title: Loving v. Virginia

text: In June 2007, on the 40th anniversary of the Supreme Court's decision in "Loving", Mildred Loving issued the following statement:


title: Loving v. Virginia

text: Up until 2014, five U.S. Courts of Appeals considered the constitutionality of state bans on same-sex marriage. In doing so they interpreted or used the "Loving" ruling differently:


title: Loving v. Virginia

text: In "Obergefell v. Hodges" (2015), the Supreme Court invoked "Loving", among other cases, as precedent for its holding that states are required to allow same-sex marriages under both the Equal Protection Clause and the Due Process Clause of the Constitution. The court's decision in "Obergefell" cited "Loving" nearly a dozen times, and was based on the same principles – equality and an unenumerated right to marriage. During oral argument, the eventual author of the majority opinion, Justice Anthony Kennedy, noted that the ruling holding racial segregation unconstitutional and the ruling holding bans on interracial marriage unconstitutional ("Brown v. Board of Education" in 1954 and "Loving v. Virginia" in 1967, respectively) were made about 13 years apart, much like the ruling holding bans on same-sex sexual activity unconstitutional and the eventual ruling holding bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional ("Lawrence v. Texas" in 2003 and "Obergefell v. Hodges" in 2015, respectively).


title: Loving v. Virginia

text: In the United States, June 12, the date of the decision, has become known as Loving Day, an annual unofficial celebration of interracial marriages. In 2014, Mildred Loving was honored as one of the Library of Virginia's "Virginia Women in History". In 2017, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources dedicated a state historical marker, which tells the story of the Lovings, outside the Patrick Henry Building in Richmond – the former site of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.


title: Loving v. Virginia

text: In music, Nanci Griffith's 2009 album "The Loving Kind" is named for the Lovings and includes a song about them. Satirist Roy Zimmerman's 2009 song "The Summer of Loving" is about the Lovings and their 1967 case. The title is a reference to the Summer of Love.


title: Loving v. Virginia

text: A 2015 novel by the French journalist Gilles Biassette, "L'amour des Loving" ("The Love of the Lovings", ), recounts the life of the Lovings and their case. A photo-essay about the couple by Grey Villet, created just before the case, was republished in 2017.


title: David Morrissey

text: David Mark Joseph Morrissey (born 21 June 1964) is an English actor and filmmaker. Described by the British Film Institute as "one of the most versatile English actors of his generation", he is noted for the meticulous preparation and research he undertakes for his roles.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey was cast in the television series "One Summer" (1983) at the age of 18, and subsequently attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art before acting with the Royal Shakespeare Company and National Theatre for four years. Throughout the 1990s, he often portrayed policemen and soldiers, though he also played Bradley Headstone in "Our Mutual Friend" (1998) and Christopher Finzi in "Hilary and Jackie" (1998). He then had roles in "Some Voices" (2000) and "Captain Corelli's Mandolin" (2001), before he played the critically acclaimed roles of Stephen Collins in "State of Play" (2003) and Gordon Brown in "The Deal" (2003). The former earned him a Best Actor nomination at the British Academy Television Awards and the latter won him a Best Actor award from the Royal Television Society. He also played Jackson Lake, an amnesiac mathematician, on the "Doctor Who" special "The Next Doctor" in 2008.


title: David Morrissey

text: In the years following those films, Morrissey had roles in "The Reaping" (2007), "Sense and Sensibility" (2008), "Red Riding" (2009), "Nowhere Boy" (2009), "Centurion" (2010) and "Dampyr" (2022). He also produced and starred in the crime drama "Thorne" (2010). Morrissey returned to the stage in 2008 for a run of Neil LaBute's "In a Dark Dark House" and played the title role in the Liverpool Everyman's production of "Macbeth" in 2011. He also starred in the British crime film "Blitz" (2011), playing a morally dubious reporter in contact with the eponymous cop killer. He later portrayed The Governor in the third, fourth, and fifth seasons of the AMC horror-drama series "The Walking Dead".


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey has directed short films and the television dramas "Sweet Revenge" (2001) and "Passer By" (2004). His feature-length directorial debut, "Don't Worry About Me," premiered at the 2009 London Film Festival and was broadcast on BBC television in 2010. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Edge Hill University in 2016. He was married to novelist Esther Freud, with whom he has three children.


title: David Morrissey

text: Despite their shared surname, David Morrissey is not related to the actor and singer Neil Morrissey nor the singer and songwriter Morrissey.


title: David Morrissey

text: David Mark Morrissey was born in the Kensington area of Liverpool on 21 June 1964, the son of Littlewoods employee Joan and cobbler Joe Morrissey. He has two older brothers named Tony and Paul, and an older sister named Karen. The family lived at 45 Seldon Street in Kensington. Decades later, as part of National Museums Liverpool's Eight Hundred Lives project, Morrissey wrote that the house had been in his family since at least 1900. His grandmother had been married there and his mother was born there. In 1971, the family moved to a larger and more modern house on the new estates at Knotty Ash, while Seldon Street was later demolished.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey was greatly interested in film, television, and Gene Kelly musicals as a child. He decided to become an actor after seeing a broadcast of "Kes" on television. At St Margaret Mary's Primary School, he was encouraged by a teacher named Miss Keller, who cast him as the Scarecrow in a school production of "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" when he was 11 years old. Keller left the school soon after, leaving him without encouragement. His secondary school, De La Salle School, had no drama classes and made him think that the fear of bullying often dissuaded pupils from participating in lessons. On the advice of a cousin, he joined the Everyman Youth Theatre. For the first couple of weeks, he was quite shy and did not join in with the workshops. When he eventually participated, he ended up appearing in their production of "Fighting Chance", a play about the 1981 riots in Liverpool.


title: David Morrissey

text: By the age of 14, Morrissey was one of two youth theatre members who sat on the board of the Everyman Theatre. Ian Hart (with whom he has been friends since the age of five) was one of his contemporaries, as were Mark and Stephen McGann, as well as Cathy Tyson. He became friends with the McGann brothers, who introduced him to their brother Paul when the latter was on a break from his studies at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). When Morrissey was 15 years old, his father developed a terminal blood disorder. He was ill for some time and eventually died of a haemorrhage at the age of 54 in the family home. After leaving school at the age of 16, Morrissey joined a Wolverhampton theatre company, where he worked on sets and costumes.


title: David Morrissey

text: In 1982, Morrissey auditioned for "One Summer", a television series by Willy Russell for Yorkshire Television and Channel 4 about two Liverpool boys who run away to Wales one summer. Russell had been attached to the Everyman for many years, and Morrissey had seen him while he was working behind the bar downstairs from the theatre, though the two had never been introduced. Morrissey went to at least eight auditions, and in one read for the part of Icky opposite Paul McGann, who was reading for Billy. McGann, five years older than Morrissey, believed that he was too old to be playing the part of 16-year-old Billy and stepped back from the production, leaving the role to go to Morrissey. Spencer Leigh got the part of Icky and Ian Hart played the supporting role of Rabbit. Russell had a professional disagreement with the director Gordon Flemyng and producer Keith Richardson over the casting of 18-year-old Morrissey and Leigh; he believed that the sympathy of 16-year-olds running away was lost by casting older actors. Russell subsequently had his name removed from the credits of the original broadcast. After filming "One Summer" for five months, Morrissey went travelling in Kenya with his cousins. When he returned to Britain, "One Summer" was being broadcast, and he dealt with the new experience of being recognised in public.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey had planned to study at RADA in London, but his colleagues at the Everyman encouraged him not to as he already had his Equity card. His "One Summer" co-star James Hazeldine convinced him otherwise, and he went to London for a year. He became homesick while there and did not enjoy the way RADA was turning him into a "bland actor". On a visit back to Liverpool he told Paul McGann's mother that he was considering leaving the college. Back in London, McGann met with him and reassured him that he had been through the same homesickness phase when he first went to RADA. Morrissey continued his studies at RADA and graduated on 1 December 1985.


title: David Morrissey

text: After a year at RADA, Morrissey went back to Liverpool to perform in "WCPC" at the Liverpool Playhouse. He then did "Le Cid" and "Twelfth Night" with Cheek by Jowl, and spent two years with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), principally with director Deborah Warner for whom he played the Bastard in "King John" in 1988. He saw the role as a learning opportunity, as he had often wondered at RADA if he would ever have the chance to act in classical theatre. His performance has been described as "the most contentious characterisation of the production"; he received negative critical reaction from "The Daily Telegraph" and "Independent" critics, but a positive opinion from the "Financial Times". In "The Guardian", Nicholas de Jongh wrote, "The Bastard, who has the most complex syntax in early Shakespeare, half defeats David Morrissey. His slurred, sometimes unintelligible diction helps to deflate the Bastard, but his bawling rhetoric strikes as mere sham rather than fierce plain speaking." Morrissey also spent time with the National, where he played the title role in "Peer Gynt" (1990). Michael Billington praised the unkempt energy of his performance. During this time, he lived on the housing estate in White City, where he and his flatmates were the frequent victims of burglars.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey's second television role came in 1987 when he played the 18-year-old chauffeur George Bowman, whose obsession with his employer and lover Alma Rattenbury (Helen Mirren) leads him to murder her husband, in an Anglia Television adaptation of Terence Rattigan's play "Cause Célèbre". At the end of the 1980s, Morrissey met director John Madden for the first time. Madden was looking for an actor who could portray an ordinary man who turns out to be a mass murderer, in his film "The Widowmaker" (1990). He knew Morrissey was right for the part in his first audition. The next year, Morrissey appeared as Theseus in an episode of "The Storyteller" directed by Madden ("Theseus and the Minotaur", 1991), and as Little John in "Robin Hood" (1991). "Robin Hood"s cinema release clashed with that of "" (1991). The latter, starring Kevin Costner in the title role, was a box office hit and left Morrissey's version forgotten. Morrissey was out of work in film and television for eight months after it was released. Eventually, he was cast in a leading role as a CID officer in the BBC television drama "Clubland" (1991). He almost lost the role a week into rehearsals when his appendix ruptured. In order to keep the part, and a flat in Crouch End he had just bought, Morrissey performed while still in stitches.


