title: Riemann zeta function

text: The values of the Riemann zeta function at even positive integers were computed by Euler. The first of them, , provides a solution to the Basel problem. In 1979 Roger Apéry proved the irrationality of . The values at negative integer points, also found by Euler, are rational numbers and play an important role in the theory of modular forms. Many generalizations of the Riemann zeta function, such as Dirichlet series, Dirichlet -functions and -functions, are known.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The Riemann zeta function is a function of a complex variable . (The notation , , and is used traditionally in the study of the zeta function, following Riemann.) When , the function can be written as a converging summation or integral:


title: Riemann zeta function

text: is the gamma function. The Riemann zeta function is defined for other complex values via analytic continuation of the function defined for .


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Leonhard Euler considered the above series in 1740 for positive integer values of , and later Chebyshev extended the definition to formula_5


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The above series is a prototypical Dirichlet series that converges absolutely to an analytic function for such that and diverges for all other values of . Riemann showed that the function defined by the series on the half-plane of convergence can be continued analytically to all complex values . For , the series is the harmonic series which diverges to , and


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Thus the Riemann zeta function is a meromorphic function on the whole complex plane, which is holomorphic everywhere except for a simple pole at with residue .


title: Riemann zeta function

text: In 1737, the connection between the zeta function and prime numbers was discovered by Euler, who proved the identity


title: Riemann zeta function

text: where, by definition, the left hand side is and the infinite product on the right hand side extends over all prime numbers (such expressions are called Euler products):


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Both sides of the Euler product formula converge for . The proof of Euler's identity uses only the formula for the geometric series and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Since the harmonic series, obtained when , diverges, Euler's formula (which becomes ) implies that there are infinitely many primes.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The Euler product formula can be used to calculate the asymptotic probability that randomly selected integers are set-wise coprime. Intuitively, the probability that any single number is divisible by a prime (or any integer) is . Hence the probability that numbers are all divisible by this prime is , and the probability that at least one of them is "not" is . Now, for distinct primes, these divisibility events are mutually independent because the candidate divisors are coprime (a number is divisible by coprime divisors and if and only if it is divisible by , an event which occurs with probability ). Thus the asymptotic probability that numbers are coprime is given by a product over all primes,


title: Riemann zeta function

text: where is the gamma function. This is an equality of meromorphic functions valid on the whole complex plane. The equation relates values of the Riemann zeta function at the points and , in particular relating even positive integers with odd negative integers. Owing to the zeros of the sine function, the functional equation implies that has a simple zero at each even negative integer , known as the trivial zeros of . When is an even positive integer, the product on the right is non-zero because has a simple pole, which cancels the simple zero of the sine factor.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The functional equation was established by Riemann in his 1859 paper "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude" and used to construct the analytic continuation in the first place. An equivalent relationship had been conjectured by Euler over a hundred years earlier, in 1749, for the Dirichlet eta function (the alternating zeta function):


title: Riemann zeta function

text: where the "η"-series is convergent (albeit non-absolutely) in the larger half-plane (for a more detailed survey on the history of the functional equation, see e.g. Blagouchine).


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The formula_15 factor was not well-understood at the time of Riemann, until John Tate's (1950) thesis, in which it was shown that this so-called "Gamma factor" is in fact the local L-factor corresponding to the Archimedean place, the other factors in the Euler product expansion being the local L-factors of the non-Archimedean places.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The functional equation shows that the Riemann zeta function has zeros at . These are called the trivial zeros. They are trivial in the sense that their existence is relatively easy to prove, for example, from being 0 in the functional equation. The non-trivial zeros have captured far more attention because their distribution not only is far less understood but, more importantly, their study yields important results concerning prime numbers and related objects in number theory. It is known that any non-trivial zero lies in the open strip formula_16, which is called the critical strip. The set formula_17 is called the critical line. The Riemann hypothesis, considered one of the greatest unsolved problems in mathematics, asserts that all non-trivial zeros are on the critical line. In 1989, Conrey proved that more than 40% of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Let formula_18 be the number of zeros of formula_19 in the critical strip formula_20, whose imaginary parts are in the interval formula_21.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Hardy and John Edensor Littlewood formulated two conjectures on the density and distance between the zeros of on intervals of large positive real numbers. In the following, is the total number of real zeros and the total number of zeros of odd order of the function lying in the interval .


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The location of the Riemann zeta function's zeros is of great importance in number theory. The prime number theorem is equivalent to the fact that there are no zeros of the zeta function on the line. A better result that follows from an effective form of Vinogradov's mean-value theorem is that whenever formula_24 and .


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The strongest result of this kind one can hope for is the truth of the Riemann hypothesis, which would have many profound consequences in the theory of numbers.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: It is known that there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line. Littlewood showed that if the sequence () contains the imaginary parts of all zeros in the upper half-plane in ascending order, then


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The critical line theorem asserts that a positive proportion of the nontrivial zeros lies on the critical line. (The Riemann hypothesis would imply that this proportion is 1.)


title: Riemann zeta function

text: for all complex implies that the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are symmetric about the real axis. Combining this symmetry with the functional equation, furthermore, one sees that the non-trivial zeros are symmetric about the critical line .


title: Riemann zeta function

text: For odd positive integers, no such simple expression is known, although these values are thought to be related to the algebraic -theory of the integers; see Special values of -functions.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: In particular, vanishes at the negative even integers because for all odd other than 1. These are the so-called "trivial zeros" of the zeta function.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: This gives a pretext for assigning a finite value to the divergent series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯, which has been used in certain contexts (Ramanujan summation) such as string theory. Analogously, the particular value


title: Riemann zeta function

text: is known as the Basel problem. The reciprocal of this sum answers the question: "What is the probability that two numbers selected at random are relatively prime?"


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Taking the limit formula_38 through the real numbers, one obtains formula_39. But at complex infinity on the Riemann sphere the zeta function has an essential singularity.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The reciprocal of the zeta function may be expressed as a Dirichlet series over the Möbius function :


title: Riemann zeta function

text: for every complex number with real part greater than 1. There are a number of similar relations involving various well-known multiplicative functions; these are given in the article on the Dirichlet series.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the claim that this expression is valid when the real part of is greater than .


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The critical strip of the Riemann zeta function has the remarkable property of universality. This zeta function universality states that there exists some location on the critical strip that approximates any holomorphic function arbitrarily well. Since holomorphic functions are very general, this property is quite remarkable. The first proof of universality was provided by Sergei Mikhailovitch Voronin in 1975. More recent work has included effective versions of Voronin's theorem and extending it to Dirichlet L-functions.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Here is a sufficiently large positive number, , , , . Estimating the values and from below shows, how large (in modulus) values can take on short intervals of the critical line or in small neighborhoods of points lying in the critical strip .


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The case was studied by Kanakanahalli Ramachandra; the case , where is a sufficiently large constant, is trivial.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Anatolii Karatsuba proved, in particular, that if the values and exceed certain sufficiently small constants, then the estimates


title: Riemann zeta function

text: is called the argument of the Riemann zeta function. Here is the increment of an arbitrary continuous branch of along the broken line joining the points , and .


title: Riemann zeta function

text: There are some theorems on properties of the function . Among those results are the mean value theorems for and its first integral


title: Riemann zeta function

text: points where the function changes sign. Earlier similar results were obtained by Atle Selberg for the case


title: Riemann zeta function

text: An extension of the area of convergence can be obtained by rearranging the original series. The series


title: Riemann zeta function

text: converges even for . In this way, the area of convergence can be extended to for any negative integer .


title: Riemann zeta function

text: in the region where the integral is defined. There are various expressions for the zeta function as Mellin transform-like integrals. If the real part of is greater than one, we have


title: Riemann zeta function

text: We can also find expressions which relate to prime numbers and the prime number theorem. If is the prime-counting function, then


title: Riemann zeta function

text: A similar Mellin transform involves the Riemann function , which counts prime powers with a weight of , so that


title: Riemann zeta function

text: These expressions can be used to prove the prime number theorem by means of the inverse Mellin transform. Riemann's prime-counting function is easier to work with, and can be recovered from it by Möbius inversion.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: However, this integral only converges if the real part of is greater than 1, but it can be regularized. This gives the following expression for the zeta function, which is well defined for all except 0 and 1:


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The Riemann zeta function is meromorphic with a single pole of order one at . It can therefore be expanded as a Laurent series about ; the series development is then


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The Riemann zeta function also appears in a form similar to the Mellin transform in an integral over the Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator acting on ; that context gives rise to a series expansion in terms of the falling factorial.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: where the product is over the non-trivial zeros of and the letter again denotes the Euler–Mascheroni constant. A simpler infinite product expansion is


title: Riemann zeta function

text: This form clearly displays the simple pole at , the trivial zeros at −2, −4, ... due to the gamma function term in the denominator, and the non-trivial zeros at . (To ensure convergence in the latter formula, the product should be taken over "matching pairs" of zeros, i.e. the factors for a pair of zeros of the form and should be combined.)


