title: Internet Protocol

text: During the design phase of the ARPANET and the early Internet, the security aspects and needs of a public, international network could not be adequately anticipated. Consequently, many Internet protocols exhibited vulnerabilities highlighted by network attacks and later security assessments. In 2008, a thorough security assessment and proposed mitigation of problems was published. The IETF has been pursuing further studies.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine, also known as "N"-acetylcysteine (NAC), is a medication that is used to treat paracetamol overdose and to loosen thick mucus in individuals with chronic bronchopulmonary disorders like pneumonia and bronchitis. It has been used to treat lactobezoar in infants. It can be taken intravenously, by mouth, or inhaled as a mist. Some people use it as a dietary supplement.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Common side effects include nausea and vomiting when taken by mouth. The skin may occasionally become red and itchy with any route of administration. A non-immune type of anaphylaxis may also occur. It appears to be safe in pregnancy. For paracetamol overdose, it works by increasing the level of glutathione, an antioxidant that can neutralise the toxic breakdown products of paracetamol. When inhaled, it acts as a mucolytic by decreasing the thickness of mucus.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine was initially patented in 1960 and came into medical use in 1968. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: The sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine are more easily oxidized than the other amino acids.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Intravenous and oral formulations of acetylcysteine are available for the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. When paracetamol is taken in large quantities, a minor metabolite called "N"-acetyl-"p"-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) accumulates within the body. It is normally conjugated by glutathione, but when taken in excess, the body's glutathione reserves are not sufficient to deactivate the toxic NAPQI. This metabolite is then free to react with key hepatic enzymes, thereby damaging liver cells. This may lead to severe liver damage and even death by acute liver failure.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: In the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, acetylcysteine acts to maintain or replenish depleted glutathione reserves in the liver and enhance non-toxic metabolism of acetaminophen. These actions serve to protect liver cells from NAPQI toxicity. It is most effective in preventing or lessening hepatic injury when administered within 8–10 hours after overdose. Research suggests that the rate of liver toxicity is approximately 3% when acetylcysteine is administered within 10 hours of overdose.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Although IV and oral acetylcysteine are equally effective for this indication, oral administration is generally poorly tolerated due to the higher dosing required to overcome its low oral bioavailability, its foul taste and odour, and a higher incidence of adverse effects when taken by mouth, particularly nausea and vomiting. Prior pharmacokinetic studies of acetylcysteine did not consider acetylation as a reason for the low bioavailability of acetylcysteine. Oral acetylcysteine is identical in bioavailability to cysteine precursors. However, 3% to 6% of people given intravenous acetylcysteine show a severe, anaphylaxis-like allergic reaction, which may include extreme breathing difficulty (due to bronchospasm), a decrease in blood pressure, rash, angioedema, and sometimes also nausea and vomiting. Repeated doses of intravenous acetylcysteine will cause these allergic reactions to progressively worsen in these people.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Several studies have found this anaphylaxis-like reaction to occur more often in people given intravenous acetylcysteine despite serum levels of paracetamol not high enough to be considered toxic.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Inhaled acetylcysteine has been used for mucolytic ("mucus-dissolving") therapy in addition to other therapies in respiratory conditions with excessive and/or thick mucus production. It is also used post-operatively, as a diagnostic aid, and in tracheotomy care. It may be considered ineffective in cystic fibrosis. A 2013 Cochrane review in cystic fibrosis found no evidence of benefit.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine has been used to complex palladium, to help it dissolve in water. This helps to remove palladium from drugs or precursors synthesized by palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. "N"-actelylcysteine can be used to protect the liver.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine can be used in Petroff's method of liquefaction and decontamination of sputum, in preparation for recovery of mycobacterium. It also displays significant antiviral activity against the influenza A viruses.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine has bactericidal properties and breaks down bacterial biofilms of clinically relevant pathogens including "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Enterococcus faecalis", "Enterobacter cloacae", "Staphylococcus epidermidis", and "Klebsiella pneumoniae".


title: Acetylcysteine

text: The most commonly reported adverse effects for IV formulations of acetylcysteine are rash, urticaria, and itchiness.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Adverse effects for inhalational formulations of acetylcysteine include nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, fever, rhinorrhea, drowsiness, clamminess, chest tightness, and bronchoconstriction. Although infrequent, bronchospasm has been reported to occur unpredictably in some patients.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Adverse effects for oral formulations of acetylcysteine have been reported to include nausea, vomiting, rash, and fever.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Large doses in a mouse model showed that acetylcysteine could potentially cause damage to the heart and lungs. They found that acetylcysteine was metabolized to "S"-nitroso-"N"-acetylcysteine (), which increased blood pressure in the lungs and right ventricle of the heart (pulmonary artery hypertension) in mice treated with acetylcysteine. The effect was similar to that observed following a 3-week exposure to an oxygen-deprived environment (chronic hypoxia). The authors also found that SNOAC induced a hypoxia-like response in the expression of several important genes both "in vitro" and "in vivo".


title: Acetylcysteine

text: The implications of these findings for long-term treatment with acetylcysteine have not yet been investigated. The dose used by Palmer and colleagues was dramatically higher than that used in humans, the equivalent of about 20 grams per day. In humans, a much lower dosages (600 mg per day) have been observed to counteract some age-related decline in the hypoxic ventilatory response as tested by inducing prolonged hypoxia.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Although "N"-acetylcysteine prevented liver damage in mice when taken before alcohol, when taken four hours after alcohol it made liver damage worse in a dose-dependent fashion.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine serves as a prodrug to -cysteine, a precursor to the biologic antioxidant glutathione. Hence administration of acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione stores.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: L-cysteine also serves as a precursor to cystine, which in turn serves as a substrate for the cystine-glutamate antiporter on astrocytes; hence there is increasing glutamate release into the extracellular space. This glutamate in turn acts on mGluR receptors, and at higher doses of acetylcysteine, mGluR.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine also possesses some anti-inflammatory effects possibly via inhibiting NF-κB and modulating cytokine synthesis.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine is extensively liver metabolized, CYP450 minimal, urine excretion is 22–30% with a half-life of 5.6 hours in adults and 11 hours in newborns.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine is the "N"-acetyl derivative of the amino acid -cysteine, and is a precursor in the formation of the antioxidant glutathione in the body. The thiol (sulfhydryl) group confers antioxidant effects and is able to reduce free radicals.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: "N"-acetyl--cysteine is soluble in water and alcohol, and practically insoluble in chloroform and ether.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine was first studied as a drug in 1963. Amazon removed acetylcysteine for sale in the US in 2021, due to claims by the FDA of it being classified as a drug rather than a supplement. As of 21 April 2022, the FDA released draft guidance on FDA's policy regarding products labeled as dietary supplements that contain "N"-acetyl--cysteine.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: While many antioxidants have been researched to treat a large number of diseases by reducing the negative effect of oxidative stress, acetylcysteine is one of the few that has yielded promising results, and is currently already approved for the treatment of paracetamol overdose.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine has been used for cyclophosphamide-induced haemorrhagic cystitis, although mesna is generally preferred due to the ability of acetylcysteine to diminish the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Acetylcysteine has been studied for major psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Tentative evidence exists for "N"-acetylcysteine also in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific drug addictions (cocaine), drug-induced neuropathy, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder, and a certain form of epilepsy (progressive myoclonic). Preliminary evidence showed efficacy in anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and mild traumatic brain injury although confirmatory studies are required. Tentative evidence also supports use in cannabis use disorder.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: Evidence to date does not support the efficacy for "N"-acetylcysteine in treating addictions to gambling, methamphetamine, or nicotine. Based upon limited evidence, NAC appears to normalize glutamate neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens and other brain structures, in part by upregulating the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), in individuals with addiction. While NAC has been demonstrated to modulate glutamate neurotransmission in adult humans who are addicted to cocaine, NAC does not appear to modulate glutamate neurotransmission in healthy adult humans. NAC has been hypothesized to exert beneficial effects through its modulation of glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission as well as its antioxidant properties.


title: Acetylcysteine

text: In bipolar disorder, "N"-acetylcysteine has been repurposed as an augmentation strategy for depressive episodes in light of the possible role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Nonetheless, meta-analytic evidence shows that add-on "N"-acetylcysteine was more effective than placebo only in reducing depression scales scores (low quality evidence), without positive effects on response and remission outcomes, limiting its possible role in clinical practice to date.


title: Camryn Manheim

text: Debra Frances "Camryn" Manheim (born March 8, 1961) is an American actress known for her roles as attorney Ellenor Frutt on ABC's "The Practice", Delia Banks on CBS's "Ghost Whisperer", Gladys Presley in the 2005 miniseries "Elvis", and "Control" on "Person of Interest". In 1999, Manheim won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her work on "The Practice". Since 2022, she has been part of the main cast of the revival of "Law & Order".


title: Camryn Manheim

text: Manheim was born in West Caldwell, New Jersey into a Jewish family, the daughter of Sylvia (née Nuchow), a teacher, and Jerome Manheim, a mathematics professor and the Dean of Letters and Science at California State University Long Beach. Her family relocated several times in her early childhood due to her father taking new teaching positions, and she spent her early years in Michigan and Peoria, Illinois.


title: Camryn Manheim

text: When she was in sixth grade, her family relocated to Southern California, settling in Long Beach, where she attended Woodrow Wilson Classical High School. She became interested in acting after working at a Renaissance faire during high school. Manheim graduated from University of California, Santa Cruz with a BFA degree in 1984 and New York University's Tisch School of the Arts Graduate Acting Program with an MFA degree in 1987. Her brother, Karl Manheim, is a law professor at Loyola Law School.