title: David Morrissey

text: His role in "The Widowmaker" led to him being offered and taking many obsessive character roles; he played police officers in "Black and Blue", "Framed", "Between the Lines" and "Out of the Blue", and soldier Andy McNab in "The One That Got Away" (1996). Morrissey first met screenwriter Peter Bowker when he played Detective Sergeant Jim Llewyn in the second series of Bowker's "Out of the Blue". In 1994, he played customs officer Gerry Birch in the first series of "The Knock", and Stephen Finney in the six-part ITV series "Finney". In "Finney", Morrissey assumed the role originated by Sting in "Stormy Monday" (Mike Figgis, 1988). He was the first choice for the part and had to learn to play the double bass.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey made his first appearance in a Tony Marchant drama playing Michael Ride in "Into the Fire" (1996), and the following year played the lead role of Shaun Southerns in Marchant's BBC series "Holding On" (1997). Southerns, a crooked tax inspector, was the first of many "men in turmoil" roles for Morrissey, and it earned him a nomination for the Royal Television Society (RTS) Programme Award for Best Male Actor the next year. In 1998, he appeared in "Our Mutual Friend" alongside Paul McGann. As he was a fan of the book, Morrissey asked director Julian Farino if he could play Eugene Wrayburn, but the role went to McGann. Farino had Morrissey in mind to play schoolmaster Bradley Headstone, a part Morrissey was reluctant to take until he read the script. He studied the role and decided to take it on the basis that the character was unloved and that his motivation by social class causes his mental health problems. His performance was described by a writer for "The Guardian" as bringing "unprecedented depth to a character [...] who is more commonly portrayed as just another horrible Dickens git." In the same year, he played Christopher "Kiffer" Finzi in Anand Tucker's "Hilary and Jackie". His roles in "Our Mutual Friend" and "Hilary and Jackie" were described as his breakthrough roles by Zoe Williams of "The Guardian".


title: David Morrissey

text: In 1999, Morrissey returned to the theatre for the first and last time in nine years to play Pip and Theo in "Three Days of Rain" (Robin Lefevre, Donmar Warehouse). He continued to take in offers for stage roles, but turned them down because he did not want to be away from his family for long periods. Writing in "Time Out", Jane Edwardes suggested that his role as Kiffer in "Hilary and Jackie" had inspired his casting as Pip in "Three Days of Rain" as the characters have similarities with each other. Morrissey was attracted to the role because the play began with a long speech and the cast and crew had only two weeks' rehearsal time. Next, he starred in "Some Voices" (2000), playing Pete. Morrissey researched the character of Pete, a chef, by shadowing the head chef at the Terrace Restaurant in Kensington, London and chopping vegetables in the kitchen for two hours a day. An "Independent" critic called him "an instinctive actor who can use his whole body to convey an inner turbulence". For his next film role as Nazi Captain Weber in "Captain Corelli's Mandolin" (2001), Morrissey researched the Hitler Youth and read Gitta Sereny's biography of Albert Speer, "Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth". Like for all of his roles, Morrissey created an extensive back story for Weber to build up the character.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey returned to television in 2002 playing Franny Rothwell, a factory canteen worker who wants to adopt his dead sister's son, in an episode of Paul Abbott's "Clocking Off". His performance was described as characteristically powerful in "The Independent". He also played tabloid journalist Dave Dewston in the four-part BBC serial "Murder", and prison officer Mike in the part-improvised single drama "Out of Control". He researched the latter part by shadowing prison officers in a young offenders' institution for a week. At the beginning of 2003, he played the role of Richie MacGregor in "This Little Life", a television drama about a mother who has to cope with her 16-week-premature baby. Morrissey researched premature births by speaking to paediatricians at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey's next major leading role was as Member of Parliament (MP) Stephen Collins in Paul Abbott's BBC serial "State of Play" (2003). Morrissey received the scripts for the first three episodes and was keen to read the last three. They had not been completed when he originally requested them but Abbott told him how Collins' story concludes. Unsure how to approach the role, Morrissey was advised by his friend, director Paul Greengrass, to get Collins' job as politician right. Morrissey contacted "State of Play" producer Hilary Bevan Jones, who set up meetings between Morrissey and select committee members Kevin Barron and Fabian Hamilton. Both politicians educated Morrissey on how difficult it is to commute to London from a constituency outside the capital. Morrissey was also able to shadow Peter Mandelson around the House of Commons for a fortnight. He questioned Mandelson about his job as a cabinet minister but did not ask about his personal life. Mandelson told him about how politics can quickly "seduce" MPs who have worked hard to get into Parliament.


title: David Morrissey

text: That same year, he played Gordon Brown in Peter Morgan's single drama "The Deal" (2003), about a pact made between Brown and Tony Blair (Michael Sheen) in 1994. Unlike his research for the fictional "State of Play", Morrissey discovered that no politicians wanted to talk to him for this fact-based drama, so he turned to journalists Jon Snow and Simon Hoggart. He also travelled to Brown's hometown of Kirkcaldy and immersed himself in numerous biographies of the man, including Ross Wilson's documentary films on New Labour in the year surrounding the 1997 election. When speaking to many of Brown's friends to gain insight into his "private persona", Morrissey discovered that Brown was funny, approachable and charming, which were characteristics he did not see in his "public persona". To look like Brown, Morrissey had his hair dyed and permed, and put on 2 stone (28 lb/13 kg) in body weight in six weeks. The director Stephen Frears originally wanted to cast a Scottish actor as Brown but was persuaded by other production staff to cast Morrissey.


title: David Morrissey

text: His acting in "State of Play" and "The Deal" won him considerable acclaim; he was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor for his role as Collins but lost to his co-star Bill Nighy. His performance in "The Deal" was acclaimed by Charlie Whelan, Gordon Brown's former spin doctor, and Tim Allan, a deputy press secretary of Tony Blair. A BBC News Online writer praised Morrissey's grasp of Brown's physical tics in a review that criticised the rest of the film. Morrissey's performance won the RTS Programme Award for Best Male Actor the next year, this time beating Nighy. The RTS jury wrote of Morrissey, "The strength of this performance brought to the screen, and to life, all of the characteristics and traits of the man he portrayed in a way that was both credible and convincing." In 2009, Morrissey declined the opportunity to play Brown again in "The Special Relationship", Morgan's third Blair film, as he did not want to get into the mindset of playing Brown for just one scene.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey was eager to play a comic role after starring in these dramas. He subsequently reunited with Peter Bowker for the BBC One musical serial "Blackpool", in which he plays Blackpool arcade owner Ripley Holden. Bowker remembered Morrissey from "Out of the Blue" and wanted to build off the actor's sense of humour and to cast him against type. Before filming began, Morrissey spent four days in Blackpool talking to the locals and finding out how the arcades worked. His performance was described in "The Daily Telegraph" as "a powerful mixture of barely suppressed danger and vulnerable, boyish charm." A public poll on bbc.co.uk ranked him the second best actor of 2004. Morrissey reprised the role in 2006 in the one-off sequel "Viva Blackpool!". He was pleased to revive Ripley after filming dramatic roles since the original serial.


title: David Morrissey

text: The following years saw Morrissey cast in two high-profile feature films; while filming the Brian Jones biopic "Stoned" (2005), he got an audition for psychiatrist Dr. Michael Glass, the male lead in "Basic Instinct 2" (2006). He was flown out to Los Angeles for a one-hour screen test with Sharon Stone. Their immediate rapport led to the screen test being extended by another hour and Morrissey's casting in the role. Morrissey had enjoyed the first film and liked the script for the sequel. He read up on psychiatry and worked out in a gym for the nudity scenes. The film was a box office and critical failure. "The Washington Post" criticised the film's focus on Morrissey's character and called the actor "overmatched by Stone" and "a sad sack", and the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" called him "a charisma-challenged non-entity". The same "Washington Post" critic later wrote in the "Los Angeles Times" that because Morrissey was not a film star, the chemistry between him and Stone had been spoiled. Nathan Rabin of "The A.V. Club" wrote that Morrissey had "the charisma of beige wallpaper" and that "the producers could have replaced him halfway through shooting with a handsome mahogany coat rack and nobody would be able to tell the difference". The bad reviews depressed Morrissey, and he briefly considered giving up acting, but instead saw the role as a chance to learn.


title: David Morrissey

text: Immediately after filming "Basic Instinct 2", he began work on "The Reaping" (2007) in Louisiana, in which he played science teacher Doug Blackwell opposite Hilary Swank. The role had been offered to him quite late in pre-production, and he flew to Baton Rouge the Monday after "Basic Instinct 2" wrapped. He took the role because he was a fan of Swank, and Hopkins' film "The Life and Death of Peter Sellers" (2004), and he preferred the thriller aspect of the "Reaping" script above the horror aspect. After a week of filming, production had to be suspended when Hurricane Katrina hit the state. He found the filming schedule quite demanding, particularly the three weeks of night filming and a scene in which his character is attacked by a plague of locusts, most of which were computer-generated in post-production but some were real on camera. "The Reaping" was released in 2007 and performed badly in cinemas. Despite the failures of both films, Morrissey was grateful that they opened him up to more film offers from Hollywood.


title: David Morrissey

text: In March 2006, Morrissey filmed a role in "" (2007) in New Zealand. While there, he was offered the role of father Danny Brogan in "Cape Wrath", an Ecosse Films series about a family being moved on a witness protection scheme to a mysterious village. He signed on to the seven-part series in September 2006 and filmed the series until the end of the year. He relished working on the character's back story as it confounded the expectations of both him and the audience. The series was broadcast in Britain and America in 2007. The following year, he played the part of Colonel Brandon in Andrew Davies' serial "Sense and Sensibility". When he first got the script in 2007, he was unsure if British television needed another Jane Austen adaptation, but he took the role when he saw how Davies had given more screen time to the male characters than they get in the 1995 film adaptation. He also appeared as Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk in "The Other Boleyn Girl" (2008). He compared Norfolk to bassist Lemmy from Motörhead and researched the role by reading history books and literature from the 16th century.