title: Riemann zeta function

text: A globally convergent series for the zeta function, valid for all complex numbers except for some integer , was conjectured by Konrad Knopp in 1926 and proven by Helmut Hasse in 1930 (cf. Euler summation):


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The series appeared in an appendix to Hasse's paper, and was published for the second time by Jonathan Sondow in 1994.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Peter Borwein has developed an algorithm that applies Chebyshev polynomials to the Dirichlet eta function to produce a very rapidly convergent series suitable for high precision numerical calculations.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Certain linear combinations of Dirichlet series whose coefficients are terms of the Thue-Morse sequence give rise to identities involving the Riemann Zeta function (Tóth, 2022 ). For instance:


title: Riemann zeta function

text: where formula_74 is the formula_75 term of the Thue-Morse sequence. In fact, for all formula_76 with real part greater than formula_77, we have


title: Riemann zeta function

text: A classical algorithm, in use prior to about 1930, proceeds by applying the Euler-Maclaurin formula to obtain, for "n" and "m" positive integers,


title: Riemann zeta function

text: Zeta function regularization is used as one possible means of regularization of divergent series and divergent integrals in quantum field theory. In one notable example, the Riemann zeta function shows up explicitly in one method of calculating the Casimir effect. The zeta function is also useful for the analysis of dynamical systems.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: In the theory of musical tunings, the zeta function can be used to find equal divisions of the octave (EDOs) that closely approximate the intervals of the harmonic series. For increasing values of formula_83, the value of


title: Riemann zeta function

text: peaks near integers that correspond to such EDOs. Examples include popular choices such as 12, 19, and 53.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: The zeta function evaluated at equidistant positive integers appears in infinite series representations of a number of constants.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: with formula_90 and where formula_91 and formula_92 are the polygamma function and Euler's constant, respectively, as well as


title: Riemann zeta function

text: There are a number of related zeta functions that can be considered to be generalizations of the Riemann zeta function. These include the Hurwitz zeta function


title: Riemann zeta function

text: (the convergent series representation was given by Helmut Hasse in 1930, cf. Hurwitz zeta function), which coincides with the Riemann zeta function when (the lower limit of summation in the Hurwitz zeta function is 0, not 1), the Dirichlet -functions and the Dedekind zeta function. For other related functions see the articles zeta function and -function.


title: Riemann zeta function

text: which coincides with the Riemann zeta function when and (the lower limit of summation in the Lerch transcendent is 0, not 1).


title: Riemann zeta function

text: One can analytically continue these functions to the -dimensional complex space. The special values taken by these functions at positive integer arguments are called multiple zeta values by number theorists and have been connected to many different branches in mathematics and physics.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö (, ; ) is the largest city in the Swedish county (län) of Scania (Skåne). It is the third-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg, and the sixth-largest city in the Nordic region, with a municipal population of 350,647 in 2021. The Malmö Metropolitan Region is home to over 700,000 people, and the Øresund Region, which includes Malmö and Copenhagen, is home to 4 million people.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö was one of the earliest and most industrialised towns in Scandinavia, but it struggled to adapt to post-industrialism. Since the 2000 completion of the Öresund Bridge, Malmö has undergone a major transformation, producing new architectural developments, supporting new biotech and IT companies, and attracting students through Malmö University and other higher education facilities. Over time, Malmö's demographics have changed and by the turn of the 2020s almost half the municipal population had a foreign background. The city contains many historic buildings and parks, and is also a commercial centre for the western part of Skåne County. It is also home to Malmö FF, the Swedish football club with the most national championships and the only Nordic club to have reached the European Cup final.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö has a mild climate for the latitude and, normally, average high temperatures remain above freezing in winter, with prolonged snow cover being rare.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö was Sweden's fastest growing city in 2020 and the population increased by 3,800 inhabitants during 2021. Malmö is expected to have a population of 500,000 around 2050.


title: Malmö

text: The earliest written mention of Malmö as a city dates from 1275. It is thought to have been founded shortly before that date, as a fortified quay or ferry berth of the Archbishop of Lund, some to the north-east. Malmö was for centuries Denmark's second-biggest city. Its original name was "Malmhaug" (with alternate spellings), meaning "Gravel pile" or "Ore Hill". An alternate story stems from a more gruesome tale that suggests that a maiden was once ground up in a mill on what is now the town square. The name would originate from 'Mal Mö', which translates to 'Ground up maiden.' A millstone that was placed in 1538 can still be found on the town square today.


title: Malmö

text: In the 15th century, Malmö became one of Denmark's largest and most visited cities, reaching a population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. It became the most important city around the Øresund, with the German Hanseatic League frequenting it as a marketplace, and was notable for its flourishing herring fishery. In 1437, King Eric of Pomerania (King of Denmark from 1396 to 1439) granted the city's arms: argent with a griffin gules, based on Eric's arms from Pomerania. The griffin's head as a symbol of Malmö extended to the entire province of Skåne from 1660.


title: Malmö

text: In 1434, a new citadel was constructed at the beach south of the town. This fortress, known today as "Malmöhus", did not take its current form until the mid-16th century. Several other fortifications were constructed, making Malmö Sweden's most fortified city, but only "Malmöhus" remains.


title: Malmö

text: Lutheran teachings spread during the 16th century Protestant Reformation, and Malmö became one of the first cities in Scandinavia to fully convert (1527–1529) to this Protestant denomination.


title: Malmö

text: In the 17th century, Malmö and the "Skåneland" region came under control of Sweden following the Treaty of Roskilde with Denmark, signed in 1658. Fighting continued, however; in June 1677, 14,000 Danish troops laid siege to Malmö for a month, but were unable to defeat the Swedish troops holding it.


title: Malmö

text: By the dawn of the 18th century, Malmö had about 2,300 inhabitants. However, owing to the wars of Charles XII of Sweden (reigned 1697–1718) and to bubonic plague epidemics, the population dropped to 1,500 by 1727. The population did not grow much until the modern harbour was constructed in 1775. The city started to expand and the population in 1800 was 4,000. 15 years later, it had increased to 6,000.


title: Malmö

text: In 1840, Frans Henrik Kockum founded the workshop from which the Kockums shipyard eventually developed as one of the largest shipyards in the world. The Southern Main Line was built between 1856 and 1864; this enabled Malmö to become a centre of manufacture, with major textile and mechanical industries. In 1870, Malmö overtook Norrköping to become Sweden's third-most populous city, and by 1900 Malmö had strengthened this position with 60,000 inhabitants. Malmö continued to grow through the first half of the 20th century. The population had swiftly increased to 100,000 by 1915 and to 200,000 by 1952.


title: Malmö

text: In 1914 (15 May to 4 October) Malmö hosted the Baltic Exhibition. The large park Pildammsparken was arranged and planted for this large event. The Russian part of the exhibition was never taken down, owing to the outbreak of World War I.


title: Malmö

text: On 18 and 19 December 1914, the "Three Kings Meeting" was held in Malmö. After a somewhat disturbed period (1905–1914), which included the dissolution of the Swedish-Norwegian Union, King Oscar II was replaced with King Håkon VII in Norway, who was the younger brother of the Danish King Christian X. As Oscar died in 1907, and his son Gustav V became the new King of Sweden, the tensions within Scandinavia were still unresolved, but during this historical meeting, the Scandinavian Kings found internal understanding, as well as a common line about remaining neutral in the ongoing war.


title: Malmö

text: Within sports, Malmö has mostly been associated with football. IFK Malmö participated in the first ever edition of Allsvenskan 1924/25, but from the mid-1940s Malmö FF started to rise, and ever since it has been one of the most prominent clubs within Swedish football. They have won Allsvenskan 23 times in all (as of February 2018) between 1943/44 and 2017.


title: Malmö

text: By 1971, Malmö reached 265,000 inhabitants, but this was the peak which would stand for more than 30 years. (Svedala was, for a few years in the early 1970s, a part of Malmö municipality.)


title: Malmö

text: By the mid-1970s Sweden experienced a recession that hit the industrial sector especially hard; shipyards and manufacturing industries suffered, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Skåne. Kockums shipyard had become a symbol of Malmö as its largest employer and, when shipbuilding ceased in 1986, confidence in the future of Malmö plummeted among politicians and the public. In addition, many middle-class families moved into one-family houses in surrounding municipalities such as Vellinge Municipality, Lomma Municipality and Staffanstorp Municipality, which profiled themselves as the suburbs of the upper-middle class. By 1985, Malmö had lost 35,000 inhabitants and was down to 229,000.


