title: Emma Goldman

text: Goldman was a committed war resister and was particularly opposed to the draft, viewing it as one of the worst of the state's forms of coercion, and was one of the founders of the No-Conscription League for which she was ultimately arrested and imprisoned in 1917 before being deported in 1919.


title: Emma Goldman

text: Goldman was routinely surveilled, arrested, and imprisoned for her speech and organizing activities in support of workers and various strikes, access to birth control, and in opposition to World War I. As a result, she became active in the early 20th century free speech movement, seeing freedom of expression as a fundamental necessity for achieving social change. Her outspoken championship of her ideals, in the face of persistent arrests, inspired Roger Baldwin, one of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union. Goldman's and Reitman's experiences with vigilantism in the San Diego free speech fight in 1912 is an example of their persistence in the fight for free speech despite risking their safety.


title: Emma Goldman

text: Although she was hostile to the suffragist goals of first-wave feminism, Goldman advocated passionately for the rights of women, and is today heralded as a founder of anarcha-feminism, which challenges patriarchy as a hierarchy to be resisted alongside state power and class divisions. In 1897, she wrote: "I demand the independence of woman, her right to support herself; to live for herself; to love whomever she pleases, or as many as she pleases. I demand freedom for both sexes, freedom of action, freedom in love and freedom in motherhood."


title: Emma Goldman

text: A nurse by training, Goldman was an early advocate for educating women concerning contraception. Like many feminists of her time, she saw abortion as a tragic consequence of social conditions, and birth control as a positive alternative. Goldman was also an advocate of free love, and a strong critic of marriage. She saw early feminists as confined in their scope and bounded by social forces of Puritanism and capitalism. She wrote: "We are in need of unhampered growth out of old traditions and habits. The movement for women's emancipation has so far made but the first step in that direction."


title: Emma Goldman

text: Goldman was also an outspoken critic of prejudice against homosexuals. Her belief that social liberation should extend to gay men and lesbians was virtually unheard of at the time, even among anarchists. As German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld wrote, "she was the first and only woman, indeed the first and only American, to take up the defense of homosexual love before the general public." In numerous speeches and letters, she defended the right of gay men and lesbians to love as they pleased and condemned the fear and stigma associated with homosexuality. As Goldman wrote in a letter to Hirschfeld, "It is a tragedy, I feel, that people of a different sexual type are caught in a world which shows so little understanding for homosexuals and is so crassly indifferent to the various gradations and variations of gender and their great significance in life."


title: Emma Goldman

text: A committed atheist, Goldman viewed religion as another instrument of control and domination. Her essay "The Philosophy of Atheism" quoted Bakunin at length on the subject and added:


title: Emma Goldman

text: Consciously or unconsciously, most theists see in gods and devils, heaven and hell, reward and punishment, a whip to lash the people into obedience, meekness and contentment... The philosophy of Atheism expresses the expansion and growth of the human mind. The philosophy of theism, if we can call it a philosophy, is static and fixed.


title: Emma Goldman

text: In essays like "The Hypocrisy of Puritanism" and a speech entitled "The Failure of Christianity", Goldman made more than a few enemies among religious communities by attacking their moralistic attitudes and efforts to control human behavior. She blamed Christianity for "the perpetuation of a slave society", arguing that it dictated individuals' actions on Earth and offered poor people a false promise of a plentiful future in heaven.


title: Emma Goldman

text: Goldman was well known during her life, described as—among other things—"the most dangerous woman in America". After her death and through the middle part of the 20th century, her fame faded. Scholars and historians of anarchism viewed her as a great speaker and activist, but did not regard her as a philosophical or theoretical thinker on par with, for example, Kropotkin.


title: Emma Goldman

text: In 1970, Dover Press reissued Goldman's biography, "Living My Life", and in 1972, feminist writer Alix Kates Shulman issued a collection of Goldman's writing and speeches, "Red Emma Speaks". These works brought Goldman's life and writings to a larger audience, and she was in particular lionized by the women's movement of the late 20th century. In 1973, Shulman was asked by a printer friend for a quotation by Goldman for use on a T-shirt. She sent him the selection from "Living My Life" about "the right to self-expression, everybody's right to beautiful, radiant things", recounting that she had been admonished "that it did not behoove an agitator to dance". The printer created a statement based on these sentiments that has become one of Goldman's most famous quotations, even though she probably never said or wrote it as such: "If I can't dance I don't want to be in your revolution." Variations of this saying have appeared on thousands of T-shirts, buttons, posters, bumper stickers, coffee mugs, hats, and other items.


title: Emma Goldman

text: The women's movement of the 1970s that "rediscovered" Goldman was accompanied by a resurgent anarchist movement, beginning in the late 1960s, which also reinvigorated scholarly attention to earlier anarchists. The growth of feminism also initiated some reevaluation of Goldman's philosophical work, with scholars pointing out the significance of Goldman's contributions to anarchist thought in her time. Goldman's belief in the value of aesthetics, for example, can be seen in the later influences of anarchism and the arts. Similarly, Goldman is now given credit for significantly influencing and broadening the scope of activism on issues of sexual liberty, reproductive rights, and freedom of expression.


title: Emma Goldman

text: Goldman has been depicted in numerous works of fiction over the years, including Warren Beatty's 1981 film "Reds", in which she was portrayed by Maureen Stapleton, who won an Academy Award for her performance. Goldman has also been a character in two Broadway musicals, "Ragtime" and "Assassins". Plays depicting Goldman's life include Howard Zinn's play, "Emma"; Martin Duberman's "Mother Earth"; Jessica Litwak's "Emma Goldman: Love, Anarchy, and Other Affairs" (about Goldman's relationship with Berkman and her arrest in connection with McKinley's assassination); Lynn Rogoff's "Love Ben, Love Emma" (about Goldman's relationship with Reitman); Carol Bolt's "Red Emma"; and Alexis Roblan's "Red Emma and the Mad Monk". Ethel Mannin's 1941 novel "Red Rose" is also based on Goldman's Life.


title: Emma Goldman

text: Goldman has been honored by a number of organizations named in her memory. The Emma Goldman Clinic, a women's health center located in Iowa City, Iowa, selected Goldman as a namesake "in recognition of her challenging spirit." Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse, an infoshop in Baltimore, Maryland adopted her name out of their belief "in the ideas and ideals that she fought for her entire life: free speech, sexual and racial equality and independence, the right to organize in our jobs and in our own lives, ideas and ideals that we continue to fight for, even today".


title: Emma Goldman

text: Goldman was a prolific writer, penning countless pamphlets and articles on a diverse range of subjects. She authored six books, including an autobiography, "Living My Life", and a biography of fellow anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: The Heysel Stadium disaster ( ; ; ; ) was a crowd disaster that occurred on 29 May 1985 when mostly Juventus fans escaping from a breach by Liverpool fans were pressed against a collapsing wall in the Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium, before the start of the 1985 European Cup Final between the Italian and English clubs. Thirty-nine people—mostly Italians and Juventus fans—were killed and 600 were injured in the confrontation.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Approximately an hour before the Juventus–Liverpool final was due to kick off, Liverpool supporters charged at Juventus supporters and breached a fence that was separating them from a "neutral area". The cause of the rampage has been attributed by eyewitnesses to Liverpool fans who had been drinking heavily. Juventus fans ran back on the terraces and away from the threat into a concrete wall. Fans already standing near the wall were crushed; eventually the wall collapsed, allowing others to escape. Many people climbed over to safety, but many others died or were badly injured. The game was played despite the pre-match incidents by authorities and organizers' joint decision for public policy doctrine reasons after a state of siege was declared in the city, with Juventus winning 1–0.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: The tragedy resulted in all English football clubs being placed under an indefinite ban by Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) from all European competitions (lifted in 1990–91), with Liverpool being excluded for an additional two years, later reduced to one, and 14 Liverpool fans were found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. The disaster was later described as "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions".