title: David Morrissey

text: From November 2008 to January 2009, Morrissey returned to the theatre for the first time in nine years to appear in the Almeida Theatre's British premiere of Neil LaBute's "In a Dark Dark House". He played Terry, one of two brothers who had been abused as a child, opposite Steven Mackintosh and Kira Sternbach. He took the role because he liked LaBute's previous play, "The Mercy Seat" (2002). After accepting the part, he researched the character by reading case studies of adults who were abused when they were children. He learned about how they coped with the shame of their abuse, and incorporated those feelings into his acting. He was also able to consult LaBute during rehearsals but avoided asking him exactly how to play Terry. In "The Daily Telegraph" review that criticised the play, Charles Spencer wrote that Morrissey's was the best performance "as the blue-collar older brother who reveals extraordinary depths of grief, damage and forgiveness that finally light up this dark, flawed play." Benedict Nightingale of "The Times" initially believed that Morrissey's acting was "a bit stiff, almost as if he was waiting for his cues rather than reacting instantaneously to their content" but found him more impressive as the play went on.


title: David Morrissey

text: In December 2008, he appeared alongside his "Blackpool" co-star David Tennant in "The Next Doctor", the 2008 Christmas special of "Doctor Who", playing Jackson Lake, a man who believes he is the Doctor after his mind is affected by alien technology. Morrissey had been asked to appear in the series before but had to turn down the offers due to other commitments. He approached the character like any other dramatic part, and was influenced in his performance by previous Doctor actors William Hartnell, Patrick Troughton and Tom Baker. Secrecy surrounded the exact details of Morrissey's role in the episode; until the day of broadcast his character was referred to only as "the other Doctor". This prompted media speculation that Morrissey would be taking over the lead role after Tennant quit, and in October 2008 he was reported as a favourite of bookmakers. He was pleased that the episode was a "decoy" for the truth that actor Matt Smith had actually been chosen for the part of the Eleventh Doctor. In September 2009, he told entertainment website Digital Spy that he would gladly return to the show if asked.


title: David Morrissey

text: In March 2009, Morrissey appeared as corrupt police detective Maurice Jobson in "Red Riding", the Channel 4 adaptation of David Peace's "Red Riding" novels. Morrissey already knew the directors of the films, enjoyed reading the script and had either worked with his co-stars on other projects, or wanted to work with them. He liked the flaws in the Jobson character and that he differs from typical vigilante police officers portrayed on television. Morrissey said of Jobson, "I think he sets out to be a good cop, he tries to do his job well but he gets involved in some corruption and realises that being a 'bit' corrupt is like being a 'bit' pregnant. You either are or you're not." He received a Best Actor nomination from the Broadcasting Press Guild for the role. At the end of the year, Morrissey played Bobby Dykins in the John Lennon biopic "Nowhere Boy" (2009). As a self-confessed "Beatles geek", Morrissey relished the opportunity to star in the film about Lennon's childhood.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey was active on screen throughout 2010. He starred as Theunis Swanepoel, the interrogator of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, in the BBC single drama "Mrs Mandela". His performance was praised by "The Guardian" and "Independent" critics. The following months saw him star as British Transport Police officer Mal Craig in the second series of BBC One's "Five Days", Roman soldier Bothos in Neil Marshall's feature "Centurion", stalking victim Jan Falkowski in "U Be Dead", and Colonel John Arbuthnot in the "Agatha Christie's Poirot" adaptation of "Murder on the Orient Express". In 2011 and 2013, he played Murray Devlin in "The Field of Blood".


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey returned to a weekly television role at the end of 2010 playing police detective Tom Thorne in "Thorne", a six-part television series for Sky1 that was adapted from Mark Billingham's novels "Sleepyhead" and "Scaredy Cat". After reading "Lifeless" during his time filming "The Water Horse" in New Zealand, Morrissey searched the Internet for more information. He found an interview in which Billingham stated his preference for Morrissey to play Thorne should a screen adaptation ever be made. When he returned to the UK, Morrissey arranged a meeting with Billingham and the two began developing the TV series. Morrissey shadowed officers in the Metropolitan Police's murder unit during their duties to learn about their jobs. He discovered that the officers felt undervalued in their jobs, and he incorporated these feelings into the series. Sky first broadcast the series on 10 October. Morrissey received approval for the role; Andrea Mullaney wrote in "The Scotsman", "Morrissey is never less than watchable and he brings a brooding presence to the role of Thorne." and Adam Sweeting for The Arts Desk called him "authentic as the phlegmatic, low-key Thorne."


title: David Morrissey

text: In 2011, Morrissey starred as Robert Carne in "South Riding", and played Dunlop in the Lionsgate crime drama feature "Blitz". In May 2011, he returned to the Everyman Theatre to play the eponymous king in "Macbeth". Morrissey talked about the role to criminologists, to draw parallels with real-life serial killers, and focused on Macbeth's status as a war hero and his childless relationship with Lady Macbeth. Morrissey's performance was commended by Laura Davis in the "Liverpool Daily Post", who highlighted his delivery of his lines and portrayal of Macbeth "[shifting] from straight-spined statesman to a fervent slayer". Clare Brenan of "The Observer" offered similar praise but noted that Morrissey's vocal inflections were sometimes "flat and rushed". Continuing his roles in Shakespeare productions, Morrissey played Northumberland in a BBC Two production of "Richard II", broadcast in July 2012.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey joined the cast of "The Walking Dead" for its third season in 2012. He portrayed The Governor, a major villain from the graphic novel upon which the series is based. Morrissey read the prequel novel "" to gain insight into the character and his motivations. He also worked with an accent coach and listened to politicians with Southern accents, including Bill Clinton. He returned for the fourth season in 2013, and made a cameo appearance in 2015. In 2014, Morrissey returned to British television in the David Nicholls drama "The 7.39" and the three-part serial "The Driver", written by Danny Brocklehurst.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey was awarded an honorary doctorate by Edge Hill University in 2016. From 10 September to 10 October, he starred in "Hangmen" by Martin McDonagh, at the Royal Court Theatre. The play followed Harry Wade, a former hangman, after the abolition of hanging in Great Britain in 1965.


title: David Morrissey

text: From January 2018, Morrissey appeared as Mark Anthony in "Julius Caesar" at the new Bridge Theatre. That year, he also starred as Inspector Tyador Borlú in the BBC2 drama "The City and the City", adapted from China Miéville's novel of the same name by screenwriter Tony Grisoni.


title: David Morrissey

text: In 2022, he played the main antagonist Gorka in the Italian horror-fantasy film "Dampyr", the first movie in the "Bonelli Cinematic Universe".


title: David Morrissey

text: In the early 1980s, Morrissey developed a filmmaking craft at the Rathbone Theatre Workshop, a Youth Opportunities Programme that taught school-leavers skills for a year. With the workshop, Morrissey shot short silent films on Super 8, where he was taught by Bert Byron, who introduced him to US Independent and foreign films for the first time. Although the scheme paid £23.50 a week and took young people off unemployment benefits, Morrissey reflected in 2009 that many of the participants were just used as lackeys. After his acting career escalated, he started directing because he was aware that, as an actor, he was coming into a project quite late into development and then leaving before post-production, and he wanted to see a film through to the end. Morrissey has said that he prefers to keep acting and directing separate, and would not direct anything he is acting in.


title: David Morrissey

text: His first major project was "Something for the Weekend" (1996), which he wrote and produced. Initially called "The Barber Shop", the title was changed to avoid a clash with another film. His directorial debut, the short "A Secret Audience", centres on a meeting between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. His second short, "Bring Me Your Love", was based on the short story by Charles Bukowski, and stars Ian Hart as a journalist bringing flowers to his wife in a mental hospital. It was screened in front of "Some Voices". An "Independent" critic wrote that "Bring Me Your Love" "holds out great promise" for Morrissey and "The Observer" reviewer wrote that it was worth seeing but was not as impressive as "A Secret Audience". "Bring Me Your Love" was produced by Tubedale Films, a studio Morrissey formed with his brother Paul and wife Esther Freud. In 2001, Morrissey directed "Sweet Revenge", a two-part BBC television film starring Paul McGann that got him a BAFTA nomination for Best New Director (Fiction). In 2004, Morrissey reunited with Tony Marchant to direct the two-part television film "Passer By", about a man (James Nesbitt) who witnesses an attack on a woman (Emily Bruni) but does nothing to stop it. Morrissey was brought onto the project after reading the first draft of Marchant's script. The script went through five more drafts before being filmed over 30 days. Morrissey developed his directing techniques by watching the directors on films and television series that he acted in; he took the minor role of Tom Keylock in "Stoned" so that he could watch Stephen Woolley at work.


title: David Morrissey

text: On 20 July 2007, Morrissey was given an Honorary Fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University for contributions to performing arts. In the same year, he made his feature debut directing "Don't Worry About Me", a film about a London boy falling in love with a Liverpool girl. The film was shot on a budget of £100,000 on location in Liverpool in September and October 2007 and had its world premiere at the 2009 London Film Festival. Joseph Galliano wrote in "The Times" that "Don't Worry About Me" is "a very understated film and feels more like European Art Cinema." The film was broadcast on BBC Two on 7 March 2010 and released on DVD the next day.


title: David Morrissey

text: In 2009, Morrissey and Mark Billingham launched the production company Sleepyhead, which produced the "Thorne" television series. The company was a part of Stagereel, a production house previously set up by Morrissey's brother Paul. The company bought the rights to adapt the "Thorne" novels and Morrissey was already developing it to pitch to television channels when Sky made an offer to broadcast it. As of 2010, Morrissey and Tubedale Films were developing two feature films with financing from the UK Film Council. Morrissey was critical of the Coalition government's decision to close the UK Film Council, as he believed it was an asset to first-time filmmakers. The organisation's funding role was taken over by the British Film Institute in 2011.


title: David Morrissey

text: In 2009, Morrissey and a team of filmmakers ran a series of drama workshops for Palestinian refugee children in Beirut, in conjunction with the UNRWA. On his return to England, he set up the Creative Arts School Trust (CAST), a charity for the purpose of training teachers and continuing the workshops in Lebanon and elsewhere.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey is a patron of The SMA Trust (a charity that funds research into spinal muscular atrophy), Liverpool's Unity Theatre, and the human rights organisation Reprieve.


title: David Morrissey

text: Morrissey married his girlfriend of over 13 years, novelist Esther Freud, in a ceremony on Southwold Pier on 12 August 2006. They were introduced to each other by actor Danny Webb. They have a daughter named Anna and two sons named Albie and Gene. Through Esther, Morrissey is the brother-in-law of fashion designer Bella Freud, son-in-law of painter Lucian Freud, and great-grandson-in-law of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. He and his family split their time between homes in North London and Walberswick, Suffolk. Morrissey and Freud had separated by 2020.


