title: Board of directors

text: Directors of Fortune 500 companies received median pay of $234,000 in 2011. Directorship is a part-time job. A 2011 study by the National Association of Corporate Directors in the United States estimated that directors averaged 4.3 hours a week on board work. Surveys have indicated that about 20% of nonprofit foundations pay their board members, and 2% of American nonprofit organizations do. 80% of nonprofit organizations require board members to personally contribute to the organization. As of 2007, this percentage had increased in recent years.


title: Board of directors

text: According to John Gillespie, a former investment banker and co-author of a book critical of boards, "Far too much of their time has been for check-the-box and cover-your-behind activities rather than real monitoring of executives and providing strategic advice on behalf of shareholders". At the same time, scholars have found that individual directors have a large effect on major corporate initiatives such as mergers and acquisitions and cross-border investments.


title: Board of directors

text: The issue of gender representation on corporate boards of directors has been the subject of much criticism in recent years. Governments and corporations have responded with measures such as legislation mandating gender quotas and comply or explain systems to address the disproportionality of gender representation on corporate boards. A study of the French corporate elite has found that certain social classes are also disproportionately represented on boards, with those from the upper and, especially, upper-middle classes tending to dominate.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Philip Morris International Inc. (PMI) is an American multinational tobacco company, with products sold in over 180 countries. The most recognized and best selling product of the company is Marlboro. Philip Morris International is often referred to as one of the companies comprising Big Tobacco.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Until a spin-off in March 2008, Philip Morris International was an operating company of Altria. Altria explained the spin-off, arguing PMI would have more "freedom," i.e. leeway outside the responsibilities and standards of American corporate ownership in terms of potential litigation and legislative restrictions to "pursue sales growth in emerging markets", while Altria focuses on the American domestic market. The shareholders in Altria at the time were given shares in PMI, which was listed on the London Stock Exchange and other markets.


title: Philip Morris International

text: The company's legal seat is in New York City, but it does not operate in the United States of America. Philip Morris USA, a subsidiary of PMI's former owner American parent Altria group, owns the Philip Morris brands there. PMI's operational headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland.


title: Philip Morris International

text: With tobacco being addictive and the single greatest cause of preventable death globally, the company is highly controversial, not least because of its history of obfuscating scientific evidence around the health impacts of smoking. It has been the subject of litigation and restrictive legislation from governments.


title: Philip Morris International

text: With the world-wide decrease in smoking prevalence in the 21st century, shares of Philip Morris were no longer considered the "safe haven" they once were. However, it has to be noted that the absolute number of smokers continues to increase. The company ranked No. 101 in the 2021 Fortune 500 list of the largest corporations by total revenue.


title: Philip Morris International

text: The company states its history is traced to a London tobacconist, Philip Morris, opening a single shop on London's Bond Street in 1847 which sold tobacco and cigarettes. In 1881, Philip Morris' son, Leopold Morris, established "Philip Morris & Company and Grunebaum Ltd" with Joseph Grunebaum. In 1885, the company changed its name to "Philip Morris & Co. Ltd."


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 1894, William Curtis Thomson and his family began to control the company, and in 1902 the company was incorporated in New York. In 1919, the American business was acquired and incorporated as "Philip Morris & Co. Ltd., Inc." in Virginia.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 1954, Philip Morris (Australia) became the first affiliate of Philip Morris & Co., Ltd, Inc. outside the U.S. In 1972, the company's Marlboro became the world's top-selling cigarette brand.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 1987, Philip Morris International (PMI) was incorporated as an operating company of Philip Morris Companies Inc. In 2001, the operations center of the company was transferred from Rye Brook, New York, to Lausanne, Switzerland. On January 27, 2003, Philip Morris Companies Inc. formally changed its name to the Altria Group. In March 2008, Philip Morris International was spun off from Altria.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In April 2014, Philip Morris International announced that it would close its Moorabbin plant in Australia by the end of 2014 after operating for 60 years, due to the gradual decline of sales in the last ten years and difficulties conforming to 2010 Australian government regulation about reducing fire risks. In 2015, the company sold 850 billion cigarettes.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In August 2018 Reuters reported that Philip Morris "has been among foreign companies with exposure to Russia’s tobacco market. The company’s sales exposure to Russia is 7 percent, according to a note from Goldman Sachs."


title: Philip Morris International

text: As of 2019, main institutional investors are The Vanguard Group with an 8% stake, Capital Research & Management with 5% and BlackRock Fund Advisors with 4%.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In November 2021, Philip Morris International announced the relocation of its corporate headquarters from New York to Stamford, Connecticut, which expected to take effect in Summer 2022, while its operational center remained in Lausanne.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 2022, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and boycott of the Russian market by many international companies, the company has faced trouble due to its high level of exposure to the Russian market, from which it was reluctant to disinvest. On the same year, PMI has agreed to a $16 billion dollar deal with Swedish Match which would boost its position in cigarette alternatives.


title: Philip Morris International

text: For the fiscal year 2020 Philip Morris reported earnings of US$8.056 billion with an annual revenue of US$78.047 billion, a decrease of 1.6% over the previous fiscal cycle. Its shares traded at over $87 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$127.5 billion at the end of the fiscal year 2020.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Philip Morris International reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 492 Kt (-175 /-26.2% y-o-y) and commits to reduce absolute emissions 50% by 2030 from a 2019 base year. This science-based target is aligned with Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Philip Morris International's research center is located in Neuchatel, Switzerland and houses Philip Morris International's product research and development program. As of April 2018, earnings reports showed the company had spent $4.5 billion on four products: two that heat rather than burn tobacco, and two other nicotine products. One of these heat-not-burn tobacco products is IQOS.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In September 2017, Philip Morris International announced the establishment of the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World, stating that it would support it with almost US$1 billion of funding over the next 12 years. The declared objective of the Foundation was to "evaluate the impact that smoke-free alternatives can have on smokers and public health, assess the effect of reduced cigarette consumption on the industry value chain, and measure overall progress towards a smoke-free world."


title: Philip Morris International

text: However, the Foundation, which claimed to be independent, was surrounded with controversy since its inception.


title: Philip Morris International

text: The World Health Organization issued a statement in which it pointed out the "conflicts of interest involved with a tobacco company funding a purported health foundation", indicating that it would not partner with the Foundation and inviting governments and the public health community to follow its lead. More than one hundred public health organizations have taken a strong stance in rejecting collaboration with the foundation.


title: Philip Morris International

text: The Australian Government announced it would introduce "Tobacco Plain Packaging Laws" on 29 April 2010. Philip Morris International (PMI), arranged for its wholly owned Hong Kong subsidiary Philip Morris Asia (PMA) to 'takeover' two Australian subsidiaries – Philip Morris Australia Limited and Philip Morris Limited on 23 February 2011. In June 2011, Philip Morris International announced that it was using ISDS provisions in the Australia-Hong Kong Bilateral Investment treaty (BIT) to demand compensation for Australia's plain cigarette packaging anti-smoking legislation. It was one of several tobacco companies to launch legal action against the Australian Government.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In response, British American Tobacco, Philip Morris, Imperial Tobacco and Japan Tobacco International took the Australian government to the High Court of Australia to try to stop the government of Australia from introducing plain packaging for tobacco products.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Two challenges to the tobacco plain packaging legislation were heard by the High Court of Australia between 17 and 19 April 2012: 'British American Tobacco Australasia Limited and Ors v. Commonwealth of Australia' and 'J T International SA v. Commonwealth of Australia'.


title: Philip Morris International

text: On 15 August 2012, the High Court handed down orders for these matters, and found that the Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011 is not contrary to s 51(xxxi) of the Constitution. On 5 October 2012, the Court handed down its reasons for the decision. By a 6:1 majority (Heydon J in dissent) the Court held that there had been no acquisition of property that would have required provision of 'just terms' under s51(xxxi) of the Constitution.


title: Philip Morris International

text: On 18 December 2015, the Tribunal instituted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) issued a unanimous decision (3–0) agreeing with Australia's position that the Tribunal has no jurisdiction to hear PMA's claim. This was due to the fact that PMI used its wholly owned subsidiary PMA to takeover the Australian-based PM subsidiaries in order to specifically sue the Australian Government for bringing in plain packaging laws. PMI was unable to do this itself as the Australia–United States free-trade agreement signed in 2004 did not have any investor-state dispute settlement clauses included—by design.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 2017, the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization supported Australia's right to enforce plain packaging. In 2017, PMI was instructed to pay the Australia government's legal costs, an estimated 50 million dollars.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In March 2018, the Tobacco giant announced that it will cut 150 jobs as part of a major restructure. Tammy Chan, the managing director in Australia, said more efficient ways to deal with retailers were introduced based on digital technology development.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 2004, Philip Morris and the European Union reached an agreement according to which Philip Morris would pay $1.25bn until 2016 to end a lawsuit over smuggling charges.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Philip Morris also sued Norway over the country's ban on displaying tobacco products in stores. It lost the case in 2012.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 2010, the company lobbied against Uruguay's strong anti-smoking laws and filed a complaint against the country ("Philip Morris v. Uruguay") under the Switzerland-Uruguay bilateral investment treaty. On 8 July 2016, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ruled in favour of Uruguay.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In August 2014, the company foreshadowed legal action against the Government of the United Kingdom if it went ahead with plans to introduce plain packaging. In a submission to the government, Philip Morris International said it would seek compensation running into "billions of pounds," if the proposed legislation went ahead.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 2018, an advertising campaign was criticized as hypocritical for urging smokers to quit while promoting other products such as heated tobacco.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 2017, according to two editors of the journal "JAMA Internal Medicine", after publication of a research letter describing harmful chemicals in heat-not-burn tobacco products, people from Philip Morris International contacted the institutions where the researchers worked and questioned the methods used in the study; the editors described this as a form of "pressure to suppress discourse that could harm commercial interests".


title: Philip Morris International

text: In December 2017, Reuters published documents and testimonies of former employees detailing irregularities in the clinical trials conducted by Philip Morris International for the approval of the IQOS product by the FDA.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In October 2020, Philip Morris launched its IQOS products in the UAE. The country had officially legalised the sale and use of electronic cigarettes in April 2019. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorised the marketing of IQOS system, which includes IQOS devices and 3 HeatSticks variants, as a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) in July 2020. IQOS is the first electronic alternative to cigarettes to be granted marketing orders through the FDA's MRTP process.