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: In May 1985, Liverpool were the defending European Champions' Cup winners, having won the competition after defeating Roma in the penalty shootout in the final of the previous season. Again, they would face Italian opposition, Juventus, which had won unbeaten the 1983–84 Cup Winners' Cup. Juventus had a team of many of Italy's 1982 World Cup winning team, which played for Juventus for many years, and its playmaker, Michel Platini, was considered the best footballer in Europe and was named Footballer of The Year by the magazine "France Football" for the second year in a row in December 1984. Both teams were placed in the two first positions in the UEFA club ranking at the end of the previous season and were regarded by the specialist press as the two best teams on the continent. Both teams had contested the 1984 European Super Cup four months earlier, with a 2–0 victory for the Italian team.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Despite its status as Belgium's national stadium, Heysel Stadium was in a poor state of repair by the 1985 European Final. The 55-year-old stadium had not been sufficiently maintained for several years, and large parts of the facility were literally crumbling. For example, the outer wall had been made of cinder block, and fans who did not have tickets were seen kicking holes in the wall to get in. In some areas of the stadium, there was only one turnstile, and some fans attending the game claimed that they were never searched or asked for their tickets.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Liverpool players and fans later said that they were shocked at Heysel's abject condition, despite reports from Arsenal fans that the ground was a "dump" when Arsenal had played there a few years earlier. They were also surprised that Heysel was chosen despite its poor condition, especially since Barcelona's Camp Nou and Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu were both available. Juventus President Giampiero Boniperti and Liverpool CEO Peter Robinson urged the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) to choose another venue and claimed that Heysel was not in any condition to host a European Final, especially one involving two of the largest and most powerful clubs in Europe. However, UEFA refused to consider a move. It was later discovered that UEFA's inspection of the stadium had lasted just thirty minutes.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: The stadium was crammed with 58,000 to 60,000 supporters, with more than 25,000 for each team. The two ends behind the goals comprised all-standing terraces, each end split into three zones. The Juventus end was O, N, and M, and the Liverpool end was X, Y, and Z, as deemed by the Belgian court after the disaster. However, the tickets for the Z section were reserved for neutral Belgian fans in addition to the rest of the stadium. The idea of the large neutral area was opposed by both Liverpool and Juventus, as it would provide an opportunity for fans of both clubs to obtain tickets from agencies or from ticket touts outside the ground and so create a dangerous mix of fans.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: At the time, Belgium already had a large Italian community, and many expatriate Juventus fans from Brussels, Liège and Charleroi bought Section Z tickets. Also, many tickets were bought up and sold by travel agents, mainly to Juventus fans. That meant the Juventus fans had more sections than the Liverpool fans with the Z section, which was nominally reserved for neutrals. Reportedly, Liverpool fans were still smarting from being attacked by Roma ultras at the 1984 European Final and placed next to what amounted to another Juventus section heightened tensions before the match. A small percentage of the tickets ended up in the hands of Liverpool fans.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: At approximately 7 p.m. local time, an hour before kickoff, the initial disturbance started. The Liverpool and Juventus supporters in Sections X and Z stood merely yards apart. The boundary between the two was marked by temporary chain link fencing and a central thinly-policed no man's land. Hooligans began to throw flares, bottles and stones across the divide and picked up stones from the crumbling terraces beneath them.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: As kickoff approached, the throwing became more intense. Eventually the Liverpool fans charged towards the Juventus fans, the boundary between Section X and Z broke down, and the few police persons stationed at the divide were overpowered. As the Juventus fans started fleeing, they ran towards the concrete wall at the perimeter of Section Z. Fans standing near the wall were crushed, and as the pressure mounted the entire lower portion of the wall collapsed, burying fans underneath it as it fell. Some fans managed to climb over to safety, but many others died or were badly injured.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: In retaliation for the events in Section Z, many Juventus fans rioted at their end of the stadium. They advanced down the stadium running track to help other Juventus supporters, but police intervention stopped the advance. A large group of Juventus fans fought the police with rocks, bottles and stones for two hours. One Juventus fan was also seen firing a starting gun at Belgian police.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Despite the scale of the disaster and the state of siege in the City of Brussels consequently declared by the Belgian government, UEFA officials, the Italian, English and Belgian national associations—the latter being responsible for organising the event—as well as the country's Ministry of Interior led by local Premier Wilfried Martens, Brussels Mayor Hervé Brouhon, and the city's police force decided jointly that the match eventually would start for public policy doctrine reasons because abandoning the match would have risked inciting further disturbances, notwithstanding Juventus' explicit request that the match not be played. After the captains of both sides spoke to the crowd and appealed for calm, the players took the field knowing that people had died. Years later, Liverpool captain Phil Neal said that in hindsight, it would have been "a better decision" to call off the game.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Juventus won the match 1–0 thanks to a penalty scored by Platini, which was awarded by the Swiss referee, Daina, for a foul against Zbigniew Boniek.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: At the end of the game, the trophy was given in front of the stadium's Honor Stand by UEFA President Jacques Georges to Juventus Captain Gaetano Scirea. Collective hysteria generated by the massive invasion of the pitch by journalists and fans at the end of the match and the chants of fans of both teams in the stands all made some Italian club players celebrate the title in the middle of the pitch among them and in front of their fans in the M section, and some Liverpool players applauded their fans between the X and Z sections, the stadium's section affected.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Liverpool players only realised the extent of the tragedy when they boarded their bus at a Brussels hotel to go to the airport, when a crowd of Juventus supporters surrounded the bus. Police had to escort the bus out of the lot. The police allowed Liverpool's bus to drive directly onto the tarmac at Brussels Airport in hopes of avoiding a confrontation at the terminal.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Of the 39 people killed, 32 were Italian (including two minors), four Belgian, two French, and one from Northern Ireland.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: The blame for the incident was laid on the fans of Liverpool. On 30 May, official UEFA observer Gunter Schneider said, "Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt." UEFA, the organiser of the event, the owners of Heysel Stadium and the Belgian police were investigated for culpability. After an eighteen-month investigation, the dossier of leading Belgian judge Marina Coppieters was finally published. It concluded that blame should rest solely with the Liverpool fans.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Gerry Clarkson, Deputy Chief of the London Fire Brigade (LFB), was sent by the British Government to report on the condition of the stadium. He concluded that the deaths were "Attributable very, very largely to the appalling state of [the] stadium." Clarkson discovered that the crush barriers were unable to contain the weight of the crowd and had the reinforcement in the concrete exposed; the wall's piers had been built the wrong way around and that there was a small building at the top of the terrace that contained long plastic tubing underneath. His report was never used in any inquiry for the disaster.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: After Heysel, English clubs began to impose stricter rules intended to make it easier to prevent troublemakers from attending domestic games, with legal provision to exclude troublemakers for three months introduced in 1986, and the Football (Disorder) Act 2000 introduced in 1991.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Serious progress on legal banning orders preventing foreign travel to matches was arguably not made until the violence involving England fans (allegedly mainly involving neo-Nazi groups, such as Combat 18) at a match against Ireland on 15 February 1995 and violent scenes at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Rioting at UEFA Euro 2000 saw the introduction of new legislation and wider use of police powers—by 2004, 2,000 banning orders were in place, compared to fewer than 100 before Euro 2000.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: The main reforms to English stadiums came after the Taylor Report into the Hillsborough disaster in which 97 people died in 1989. All-seater stadiums became a requirement for clubs in the top two divisions while pitch-side fencing was removed and closed-circuit cameras have been installed. Fans who misbehave can have their tickets revoked and be legally barred from attending games at any English stadium.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: The Heysel Stadium itself continued to be used for some matches of the Belgian national team until 1990, when UEFA banned Belgium from hosting a European final until at least 2000. In 1994, the stadium was almost completely rebuilt as the King Baudouin Stadium. On 28 August 1995 the new stadium welcomed the return of football to Heysel in the form of a friendly match between Belgium and Germany. It then hosted a major European final on 8 May 1996 when Paris Saint-Germain defeated Rapid Vienna 1–0 to win the Cup Winners' Cup.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: British police undertook a thorough investigation to bring the perpetrators to justice. Some seventeen minutes of film and many still photographs were examined. "TV Eye" produced an hour-long programme featuring the footage while British newspapers published the photographs.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: A total of 34 people were arrested and questioned with 26 Liverpool fans being charged with manslaughter—the only extraditable offence applicable to events at Heysel. An extradition hearing in London in February–March 1987 ruled all 26 were to be extradited to stand trial in Belgium for the death of Juventus fan Mario Ronchi. In September 1987 they were extradited and formally charged with manslaughter applying to all 39 deaths and further charges of assault. Initially, all were held at a Belgian prison, but, over the subsequent months, judges permitted their release as the start of the trial was further delayed.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: The trial eventually began in October 1988, with three Belgians also standing trial for their role in the disaster: Albert Roosens, the head of the Belgian Football Association, for allowing tickets for the Liverpool section of the stadium to be sold to Juventus fans; and two police chiefs—Michel Kensier and Johan Mahieu—who were in charge of policing at the stadium that night. Two of the 26 Liverpool fans were in custody in Britain at the time and stood trial later. In April 1989, fourteen fans were convicted and given three-year sentences, half of which were suspended for five years, allowing them to return to the UK. One man who was acquitted was Ronnie Jepson, who would go on to make 414 appearances over a thirteen-year career in the English Football League.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Pressure mounted to ban English clubs from European competition. On 31 May 1985, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher asked The Football Association (the FA) to withdraw English clubs from European competition before they were banned, but two days later, UEFA banned English clubs for "an indeterminate period of time." On 6 June, the International Federation of