title: David Morrissey

text: He is a lifelong supporter of his hometown football team Liverpool FC and the Labour Party. In 2014, he was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to an open letter in "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in that year's referendum on the issue.


title: History of Amazon

text: Amazon.com, Inc. is an American multinational technology company which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, and digital streaming. It has been referred to as "one of the most influential economic and cultural forces in the world", and is one of the world's most valuable brands.


title: History of Amazon

text: Amazon was founded by Jeff Bezos from his garage in Bellevue, Washington, on July 5, 1994. Initially an online marketplace for books, it has expanded into a multitude of product categories: a strategy that has earned it the moniker The Everything Store. It has multiple subsidiaries including Amazon Web Services (cloud computing), Zoox (autonomous vehicles), Kuiper Systems (satellite Internet), Amazon Lab126 (computer hardware R&D). Its other subsidiaries include Ring, Twitch, IMDb, MGM Holdings and Whole Foods Market.


title: History of Amazon

text: The company was created as a result of what Jeff Bezos called his "regret minimization framework" – to avoid regretting, in his old age, not having tried to participate in the emerging internet with his own startup. In 1994, Bezos left his job as a vice president at D. E. Shaw & Co., a Wall Street firm, and moved to Seattle, Washington, where he began to work on a business plan for what would become Amazon.com.


title: History of Amazon

text: On July 5, 1994, Bezos initially incorporated the company in Washington state with the name Cadabra, Inc. After a few months, he changed the name to Amazon.com, Inc, because a lawyer misheard its original name as "cadaver". Bezos selected this name by looking through a dictionary; he settled on "Amazon" because it was a place that was "exotic and different", just as he had envisioned for his Internet enterprise. The Amazon River, he noted, was the biggest river in the world, and he planned to make his store the biggest bookstore in the world. Additionally, a name that began with "A" was preferred because it would probably be at the top of an alphabetized list. Bezos placed a premium on his head start in building a brand and told a reporter, "There's nothing about our model that can't be copied over time. But you know, McDonald's got copied. And it's still built a huge, multibillion-dollar company. A lot of it comes down to the brand name. Brand names are more important online than they are in the physical world."


title: History of Amazon

text: In its early years, the company was operated out of the garage of Bezos's house on Northeast 28th Street in Bellevue, Washington.


title: History of Amazon

text: After reading a report about the future of the Internet that projected annual web commerce growth at 2,300%, Bezos created a list of 20 products that could be marketed online. He narrowed the list to what he felt were the five most promising products, which included: compact discs, computer hardware, computer software, videos, and books. Bezos finally decided that his new business would sell books online, because of the large worldwide demand for literature, the low unit price for books, and the huge number of titles available in print. Amazon was founded in the garage of Bezos' rented home in Bellevue, Washington. Bezos' parents invested almost $250,000 in the start-up.


title: History of Amazon

text: On July 16, 1995, Amazon opened as an online bookseller, selling the world's largest collection of books to anyone with World Wide Web access. The first book sold on Amazon.com was Douglas Hofstadter's "Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought". In the first two months of business, Amazon sold to all 50 states and over 45 countries. Within two months, Amazon's sales were up to $20,000 per week. In October 1995, the company announced itself to the public. In 1996, it was reincorporated in Delaware. Amazon issued its initial public offering of capital stock on May 15, 1997, at $18 per share, trading under the NASDAQ stock exchange symbol AMZN.


title: History of Amazon

text: Barnes & Noble sued Amazon on May 12, 1997, alleging that Amazon's claim to be "the world's largest bookstore" was false because it "...wasn't a bookstore at all. It's a book broker." The suit was later settled out of court and Amazon continued to make the same claim. Walmart sued Amazon on October 16, 1998, alleging that Amazon had stolen Walmart's trade secrets by hiring former Walmart executives. Although this suit was also settled out of court, it caused Amazon to implement internal restrictions and the reassignment of the former Walmart executives.


title: History of Amazon

text: In 1999, Amazon first attempted to enter the publishing business by buying a defunct imprint, "Weathervane", and publishing some books "selected with no apparent thought", according to "The New Yorker". The imprint quickly vanished again, and Amazon representatives said that they had never heard of it. Also in 1999, "Time" magazine named Bezos the Person of the Year when it recognized the company's success in popularizing online shopping.


title: History of Amazon

text: Since June 19, 2000, Amazon's logotype has featured a curved arrow leading from A to Z, representing that the company carries every product from A to Z, with the arrow shaped like a smile.


title: History of Amazon

text: According to sources, Amazon did not expect to make a profit for four to five years. This comparatively slow growth caused stockholders to complain that the company was not reaching profitability fast enough to justify their investment or even survive in the long term. In 2001, the dot-com bubble burst destroyed many e-companies in the process, but Amazon survived and moved forward beyond the tech crash to become a huge player in online sales. The company finally turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: $0.01 (i.e., 1¢ per share), on revenues of more than $1 billion. This profit margin, though extremely modest, proved to skeptics that Bezos' unconventional business model could succeed.


title: History of Amazon

text: In 2011, Amazon had 30,000 full-time employees in the US, and by the end of 2016, it had 180,000 employees.


title: History of Amazon

text: In 2014, Amazon launched the Fire Phone. The Fire Phone was meant to deliver media streaming options but the venture failed, resulting in Amazon registering a $170 million loss. This would also lead to the Fire Phone production being stopped the following year. In August of the same year, Amazon would finalize the acquisition of Twitch, a social video gaming streaming site, for $970 million. This new acquisition would be integrated into the game production division of Amazon.


title: History of Amazon

text: In June 2017, Amazon announced that it would acquire Whole Foods, a high-end supermarket chain with over 400 stores, for $13.4 billion. The acquisition was seen by media experts as a move to strengthen its physical holdings and challenge Walmart's supremacy as a brick and mortar retailer. This sentiment was heightened by the fact that the announcement coincided with Walmart's purchase of men's apparel company Bonobos. On August 23, 2017, Whole Foods shareholders, as well as the Federal Trade Commission, approved the deal.


title: History of Amazon

text: In September 2017, Amazon announced plans to locate a second headquarters in a metropolitan area with at least a million people. Cities needed to submit their presentations by October 19, 2017 for the project called HQ2. The $5 billion second headquarters, starting with 500,000 square feet and eventually expanding to as much as 8 million square feet, may have as many as 50,000 employees. In 2017, Amazon announced it would build a new downtown Seattle building with space for Mary's Place, a local charity in 2020.


title: History of Amazon

text: According to an August 8, 2018 story in Bloomberg Businessweek, Amazon has about a 5 percent share of US retail spending (excluding cars and car parts and visits to restaurants and bars), and a 43.5 percent share of American online spending in 2018. The forecast is for Amazon to own 49 percent of the total American online spending in 2018, with two-thirds of Amazon's revenue coming from the US.


title: History of Amazon

text: Amazon launched the last-mile delivery program and ordered 20,000 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Vans for the service in September 2018.


title: History of Amazon

text: Amazon generated $386 billion in US retail e-commerce sales in 2020, up 38% over 2019. Amazon's Marketplace sales represent an increasingly dominant portion of its e-commerce business.


title: History of Amazon

text: On November 14, 2022, it was announced that Amazon had plans to lay off 10,000 employees among its corporate and technology staff.


title: History of Amazon

text: In November 2018, Amazon announced it would open its highly sought-after new headquarters, known as (HQ2) in Long Island City, Queens, New York City, and in the Crystal City neighborhood of Arlington, Virginia. On February 14, 2019, Amazon announced it was not moving forward with plans to build HQ2 in Queens but would instead focus solely on the Arlington location. The company plans to locate at least 25,000 employees at HQ2 by 2030 and will invest more than US$2.5 billion to establish its new headquarters in Crystal City as well as neighboring Pentagon City and Potomac Yard, an area jointly marketed as "National Landing." The announcement also created a new partnership with Virginia Tech University to develop an Innovation Campus to fill demand for high-tech talent in National Landing and beyond.


title: History of Amazon

text: At the end of March 2020, some workers of the Staten Island warehouse staged a walkout in protest of the poor health situation at their workplace amidst the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. One of the organizers, Chris Smalls, was first put on quarantine without anyone else being quarantined, and soon afterwards fired from the company.


title: History of Amazon

text: The pandemic caused a surge in online shopping and resulted in shortages of household staples both online and some brick-and-mortar stores. From March 17 to April 10, 2020, Amazon warehouses stopped accepting non-essential items from third-party sellers. The company hired approximately 175,000 additional warehouse workers and delivery contractors to deal with the surge, and temporarily raised wages by $2/hour.


title: History of Amazon

text: After months of speculation due to MGM's poor financial performance from the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the movie industry, Amazon entered negotiations to acquire MGM at an estimated on May 17, 2021. The companies agreed to the merger deal on May 26, 2021 for a total value of , subject to regulatory approval. The deal would allow Amazon to add the MGM library to the Amazon Prime Video catalog, with the studio continuing to operate as a label under the new parent company. The merger was finalized on March 17, 2022 following the expiration of the FTC's review deadline and having cleared the European Commission two days earlier on March 15th. Later that day, Amazon Studios and Prime Video SVP Mike Hopkins revealed that Amazon will continue to partner with United Artists Releasing (MGM and Annapurna Pictures' joint distribution venture), which will remain in operation to release all future MGM titles theatrically on a "case-by-case basis," while "all MGM employees will join my organization." It was also revealed that Amazon had no plans to make changes to the studio's production slate and release schedules nor make all MGM content exclusive to Prime Video, providing some hope that the studio would operate autonomously from Amazon Studios. These plans are expected to not impact the future of the James Bond franchise and its creative team. Two town halls further detailing MGM's future post-merger took place on March 18, 2022, which included one for MGM employees and one for Amazon Studios/Prime Video employees. Both revealed the new interim reporting structure as part of Amazon's "phased integration plan," which would involve De Luca, Mark Burnett (Chairman of MGM Worldwide Television) and COO Chris Brearton reporting to Hopkins on behalf of the studio. On April 27, 2022, it was announced that De Luca and Abdy would leave the studio.