title: Philip Morris International

text: According to the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), Philip Morris' representative in Burkina Faso, Apollinaire Compaoré, has earned millions by participating in cigarette smuggling in West Africa. In particular, he worked with a Nigerian narco-trafficker Chérif Ould Abidine, nicknamed Chérif Cocaine, to smuggle Marlboro cigarettes into Libya. This tobacco trafficking contributes to the financing of local conflicts and passes through six countries: Algeria, Libya, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Côte d'Ivoire.


title: Philip Morris International

text: From the 1970s to the late 1990s, Phillip Morris along with British American Tobacco, was involved in campaigns to undermine bans against smoking in Muslim majority countries by branding Muslims who opposed smoking as a "'fundamentalist’ who wishes to return to sharia law," and be "a threat to existing government as” according to leaked documents. A 1985 report from Philip Morris squarely blamed the World Health Organization: “This ideological development has become a threat to our business because of the interference of the WHO [...] The WHO has not only joined forces with Muslim fundamentalists who view smoking as evil, but has gone yet further by encouraging religious leaders previously not active anti-smokers to take up the cause." Philip Morris has refused to comment on these findings.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Philip Morris International has announced an overhaul of its human rights protections of tobacco workers in Kazakhstan and 30 other countries after critical reports.


title: Philip Morris International

text: The company runs an information web site outlining the health issues of tobacco. However, it has been criticised in an article in the journal Public Health Nursing as merely a "public relations effort" intended to "undermine public health".


title: Philip Morris International

text: In the 1930s, the company's tobacco advertisements were a steady source of income for numerous medical organizations and journals, including the "New England Journal of Medicine" (NEJM) and the "Journal of the American Medical Association" (JAMA).


title: Philip Morris International

text: In February 2015, John Oliver highlighted the company's many international legal cases on an episode of his television show "Last Week Tonight". He also attempted to raise awareness for his campaign using the hashtag #JeffWeCan.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Philip Morris is a long-term main sponsor of the Formula One team Scuderia Ferrari. The sponsorship is subliminal in the logo in recent times due to restrictions in tobacco advertising. Marlboro-branded Ferrari and McLaren cars won several world titles with famous drivers such as Alain Prost, James Hunt, Niki Lauda, Ayrton Senna and Michael Schumacher. Philip Morris also sponsored several title winners in MotoGP, road racing and Indy Cars. The Ferrari Formula One deal before direct advertisements were banned was estimated to be worth £45 million a year as well as paying the multi-million salary of Schumacher.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Despite no longer being able to display the Marlboro logo on Ferrari cars, Philip Morris renewed its sponsorship deal with Ferrari in 2011, 2015, 2017, and 2018 up until 2021. The 2017 deal was reported to be worth $160 million a year.


title: Philip Morris International

text: Philip Morris's sponsorship of Ferrari was seen visually on the car again at the 2018 Japanese Grand Prix, with the cigarette company's "Mission Winnow" branding. This branding has been seen by authorities as an attempt to flout laws and rules banning tobacco advertising, and it was removed by Ferrari for the 2019 Australian Grand Prix after Australian authorities launched an investigation. Ferrari also decided to remove the branding for the 2019 Canadian Grand Prix and the 2019 French Grand Prix to avoid problems with bans on tobacco advertising. As of 2022, Mission Winnow/Phillip Morris International and Ferrari have decided to mutually end their title sponsorship and sponsorship agreement entirely.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In motorcycle racing, Philip Morris International sponsored Ducati Corse and Yamaha MotoGP teams. In 1999, Yamaha was sponsored by Marlboro until 2002 season of MotoGP series. In 2003, Marlboro has been a title sponsor of the team despite the company logo does not appear or riders motorcycle due to the tobacco advertising ban in European Union countries that were already in effect at that time. similarly it had been removed from Scuderia Ferrari Formula One race cars earlier in 2019. Marlboro would stopped the sponsorship on Ducati in 2007. During the Marlboro sponsorship period, Yamaha won the constructor championship in 2000 season and Ducati won the constructor title in 2007 season with Casey Stoner as rider champion.


title: Philip Morris International

text: In 2019, similar to Scuderia Ferrari Formula One team, Philip Morris International returned as a sponsor for Ducati MotoGP team with the cigarette company's "Mission Winnow" branding. The sponsorship has raised controversy in some countries like Australia and Italy. The case has been brought to Italian court. However, Philip Morris International spokesperson, Tomasso di Giovanni denied Mission Winnow being a tobacco advertising and instead is a company dedicated to developing and find ways to help smokers around the world to give up their tobacco addiction. The Australian federal Minister for Health and Victoria state Department of Health and Human Services has also launched a probe against Philip Morris International. Mission Winnow was forced to drop its branding during the 2019 French motorcycle Grand Prix in Le Mans and 2019 Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix in Phillip Island, Victoria due to local government regulations. By 2020 season, Mission Winnow has been dropped as Ducati main sponsor and has been replaced with Lenovo to fill the main sponsorship void.


title: Duane Allman

text: Howard Duane Allman (November 20, 1946 – October 29, 1971) was an American rock guitarist, session musician, and the founder and original leader of the Allman Brothers Band, for which he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995.


title: Duane Allman

text: Born in Nashville, Tennessee, Allman began playing the guitar at age 14. He formed the Allman Brothers Band with his brother Gregg in Jacksonville, Florida in 1969, and achieved its greatest success in the early 1970s. Allman is best remembered for his brief but influential tenure in the band and in particular for his expressive slide guitar playing and inventive improvisational skills. A sought-after session musician both before and during his tenure with the band, Duane Allman performed with such established stars as King Curtis, Aretha Franklin, Herbie Mann, Wilson Pickett, and Boz Scaggs. He also contributed greatly to the 1970 album "Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs", by Derek and the Dominos. He died following a motorcycle crash in 1971, at the age of 24.


title: Duane Allman

text: In 2003, he was ranked number 2 in "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time, second only to Jimi Hendrix. In 2011, he was ranked number 9. His guitar tone (achieved with a Gibson Les Paul and two 50-watt bass Marshall amplifiers) was named one of the greatest of all time by "Guitar Player".


title: Duane Allman

text: Duane Allman's skills as a guitarist were complemented by personal qualities such as his intensity, drive and ability to draw the best out of others in making music. Fans still refer to Allman affectionately by his nickname "Skydog".


title: Duane Allman

text: Duane Allman was born on November 20, 1946, in Nashville, Tennessee. He was the elder son of Willis Allman (1918–1949) who, at the time of his death, was a second lieutenant on active duty in the United States Army, having served as an Army non-commissioned officer during World War II; and Geraldine Allman (née Robbins) (1917–2015). His brother, Gregg, was born on December 8, 1947.


title: Duane Allman

text: On December 26, 1949, when the family was living near Norfolk, Virginia, where he was stationed, Willis Allman was murdered. So that she could retrain as an accountant, Geraldine "Mama A" Allman sent Duane and Gregg to Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, Tennessee, which they both disliked intensely. In 1957, the family moved to Daytona Beach, Florida, where the boys attended Seabreeze High School.


title: Duane Allman

text: The boys returned to Nashville to spend summers with their grandmother, and there Gregg learned guitar basics from a neighbor. In 1960, he had saved enough money to buy his first guitar, a Japanese-made Teisco Silvertone, while Duane acquired a Harley 165 motorbike. Despite Duane being left-handed, he played the guitar right-handed. Duane began to take an interest in the guitar, and the boys would sometimes fight over it, until Duane wrecked the motorbike and traded it for a Silvertone of his own. His mother eventually bought Duane a Gibson Les Paul Junior.


title: Duane Allman

text: It was also in Nashville that the boys became musically inspired by a rhythm-and-blues concert where they saw blues guitarist B.B. King perform. Duane told Gregg, "We got to get into this." Duane learned to play very quickly and soon became the better guitarist of the two.


title: Duane Allman

text: The brothers started playing publicly in 1961, joining or forming a number of local groups. Around this time, Duane left school to focus on his guitar playing. His early band "The Escorts" opened for the Beach Boys in 1965 but disbanded, some of its members eventually forming the Allman Joys. After Gregg graduated from Seabreeze High School in 1965, the Allman Joys went on the road, performing throughout the Southeast, and eventually were based in Nashville. The Allman Joys became Hour Glass and moved to Los Angeles in early 1967. There Hour Glass recorded two albums for Liberty Records, but the band was unsatisfied. Liberty tried to market them as a pop band, ignoring the band's desire to play more blues-oriented material. Hour Glass broke up in early 1968. Duane and Gregg went back to Florida, where they played on demo sessions with the 31st of February, a folk rock outfit whose drummer was Butch Trucks. Gregg returned to California to fulfill Hour Glass obligations, while Duane jammed around Florida for months but didn't get another band going.


title: Duane Allman

text: Duane began to learn to play slide guitar on his birthday in 1968. He was recovering from an injury to his left elbow, suffered in a fall from a horse. Gregg brought him a birthday present, the debut album by Taj Mahal, and a bottle of Coricidin pills. He left them on the front porch and rang the bell, as Duane was angry with him about the injury. "About two hours after I left, my phone rang," Gregg recalled. "'Baby brother, baby brother, get over here now!'" Duane had poured the pills out of the Coricidin bottle, washed off the label and was using it as a slide to play along with the album track "Statesboro Blues" (on the recording, the slide guitar is played by Jesse Ed Davis). "Duane had never played slide before," Gregg later said, but "he just picked it up and started burnin'. He was a natural." The song became a part of the Allman Brothers Band's repertoire, and Duane's slide guitar became crucial to their sound. Because of his use of the early-1970s-era Coricidin medicine bottle, which is no longer manufactured, replica Coricidin bottles are now popular with slide guitar players who like its glassy feel and sound.