title: Malmö

text: The Swedish financial crises of the early 1990s exacerbated Malmö's decline as an industrial city; between 1990 and 1995 Malmö lost about 27,000 jobs and its economy was seriously strained. However, from 1994 under the leadership of the then mayor Ilmar Reepalu, the city of Malmö started to create a new economy as a centre of culture and knowledge. Malmö reached bottom in 1995, but that same year marked the commencement of the massive Öresund Bridge road, railway and tunnel project, connecting it to Copenhagen and to the rail lines of Europe. The new Malmö University opened in 1998 on Kockums' former dockside.


title: Malmö

text: Further redevelopment of the now disused south-western harbour followed; a city architecture exposition (Bo01) was held in the area in 2001, and its buildings and villas form the core of a new city district. Designed with attractive waterfront vistas, it was intended to be and has been successful in attracting the urban middle-class.


title: Malmö

text: Since 1974, the Kockums Crane had been a landmark in Malmö and a symbol of the city's manufacturing industry, but in 2002 it was disassembled and moved to South Korea. In 2005, Malmö gained a new landmark with completion of Turning Torso, the tallest skyscraper in Scandinavia. Although the transformation from a city with its economic base in manufacturing has returned growth to Malmö, the new types of jobs have largely benefited the middle and upper classes.


title: Malmö

text: In its 2015 and 2017 reports, Police in Sweden placed the Rosengård and the Södra Sofielund/Seved district in the most severe category of urban areas with high crime rates.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö is currently growing fast and detailed work is being planned near the Malmö Central Station, in a district called Nyhamnen. Nyhamnen will provide 9,000 new housings, two larger buildings for offices and courts. It is expected to be complete around 2040-2050.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö is located at 13°00' east and 55°35' north, near the southwestern tip of Sweden, in Skåne County.


title: Malmö

text: The city is part of the transnational Öresund Region and, since 2000, has been linked by the Öresund Bridge across the Öresund to Copenhagen, Denmark. The bridge opened on 1 July 2000, and measures (the whole link totalling 16 km), with pylons reaching vertically. Apart from the Helsingborg-Helsingør ferry links further north, most ferry connections have been discontinued.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö, like the rest of southern Sweden, has an oceanic climate (Cfb). Despite its northern location, the climate is mild compared to other locations at similar latitudes, mainly because of the influence of the Gulf Stream and also its westerly position on the Eurasian landmass. Owing to its northern latitude, daylight lasts 17 hours 31 minutes in midsummer, but only around seven hours in midwinter. According to data from 2002 to 2014 Falsterbo, to the south of the city, received an annual average of 1,895 hours of sunshine while Lund, to the north, received 1,803 hours. The sunshine data in the weather box is based on the data for Falsterbo.


title: Malmö

text: Summers are mild with average high temperatures of and lows of around . Heat waves during the summer arise occasionally. Winters are fairly cold and windy, with temperatures steady between , but it rarely drops below .


title: Malmö

text: Rainfall is light to moderate throughout the year with 169 wet days. Snowfall occurs mainly in December through March, but snow covers do not remain for a long time, and some winters are virtually free of snow.


title: Malmö

text: Öresund Line trains cross the Öresund Bridge every 20 minutes (hourly late night) connecting Malmö to Copenhagen, and Copenhagen Airport. The trip takes around 35–40 minutes. Additionally, some of the X 2000 and Intercity trains to Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Kalmar cross the bridge, stopping at Copenhagen Airport. In March 2005, excavation began on a new railway connection called the City Tunnel, which opened for traffic on 4 December 2010. The tunnel runs south from Malmö Central Station through an underground station at the Triangeln railway station to Hyllievång (Hyllie Meadow). Then, the line comes to the surface to enter Hyllie Station, also created as part of the tunnel project. From Hyllie Station, the line connects to the existing Öresund line in either direction, with the Öresund Bridge lying due west.


title: Malmö

text: Besides the Copenhagen airport, Malmö has an airport of its own, Malmö Airport, today chiefly used for domestic Swedish destinations, charter flights and low-cost carriers.


title: Malmö

text: The motorway system has been incorporated with the Öresund Bridge; the European route E20 goes over the bridge and then, together with the European route E6 follows the Swedish west coast from Malmö–Helsingborg to Gothenburg. E6 goes further north along the west coast and through Norway to the Norwegian town Kirkenes at Barents Sea. The European route to Jönköping–Stockholm (E4) starts at Helsingborg. Main roads in the directions of Växjö–Kalmar, Kristianstad–Karlskrona, Ystad (E65), and Trelleborg start as freeways.


title: Malmö

text: The city has two industrial harbours; one is still in active use and is the largest Nordic port for car imports. It also has two marinas: the publicly owned Limhamn Marina () and the private Lagunen (), both offering a limited number of guest docks.


title: Malmö

text: Public transport consisted of a tram network from 1887 until 1973. Afterwards, it was replaced by a bus network.


title: Malmö

text: A local train line with circular traffic at seven stations was opened in December 2018. The stations are Malmö Central Station (underground platforms) – Triangeln station – Hyllie station – Malmö South/Svågertorp – Persborg – Rosengård – Östervärn – Malmö Central Station (main overground terminus). Some trains arrive from Kristianstad and finish with a lap around Malmö, whilst other trains at this circular line, never drive outside the city limits. There is at least a 30 minutes service between each departure, but far more between the Central Station and Hyllie. Extension plans of a minor network system exists.


title: Malmö

text: The Öresundsmetro is a proposed rapid transit network linking Malmö with the existing Copenhagen Metro through a 22 km tunnel under the Öresund. It is a project that has been proposed since 2012. A metro station can be placed in the Galeonen which is a sub-area located in the far north of Västra hamnen. The Galeon is the only larger area in Västra hamnen that is not planned yet and Malmö's general plan states that the expansion of the area is expected to take place 2032 to 2041. The connection between Malmö and Copenhagen will take approximately 20 minutes instead of 40 minutes by the Öresund Bridge. The construction cost is estimated at 4 billion euros with a construction period of 6–7 years.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö Municipality is an administrative unit defined by geographical borders, consisting of the "City of Malmö" and its immediate surroundings.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö ("Malmö tätort") consists of the urban part of the municipality together with the small town of Arlöv in the Burlöv Municipality. Both municipalities also include smaller urban areas and rural areas, such as the suburbs of Oxie and Åkarp. "Malmö tätort" is to be distinguished from "Malmö stad" (the city of Malmö), which is a semi-official name of Malmö Municipality.


title: Malmö

text: The leaders in Malmö created a commission for a socially sustainable Malmö in November 2010. The commissions were tasked with providing evidence-based strategies for reducing health inequalities and improve living conditions for all citizens of Malmö, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged and issued its final report in December 2013.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö has a young population by Swedish standards, with almost half of the population under the age of 35 (48.2%).


title: Malmö

text: After 1971, Malmö had 265,000 inhabitants, but the population then dropped to 229,000 by 1985. The total population of the urban area was 280,415 in December 2010. It then began to rise again, and had passed the previous record by the 1 January 2003 census, when it had 265,481 inhabitants. On 27 April 2011, the population of Malmö reached the 300,000 mark. In 2017 the total population of the city was 316,588 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 338,230.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö is a diverse city with inhabitants from 179 different nationalities. In 2019, approximately 55.5% of the population of Malmö municipality (190,849 residents) had at least one parent born abroad. The statistics from 2020 show that 120,517 are foreign born, 43,740 are born in Sweden but have two foreign parents, 30,878 are born in Sweden with one Swedish parent and one foreign parent and 152,813 are born with two Swedish parents. The Middle East, Horn of Africa, former Yugoslavia and Denmark are the main sources of immigration.


title: Malmö

text: Greater Malmö is one of Sweden's three officially recognized metropolitan areas ("storstadsområden") and since 2005 is defined as the municipality of Malmö and 11 other municipalities in the southwestern corner of Skåne County. , its population was recorded as 740,840. The region covers an area of . The municipalities included, apart from Malmö, are Burlöv, Eslöv, Höör, Kävlinge, Lomma, Lund, Skurup, Staffanstorp, Svedala, Trelleborg and Vellinge. Together with Lund, Malmö is the region's economic and education hub.


title: Malmö

text: The largest religion in Malmö is Christianity and the Church of Sweden has the largest membership base, with a total of 125,697 in 2019, corresponding to 36% of its population.


title: Malmö

text: There exist several Catholic communities in Malmö, one being the Church of Our Saviour, Malmö with 7,500 members.


title: Malmö

text: Islam is the largest non-Christian religious group, with approximately 45,000 members, making up 12% of the population. There are about 100,000 Muslims in the region. Malmö Mosque was opened in 1984 and is managed by the Islamic Center. Mahmood Mosque opened in 2016, and serves the Ahmadiyya community.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö has one synagogue, Malmö Synagogue, and two congregations: one orthodox and one egalitarian. The Jewish community has a membership of 500.