title: History of Amazon

text: On January 22, 2018, Amazon Go, a store that uses cameras and sensors to detect items that a shopper grabs off shelves and automatically charges a shopper's Amazon account, was opened to the general public in Seattle. Customers scan their Amazon Go app as they enter, and are required to have an Amazon Go app installed on their smartphone and a linked Amazon account to be able to enter. The technology is meant to eliminate the need for checkout lines. Amazon Go was initially opened for Amazon employees in December 2016. By the end of 2018, there will be 8 total Amazon Go stores located in Seattle, Chicago, San Francisco and New York.


title: History of Amazon

text: Amazon announced to debut the Amazon 4-star in New York, Soho neighborhood Spring Street between Crosby and Lafayette on 27 September 2018. The store carries 4-star and above-rated products from around New York. The Amazon website searches for the most rated, highly demanded, frequently bought, and most wished for products which are then sold in the new Amazon store under separate categories. Along with the paper price tags, the online review cards will also be available for the customers to read before buying the product. In late 2021, Amazon opened two 4-star stores in the United Kingdom. Its store at the Bluewater Shopping Centre in Kent opened in October, and its store at Westfield London opened in November.


title: History of Amazon

text: In March 2022, Amazon announced that they would be closing all 4-star stores, along with their Books and Pop Up stores, across the US and the UK, stating that they were refocusing on their grocery and fashion stores.


title: History of Amazon

text: Amazon has grown through several mergers and acquisitions. The company has also invested in a number of growing firms, both in the United States and internationally. In 2014, Amazon purchased top level domain .buy in auction for over $4 million. The company has invested in brands that offer a wide range of services and products, including Engine Yard, a Ruby-on-Rails platform as a service company, and Living Social, a local deal site.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: Trinity Fatu (née McCray; born November 30, 1987) is an American professional wrestler and dancer. She is currently signed to WWE, where she performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Naomi.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: In August 2009, Naomi signed with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and was assigned to its past developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), where she was the inaugural FCW Divas Champion. In August 2010, she competed in the all-female third season of "NXT", where she came in second place. In January 2012, she made her main roster debut alongside Cameron, forming The Funkadactyls. Since July 2013, Naomi has appeared as one of the main cast members of the reality television series "Total Divas".


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: In February 2017, Naomi won the WWE SmackDown Women's Championship at the Elimination Chamber event, becoming the first African-American woman to capture the title. She would then become the inaugural winner of the WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal at WrestleMania 34 the following year and the WWE Women's Tag Team Champion alongside Sasha Banks at WrestleMania 38 in 2022.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: Trinity McCray was born in Sanford, Florida. She also starred as a background dancer for rapper Flo Rida.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: In August 2009, Fatu signed a contract with WWE, where she reported to their then-developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). She and Alex Riley lost to AJ Lee and Brett DiBiase in a mixed tag team match in October. On June 20, 2010 Naomi defeated Serena Deeb on "FCW TV" to become the inaugural FCW Divas Champion. On the August 29 episode of "FCW TV", Naomi competed in a match against Lee, where both the Queen of FCW title and the FCW Divas Championship were on the line, which ended in a double count-out. In 2010 Naomi joined the all-female third season of "NXT", with Kelly Kelly as her pro. Naomi debuted on the September 7 episode of "NXT", where she teamed with Kelly to face fellow rookie Maxine and Alicia Fox in winning effort after Naomi pinned Maxine. On the September 21 episode of "NXT", she teamed with Kelly and Jamie Keyes, defeating Layla, Michelle McCool, and Kaitlyn. On the October 26 episode of "NXT", Naomi defeated Maxine in a singles match. On November 30, Naomi lost the competition to Kaitlyn, placing second in the season. On the January 23, 2011, Naomi lost the championship to Lee on "FCW TV".


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: On the January 9, 2012, Naomi made her main roster debut on "Raw" alongside Cameron as valets for Brodus Clay, with the duo dubbed The Funkadactyls. On the pre-show on December 16, Naomi scored a victory in a Santa's Little Helpers battle royal, earning a match against Divas Champion Eve Torres later that night, where she lost. On the March 15, 2013, episode of "SmackDown", The Funkadactyls were attacked backstage by The Bella Twins. The Funkadactyls, Clay, and Tensai, collectively known as Tons of Funk, were originally set to face Team Rhodes Scholars (Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow) and the Bella Twins in an eight-person mixed tag team match at WrestleMania 29, but after the match was cut due to time constraints, it instead took place the following night on "Raw", with Tons of Funk coming out victorious.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: On the August 26 episode of "Raw", Naomi was ringside for a match between Natalya and Brie Bella alongside the cast of "Total Divas", also including Cameron, Nikki Bella, Eva Marie, and JoJo, which ended with Divas Champion AJ Lee coming out and cutting a worked shoot promo directed at the women. On the September 15, Naomi competed against Natalya, Brie Bella, and Lee in a fatal four-way match for the Divas Championship at Night of Champions, where Lee retained the title. The cast of "Total Divas" went on to defeat Lee, Alicia Fox, Aksana, Kaitlyn, Rosa Mendes, Tamina Snuka, and Summer Rae in a traditional elimination tag team match at Survivor Series. On December 15 at , Naomi, Cameron and Tensai abandoned Clay due to his attitude.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: In February 2014, Naomi suffered a legitimate displaced fracture of the orbital bone during a match against Aksana on "Raw". She returned on the March 17 episode of "Raw", teaming with Cameron to defeat Lee and Snuka in a tag team match. On April 6 at WrestleMania XXX, Naomi competed in the Vickie Guerrero Invitational match for the Lee's Divas Championship, where Lee successfully retained her title. At Money in the Bank, Naomi lost to the new Divas Champion Paige in a title match. On the July 7 episode of "Raw", Naomi and Cameron lost to Lee and Paige in a tag team match, which caused a brawl to ensue between Cameron and Naomi. Naomi and Cameron faced off on the Battleground pre-show, during which the former lost. Naomi went on to secure a victory over Cameron on the September 15 episode of "Raw". At Survivor Series, Naomi participated in a traditional elimination tag team match, where she eliminated Cameron before eventually pinning Paige to get the win for her team in a clean sweep.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: In December 2014, Naomi became involved with The Usos' feud with The Miz, which involved The Miz offering to help further Naomi's musical career, much to her husband Jimmy Uso's dismay. On the December 16 episode of "Super SmackDown", Naomi competed against Nikki Bella for the Divas Championship, where she lost the match after Jimmy Uso caused a distraction due to his anger of The Miz being present. After Alicia Fox joined The Miz and Mizdow, Naomi and the Usos competed against the three in a series of mixed tag team matches, where Naomi's team repeatedly lost. On March 29, she accompanied The Usos during their match on the WrestleMania 31 pre-show, in which they unsuccessfully challenged Kidd and Cesaro for the WWE Tag Team Championship.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: On the April 13 episode of "Raw", Naomi unsuccessfully competed in a battle royal to determine the number one contender to the Divas Championship. After the bout, Naomi attacked Paige for eliminating her to ultimately win the match, turning heel. As Paige had been injured by the attack, Naomi was granted a match against Bella for the title at Extreme Rules, where she failed to win after interference from Brie Bella. In May, Naomi attacked The Bella Twins alongside the returning Tamina. The duo went on to compete in a tag team match against The Bella Twins at Payback, during which Naomi and Tamina won. On the May 18 episode of "Raw", Naomi competed in another championship match against Nikki Bella, where Bella retained the title after Tamina caused a disqualification. After Paige returned, a triple threat match was made between Naomi, Paige, and Nikki Bella at Elimination Chamber, however she once again failed to capture the title.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: On the July 13 episode of "Raw", after weeks of the Divas division being dominated by The Bella Twins and their ally Alicia Fox, Stephanie McMahon called for a "Divas Revolution," subsequently introducing the debuting NXT Women's Champion Sasha Banks to align with Naomi and Tamina, dubbed Team B.A.D., as well as Charlotte Flair and Becky Lynch to align with Paige, leading to a brawl between the three teams. The three teams faced off in a three team elimination match on August 23 at SummerSlam, which was won by Team PCB. At the 2015 "Tribute to the Troops" in December, Team B.A.D. and Paige defeated Brie Bella, Charlotte, Fox, and Lynch in an eight-woman tag team match. On the February 1, 2016, episode of "Raw", Banks left the team, which caused Naomi and Tamina to attack her. Naomi and Tamina later lost to Banks and Lynch in a tag team match at Fastlane. On the WrestleMania 32 pre-show, Naomi and Tamina teamed up with Lana, Emma, and Summer Rae in a 10-Diva tag team match against Brie Bella, Paige, Fox, Eva Marie, and Natalya, where Naomi's team was defeated. In early May, Naomi became inactive due to a torn ankle tendon.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: Naomi was drafted to the SmackDown brand on July 19 as part of the 2016 WWE draft. She then debuted a new gimmick, which included a new look and entrance, dubbed "The Glow", turning face in the process. On August 21 at SummerSlam, Naomi competed in a six-woman tag team match alongside Becky Lynch and Carmella against Natalya, Alexa Bliss, and Nikki Bella, where Naomi's team was defeated after Bella pinned Carmella. On September 11 at Backlash, Naomi competed in a six-pack elimination challenge to determine the inaugural WWE SmackDown Women's Champion, where she would eliminate Bliss before she herself was eliminated by Natalya. On November 20, Naomi competed as part of the SmackDown women's team against the Raw women's team at the Survivor Series pay-per-view, where Naomi's team was defeated.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: After three months of inactivity, Naomi returned on the January 24, 2017, episode of "SmackDown", in a confrontation SmackDown Women's Champion Bliss. On February 12, she competed against Bliss at Elimination Chamber, where she was victorious, becoming the SmackDown Women's Champion for the first time in her career as well as the first African-American woman to capture the title. The following Tuesday, she relinquished the title due to a legitimate injury she sustained during the match. On April 2, Naomi made her in-ring return in a six-pack challenge in her hometown of Orlando at WrestleMania 33, where she made Bliss submit, successfully regaining the SmackDown Women's Championship. Two days later, Naomi defeated Bliss in a rematch to retain the championship.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: On June 18, Naomi defeated Lana to retain the SmackDown Women's Championship at Money in the Bank. She then went on to retain the title over Lana two more times on the June 27 and July 4 episodes of "SmackDown", the latter of which involved a seven-second submission victory. In June, Naomi debuted a customized title belt with glow-in-the-dark lights of various colors. On August 20 at SummerSlam, Naomi dropped the SmackDown Women's Championship to Natalya, ending her reign at 140 days. On November 19 at Survivor Series, Naomi competed in a five-on-five elimination tag team match, where she eliminated Raw team captain Alicia Fox, before she herself was eliminated by Sasha Banks, with her team ultimately losing the match.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: On January 28, 2018, Naomi competed in the inaugural women's Royal Rumble match at the namesake pay-per-view, entering at number 20 and lasting 06:49 before she was eliminated by Nia Jax. On the WrestleMania 34 kick-off show, Naomi went on to win the inaugural WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal by eliminating Bayley. In June, Naomi competed in her first Money in the Bank ladder match at the namesake pay-per-view, won by Alexa Bliss. On October 28, she took part in the first all-women's pay-per-view, Evolution, competing in a women's battle royal match, which was won by Jax. In November at Survivor Series, she competed in a traditional elimination tag team match as part of Team SmackDown, where she was the first woman eliminated from the match by Tamina.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: Naomi then entered a feud with Mandy Rose after Rose started flirting with Naomi's real-life husband, Jimmy Uso, to "ruin Naomi's life", which involved Rose hinting at kissing Uso as well as Naomi attacking Rose in a hotel room to which Rose invited Uso. At Royal Rumble on January 27, 2019, Naomi and Rose eliminated each other during the women's Royal Rumble match. The two exchanged victories over each other in February. That same month, Naomi teamed up with Carmella in a six-team Elimination Chamber match for the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Championship at the namesake pay-per-view, where they were the first team eliminated. During the 2019 WWE Superstar Shake-up on April 15, Naomi was drafted to the Raw brand. She unsuccessfully competed in the women's Money in the Bank ladder match at the namesake pay-per-view the following month.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: At Royal Rumble on January 26, 2020, Naomi returned from a hiatus by entering the Royal Rumble match at number 18, lasting 22 minutes before being eliminated by Shayna Baszler. She later attributed her time away to health issues and a relative's death. The following month, Naomi lost to Bayley in a match for the SmackDown Women's Championship at Super Showdown. In April at WrestleMania 36, Naomi competed in a five-way elimination match for the same title, during which she was eliminated by Sasha Banks. In September, she underwent surgery to remove a fibroid.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: As part of the 2020 Draft in October, Naomi was drafted back to the Raw brand. She returned at Royal Rumble in January 2021 during the 30-woman Royal Rumble match, entering at number 2, where she was eliminated by Shayna Baszler and Nia Jax. She teamed with Lana to compete in a Tag Team Turmoil match during the first night of WrestleMania 37 to determine the No. 1 contenders for the Women's Tag Team Championship, where the duo was defeated. In August 2021, Naomi became part of the SmackDown roster. She subsequently began a feud with Sonya Deville, who was an authority figure. The feud developed due to the Naomi's persistence in asking for matches, irritating Deville. Naomi and Deville eliminated each other from the Royal Rumble match at the namesake event in January 2022. Naomi teamed up with Ronda Rousey to defeat Deville and Charlotte Flair at Elimination Chamber the next month.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: On the second night of WrestleMania 38, Naomi teamed with Sasha Banks to compete in a four-way tag team match for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, in which they defeated the respective teams of Liv Morgan and Rhea Ripley, Natalya and Shayna Baszler, and titleholders Carmella and Queen Zelina to become the new WWE Women's Tag Team Champions. During the May 16 episode of "Raw", Naomi and Banks legitimately walked out of the show's venue over a creative dispute after a meeting with CEO Vince McMahon. WWE released an official statement on the issue, in which the company stated Banks and Naomi "walked into WWE Head of Talent Relations John Laurinaitis' office with their suitcases in hand, placed their tag team championship belts on his desk and walked out". This caused a change to the show's main event that originally involved both women. Naomi and Banks were suspended indefinitely and the title was vacated.