title: Duane Allman

text: Allman's first major recording session occurred in early 1966 at Nashville's RCA Studio "B", two years before his famed tenure at Muscle Shoals' FAME Studios. Producer Tony Moon was recording The Vogues first album after his successful "5"O'Clock World" went Top 5, and had been recorded in that same studio. He hired Allman to play on several sides, as he wanted a more rock sound. At the time, The Allman Joys were the house band at The Briar Patch in Nashville. Allman's playing on the two Hour Glass albums and an Hour Glass session in early 1968 at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, caught the ear of Rick Hall, owner of FAME. In November 1968 Hall bought Allman's contract for $10,000. Allman, tired of the studio limitation, was able to play on his first album as a sessions ace with Wilson Pickett. Allman's work on that album, "Hey Jude" (1968), got him hired as a full-time session musician at Muscle Shoals and brought him to the attention of other musicians, notably Eric Clapton, who later said, "I remember hearing Wilson Pickett's 'Hey Jude' and just being astounded by the lead break at the end. I had to know who that was immediately – right now."


title: Duane Allman

text: Allman's performance on "Hey Jude" impressed Atlantic Records producer and executive Jerry Wexler when Hall played it over the phone for him. Wexler immediately bought Allman's recording contract from Hall and wanted to use him on sessions with Atlantic R&B artists. While at Muscle Shoals, Allman played on recordings by numerous artists, including Clarence Carter, King Curtis, Aretha Franklin, Laura Nyro, Wilson Pickett, Otis Rush, Percy Sledge, Johnny Jenkins, Boz Scaggs, Delaney & Bonnie, Doris Duke and jazz flautist Herbie Mann. For his first sessions with Franklin, Allman traveled to New York where, in January 1969, he went as an audience member to the Fillmore East to see Johnny Winter and told Muscle Shoals guitarist Jimmy Johnson that in a year he'd be on that stage. That December, the Allman Brothers Band indeed played the Fillmore. Ironically, the Fillmore East performances recorded for the Allman Brothers album At Fillmore East in March 1971—often considered the high water mark for the band—were on the same bill as Johnny Winter.


title: Duane Allman

text: When asked how the band came together Duane stated: "Very slowly, I was in Muscle Shoals and I went down to Jacksonville and was jamming with Berry and Dickey. Jaimoe came with me from Muscle Shoals, he's originally from MS. Gregg was in California and Butch was in Jacksonville where we all got together and jammed for a couple of months putting together songs and stuff. We just needed a singer and Gregg was the guy. Two weeks after Gregg got back from California we went up to New York and recorded there. We played live gigs before our first album was released in November (of 1969)."


title: Duane Allman

text: While visiting St. Louis, Allman met Donna Roosman, who bore his second child, Galadrielle. The couple's relationship soon ended. He had an earlier relationship with Patti Chandlee which resulted in the birth of a daughter who was born deaf.


title: Duane Allman

text: The Allman Brothers Band went on to become one of the most influential rock groups of the 1970s. George Kimball, writing in "Rolling Stone" in 1971, described the group as "the best damn rock and roll band this country has produced in the past five years." After months of nonstop rehearsing and gigging without Gregg, including free shows in Central City Park in Macon and Piedmont Park in Atlanta, all they needed was a singer/organist and Duane knew who he wanted. When Gregg got back from California the group settled on the name of the band and was ready to record. Their debut album, "The Allman Brothers Band", was recorded in New York in September 1969 and released a few months later. In the midst of intense touring, work began in Macon and Miami (at Atlantic South–Criteria Studios), and a little bit in New York, on the band's second album, "Idlewild South." Produced mostly by Tom Dowd, "Idlewild South" was released in August 1970 and broke new ground for them by getting into the "Billboard" charts.


title: Duane Allman

text: After a concert in Miami, in August, watched by Eric Clapton and the other members of Derek and the Dominos, the two bands went back to Criteria studios in Miami, where the Dominoes were recording "Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs". Members of both jammed, after which Allman and Clapton stayed up all night trading and showing one another favorite licks, discovering they had a deep and instinctive rapport. Allman participated in the recording of most of the album's tracks, contributing some of his best-known work. He never left the Allman Brothers Band, though, despite being offered a permanent position with Clapton. Allman never toured with Derek and the Dominos, but he did make at least two appearances with them, on December 1, 1970, at the Curtis Hixon Hall in Tampa ("Soulmates" LP), and on the following day at Onondaga County War Memorial in Syracuse, New York. It is unclear whether he also appeared with them on November 20, 1970, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, in Santa Monica, California, when guitarist Delaney Bramlett performed with the band.


title: Duane Allman

text: In an interview, Allman told listeners how to tell who played what: Eric played the Fender parts and Duane played the Gibson parts. He continued by nonchalantly noting that the Fender had a sparklier sound, while the Gibson produced more of a "full-tilt screech". Clapton wrote later in his autobiography that he and Allman were inseparable during the sessions in Florida; he talked about Allman as the "musical brother I'd never had but wished I did."


title: Duane Allman

text: The Allman Brothers went on to record "At Fillmore East" in March 1971. Meanwhile, Allman continued contributing session work to other artists' albums whenever he could. According to "Skydog: The Duane Allman Story," he would spontaneously drop in at recording sessions and contribute to whatever was being taped that day. He received cash payments but no recording credits, making it virtually impossible to compile a complete discography of his works.


title: Duane Allman

text: Allman was well known for his melodic, extended and attention-holding guitar solos. During this period two of his stated influences were Miles Davis and John Coltrane. He said that he had listened intently to Davis's "Kind of Blue" for two years.


title: Duane Allman

text: As Allman's distinctive electric bottleneck sound began to mature, it evolved into the musical voice of what would come to be known as Southern rock, being picked up by other slide guitarists, including his bandmate Dickey Betts (after Allman's death), Derek Trucks, Gary Rossington of Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Joe Walsh. Duane also taught a young Don Felder to play slide.


title: Duane Allman

text: Allman had a daughter, Galadrielle Allman, with Donna Roosman in 1969. In 2014, Galadrielle Allman published a reflection on her father, mother, family, and the culture of the 1960s, called "Please Be With Me: A Song for My Father".


title: Duane Allman

text: Allman was killed in a motorcycle crash shortly after the release and initial success of "At Fillmore East". On October 29, 1971, while the band was on a break from touring and recording, Allman was riding his Harley-Davidson Sportster motorcycle at high speed on Hillcrest Avenue, in the western part of Macon. As he approached Bartlett Street, a flatbed boom truck stopped suddenly in the intersection, forcing him to swerve sharply. He struck either the back of the truck or the ball on the crane and was thrown from the motorcycle, which landed on top of him and skidded another with him pinned underneath it, crushing his internal organs. He was alive when he was taken to a hospital, but despite immediate medical treatment, he died several hours later from massive internal injuries.


title: Duane Allman

text: Allman's funeral service was held on Monday, November 1, 1971, at Snow's Memorial Chapel in Macon, Georgia. In the chapel, packed with family and friends, many of the musicians who had been part of Allman's life were in attendance to mourn his death. Record producer Jerry Wexler gave the eulogy. Wexler praised Allman's musical achievements; his uncompromising dedication to Southern gospel, country, and blues music; and the place he attained alongside the great black musicians and blues singers from the South. The band, joined by others, played several tunes, concluding with a group rendition of the Southern spiritual, "Will the Circle Be Unbroken," a band favorite.


title: Duane Allman

text: After Allman's funeral and some weeks of mourning, the five surviving members of the Allman Brothers Band carried on, resuming live performances and finishing the recording work interrupted by Allman's death. They named their next album "Eat a Peach" for Allman's response to an interviewer's question: "How are you helping the revolution?" Allman replied, "I'm hitting a lick for peace, and every time I'm in Georgia I eat a peach for peace. But you can't help the revolution, because there's just evolution. I'm a player. And players don't give a damn for nothing but playing..." Released as a double album in February 1972, it contains a side of live and studio tracks with Allman, two sides of "Mountain Jam", recorded with Allman at the same time as "At Fillmore East" in March, and a side of tracks by the surviving five members of the band.


title: Duane Allman

text: Allman Brothers Band bassist Berry Oakley died less than 13 months later, also at the age of 24, in a similar motorcycle crash with a city bus, three blocks from the site of Allman's fatal accident. Oakley was buried beside Allman in Rose Hill Cemetery in Macon, Georgia.


title: Duane Allman

text: The variety of Allman's session work and Allman Brothers Band bandleading can be heard to good effect on two posthumous Capricorn releases, "An Anthology" (1972) and "An Anthology Volume II" (1974). There are also several archival releases of live Allman Brothers Band performances from what the band calls "Duane's era".


title: Duane Allman

text: Shortly after Allman's death, Ronnie Van Zant of Lynyrd Skynyrd dedicated the song "Free Bird" to Allman's memory. Van Zant would sometimes allude to this in concert; in the band's 1976 performance of "Free Bird" in Knebworth, England, Van Zant said to pianist Billy Powell, "Play it for Duane Allman." The song was written well before Allman died and was not written with him in mind. (Allen Collins wrote the song after his then girlfriend asked him the question "if I leave here tomorrow, would you still remember me?")


title: Duane Allman

text: In 1973, four boys who were Hinds Junior College students living in Vicksburg, Mississippi carved the very large letters "REMEMBER DUANE ALLMAN" into a vertical excavation face beside Interstate Highway 20 between Vicksburg and the school's campus in Raymond on the route they travelled together while commuting between their homes and campus. A photograph was published in "Rolling Stone" magazine and in the "Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll"; the carving lasted for over 10 years.


title: Duane Allman

text: In 1998, the Georgia State Legislature passed a resolution designating a stretch of State Highway 19, U.S. Route 41, within Macon, as Duane Allman Boulevard in his honor. The route, which passes near The Allman Brothers Band Museum (at "The Big House," where the band once lived) and the H&H Restaurant, where the band members often dined, crosses the Raymond Berry Oakley III Bridge.


title: Duane Allman

text: Country singer Travis Tritt, in the song "Put Some Drive in Your Country" on his debut album, sings "Now I still love old country / I ain't tryin' to put it down / But damn I miss Duane Allman / I wish he was still around."


title: Duane Allman

text: "Skydog", a seven-CD box set tracing the virtuosity of Allman on the guitar, was released in 2013 with the help of his daughter, Galadrielle Allman. A March 16 interview with her on NPR's "Weekend Edition Saturday" by Scott Simon runs over eight minutes, includes many details, and is highlighted with clips of his playing, including links to an audio file prepared for the broadcast.


title: Duane Allman

text: Duane Allman was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 as a member of the Allman Brothers Band.