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Association Football (FIFA) extended this ban to all worldwide matches, but this was modified a week later to allow friendly matches outside of Europe to take place. In December 1985, FIFA announced that English clubs were also free to play friendly games in Europe, though the Belgian government banned any English clubs playing in their country.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Though the English national team was not subjected to any bans, English club sides were banned indefinitely from European club competitions, with Liverpool being provisionally subject to a further three years suspension as well. In April 1990, following years of campaigning from the English football authorities, UEFA confirmed the reintroduction of English clubs (with the exception of Liverpool) into its competitions from the 1990–91 season onward; in April 1991 UEFA's executive committee voted to allow Liverpool back into European competition from the 1991–92 season onward, a year later than their compatriots, but two years earlier than initially foreseen. In the end, all English clubs served a five-year-ban, while Liverpool were excluded for six years.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: According to former Liverpool striker Ian Rush, who signed with Juventus a year later, he saw pronounced improvement in the institutional relationships between both the clubs and their fans during his career in Italy.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Prior to the introduction of the ban, England were ranked first in the UEFA coefficient ranking due to the performance of English clubs in European competition in the previous five seasons. Throughout the ban, England's points were kept in the ranking until they would have naturally been replaced.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: The places vacated by English clubs in the UEFA Cup were reallocated to the best countries who would usually only have two spots in the competition—countries ranked between ninth and twenty-first. For the 1985–86 UEFA Cup, the Soviet Union, France, Czechoslovakia, and the Netherlands were granted an additional spot each, while in 1986–87, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, France, and East Germany were the recipients. The 1987–88 season saw Portugal, Austria, and Sweden gain an additional place, with Sweden and Yugoslavia gaining the places for the 1988–89 competition. The final year of the English ban, 1989–90 saw Austria receive a spot, while a play-off round was played between a French and a Yugoslav side for the final space—due to the two countries having the same number of points in the ranking.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: England was removed from the rankings in 1990 due to having no points. England did not return to the top of the coefficient rankings until 2008.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: The number of places available to English clubs in the UEFA Cup would however have been reduced had English teams been eliminated early in the competition. By the time of the re-admittance of all English clubs except Liverpool in 1990–91, England was only granted one UEFA Cup entrant (awarded to the league runners-up); prior to the ban, they had four entry slots, a number not awarded to England again under regular means.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Welsh clubs playing in the English league system, who could qualify for the European Cup Winners' Cup via the Welsh Cup, were unaffected by the ban. Bangor City (1985–86), Wrexham (1986–87), Merthyr Tydfil (1987–88), Cardiff City (1988–89), and Swansea City (1989–90) all competed in the Cup Winners' Cup during the ban on English clubs, despite playing in the English league system.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: In the meantime, many other clubs missed out on a place in the UEFA Cup due to the return of English clubs to European competitions only being gradual—in 1990, the league had no UEFA coefficient points used to calculate the number of teams, and even though Manchester United won the Cup Winners' Cup in the first season of returning in 1990–91, it took several more years for England to build up the points to the previous level, due to the coefficient being calculated over a five-year period and there being a one-year delay between the publication of the rankings and their impact on club allocation.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Liverpool's additional year of exclusion from Europe meant that there was no English representation in the 1990–91 European Cup, as they were 1989–90 Football League First Division champions.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Due to the weak coefficient, Football League Cup winners Nottingham Forest also missed out on UEFA Cup places in 1990–91, along with Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal. The teams who missed out on the 1991–92 UEFA Cup, for the same reason were Sheffield Wednesday, Crystal Palace and Leeds United. Arsenal and Manchester City were unable to take part for the 1992–93 competition. For 1993–94, Blackburn Rovers and Queens Park Rangers would have qualified.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: Leeds United missed out in 1994–95 and initially 1995–96, though they qualified for the latter via the new UEFA Fair Play ranking, which at the time gave their three top-ranking associations' highest-placed team who've not already qualified for Europe a UEFA Cup spot. Remaining outside the top three of the coefficient rankings, England retained its three UEFA Cup berths instead of four. Sixth-placed Everton were denied a Fair Play berth for 1996–97 by UEFA, as punishment for the FA due to Tottenham Hotspur and Wimbledon fielding weakened teams in the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: By this point England's coefficient was no longer directly affected by the ban due to it being outside of the five-year window, their coefficient continued to be affected by years of under-representation in the competition. As a result, Aston Villa missed out via their league position for 1997–98 and 1998–99 but qualified for both through Fair Play. Restructuring of UEFA competitions for 1999–2000 gave the top six associations of the coefficient ranking three UEFA Cup berths (the top three gained four Champions League berths, whilst 4–6 got three), which England now reached, whilst associations ranked seventh and eighth were given four berths for the competition.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: In 1985, a memorial was presented to the victims at the Juventus headquarters in Piazza Crimea, Turin. The monument includes an epitaph written by Torinese journalist Giovanni Arpino. Since 2001 to 2017 it has been situated in front of the club's headquarters in Corso Galileo Ferraris and since then in Juventus Headquarter.In 1991, another memorial monument for the 39 victims of the disaster, was inaugurated in Reggio Emilia, the hometown of the victim Claudio Zavaroni, in front of Stadio Mirabello: every year the committee "Per non dimenticare Heysel" (In order not to forget Heysel) holds a ceremony on 29 May with relatives of the victims, representatives of Juventus, survivors and various supporters clubs from various football clubs, including Inter Milan, Milan AC, Reggiana and Torino. During Euro 2000, members of the Italian team left flowers on the site in honour of the victims.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: On 29 May 2005, a £140,000 sculpture was unveiled at the new Heysel stadium, to commemorate the disaster. The monument is a sundial designed by French artist Patrick Rimoux and includes Italian and Belgian stone and the poem "Funeral Blues" by Englishman W. H. Auden to symbolise the sorrow of the three countries. Thirty-nine lights shine, one for each who died that night.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: On Wednesday 26 May 2010, a permanent plaque was unveiled on the Centenary Stand at Anfield to honour the Juventus fans who died 25 years earlier. This plaque is one of two permanent memorials to be found at Anfield, along with one for the 97 fans killed in the Hillsborough disaster in 1989. In May 2012, a Heysel Memorial was unveiled in the J-Museum at Turin. There is also a tribute to the disaster's victims in the club's "Walk of Fame" in front of the Juventus Stadium. Two years later Juventus' officials announced a memorial in the Continassa headquarter. In February 2014, an exhibition in Turin was dedicated both to the Heysel tragedy and Superga air disaster. The name of the exhibition was ""Settanta angeli in un unico cielo – Superga e Heysel tragedie sorelle"" (70 angels in the one same heaven – Superga and Heysel sister tragedies) and gathered material from 4 May 1949 and 29 May 1985.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: On 12 November 2015 Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Juventus' representatives led by Mariella Scirea and J-Museum president Paolo Garimberti and members of the Italian victims association held a ceremony in front of the Heysel monument in King Baudouin Stadium for the 30th anniversary of the event. The following day, FIGC president Carlo Tavecchio announced the retirement of "Squadra Azzurra"'s number 39 shirt prior to the friendly match between Italy and Belgium.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: A memorial service for those killed in the disaster was held before Liverpool's match with Arsenal at Anfield on 18 August 1985, their first fixture after the disaster. However, according to "The Sydney Morning Herald", it was "drowned out" by chanting.Juventus and Liverpool were drawn together in the quarter-finals of the 2005 Champions League, their first meeting since Heysel. Before the first leg at Anfield, Liverpool fans held up placards to form a banner saying ""amicizia"" ("friendship" in Italian). Many of the Juventus fans applauded the gesture, although a significant number chose to turn their backs on it. In the return leg in Turin, Juventus fans displayed banners reading "Easy to speak, difficult to pardon: Murders" and "15-4-89. Sheffield. God exists", the latter a reference to the Hillsborough disaster, in which 97 Liverpool fans were killed in a crush. A number of Liverpool fans were attacked in the city by Juventus ultras.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: In May 2015, during a Serie A match between Juventus and Napoli at Turin, Juventus fans held up placards to form a banner saying ""+39 Rispetto"" ("respect +39" in Italian) including the names of the victims of the disaster.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: In an interview with Liverpool footballer Mark Lawrenson he spoke at length about his experience in the immediate aftermath of the Heysel Stadium Disaster and how it is never, ever discussed, starkly compared with the Hillsborough Disaster. He thought this may be down to a sense of shame.


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: In 1985, Belgian studio project Shady Vision recorded "Just A Game" (Indisc DID 127754) which addressed the tragic event. In Germany, this recording was distributed by SPV GmbH as a charity single under the title "39 (Just A Game)".


title: Heysel Stadium disaster

text: In 1986, the band Revolting Cocks, founded in part by Al Jourgensen of Ministry, released a song by the name of "38" on the album "Big Sexy Land", in commemoration of the deaths. British composer Michael Nyman wrote a piece called "Memorial" which was originally part of a larger work of the same name written in 1985 in memory of the Juventus fans who died at Heysel Stadium.


title: THX 1138

text: THX 1138 is a 1971 American social science fiction film directed and co-written by George Lucas in his feature film directorial debut. It is set in a dystopian future in which the populace is controlled through android police and mandatory use of drugs that suppress emotions. Produced by Francis Ford Coppola and written by Lucas and Walter Murch, it stars Robert Duvall and Donald Pleasence.


title: THX 1138

text: "THX 1138" was developed from Lucas's student film "", which he made in 1967 while attending the USC School of Cinematic Arts. The feature film was produced in a joint venture between Warner Bros. and American Zoetrope. A novelization by Ben Bova was published in 1971.


title: THX 1138

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics and underperformed at the box-office on initial release; however, the film has subsequently received critical acclaim and gained a cult following, particularly in the aftermath of Lucas' success with "Star Wars" in 1977. A director's cut prepared by Lucas was released in 2004.


title: THX 1138

text: In the future, sexual intercourse and reproduction are prohibited, whereas use of mind-altering drugs is mandatory to enforce compliance among the citizens and to ensure their ability to conduct dangerous and demanding tasks. Emotions and the concept of family are taboo. Workers are clad in identical white uniforms and have shaven heads to emphasize uniformity, likewise with police androids who wear black and monks who are robed. Instead of names, people have designations with three arbitrary letters (referred to as the "prefix") and four digits, shown on an identity badge worn at all times.


title: THX 1138

text: At their jobs in central video control centers, SEN 5241 and LUH 3417 keep surveillance on the city. LUH has a male roommate, THX 1138, who works in a factory producing android police officers. At the beginning of the story, THX finishes his shift while the loudspeakers urge the workers to "increase safety"—and congratulate them for only losing 195 workers in the last period—to the competing factory's 242.


title: THX 1138

text: On the way home, he stops at a confession booth in a row of many, and relates his concerns and mumbles prayers about "party" and "masses", under the Jesus Christ-esque portrait of "OMM 0000". A soothing voice greets THX, and OMM ends the confession with a parting salutation: "You are a true believer, blessings of the State, blessings of the masses. Work hard, increase production, prevent accidents and be happy."


title: THX 1138

text: At home, THX takes his drugs and watches holobroadcasts while engaging with a masturbatory device. LUH secretly substitutes pills in her possession for THX's medications, causing him to develop nausea, anxiety, and sexual desires. LUH and THX become involved romantically and have sex. THX later is confronted by SEN, who attempts to arrange that THX become his new roommate, but THX files a complaint against SEN for the illegal shift pattern change.


title: THX 1138

text: Without drugs in his system, THX falters during a critical and hazardous phase of his job, and a control center engages a "mind lock" on THX which raises the level of danger. After the release of the mind lock, THX makes the necessary correction to that work phase. THX and LUH are arrested and THX undergoes drug therapy, and one of his kidneys is removed for donation purposes. He enjoys a brief reunion with LUH, disrupted shortly after she reveals her pregnancy.