title: Naomi (wrestler)

text: Trinity and longtime boyfriend Jonathan Fatu, better known by the ring name Jimmy Uso, were married in Maui on January 16, 2014. Through their marriage, she is a member of the Anoaʻi family, a Samoan-American wrestling dynasty. The couple resides in Pensacola, Florida. She is the stepmother to Fatu's two children.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: G.I. Joe is a military science fiction action film series, based on Hasbro's G.I. Joe toy, comic, and media franchises. Development for the first film began in 2003, but when the United States launched the invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Hasbro suggested adapting the "Transformers" instead. In 2009, the first film was released, "". A second film, "" was released in 2013. A third film, centered on Snake Eyes titled "Snake Eyes: G.I. Joe Origins", also serving as a reboot of the series, was released in 2021, and a fourth film, "G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant", is confirmed to be in active development.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: The first film in the series, released on August 7, 2009. It grossed $302 million worldwide. It was directed by Stephen Sommers from a screenplay by Stuart Beattie, David Elliot, and Paul Lovett and a story by Michael B. Gordon, Beattie, and Sommers.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In 1994, Larry Kasanoff and his production company, Threshold Entertainment, had held the rights to do a live-action "G.I. Joe" film with Warner Bros. as the distributor. Instead they chose to concentrate their efforts on their "Mortal Kombat" films. As late as 1999, there had been rumors that a film from Threshold Entertainment was still a possibility, but that project was canceled.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In 2003, Lorenzo di Bonaventura was interested in making a film about advanced military technology; Hasbro's Brian Goldner called him and suggested to base the film on the G.I. Joe toy line. Goldner and Bonaventura worked together before, creating toy lines for films Bonaventura produced as CEO of Warner Bros. Goldner and Bonaventura spent three months working out a story, and chose Michael B. Gordon as screenwriter, because they liked his script for "300". Bonaventura wanted to depict the origin story of certain characters, and introduced the new character of Rex, to allow an exploration of Duke. Rex's name came from Hasbro. Beforehand, Don Murphy was interested in filming the property, but when the Iraq War broke out, he considered the subject matter inappropriate, and chose to develop "Transformers" (another Hasbro toy line) instead. Bonaventura felt, "What [the Joes] stand for, and what Duke stands for specifically in the movie, is something that I'd like to think a worldwide audience might connect with."


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: By February 2005, Paul Lovett and David Elliot, who wrote Bonaventura's "Four Brothers", were rewriting Gordon's draft. In their script, the Rex character is corrupted and mutated into the Cobra Commander, whom Destro needs to lead an army of supersoldiers. Skip Woods was rewriting the script by March 2007, and he added the Alex Mann character from the British Action Man toy line. Bonaventura explained, "Unfortunately, our president has put us in a position internationally where it would be very difficult to release a movie called "G.I. Joe". To add one character to the mix is sort of a fun thing to do." The script was leaked online by El Mayimbe of "Latino Review", who revealed Woods had dropped the Cobra Organization in favor of the Naja / Ryan, a crooked CIA agent. In this draft, Scarlett is married to Action Man but still has feelings for Duke, and is killed by the Baroness. Snake Eyes speaks, but his vocal cords are slashed during the story, rendering him mute. Mayimbe suggested Stuart Beattie rewrite the script. Fan response to the film following the script review was negative. Bonaventura promised with subsequent rewrites, "I'm hoping we're going to get it right this time." He admitted he had problems with Cobra, concurring with an interviewer "they were probably the stupidest evil organization out there [as depicted in the cartoon]". Hasbro promised to write Cobra back into the script.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In August 2007, Paramount Pictures hired Stephen Sommers to direct the film after his presentation to CEO Brad Grey and production prexy Brad Weston was well received. Sommers had been inspired to explore the G.I. Joe universe after visiting Hasbro's headquarters in Rhode Island. The project had found the momentum based on the success of "Transformers", which Bonaventura produced with Murphy. Sommers partly signed on to direct because the concept reminded him of James Bond, and he described an underwater battle in the story as a tribute to "Thunderball". Stuart Beattie was hired to write a new script for Sommers's film, and G.I. Joe comic and filecard writer Larry Hama was hired as creative consultant. Hama helped them change story elements that fans would have disliked and made it closer to the comics, ultimately deciding fans would enjoy the script. He persuaded them to drop a comic scene at the film's end, where Snake Eyes speaks. To speed up production before the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, John Lee Hancock, Brian Koppelman and David Levien also assisted in writing various scenes. Goldner said their inspiration was generally Hama's comics and not the cartoon. Sommers said had it not been for the rich backstory in the franchise, the film would have fallen behind schedule because of the strike.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: After "Variety" had reported that G.I. Joe became a Brussels-based outfit that stands for Global Integrated Joint Operating Entity, there were reports of outrages over Paramount's alleged attempt to change the origin of G.I. Joe Team. Hasbro responded on its G.I. Joe website claiming it was not changing what the G.I. Joe brand is about, and the name "G.I. Joe" will always be synonymous with bravery and heroism. Instead, it would be a modern telling of the "G.I. Joe vs. Cobra" storyline, based out of the "Pit" as they were throughout the 1980s comic book series.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: The second film in the series, released on March 28, 2013, in 3D and IMAX 3D. It grossed $375 million worldwide. It was directed by Jon M. Chu from a screenplay written by Rhett Reese, and Paul Wernick.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: For the second film, after the financially successful release of "", Rob Moore, the studio vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, stated in 2009 that a sequel would be developed. In January 2011, Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, the writers of "Zombieland", were hired to write the script for the sequel. The film was originally thought to be titled "G.I. Joe: Cobra Strikes", which was later denied by Reese. Stephen Sommers was originally going to return as director of the sequel, but Paramount Pictures announced in February 2011 that Jon Chu would direct the sequel. In July 2011, the sequel's name was revealed to be "G.I. Joe: Retaliation". Chu would later declare that Paramount wanted a reboot that also served as a sequel to "The Rise of Cobra" since "a lot of people saw the first movie so we don't want to alienate that and redo the whole thing."