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: Adam Richard Kay (born 12 June 1980) is a British comedy writer, author, comedian and former doctor. His television writing credits include "Crims", "Mrs. Brown's Boys" and "Mitchell and Webb". He is best known as author of the number-one bestselling book "This Is Going to Hurt".


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: Kay was born to Stewart and Naomi Kay and grew up in a Jewish household with a sister, Sophie, and brother, Philip Kaye. His father being a doctor, he describes becoming a doctor as being a default decision. The Kay family was from Poland, the original family name being Strykowski.


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: Kay attended Dulwich College, leaving in 1997, and Imperial College London, where he read medicine and graduated in 2004. During his time at medical school, Kay


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: began performing in medical school shows in 1998. While at medical school, he founded the musical comedy group Amateur Transplants and wrote for BBC Radio 4.


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: Similar to his brother Philip, Kay worked as a doctor between 2004 and 2010, leaving the profession after a patient suffered an undiagnosed placental abruption; the expectant mother was subsequently taken to the intensive care unit, while the baby was delivered stillborn. The mother also died. Kay worked for a number of years as an obstetrics and gynaecology trainee, writing textbooks on the subject, before leaving medicine for a career in writing. Kay worked alongside his brother Philip at Queen's Medical Centre in Nottingham for a brief 6 months, however, left seeking a different challenge.


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: Kay founded the Amateur Transplants. Their song "London Underground", which was set to the tune of "Going Underground" by The Jam, gained significant popularity on the internet in the UK in 2005.


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: Kay's first book, "This Is Going to Hurt", based on diaries from his former career as a doctor, was published by Picador in September 2017 and became an instant "Sunday Times" bestseller. The paperback edition was also an instant "Sunday Times" number one bestseller, a position it held for well over a year and selling over one million copies. It was the book of the year in the UK's 2018 National Book Awards. The book was well received by critics, including in the literary pages of "The Times", "Financial Times", "Guardian", and "The Scotsman".


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: In addition to book of the year, it also won at the National Book Awards in the categories of Non-Fiction Book of the Year, New Writer of the Year and Book Club Book of the Year. It was also awarded Blackwell's Debut Book of the Year 2017, "Sunday Times" Humour Book of the Year, and won both non-fiction book of the year and the overall prize in the 2017 Books Are My Bag Readers' Awards. It was nominated for Non-Fiction book of the year in the 2018 British Book Awards, won "Esquire" Book of the Year and was a selection of the Zoe Ball Book Club. It has been translated into 28 languages, achieving number-one status internationally. It was the UK's second-best selling book of 2018. On 6 July 2018, the BBC announced that Kay would be adapting "This Is Going to Hurt" as a seven-part comedy-drama for BBC One. It was made by Sister Pictures and Kay is one of the co-executive producers. Part one of the series, also titled "This Is Going to Hurt", was broadcast on 8 February 2022.


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: Kay is now an established screenwriter, having written and co-created the 2015 BBC Three sitcom series "Crims" - along with "Grandma's House" writer Dan Swimer, with other television work as a writer and script editor including "Mrs. Brown's Boys", "Mongrels", "Watson & Oliver", "Up the Women", "Very British Problems", "Flat TV", "Our Ex Wife", "Who is America?", "Mitchell and Webb" and "Child Genius".


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: In April 2020, it was announced that Trapeze would publish a collection of personal stories about the National Health Service (NHS) edited by Kay. Entitled "Dear NHS: 100 Stories to Say Thank You", the book will include letters from stars including Sir Paul McCartney, Louis Theroux, Caitlin Moran and Jameela Jamil.


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: Kay has sold out for six years at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and has also had sell-out nationwide UK tours. His 2018 tour of "This Is Going to Hurt" sold out a season at the EICC, the largest venue of the Edinburgh Fringe and a week at the Garrick Theatre, before culminating in two shows at the Hammersmith Apollo. He performs regularly at music festivals including Latitude, and cultural events such as Cheltenham Literature Festival. Kay won Best Musical Variety Act at the 2014 London Cabaret Awards and has been named by the "Evening Standard" as one of London's most influential people.


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: He has performed songs on the topical BBC Radio 4 series "The Now Show" and has appeared on numerous TV shows, such as "The Russell Howard Hour" on Sky One, "BBC Breakfast", "Lorraine", "Peston on Sunday" and "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown".


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: Kay is gay, and was voted in "Pink News" top 50 most influential LGBT Twitter users. Kay lives in Oxfordshire, with his husband, "Game of Thrones" executive James Farrell, and their Airedale terrier, Pip.


title: Adam Kay (writer)

text: In his book "Undoctored: The Story of a Medic Who Ran Out of Patients" Kay revealed that he was raped at a sauna in Auckland in 2012.


title: Chicago (franchise)

text: The "Chicago" franchise (also called One Chicago) is a media franchise of American television programs created by Derek Haas, Michael Brandt and Dick Wolf, produced by Wolf Entertainment, and broadcast on NBC, all of which deal with different public services in Chicago, Illinois. The "Chicago" franchise has maintained strong ratings, leading primetime in total viewers, averaging nearly seven million viewers per show, between "Chicago Fire", "Chicago P.D.", and "Chicago Med".


title: Chicago (franchise)

text: The "Chicago" franchise focuses on the professional and private lives of the firefighters, police officers, emergency medical personnel, and legal professionals who serve the city of Chicago. A recurring and unifying theme of the four shows is Molly's, a small bar owned by three firefighters which has been frequented by characters from all four shows. Dick Wolf has stated that most episodes in the franchise will end with a scene at Molly's, saying that "it's a great note on the end of every show that connects all the shows".


title: Chicago (franchise)

text: On September 26, 2018, NBC moved all three shows into consecutive time slots on Wednesday. On February 28, 2019, NBC renewed "Chicago Fire", "Chicago P.D.", and "Chicago Med" for their eighth, seventh, and fifth seasons, respectively. All three "Chicago" shows will keep their respective time slots for the 2019–20 television season. On March 13, 2020, the production of season 5 of "Med", 8 of "Fire", and 7 of "P.D." were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Chicago (franchise)

text: "Chicago Fire" follows the firefighters, paramedics, and rescue squad members of Chicago Fire Department Firehouse 51.


title: Chicago (franchise)

text: "Chicago P.D." follows the uniformed patrol officers and detectives of the Chicago Police Department's 21st District. The "Chicago Fire" episode "Let Her Go" serves as the backdoor pilot.


title: Chicago (franchise)

text: "Chicago Med" follows the doctors and nurses of Gaffney Chicago Medical Center. The "Chicago Fire" episode "I Am the Apocalypse" serves as the backdoor pilot.


title: Chicago (franchise)

text: "Chicago Justice" follows the prosecutors and investigators at the Cook County State's Attorney's Office. The "Chicago P.D." episode "Justice" serves as the backdoor pilot. The series was canceled after one season.


title: Lucas Till

text: Lucas Daniel Till (born August 10, 1990) is an American actor. In a career spanning two decades, he has appeared in multiple film and television projects spanning a variety of genres. He is a five-time Teen Choice Award nominee.


title: Lucas Till

text: His most notable roles include "" (2009), "The Spy Next Door" (2010), and "Monster Trucks" (2016). Till portrayed Havok in the "X-Men" prequel films from 2011 to 2016, and starred in the 2016 CBS reboot of the 1985 television series "MacGyver" as the titular character until its end in 2021. In 2020, he starred as Bob Zellner, a notable Ku Klux Klan member–turned civil rights advocate, in the biographical drama "Son of the South", to critical success.


title: Lucas Till

text: Lucas Daniel Till was born on August 10, 1990, in Fort Hood, Texas. He is the son of Dana Lyn (née Brady), a chemist by profession, and John Mark Till, a colonel in the Army. He has a younger brother, Nick (b. 1997). Till spent most of his childhood living in the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia. His family quickly noticed, when he was at a very young age, that he had an affinity for impersonating voices and characters. When he was 11 years old, his mother enrolled him in local acting classes, and it was not long before he was discovered by Joy Pervis, an agent from a Talent agency in Atlanta. Till began booking almost immediately in print, local, regional, and national commercials. He later attended Kell High School. He spent three weeks in Germany as an exchange student and was also a member of the German National Honor Society. After filming for "The Hannah Montana Movie" in Nashville, Till went back home to graduate with the Kell High School class of 2008. After graduation, he moved to Los Angeles, California, to continue acting.


title: Lucas Till

text: In 2003, he made his first film collaboration in the short film "The Lovesong of Edwerd J. Robble", in the role of Michael.


title: Lucas Till

text: At the age of 12, he was cast in "The Adventures of Ociee Nash" in which he played Harry Vanderbilt, the bully of the main character. In 2004, Till played the role of Jay in the horror film "Lightning Bug" which filmed in Fairview, Alabama, and, later, he participated in the short film "Pee Shy", playing Chad. His first major movie role was Jack Cash, the older brother of Johnny Cash, who died in a sawmill accident, in the biographical film "Walk the Line" (2005).


title: Lucas Till

text: After "Walk the Line", Till was featured in a number of television films for Lifetime and independent films. For example, the following year, Till played the young Samuel North in a feature film "The Other Side" filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2006, he also joined the cast of the Lifetime television film "Not Like Everyone Else", portraying Kyle Kenney.