title: THX 1138

text: At THX's trial, it is stated that THX was clinically born. It is decided that it would be inefficient to terminate THX, so THX is sentenced to prison, alongside SEN. The prison appears to be an all white space with no walls. One of the prisoners is a "shell dweller", later called a "Wookiee". The other prisoners seem uninterested in escape. THX and SEN walk to search for an exit. They walk and walk, with only a white space to be seen all around them. Eventually they are joined by hologram actor SRT 5752, who starred in the holobroadcasts. SRT 5752 shows them the exit and suggests to them that they may have been going in circles. During the escape, THX and SRT are separated from SEN. Chased by the police robots, THX and SRT are trapped in a control center, from which THX learns that LUH has been "consumed", and her name has been reassigned to her fetus, numbered 66691, in a growth chamber. SEN eventually escapes to an area reserved for the monks of OMM, where a monk notices that SEN has no identification badge. SEN attacks him and later wanders into a child-rearing area, strikes up a conversation with children and sits aimlessly until police androids apprehend him. THX and SRT steal two cars. SRT struggles with figuring out how to drive the car. When SRT finally gets the car to move, SRT immediately crashes his car into a concrete pillar.


title: THX 1138

text: Pursued by two police androids on motorcycles, THX flees to the limits of the city and escapes into a ventilation shaft. The police androids pursue him on motorcycles along the shaft to an escape ladder, but are ordered by Central Command to cease pursuit, on the grounds that the expense of his capture exceeds their allocated budget for THX. The guards inform THX that the surface is uninhabitable in a last-ditch attempt to convince him to surrender, but he is undeterred and continues up the ventilation shaft. The city is then revealed to be entirely underground, and THX has escaped onto the surface, where he then witnesses the Sun setting.


title: THX 1138

text: Scott Beach, Terence McGovern, and David Ogden Stiers (billed as David Ogden Steers). They had ties to the San Francisco Bay area, as did Lucas.


title: THX 1138

text: "THX 1138" was the first film made in a planned seven-picture slate commissioned by Warner Bros. from the 1969 incarnation of American Zoetrope. Lucas wrote the initial script draft based on his earlier short film, but Coppola and Lucas agreed it was unsatisfactory. Murch assisted Lucas in writing an improved final draft. For some of SEN's dialogue in the film, the script included excerpts from speeches by Richard Nixon.


title: THX 1138

text: The script required almost the entire cast to shave their heads, either completely bald or with a buzz cut. As a publicity stunt, several actors were filmed having their first haircuts/shaves at unusual venues, with the results used in a promotional featurette titled "". Many of the shaven-headed extras seen in the film were recruited from the nearby Synanon, an addiction recovery program which became a violent cult.


title: THX 1138

text: Filming began on September 22, 1969. The schedule was between 35 and 40 days, completing in November 1969. Lucas filmed "THX 1138" in Techniscope.


title: THX 1138

text: Most locations for filming were in the San Francisco area, including the unfinished tunnels of the Bay Area Rapid Transit subway system, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the Marin County Civic Center in San Rafael designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the Lawrence Hall of Science in Berkeley, the San Francisco International Airport, and at a remote manipulator for a hot cell. Several scenes show a large IBM System/360 multi-computer installation. Studio sequences were shot at stages in Los Angeles, including a white stage for the "white limbo" sequences. Lucas used entirely natural light.


title: THX 1138

text: The chase scene featured two Lola T70 Mk III race cars being chased by Yamaha TA125/250cc two-stroke, race-replica motorcycles through two San Francisco Bay Area automotive tunnels: the Caldecott Tunnel between Oakland and Orinda; and the underwater Posey Tube between Oakland and Alameda. According to Caleb Deschanel, cars drove at speeds of while filming the chase. Other cars appearing in several scenes of the movie include the custom-built Ferrari Thomassima cars; one of them is on display in the Ferrari museum in Modena, Italy.


title: THX 1138

text: The chase featured a motorcycle stunt. Stuntman Ronald "Duffy" Hambleton (credited as Duffy Hamilton) rode his police motorcycle full speed into a fallen paint stand, with a ramp built to Hambleton's specification. He flew over the handlebars, was hit by the airborne motorcycle, landed in the street on his back, and slammed into the crashed car in which Duvall's character had escaped. According to Lucas, it turned out Hambleton was perfectly fine, apart from being angry with the people who had run into the shot to check on him. He was worried that they might have ruined the amazing stunt he had just performed by walking into frame.


title: THX 1138

text: THX's final climb out to the daylight was filmed (with the camera rotated 90°) in the incomplete (and decidedly horizontal) Bay Area Rapid Transit Transbay Tube before installation of the track supports, with the actors using exposed reinforcing bars on the floor of the tunnel as a "ladder". The end scene, of THX standing before the sunset, was shot at Port Hueneme, California, by a second unit of (additional uncredited photographer) Caleb Deschanel and Matthew Robbins, who played THX in this long shot.


title: THX 1138

text: After completion of photography, Coppola scheduled a year for Lucas to complete postproduction. Lucas edited the film on a German-made K-E-M flatbed editor in his Mill Valley house by day, with Walter Murch editing sound at night; the two compared notes when they changed over. Murch compiled and synchronized the sound montage, which includes all the "overhead" voices heard throughout the film, radio chatter, announcements, etc. The bulk of the editing was finished by mid-1970.


title: THX 1138

text: On completion of editing of the film, producer Coppola took it to Warner Bros., the financiers. Studio executives there disliked the film, and insisted that Coppola turn over the negative to an in-house Warner editor, who cut about four minutes of the film prior to release.


title: THX 1138

text: The soundtrack to the THX 1138, conducted by Lalo Schifrin, was released in 1970. Recording took place on October 15 and 16, 1970, at The Burbank Studios in Burbank, California, U.S.


title: THX 1138

text: "THX 1138" was released to theaters on March 11, 1971 and was a commercial flop, earning back $945,000 in rentals for Warner Bros. but still leaving the studio in the red. A contemporary survey found seven favorable, three mixed, and five negative reviews.


title: THX 1138

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three stars out of four and wrote, ""THX 1138" suffers somewhat from its simple storyline, but as a work of visual imagination it's special, and as haunting as parts of "," "Silent Running" and "The Andromeda Strain."" Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" awarded two stars out of four and stated, "The principal problem with this film is that it lacks imagination, the essential component of a science fiction film. Some persons might claim that the world of "THX 1138" is here right now. A more reasonable opinion would hold that we are facing the problems of that world right now. Time has passed the film by."


title: THX 1138

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote, "It is not, however, as either chase drama, or social drama, that "THX 1138" is most interesting. Rather it's as a stunning montage of light, color and sound effects that create their own emotional impact ... Lucas's achievement in his first feature is all the more extraordinary when you realize that he is 25 years old, and that he shot most of the film in San Francisco, on a budget that probably would not cover the cost of half of one of the space ships in Stanley Kubrick's "2001.""


title: THX 1138

text: Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" observed, "Likely not to be an artistic or commercial success in its own time, the American Zoetrope (Francis Ford Coppola group) production just might in time become a classic of stylistic, abstract cinema." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" praised the film as "a stunning deployment of the aural and visual resources of the screen to suggest a fearful new world of tyranny by technology," adding that "Lucas is obviously a master of cinematic effects with a special remarkable gift for discovering the look of the future in mundane places like parking structures and office corridors." Champlin stressed that the "real excitement of "THX 1138" is not really the message but the medium—the use of film not to tell a story so much as to convey an experience, a credible impression of a fantastic and scary dictatorship of tomorrow."


title: THX 1138

text: Kenneth Turan wrote in "The Washington Post", "Fortunately, the film comes over not at all trite but rather as enormously affecting. Lucas obviously believed strongly in this futuristic vision, and the film draws its vitality and unity from his belief, and from the fact that it was not bottled up to meet arbitrary conditions but allowed the free rein necessary to reach completeness." Penelope Houston of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" commented, "Details of the future society—control panels, monitor screens, soothing TV commercial voices, unshakeably calm robot policemen, the human animal turned automaton in appearance and function, but breaking out into a doomed love affair—are all tolerably persuasive, but in sum total rather a pile-up of predictability. On the Orwellian level of ideas, Lucas' passive new world is too indeterminate to carry enough conviction and, consequently, enough of a menacing charge."


title: THX 1138

text: The film has continued to earn critical acclaim and holds an approval rating of 86% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 63 reviews, with an average score of 6.85/10. The consensus reads: "George Lucas' feature debut presents a spare, bleak, dystopian future, and features evocatively minimal set design and creepy sound effects." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: THX 1138

text: The film received a nomination at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival from the International Federation of Film Critics in the Directors' Fortnight section.


title: THX 1138

text: The first version was a student film for USC School of Cinematic Arts titled "". The run time was 15 minutes. It was released as a bonus feature on the 2004 Director's Cut.


title: THX 1138

text: The 1971 studio version, distributed to theaters, had five minutes taken out (apparently against Lucas' wishes) by Warner Bros. studios. This version (81 minutes long) has never been released on any home media format.


title: THX 1138

text: In 1977, after the success of "Star Wars", "THX 1138" was re-released with the footage that had been deleted by Warner Bros. edited back in, but it still did not gain popularity. This version was subsequently released on VHS (88 minutes) and LaserDisc (86 minutes).


title: THX 1138

text: In 2004, "The George Lucas Director's Cut" of the film was released. Under Lucas' supervision, the film underwent an extensive restoration and digital intermediate process by Lowry Digital and Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), where the film's original negative was scanned, digital color correction was applied, and a brand new digital master was created. Computer-generated imagery and audio/video restoration techniques were also applied to the film.


title: THX 1138

text: At Lucas' request, the previsualization team at Skywalker Ranch worked in concert with ILM throughout the summer of 2003. The team also planned and executed a single day shoot, which would form the basis for new digital visual effects, mostly to expand scenes by extending crowds, filling out settings, and adding detail to the backgrounds of many scenes.


title: THX 1138

text: These changes increased the run time of the film to 88 minutes. This director's cut was released to a limited number of digital-projection theaters on September 10, 2004, and then on DVD on September 14, 2004. The film was released on Blu-ray on September 7, 2010. At that time, the film received an "R" rating (for "sexuality/nudity") from the MPAA, due to the changes to the ratings system since the original release (the original film was rated "GP", later changed to "PG"). It is the only film directed by Lucas to carry an "R" rating.