title: Malmö

text: The economy of Malmö was traditionally based on shipbuilding (Kockums) and construction-related industries, such as concrete factories. The region's leading university, along with its associated hi-tech and pharmaceutical industries, is located in Lund about to the north-east.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö had a troubled economic situation following the mid-1970s. Between 1990 and 1995, 27,000 jobs were lost, and the budget deficit was more than one billion Swedish krona (SEK). In 1995, Malmö had Sweden's highest unemployment rate.


title: Malmö

text: However, during the last two decades, there has been a revival. One contributing factor has been the economic integration with Denmark brought about by the Öresund Bridge, which opened in July 2000. Also the university founded in 1998 and the effects of integration into the European Union have contributed. In 2017 the unemployment rate was still high. However, in the last 20 years Malmö has had one of the strongest employment growth rates in Sweden, although a high proportion of jobs created are taken by workers from outside


title: Malmö

text: Almost 30 companies have moved their headquarters to Malmö during the last seven years, generating around 2,300 jobs. Among them are IKEA which has most of its headquarter functions based in Malmö.


title: Malmö

text: The number of start-up companies is high in Malmö. Around 7 new companies are started every day in Malmö. In 2010, the renewal of the number of companies amounted to 13.9%, which exceeds both Stockholm and Gothenburg. Especially strong growth is in the gaming area with Massive entertainment and King being the flagship companies for the industry. Among the industries that continue to increase their share of companies in Malmö are transport, financial and business services, entertainment, leisure and construction.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö has the country's ninth-largest school of higher education, Malmö University, established in 1998. It has 1,600 employees and 24,000 students (2014).


title: Malmö

text: In addition nearby Lund University (established in 1666) has some educational facilities located in Malmö:


title: Malmö

text: The United Nations World Maritime University is also located in Malmö. The World Maritime University (WMU) operates under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations. WMU thus enjoys the status, privileges and immunities of a UN institution in Sweden.


title: Malmö

text: A striking depiction of Malmö (in the 1930s) was made by Bo Widerberg in his debut film () (1963), largely shot in the shabby Korpen working-class district in Malmö. With humour and tenderness, it depicts the tensions between classes and generations. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1965. In 2017, the film () was awarded the prize for best film by an African living abroad at the Africa Movie Academy Awards. It was filmed in Malmö and Gambia, and deals with identity, integration and everyday racism.


title: Malmö

text: The cities of Malmö and Copenhagen are, with the Öresund Bridge, the main locations in the television series ""The Bridge" (, ).


title: Malmö

text: In 1944, Malmö Stadsteater (Malmö Municipal Theatre) was established with a repertoire comprising stage theatre, opera, musical, ballet, musical recitals and experimental theatre. In 1993 it was split into three units, Dramatiska Teater (Dramatical Theatre), Malmö Musikteater (Music Theatre) and Skånes Dansteater (Skåne Dance Theatre) and the name was abandoned. The ownership of the last two were transferred to Region Skåne in 2006 Dramatiska Teatern regained its old name. In the 1950s Ingmar Bergman was the Director and Chief Stage Director of Malmö Stadsteater and many of his actors, like Max von Sydow and Ingrid Thulin became known through his films. Later stage directors include Staffan Valdemar Holm and Göran Stangertz. Malmö Musikteater were renamed Malmö Operan and plays operas and musicals, classics as newly composed, on one of Scandinavia's large opera scenes with 1,511 seats. Skånes dansteater is active and plays contemporary dance repertory and present works by Swedish and international choreographers in their house in Malmö harbor.


title: Malmö

text: Since the 1970s the city has also been home to independent theatre groups and show or musical companies. It also hosts a rock–dance–dub culture; in the 1960s The Rolling Stones played the Klubb Bongo, and in recent years stars like Morrissey, Nick Cave, B.B. King and Pat Metheny have made repeated visits.


title: Malmö

text: The Cardigans debuted in Malmö and recorded their albums there. On 7 January 2009 CNN Travel broadcast a segment called "MyCity_MyLife" featuring Nina Persson taking the camera to some of the sites in Malmö that she enjoys.


title: Malmö

text: The Rooseum Centre for Contemporary Art, founded in 1988 by the Swedish art collector and financier Fredrik Roos and housed in a former power station which had been built in 1900, was one of the foremost centres for contemporary art in Europe during the 1980s and 1990s. By 2006, most of the collection had been sold off and the museum was on a time-out; by 2010 Rooseum had been dismantled and a subsidiary of the National Museum of Modern Art inaugurated in its place.


title: Malmö

text: Big Slap is a music festival, held annually since 2013 at Pildammsparken. Big Slap will be held at Nyhamnen 2022 featuring Justin Bieber, which will be the biggest concert in Malmö's history.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö is the home of several bands, including CC & Lee, Fews, LeGrand, Nasty Idols, Spunsugar and Timeless Miracle.


title: Malmö

text: Moderna Museet Malmö was opened in December 2009 in the old Rooseum building. It is a part of the Moderna Museet, with independent exhibitions of modern and contemporary art. The collection of Moderna Museet holds key pieces of, among others, Marcel Duchamp, Louise Bourgeois, Pablo Picasso, Niki de Saint Phalle, Salvador Dalí, Carolee Schneemann, Henri Matisse and Robert Rauschenberg


title: Malmö

text: Malmö Museum () is a municipal and regional museum. The museum features exhibitions on technology, shipping, natural history and history. Malmö Museum has an aquarium and an art museum. Malmöhus Castle is also operated as a part of the museum.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö Konsthall is one of the largest exhibition halls in Europe for contemporary art, opened in 1975.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö's oldest building is St. Peter's Church (). It was built in the early 14th century in Baltic Brick Gothic probably after St Mary's Church in Lübeck. The church is built with a nave, two aisles, a transept and a tower. Its exterior is characterized above all by the flying buttresses spanning its airy arches over the aisles and ambulatory. The tower, which fell down twice during the 15th century, got its current look in 1890. Another major church of significance is the Church of Our Saviour, Malmö, which was founded in 1870.


title: Malmö

text: Another old building is Tunneln, to the west of Sankt Petri Church, which also dates back to around 1300.


title: Malmö

text: The oldest parts of Malmö were built between 1300 and 1600 during its first major period of expansion. The central city's layout, as well as some of its oldest buildings, are from this time. Many of the smaller buildings from this time are typical Scanian: two-story urban houses that show a strong Danish influence.


title: Malmö

text: Recession followed in the ensuing centuries. The next expansion period was in the mid 19th century and led to the modern stone and brick city. This expansion lasted into the 20th century and can be seen by a number of Art Nouveau buildings, among those in the Malmö synagogue. Malmö was relatively late to be influenced by modern ideas of functionalist tenement architecture in the 1930s.


title: Malmö

text: Around 1965, the government initiated the so-called Million Programme, intending to offer affordable apartments in the outskirts of major Swedish cities. But this period also saw the reconstruction (and razing) of much of the historical city centre.


title: Malmö

text: Since the late 1990s, Malmö has seen a more cosmopolitan architecture. (the Western Harbor), like most of the harbors to the north of the city centre, was industrial. In 2001 its reconstruction began as an urban residential neighbourhood, with 500 residential units, most were part of the exhibition Bo01. The exhibition had two main objectives: develop self-sufficient housing units in terms of energy and greatly diminish phosphorus emissions. Among the new building's towers were the Turning Torso, a skyscraper with a twisting design, tall, the majority of which is residential. It became Malmö's new landmark. The most recent addition (2015) is the new development of Malmö Live. This new building features a hotel, a concert hall, congress hall and a sky bar in the centre of Malmö. Point Hyllie is a new commercial tower that began construction in 2018.


title: Malmö

text: The beach "Ribersborg", by locals usually called "Ribban", south-west of the harbor area, is a man-made shallow beach, stretching along Malmö's coastline. Despite Malmö's chilly climate, it is sometimes referred to as the "Copacabana of Malmö". It is the site of Ribersborgs open-air bath, opened in the 1890s.


title: Malmö

text: The long boardwalk at the Western Harbor, and , has become a favorite summer hang-out for the people of Malmö and is a popular place for bathing. The harbor is particularly popular with Malmö's vibrant student community and has been the scene of several impromptu outdoor parties and gatherings.


title: Malmö

text: In the third week of August each year a festival, , fills the streets of Malmö with different kinds of cuisines and events.


title: Malmö

text: BUFF International Film Festival, an international children and young people's film festival, is held in Malmö every March.


title: Malmö

text: Nordisk Panorama Film Festival, a film festival for short and documentary films by filmmakers from the Nordic countries, is held every September.


title: Malmö

text: The Nordic Game conference takes place in Malmö every April/May. The event consists of conference itself, recruitment expo and game expo and attracts hundreds of "gamedev" (game development) professionals every year.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö also hosts other 3rd party events that cater to all communities that reside in Malmö, including religious and political celebrations.