title: Lucas Till

text: In 2008, Till starred as Jensen in Gregg Bishop's horror-comedy "Dance of the Dead" which was hand-picked by director Sam Raimi for distribution through Lions Gate Entertainment and Ghost House Pictures. He was also invited to participate in the fifth season of the American television series "House" in the episode titled "Joy to the World" in the role of Simon, a high school student who has a romantic relationship with his schoolmate, but due to their social differences, they cannot be together. Three weeks before graduating from high school, Till auditioned for "" (starring Miley Cyrus) and landed the role of Travis Brody, a young cowboy and Miley's friend who ends up becoming her love interest. The role garnered Till two nominations at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, in the Choice Movie Actor: Music/Dance and Choice Movie: Liplock (shared with Cyrus) categories respectively. As part of the awards promotion campaign, Till recorded three short films: "Not Another Changeling Movie", a parody of Angelina Jolie's movie "Changeling;" "The Red Menace" and "The Bourneson Stupidity", a parody of the film "The Bourne Identity".


title: Lucas Till

text: He also participated in the episodes "Scotophobia" and "Hydrophobia" of the horror web series "Fear Clinic" playing the character of Brett, a young man suffering from hydrophobia. He starred in the music video for Taylor Swift's "You Belong with Me" as her next-door neighbour and love interest.


title: Lucas Till

text: Till and Swift first met in 2008 while filming for "Hannah Montana: The Movie". In 2009, he participated in the fifth season of "Medium" in the role of Adam Mankowitz in the episode titled "Things to do in Phoenix when you're dead", and on "Leo Little's Big Show" along with Emily Osment in the episode titled "Hannah Montana: The Movie". He was also part of the starring cast in the movie "The Lost & Found Family" released directly in DVD format and distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. His character was Justin, a young boy with some bad attitudes.


title: Lucas Till

text: In early 2010, Till played the role of a Russian agent in the film "The Spy Next Door" starring Jackie Chan.


title: Lucas Till

text: That same year, he played Matt Parker, a high school quarterback in the first season of "Blue Mountain State" in the episode titled "The Legend of the Golden Arm".


title: Lucas Till

text: He also returned to collaborate in the co-production in an independent science fiction adventure film directed by Jason Trost and in which he also plays Jack, a young man on vacation in Asia who realizes that his horrible dreams are becoming a reality and that reality is turning into a nightmare. The movie was called "Vacation 8".


title: Lucas Till

text: In 2011, he was part of the cast of the Columbia Pictures-produced action science fiction film "" as Corporal Grayston. Till played Alex Summers/Havok, a mutant who has the ability to absorb solar energy which he can then launch as plasma energy from his body in the X-Men spin-off "", a superhero film produced by 20th Century Fox and Marvel Entertainment directed by Matthew Vaughn. This role allowed him to receive a nomination for the 13th Teen Choice Awards in the Choice Movie: Chemistry category (shared with Jennifer Lawrence, Nicholas Hoult, Zoë Kravitz, Caleb Landry Jones, and Edi Gathegi).


title: Lucas Till

text: In 2011, the actor took his first steps into the world of audiovisual production, collaborating with the production of the independent superhero film "All Superheroes Must Die" (also known as "Vs")


title: Lucas Till

text: and in which he also plays the role of Ben / Cutthroat. In the film, four superheroes (one of whom is Till) are kidnapped by their arch enemy and are forced to compete in a series of challenges to save an abandoned city full of kidnapped innocent civilians. Later that year, he collaborated on the music video accompanying the performance of Adele's song "Someone like You" by Tony Oller. In the video, Till plays Tony's friend who gets in the way of their love affair. In 2011, he also made a commercial for an international brand of sports shoes.


title: Lucas Till

text: In 2012, Till returned to work in dramas by participating in the movie "Dark Hearts" in the role of Sam, a young man who travels to the city to spend time with his older brother and thus escape problems at home. He next worked with Nicole Kidman on the 2013 film "Stoker", in which he played a bragging young man named Chris Pitts. He was also part of the starring cast in the direct-to-DVD film "Crush" as Scott Norris, a star member of the high school soccer team who despite having a knee injury caused by a blow in a game runs every morning. That same year, he returned to collaborate with Jason Trost in the production of the independent comedy "Wet and Reckless" and in which he played Toby 'Dollars'. He also participated with Liam Hemsworth, Gary Oldman and Harrison Ford in the film "Paranoia" as Kevin, friend and co-worker of Adam (Liam Hemsworth).


title: Lucas Till

text: In 2014, he returned to movies in the horror genre by participating in the film "Wolves" as Cayden Richards, a high school student who is becoming a werewolf and who after the murder of his parents tries to discover the truth of who he really is. and in the thriller and drama movie "Sins of our Youth" as Tyler, alongside Joel Courtney, Mitchel Musso and Bridger Zardina.


title: Lucas Till

text: He also participated in the television series "Comedy Bang! Bang!" in the first episode of the third season titled "Patton Oswalt Wears a Black Blazer & Dress Shoes" and reprised his role as Havok in "", the sequel to 2011's "First Class".


title: Lucas Till

text: In 2015, Till participated in the dramatic film "Bravetown", originally titled "Strings", playing the role of Josh Harvest a DJ in his early and formative stage, and in the suspense movie "The Curse of Downers Grove" in the role of Bobby.


title: Lucas Till

text: In 2016, Till played Ben Philips Jr. in the horror film "The Disappointments Room" and returned as Havok in "", the third installment in the X-Men prequel films series. That same year, he began starring as Angus "Mac" MacGyver in the television reboot of "MacGyver", which airs on CBS. Mac is a secret agent of a United States government organization that uses his extraordinary talent to solve problems and his extensive knowledge of science to save lives. Paramount Animation together with Nickelodeon Movies produced the comedy and adventure film titled "Monster Trucks", directed by Blue Sky Studios founder Chris Wedge in which Till starred as Tripp.


title: Lucas Till

text: During 2016 and 2017, he started working on a project as a co-producer, the science fiction and suspense film "Spectrum" playing the role of


title: Lucas Till

text: He also participated in the one-hour animated television special titled "Michael Jackson's Halloween" which premiered on CBS in October 2017 lending his voice to the character of Vincent, a young store clerk who wants to be DJ. In the same month, he participated with CBS Cares in a television campaign in support of hurricane relief in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria struck in the area.


title: Lucas Till

text: CBS renewed "MacGyver" in which Till played the starring role, continuing his role in the second, third and fourth seasons. This leading role allowed him to receive the nomination in 2018 in the 20th edition of the Teen Choice Awards in the category of Choice TV Actor: Action, a nomination that he also received in 2019 in the 21st broadcast of the Teen Choice Awards in the same category. In addition to the leading role, Till collaborated in the production of the 13 episodes that make up the fourth season of the series.


title: Lucas Till

text: In 2019, he collaborated again with CBS Cares in a television campaign in support of the fight against lupus.


title: Lucas Till

text: He renewed his contract in 2020 to continue his leading role in the fifth season of "MacGyver". Till has said in interviews that he was the subject of verbal abuse and body shaming from the showrunner of "MacGyver", Peter Lenkov. Till reported being suicidal in the first year of the filming of "MacGyver" due to Lenkov's abuse. Lenkov was later fired from CBS on July 7, 2020.


title: Lucas Till

text: Till played Bob Zellner, the grandson of a member of the Ku Klux Klan, who joins the civil rights movement in the United States in the film "Son of the South". His role in the film, based on Zellner's autobiography "The Wrong Side of Murder Creek", received critical acclaim. While the film received mixed reviews from critics, Till's performance was widely praised.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (formerly known as B.O.N.E. Enterprises) is an American hip hop group composed of rappers Bizzy Bone, Wish Bone, Layzie Bone, Krayzie Bone, and Flesh-n-Bone. The group was signed to fellow American rapper Eazy-E‘s Ruthless Records in late 1993, when they debuted with their EP "Creepin on ah Come Up". The EP included their breakout hit single "Thuggish Ruggish Bone". In 1995, the group released its second album "E. 1999 Eternal", which included hits "1st of tha Month" and "East 1999". Their hit song "Tha Crossroads", a tribute to then-recently deceased mentor Eazy-E, won a Grammy Award in 1997.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: "The Art of War", the group's third album, was released in 1997. In 2000, "BTNHResurrection" reached platinum status in the US in one month, while 2002's "Thug World Order" received more moderate sales and promotion, going gold and peaking at 3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Following that album, the group went on hiatus from their label and released their sixth studio album, "Thug Stories", independently in 2006. In 2007, they had another major-label release, "Strength & Loyalty", on American producer Swizz Beatz's label Full Surface Records. Bone Thugs-n-Harmony returned with their 2010 album "", released by their own record label, BTNH Worldwide, with distribution by Warner Bros.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: The group is regarded as one of the greatest hip hop acts of all time. Bone Thugs-n-Harmony is the only group that has worked with renowned American rappers 2Pac, the Notorious B.I.G., Eazy-E, and Big Pun while they were all still alive. About.com ranked them 12 on its list of the 25 Best Rap Groups of All Time, and MTV called them "the most melodic hip-hop group of all time."


