute their plan to force his family to change the name of the Redskins and Titus makes it big with the single "Boobs in California". At the end of season three, Titus vows to win Mikey back from his new boyfriend, Jacqueline finds a profession, and Kimmy lands a job at a tech start-up.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: In the fourth and final season, Kimmy is working at Giztoob, the tech company started by a former classmate at Columbia, and Jacqueline is representing Titus as his agent. After acting in an anti-bullying performance for a middle school, Titus gets a job as director of the school play and, in an attempt to impress Mikey, pretends to write and star in a superhero television show called "The Capist", starring Greg Kinnear. Meanwhile, Lillian's boyfriend Artie dies and she is put in charge of his adult daughter's trust. Kimmy reunites with Donna Maria, who is now a successful businesswoman. Outraged and inspired by men's rights activists, Kimmy writes a children's book that empowers girls and encourages boys to be kind; by the end of season four, Kimmy has found success as a children's author. Season 4 features two episodes that veer from the main plot. In the first, a standalone mockumentary episode, Jacqueline's former boy toy Doug, a.k.a. DJ Fingablast, creates a true crime documentary called "Party Monster: Scratching the Surface", which sympathizes with the Reverend and paints Kimmy and the other Mole Women negatively. The second episode, "Sliding Van Doors", presents an alternate universe in which Kimmy is never kidnapped, Titus does not audition for "The Lion King" in 1998, Jacqueline does not marry Julian Voorhees, and Lillian runs a Latin street gang. The series concludes with each of the main four characters finding success and purpose in new ventures.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper. Fey stated that they found an "innocence" about Kemper's face, but also noted there was a "strength" to it. One idea was for the show to center on Kemper's character waking up from a coma, but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult-survivor storyline.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: The show was initially under development for NBC under the title "Tooken". However, this was later changed to the current title. Eventually, NBC sold the series to Netflix. Fey has stated that this was in part due to NBC "not feeling confident about watching comedies". Prior to the network switch, NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series. The show was sold to Netflix and given a two-season order.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: On June 13, 2017, the show was renewed for a fourth and final season, with the first 6 episodes premiering on May 30, 2018. The second half was released on January 25, 2019. On May 8, 2019, it was announced the series will return with an interactive special that premiered on May 12, 2020.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: Casting announcements for the remaining roles were held in March 2014, with Tituss Burgess cast as the role of Kimmy's roommate, Titus Andromedon. Titus is a talented singer who works odd entertainment jobs such as dressing up like a robot in Times Square or as a singing waiter at a theme restaurant. Also cast was Carol Kane as Kimmy and Titus' landlady, Lillian Kaushtupper.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: Shortly afterwards, Sara Chase and Lauren Adams joined the series. Chase signed on for the role of Cyndee, Kimmy's closest friend during their years in the cult; Adams was cast in the role of Gretchen, a 10-year member of the cult who believes everything that she is told. Jane Krakowski was later cast in the role of Jacqueline Voorhees, a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny. Megan Dodds was originally cast before she was replaced with Krakowski.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: The show's theme song, "Unbreakable", was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond. It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers' YouTube show "Songify the News" – auto-tuned news interviews that became popular videos. It specifically parodies the mannerisms of Antoine Dodson in the "Bed Intruder Song". Richmond also wrote "Peeno Noir", a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1, episode 6 of the series.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: Artwork for the show's opening sequence was produced by a team at Pentagram that included feminist artist Deva Pardue.


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Blessed with originality and a spot-on performance from Ellie Kemper, "The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" is as odd as it is hilarious." On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: Scott Meslow of "The Week" called the series "the first great sitcom of the streaming era", praising its wit, edge, and feminist tone. Brian Moylan of "The Guardian" noted that it is "the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings, because the jokes are so packed in you’re sure to miss something while laughing." "TV Guide" named it the "best new comedy of 2015". "IGN" reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8.3 out of 10 'Great' rating, saying "Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" is another winner in Netflix's original series catalog. Not only is it charming and funny, but it's unabashedly kooky, and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role."


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: Some reviewers have criticized the show's portrayal of Native Americans, with "Vulture" referring to a prominent Native American subplot as "offensive." BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a "major race problem" and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot, stating that "the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters. It's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations; it's the single mainstream representation in years." "The Daily Beast" stated that when it comes to race, “especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character, the show leaves much to be desired.”


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: In the wake of the controversy, Tina Fey responded: "I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything, they need to speak for themselves. There's a real culture of demanding apologies, and I'm opting out of that."


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season holds a 100% approval rating, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Not letting up in season two, "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" is still odd in the best of ways, wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast." On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season, “Kimmy Goes to a Play!,” which involved the use of yellow-face and the name of a group of Asian-Americans who were critical of yellow-face. The group is referred to as "Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment", or "R.A.P.E" for short. The Asian-Americans shown protesting against yellow-face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons. Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow-face and the R.A.P.E. acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech. Alex Abad-Santos wrote, “The odd thing about this episode is that it's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people, specifically Asian women, as crappy characters. [...] The plot feels like a pointed, ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey's past projects for being lazy and racist.”


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds a 97% approval rating, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 8.11/10. The site's critical consensus states: ""Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" continues to thrive with a comically agile cast, notable guest stars, and a forceful influx of funny." On Metacritic, the third season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season holds a 94% approval rating, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7.77/10. The site's critical consensus states: ""Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" ends with a final season that's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent." On Metacritic, the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy vs. the Reverend" special has an approval rating of 94%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7.81/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Kimmy and company return as resilient as ever in a fun and fast paced special that makes excellent use of its interactive capabilities to produce maximum fabulosity."


title: WAP (song)

text: "WAP" is a song by American rapper Cardi B featuring guest vocals from fellow American rapper Megan Thee Stallion. It was released through Atlantic Records on August 7, 2020, as the lead single from Cardi B's upcoming second studio album. "WAP" is an acronym for "Wet-Ass Pussy". Musically, it is a hip hop song driven by heavy bass, drum beats, and a sample of Frank Ski's Baltimore club single "Hoes in This House" (1993). In the lyrics, Cardi B and Megan discuss how they want to be pleased by men, specifically referencing numerous sexual practices.