title: Camryn Manheim

text: Manheim worked for a while as a sign language interpreter at hospitals. Her knowledge of sign language was used on "The Practice", in an episode of "Law & Order", and in her role as a child behavioral psychologist in the movie "Mercury Rising". In 1983, she made a brief appearance as a girl in an elevator in "Sudden Impact" in the post-courtroom scene at the beginning.


title: Camryn Manheim

text: Manheim's breakthrough was her one-woman show "Wake Up, I'm Fat", which played off-Broadway at Classic Stage Company in 1994. She adapted the show into a book of the same name, which was published by Broadway Books in 1999.


title: Camryn Manheim

text: In 1999, Manheim collected an Emmy for her work on "The Practice". In 1999, she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award.


title: Camryn Manheim

text: In 2005, Manheim earned Golden Globe and Emmy nominations for her work in the miniseries "Elvis", and the following year she joined the cast of "Ghost Whisperer". Her other television credits include "Chicago Hope", "Ally McBeal", "Family Guy", "Will & Grace", "Boston Public", "Two and a Half Men", "The L Word", "How I Met Your Mother" and "Hannah Montana". She also voiced Juliet in the episode "Company Picnic" of "Dilbert" on UPN in 2000.


title: Camryn Manheim

text: In addition, Manheim has several film credits. These include "Romy and Michele's High School Reunion", "Happiness" (which earned the cast a National Board of Review Award for Best Acting by an Ensemble), "The Laramie Project", "Scary Movie 3", "Dark Water" and "An Unfinished Life".


title: Camryn Manheim

text: In 2015, Manheim was in the Deaf West production of the musical "Spring Awakening" as Adult Women. The production, which had a cast composed half of hearing actors and half of deaf or hard-of-hearing actors, paired every deaf actor (who signed their lines in American Sign Language) with a hearing actor who said their lines verbally. Manheim voiced for Marlee Matlin as well as signing her own dialogue in the parts of Frau Bergmann, Fräulein Großebüstenhalter, and Fräulein Knuppeldick.


title: Camryn Manheim

text: In August 2019, she was elected secretary-treasurer of the SAG-AFTRA union. Manheim was elected to the secretary-treasurer position with 16,047 votes. Candidates Jodi Long, Chuck Slavin and Rob Stats received 10,251, 2,204 and 1,790 votes respectively. She did not run for reelection in 2021, and was succeeded by Joely Fisher.


title: Camryn Manheim

text: Manheim has been involved with the Los Angeles-based charity Bet Tzedek Legal Services – The House of Justice, serving as a co-chair for their annual fundraiser, the Justice Ball.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Hawaii Five-O is an American police procedural drama series produced by CBS Productions and created by Leonard Freeman. Set in Hawaii, the show originally aired for 12 seasons on CBS from September 20, 1968, to April 8, 1980, and continues in reruns. At the airing of its last episode, it was the longest-running police drama in American television history and the last scripted primetime show that debuted in the 1960s to leave the air.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The show starred Jack Lord as Detective Captain Stephen "Steve" McGarrett, the head of a fictional state police task force in Hawaii. The theme music composed by Morton Stevens became especially popular. Many episodes in the series would end with McGarrett's catchphrase, "Book 'em, Danno!"


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The CBS television network produced "Hawaii Five-O", which aired from September 20, 1968, to April 5, 1980. The program continues to be broadcast in syndication worldwide. Created by Leonard Freeman, "Hawaii Five-O" was shot on location in Honolulu, Hawaii, and throughout the island of Oahu and other Hawaiian islands with occasional filming in locales such as Los Angeles, Singapore, and Hong Kong.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The show centers on a fictional state police force led by former US naval officer Steve McGarrett (played by Jack Lord), a detective captain, who is appointed by the Governor, Paul Jameson. In the show, McGarrett oversees state police officers – the young Danny "Danno" Williams, veteran Chin Ho Kelly, and streetwise Kono Kalakaua for seasons one through four. Honolulu Police Department Officer Duke Lukela joined the team as a regular, as did Ben Kokua, who replaced Kono beginning with season five. Occasionally, McGarrett's Five-O team is assisted by other officers as needed: Det. Frank Kamana (Douglas Mossman), P.O. Sandi Wells (Amanda McBroom), medical examiner Doc Bergman (Al Eben), forensic specialist Che Fong (Harry Endo), and a secretary. The first secretary was May, then Jenny, and later Malia, Lani and Luana.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The title of the show refers to Hawaii's status as the 50th US state; at the time of its premiere, Hawaii had officially been a U.S. state for only nine years. The "Five-O" team consists of three to five members (small for a real state police unit), and is portrayed as occupying a suite of offices in the Iolani Palace. Five-O lacks its own radio network, necessitating frequent requests by McGarrett to the Honolulu Police Department dispatchers.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: For 12 seasons, McGarrett and his team pursued international secret agents, criminals, and organized crime syndicates plaguing the Hawaiian Islands. With the aid of District Attorney and later Hawaii's Attorney General John Manicote, McGarrett is successful in sending most of his enemies to prison. One such crime syndicate was led by crime family patriarch Honore Vashon, a character introduced in the fifth season. Other criminals and organized crime bosses on the islands were played by actors such as Ricardo Montalbán, Gavin MacLeod, and Ross Martin as Tony Alika.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: By the 12th and final season, series regular James MacArthur had left the show (in 1996, he admitted that he had become tired of the role and wanted to do other things), as had Kam Fong. Unlike other characters before him, Fong's character, Chin Ho Kelly, at Fong's request, was killed off, murdered while working undercover to expose a protection ring in Chinatown in the last episode of season 10. New characters Jim 'Kimo' Carew (William Smith), Lori Wilson (Sharon Farrell), and Truck (Moe Keale) were introduced in season 12 alongside returning regular character Duke Lukela.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Most episodes of "Hawaii Five-O" ended with the arrest of criminals and McGarrett snapping, "Book 'em." The offense occasionally was added after this phrase, for example, "Book 'em, murder one." In many episodes, this was directed to Danny "Danno" Williams and became McGarrett's catchphrase: "Book 'em, Danno." This catchphrase also expanded to sports in the mid-1970s with former Pittsburgh Penguins announcer Mike Lange, who would utter the line for some Penguins goals.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: McGarrett's tousled yet immaculate hairstyle, as well as his proclivity for wearing a dark suit and tie on all possible occasions (uncommon in the islands), rapidly entered popular culture. While the other members of "Five-O" "dressed mainland" much of the time, they also often wore local styles, such as the ubiquitous Aloha shirt.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: In many episodes (including the pilot), McGarrett is drawn into the world of international espionage and national intelligence. McGarrett's nemesis is a rogue intelligence officer of the People's Republic of China named Wo Fat. The communist rogue agent was played by veteran actor Khigh Dhiegh. In the show's final episode in 1980, titled "Woe to Wo Fat", McGarrett finally sees his foe go to jail.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Unlike the reboot the show's action and straightforward storytelling left little time for personal stories involving wives or girlfriends, though a two-part story in the first season dealt with the loss of McGarrett's sister's baby. Occasionally, a show would flash back to McGarrett's younger years or to a romantic figure.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: In the episode "Number One with a Bullet, Part 2", McGarrett tells a criminal, "It was a bastard like you who killed my father." His 42-year-old father had been run down and killed by someone who had just held up a supermarket. Because Steve McGarrett is also a commander in the Naval Reserve, he sometimes uses their resources to help investigate and solve crimes. Hence the closing credits of some episodes mentioned the Naval Reserve. A 1975 episode involving Danno's aunt, played by MacArthur's mother Helen Hayes, provided a bit of Williams' back story.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Sources differ on how the show came to be. Producer Leonard Freeman moved to Hawaii to recuperate after suffering a heart attack. One source states the idea for the show may have come from a conversation Freeman had with Hawaii's then-Governor John A. Burns.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Another source instead claims that Freeman wanted to set a show in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California until his friend Richard Boone convinced him to shoot it entirely in Hawaii. A third source claims Freeman discussed the show with Governor Burns only after pitching the idea to CBS. Before settling on the name "Hawaii Five-O", Freeman considered titling the show "The Man".


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Freeman offered Richard Boone the part of McGarrett, but Boone turned it down; Gregory Peck and Robert Brown were also considered. Ultimately, Jack Lord – then living in Beverly Hills – was asked at the last moment. Lord read for the part on a Wednesday, was cast, and flew to Hawaii two days later. On the following Monday, Lord was in front of the cameras. Freeman and Lord had worked together previously on an unsold TV pilot called "Grand Hotel".


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Tim O'Kelly originated the role of Danny "Danno" Williams in the pilot episode, "Cocoon". Test audiences apparently were not positive on O'Kelly, however, and the producers replaced him with James MacArthur.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Kam Fong Chun, an 18-year veteran of the Honolulu Police Department, auditioned for the part of the lead villain Wo Fat, but Freeman cast him in the part of Chin Ho Kelly instead. Freeman took the name Wo Fat from a restaurant in downtown Honolulu. The name Chin Ho came from Chinn Ho, the owner of the Ilikai Hotel where the penthouse shot of Steve McGarrett in the opening title sequence was taken. Richard Denning, who played the governor, had retired to Hawaii and came out of retirement for the show. Zulu was a Waikiki beach boy and local DJ with no acting experience when he was cast for the part of Kono, which he played for the next four years.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The first season was shot in a rusty military Quonset hut in Pearl City, which the various cast members quickly nicknamed "Mongoose Manor". The roof tended to leak, and rats would often gnaw at the cables. The show then moved to a Fort Ruger location for seasons two to eight. A third studio was built at Diamond Head, and was used during the last four seasons.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: A problem from the beginning was the lack of a movie industry in Hawaii. Much of the crew and cast, including many locals who ended up participating in the show, had to learn their respective jobs as they went along. Jack Lord was known as a perfectionist who insisted on the best from everyone. His temper flared when he felt that others did not give their best, but in later reunions they admitted that Lord's hard-driving force had made them better actors and made "Hawaii Five-O" a better show. Lord's high standards helped the show last another six years after Leonard Freeman's death from heart trouble during the sixth season.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: To critics and viewers, there was no question that Jack Lord was the center of the show, and that the other actors frequently served as little more than props, standing and watching while McGarrett emoted and paced around his office, analyzing the crime. But occasionally episodes would focus on the other actors, and let them showcase their own talents, such as Danno defusing bombs in "The Clock Struck Twelve". Since Jack Lord had a financial interest in the show, he referred to other regular cast actors in the program as a "with", as in "With James MacArthur"; they were never called "co-stars".