title: THX 1138

text: A novelization based on the film was written by Ben Bova and published in 1971. It follows the plot of the movie closely, with four notable additions:


title: THX 1138

text: The significance of the name THX 1138 has been the subject of much speculation. In an interview for the DVD compilation "Reel Talent", which included Lucas's original "4EB" short, Lucas stated that he chose the letters and numbers for their aesthetic qualities, especially their symmetry. According to the book "Cinema by the Bay", published by LucasBooks, Lucas named the film after his telephone number while in college: 849-1138—the letters THX correspond to the numbers 8, 4, and 9 on the keypad. However, Walter Murch states in the DVD's audio commentary that he always believed Lucas intended THX to be "sex", LUH to be "love", and SEN to be "sin". John Lithgow, in "The Film School Generation" segment of the DVD series "American Cinema", described the title THX 1138 as "reading like a license plate number."


title: THX 1138

text: Numerous references to "1138" or "THX 1138" appear throughout the "Star Wars" films, as well as other films by George Lucas. For example, THX 138 is the license plate number of John Milner's hot rod in "American Graffiti". Lucas also founded THX Ltd., developer of the "THX" audio/visual reproduction standards.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The Burj Al Arab (, "Arab Tower") is a luxury hotel located in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Managed by Jumeirah hotel group, it is one of the tallest hotels in the world, although 39% of its total height is made up of non-occupiable space. Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial island that is from Jumeirah Beach and is connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. The shape of the structure is designed to resemble the sail of a ship. It has a helipad near the roof, at a height of above ground.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The beachfront area where Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah Beach Hotel are located was previously called Chicago Beach. The hotel is located on an island of reclaimed land, offshore of the beach of the former "Chicago Beach Hotel". The former hotel was demolished during the construction of the Burj Al Arab. The locale's name had its origins in the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, which at one time welded giant floating oil storage tanks, known locally as "Kazzans", on the site.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The Burj Al Arab was designed by the multidisciplinary consultancy Atkins, led by architect Tom Wright. The design and construction were managed by Canadian engineer Rick Gregory, also of WS Atkins. Construction of the island began in 1994 and involved up to 2,000 construction workers during peak construction. It was built to resemble the billowing spinnaker sail of a J-class yacht. Two "wings" spread in a V to form a vast "mast", while the space between them is enclosed in a massive atrium. The setting of a high rise building on saturated soil and the novelty of the project required groundbreaking dynamic analysis and design to take into consideration soil-structure interaction, effect of water, high winds, and helipad among other loads, to help finalize the design and take the project into construction .


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts, now renamed Concor and Al Habtoor Engineering. The interior designs were led and created by Khuan Chew and John Coralan of KCA international and delivered by UAE based Depa Group.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The hotel's helipad was designed by Irish architect Rebecca Gernon. The helipad is above the building's 59th floor, and has been used as a car race track, a boxing ring, a tennis match, and the jumping off point for the highest kite surfing jump in history.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: Several features of the hotel required complex engineering feats to achieve. The hotel rests on an artificial island constructed offshore. To secure a foundation, the builders drove 230 concrete piles into the sand by drilling method.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: Engineers created a ground surface layer of large rocks, which is circled with a concrete honeycomb pattern, which serves to protect the foundation from erosion. It took three years to reclaim the land from the sea, while it took fewer than three years to construct the building itself. The building contains over of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel, one of which are for the skeletal structural frames.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: Inside the building, the atrium is tall. The 18 storied atrium is enclosed by 12 individually tensioned two-layer membrane panels form the north facing façade.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: Given the height of the building, the Burj Al Arab is the world's fifth tallest hotel after Gevora Hotel, JW Marriott Marquis Dubai, Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur and Rose and Rayhaan by Rotana. But where buildings with mixed use were stripped off the list, the Burj Al Arab would be the world's third tallest hotel. The structure of the Rose Rayhaan, also in Dubai, is tall, taller than the Burj Al Arab, which is tall.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The hotel is managed by the Jumeirah Group. The hotel has 199 exclusive suites each allocated eight dedicated staff members and a 24-hour butler service. The smallest suite occupies an area of , the largest covers .


title: Burj Al Arab

text: Suites feature design details that juxtapose east and west. White columns show great influence. Bathrooms are accented by mosaic tile patterns.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The Royal Suite, billed at per night, is listed at number 12 on "World's 15 most expensive hotel suites" compiled by CNN Go in 2012.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The Burj Al Arab is very popular with the Chinese market, which made up 25 percent of all bookings at the hotel in 2011 and 2012.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The hotel provides many services including shuttle service with a variety of luxury vehicles like Rolls Royce and Lamborghini. The hotel has golf carts that assists guests to and from the beach. The carts also carry the guests throughout the Jumeirah beach consisting of Jumeirah Beach Hotel, Jumeirah Al Naseem, Jumeirah Al Qasr and Jumeirah Souk Madinat.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The hotel also hosts many events in the ballroom called Al Falak managed by the Burj Al Arab event team. The events are high-end and employees more than 50-70 staff per event according to the size of the event. There is also an open event space called the Marina Garden where the team organises award functions, weddings, cocktail reception and many more.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The hotel has a helicopter service with a helipad on the magnificent structure of the building. Many events like Art Maze are held up on the helipad.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: "Al Muntaha" ("The Ultimate"), is located above the Persian Gulf, offering a view of Dubai. It is supported by a full cantilever that extends from either side of the mast, and is accessed by a panoramic elevator.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: "Al Mahara" ("Oyster"), which is accessed via a simulated submarine voyage, features a large seawater aquarium, holding roughly of water. The wall of the tank, made of acrylic glass in order to withstand the water pressure, is about thick.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The Burj Al Arab is a five-star hotel, the highest official ranking. While the hotel is sometimes erroneously described as "the world's only 'seven-star' hotel", the hotel management claims never to have done that themselves. The term appeared due to a British journalist who had visited the hotel on a tour before the hotel was officially opened. The journalist described Burj al Arab as "more than anything she has ever seen" and therefore referred to it as a seven-star hotel. In the words of a Jumeirah Group spokesperson: "There's not a lot we can do to stop it. We're not encouraging the use of the term. We've never used it in our advertising."


title: Burj Al Arab

text: Burj Al Arab has attracted criticism as well "a contradiction of sorts, considering how well-designed and impressive the construction ultimately proves to be." The contradiction here seems to be related to the hotel's decor. "This extraordinary investment in state-of-the-art construction technology stretches the limits of the ambitious urban imagination in an exercise that is largely due to the power of excessive wealth." Another critic includes negative critiques for the city of Dubai as well: "both the hotel and the city, after all, are monuments to the triumph of money over practicality. Both elevate style over substance." Yet another: "Emulating the quality of palatial interiors, in an expression of wealth for the mainstream, a theater of opulence is created in Burj Al Arab … The result is a baroque effect".


title: Burj Al Arab

text: Several events have taken place on the helipad above ground to attract media attention. These include:


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The last chapter of the espionage novel "Performance Anomalies" takes place at the top of the Burj Al Arab, where the spy protagonist Cono 7Q discovers that through deadly betrayal his spy nemesis Katerina has maneuvered herself into the top echelon of the government of Kazakhstan. The hotel can also be seen in "Syriana" and also some Bollywood movies.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: Richard Hammond included the building in his television series, "Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections".


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The Burj Al Arab was the site of the last task of the fifth episode of the first season of the Chinese edition of "The Amazing Race", where teams had to clean up a room to the hotel's standards.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The building is featured in Matthew Reilly's novel "The Six Sacred Stones", where a kamikaze pilot crashes a plane into the hotel, destroying it in an attempt to kill the protagonist, Jack West Jr.


title: Burj Al Arab

text: The building was the location of the main challenge of the ninth episode of the Canadian-American animated television series "", where contestants were tasked to either return a serve from a tennis robot on the hotel's helipad, or squeegee an entire column of the hotel's windows.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The Subaru WRX is an all-wheel drive sport compact car manufactured by the Japanese automaker Subaru, originally based on the Impreza created for the World Rally Championship in 1992. Subaru claimed the name WRX stands for "World Rally eXperimental". Since 2014, the WRX lineup has been split from the Impreza, with a different body style that is not offered as an optional hatchback/wagon.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The first three generations of the WRX, sold until the 2015 model year, were based on standard Impreza platforms.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The initial first-generation WRX models were based on the Impreza sedan (GC chassis code). They were followed by wagons (GF) in 1993 and the first upgraded WRX STi version, introduced in 1994. Several limited edition first-generation coupés were offered in the late 1990s and early 2000s which were never sold in the US and are highly sought after by Subaru enthusiasts.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The second-generation WRX (GD/GG chassis codes for the sedan/wagon, respectively) was brought over to the United States domestic market for model year 2002, with the STI being brought over for model year 2004. The initial "bugeye" front end styling (2000) was superseded by the "blobeye" in 2004 and the "hawkeye" in 2006. Under an agreement between Fuji Heavy Industries and General Motors, Saab sold its own version of the WRX, marketed as the Saab 9-2X, for the 2005 and 2006 model years. The 9-2X was available in both a standard and performance package, with the latter badged as the 9-2X Aero; the Aero was nearly identical to the second-generation WRX wagon, mechanically.


title: Subaru WRX

text: File:2012 Subaru Impreza (GVE MY12) WRX Club Spec sedan (14501667927).jpg|2012 WRX (GV, widebody sedan)


title: Subaru WRX

text: The third-generation WRX were sold as chassis codes GE (sedan) and GH (hatchback, replacing the earlier wagon version) initially; the third-generation WRX STI was sold with a widened chassis and was available only as a widebody hatch (GR). For the 2011 model year, the third-generation WRX sedan and hatch were moved to the GV and GR wide-body chassis variants, respectively, and a widebody sedan version of the STI (GV) was marketed. The Impreza was redesigned and the fourth-generation was first marketed for model year 2012, making it a distinct model from the WRX, which continued on the third-generation GV/GR chassis until 2014 in most markets.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The fourth-generation WRX were given the VA chassis designation and marketed as a separate model from the Impreza starting in 2015.