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: Due to conflicts within the group, longtime members Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone officially left the group in April 2011 to work with their independent label The Life Entertainment. They later returned, officially re-unifying the group. In August 2013, however, Layzie Bone announced that he was stepping aside to work more on his solo career. In the same month, BTNH signed with eOne Entertainment (formerly known as Koch Records), with whom they had previously partnered to release 2006's "Thug Stories". Layzie Bone has since re-united with the group, and they toured in 2018.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: Formed in Cleveland, Ohio in 1991, the group was originally called "Band Aid Boys". They then formed B.O.N.E. Enterpri$e, which consisted of four members—Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone, Bizzy Bone, and Wish Bone (all except for Flesh-n-Bone)—and recorded an album titled "Faces of Death" in the studio of their then-mentor, Kermit Henderson on his indie label Stoney Burke in 1993. Like so many aspiring rappers around the country, they put in calls to executives at record companies, hoping to find someone who would listen. In hopes of securing a record deal, the group was given an audition over the phone, receiving an unfulfilled promise from rapper Eazy-E to call them back. Determined to reach him, they scrounged together the money for one-way bus tickets to Los Angeles. They left for a three-day Greyhound trek and spent four months on the city streets, putting in frequent calls to find him. Nothing came of their search except the news that Eazy-E was, in fact, on his way to Cleveland for a show.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: The quartet returned to Ohio, where Diego Blak (born Diego Hodge), a marketer and promoter who had been co-executive producer of "Faces of Death", introduced them to Eazy-E at a concert he promoted in Compton. There, on November 2, 1993, they auditioned for Eazy in his dressing room; Krayzie performed his verse of "Flow Motion" from the "Faces of Death" album, and Eazy was impressed. B.O.N.E Enterpri$e then traveled back to Los Angeles after the Cleveland show to seal the deal. At this point, Eazy renamed them Thugs-n-Harmony, but as they wanted to keep the Bone name, they made their name Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Eazy signed the group (minus Flesh-n-Bone) to his label Ruthless Records.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: Released in June 1994, "Creepin on ah Come Up" was Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's debut with Ruthless. The album's subject matter was focused almost entirely on violent criminal activity. Peaking at 12 on the "Billboard" Top 200 Albums chart and 2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, it included the hit singles "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" and "Foe tha Love of $", the second of which featured a verse by Eazy-E. "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" peaked at 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and 2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, and "Foe tha Love of $" peaked at 39 on the Hot 100 and 4 on Rap Tracks. After a slow start that saw the album's success limited to gangsta rap audiences, it broke through to the mainstream. The EP marked a major change in style for the group, as they now fully embraced the G-funk common in West Coast hip hop of the time. Beats were supplied by DJ Yella, Rhythum D, and Kenny McCloud, and it was the group's first collaboration with newcomer producer DJ U-Neek, who would craft the group's signature sound by producing the majority of their next two albums. For over a year, Eazy-E nurtured their career, continuing to serve as their executive producer and teaching them the business skills he had taught himself over the years. The growing relationship was cut short, however, when Eazy-E died on March 26, 1995, from complications from AIDS-related pneumonia. Briefly, the young rappers thought they had lost everything with the loss of their friend and mentor. However, the group's potential was apparent, and Ruthless Records continued to support them.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: In 1995, the group's second album, "E. 1999 Eternal", was released. It included the singles "1st of tha Month", which peaked at 12 on the Hot 100 and 4 on Hot Rap Tracks, and "Tha Crossroads", which reached 1 on both the Hot 100 and Hot Rap Tracks charts. The album generally saw positive reviews from critics as Bone had diversified its content and musical style. Critics were particularly intrigued by the album due to Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's ability to reduce the banality associated with gangsta rap in their music at a time when the subgenre had become exceedingly cliché. A considerable portion of the album's concept was built upon violent subject matter, yet they also incorporated deeper themes, as its songs dealt with more spirituality and occult mysticism. The album was produced by DJ U-Neek (with co-production from Tony C. and Kenny McCloud). "E. 1999 Eternal" also introduced Bone's trademark tracks devoted entirely to the use of marijuana. The album name originated from one of the street names of a corner (E. 99th street and St. Clair) that was a familiar hangout to Bone members, as well as Eazy-E's album "Eternal E". Naming it after Eazy-E's album was just another way of showing respect and tribute to the rapper who had helped them reach success. Also in 1995, Flesh-n-Bone would become the first member of the group to release a debut album, titled T.H.U.G.S, which was certified gold by the RIAA. In 1996, due to their success, the Cleveland clan established their own label, Mo Thugs Records, and released the "Family Scriptures" compilation album to introduce many of the Cleveland-based and other artists whom they were developing. "E. 1999 Eternal" is the group's most commercially successful album; it has been certified 4x platinum by the RIAA.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: There were plans for Bone Thugs-n-Harmony to collaborate with West Coast rapper 2Pac on a studio album titled "One Nation". The project brought hip hop artists from all areas of the American map such as Boot Camp Clik, OutKast, Scarface, E-40, and more. However, 2Pac was shot and killed in September 1996 so the album never came into fruition. Bootlegs of songs produced while 2Pac was still alive have been distributed.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: In 1997, the group released the double-disc set "The Art of War". Bone explored a variety of subjects and styles, with focus on God and family and an overall ambient, mellow sound. The group incorporated violent lyrics, however, with a large portion of the album dedicated to what they labeled "clones" who claimed Bone had stolen their quick-tongued rapping style and vice versa. The album had been rumored to be titled "DNA Level C" which is Cleveland backwards. The single "Look into My Eyes" appeared on the soundtrack of the film "Batman & Robin". It peaked at 4 on the Hot 100 and 2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. "If I Could Teach the World", the other single from "The Art of War", peaked at 20 on the Hot 100 and 3 on the Hot Rap Tracks, and won an American Music Award. The album also included "Thug Luv" with Tupac Shakur. The group's promotional efforts were dampened by the absence of Bizzy Bone from the album's videos and from large portions of the ensuing tour and other public appearances. This absence eventually fueled rumors of a break-up.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: In 2000, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony released "BTNHResurrection", featuring the single "Resurrection (Paper, Paper)", which peaked on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at 52. The album's first half featured a slew of hardcore and dark tracks, with the second half being considerably more introspective and soft. Other singles from the album, including "Can't Give it Up", failed to crack the Billboard Hot 100, and the big-budget video for "Change the World" failed to receive any rotation. This was their first group album to prominently feature Flesh-n-Bone, whose presence had been limited on previous releases because he had never signed with the group's label, Ruthless Records. Flesh was convicted for assault with a firearm and criminal possession of a weapon in June 2000. Pleading guilty, Flesh was sentenced to 11 years in prison.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: The group again began having public disputes with Bizzy Bone. Bizzy Bone abstained from promoting "BTNHResurrection" because he felt that Ruthless Records owed him money. He dropped a million-dollar lawsuit he had filed against Sony Music and Loud Records in exchange for a termination of his Sony contract. Three members of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony released solo albums in 2001: Bizzy Bone with "The Gift", Layzie Bone (under the name L-Burna) with "Thug by Nature", and Krayzie Bone with "Thug on da Line".


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: In 2002, the group released "Thug World Order". This album, comprising what were described “politically slanted” songs, saw a drastic change in subject matter and tone for the group. The lyrics were almost completely void of any violence, while a larger number of tracks focused on the group itself. In contrast, several songs originally intended to be included on the album that were leaked after its release portrayed a much different album. The album debuted at 12 on the "Billboard" 200. The first single released from the album was "Money, Money" and the second was "Get Up & Get It", featuring 3LW. The third single, "Home", which featured Phil Collins performing part of his song "Take Me Home", peaked at 33 on the Rhythmic Top 40, impacting the charts in a number of countries, most notably the United Kingdom. Bizzy Bone was expelled from the group in January 2003, leaving only 3 active members: Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone, and Wish Bone. "Thug World Order" was also Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's final album with Ruthless Records.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: "Thug Stories", Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's seventh album, was recorded on Koch Records and released on September 19, 2006. It marked the first time Bone Thugs-n-Harmony had recorded as a trio since they released an internet-only EP album called "Bone 4 Life" in September 2005. "Thug Stories" featured a slightly more mature style, and the group leaned more heavily towards its harmonic roots than its "thug" origins. The album sold 38,000 in its first week and peaked at 25 on the "Billboard" 200 and 1 on the Independent Albums chart.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: Originally to be titled "The Bone Thugs Story", "Strength & Loyalty" was released on May 8, 2007 on Interscope Records imprint Full Surface Records. Being their first major album after an absence of nearly five years, the album debuted at 2 on the "Billboard" 200, and 1 on iTunes and the "Billboard" urban music charts. The album contains guest appearances by Mariah Carey, the Game, will.i.am, Akon, Twista, Bow Wow, Yolanda Adams, and Felecia. Producers on the album included Swizz Beatz, Akon, Pretty Boy, Bradd Young, DJ Toomp, Jermaine Dupri, will.i.am, and others. The executive producer of the album was Swizz Beatz. The first single was "I Tried", which was their first top-10 hit in 10 years, peaking at number 6 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100. The second single was "Lil Love", which failed to reach the success of its predecessor. The album has been certified gold by the RIAA.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: 2007 also saw the release of the semi-autobiographical film "I Tried", directed by Rich Newey, which explored what might have happened to Bone Thugs-n-Harmony had they not gotten their break with Eazy-E. Layzie, Krayzie, and Wish Bone starred in the film, playing themselves. Also in 2007, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony won the American Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Band, Duo or Group.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: "T.H.U.G.S.", an album featuring previously unreleased, largely remixed Bone Thugs-n-Harmony songs that hadn't made the final cut of "BTNHResurrection" and "Thug World Order", was released on November 13, 2007 by their former record label Ruthless Records. Although the album embodies old tracks, there are some notable changes: new beats, distorted production, voice manipulation, and new song titles. The sole single off the album was "Young Thugs", which was accompanied by a newly filmed music video featuring Krayzie, Layzie, Bizzy, and Wish.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: In November 2007, Layzie Bone confirmed that he had completed "Bone Brothers III" with Bizzy Bone, spurring speculation about a full Bone reunion. In a video interview, Krayzie Bone stated that they all wanted to reunite, but that record label issues might prevent an official reunion.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: After nearly a decade of incarceration, Flesh-n-Bone was released from prison on July 13, 2008. In an interview, Bizzy confirmed his return, the group having reunited in time for Flesh's release.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's five members officially returned with their new album "", released on May 4, 2010 by their own record label BTNH Worldwide, with distribution by Warner Bros. "Uni5" also marks the return of long-time Bone collaborator DJ U-Neek, who was absent from 2007's "Strength & Loyalty" but had produced for the group throughout their career, including hits "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" and "Tha Crossroads". They released the singles "See Me Shine", featuring Jay Rush and Lyfe Jennings, and "Rebirth", featuring Thin-C, a member of the Mo Thugs. A third single, "Meet Me in the Sky", was released on March 22.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: Throughout 2011, Krayzie Bone, Bizzy Bone, and Layzie Bone spoke about many projects coming in 2012. Those projects were to include an anniversary album featuring all five members; a Bizzy/Krayzie duet album; and compilation albums of unreleased Bone Thugs-n-Harmony material from the mid to late 1990s and 2000s, prospectively titled "Lost Archives Vol. 1". The group put their differences aside to reunite and belatedly mark their 20th anniversary at the Rock the Bells festival series of summer 2012.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: During Summer 2012, West Coast rapper Game sampled Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's "1st Of Tha Month" on his posse cut "Celebration", with the group's blessing. Game also posted a picture on Twitter showing the word "bone" constructed out of cannabis. He later confirmed that he was working in the studio with Bone Thugs-n-Harmony on a remix of "Celebration" for his album "Jesus Piece".