title: Malmö

text: , founded in 1870, is Malmö's largest daily newspaper. It has an average circulation of 130,000. Its main competitor is the regional daily , which has a circulation of 34,000. The tabloid still has a minimal editorial staff but is today just a version of a Stockholm tabloid. The Social Democratic was edited and printed at Malmö between 1887 and 2000.


title: Malmö

text: In addition to these, a number of free-of-charge papers, generally dealing with entertainment, music and fashion have local editions (for instance "City", "Rodeo", "Metro" and ). Malmö is also home to the Egmont Group's Swedish magazine operations. A number of local and regional radio and TV broadcasters are based in the Greater Malmö area.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö is home to several football teams. Malmö FF, who play in the top-level Allsvenskan league, had their most successful periods in the 1970s and 1980s, when they won the league several times. In 1979, they advanced to the final of the European Cup, defeating AS Monaco, Dynamo Kiev, Wisła Kraków and Austria Wien. In the final, played at the Munich Olympic Stadium against Nottingham Forest, they lost by a single goal scored by Trevor Francis just before half time. To date, they are the only Swedish football club to have reached the final of the competition. Bosse Larsson and Zlatan Ibrahimović began their football careers at Malmö FF. A second football team, IFK Malmö, played in Sweden's top flight for about 20 years. The club's greatest achievement was reaching the quarterfinal in the European Cup. Today IFK Malmö club play in the third tier of the Swedish league system.


title: Malmö

text: FC Rosengård (former LdB Malmö) are playing in the top level in Damallsvenskan, women's football league. FC Rosengård girls have won the league 10 times and the national cup title 5 times. In 2014, they reached the semi-final in Champions League, which they ultimately went on to lose to the German side 1. FFC Frankfurt. Brazilian football player Marta, widely regarded the best female football player of all time, played in FC Rosengård between 2014 and 2017.


title: Malmö

text: Malmö Stadion was inaugurated for the opening match of the 1958 FIFA World Cup. The then world champions, West Germany, defeated Argentina 3–1 in front of a crowd of 31,156. A further two games in the cup were decided at the stadium.


title: Malmö

text: The most notable other sports team is the ice hockey team Malmö Redhawks. They were the creation of millionaire Percy Nilsson and quickly rose to the highest rank in the early to mid-1990s and won two Swedish championships, but for a number of years found themselves residing outside of the top flight. As of the 2015/2016 season they are once again competing in the top flight SHL league.


title: Malmö

text: Rugby union team, Malmö RC, founded in 1954, have won 6 national championships. The club has teams for men, women and juniors.


title: Malmö

text: Gaelic football has also been introduced to Malmö. The men of Malmö G.A.A. have won the Scandinavian Championships twice and the women once.


title: Malmö

text: Among non-team sports, badminton and athletics are the most popular, together with east Asian martial arts and boxing. Basketball is also fairly a big sport in the city, including the clubs Malbas and SF Srbija among others.


title: Malmö

text: Women are permitted by the city council to swim topless in public swimming pools. Everyone must wear bathing attire, but covering of the breasts is not mandatory.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Ian Gillan (born 19 August 1945) is a British singer who is best known as the lead singer and lyricist for the rock band Deep Purple. He is known for his powerful and wide-ranging singing voice.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Initially influenced by Elvis Presley, Gillan started and fronted several local bands in the mid-1960s, and eventually joined Episode Six when their original singer left. He first found widespread commercial success after joining Deep Purple in 1969. He resigned from the band in June 1973, having given a lengthy notice period to their managers. After a short time away from the music business, he resumed his music career with solo bands the Ian Gillan Band and Gillan, before a year-long stint as the vocalist for Black Sabbath in 1983. The following year, Deep Purple reformed and two more successful albums followed before he left in 1989. He returned to the group in 1993, and has remained its lead singer ever since.


title: Ian Gillan

text: In addition to his main work—performing with Deep Purple and other bands during the 1970s and 1980s—he sang the role of Jesus in the original recording of Andrew Lloyd Webber's rock opera "Jesus Christ Superstar" (1970), performed in the charity supergroup Rock Aid Armenia, and engaged in a number of business investments and ventures, including a hotel, a motorcycle manufacturer, and music recording facilities at Kingsway Studios.


title: Ian Gillan

text: More recently, he has performed solo concerts concurrently with his latter career in Deep Purple, and his work and affinity with Armenia, combined with his continued friendship with Tony Iommi since his brief time in Black Sabbath, has led him to form the supergroup WhoCares with Iommi. His solo career outside of Deep Purple was given a comprehensive overview with the "Gillan's Inn" box set in 2006.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan was born on 19 August 1945 at Chiswick Maternity Hospital in Middlesex. His father, Bill, was a storekeeper at a factory in London, who came from Govan, Glasgow and left school at 13, while his mother, Audrey, came from a family where she was the eldest of four children, who all enjoyed music and singing, and whose father had been an opera singer and amateur pianist. His sister, Pauline, was born in 1948. One of Gillan's earliest musical memories was of his mother playing "Blue Rondo à la Turk" on the piano.


title: Ian Gillan

text: He grew up moving between council flats before settling in a three-bedroom semi-detached on a council estate in Cranford, Middlesex. He was fond of animals in his early life, and enjoyed reading Dan Dare comic strips. His parents separated after Audrey discovered Bill had had an affair that started while he was stationed in the army during World War II.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Ian began attending Hounslow College and stayed there through his early teenage years. He was influenced by Elvis Presley by hearing his records at home and at the local youth club. Gillan briefly attended Acton County Grammar School (now Acton High School) to take his O Levels but became distracted from studies after leaving the local cinema having watched a Presley film, deciding that he wanted to be a movie actor. He subsequently took a job manufacturing ice machines in Hounslow.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan's first attempt at a band was called Garth Rockett and the Moonshiners, and consisted of himself on vocals and drums, alongside guitarist Chris Aylmer, who later went on to work with Bruce Dickinson. The band covered songs such as Tommy Roe's "Sheila" and The Shadows' "Apache". He discovered he couldn't sing and play drums at the same time, so settled on the role of lead vocalist, performing regularly at St Dunstan's Hall, the local youth club. He soon switched to another local band who also played at Dunstan's Hall, Ronnie and the Hightones, who renamed themselves as the Javelins after he joined. The band played covers of Sonny Boy Williamson, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis and Little Richard, and were early customers of then-local music shop owner Jim Marshall. The Javelins disbanded in March 1964, with guitarist Gordon Fairminer leaving to join what eventually became the group Sweet.


title: Ian Gillan

text: After the Javelins, Gillan joined a soul band, Wainwright's Gentlemen, which included another future Sweet member, drummer Mick Tucker. The band recorded a number of tracks including a cover of The Hollies hit "Ain't That Just Like Me". Although the band played several local popular music venues, they did not find success, so in April 1965, he decided to join Hatch End-based Episode Six.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan had been contacted by Episode Six's manager Gloria Bristow, who worked for Helmut Gordon, original manager of The Detours, later to become the Who. He replaced original lead singer Andy Ross, who left to get married, and joined keyboardist and singer Sheila Carter, guitarists Graham Carter and Tony Lander, bassist Roger Glover and drummer Harvey Shields. Gillan considers Episode Six to be his first truly professional band, and in their early days they were sponsored and championed by Tony Blackburn, who occasionally accompanied Gillan on stage. Later, as well as performing concerts in the UK, Episode Six also toured Germany and Beirut, and had regular appearances on the BBC Light Programme. During his time with Episode Six, Gillan began writing songs together with Glover, forming an ultimately long-lasting partnership. After a strained tour of Beirut, Shields left the band and was replaced first by John Kerrison, then by Mick Underwood. Underwood had previously played in The Outlaws with Ritchie Blackmore, and it was via him that Ian knew about Deep Purple. By 1969, after having released nine singles, none of which charted in the UK, and finding their style of music too restrictive for him, he decided to leave Episode Six.