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Very few episodes were shot outside of Hawaii. At least two episodes were shot in Los Angeles, one in Hong Kong, and one in Singapore.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The opening title sequence was created by television director Reza S. Badiyi. Early shows began with a cold open suggesting the sinister plot for that episode, then cut to a shot of a big ocean wave and the start of the theme song. A fast zoom-in to the top balcony of the Ilikai Hotel followed, showing McGarrett turning to face the camera, followed by many quick-cuts and freeze-frames of Hawaiian scenery, and Hawaiian-Chinese-English model Elizabeth Malamalamaokalani Logue turning to face the camera. A grass-skirted hula dancer from the pilot episode was also included, played by Helen Kuoha-Torco, who later became a business professor at Windward Community College. The opening scene ended with shots of the supporting players, and the flashing blue light of a police motorcycle racing through a Honolulu street.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: At the conclusion of each episode, Jack Lord narrated a promo for the next episode, often emphasizing the "guest villain", especially if the villain is a recurring character, such as that played by actor Hume Cronyn (2 episodes). The line he spoke was, "This is Jack Lord inviting you to be with us next week for <name of episode>" and then, "Be here. Aloha." The promos were removed from the syndicated episodes but most have been restored in DVD releases from the second season through the ninth. Most of the promos are slightly edited to remove references to "next week".


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: This tradition has been continued in the 2010 version of "Hawaii Five-0", but is not limited to Alex O'Loughlin. All of the primary cast members take turns with the "Be here. Aloha" line at the end of the preview segment.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: There were two versions of the closing credits portion of the show. During the first season, the theme music was played over a short film of a flashing blue light attached to the rear of a police motorcycle in Waikiki heading west (the film is shown at twice the normal speed, as can be seen from people crossing a street behind the police motorcycle). In later seasons, the same music was played over film of outrigger canoeists battling the surf.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: In a 2010 issue of "TV Guide", the show's opening title sequence ranked No. 4 on a list of TV's top 10 credits sequences, as selected by readers.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The show was the longest-running crime show on American television until "Law & Order" surpassed it in 2002, and was the first to enjoy an uninterrupted run that exceeded a decade (it has since been joined in that distinction by several other series including "", "" and "NCIS").


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: When the show premiered in 1968 Hawaii had been a state for only nine years and was relatively obscure to Americans who had never served in the Pacific Theater, but as a geographic part of Polynesia it had an exotic image.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Known for the location, theme song, and ensemble cast, "Hawaii Five-O" contains a heavy use of exterior location shooting throughout the entire 12 seasons. A typical episode, on average, would have at least two-thirds of all footage shot on location, as opposed to a "typical" show of the time which would be shot largely on sound stages and backlots. It is also remembered for its unusual setting during a time when most crime dramas of the era were set in or around the Los Angeles or New York City areas.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The Hawaii-based television show "Magnum, P.I." was created after "Hawaii Five-O" ended its run, in order to make further use of the expensive production facilities created there for "Five-O". The first few "Magnum P.I." episodes made direct references to "Five-O", suggesting that it takes place in the same fictional setting. "Magnum"s producers made a few attempts to coax Jack Lord out of retirement for a cameo appearance, but he refused.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Many local people were cast in the show, which was ethnically diverse by the standards of the late 1960s. The first run and syndication were seen by an estimated 400 million people around the world.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: "Bored, She Hung Herself", the 16th episode of the second season, depicted a Five-O investigation into the apparent suicide of a woman by hanging, which she was supposedly practicing as part of a health regimen. A viewer reportedly died trying the same technique, and as a result, the episode was not rebroadcast, was never included in any syndication packages, and has not been included on any DVD release of the show to date. The family of the person who died in the real-life hanging sued CBS over the episode.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: A one-hour pilot for a new series was made in 1996 but never aired. Produced and written by Stephen J. Cannell, it starred Gary Busey and Russell Wong as the new Five-O team. James MacArthur returned as Dan Williams, having become governor of Hawaii. Several cameos were made by other "Five-O" regulars, including Kam Fong as Chin Ho Kelly (even though the character had been killed off at the end of Season 10).


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: A remake pilot, called "Hawaii Five-0" (the last character is a zero instead of the letter "O", which is the true title of the original series as well), aired September 20, 2010, on CBS. It lasted for 10 seasons until the 240th and final episode was aired on April 3, 2020. The remake version "Hawaii Five-0" used the same principal character names as the original, and the new Steve McGarrett's late father's vintage 1974 Mercury Marquis was the actual car driven by Lord in the original series's final seasons. The new series opening credit sequence was an homage to the original; the theme song was cut in half, from 60 to 30 seconds, but was an otherwise identical instrumentation. Most of the iconic shots were replicated, beginning with the helicopter approach and close-up turn of McGarrett at the Ilikai Hotel penthouse, the jet engine nacelle, a hula dancer's hips, the quickly stepped zoom-in to the face of the Lady Columbia statue at Punchbowl, the close-up of the Kamehameha Statue's face, and the ending with a police motorcycle's flashing blue light. The surname of recurring character Governor Sam Denning (played by Richard T. Jones) was a nod to actor Richard Denning, who played the Governor in the original series. Starting with the Season 7 many of the clips that were part of the original opening were removed and more action shots of the cast were included. On the March 19, 2012, episode, Ed Asner reprised his role as "August March", a character he first played in a 1975 episode. Clips from the 1975 episode were included in the new one, even though the 2010 series was intended to be in a different narrative universe than the Jack Lord series. The 2016 episode "Makaukau 'oe e Pa'ani?" features a sequence in which McGarrett (played by Alex O'Loughlin) briefly interacts with a CGI reconstruction of Jack Lord.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: Another legacy of the show is the popularity of the "Hawaii Five-O" theme music. The tune was composed by Morton Stevens, who also composed numerous episode scores performed by the CBS Orchestra. The theme was later recorded by the Ventures, whose version reached No. 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 pop chart, and is particularly popular with college and high school marching bands, especially at the University of Hawaii where it has become the unofficial fight song. The tune has also been heard at Robertson Stadium after Houston Dynamo goals scored by Brian Ching, a native of Hawaii. Because of the tempo of the music, the theme gained popularity in the UK with followers of Northern soul and was popular on dance floors in the 1970s.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The phrase "five-O" (or any variation, such as "5–0", "5-O", and "five O") ) has often come to refer to the police in the United States.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: "Hawaii Five-O" survived long enough to overlap with reruns of early episodes, which were broadcast by CBS in their late night schedule while new episodes were still being produced. Once the program entered syndication after the original run of the series, CBS broadcast reruns of season 12 in late night under the title "McGarrett" to avoid confusion with the episodes in syndication broadcast under the title "Hawaii Five-O."


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: In the United Kingdom, the series first aired on ITV on July 19, 1970, in a Saturday evening time slot.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: As of 2021, the series currently airs in Ontario, Canada weekdays at 1pm on CHCH TV 11. CHCH airs the HD remastered version of the series in its original unedited broadcast versions.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: In Hawaii, the series aired on 13 Alanui beginning on August 1, 2001, the day 13 Alanui was released until December 30, 2011.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: CBS Interactive had presented the entire first season of the show online via Adobe Flash streaming media.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The first 10 episodes of season 1 are available free of charge. All other episodes require a CBS All Access subscription to view.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all twelve seasons on DVD in Region 1. The first eight seasons have been released in region 2 and the first seven seasons in region 4.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: In September 2019 (Region 4, Australia), Via Vision Entertainment released a "Season 1-7 Boxset" followed by "Season 8-12 Boxset" in February 2020. The Via Vision Entertainment releases are only available in these box sets and not individual seasons.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: The episode "Bored, She Hung Herself" is not included in "The Second Season" set. The omission is mentioned on the back of the box. Only some Australian bootlegs have had the episode. Seasons 2–8 contain episode promos by Jack Lord.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: On December 3, 2013, Paramount released "Hawaii Five-O – The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1. On April 18, 2017, "The Complete Series" set was reissued.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: A soundtrack album featuring Morton Stevens' theme and incidental music from the pilot and the first two seasons was issued by Capitol Records in 1970. Unlike many albums of television music of the time, the music was taken directly from the scoring sessions rather than being specially re-recorded for album release. One of the instrumental pieces on the album, "Call to Danger", was originally recorded for the unsold 1967 pilot of the same name and also excerpted as background music accompanying a "Special Presentation" logo that CBS used to introduce its prime time television specials throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The album was re-issued on compact disc by Film Score Monthly in 2010.


title: Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)

text: "Hawaii Five-O" was the subject of six original novels. The first two books were published by Signet Paperbacks in 1968 and 1969. After that were two juvenile hard covers published by Whitman publishing in 1969 and 1971 and finally two more books were published in England.


title: Negro

text: In the English language, negro is a term historically used to denote persons considered to be of Black African heritage. The word "negro" means the color black in both Spanish and in Portuguese, where English took it from. The term can be construed as offensive, inoffensive, or completely neutral, largely depending on the region or country where it is used, as well as the context in which it is applied. It has various equivalents in other languages of Europe.