title: Subaru WRX

text: For the VA series WRX released in 2014 for the 2015 model year, Subaru decided to move away from marketing the WRX and WRX STI under the Impreza name. This time, the Impreza name was dropped in all markets in which the new model is named simply as the WRX, as had been the case in North America with the previous model, while in Japan it was sold as the WRX S4.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The WRX and WRX STI are the performance model based on the GJ/GP Impreza with higher output engines, firmer suspension, larger brakes, slightly resculpted body panels, lowered ride height and larger intakes. The body design also took a stronger departure from the Impreza donor model than in the past. The general WRX profile/silhouette was carried over from the Impreza, as were the front doors, trunk lid, and interior. However, the entire front end bodywork plus the rear quarter panels were unique to the WRX. The rear doors received a subtle reskin with an upwards kink and revised character line, but retained an otherwise identical shape.


title: Subaru WRX

text: Subaru had promised to completely move the WRX and STI off the Impreza chassis and body to create a standalone model. The VA-body WRX is based on a modified Impreza body and chassis, with the Impreza name dropped from the WRX in all markets. For this generation, Subaru decided to not produce a WRX or WRX STI hatchback as had been previously offered. The previous generation hatchback made up approximately 50 percent of US WRX and WRX STI sales.


title: Subaru WRX

text: This model is the first of the WRX line to deviate from the "EJ"-series engine. It uses the new 2.0-liter "FA20F" engine, which has direct injection and a twin-scroll turbocharger. On all previous WRXs, the turbocharger was located near the right-hand side of the firewall, close to the third cylinder. With the new "FA20F" engine, Subaru fitted the turbocharger at the front of the car, close to the serpentine accessory belts. There is a robust aluminum skid plate that protects the underside of the turbocharger. Mounting the turbo lower in the engine bay helps reduce the car's center of gravity to . The "FA20"'s high compression ratio of 10.6:1 combined with its 68° intake and 54° exhaust cam phasing range allow it to produce excellent off-boost efficiency as well as a wide torque peak. A 6-speed "TY75" manual transmission is standard on the WRX, up from 5-speeds. It is also available with a "Lineartronic" "TR690" CVT with 6 or 8 simulated "gears" accessible through paddle shifters on the steering wheel. The Japanese-spec WRX S4 is only available with the CVT.


title: Subaru WRX

text: Behind the wheel, the most noticeable difference between the "EJ" and "FA" engines is the latter's broader torque curve. The 2.5-liter "EJ" produced a maximum of at 4,000 rpm, while the new 2.0-liter "FA" peaks twice as soon ( at 2,000 rpm). Less obvious is a increase over the old engine; the "FA" is rated at at 5,600 rpm for international models. The "FA20F" engine in the Japanese-spec WRX is rated at .


title: Subaru WRX

text: The WRX STI retains the EJ engine from the previous generation STI (2.0-litre "EJ207" for Japanese models, 2.5-litre "EJ257" for international models), with dual AVCS. However, it is equipped with modifications to the ECU which have increased fuel economy, and has given a slight boost in power. The "EJ257" engine remains quoted at but with of torque, a slight drop from the previous generation however it is believed this is from the ECU reprogramming to support a stronger top end and true power output is believed to be circa 235-240 kW. The "EJ207" makes with of torque. The WRX STI also retains the 6-speed "TY85" manual transmission (the CVT is not available on the STI) from the previous generation.


title: Subaru WRX

text: There are also reports that along with the ECU changes, the rev limit was raised to 7,100 rpm to support the power increase at the upper rev range to support a stronger top end. It also retains the hydraulic power steering system as opposed to using the standard WRX's new electric-assisted rack. The steering rack was changed to a quicker 13:1 ratio, as used in the Japan delivered vehicles, as opposed to the 15:1 ratio of the previous models.


title: Subaru WRX

text: A sound tube device, also seen on the BRZ, has also been fitted to the air intake system to channel certain induction and turbo frequencies into the cabin, reports show this is only fitted to vehicles in some markets. In Europe, Australia, Canada and Japan, the STI is available with and without the wing. Starting in 2016, the US version of the limited STI was also made available with either the traditional high wing or, optionally, with the standard WRX low profile wing.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The third digit of the model code on a VA-era WRX designates the type of powertrain used. The possible digits are:


title: Subaru WRX

text: In January 2017 for the North America market, Subaru announced several improvements that addressed some of the criticism of the 2015 model debut, including a newly revised suspension, revised, upgraded interior materials and a quieter cabin, and a revised front styling. For the WRX, a newly available performance Package option included Recaro front seats with 8-way power driver's seat, improved brake pads, and a moonroof delete to reduce weight. Also new was upgraded EyeSight Driver Assist Technology safety features.


title: Subaru WRX

text: For the 2018 model year, the WRX received some mid-generation improvements. The 2018 model first went on sale at dealerships in summer 2017. The 2018 WRX and WRX STI mid-model improvement continued with the 6-speed manual transmission came as standard equipment, and the optional "Lineartronic" CVT automatic transmission with Intelligent, Sport 6-speed paddle shift emulation and Sport# (pronounced "Sport Sharp") 8-speed paddle shift emulation. The standard WRX added heated exterior mirrors (already a standard on higher level trims). A new, larger 5.9-inch high-definition multi-function display replaced the older 4.3-inch unit allowing the driver to see vehicle functions more easily. The WRX Premium trim added a larger multimedia audio unit. WRX Limited models added an 8-way power driver's seat with lumbar adjustment.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In May 2018, the 2019 model year WRX and WRX STI was announced. The 2019 model first went on sale at dealerships in the summer of 2018.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The 2019 model introduced a new Subaru "STARLINK" infotainment system integrated standard with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, as well as an optional Harman Kardon entertainment system and an optional larger infotainment screen size from 6.2 inches to 7.0 inches.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The 2019 WRX equipped with the optional "Lineartronic" CVT also came standard with the Subaru EyeSight driver assist technology. On previous models, Eyesight was only available as an option package. Also optional on the CVT equipped WRX was Reverse Automatic Braking, a feature unlikely to be implemented in non-CVT equipped vehicles.


title: Subaru WRX

text: Subaru's collision avoidance system, known as EyeSight, is only available on CVT models, along with reverse automatic braking. EyeSight was made standard on all CVT-equipped models starting with model year 2020. European sales of the WRX STI were ended in 2018.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In 2015, Subaru released the WRX STI Launch Edition that came in World Rally Blue Pearl exterior paint combined with gold-painted, 18-inch, BBS alloy wheels. Only 1000 units of these were released in North America.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In the same year, Subaru also released the WRX STI S207, limited to 400 units sold only for the Japanese market. The S207 used the 2 liter EJ20 engine which was tuned to and of torque. Upgrades also include a quicker-ratio 11-to-1 steering rack (compared to 13-to-1 for the stock unit). STI-spec Recaro front bucket seats, Bilstein adjustable DampMatic II front suspension, and drilled rotors clamped by Brembo monoblock six-piston front calipers and four-pot rear calipers. Up to 200 of the units could be equipped with the NBR Challenge Package, which features a carbon-fibre wing and a badge commemorating Subaru's class victory at the 2015 Nürburgring 24 Hours.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In 2016, Subaru released the WRX STI Hyper Blue special edition series, with production limited to 700 units for the United States. The new color covers the outside, and it is also offset with gloss black 18-inch BBS wheels, badges and mirror caps. Blue stitching brings the color into the interior, and Subaru's seven-inch navigation system with a nine-speaker stereo is standard for this version. In Australia, Subaru announced the WRX Premium Hyper Blue special edition with the CVT automatic will be limited to 200 units targeted to customers, and WRX STI Premium with the six-speed gearbox will be limited to just 50 units. Canada was given 200 units named "Hikari" <Japanese for the word shine, with turnkey start, basic stereo non-GPS head unit and moon roof.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In 2017, Subaru released the WRX STI S208, limited to 450 units sold only for the Japanese market. The S208 used a 2.0-liter "EJ20" engine tuned to and of torque. It has other upgrades similar to those of the WRX STI S207- a quicker 11:1 ratio steering rack, Bilstein DampMatic II front suspension, Recaro front bucket seats, 19-inch BBS wheels, drilled rotors clamped by Brembo monoblock six-piston front calipers and four-pot rear calipers, intercooler water spray, a torque vectoring system, and more. Up to 350 units could be equipped with the NBR Challenge Package, which features a carbon fibre wing, front lip spoiler, and roof. The S208 was offered in 3 colors- WR Blue Pearl, Crystal White Pearl, and Cool Grey Khaki (only available with the NBR Challenge Package). Standard models cost ¥6,264,000 with tax and NBR Challenge Package-equipped models cost ¥6,890,400 ($63,229) with the carbon fibre lip spoiler or ¥7,106,400 with the carbon fibre rear wing.


title: Subaru WRX

text: As a way of celebrating 30 years of the STI nameplate (in 2018), Subaru offered a limited edition WRX STI Diamond Edition which was developed by Subaru Southern Africa's technical team making it exclusively available to the region with only 30 being produced. The WRX STI Diamond Edition is powered by a 2.5-liter, high-boost turbocharged Boxer engine that offers at 4,500 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. The remapping of the Electronic Control Unit and the fitment of a performance exhaust system has contributed to improved performance. A new engine brace has been fitted for better stability and balance. The WRX STI Diamond Edition rides 20mm lower than the standard WRX STI and the body kit, in a High Viz yellow further lowers the front-end by 10 mm. The spoiler vane gets a stainless steel STI badge unique to this limited edition model and high gloss black Diamond Edition badges appear on the sides of the rear wing. The WRX STI Diamond Edition rides on 19-inch lightweight and darkened aluminum Y-design alloy wheels.