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In May 2018, Paramount announced a film centered on Snake Eyes, with Evan Spiliotopoulos hired to write the script. In December, Robert Schwentke signed on as director with principal photography scheduled to take place in Japan, Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada and Los Angeles, California. Ray Park was later reported to not reprise the role, as the film deals with the character's origin story. By August 2019, Henry Golding was cast as Snake Eyes, while Andrew Koji was set to portray Storm Shadow, replacing Lee Byung-hun, who portrayed the character in previous films. Kimani Ray Smith was hired as Stunt Coordinator on the project. In September 2019, Iko Uwais entered negotiations to portray Hard Master, while Úrsula Corberó was cast as Anastasia Cisarovna / Baroness (replacing Sienna Miller, who played the character in "G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra"). James Madigan was hired as the Second-Unit Director, after previously working on "G.I. Joe: Retaliation". By October 2019, Samara Weaving was cast as Shana O'Hara / Scarlett (replacing Rachel Nichols, who previously portrayed the character in "G.I. Joe: The Rise of the Cobra"), while Takehiro Hira, Haruka Abe and Steven Allerick were cast in an undisclosed roles.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: The film was scheduled for an October 23, 2020 release date, and was delayed to July 23, 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In April 2013, a third "G.I. Joe" film was announced, with the studio looking at the potential for it to be released in 3D format. Chu was initially hired to return to direct the third film, though the filmmaker left the project in favor of directing "Jem and the Holograms" instead. Producer di Bonaventura expressed interest in having Johnson and Willis reprise their respective roles, while announcing a third primary role. By September of the same year, Evan Daugherty was hired as screenwriter. The film was initially scheduled for a 2016 release, though this changed when di Bonaventura revealed that the studio was in search of a new director.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: By July 2014, Jonathan Lemkin was hired to contribute to the script, with a plot that will focus on Roadblock. Johnson signed on to return as the star of the film. The story will incorporate "M.A.S.K." character Matt Trakker, and the villainous twins Tomax Paoli and Xamot Paoli. In April 2015, the studio hired D. J. Caruso as director, with Aaron Berg hired to do a re-write of the previous draft of the script. In January 2017, Caruso revealed that a previous draft of the script ended with the introduction of the Transformers. This was not approved by Paramount Pictures, who as a studio were "not ready...yet". In May, Dwayne Johnson stated that he would appear in any future "G.I. Joe" film, and that he hopes to be a part of the franchise expansion.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In May 2018, the film was titled "G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant", with Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec signed on as co-screenwriters. Johnson is again in early negotiations to reprise his role, with the plot centering around his character leading a new team of Joes. That team features Daina Janack, Dr. Adele Burkhart, Wild Bill, Barbecue, General Flagg, Doc, and Keel-Haul; the primary antagonists are Tomax and Xamot. Cobra Commander has a smaller role. The film was scheduled to be released on March 27, 2020, until "Snake Eyes" took precedence and was given that release date. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the intended October 23, 2020 release of "Snake Eyes" was delayed, also delaying "Ever Vigilant" development. In May 2021, producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura revealed that there are multiple scripts for the sequel in development.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In March 2013, producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura announced that he would be interested in producing a "G.I. Joe" / "Transformers" crossover film. By July, "G.I. Joe: Retaliation" director Jon M. Chu stated that he is interested in directing the movie. In June 2014, di Bonaventura cast doubt on the project, while acknowledging that it is an ongoing possibility. The Transformers were initially written to be introduced at the end of "G.I. Joe 3", but Paramount decided against this. In July 2021, while stating that Paramount Pictures has been hesitant to green-light production on the crossover, di Bonneventura declared that the project is "inevitable" and Golding did have an expression on doing the crossover film.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In November 2015, Paramount Pictures announced that the "G.I. Joe" series would feature further installments in the future with Akiva Goldsman creating a writers room of screenwriters to determine future projects. In August 2019, Paramount announced a spin-off film which will include Philip "Chuckles" Provost was in development. After completing the script for "G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant", Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec were hired as co-screenwriters.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In May 2020, a followup film to "Snake Eyes: G.I. Joe Origins" was announced to be in development, with a script co-written by Joe Shrapnel and Anna Waterhouse. Henry Golding will reprise his role as Snake Eyes. Lorenzo di Bonaventura will return as producer, while the project will be a joint-venture production between Paramount Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Entertainment One, and Di Bonaventura Pictures.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In December 2015, both Hasbro and Paramount were creating a cinematic universe, combining "G.I. Joe" with films based on "Micronauts", "", "M.A.S.K.", and "Rom". In April 2016, "The Hollywood Reporter" stated that Michael Chabon, Brian K. Vaughan, Nicole Perlman, Lindsey Beer, Cheo Coker, John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein, Joe Robert Cole, Jeff Pinkner, Nicole Riegel, and Geneva Robertson-Dworet became its writers. In January 2017, Caruso stated that the script for the crossover movie was being written. In October 2015, Jon M. Chu restated his intentions to create a film that includes "Transformers", "G.I. Joe", and "Jem". In May 2021, di Bonaventura stated that the writers room that was created for the plans to implement a shared universe of Hasbro intellectual properties failed and would not move forward.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: To promote "Snake Eyes" Paramout did 3rd stop motion short film in the franchise and uploaded it on their YouTube channel.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: Every Blu-ray release of "Snake Eyes" came with animated prequel short film in the form of motion comic telling the story of Morning Light the sword Snake Eyes uses.


title: G.I. Joe (film series)

text: In February 2021, a spin-off streaming television series centered around Alison Hart-Burnett / Lady Jaye was announced to be in development. It is an expansion of the "G.I. Joe" film series as an Amazon Prime Video exclusive. Erik Oleson will serve as showrunner, series creator, and executive producer for the show, while Lorenzo di Benaventura will serve as co-executive producer. The series is a joint-venture production between Paramount Television Studios, eOne, Skydance Television, and Amazon Original Series.


title: Camel toe

text: Camel toe, or cameltoe, is slang for the outline of the labia majora (the outer lips of the vulva) in tightly fitting clothes. Owing to a combination of anatomical factors and the fabric tension in the crotch area, the outer labia and mons pubis may, together, display a shape resembling the forefoot of a camel. Camel toe commonly occurs as a result of wearing clothing with crotch-area vertical tension, such as Spandex activewear or athleisure bottom wear, hotpants or swimwear.


title: Camel toe

text: In the 1930s, following the development of Lastex rubberized yarns for swimwear, the resulting exposure of the pubic-area outline resulted in manufacturers adding a "front panel" to women's swimsuits to conceal the camel toe; this persisted through the 1950s.


title: Camel toe

text: In the early 21st century the display of camel toe in public or in the media has caused controversy on a number of occasions.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Freddy vs. Jason is a 2003 American slasher film directed by Ronny Yu and written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift. It is a crossover between the "A Nightmare on Elm Street" and "Friday the 13th" series, being the eighth installment in the former and the eleventh in the latter. The film joins the two series in a shared universe and pits their respective antagonists, Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees, against each other. Freddy is weakened and forgotten because the citizens of his home town Springwood have defeated him using medications that repress dreams. Freddy awakens Jason to stir up fear and grow his powers so that he may return and kill again. Jason turns out to not be as easily controlled as Freddy initially thought, and the two supernatural mass murderers come into conflict. The crossover film is chronologically set after "" (1991) and "" (1993), and is the last film in each franchise before their respective reboots.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: "Freddy vs. Jason" was released in the United States on August 15, 2003. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed over $116 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film in each series. The film marks Robert Englund's final cinematic appearance as Freddy Krueger. A sequel and crossover with the "Evil Dead" franchise was planned, but it was ultimately scrapped and turned into a comic book limited series, "Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash".


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Since , Freddy Krueger has been in Hell and unable to invade children's dreams, as the adults of Springwood have gone to extremes to make sure their children have forgotten him. Using his remaining power, Freddy resurrects Jason Voorhees. Appearing as Jason's mother, Pamela Voorhees, he manipulates Jason into killing the teens of Springwood in order to create a fear in the townsfolk that Freddy has returned, which would allow him to regain his strength.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Meanwhile, Lori Campbell, who lives with her widowed father, has a sleepover with her friends Kia and Gibb. They are later joined by Trey, Gibb's emotionally abusive boyfriend, and his friend Blake. Jason enters the house and murders Trey, and the police suspect Freddy. After a nightmare, Blake awakens to find his father decapitated by Jason, who then kills Blake himself. The police call it a murder–suicide the following day, hoping to conceal Freddy's return from the rest of the town.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Elsewhere, Lori's ex-boyfriend Will Rollins and his friend Mark Davis, forcibly institutionalized at the Westin Hills Psychiatric Hospital, are made to take Hypnocil to suppress their dreams because of their previous contact with Freddy. A news report about the killings prompts them to escape and return to Springwood to warn Lori about Freddy. That night, Lori and the others attend a rave in a cornfield. Freddy tries to kill Gibb in a nightmare, but Jason kills her first in the real world along with others at the rave, angering Freddy, who realises that Jason’s killing spree will deny him victims.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Will, Lori, and Kia escape the rave with school nerd Charlie Linderman and stoner Bill Freeburg. After dropping off the latter three and a confrontation with Dr. Campbell (who was responsible for having Will and Mark committed to Westin Hills) over Will's certainty that he saw Lori's father murder her mother, Will and Lori head to Mark’s house, only to see him get killed by Freddy. Deputy Scott Stubbs, believing Jason is a copycat killer, makes contact with Lori and her friends, who deduce Freddy's plan. Learning about Hypnocil, they try to get it from Westin Hills; however, Freddy possesses Freeburg, using him to dispose of the medicine. Jason arrives and electrocutes Stubbs. Freddy uses the possessed Freeburg to tranquilize Jason, causing him to fall asleep after slashing Freeburg in half.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: The teens devise a plan to pull Freddy from the dream world into reality and force him to fight Jason, bringing the unconscious Jason back home to Camp Crystal Lake, where the real estate is in development. Freddy fights Jason in the dream world, where he discovers that Jason has a subconscious fear of drowning. Freddy uses this to his advantage and Jason becomes afraid, reverting to his younger self. Lori goes to sleep in order to pull Freddy out and save Jason. As Freddy tortures Lori in the dream world, revealing that he murdered her mother, Jason awakens at the real Camp Crystal Lake and pursues the teens, killing Linderman. Lori is awakened and pulls Freddy into the physical world, where he is confronted by Jason.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Freddy and Jason fight throughout the campgrounds, during which Jason kills Kia. Freddy uses the construction site to gain the upper hand and cuts off Jason's fingers, allowing Freddy to take his machete. As Freddy is slicing away at Jason, Lori distracts him before Jason punches his fingerless hand through Freddy's torso. Freddy retaliates by plunging Jason's machete into his side and Jason rips Freddy's gloved arm off. Lori and Will set the dock on fire, causing numerous propane tanks to explode and throwing Freddy and Jason into the lake. Lori and Will embrace as Freddy makes his way to them on the dock and is about to kill the couple with Jason's machete, but he is impaled by Jason with his own clawed arm, allowing Lori to behead Freddy with the machete. Jason falls off the dock and Freddy's head and body sink into the lake, both seemingly dead. After dropping the machete where Jason submerged, Lori and Will leave.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: The following morning, Jason emerges from the water, holding his machete and Freddy's severed head. Freddy winks and his laughter is heard in the background, leaving the winner ambiguous.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Additionally, Evangeline Lilly had a walk-on role as a high-school student. Professional wrestler Óscar Gutiérrez, better known by his ring name Rey Mysterio, was Englund's stunt double for a scene in Freddy's boiler room lair. New Line Cinema studio chief Robert Shaye, who produced every preceding "Nightmare on Elm Street" film, played the school principal (credited as L.E. Moko).