title: Negro

text: Around 1442, the Portuguese first arrived in Southern Africa while trying to find a sea route to India. The term "", literally meaning "black", was used by the Spanish and Portuguese as a simple description to refer to the Bantu peoples that they encountered. "Negro" denotes "black" in Spanish and Portuguese, derived from the Latin word "niger", meaning "black", which itself is probably from a Proto-Indo-European root "*nek-", "to be dark", akin to "*nok-", "night". "Negro" was also used of the peoples of West Africa in old maps labelled Negroland, an area stretching along the Niger River.


title: Negro

text: From the 18th century to the late 1960s, "negro" (later capitalized) was considered to be the proper English-language term for people of black African origin. According to Oxford Dictionaries, use of the word "now seems out of date or even offensive in both British and US English".


title: Negro

text: A specifically female form of the word, "negress" (sometimes capitalized), was occasionally used. However, like "Jewess", it has all but completely fallen out of use.


title: Negro

text: "Negroid" was used within physical anthropology to denote one of the three purported races of humankind, alongside "Caucasoid" and "Mongoloid". The suffix "-oid" means "similar to". "Negroid" as a noun was used to designate a wider or more generalized category than "Negro"; as an adjective, it qualified a noun as in, for example, "negroid features".


title: Negro

text: "Negro" superseded "colored" as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when "black" was considered more offensive. In 17th-century colonial America, the term "Negro" had been also, according to one historian, used to describe Native Americans. John Belton O'Neall's The Negro Law of South Carolina (1848) stipulated that "the term negro is confined to slave Africans, (the ancient Berbers) and their descendants. It does not embrace the free inhabitants of Africa, such as the Egyptians, Moors, or the negro Asiatics, such as the Lascars." The American Negro Academy was founded in 1897, to support liberal arts education. Marcus Garvey used the word in the names of black nationalist and pan-Africanist organizations such as the Universal Negro Improvement Association (founded 1914), the "Negro World" (1918), the Negro Factories Corporation (1919), and the Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World (1920). W. E. B. Du Bois and Dr. Carter G. Woodson used it in the titles of their non-fiction books, "The Negro" (1915) and "The Mis-Education of the Negro" (1933) respectively. Du Bois also used in the titles of his books The Study of the Negro Problems (1898)


title: Negro

text: The Philadelphia Negro (1899). "Negro" was accepted as normal, both as exonym and endonym, until the late 1960s, after the later Civil Rights Movement. One example is Martin Luther King Jr. self-identification as "Negro" in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech of 1963.


title: Negro

text: However, during the late 1950s and early 1960s, the word "Negro" began to be criticized as having been imposed by white people, and having connotations of racial subservience and Uncle Tomism. The term "Black", in contrast, denoted pride, power, and a rejection of the past. It took root first in more militant groups such as the Black Muslims and Black Panthers, and by 1967, SNCC leader Stokeley Carmichael pushed for the abandonment of "Negro". After the Newark riots in the summer of 1967, one third to one half of young Black males polled in Newark self-identified as "Black". The term coexisted for a while with "Negro", with the newer term initially referring only to progressive or radical Blacks, while "Negro" was used more for the Black establishment. Malcolm X preferred "Black" to "Negro", but also started using the term "Afro-American" after leaving the Nation of Islam.


title: Negro

text: Since the late 1960s, various other terms have been more widespread in popular usage. These include "Black", "Black African", "Afro-American" (in use from the late 1960s to 1990) and "African American". The word "Negro" fell out of favor by the early 1970s. However, many older African Americans initially found the term "black" more offensive than "Negro."


title: Negro

text: The term "Negro" is still used in some historical contexts, such as the songs known as Negro spirituals, the Negro leagues of baseball in the early and mid-20th century, and organizations such as the United Negro College Fund. The academic journal published by Howard University since 1932 still bears the title "Journal of Negro Education", but others have changed: e.g. the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (founded 1915) became the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History in 1973, and is now the Association for the Study of African American Life and History; its publication "The Journal of Negro History" became "The Journal of African American History" in 2001. Margo Jefferson titled her 2015 book "" to evoke growing up in the 1950s and 1960s in the African-American upper class.


title: Negro

text: African American linguist John McWhorter has bemoaned attacks on the use of "Negro" in "utterances or written reproductions of the word when referring to older texts and titles". He cites reports that performances or publishing of certain works (William L. Dawson’s “Negro Folk Symphony”, and an anthology of Norman Mailer's works) have been avoided, "out of wariness of the word 'Negro'” used in titles; and of "two cases" between 2020-2021 "of white college professors having complaints filed against them by students for using the word 'Negro' in class when quoting older texts."


title: Negro

text: The United States Census Bureau included "Negro" on the 2010 Census, alongside "Black" and "African-American", because some older black Americans still self-identify with the term. The U.S. Census used the grouping "Black, African-American, or Negro". "Negro" was used in an effort to include older African Americans who more closely associate with the term. In 2013, the census removed the term from its forms and questionnaires. The term has also been censored by some newspaper archives.


title: Negro

text: The constitution of Liberia limits Liberian nationality to "Negro" people (see also Liberian nationality law). People of other racial origins, even if they have lived for many years in Liberia, are thus precluded from becoming citizens of the Republic.


title: Negro

text: In Spanish, ' (feminine ') is most commonly used for the color black, but it can also be used to describe people with dark-colored skin. In Spain, Mexico, and almost all of Latin America, "negro" (lower-cased, as ethnonyms are generally not capitalized in Romance languages) means just 'black colour' and it doesn't refer by itself to any ethnic or race unless further context is provided. As in English, this Spanish word is often used figuratively and negatively, to mean 'irregular' or 'undesirable', as in "" ('black market'). However, in most Spanish-speaking countries, "negro" and "negra" are commonly used to refer to partners or close friends.


title: Negro

text: In the Philippines, which historically had almost no contact with the Atlantic slave trade, the Spanish-derived term "negro" (feminine "negra") is still commonly used to refer to black people, as well as to people with dark-colored skin (both native and foreign). Like in Spanish usage, it has no negative connotations when referring to black people. However, it can be mildly pejorative when referring to the skin color of other native Filipinos due to traditional beauty standards. The use of the term for the color black is restricted to Spanish phrases or nouns.


title: Negro

text: "Negrito" (feminine "negrita") is also a term used in the Philippines to refer to the various darker-skinned native ethnic groups that partially descended from early Australo-Melanesian migrations. These groups include the Aeta, Ati, Mamanwa, and the Batak, among others. Despite physical appearances, they all speak Austronesian languages and are genetically related to other Austronesian Filipinos. The island of Negros is named after them. The term Negrito has entered scientific usage in the English language based on the original Spanish/Filipino usage to refer to similar populations in South and Southeast Asia. However, the appropriateness of using the word to bundle people of similar physical appearances has been questioned as genetic evidence show they do not have close shared ancestry.


title: Negro

text: In Italian, was the archaic form of the adjective ; as such, the previous form can still be found in literary texts or in surnames (cfr. the English-language surname "Black"), while the latter form is the only one currently used today. However, the word could also be used as a noun and at a certain point it was commonly used as term equivalent to English "negro", but without its offensive connotation. However, under influence from English-speaking cultures, by the 1970s it had been replaced with "nero" and "di colore". "Nero" was considered a better translation of the English word "black", while "di colore" is a loan translation of the English word "colored".


title: Negro

text: The noun is considered offensive today, but some attestations of the previous use can still be found.


title: Negro

text: In Italian law, Act No. 654 of 13 October 1975 (known as the “Reale Act"), as amended by Act No. 205 of 25 June 1993 (known as the “Mancino Act") and Act No. 85 of 24 February 2006, criminalizes incitement to and racial discrimination itself, incitement to and racial violence itself, the promotion of ideas based on racial superiority or ethnic or racist hatred and the setting up or running of, participation in or support to any organisation, association, movement or group whose purpose is the instigation of racial discrimination or violence. As the Council of Europe noted in its 2016 report, "the wording of the Reale Act does not include language as ground of discrimination, nor is [skin] color included as a ground of discrimination." However, the Supreme Court, in affirming a lower-court decision, declared that the use of the term "negro" by itself, if it has a clearly offensive intention, may be punishable by law, and is considered an aggravating factor in a criminal prosecution.


title: Negro

text: In the French language, the existential concept of ' ('blackness') was developed by the Senegalese politician Léopold Sédar Senghor. The word can still be used as a synonym of "sweetheart" in some traditional Louisiana French creole songs. The word ' as a racial term fell out of favor around the same time as its English equivalent "negro". Its usage in French today ("nègre littéraire") has shifted completely, to refer to a ghostwriter ("écrivain fantôme"), i.e. one who writes a book on behalf of its nominal author, usually a non-literary celebrity. However, French Ministry of Culture guidelines (as well as other official entities of Francophone regions) recommend the usage of alternative terms.


title: Negro

text: In Haitian Creole, the word ' (derived from the French ' referring to a dark-skinned man), can also be used for any man, regardless of skin color, roughly like the terms "guy" or "dude" in American English.


title: Negro

text: The Dutch word "" was considered to be a neutral term, but since the start of the 21st century it is increasingly considered to be hurtful, condescending and/or discriminatory. The consensus among language advice services of the Flemish Government and Dutch Language Union is to use "zwarte persoon/man/vrouw" (black person/man/woman) to denote race instead.


title: Negro

text: In German, ' was considered to be a neutral term for black people, but gradually fell out of fashion since the 1970s. ' is now mostly thought to be derogatory or racist.


title: Negro

text: In Denmark, usage of ' is up for debate. Linguists and others argue that the word has a historical racist legacy that makes it unsuitable for use today. Mainly older people use the word ' with the notion that it is a neutral word paralleling "negro". Relatively few young people use it, other than for provocative purposes in recognition that the word's acceptability has declined.