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: In early November 2013, Krayzie Bone told HipHopDX that the "Art of War III" album would feature only Layzie, Bizzy, and Flesh-n-Bone and that neither he nor Wish Bone had recorded any material for that album. However, Krayzie and Wish both appeared on the album in the form of previously unreleased tracks that had been cut from "Uni5: The World's Enemy". "" was released on December 10, 2013.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: On July 15, 2014, it was announced that Bone Thugs-n-Harmony would release their final album in 2015. There would be only a single copy released, to be auctioned off, with bidding starting at $1 million. The group also announced they would be conducting a 20-country world tour beginning in December 2014. The following day, Krazyie Bone revealed that the album would be titled "E. 1999 Legends". He then told "XXL" that he had approached the group about a reunion album in the middle of the previous year, and they had begun recording it at the end of 2013. Krayzie estimated that Bone Thugs-n-Harmony probably recorded 75 to 100 songs since they began work on the album, which was planned as a double-disc project. The first disc was to contain Bone Thugs-n-Harmony content exclusively, with no features, and would have 18–20 songs. The second disc was planned to feature a large number of big-name guest appearances such as Mariah Carey, Kendrick Lamar, Phil Collins, Wiz Khalifa, Drake, A$AP Mob, and Linkin Park, along with beats from Dr. Dre and DJ U-Neek, who had each been tapped for the album. Damizza would be producing/overseeing the entire "E. 1999 Legends" album, which was projected to be distributed through Damizza's Baby Ree Records label.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: On February 14, 2015, producer and long-time Bone collaborator Damizza officially presented the single "More Than Thugs". In August 2015, Krayzie announced that the first bid of at least $1 million had been received for "E. 1999 Legends".


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: In 2017, Krayzie Bone and Bizzy Bone announced that they would release their long-awaited duet album together titled "New Waves" under the name Bone Thugs. The album's lead single "Coming Home" featuring Stephen Marley was released on March 24. Krayzie confirmed that the full Bone Thugs-n-Harmony group was working on a new album, but said that they would no longer be auctioning off the album's rights. All five members of the group would appear on rapper Wiz Khalifa's 2018 album "Rolling Papers 2", each providing a verse for the song "Reach for the Stars." In early 2020, the group announced that they were changing their name to Boneless Thugs-n-Harmony in order to hype up a commercial for Buffalo Wild Wings. Said commercial saw "Krayzie Boneless," "Flesh Boneless," and "Wish Boneless" all facilitate the change after eating Buffalo's boneless chicken, with Layzie Bone holding out. Bizzy Bone later dismissed that the change was anything serious.


title: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

text: On December 2, 2021, Bone competed in a "Verzuz" battle with longtime rival group Three 6 Mafia, where all five Bone Thugs and all four still-living Mafia members took part, accompanied by many guests the two groups worked with over their careers. Bizzy was escorted off stage at one point for throwing a bottle at Juicy J, but soon returned and apologized as the show resumed without incident. The event was highly acclaimed as one of the series' best events to date, seen as more of a celebration of old-school hip hop than a fight for supremacy.


title: Viscount

text: A viscount ( , for male) or viscountess (, for female) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status.


title: Viscount

text: In many countries a viscount, and its historical equivalents, was a non-hereditary, administrative or judicial position, and did not develop into a hereditary title until much later. In the case of French viscounts, it is customary to leave the title untranslated as vicomte .


title: Viscount

text: The word "viscount" comes from Old French (Modern French: ), itself from Medieval Latin , accusative of , from Late Latin "deputy" + Latin (originally "companion"; later Roman imperial courtier or trusted appointee, ultimately count).


title: Viscount

text: During the Carolingian Empire, the kings appointed counts to administer provinces and other smaller regions, as governors and military commanders. Viscounts were appointed to assist the counts in their running of the province, and often took on judicial responsibility. The kings strictly prevented the offices of their counts and viscounts from becoming hereditary, in order to consolidate their position and limit chance of rebellion.


title: Viscount

text: The title was in use in Normandy by at least the early 11th century. Similar to the Carolingian use of the title, the Norman viscounts were local administrators, working on behalf of the Duke. Their role was to administer justice and to collect taxes and revenues, often being castellan of the local castle. Under the Normans, the position developed into a hereditary one, an example of such being the viscounts in Bessin. The viscount was eventually replaced by bailiffs, and provosts.


title: Viscount

text: As a rank in British peerage, it was first recorded in 1440, when John Beaumont was created Viscount Beaumont by King Henry VI. The word "viscount" corresponds in the UK to the Anglo-Saxon "shire reeve" (root of the non-nobiliary, royal-appointed office of sheriff). Thus early viscounts were originally normally given their titles by the monarch, not hereditarily; but soon they too tended to establish hereditary principalities in the wider sense. They were a relatively late introduction to the British peerage, and on the evening of the Coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne explained to her why (from her journals):


title: Viscount

text: I spoke to Ld M. about the numbers of Peers present at the Coronation, & he said it was quite unprecedented. I observed that there were very few Viscounts, to which he replied "There are very few Viscounts," that they were an old sort of title & not really English; that they came from Vice-Comites; that Dukes & Barons were the only real English titles;—that Marquises were likewise not English, & that people were mere made Marquises, when it was not wished that they should be made Dukes.


title: Viscount

text: A viscount is the fourth rank in the British peerage system, standing directly below an earl and above a baron (Lord of Parliament in Scotland). There are approximately 270 viscountcies currently extant in the peerages of the British Isles, though most are secondary titles.


title: Viscount

text: In British practice, the title of a viscount may be either a place name, a surname, or a combination thereof: examples include the Viscount Falmouth, the Viscount Hardinge and the Viscount Colville of Culross, respectively. An exception exists for Viscounts in the peerage of Scotland, who were traditionally styled "The Viscount "of" [X]", such as the Viscount of Arbuthnott. In practice, however, very few maintain this style, instead using the more common version "The Viscount [X]" in general parlance, for example Viscount of Falkland who is referred to as Viscount Falkland.


title: Viscount

text: A British viscount is addressed in speech as "Lord [X]", while his wife is "Lady [X]", and he is formally styled "The Right Honourable The Viscount [X]". The children of a viscount are known as "The Honourable [Forename] [Surname]", with the exception of a Scottish viscount, whose eldest child may be styled as "The Honourable Master of [X]".


title: Viscount

text: The title of viscount () was introduced to the Peerage of Ireland in 1478 with the creation of the title of Viscount Gormanston, the premier viscountcy of Britain and Ireland, held today by Nicholas Preston, 17th Viscount Gormanston. Other early Irish viscountcies were Viscount Baltinglass (1541), Viscount Clontarf (1541), Viscount Mountgarret (1550) and Viscount Decies (1569).


title: Viscount

text: A specifically British custom is the use of viscount as a courtesy title for the heir of an earl or marquess. The peer's heir apparent will sometimes be referred to as a viscount, if the second most senior title held by the head of the family is a viscountcy. For example, the eldest son of the Earl Howe is Viscount Curzon, because this is the second most senior title held by the Earl.


title: Viscount

text: However, the son of a marquess or an earl can be referred to as a viscount when the title of viscount is not the second most senior if those above it share their name with the substantive title. For example, the second most senior title of the Marquess of Salisbury is the Earl of Salisbury, so his heir uses the lower title of Viscount Cranborne.


title: Viscount

text: Sometimes the son of a peer can be referred to as a viscount even when he could use a more senior courtesy title which differs in name from the substantive title. Family tradition plays a role in this. For example, the eldest son of the Marquess of Londonderry is Viscount Castlereagh, even though the Marquess is also the Earl Vane.


title: Viscount

text: On occasion, the title of viscount may be the courtesy title used for the grandson of a duke, provided that he is the eldest son of the duke's eldest son. This is because the eldest son of the duke will be given the second highest title of his father (marquess or earl), and so the third-highest is left for his eldest son. It is possible for the great-grandson of a duke to hold the courtesy title of viscount if the duke's eldest son has the courtesy title marquess and his eldest son, in turn, uses the title of earl.


title: Viscount

text: A viscount's coronet of rank bears 16 silver balls around the rim. Like all heraldic coronets, it is mostly worn at the coronation of a sovereign, but a viscount has the right to bear his coronet of rank on his coat of arms, above the shield. In this guise, the coronet is shown face-on, featuring 9 silver balls.


title: Viscount

text: The island of Jersey still retains an officer whose function is purely to administer orders of the island's judiciary, and whose position remains non-hereditary. The role of the Viscount of Jersey (French: "Vicomte de Jersey") involves managing fines, bail monies, seizures, confiscations, evictions, service of process, arrests for non-appearance in court and other enforcement procedures, as well acting as coroner for sudden or unexpected deaths and managing jury selection.


title: Viscount

text: In France until the end of the Second French Empire, the title of "vicomte" was below "comte" and above "baron" in precedence.


title: Viscount

text: In the former kingdom of Portugal a "visconde" ranks above a "barão" (baron) and below a "conde" (count). The first Portuguese viscountcy, that of D. Leonel de Lima, visconde de Vila Nova de Cerveira, dates from the reign of Afonso V. A flood of viscountcies, some 86 new titles, were awarded in Portugal between 1848 and 1880.


title: Viscount

text: The Spanish title of "vizconde" is ranked between the title "conde" (count/earl) and the relatively rare title of "barón".


title: Viscount

text: In Spain, nobles are classified as either Grandee of Spain (Grandes de España), as titled nobles, or as untitled nobles. A grandee of any rank outranks a non-grandee, even if that non-grandee's title is of a higher degree, thus, a viscount-grandee enjoys higher precedence than a marquis who is not a grandee.


title: Viscount

text: In the kingdom of Spain the title was awarded from the reign of Felipe IV (1621–65; Habsburg dynasty) until 1846.


title: Viscount

text: There are non-etymological equivalents to the title of viscount ("i.e.", 'vice-count') in several languages, including German.