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Influenced by fan desire for a crossover film with a fight between Freddy and Jason, New Line Cinema and Paramount Pictures tried to make a "Freddy vs. Jason" movie in 1987. Frank Mancuso Jr. enlisted Tom McLoughlin to unite the studios, but no agreement could be made. When "" failed at the box office, Sean S. Cunningham wanted to reacquire the rights to "Friday the 13th" and begin working with New Line Cinema on "Freddy vs. Jason". Paramount and New Line wanted the license to the other's character so they could control a crossover film. Negotiations on the project collapsed, and Paramount made "Jason Takes Manhattan". After "" was released in 1989, the rights reverted to Scuderi, Minasian, and Barsamianto (who sold them to New Line). Two years after initial talks fell apart, director Joseph Zito attempted to revive the project, but neither Mancuso or Robert Shaye were interested in pursuing the project. Before Cunningham could begin to work on "Freddy vs. Jason", Wes Craven returned to New Line to make "New Nightmare". This put "Freddy vs. Jason" on hold, but allowed Cunningham to bring Jason back with "". The ninth installment "turned a healthy profit". In a 1995 interview with "Fangoria", Craven was dismissive of the idea of "Freddy vs. Jason", saying it was taking "something that had a lot of impact and dignity and dragging it down to another level." Cunningham's "frustration" with the delayed development of "Freddy vs. Jason" led him to create "Jason X" to keep the series alive. Based on "Jason Takes Manhattan"s concept of taking Jason away from Crystal Lake, the tenth film put the titular character in space. The film lost its biggest supporter with the resignation of president of production Michael De Luca. Lack of support let the finished film sit for two years before it was released on April 26, 2002. It was the series' lowest-grossing film at the domestic box office, and had the largest budget of any of the films to date. "Jason Goes to Hell" duo Adam Marcus and Dean Lorey were courted early on, but no official deal was finalized.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: New Line spent a reported $6 million on script development alone from several different writers. Lewis Abernathy, writer of "Deepstar Six" and "House IV", was the first screenwriter attached to the film. Abernathy sought to direct his script, entitled "Nightmare 13: Freddy Meets Jason", but his limited directing experience prohibited him from doing so. David J. Schow was given an offer to write the script because he just happened to walk by De Luca's office one day. Schow revised Abernathy's script, expanding upon a cult that worships Freddy Krueger. In 1994, De Luca passed on the draft and turned to Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore, who wrote "Jason vs. Freddy", which had a more "adult tone" than previous entries. The writing duo would depart the film and would be replaced by Peter Briggs, who impressed the studio with his previous crossover attempt, "Alien vs. Predator". Briggs' draft saw numerous returning characters across several films. By 1996, "Demon Knight" scribes Cyrus Voris and Ethan Reiff were commissioned by Cunningham to write a new script, under the title "Freddy vs. Jason: Millennium Massacre", with Rob Bottin, known for his make-up work on "The Thing" and "Total Recall", directing. New Line previously offered the spot to Guillermo del Toro and Peter Jackson to no avail. Bottin opted to drop the current draft of the script and penned his own treatment. David S. Goyer and his writing partner James Dale Robinson were subsequently hired to flesh out Bottin's treatment into a screenplay. No parties involved were happy with the script, leading to Goyer and Robinson exiting the film. Bottin and his treatment were retained despite clashing with the studio over the film's budget. Screenwriting duo Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger, known for their work on "King of the Hill", were selected by the director to write a new script. The draft was widely disliked at Cunningham Productions. Bottin initially considered revising the script himself, but ultimately left the film altogether.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: In 1999, Mark Verheiden entered the project and proposed releasing the film with two different endings; one with Freddy winning and one with Jason winning. The next year, De Luca hired Mark Protosevich to write an entirely new script. "Jason X" writer Todd Farmer wrote for the film as well. Newcomers Mark Swift & Damian Shannon were hired after delivering a pitch that De Luca was happy with in March 2002. Goyer returned to the project once again in an effort to trim "every ounce of fat" from Swift and Shannon's 120-page script. Wes Craven, Guillermo del Toro, and Ronny Yu all declined the opportunity to direct the film. Rob Zombie turned the film down in favor to helm "House of 1000 Corpses". Then up-and-coming filmmaker Jaume Balagueró campaigned to direct the film. Yu would ultimately sign on to direct the film in May 2002 after being given an "enormous" amount of creative freedom. According to Swift and Shannon, several endings were considered for the film; one involved Pinhead of the "Hellraiser" franchise, but New Line did not want to secure the rights for the character.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: In 1999, Robert Englund officially signed onto the film, marking his eighth appearance as the character of Freddy Krueger. In August 2002, "Entertainment Weekly" revealed Kelly Rowland and Brad Renfro were cast in the film, while Kane Hodder would reprise his role as Jason Voorhees. However, conflicting reports emerged with "IGN" stating that the film was looking to reinvent the character, thus ditching Hodder. Monica Keena was selected to portray the film's lead after an "extensive search", while the supporting cast were made up of Canadian actors, including Katharine Isabelle, Lochlyn Munro, Brendan Fletcher, Tom Butler, David Kopp, Jesse Hutch, Kyle Labine and Zack Ward. Betsy Palmer was courted to reprise her role as Pamela Voorhees from "Friday the 13th", but declined due to salary disputes. Actress Paula Shaw would assume the role from Palmer. Just one week before production commenced, Jason Ritter was cast in place of Renfro.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: New Line, thinking that "Freddy vs. Jason" needed a fresh start, chose a different actor to play Jason. Cunningham disagreed with their decision, believing that Kane Hodder, who had played Jason in the previous four films, was the best choice for the role. Although Hodder received a script for "Freddy vs. Jason" and met with director Ronny Yu and New Line executives, Yu and Matthew Barry felt that the role should be recast to fit Yu's image of Jason. Hodder said that New Line did not give him a reason for the recasting; according to Yu, however, he wanted a taller, slower and more-deliberate Jason. The role went to Ken Kirzinger, a Canadian stuntman who worked on "Jason Takes Manhattan". Yu said that Kirzinger was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund, who played Freddy Krueger. Kirzinger is tall, compared to the Hodder, and Yu wanted a much taller actor than the Englund. Kirzinger believed that his experience on "Part VIII" (doubling for Hodder in two scenes) and his height helped him land the part. New Line did not cast Kirzinger until they saw him on film, and his first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street. Douglas Tait played Jason in a re-shot ending:


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Filming for "Freddy vs. Jason" began on September 9, 2002 in Vancouver and ended on December 10, 2002.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: The film was released on VHS and DVD as part of New Line's Platinum Series on January 13, 2004. The DVD release contained a second disc of bonus content with audio commentary by Ronny Yu, Ken Kirzinger and Robert Englund, and deleted and alternate scenes with commentary. Ill Niño's music video for "How Can I Live"; trailers and TV ads, soundtrack promotion and behind-the-scenes featurettes. The film was released on October 4, 2005 on Universal Media Disc and September 8, 2009 on Blu-ray; the Blu-ray release had the same content as the Platinum Series DVD.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: "Freddy vs. Jason" has grossed $82.6 million in the United States and Canada and $34 million in other territories for a total of $116.6 million, against a production budget of $30 million.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: The film earned $36.4 million in its opening weekend at 3,014 theaters in North America, topping the box office. It remained number one in its second weekend grossing $13.4 million, and dropped to sixth place in its third weekend with $7.1 million.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Freddy vs. Jason" has an approval rating of 41% based on 162 reviews and an average rating of 4.98/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Fans of the two horror franchises will enjoy this showdown. But for everyone else, it's the same old slice and dice." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 37 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave it an average grade of "B+" on an A+-to-F scale.


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Kim Newman of "Empire" gave the film three stars out of five, writing: "FVJ ignores any attempts at cleverness and picks up storylines dropped in "" and ""." Sacha Molitorisz of "The Sydney Morning Herald" wrote: "this is a solid effort, with enough frights, humour, blood, surprises and killer dialogue to entertain consistently." Robert K. Elder of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying that it "succeeds as a guilty pleasure, a monster mash that clobbers the recent lackluster sequels plaguing both legacies."


title: Freddy vs. Jason

text: Doug Chapman and Glenn Ennis were nominated for the Best Fire Stunt award at the Taurus World Stunt Awards 2004 for the double full-body burn and wire stunt. Chapman doubled for Robert Englund as Freddy and Ennis doubled for Ken Kirzinger as Jason in the stunt. The film was also nominated for Best Horror Film at the Saturn Awards.


title: Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye

text: The Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye is an American all-weather, carrier-capable tactical airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft. This twin-turboprop aircraft was designed and developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s by the Grumman Aircraft Company for the United States Navy as a replacement for the earlier, piston-engined E-1 Tracer, which was rapidly becoming obsolete. The aircraft's performance has been upgraded with the E-2B and E-2C versions, where most of the changes were made to the radar and radio communications due to advances in electronic integrated circuits and other electronics. The fourth major version of the Hawkeye is the E-2D, which first flew in 2007. The E-2 was the first aircraft designed specifically for its role, as opposed to a modification of an existing airframe, such as the Boeing E-3 Sentry. Variants of the Hawkeye have been in continuous production since 1960, giving it the longest production run of any carrier-based aircraft.