title: Negro

text: In Swedish and Norwegian, "" used to be considered a neutral equivalent to "negro". However, the term gradually fell out of favor between the late 1960s and 1990s.


title: Negro

text: In West Frisian, the word "neger" is largely considered to be a neutral term for black people with African roots. The word "nikker" (evil water spirit) is considered to be offensive and derogatory, but not necessarily racist due to the term's historic definition.


title: Negro

text: In the Finnish language the word ' (cognate with "negro") was long considered a neutral equivalent for "negro". In 2002, "neekeri"'s usage notes in the "Kielitoimiston sanakirja" shifted from "perceived as derogatory by some" to "generally derogatory". The name of a popular Finnish brand of chocolate-coated marshmallow treats was changed by the manufacturers from ' (lit. 'negro's kiss', like the German version) to ' ('Brunberg's kiss') in 2001. A study conducted among native Finns found that 90% of research subjects considered the terms ' and " among the most derogatory epithets for ethnic minorities.


title: Negro

text: In Turkish, " is the closest equivalent to "negro". The appellation was derived from the Arabic "zanj" for Bantu peoples. It is usually used without any negative connotation.


title: Negro

text: In Hungarian, "" (possibly derived from its German equivalent) is still considered to be the most neutral equivalent of "negro".


title: Negro

text: In Russia, the term ("negr") was commonly used in the Soviet period without any negative connotation, and its use continues in this neutral sense. In modern Russian media, "negr" is used somewhat less frequently. ("chyorny", "black") as an adjective is also used in a neutral sense, and conveys the same meaning as "negr", as in ("chyornye amerikantsy", "black Americans"). Other alternatives to "negr" are "темнокожий" ("temnokozhy", "dark-skinned"), "чернокожий" ("chernokozhy", "black-skinned"). These two are used as both nouns and adjectives. See also Afro-Russian.


title: I (Kendrick Lamar song)

text: "I" (stylized in lowercase) is a song by American rapper Kendrick Lamar featuring Ronald Isley of The Isley Brothers. It was released on September 23, 2014 as the lead single from Lamar's third studio album "To Pimp a Butterfly". The song uses music from "That Lady", written by and originally performed by R&B group The Isley Brothers, elements from which were re-recorded rather than being directly sampled from the original record. "i" won two awards at the 2015 Grammy Awards: Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song.


title: I (Kendrick Lamar song)

text: "i" was produced by Los Angeles producer Rahki, who also produced the song "Institutionalized". Although the version of "i" that appears on the album is drastically different from the single release, both versions contain a sample of the song "That Lady" by The Isley Brothers. Lamar personally visited Isley Brothers' lead vocalist Ronald Isley to ask his permission to sample the song: "I actually had to go to St. Louis and get the blessings from Ronald Isley," he said. "That was a trip. We got in the studio and just vibed and talked about how things were back then and how they are now, and you can actually hear him on the record with a few ad-libs that he actually did. We got it on camera and things like that, it’s a beautiful thing." Isley also performs on the song "How Much a Dollar Cost?" with singer-songwriter James Fauntleroy.


title: I (Kendrick Lamar song)

text: The single cover for "i" features members of gangs the Bloods and the Crips forming a heart, on the subject of the cover art Lamar said in an interview with AMP Radio: "Where I'm from, there's a lot of gang culture and things like that, so instead of throwing on up gang signs, which we used to, I put a Blood and I put a Crip together and we’re throwing up hearts...sparking the idea of some type of change through music or through me because I go back to the city now and people give me the honor and respect that, you know, this kid can change a little bit something different that’s been going on in the community."


title: I (Kendrick Lamar song)

text: The song's title has a significant connotation. In "Hip Hop America", journalist Nelson George writes, "'i' is a powerful word in the vocabulary of the African American male," as it can be related to pride. While pride is one of the seven deadly sins, George's study explains how "this has been an invigorating source of self-empowerment," similar to the self-love Lamar preaches in his song.


title: I (Kendrick Lamar song)

text: The video for the song premiered on Vevo and YouTube on November 4, 2014. It features cameos from singer Ron Isley and George Clinton. References are made to 2Pac and The Joker in the video. A short instrumental was played in the intro of the clip. The video is directed by Alexandre Moors.


title: I (Kendrick Lamar song)

text: "i" received critical acclaim from music critics. The track was placed at number ten on "Rolling Stone"s 50 Best Songs of 2014 list. "Billboard" listed "i" as the second best song of 2014. "i" also was placed at number 14 on "Spin"'s list of "The 101 Best Songs of 2014". In January 2015, "i" was ranked at number five on "The Village Voice"s annual year-end Pazz & Jop critics' poll.


title: I (Kendrick Lamar song)

text: "i" was nominated for Outstanding Music Video and Outstanding Song at the 46th NAACP Image Award. The song received two nominations at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards and won both Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song.


title: I (Kendrick Lamar song)

text: The song debuted and peaked at number 39 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it his fourth top 40 hit in the US.


title: I (Kendrick Lamar song)

text: The song has been used in film trailers for "Top Five", "Dope", "How to Be Single", "The Intern", and "Roman J. Israel, Esq." In 2014, it was the official song for the NBA. It is featured in soundtrack for the 2018 video game Forza Horizon 4 as well.


title: Reckful

text: Byron Daniel Bernstein (May 8, 1989 – July 2, 2020), better known as Reckful, was an American Twitch streamer and professional esports player. He was best known in the gaming community for his achievements in "World of Warcraft" and "Asheron's Call".


title: Reckful

text: Byron Daniel Bernstein was born into a Jewish family to Itamar and Judith Bernstein in Los Angeles. He had two older brothers named Guy and Gary; Guy, the oldest, committed suicide when Bernstein was six. Bernstein said he was a "nerdy kid that no one liked" in elementary school, and was made fun of for his difficulty speaking English, which was his second language. Bernstein said he was a gifted student that was good at math but being made fun of discouraged him from participating in school. When he got into high school, he made friends at school, but said his life revolved around playing a video game, "Asheron's Call", which fell out of popularity while "World of Warcraft" was gaining popularity, and he fell into bouts of depression and attempted to kill himself at 16. He later dropped out of high school, also due to depression. He said that he recognized that video games were a form of escapism for him.


title: Reckful

text: Bernstein said his brother's death had a profound effect on his life and his subsequent struggles with depression. Bernstein was diagnosed with bipolar II disorder as a child. Bernstein said that his family refused to let him try selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors because they believed it led to his brother's death. During a trip to Amsterdam, he tried psilocybin mushrooms, which he said helped him for the first time.


title: Reckful

text: Bernstein was a talented "World of Warcraft" player, best known for his innovative play style of the "rogue" class, and a pioneer in video game live streaming on Twitch. His popularity in the game began when he finished in the top 0.1% of the game without the use of what were considered essential gameplay mechanics at the time. He finished in the top 0.1% of the player base multiple competitive seasons in a row. He competed in a handful of tournaments and won Major League Gaming's "World of Warcraft" tournament in 2010.


title: Reckful

text: In 2011, Bernstein released the gaming movie "Reckful 3". It reached one million views within a week (as of January 2022, the video had over six million views). He later won the WarcraftMovies top-skilled contest, in which players cast their vote for player of the year. In 2012, he became a developer, operations manager and concept designer at Feenix, a gaming mouse company. He created his YouTube channel in October 2012 and followed in November with his first video, "Reckful 5 stack Taste for Blood".


title: Reckful

text: In 2017, Bernstein was ranked fourth in "The Gazette Review"s list of top-ten richest streamers. He claimed to have a net worth of $1.5 million and was receiving up to 50,000 viewers per stream.


title: Reckful

text: Bernstein played poker and entered the 2016 Unibet Open London main event, but was knocked out early. In November 2017, he played in a charity poker event sponsored by PokerGO. The event was won by itsHafu.


title: Reckful

text: In May 2018, Bernstein began releasing a podcast called "Tea Time with Byron", which features long-form interviews with notable guests in the gaming and streaming communities such as Pokimane and Hikaru Nakamura. A total of six episodes were released, the last one on March 31, 2020.


title: Reckful

text: In August 2020, Blizzard and "World of Warcraft" paid tribute to Bernstein with an in-game trainer, named after his online alias "Reckful". The character is placed inside the Cathedral of Light, an in-game landmark where the community gathered to pay Bernstein a tribute following the news of his death.