title: Ian Gillan

text: By spring 1969, Deep Purple had had a top 5 US hit with "Hush", but the band, particularly Ritchie Blackmore, Jon Lord and Ian Paice, decided their future lay in hard rock, rather than the psychedelic pop sound of the early band. In June 1969, Blackmore, Lord and Paice went to see Episode Six perform at a pub gig and subsequently offered Gillan the job as new lead singer, asking him if he also knew any good bassists. Since Glover was by this point a reasonably experienced songwriter, he was also recruited. They were both accepted into the band on 16 June 1969, replacing singer Rod Evans and bassist Nick Simper respectively. The old line up of Deep Purple continued to do several concerts until the end of The Book of Taliesyn Tour. Evans and Simper were both fired by managers Tony Edwards and John Colletta after the last show of that tour, which was at the Top Rank Club in Cardiff on 4 July.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan made his first onstage appearance with Deep Purple at the Speakeasy in London's West End on 10 July. As the band had only been rehearsing for a few weeks, they relied on older instrumentals such as "Wring That Neck" and "Mandrake Root" to fill in a set. Unsure of what to do, Gillan found a pair of congas onstage, and decided to play them during these instrumental sections.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Deep Purple Mk.II continued rehearsing at Hanwell Community Centre. One of Gillan's first contributions to the band during these rehearsals was the vocal melody and lyrics to "Child in Time". At Hanwell, the band wrote what would eventually become most of "In Rock" during 1969, though they were interrupted in September to perform Lord's "Concerto for Group and Orchestra", a one-off performance in September at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Gillan, along with Blackmore, was initially unhappy at having to perform the concerto, and wrote the lyrics to the second movement on the afternoon of the performance on a napkin in an Italian restaurant.


title: Ian Gillan

text: In 1970, Gillan received a call from Tim Rice, asking him to perform the part of Jesus on the original 1970 album recording of "Jesus Christ Superstar", having been impressed with his performance on "Child in Time". After rehearsing a few times with Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber, he recorded his entire vocal contributions in three hours. He was subsequently offered the lead role in the 1973 film adaptation. Gillan demanded to not only be paid £250,000 for his role in the movie, but also insisted, without the consent of his manager, that the entire band be paid because filming would conflict with a scheduled tour. The producers declined, instead casting Ted Neeley in the Jesus role, and Gillan continued on in the band.


title: Ian Gillan

text: After 1971, particularly after the release of "Fireball", Gillan started to become disillusioned with the workload of the band, who had not had any holiday since their initial rehearsals at Hanwell. He started drinking, and relationships between him and the rest of the band became strained, particularly with Blackmore. On 6 November 1971, he collapsed with hepatitis while waiting to board a plane in Chicago, cancelling the remainder of a US tour.


title: Ian Gillan

text: By December 1972, having recorded "Machine Head", "Made in Japan" and the yet to be released "Who Do We Think We Are" with Deep Purple, Gillan finally decided the workload had driven him to exhaustion. Unlike some band members, he was unhappy about "Made in Japan", and disliked live albums in general. He tended to go into the studio after the rest of the band had recorded and finished the backing tracks, particularly for "Who Do We Think We Are", to lay down his vocals separately. He had been continually at loggerheads with Blackmore, disagreeing about music regularly, which culminated in Gillan writing "Smooth Dancer" about him. While on tour in Dayton, Ohio, he sat down and wrote a resignation letter to the band's managers, stating he intended to leave the band, effective from 30 June 1973.


title: Ian Gillan

text: After his departure from Deep Purple, Gillan retired from performing to pursue various unsuccessful business ventures. These included a £300,000 investment in a hotel near Oxford. A second was the Mantis Motor Cycles project, which suffered from the collapse of the British motorcycle industry in the mid-1970s, culminating in Gillan being forced to file for liquidation. A more successful opportunity, however, came with his investment in Kingsway Studios in 1974. This led to a live performance at the Butterfly Ball on 16 October 1975, replacing Ronnie James Dio at the last minute.


title: Ian Gillan

text: In 1975, Gillan formed the Ian Gillan Band with guitarist Ray Fenwick, keyboardist Mike Moran, quickly replaced with Mickey Lee Soule and then Colin Towns on keyboards, Mark Nauseef on drums and John Gustafson on bass. Their first album, "Child in Time", was released in July 1976, followed by "Clear Air Turbulence" in April 1977 and "Scarabus" in October. The sound of the band had a distinct jazz-rock aspect which, although interesting to Gillan, proved commercially unsuccessful, particularly since punk rock was popular at the time.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan then formed a new band, simply called Gillan, retaining Towns (who would co-write most of the material), and adding guitarist Steve Byrd, bassist John McCoy and drummer Pete Barnacle. Byrd and Barnacle were quickly replaced by Bernie Tormé and by former Episode Six bandmate Mick Underwood, after Gillan saw Torme playing with his punk trio. This band had a more high-powered hard rock sound, and the release of "Mr. Universe" in October 1979 saw Ian Gillan back in the UK charts although the independent record company the album came out on – Acrobat Records – folded soon after the album was released, prompting a contract with Richard Branson's Virgin Records.


title: Ian Gillan

text: In Christmas 1979 Gillan was visited by Blackmore, who offered him the position of lead vocalist in Rainbow. Gillan declined due to the smaller workload the band had compared to his own. However, the pair did jam together for three nights at Marquee Club – the first time the two men had shared a stage since 1973.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan continued releasing "Glory Road" in 1980, which resulted in the band making the first of several appearances on "Top of the Pops". He considered the album to be his best work since "Machine Head" nearly a decade earlier. Following subsequent album "Future Shock", Torme left following disagreements over the band’s finances and after missing an appearance on "Top of the Pops". He was replaced by Janick Gers. Tormé later sued Gillan for music royalties and won. Gers appeared on the band's next two albums, "Double Trouble" and "Magic".


title: Ian Gillan

text: In 1982 Ian Gillan announced the band would fold, as he needed to rest his damaged vocal cords. The rest of the band Gillan, particularly McCoy and Towns, were not happy at the sudden disbanding of the group so soon after the success of "Magic".


title: Ian Gillan

text: In 1983, manager Don Arden invited Gillan to join Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler and Bill Ward – founding members of Black Sabbath – in a supergroup. Although the band had reservations, on 6 April 1983, it was formally announced that Gillan had replaced Ronnie James Dio in Sabbath. The group recorded "Born Again" at the Manor Studios in Oxfordshire. Ward recalled that he "didn't particularly like some of the lyrics that Ian was bringing forward and putting into the songs. Not because Ian doesn't write good lyrics or anything like that; I think Ian is an excellent performer, great singer and often at times I think his lyrics can be quite brilliant. But I just have a personal difference in what I like to hear in the way of lyrics, and so I felt terribly disconnected."


title: Ian Gillan

text: Citing health problems, Ward decided not to accompany the others during the subsequent tour, and was replaced by Bev Bevan.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan was required to learn Sabbath's old repertoire, but had difficulty remembering the words. His solution was to write the lyrics on a perspex folder and put it on the stage floor, turning the pages with his feet. Unfortunately dry ice on stage made it impossible to read the words, resulting in the audience catching glimpses of him peering over the microphone to sing a few lines and then disappearing below the dry ice to read the next set. Along with material from "Born Again" and older Sabbath numbers, the band regularly played Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water" as an encore. Gillan decided that he could not have a long-term role as Sabbath's singer and quit after a second North American tour. "We did an album and world tour and I loved every minute of it," he reflected. "It was the longest party I'd ever been to."


title: Ian Gillan

text: After the disappointment of Black Sabbath, Gillan joined a reunited Deep Purple in April 1984, announcing their comeback on Tommy Vance's radio show. The reformed band rehearsed in Stowe, Vermont and recorded the album "Perfect Strangers" which was followed by a highly successful world tour. Another studio album with this formation, "The House of Blue Light" followed in 1987 but Gillan was concerned with the final results, stating "There's something missing in the overall album. I can't feel the spirit of the band."


title: Ian Gillan

text: This was followed by the live album "Nobody's Perfect" in 1988. The live album also featured a studio re-recording of the 1968 hit "Hush" with Gillan on vocals, to commemorate Deep Purple's 20th anniversary. (The original 1968 release had been sung by Rod Evans). Gillan later remarked that the album was "the embodiment of all the things wrong with Purple."


title: Ian Gillan

text: In contrast to his experiences with Deep Purple in the 1970s, Gillan felt frustrated that the band were no longer working "enough". To fulfill his contract with Virgin, he formed a side project with Glover, writing and recording songs which didn't fit Purple's established hard rock style, which resulted in the album "Accidentally on Purpose". By 1989, tensions between Gillan and Blackmore had resurfaced, due to the former's greater enthusiasm for touring and differences over the music – the song "Mitzi Dupree" on "The House of Blue Light" is the original demo as Blackmore refused to re-record it. This culminated in Blackmore calling a rehearsal session without Gillan. After an acrimonious argument Glover told Gillan, "Ian you've gone too far this time," and he was fired.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan, meanwhile, formed a new version of Garth Rockett and the Moonshiners with keyboardist Mark Buckle, bassist Keith Mulholland, drummer Louis Rosenthal and guitarists Harry Shaw and Steve Morris. The band toured regularly through 1989, and recorded the album "Naked Thunder". Gillan later expressed dissatisfaction with the album, calling it "rather hum-de-dum". During this time, Gillan also made an appearance on a re-recording of "Smoke on the Water" with Rock Aid Armenia, consisting of himself with Bryan Adams, Tony Iommi, David Gilmour, Roger Taylor, Brian May, Bruce Dickinson and Paul Rodgers as a charity record for aid relief in Armenia following the then-recent earthquake. He continued to tour with his solo band, albeit with several line-up changes throughout Europe, the US and Russia.