title: Subaru WRX

text: For the 2018 model year, Subaru of America introduced the WRX STI Type RA to celebrate the successful record attempt at becoming the fastest sedan around the Nürburgring. This numbered limited edition was restricted to 500 examples for the United States and 75 examples for Canada. The WRX STI Type RA featured 19" gold-colored forged wheels, carbon roof and spoiler, among other changes. The car also featured a carbon fiber roof and rear wing. It was available in a choice of three colors: World Rally Blue Pearl, Black and White.


title: Subaru WRX

text: Upgraded pistons were used, increasing horsepower by , and were also added on all model year 2019 STI models.


title: Subaru WRX

text: For the model year 2018, but available only in Japan, Subaru debuted its lightest, fastest and best-handling WRX to date. RA-R stands for "Record Attempt-Racing," a nod to previous, track-based STI variants. Meanwhile, Subaru Tecnica International helped the vehicle shave some 22 pounds by bringing the weight down to 3263 pounds while reinforcing the chassis and putting on bigger brakes while adding some aerodynamic elements. The RA-R uses a turbocharged 2.0 flat-four (H4) engine from the S208, which has an output of at 7200 rpm and of torque in the range of 3200–4800 rpm. A new muffler gives the car an improved gas flow by approximately 60% and a throatier exhaust note.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In 2018, Subaru launched the 2019 WRX Raiu edition, the first special edition Subaru to be sold in Canada for over 15 years. This model is similar to the Series. Gray edition sold in the US, with its name derived from the Japanese word for thunderstorm. This model was not available with a CVT, buyers could only get a 6-speed manual transmission. The Raiu Edition got sporty upgrades, like an STI-branded front lip, side sill, and rear side spoilers along with a unique short-throw shifter. Black interior and exterior accents were added, with gunmetal finish 18" alloy wheels and Cool Grey Khaki paint also being the only wheel/color options. Jurid front breaks and red-painted calipers were also standard. The Raiu Edition also got the Sport-tech RS trim's existing features, including Recaro front seats with "Ultrasuede," a seven-inch touchscreen "Starlink" multimedia system, and a nine-speaker Harmon Kardon stereo system. Only 100 units of the Raiu Edition were made available, with a price point of $40,995 CAD.


title: Subaru WRX

text: For model year 2019, a WRX Series.Gray was made available in the United States with production limited to 750 units. The exterior color was Cool Gray Khaki, featuring exclusive black finish WRX 18-inch alloy wheels, Crystal Black Silica badging and foldable exterior mirrors. Other performance upgrades included Jurid high performance front brake pads and a moonroof delete to save weight. The interior front seats were upgraded to ultrasuede covered Recaro seats with an 8-way power feature for the driver. An STI version was also sold with 250 made. Both models also got upgraded suspension and brakes.


title: Subaru WRX

text: Subaru announced yet another limited-run model of the WRX STI trim. The 2018 TC380 is available only in Japan and one of their most powerful models to date with an output of . Modifications to each car are overseen by Japanese rally driver Toshihiro Arai, who competed in the World Rally Championship with Subaru. The improvements include a suite of HKS parts, including a GT III RS Sport turbo kit, Sport Turbo resonator and a high-flow catalytic converter. Arai Motorsports will install the HKS parts while adding components of its own, including an RQA air filter and an in-house front chassis brace to help with frame rigidity. A carbon fiber rear lip spoiler aids grip at insanely high speeds and serial-numbered Recaro bucket seats explicitly designed for the TC380 will hold the driver down inside. Overall the automaker plans to manufacture only 50 of the WRX STI TC380. The car will continue production until all 50 units are exhausted, joining a series of other limited edition WRX variants such as the Japanese RA-R, United States Seres.Gray and Canadian Raiu Editions.


title: Subaru WRX

text: For the model year 2019, a special edition WRX STI S209 was made available, being the first S series STI sold in the USA, and the third S series based on the VA series platform, following the S207 and S208. The S209 is the most expensive Subaru ever at , and is only sold in the US with 209 being built. It is also the most powerful, with and of torque out of a modified "EJ257". Canards are added to the front, and the STI Type RA's carbon roof and wing are retained. The suspension is improved and derived from other S series cars, along with Subaru's Nürburgring race car. The car is available in WR Blue with grey wheels and Crystal White with gold wheels. The S209 is also transported from the Gunma, Japan plant to Subaru's Kiryu-Kougo subsidiary to be finished since the S209 does not meet the standards for cars manufactured in Gunma. The car is sold under the STI brand rather than the Subaru brand, which has caused difficulties importing the car into the US.


title: Subaru WRX

text: For model year 2020, a WRX Series.White was made available, with 500 units built, along with 500 STI models being made. Suspension and braking upgrades were included, along with cosmetic ones like bronze wheels and black accents. The car is only available in a special ceramic white.


title: Subaru WRX

text: Again for the 2020 model year but only available to the Canadian market is the arrival of the winter warrior WRX STI Kanrai Edition. Only 75 units were available to the Canadian market compared to the Raiu Edition's 100 units. The WRX STI Kanrai Edition was built on the WRX STI Sport-Tech foundation. Kanrai, which translates to "winter thunder," sports an exclusive Ceramic White exterior paint along with the aggressive characteristics found in the WRX STI. Outfitted on this WRX STI is STI-tuned Bilstein performance suspension, lightweight 19" BBS forged alloy bronze-painted wheels paired with Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 tires, which deliver significant handling dynamics and grip. The standard Brembo 6-pot front and 2-pot rear brake system with cross-drilled rotors and silver painted calipers. Subaru removed the spare tire and replaced it with a repair kit to help this STI shave some pounds. The Kanrai incorporates a black low-profile lip spoiler, black badging, mirror caps, and shark fin antenna to complement the Ceramic White paint. What makes it pop is the black front grille receives the STI's unique cherry colour.


title: Subaru WRX

text: A limited EJ20 Final Edition was made available in Japan in late 2019 to commemorate the end of production of the "EJ20" engine. With only 555 units produced, the limited edition has a balanced version of the "EJ20" engine, according to Subaru the pistons and connecting rods have a 50 percent reduction in weight differences, crankshafts have an 85 percent lower tolerance in rotational balance, flywheels and clutch covers have a 50 percent reduction in rotational balance tolerances, precision close to that of a racing engine.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The 2015 WRX was met with mixed reviews by automotive journalists. It placed second to the 2015 Volkswagen GTI in separate comparison tests in the September 2014 issues of "Car and Driver" and "Motor Trend". In general, it bested its sub-$30,000 competition in nearly every performance metric, but suffered from a cheaper interior and a less comfortable ride. Its styling is usually listed as polarizing, too, although the bulk of criticism in that area was based on the lack of a hatchback model.


title: Subaru WRX

text: Performance numbers vary from publication to publication. Testing from "Car and Driver", "Road & Track" and "Motor Trend" produced 0–60 mph (97 km/h) times as fast as 4.8 seconds and as slow as 5.5 seconds. It runs the quarter-mile anywhere from 13.6 sec at to 14.0 sec at . (CVT-equipped WRXs are about a half-second slower to 60 mph and through the quarter-mile.) On the skidpad, roadholding numbers range from 0.92 G to 0.96 G. Braking from results in stops as short as 156–166 feet.


title: Subaru WRX

text: WRX models from the 2015 through the 2019 model year suffer from rev hang, though rev hang was reduced for the 2020 model year. WRX STI models still suffer from past issues with the "EJ257" engine, like piston ring and rod bearing failure under certain conditions.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The second-generation WRX was previewed by a series of concept cars branded as VIZIV Performance Concept as early as 2017. The production WRX was redesigned for the 2022 model year and moved to the Subaru Global Platform. Subaru was set to debut the all-new 2022 WRX on August 19, 2021, at the 2021 New York International Auto Show. However, due to the auto show being canceled, the unveiling was rescheduled for September 10.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In March 2022, Subaru announced they would not market the expected second-generation WRX STI high-performance model with an internal-combustion engine. Dominick Infante of Subaru stated "[A new WRX STI] would have a very limited shelf life ... The [emissions] regulations are changing so quickly that it kind of wouldn't make any sense." The WRX generation after VB may include a WRX STI, but that future WRX STI is likely to include a hybrid or battery-electric drivetrain.


title: Subaru WRX

text: On September 10, 2021, the new second-generation standalone Subaru WRX (fifth generation for the WRX nameplate) was revealed for the North American market. It features a new "FA24F" 2.4-liter turbocharged horizontally opposed four-cylinder boxer engine that produces and of torque. Engine updates include larger pistons, an electronically controlled wastegate, and air bypass valves. Transmission choices are either a new CVT called the Subaru Performance Transmission (SPT) or a six-speed manual; the SPT offers an all-wheel-drive system with variable torque distribution, while the manual transmission is equipped with a center differential and viscous coupling. When equipped with the "Drive Mode Select System", the car is equipped with electronically controlled adaptive dampers, which is a first for the WRX.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The second-generation WRX S4 for the Japanese market made its debut on November 25, 2021. Like the other regions, the WRX S4 is equipped with the "FA24" 2.4L direct-injection turbo boxer, tuned to produce at 5,600 rpm and between 2,000–4,800 rpm, coupled with the continuously-variable "Subaru Performance Transmission", providing an estimated fuel consumption of .


title: Subaru WRX

text: Initially, it was available in two models: GT-H and STI Sport R. Within those models, an optional "EX" grade is available for an additional that adds the Subaru "EyeSight X" advanced driver-assistance system. The instrument panel of the "EX" grades use a LCD display, while the conventional grades use two analog instruments with a small central display. A LCD display for navigation is optional for the non-EX grades, while EX grades receive a portrait orientation LCD display in the center console for additional controls and displays. Compared to the GT-H, the STI Sport R model upgrades include electronically controlled dampers.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In January 2022, Subaru and STI jointly exhibited several concept models, including the WRX S4 STI Performance, which mainly includes cosmetic upgrades, and the world premiere of the STI E-RA Concept, billed as a carbon-neutral car.