title: Reckful

text: Twitch streamer Mitch Jones wrote and released a tribute to Bernstein called "Now That You're Gone" in 2021, which chronicles the friendship between Jones and Bernstein.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Shame is a 2011 British psychological erotic drama film, set in New York, directed by Steve McQueen, co-written by McQueen and Abi Morgan, and starring Michael Fassbender and Carey Mulligan as grown siblings. It was co-produced by Film4 and See-Saw Films. The film's explicit scenes reflecting the protagonist's sexual addiction resulted in a rating of NC-17 in the United States. "Shame" was released in the United Kingdom on 13 January 2012. It received generally positive reviews, with praise for Fassbender's and Mulligan's performances, realistic depiction of sexual addiction, and direction.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Brandon Sullivan is an Irish-born executive living in New York City. He has frequent sex with prostitutes, views porn, and masturbates several times daily. One day, Brandon makes eye contact with a woman wearing an engagement ring on the subway during his morning commute. She initially reciprocates but becomes uncomfortable. When they exit, she disappears into the crowd. Brandon and his married boss, David, hit on women at a club. Later, Brandon has sex in a back alley with the woman David was pursuing at the club.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Brandon has been ignoring calls from his sister, Sissy, a lounge singer. He arrives at his apartment and is startled to find her in his shower, thinking it may have been a burglar. Sissy has a few gigs in the city and asks to stay; he later hears her pleading on the telephone with her lover not to reject her.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Brandon and David watch Sissy perform "New York, New York" in a bar, which makes Brandon emotional. David flirts with her and notices the scars of self-inflicted wounds on her arms. Sissy has sex with David in her brother's bedroom. Later that night, Sissy attempts to get in bed with Brandon; he orders her out of the room.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: After Brandon's company computer system is infected with a computer virus, they find that his hard drive is full of pornography. David assumes Brandon's intern is responsible.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Brandon goes on a date with co-worker Marianne, who is recently separated and believes in commitment, while Brandon dislikes the idea of marriage and admits that his relationships never last longer than four months. When they reach the subway, they go home separately.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: That night, Sissy discovers Brandon masturbating in his bathroom. He attacks her and accuses her of spying on him. She finds his laptop open on a pornographic webcam site; Brandon slams it shut, and a disturbed Sissy leaves. Brandon disposes of his pornography, sex toys, and laptop. In the office, he kisses Marianne and the two get a hotel room, but Brandon cannot get an erection. Marianne leaves; later, Brandon has aggressive sex with a prostitute in the same room.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Brandon tells Sissy that David has a family and asks her to leave. She says that, as family, they should help each other, but Brandon calls her irresponsible and a burden. Brandon goes to a bar and propositions a woman, describing explicitly what he would do to her. She is close to succumbing when her boyfriend intervenes. Brandon laughs in his face. After he leaves, the boyfriend follows and brutally beats him. When he is barred from another club, he goes to a nearby gay bar and is fellated by a man. After leaving, he listens to a voicemail from Sissy, crying as she says that they are not bad people but just come from a bad place. Brandon has a threesome with prostitutes.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: While Brandon is riding the subway home, the passengers are asked to disembark due to a police emergency, implicitly a suicide. He frantically calls Sissy, but she does not answer. Arriving home, he finds Sissy on the bathroom floor covered in blood, having slashed her wrists. He attempts to stop the bleeding while phoning for help. She survives and he comforts her in hospital. After leaving, he walks until he collapses, sobbing, in the rain.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Back on the subway, Brandon makes eye contact with the woman with the engagement ring again. This time, she holds her stare at him and appears to be more comfortable with the situation. She stands up, ready to exit the train at an approaching station. Brandon does not take his eyes off her.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: McQueen worked with producer Iain Canning on the 2008 film "Hunger" and they reunited to develop "Shame" with Canning and Emile Sherman's UK/Australia-based See-Saw Films. Screenwriter Abi Morgan was chosen to write the script, making it one of two films she worked on with Film4 (the other being "The Iron Lady").


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: McQueen's lead actor in "Hunger", Michael Fassbender, was the first and only choice to play the lead role in "Shame". Actors Carey Mulligan and James Badge Dale joined the cast in December 2010 to play the younger sister and boss, respectively, of Fassbender's character. "I had so many passes I couldn't even tell you", said casting director Avy Kaufman, who faced the challenge of casting an NC-17-rated film. Kaufman had a unique assignment from McQueen, who wanted top-quality actors even for tiny parts like Brandon's fly-by-night sexual partners. "The idea was that those partners would propel the story forward with their silence, showing Brandon's state of mind, or even suggesting the history of their relationship with a look or a gesture. The actresses, of course, also had to meet certain physical requirements."


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Production was scheduled to begin on location in New York in January 2011, though Fassbender later commented in an interview that he just began shooting his scenes in early March. A majority of the film was shot in and around Chelsea. The office scenes were filmed in the Citigroup Center and the hotel scenes and nightclub scene were shot at the Standard Hotel in the Meatpacking District.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: "Shame" premiered at The 68th Venice Film Festival in the main competition. Fassbender won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival for his role in the film. It was also screened at The 36th Toronto International Film Festival, The 49th New York Film Festival, The 55th B.F.I. London Film Festival and The 34th Starz Denver Film Festival.


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: "Shame" was released in the UK on 13 January 2012, after the limited release screening in the US that commenced on 2 December 2011. Fox Searchlight Pictures paid around $400,000 to acquire the United States distribution rights of "Shame".


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: The film was rated NC-17 (no one under 17 and under admitted) by the Motion Picture Association of America for some explicit sexual content. Fox Searchlight did not appeal the rating or make cuts for the less restrictive R rating. Searchlight president Steve Gilula said, "I think NC-17 is a badge of honor, not a scarlet letter. We believe it is time for the rating to become usable in a serious manner".


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 79% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 227 reviews, with an average rating of 7.50/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Boasting stellar performances by Michael Fassbender and Carey Mulligan, "Shame" is a powerful plunge into the mania of addiction affliction." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Roger Ebert of "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film four out of four stars and described it as "a powerful film" and "courageous and truthful", commenting that "this is a great act of filmmaking and acting. I don't believe I would be able to see it twice." Ebert later named it the second best film of 2011. Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, stating, "Driven by a brilliant, ferocious performance by Michael Fassbender, "Shame" is a real walk on the wild side, a scorching look at a case of sexual addiction that's as all-encompassing as a craving for drugs."


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Dan Bullock of "The Hollywood News" said, ""Shame" is captivating and intensely intimate. McQueen has followed "Hunger" with an unflinching and compelling film that explores the depths of addiction and the consequential destruction and demise of the mind and although it is sometimes difficult to watch, you won't be able to keep your eyes off it." Justin Chang of "Variety" gave the film a positive review, commenting, "A mesmerizing companion piece to his 2008 debut, "Hunger", this more approachable but equally uncompromising drama likewise fixes its gaze on the uses and abuses of the human body, as Michael Fassbender again strips himself down, in every way an actor can, for McQueen's rigorous but humane interrogation."


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Writing in "The New York Times", A. O. Scott said, "McQueen wants to show how the intensity of Brandon's need shuts him off from real intimacy, but this seems to be a foregone conclusion, the result of an elegant experiment that was rigged from the start." Donald Clarke of "The Irish Times" called it "the most wholesome film made about unwholesomeness since "The Exorcist"" noting that "the underlying current of Puritanism is, however, more than a little oppressive".


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: Writing for "MUBI", Ignatiy Vishnevetsky said, "Every scene [is] ladled with big dollops of cinema's most respectable cop-out: ambiguity ... "Shame" wears its emptiness like a badge of honor; McQueen is trying for banal blankness, and though he succeeds in that respect, you kind of wish that a filmmaker (and one with a background as an artist at that) would aspire to do more than just say nothing."


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: In the blog for the British journal "The Art of Psychiatry", psychiatrist Abby Seltzer praised Mulligan for her portrayal of an individual with borderline personality disorder. While she had initially approached the film warily because of reviews that focused on Brandon's sex addiction, she found it "a moving and accurate portrayal of psychopathology ... [that should be] compulsory viewing for all practising clinicians."


title: Shame (2011 film)

text: In 2016, it was ranked one of the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000 in a critics' poll conducted by BBC Culture.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Rúben dos Santos Gato Alves Dias (; born 14 May 1997) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Manchester City and the Portugal national team. Considered one of the best defenders in the world, he is known for his defensive prowess, leadership, and aerial ability.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Dias came through Benfica's youth academy. He began playing for Benfica B in 2015 and was promoted to the first-team in 2017, and was named the Primeira Liga's Young Player of the Year. The following season, Dias won the league title in the 2018–19 season with Benfica and later the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira during the 2019–20 season, while also being named in the Primeira Liga's Team of the Year, making over 100 appearances in the process. He signed for Premier League club Manchester City in September 2020 for a reported fee of €68 million, becoming the second-highest fee for a Portuguese player leaving the domestic league. Dias won the league title and EFL Cup in his first season, while also reaching UEFA Champions League final. He was also named FWA Footballer of the Year, Manchester City Player of the Year, Premier League Player of the Season and the UEFA Champions League Defender of the Season in 2021.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Dias is a former Portugal youth international, representing his country at under-16, under-17, under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels. He made his senior international debut in 2018, being chosen in Portugal's squads for the 2018 World Cup, 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals, UEFA Euro 2020 and 2022 World Cup; he won the 2019 tournament on home soil, while being named in the team of the tournament and man of the match in the final.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Born and raised in Amadora, Dias has an older brother Ivan, who is also a professional football player, who nicknamed him "Ruby". Growing up, his idols were John Terry, Nemanja Vidić, Rio Ferdinand, and Vincent Kompany, whom he looked to emulate, as he idolized playing in the Premier League. He would play football wherever he could on the streets or in his house with his brother Ivan.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Dias started his career at local club Estrela da Amadora after being brought to the club by a close family member. Dias initially played as a striker, before switching to defence, due to his team being losing by two goals during a match. Before moving to Benfica's youth academy in 2008, where he played initially as a midfielder, before to central defence for the junior side until 2015. In the same year, on 30 September, he made his professional debut with Benfica B in a 2015–16 LigaPro match against Chaves. On 7 March 2016, Rui Vitória called 18-year-old Dias for Benfica's UEFA Champions League Round of 16-second leg tie against Zenit Saint Petersburg after three of his four main centre-backs were unable to make the trip to Russia. The following season he helped the B team finish fourth; the club's highest ever position obtained in the second division. He also helped the junior team reach the final of the 2016–17 UEFA Youth League.


title: Rúben Dias

text: On 16 September 2017, Dias debuted for the first team in a Primeira Liga match against Boavista. After two months of impressive displays, including two games against Manchester United in the Champions League, he underwent surgery due to appendicitis, sidelining him for a month. He scored his first goal for Benfica in a Taça da Liga encounter (2–2) against Vitória de Setúbal on 29 December 2017. On 3 February 2018, he scored his first goal in the Primeira Liga against Rio Ave (5–1). At the end of the season, he was voted Primeira Liga's best young player of the year.


title: Rúben Dias

text: After heavy speculation linking Dias to a big money move to French side Lyon, he extended his contract with Benfica until 2023. On 2 November 2019, Dias played his 100th game for the club and scored the opening goal against Rio Ave in a 2-0 home victory.