title: Ian Gillan

text: At the urging of Glover, Lord and Paice, who wanted him in the fold for the band's 25th anniversary tour, Gillan rejoined Deep Purple in 1992 to record the album "The Battle Rages On". Gillan was unhappy with working on the album, as it had already been partially completed with Joe Lynn Turner, and he was only required to write replacement lyrics and vocal melodies, which, unsurprisingly, drew criticism from Blackmore. Blackmore left Deep Purple after the European tour promoting the album in 1993. Gillan and Blackmore subsequently repaired their relationship with each other.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan was especially enthusiastic about carrying on after Blackmore's departure, and after a brief stint with Joe Satriani, Deep Purple recruited Dixie Dregs/Kansas guitarist Steve Morse. He was keen to make changes to the live set immediately, adding the then-seldom played "Maybe I'm a Leo" (named after Gillan's birth sign) and "When a Blind Man Cries" – the latter becoming a mainstay in the band's setlist ever since. He said that their first album with Morse, "Purpendicular", "was a such important record for Deep Purple that without that [other records] couldn't have been possible." He has remained Purple's lead singer, though the band has found more success touring than with producing records.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan pays particular interest to the lyrics in Deep Purple and considers it his prime composing role within the band. Discussing the importance of lyrics, he said "Words have to sound good. They have to sound like an instrument, they have to have the right percussive value." He described the words of 2003's "Bananas" as "politics mostly."


title: Ian Gillan

text: Though Gillan has kept touring with Deep Purple regularly since 1994, he has found time to commit to other projects.


title: Ian Gillan

text: On 31 March 2006 Gillan appeared at the Tommy Vance tribute concert in London. He was accompanied by Roger Glover, Steve Morris, Dean Howard, Michael Lee Jackson, Harry James, Sim Jones and Richard Cottle.


title: Ian Gillan

text: In April 2006 Gillan released a CD/multimedia project to document his 44-year career called "Gillan's Inn". Tony Iommi, Jeff Healey, Joe Satriani, Dean Howard, as well as current and former members of Deep Purple such as Jon Lord, Roger Glover, Ian Paice, Don Airey and Steve Morse are featured on this 2006 CD and DVD. The project, produced by Nick Blagona, includes a re-recorded selection of his Deep Purple, Black Sabbath and solo tracks. At the same time as "Gillan's Inn", Gillan announced that his solo albums with the Ian Gillan Band and Gillan from the 1970s and 1980s would be re-issued late in 2006 and early 2007 through Demon Records.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan performed the vocals in the song "Eternity" from the 2006 video game "Blue Dragon", composed by Nobuo Uematsu.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Ian Gillan sang on two songs off the Jon Lord & Hoochie Coochie Men studio album, "Danger. White Men Dancing", released in late 2007. On 2 April 2007 Gillan released a DVD "Highway Star – A Journey in Rock". The DVD has 6 hours of footage including documentaries and music clips. This was followed in February 2008 by a double live album on Edel Records, "Live in Anaheim" that features Gillan and Deep Purple classic songs and several rarities. A companion DVD was released in May 2008.


title: Ian Gillan

text: On 3 May 2008 Ian Gillan performed at the Jeff Healey memorial concert in Toronto, Canada. He had previously played live with Healey in Toronto in February 2005. He released a studio album entitled "One Eye to Morocco" in March 2009.


title: Ian Gillan

text: In the 2010s, Gillan performed occasionally with orchestras in Europe, including rearrangements of Deep Purple songs.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan has expressed particular fondness for Armenia and has maintained popularity there since Rock Aid Armenia in 1989, which has led to him forming the supergroup WhoCares as a side-project to Deep Purple. On 2 October 2009, in honour of the 20th anniversary of Rock Aid Armenia, Gillan together with Tony Iommi, Geoff Downes, and the project organiser Jon Dee were received by the Prime Minister of Armenia who awarded them with the republic's Orders of Honour.


title: Ian Gillan

text: On 26 and 27 March 2010, in Yerevan, Gillan performed with State Philharmonic Orchestra of Armenia. At a press conference in Yerevan on 27 March, Gillan said he considers Armenia his spiritual motherland.


title: Ian Gillan

text: In 2010, Ian Gillan met Tony Iommi, Nicko McBrain and Jon Lord, Mikko Lindström from HIM and Jason Newsted at a studio in London to finish recording a song called "Out of my Mind", which was released the following year. This is for the benefit of the music school to be built in Gyumri, Armenia – a project Ian Gillan has been working on with others since his 1990 solo concerts in Yerevan.


title: Ian Gillan

text: On the flight back from Armenia in 2011, after each receiving the Armenian Presidential medal of Honour, Gillan and Iommi decided to form the side project WhoCares for ad hoc recordings (and possible performances) dedicated to raising money for specific causes. On 20 September 2013 Ian Gillan participated in the opening of the Octet Music School in Gyumri. The Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America named Ian Gillan as its 2014 "Friend of the Armenians" and presented him the award at the 112th Diocesan Assembly in New York City.


title: Ian Gillan

text: In 2010 Ian Gillan hosted a documentary about the Polish composer and pianist Fryderyk Chopin in Poland directed by Jerzy Szkamruk. "Chopin's Story" is about the rise of the composer and documents his Polish years. The film has won several international awards, including the Best Documentary award at Tourfilm International Festival in Florianopolis, Brazil. It was aired on the Polish channel Discovery Historia on 21 June 2011. It was subsequently released on DVD.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Gillan was in a relationship with Zoe Dean from 1969 to 1978. They had known each other since his time in Episode Six. In 1984, Gillan married his girlfriend Bron (1955 - 19 November 2022), to whom he had dedicated "Keep It Warm" from Black Sabbath's 1983 album "Born Again". They have twice since renewed their marriage vows. Their daughter Grace Gillan is also working as a singer for the band Papa LeGal. Gillan lives near Lyme Regis, Dorset and has a home in southern Portugal.


title: Ian Gillan

text: His surname is sometimes misspelled as "Gillian". Gillan himself made light of this in the lyrics to "MTV", a track from Deep Purple's 2005 album "Rapture of the Deep", when he sang about "Mr. Grover 'n' Mr Gillian".


title: Ian Gillan

text: Jesus Christ Superstar (1970) By Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice. With Murray Head, Yvonne Elliman, John Gustafson, and musicians such as Neil Hubbard, Henry McCullough, J. Peter Robinson, Karl Jenkins and John Marshall.


title: Ian Gillan

text: Rock Aid Armenia (1990) : With Bryan Adams, Bruce Dickinson, Paul Rodgers, Geoff Beauchamp, Keith Emerson, Geoff Downes, Brian May, David Gilmour, Ritchie Blackmore, Alex Lifeson, Chris Squire and Roger Taylor


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Upon awakening, an unnamed gamer finds himself in the avatar body and armor that he was using in his online game. Seeing his reflection in a river, he is shocked to discover that his appearance is that of a skeleton due to the special avatar skin『Skeleton』he used. In unfamiliar territory, the gamer decides that it would be best to hide his appearance by never removing his helmet and to search for inhabitants. He spies a band of bandits attacking a group at a distance and springs into action after seeing the bandits about to rape two women, killing the men. The women introduce themselves as Lauren, a noblewoman, and Rita Farren, her maid. Using his game name, the knight introduces himself as Arc and agrees to escort the two ladies to the town of Luvierte. While he refuses a reward (to avoid meeting Lauren's father Viscount Buckle du Luvierte, as it would cause complications should the noble ask to see his face), Rita gives him a copper passport to allow him easier passage through any city in the territory.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: While dispatching a group of bandits using a cave as their hideout who had attacked him near the town of Diento, he discovers a wounded green-furred cottontailed fox (""ventu vulpis"") being held in a cage. Freeing the creature, he heals its wound with magic and befriends it. The fox indicates that it wants to travel with him, and he names it "Ponta".