title: Subaru WRX

text: On October 14, 2021, the second-generation Levorg was introduced in Australia and New Zealand as the WRX Sportswagon and the WRX GT respectively. It is powered by the same 2.4-liter turbo boxer engine from the WRX sedan.


title: Subaru WRX

text: The automotive press speculated the Viziv Performance concept shown at the Tokyo Motor Show in October 2017 would set the styling direction for the forthcoming second-generation WRX. The Viziv Performance concept has a longer wheelbase than the first-generation (VA) WRX, increasing by to , but the overall length increases by only to , meaning the overhangs are shorter. Width is also increased on the Viziv Performance Concept, to . Powertrain details were not released, only stating that it uses Subaru's Symmetrical AWD with a boxer engine.


title: Subaru WRX

text: An updated Viziv Performance STI Concept was shown at the Tokyo Auto Salon in January 2018, leading to further speculation those styling modifications could show up in a future WRX STI. The UK marketing director of Subaru, Chris Hawken, stated in November 2017 that the "Subaru Global Platform has been designed to take hybrid and electric" and "that is the way STI is going", leading to speculation the next WRX STI may use a hybrid drivetrain. The two Performance Concepts were followed by a similarly-styled hatchback, the Viziv Tourer Concept, in March 2018.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In the United States, sales have fallen since 2015, with 2015 being the peak year for the WRX even after including pre-split models.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In 1993, an Impreza Group A rally car was taken to Rally Finland after the Subaru Legacy rally car had its last outing at Rally New Zealand. The car was crashed in the race and was never used again for rally, but its good performance was noted, as it made 2nd place and was even leading the rally at one point. The Impreza was smaller and more nimble, giving it an advantage over the Legacy. In 1994, the WRX STI became available and entered use for WRC. Since then, Subaru has stopped competing in WRC, citing the Great Recession as a cause, though they still are active in rally events around the United States using the WRX STI as a basis for their competing cars.


title: Subaru WRX

text: In 2016, former British rally champion Mark Higgins lapped the Isle of Man TT course with the VA WRX STI in 17 minutes, 35.139 seconds.


title: Subaru WRX

text: Subaru Tecnica International have campaigned the WRX STI in the Nürburgring 24 Hours since 2008, winning the SP3T class six times (2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2019). STI did not enter the 2020 or 2021 contests due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency, officially referred to as the Left Wing Extremism (LWE), is an ongoing conflict between Maoist groups known as Naxalites or Naxals (a group of communists supportive of Maoist political sentiment and ideology) and the Indian government. The influence zone of LWE is called the red corridor, which has been steadily declining in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidents, and in 2021 it was confined to the 25 "most affected" locations (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009) across 10 states in two coal-rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around the Dandakaranya-Chhattisgarh-Odisha region and the tri-junction area of Jharkhand-Bihar and West Bengal. The Naxalites have frequently targeted tribal police and government workers in what they say is a fight for improved land rights and more jobs for neglected agricultural labourers and the poor.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: The armed wing of the Naxalite–Maoists is called the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA) and is estimated to have between 6,500 and 9,500 cadres in 2013, mostly equipped with small arms. The Naxalites claim that they are following a strategy of rural rebellion similar to a protracted people's war against the government. The insurgency started after the 1967 Naxalbari uprising led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal. Their origin can be traced to the Communist Party of India (Marxist) split in 1967, leading to the creation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). After in-party fighting and counter-measures taken by the government, the CPI(ML) split into many smaller factions carrying out terrorist attacks mostly in the Red corridor areas.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: Naxalism is largely active in tribal and rural areas of India which are remote and under-developed, and experts have advocated ethical governance, development and security as the solution.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: The term "Naxal" comes from the village "Naxalbari" in West Bengal where the Naxalbari uprising of 1967 occurred. People who are engaged in the insurgency are called "Naxals" or "Naxalite". The movement itself is referred to as "Naxalism."


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: Naxalites are a group of far-left radical communists, supportive of Maoist political sentiment and ideology. Their origin can be traced to the splitting in 1967 of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), leading to the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). Initially the movement had its centre in West Bengal. In recent years, it has spread into less developed areas of rural central and eastern India, such as Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh through the activities of underground groups like the Communist Party of India (Maoist). Dalits and other lower-caste members have also joined the militant movement.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: In 2007, it was estimated that Naxalites were active across "half of India's 29 states" who account for about 40 per cent of India's geographical area, an area known as the "Red Corridor", where according to estimates they had influence over 92,000 square kilometres. In 2009, Naxalites were active across approximately 180 districts in ten states of India. In August 2010, Karnataka was removed from the list of Naxal-affected states. In July 2011, the number of Naxal-affected areas was reduced to (including proposed addition of 20 districts) 83 districts across nine states.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: The LWE is characterised in following 3 distinct phases, ""Phase 1 (1967–1973)"" – the formative phase, ""Phase 2 (1967–late 1990s)"" – the era of spread of LWE, and ""Phase 3 (2004–Current)"" – relative decline after brief fightback.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: The insurgency started in 1967 in the Naxalbari village of West Bengal by a radical faction of the CPI-M led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal dubbed the Naxalbari uprising. Charu Majumdar wanted a protracted people's war in India similar to the Chinese revolution (1949). He wrote the Historic Eight Documents which became the foundation of the naxalite movement in 1967.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: The uprising inspired similar movements in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh (Srikakulam peasant uprising) and Kerala.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: On 18 May 1967, the Siliguri Kishan Sabha, of which Jangal Santhal was the president, declared their support for the movement initiated by Kanu Sanyal, and their readiness to adopt armed struggle to redistribute land to the landless. At the time, the leaders of this revolt were members of the CPI (M), which joined a coalition government in West Bengal just a few months back. However, the led to dispute within the party as Charu Majumdar believed the CPM was to support a doctrine based on revolution similar to that of the People's Republic of China. Leaders like land minister Hare Krishna Konar had been until recently "trumpeting revolutionary rhetoric, suggesting that militant confiscation of land was integral to the party's programme." However, now that they were in power, CPI (M) did not approve of the armed uprising, and all the leaders and a number of Calcutta sympathizers were expelled from the party. This disagreement within the party soon culminated with the Naxalbari Uprising on May 25 of the same year, and Majumdar led a group of dissidents to start a revolt.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: On 25 May 1967 in Naxalbari, Darjeeling district, a sharecropper of tribal background (Adivasi) who had been given land by the courts under the tenancy laws was attacked by the landlord's men. In retaliation, tribals started forcefully capturing back their lands. When a police team arrived, they were ambushed by a group of tribals led by Jangal Santhal, and a police inspector was killed in a hail of arrows. This event encouraged many Santhal tribals and other poor people to join the movement and to start attacking local landlords. After seventy-two days of revolt, the CPI (M) coalition government suppressed this incident. Subsequently, In November 1967, this group, led by Sushital Ray Chowdhury, organised the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR). Violent uprisings were organised in several parts of the country like the Srikakulam peasant uprising.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: Mao Zedong provided ideological inspiration for the Naxalbari movement, advocating that Indian peasants and lower class tribals overthrow the government of the upper classes by force. A large number of urban elites were also attracted to the ideology, which spread through Charu Majumdar's writings, particularly the Historic Eight Documents. These documents were essays formed from the opinions of communist leaders and theorists such as Mao Zedong, Karl Marx, and Vladimir Lenin. Using People's courts, similar to those established by Mao, Naxalites try opponents and execute with axes or knives, beat, or permanently exile them.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: On 22 April 1969 (Lenin's birthday), the AICCCR gave birth to the CPI (ML). The party was formed by the radicals of the CPI-M like Majumdar and Saroj Dutta. Practically all Naxalite groups trace their origin to the CPI (ML). The first party congress was held in Calcutta 1970. A Central Committee was elected. In 1971 Satyanarayan Singh revolted against the leadership, "individual killing of people branded as class enemy" and sectarianism of Majumdar. The result became that the party was split into two, one CPI (ML) led by Satyanarayan Singh and one CPI (ML) led by Majumdar.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: In 1972, frail and broken Majumdar died of multiple diseases in police custody presumably as a result of torture; his death accelerated the fragmentation of the movement. After his death a series of splits took place during the major part of the 1970s. The naxalite movement suffered a period of extremely harsh repression that rivalled the Dirty Wars of South America at the same time that the movement got all more fragmented. After Majumdar's death the CPI (ML) central committee split into pro- and anti-Majumdar factions. In December 1972 the Central Committee of the pro-Charu Majumdar CPI (ML) led by Sharma and Mahadev Mukherjee adopted resolution to follow the line of Charu Majumdar unconditionally which others did not agree to. The pro-Charu Majumdar CPI (ML) later split into pro- and anti-Lin Biao factions. The pro-Lin Biao faction became known as Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee) and the anti-Lin Biao-group later became known as Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation and was led by Jauhar, Vinod Mishra, Swadesh Bhattacharya. As a result of both external repression and a failure to maintain internal unity, the movement degenerated into extreme sectarianism.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: Around 1971 the Naxalites gained a strong presence among the radical sections of the student movement in Calcutta. Students left school to join the Naxalites. Majumdar, to entice more students into his organisation, declared that revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas as before, but now everywhere and spontaneously. Thus Majumdar declared an "annihilation line", a dictum that Naxalites should assassinate individual "class enemies" (such as landlords, businessmen, university teachers, police officers, politicians of the right and left) and others.


title: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

text: The chief minister, Siddhartha Shankar Ray of the Congress Party, instituted strong counter-measures against the Naxalites. The West Bengal police fought back to stop the Naxalites. The house of Somen Mitra, the Congress MLA of Sealdah, was allegedly turned into a torture chamber where Naxals were incarcerated illegally by police and the Congress cadres. CPI(M) cadres were also involved in clashes with the Naxals. After suffering losses and facing the public rejection of Majumdar's "annihilation line", the Naxalites alleged human rights violations by the West Bengal police, who responded that the state was effectively fighting a civil war and that democratic pleasantries had no place in a war, especially when the opponent did not fight within the norms of democracy and civility.