title: Rúben Dias

text: On 26 September 2020, Dias scored the opening goal against Moreirense in a 2–0 win. After the game, manager Jorge Jesus admitted that it was probably his last game for the club.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Dias signed for English Premier League club Manchester City on 29 September 2020 on a six-year contract, with an initial fee reported of €68 million (£61.64 million) that could rise to €71.6 million with performance bonuses, plus Nicolás Otamendi being sent to Benfica in part-exchange for €15 million bringing the net cost of the transaction to €56.6 million (£51 million). On 3 October 2020, Dias made his league debut for City in a 1–1 away draw against Leeds United.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Dias was named the Manchester City Player of the Month for November 2020, following a series of very strong defensive performances. On 27 February 2021, Dias scored his first goal for City in a 2–1 home league win over West Ham United. He was praised as being a key factor in Manchester City regaining the Premier League title that season by bringing composure, leadership and stability back to the defence. Dias won the FWA Footballer of the Year for the 2020–21 season, who described him as a "comfortable winner" ahead of Harry Kane and Kevin De Bruyne, and becoming the first defender to win the award since Steve Nicol in the 1988–89 season. He was also named Manchester City's Player of the Season and the Premier League Player of the Season.


title: Rúben Dias

text: On 15 September 2021, Dias captained Manchester City for the first time, providing an assist for Jack Grealish in a 6–3 home Champions League win against RB Leipzig. On 1 December, Dias opened the scoring in Manchester City's 2–1 victory over Aston Villa, with his first goal from outside the box in his career.


title: Rúben Dias

text: On 4 March 2022, Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola announced that Dias had suffered an hamstring injury, his first injury in five years, leading him to miss two months of the season, which included the second Manchester Derby of the season, Manchester City's second leg of their Champions League round of 16 tie against Sporting CP and Portugal's qualification play-offs for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. He made his return from injury on 20 April, replacing Nathan Aké in the 46th minute in a 3–0 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion. On 7 May, Dias suffered another hamstring injury during a match against Newcastle United, sidelining him for the remainder of the season.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Dias represented the Under-17 side at the 2014 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Two years later, he captained the Under-19 squad at the 2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. The following year, he captained the Under-20 side at the 2017 U-20 World Cup, which lost to Uruguay 5–4 on penalties in the quarterfinals. On 5 September 2017, he made his debut for the Under-21s in a 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification match against Wales.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Dias was called up to the senior side by Portugal manager Fernando Santos on 15 March 2018, ahead of international friendlies against Egypt and the Netherlands. However, four days later he was dropped from the squad after picking up right ankle sprain. On 17 May 2018, Dias was named in Portugal's 23-man squad for the FIFA World Cup in Russia. Eleven days later, he made his international debut in a friendly against Tunisia. Despite being present at the World Cup, he did not feature in any of Portugal's four matches in the competition.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Following the World Cup, Dias began establishing himself in the central defense, overtaking José Fonte's place alongside Pepe, featuring in all of Portugal's 2018–19 UEFA Nations League matches, helping Portugal reach the 2019 UEFA Nations League Final on home soil. On 9 June, Portugal defeated the Netherlands 1–0 in the tournament's final, with Dias being named man of the match. For his performances throughout the competition, he was named in the "Team of the Tournament".


title: Rúben Dias

text: On 17 November, Dias scored his first international goals during the 2020-21 UEFA Nations League, netting a brace in a 3–2 victory against Croatia.


title: Rúben Dias

text: He was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020. On 19 June 2021, he scored an own goal in the 35th minute in a 2–4 loss against Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020. He appeared in all of Portugal's matches, being eventually eliminated at the round of 16, following a 1–0 loss against Belgium.


title: Rúben Dias

text: In October 2022, he was named in Portugal's preliminary 55-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, being included in the final 26-man squad for the tournament.


title: Rúben Dias

text: Dias is a physically strong, right-footed centre-back, who usually features on the left-hand side of central defence, due to being comfortable at passing the ball with both feet. He is able to pass in different directions, whether to a teammate on the same side as him, or switching it to the opposing side or making vertical line-breaking passes. Combining his two-footedness with a very good passing range, Dias can dictate play in any direction from the back. Dias’ strength on the ball when shielding it away from forwards running down his channel. Dias is very calm on the ball too and rarely finds himself in a heap of pressure. Dias is extremely proficient at passing, especially in longer passes, as his passing quality and ability is able to help his team retain possession. Dias is also dominant in the air, winning most of his aerial duels, as he looks to target his teammates and find them on a regular basis. Dias also uses his size to help him contest well in tackles, as he also his great at bodying up on players to win the ball back. He has a good-timing as he is able to anticipate a player's action or react for a "last-ditch" challenge.


title: Rúben Dias

text: His Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola, stated that "Dias a center back who leads the defensive line and in doing so helps others to make good decisions, the same happens in relation to midfielders [...] he is a player capable of living every moment of the game [...] always being focused on what he has to do and he makes his partner better." José Mourinho would praise Dias as the "best centre-back in world [...] for the Premier League, [he's] gaining another level of experience, knowledge".


title: Rúben Dias

text: Former Manchester United defender Gary Neville, stated that "Dias is the type of player who makes the whole team feel safe." Meanwhile, former Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher would compare Dias to legendary Barcelona defender Carles Puyol, stating that "the amount of interceptions" during a UEFA Champions League match reminded him of legendary Premier League defender John Terry, while also praising his "leadership skills".


title: Douglas Luiz

text: Douglas Luiz Soares de Paulo (born 9 May 1998), known as Douglas Luiz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for club Aston Villa and the Brazil national team.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: Douglas Luiz is a product of the Vasco da Gama academy in Rio de Janeiro. He was signed at the age of 19 by Manchester City in 2017, but never played a competitive match during his time at the club due to work permit difficulties, being loaned out to La Liga side Girona twice. Aston Villa signed Luiz in July 2019. He is an Olympic champion, winning gold at the 2020 Summer Olympics Men's Football Final.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: Douglas Luiz was born in Rio de Janeiro and joined Vasco da Gama's youth setup in 2013, aged 14, after being approved in a number of tests held in Itaguaí. In July 2016, he was promoted to the first team by manager Jorginho due to Marcelo Mattos' injury.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: Douglas Luiz made his first team debut on 27 August 2016, coming on as a second-half substitute for Fellype Gabriel in a 2–2 away draw against Tupi for the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B championship. In his first start three days later, he scored his team's only goal in a 2–1 loss at Vila Nova.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: Douglas Luiz remained a starter for the "Cruz-maltino" until the end of the year, as his side achieved promotion to Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. In the meantime, he also extended his contract until 2019 on 26 September 2016.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: Douglas Luiz made his debut in the main category of Brazilian football on 14 May 2017, starting in a 4–0 away loss against Palmeiras. His first goal in the division occurred on 10 June, as he netted his team's second in a 2–1 home win against Sport.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: On 1 August, he was loaned to La Liga side Girona FC for his first season with the club. Douglas Luiz made his debut for the Catalans on 26 August 2017, replacing Portu in a 1–0 home win against Málaga CF.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: On 31 August 2018, Douglas Luiz was again loaned to Girona due to the UK Home Office denying him a work permit.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: Douglas Luiz signed for Aston Villa on 25 July 2019, subject to a work permit. His work permit was granted and he officially became an Aston Villa player on 7 August. On 17 August, Douglas Luiz scored his first goal for Aston Villa against AFC Bournemouth; Villa would eventually lose the game 2–1. In August 2022, Luiz scored directly from a corner in the third round of the 2022–23 EFL Cup, and repeated the feat the following week in a Premier League fixture against Arsenal.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: In October 2022, in the midst of rumoured transfer interest from Arsenal and Liverpool - Luiz signed a new "long-term" contract with Aston Villa.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: Douglas Luiz appeared for Brazil at youth level at the 2017 South American U-20 Championship and the 2019 Toulon Tournament, winning the latter.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: On 19 November 2019, he made his senior international debut in a friendly match against South Korea, which Brazil won 3–0.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: On 9 June 2021, Douglas Luiz was named in the Brazil squad for the 2021 Copa América. Brazil finished the tournament as runners-up to Argentina.


title: Douglas Luiz

text: On 7 August 2021, Luiz won a gold medal as part of the Brazil football team at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Ecclesiastes (; , ) is one of the Ketuvim ("Writings") of the Hebrew Bible and part of the Wisdom literature of the Christian Old Testament. The title commonly used in English is a Latin transliteration of the Greek translation of the Hebrew word ( or ). An unnamed author introduces "The words of Kohelet, son of David, king in Jerusalem" () and does not use his own voice again until the final verses (12:9–14), where he gives his own thoughts and summarises the statements of Kohelet; the main body of the text is ascribed to Kohelet himself.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Kohelet proclaims (1:2) "Vanity of vanities! All is futile!"; the Hebrew word , "vapor", can figuratively mean "insubstantial", "vain", "futile", or "meaningless". Given this, the next verse presents the basic existential question with which the rest of the book is concerned: "What profit hath a man for all his toil, in which he toils under the sun?", expressing that the lives of both wise and foolish people all end in death. While Kohelet endorses wisdom as a means for a well-lived earthly life, he is unable to ascribe eternal meaning to it. In light of this perceived senselessness, he suggests that human beings should enjoy the simple pleasures of daily life, such as eating, drinking, and taking enjoyment in one's work, which are gifts from the hand of God. The book concludes with the injunction to "Fear God and keep his commandments; for that is the duty of all of mankind. Since every deed will God bring to judgment, for every hidden act, be it good or evil."