title: Viscount

text: However, in such case titles of the etymological Burgrave family (not in countries with a viscount-form, such as Italian alongside ) bearers of the title could establish themselves at the same gap, thus at generally the same level. Consequently, a (or Baron) ranks not immediately below a , but below a .


title: Viscount

text: Thus in Dutch, is the rank above Baron, below ("i.e.", Count) in the kingdoms of the Netherlands and of Belgium (by Belgian law, its equivalents in the other official languages are in German and in French). In Welsh the title is rendered as .


title: Viscount

text: Like other major Western noble titles, viscount is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions. Even though they are considered 'equivalent' in relative rank, they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare.


title: Viscount

text: The Japanese cognate () () was the fourth of the five peerage ranks established in the Meiji period (1868–1911). The Japanese system of nobility, , which existed between 1884 and 1947, was based heavily on the British peerage. At the creation of the system, viscounts were the most numerous of all the ranks, with 324 being created compared to 11 non-imperial princes or dukes, 24 marquesses, 76 counts and 74 barons, for a total of 509 peers.


title: Viscount

text: Viscounts and viscountesses appear in fiction, notably in Julia Quinn's "Bridgerton" series where Anthony, Viscount Bridgerton is the eldest son and head of the eponymous family. He is also the focus of the second novel of the series, the #1 "New York Times" Bestseller "The Viscount Who Loved Me", published in 2000"." The viscount is portrayed by Jonathan Bailey in the Netflix television adaptation "Bridgerton" released in 2020.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: Diff'rent Strokes is an American television sitcom, which aired on NBC from November 3, 1978, to May 4, 1985, and on ABC from September 27, 1985, to March 7, 1986. The series stars Gary Coleman and Todd Bridges as Arnold and Willis Jackson, respectively, two black boys from Harlem taken in by a rich white Park Avenue businessman and widower, Phillip Drummond (Conrad Bain), for whom their deceased mother previously worked, and his daughter, Kimberly (Dana Plato). During the first season and the first half of the second season, Charlotte Rae also starred, as Mrs. Edna Garrett, the Drummonds' first housekeeper, who ultimately spun off into her own sitcom, "The Facts of Life", as a housemother at the fictional Eastland School. The second housekeeper, Adelaide Brubaker, was played by Nedra Volz. The third housekeeper, Pearl Gallagher, was played by Mary Jo Catlett, first appearing as a recurring character, later becoming a main cast member.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: The series made stars of Coleman, Bridges, and Plato and became known for the "very special episodes", in which serious issues such as racism, illegal drug use, alcoholism, hitchhiking, kidnapping, and child sexual abuse were dramatically explored.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: "Diff'rent Strokes" was initially devised to serve as a vehicle for both Conrad Bain and Gary Coleman. Bain had recently finished a six-year run co-starring as Dr. Arthur Harmon on the hugely successful "Maude". When that series ended production following star Beatrice Arthur's decision to leave the show in the spring 1978, Tandem Productions producer Norman Lear was keen to find a suitable sitcom for Bain to star in.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: Ten-year-old Coleman, meanwhile, had caught producers' attention after appearing in a number of commercials and TV guest roles, and the previous year had starred in three pilot episodes by Lear that attempted to revive the "Little Rascals" film series of the 1920-40s. The pilots did not sell although they were later edited into a television film for some markets. Lear saw immense potential in Coleman and was determined to find him a suitable sitcom, and it was decided that Bain and Coleman would make a good, if unusual, pairing for the project.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: With Bain himself having considerable input into the options available and directions they took, producers considered a number of settings and formats, including one in which Bain was a gumshoe, with Coleman as his young associate-cum-informant. The fictional detective Bulldog Drummond served as inspiration for what would have been Bain's character, and although this concept was ultimately dropped, the surname "Drummond" was retained to become the surname of Bain's character in "Diff'rent Strokes".


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: Several such concepts were toyed with before a rough outline for the eventual series - in which Bain plays a wealthy businessman left to take care of his late housekeeper's son, the orphaned Coleman - was settled upon, and given the working title "45 Minutes from Harlem" (even though Harlem is only ten to fifteen minutes away from the Upper East Side by subway or taxi). An alternate version of the basic scenario had a slightly harder-nosed Bain as a wealthy estate developer who finds that he can only purchase a potentially lucrative Harlem housing block for redevelopment if he also takes custody of the orphan, Coleman, who lives there; this version was nixed in favor of the former.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: NBC showed immediate interest, feeling the format had potential, and at their request the pitch was developed, with Coleman's character, Arnold, gaining an older brother, producers feeling Coleman would benefit from the addition of a second, slightly older child to interact with, and who could add a further dynamic to storylines. To play this older brother, producers immediately decided upon child actor Todd Bridges who had appeared in a number of commercials and guest roles. The producers were also impressed by Bridges’ stint on the sitcom "Fish", which had also been cancelled earlier in 1978. Bridges was offered the role without needing an audition. The pitch meeting to NBC took place on Friday May 9, 1978, with NBC immediately ordering an optional 26 episodes.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: A daughter to Bain's character and a housekeeper were added to the lineup - producer Al Burton had spotted Dana Plato as part of a cheerleading team auditioning on "The Gong Show" and felt she had a spark about her, and recommended her for the role of Drummond's daughter Kimberly. Producers were keen to cast Charlotte Rae as housekeeper Edna Garrett, feeling that her more "traditional sitcom" talents would work well for the unusual line-up and that as an older character she would have good chemistry with Bain. As with Bridges, Rae was offered the role without audition, but was locked into a contract with CBS; however, Lear was determined to have Rae for the role and used his influence to convince CBS to release her from her contract, freeing her up to be available for the role. The title for the series eventually became "Diff'rent Strokes," inspired by the phrase "Different strokes for different folks", popularized by boxer Muhammad Ali in 1966 (Ali himself makes a guest appearance in the second season).


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: The sitcom stars Coleman as Arnold Jackson and Bridges as his older brother, Willis, two children from a poor section of Harlem whose deceased mother previously worked for rich widower Philip Drummond (Bain), and on her deathbed asked him to take care of her sons, their father already being deceased. They live in a penthouse with Drummond, his daughter Kimberly (Plato), and their housemaid. At the outset of the series, the role of housemaid is filled by Rae as Mrs. Garrett; when Rae departed for spin-off series "The Facts of Life" during the second season, she was replaced by Adelaide Brubaker (Volz), who in turn, was replaced by Pearl Gallagher (Catlett) from the fifth season until the end of the run. They lived in the Penthouse Suite at 697 Park Avenue in New York City. As Arnold, Coleman popularized the catchphrase "What'chu talkin' 'bout, Willis?" with the ending varying depending on whom he was addressing. Early episodes mostly address typical family sit-com issues, but as the series progresses, it sometimes focuses on more serious topics, including drug abuse, alcoholism, hitchhiking, child abuse and crime.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: The first season dealt with common topics such as various growing-up and adjustment issues experienced by Arnold and Willis, and mild culture clashes. Plots that saw Mr. Drummond searching for love, and stories that mildly addressed racism were also sometimes featured.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: Although billed on the opening credits of each episode, Plato appeared only semi-regularly for much of the first season. On-screen this was explained with her character often said to be away at her private school; in reality the producers were still undecided whether the character was extraneous to the format, with the option that she could simply be faded into the background and written out as away studying should they choose to drop her. But Plato and her character were well received by audiences, and the producers became convinced that her inclusion added an extra element of appeal to the audience, offering a female character for young girls and women to identify with. As a result, from the later first season and on into the second season, Plato became a regular character.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: Charlotte Rae appeared as Edna Garrett in every first-season episode; the final broadcast episode of the first season, "The Girl's School", also known as "Garrett's Girls", sees her agreeing to accompany Kimberly to her private school, the fictional Eastland, in order to help with preparations for a play- in actuality, this episode acted as the backdoor pilot for the spin-off series "The Facts of Life" ("Garrett's Girls" being an early working title). Mrs. Garrett is present for the first 13 episodes of the second season of "Diff'rent Strokes", with the character last seen in the episode "The Rivals", after which she leaves, offscreen, to take a permanent position at Eastland, "The Facts of Life" having by then been picked up for a full series. (Kimberly did not become a regular character in that series, although the two shows had a number of crossovers.)


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: Following Rae's departure midway through the second season, Nedra Volz took over as the housekeeper, the older and crankier Adelaide Brubaker, introduced in the episode "The Election". Volz appeared on a semi-regular basis, but was not added to the opening credits, instead always credited with the guest cast on the closing credits. The reason for this, in part, was that it was in Rae's contract that she be allowed to return to "Diff'rent Strokes" should "The Facts of Life" be canceled.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: Also first appearing in the second season was Arnold's best friend Dudley Johnson (Shavar Ross), first seen in the episode "Teacher's Pet". Robbie Jason (Steven Mond), another recurring school friend, also makes his first appearance in that episode. Arnold and Dudley (and often Robbie) shared many childhood escapades together, and were featured in many episodes, school-based and otherwise, throughout the show's run. As part of this, Arnold's school life also gradually began to feature more in many episodes; this increased in subsequent seasons.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: The first and second season also included three hour-long crossover episodes (edited into two-part format for syndication and overseas broadcasts) with NBC sitcom "Hello, Larry", which had been moved to the slot immediately following "Diff'rent Strokes" in an effort to boost its ratings (an effort that ultimately failed; it was canceled after the end of its second season).


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: The third and fourth seasons, which saw some of the show's highest ratings, continued much of the themes of the first two seasons, but also gradually saw the introduction of some more serious topics into storylines. Beginning with the third-season episode "Count Your Blessings" and also touched upon in several other episodes is the fact that Arnold will never grow much taller, reflecting Gary Coleman's real-life medical condition. This same episode introduces wheelchair-aided Melanie Watson, born with osteogenesis imperfecta, as Kathy Gordon, who continued to guest-star one episode per season until Season 6.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

text: Also introduced in the third season is Philip's dotty sister Sophia (Dody Goodman), in the episode "Junk Food Junkie". Appearing on a semi-regular basis, she effectively filled the same function as Adelaide as the older female character in many stories, and is present in many third and fourth season episodes.