title: Ecclesiastes

text: According to rabbinic tradition the book was written by King Solomon in his old age, but the presence of Persian loanwords and Aramaisms points to a date no earlier than about 450 BCE, while the latest possible date for its composition is 180 BCE.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: "Ecclesiastes" is a phonetic transliteration of the Greek word (), which in the Septuagint translates the Hebrew name of its stated author, Kohelet (). The Greek word derives from (assembly), as the Hebrew word derives from (assembly), but while the Greek word means 'member of an assembly', the meaning of the original Hebrew word it translates is less certain. As Strong's concordance mentions, it is a female active participle of the verb in its simple () paradigm, a form not used elsewhere in the Bible and which is sometimes understood as active or passive depending on the verb, so that Kohelet would mean '(female) assembler' in the active case (recorded as such by Strong's concordance), and '(female) assembled, member of an assembly' in the passive case (as per the Septuagint translators). According to the majority understanding today, the word is a more general (, ) form rather than a literal participle, and the intended meaning of Kohelet in the text is 'someone speaking before an assembly', hence 'Teacher' or 'Preacher'.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Ecclesiastes is presented as the biography of "Kohelet" or "Qoheleth"; his story is framed by the voice of the narrator, who refers to Kohelet in the third person, praises his wisdom, but reminds the reader that wisdom has its limitations and is not man's main concern. Kohelet reports what he planned, did, experienced and thought, but his journey to knowledge is, in the end, incomplete; the reader is not only to hear Kohelet's wisdom, but to observe his journey towards understanding and acceptance of life's frustrations and uncertainties: the journey itself is important.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into two parts, part one comprising Ecclesiastes 1:4-6:12, part two consisting of chapters 7 to 12, each commencing with a separate prologue.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Few of the many attempts to uncover an underlying structure to Ecclesiastes have met with widespread acceptance; among them, the following is one of the more influential:


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Despite the acceptance by some of this structure, there have been many criticisms, such as that of Fox: "[Addison G. Wright's] proposed structure has no more effect on interpretation than a ghost in the attic. A literary or rhetorical structure should not merely 'be there'; it must something. It should guide readers in recognizing and remembering the author's train of thought."


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Verse 1:1 is a superscription, the ancient equivalent of a title page: it introduces the book as "the words of Kohelet, son of David, king in Jerusalem."


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Most, though not all, modern commentators regard the epilogue (12:9–14) as an addition by a later scribe. Some have identified certain other statements as further additions intended to make the book more religiously orthodox (e.g., the affirmations of God's justice and the need for piety).


title: Ecclesiastes

text: It has been proposed that the text is composed of three distinct voices. The first belongs to Qoheleth as the prophet, the "true voice of wisdom", which speaks in the first person, recounting wisdom through his own experience. The second voice belongs to Qoheleth as the king of Jerusalem, who is more didactic and thus speaks primarily in second-person imperative statements. The third voice is that of the epilogist, who speaks proverbially in the third person. The epilogist is most identified in the book's first and final verses. Kyle R. Greenwood suggests that following this structure, Ecclesiastes should be read as a dialogue between these voices.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: The ten-verse introduction in verses 1:2–11 are the words of the frame narrator; they set the mood for what is to follow. Kohelet's message is that all is meaningless.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: After the introduction come the words of Kohelet. As king, he has experienced everything and done everything, but concludes that nothing is ultimately reliable, as death levels all. Kohelet states that the only good is to partake of life in the present, for enjoyment is from the hand of God. Everything is ordered in time and people are subject to time in contrast to God's eternal character. The world is filled with injustice, which only God will adjudicate. God and humans do not belong in the same realm, and it is therefore necessary to have a right attitude before God. People should enjoy, but should not be greedy; no one knows what is good for humanity; righteousness and wisdom escape humanity. Kohelet reflects on the limits of human power: all people face death, and death is better than life, but people should enjoy life when they can, for a time may come when no one can. The world is full of risk: he gives advice on living with risk, both political and economic. Kohelet's words finish with imagery of nature languishing and humanity marching to the grave.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: The frame narrator returns with an epilogue: the words of the wise are hard, but they are applied as the shepherd applies goads and pricks to his flock. The ending of the book sums up its message: "Fear God and keep his commandments for God will bring every deed to judgement." Some scholars suggest 12:13–14 were an addition by a more orthodox author than the original writer (that the epilogue was added later was first proposed by Samuel ibn Tibbon); others think it is likely the work of the original author.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: The book takes its name from the Greek , a translation of the title by which the central figure refers to himself: "Kohelet", meaning something like "one who convenes or addresses an assembly". According to rabbinic tradition, Ecclesiastes was written by King Solomon in his old age (an alternative tradition that "Hezekiah and his colleagues wrote Isaiah, Proverbs, the Song of Songs and Ecclesiastes" probably means simply that the book was edited under Hezekiah), but critical scholars have long rejected the idea of a pre-exilic origin. According to Christian tradition, the book was probably written by another Solomon (Gregory of Nyssa wrote that it was written by another Solomon; Didymus the Blind wrote that it was probably written by several authors). The presence of Persian loanwords and Aramaisms points to a date no earlier than about 450 BCE, while the latest possible date for its composition is 180 BCE, when the Jewish writer Ben Sira quotes from it. The dispute as to whether Ecclesiastes belongs to the Persian or the Hellenistic periods (i.e., the earlier or later part of this period) revolves around the degree of Hellenization (influence of Greek culture and thought) present in the book. Scholars arguing for a Persian date () hold that there is a complete lack of Greek influence; those who argue for a Hellenistic date () argue that it shows internal evidence of Greek thought and social setting.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Also unresolved is whether the author and narrator of Kohelet are one and the same person. Ecclesiastes regularly switches between third-person quotations of Kohelet and first-person reflections on Kohelet's words, which would indicate the book was written as a commentary on Kohelet's parables rather than a personally-authored repository of his sayings. Some scholars have argued that the third-person narrative structure is an artificial literary device along the lines of Uncle Remus, although the description of the Kohelet in 12:8–14 seems to favour a historical person whose thoughts are presented by the narrator. It has been argued, however, that the question has no theological importance; one scholar (Roland Murphy) has commented that Kohelet himself would have regarded the time and ingenuity put into interpreting his book as "one more example of the futility of human effort".


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Ecclesiastes has taken its literary form from the Middle Eastern tradition of the fictional autobiography, in which a character, often a king, relates his experiences and draws lessons from them, often self-critical: Kohelet likewise identifies himself as a king, speaks of his search for wisdom, relates his conclusions, and recognises his limitations. The book belongs to the category of wisdom literature, the body of biblical writings which give advice on life, together with reflections on its problems and meanings—other examples include the Book of Job, Proverbs, and some of the Psalms. Ecclesiastes differs from the other biblical Wisdom books in being deeply skeptical of the usefulness of wisdom itself. Ecclesiastes in turn influenced the deuterocanonical works, Wisdom of Solomon and Sirach, both of which contain vocal rejections of the Ecclesiastical philosophy of futility.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Wisdom was a popular genre in the ancient world, where it was cultivated in scribal circles and directed towards young men who would take up careers in high officialdom and royal courts; there is strong evidence that some of these books, or at least sayings and teachings, were translated into Hebrew and influenced the Book of Proverbs, and the author of Ecclesiastes was probably familiar with examples from Egypt and Mesopotamia. He may also have been influenced by Greek philosophy, specifically the schools of Stoicism, which held that all things are fated, and Epicureanism, which held that happiness was best pursued through the quiet cultivation of life's simpler pleasures.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: The presence of Ecclesiastes in the Bible is something of a puzzle, as the common themes of the Hebrew canon—a God who reveals and redeems, who elects and cares for a chosen people—are absent from it, which suggests that Kohelet had lost his faith in his old age. Understanding the book was a topic of the earliest recorded discussions (the hypothetical Council of Jamnia in the 1st century CE). One argument advanced at that time was that the name of Solomon carried enough authority to ensure its inclusion; however, other works which appeared with Solomon's name were excluded despite being more orthodox than Ecclesiastes. Another was that the words of the epilogue, in which the reader is told to fear God and keep his commands, made it orthodox; but all later attempts to find anything in the rest of the book that would reflect this orthodoxy have failed. A modern suggestion treats the book as a dialogue in which different statements belong to different voices, with Kohelet himself answering and refuting unorthodox opinions, but there are no explicit markers for this in the book, as there are (for example) in the Book of Job.


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Yet another suggestion is that Ecclesiastes is simply the most extreme example of a tradition of skepticism, but none of the proposed examples match Ecclesiastes for a sustained denial of faith and doubt in the goodness of God. Martin A. Shields, in his 2006 book "The End of Wisdom: A Reappraisal of the Historical and Canonical Function of Ecclesiastes", summarized that "In short, we do not know why or how this book found its way into such esteemed company".


title: Ecclesiastes

text: Scholars disagree about the themes of Ecclesiastes: whether it is positive and life-affirming, or deeply pessimistic; whether it is coherent or incoherent, insightful or confused, orthodox or heterodox; whether the ultimate message of the book is to copy Kohelet, "the wise man," or to avoid his errors. At times, Kohelet raises deep questions; he "doubted every aspect of religion, from the very ideal of righteousness, to the by now traditional idea of divine justice for individuals". Some passages of Ecclesiastes seem to contradict other portions of the Hebrew Bible, and even itself. The Talmud even suggests that the rabbis considered censoring Ecclesiastes due to its seeming contradictions. One suggestion for resolving the contradictions is to read the book as the record of Kohelet's quest for knowledge: opposing judgments (e.g., "the dead are better off than the living" (4:2) vs. "a living dog is better off than a dead lion" (9:4)) are therefore provisional, and it is only at the conclusion that the verdict is delivered (11–12:7). On this reading, Kohelet's sayings are goads, designed to provoke dialogue and reflection in his readers, rather than to reach premature and self-assured conclusions.