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Later, Arc encounters a male elf outside Diento and learns from him about the human trade in capturing and enslaving elves. The elf is surprised that Ponta (which he refers to as a "spirit creature") is so attached to Arc and that Arc doesn't seem to share the fear and prejudice against elves that most humans in this world seem to have.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Some time afterwards, Arc stumbles across two elf soldiers, one male and one female, battling a band of human slavers; when their leader uses the captured elf children as hostages, the female elf seems ready to surrender when Arc intervenes and helps the elves wipe out the slavers. After Ponta's presence convinces the elves that Arc is a friend and the captured elves are freed and healed of their wounds by Arc's magic, the female elf, Ariane Glenys Maple, hires Arc to help her free other enslaved elves being held in Diento itself. Meeting up with Danka, another elf soldier who has been scouting inside Diento for information (and the one whom Arc had encountered earlier), the three invade the slave warehouse. During their initial search, Arc encounters a female cat-eared/tailed ninja, who gives him information about humans involved in the slave trade and about other captured elves being held in the local lord's castle. After freeing the captured elves, Arc uses Teleportation magic to get them all away from Diento, then he and Ariane head for the castle while Danka escorts the freed elves home. After they free the two female elves (who then "punish" their captor/tormentor in a particularly gruesome fashion) and escape, Ariane asks Arc to accompany her back to their lands. Arc is reluctant and shows why by removing his helmet, revealing his skeletal form. While initially shocked, Ariane realizes that, despite his appearance, Arc is not evil but under a curse, and promises that the elves will keep his secret.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: At the elvish settlement of Lalatoya, Arc meets and is welcomed by Elder Dillan and his wife Glenys, who are also Ariane's parents. At a meeting of Elders, at which the information about human Nobles involved in the slave trade and the clear violation of the Elf-Human peace treaty is discussed, it is decided that while no direct retaliation against the humans will be made, the secret operations to free elf slaves will continue. Dillan offers to hire Arc to continue helping Ariane, and as payment provides him with information about a magic pool in Dragon Lord country that may lift his skeleton curse. Arc agrees, and he, Ariane and Ponta begin their quest to free the captured/enslaved elves and totally end the slave trade. They are joined in their mission by Chiyome.the ninja Arc had previously encountered and member of the Jinshin Clan of beast people, who is engaged on a similar mission to free her fellow beast people who have also been captured and enslaved by humans.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Meanwhile in Olav, the capital city of the Rhoden Kingdom, King Karlon, who has learned of the possible involvement of nobility in the slave trade in elves thanks to the events in Diento, dispatches his daughter Yuriarna on a diplomatic mission to the Grand Duchy of Limbult (which trades with the elves and where his older daughter Seriarna is the ruler's wife) to arrange a meeting with the elves. However, her older brothers Sekt and Dakares both have ambitions to inherit the throne and are vying with other for power, and Yuriarna suspects Dakares of being involved in the slave trade and Sekt of knowing about it but trying to use it for his own advantage...and that both will stop at nothing to achieve their goals, even if it means destroying anyone in their way.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: As Arc, Ariane and Chiyome's quest progresses and they gain friends and allies while traveling to the different kingdoms across the world, they learn that the slave trade is merely the tip of the iceberg and that the Holy East Revlon Kingdom, ruled by the ruthless Emperor Domitianus, and this world's main religion, the Holy Hilk Kingdom, may be behind all the evil they're fighting to overcome.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: A computer gamer who wakes up in the world of the fantasy game he has been playing to find himself transformed into the avatar he has been using in the game. In this world, he uses the name "Arc", which is the name of his game character; in the anime, Ariane's mother Glenys nicknames him "Arcky", and in Book 4 of the light novel series he takes the surname "Lalatoya" in honor of the elf village he has been granted permission to enter. His physical appearance in this world is extremely tall (two meters), and the armor he wears gives him the appearance of being powerfully built (his physical strength is actually quite superhuman; in the light novels a single punch can either knock off a foe's head or go right through the body; in Episode 11 of the anime even a mere head-flick is enough to send large men flying; and he is also able to wield his two-handed two-meter-long broadsword the Holy Sword of Caladbolg quite easily with one hand while ordinary people find it too heavy to even pick up). He also alters his speaking voice to sound deeper and more masculine, as befits his game character. The armor he wears is silver-colored with colored highlights; in the light novels the highlights are blue, while in the anime the highlights are gold-colored, and while the armor looks quite massive and heavy he does not feel any discomfort and seems able to move about quite easily and freely in it. Since the series begins with him waking up in this world, there is no current information as to his real name, what he really looks like, his past in his original world or how he arrived in/was transported to this world. It is obvious from the beginning that he has a strong moral sense and is always ready and willing to help or defend endangered or oppressed beings, whether humans, elves or beast people; he also is extremely polite (which, considering his size and supposed status as a "knight" due to his armor, surprises most ordinary people) and never hesitates to admit when a person, whether male or female, is his equal (such as the ninja Goemon) or superior in any way (such as Ariane, Glenys and Chiyome). He can get quite excited at certain things, but he is surprisingly quite unflappable in battle, even against giant monsters, and only gets angry once in the anime upon hearing the fate of captured elves at the hands of monster tamer Fumba. He proves to be a fairly talented cook when, in Volumes 5 and 6 of the light novel series, he whips up tasty meals for himself and his companions using local variants of ingredients from his home world, much to Ariane's surprise.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: The second daughter of Elder Dillan Tahg Lalatoya and Glenys Alna Lalatoya (who, in the anime, calls her "Aria"), she is a female elf warrior of the elf capital city of Maple (elf names use the name of their gender parent as a middle name and the name of their registered village/city as a surname, hence her surname of "Maple"; however, in Volume 6 of the light novel series Glenys tells Arc that Ariane has changed her home registration [for her own reasons] from "Maple" to "Lalatoya"). In Volume 1 of the light novel series, her age is given as 50 years old (her physical appearance is much younger) and she is described as having amethyst-colored skin, golden-irised eyes and white hair (in the light novels, these are the unmistakable signs of a "dark elf"), while in the anime she has pale human-colored skin and pink hair (her eyes remain golden-irised). In Volume 1 of the light novel series, Arc first encounters her while she and another elf soldier are battling slavers in order to free captured elf children, while in the anime, he first encounters her in an alley in the town of Luvierte after her failed attempt to buy information and then again later when she attacks him mistaking him for one of the elf-enslaving bandits; in both the novels and anime, after the fight in which the elf children are freed she hires him to assist her. While an extremely skilled fighter, she feels inferior to her older sister Eevin (an extremely powerful and skilled warrior), and she has a deep distrust (close to hated) of humans because of the crimes committed against her people; however, through her association with Arc she may be modifying her outlook (although she remains cautious and defensive). For travel, she wears a long hooded cloak that is also used to conceal her identity as an elf (in the light novels, it is colored charcoal gray; in the anime, it is purple). Her weapon of choice is a hand-and-a-half double-edged straight-bladed sword; in Volume 1 of the light novels she originally carries and wields a thin saber, but changes weapons in Volume 2 after Arc gives her the Sword of the King of Lions, ""an incredibly rare blade which boosted the user's speed and attack power"" (which he "liberated" from the Marquis of Diento's secret room). So far her major weaknesses are her physical intolerance for alcohol (two glasses of strong liquor are enough to make her drunk), (in the anime) an almost girlish fondness for Ponta (in the light novels, the feeling is there, but not so strong), (again in the anime) a tendency to sometimes forget that beneath his armor Arc is a skeleton (causing her to freak out and try to explode him when she sees him in an "au naturel" state), and a feeling of inferiority to her older sister Eevin. Her feelings about Arc seem complicated; she continually acts as though exasperated with Arc and occasionally needles him, but in Volume 2 of the light novel series when her sister Eevin teases her about having a man in her life, ""For a moment, the face of a skeleton outfitted in majestic armor flashed through Ariane's mind"", in Volume 4 she is extremely distressed when his exposure to the waters of the magic pool render him unconscious for five days, and his culinary skills astonish her (apparently she either isn't very good at cooking or just doesn't know how).


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: A cotton-tailed fox (""ventu vulpis"") with greenish fur and a white-furred underbelly, referred to by elves and beast people as a "spirit creature"; while in the light novels it is not currently stated whether Ponta is male or female, in the anime Ponta is referred to as being female. In the light novel series, Arc finds it imprisoned in a cage, while in the anime he comes across it in the forest; in both cases, the creature has been injured and he uses his magic to heal it and befriend it. In return, it becomes attached to him and joins him as his inseparable companion, and he names it "Ponta" (a variation of the Japanese word "Tanpopo") because its tail reminds him of dandelion fluff. Because "spirit creatures" like Ponta almost never form attachments to humans (and rarely to elves), Ponta's connection with Arc reassures elves and beast people as to Arc's good intentions and reliability. Its favorite perches are either on top of his helmet or on one of his shoulder pauldrons, although it has taken to riding on Ariane's shoulder at times. It is also particularly sensitive to danger and the presence of evil, and is able to glide through the air like a Flying squirrel by means of its patagium either using normal air currents or by using spirit magic to conjure up wind, and Arc trains it to use the magic move "Wind Cutter".


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: A beast girl and one of the six ninjas of the Jinshin clan on an ongoing mission to locate and free enslaved beast people. Though physically the size of a young girl, she is extremely fast, skillful in combat and adept at using a type of Water ninjutsu. "Chiyome" is not her actual name, and Arc deduces that she was given the name in honor of famous kunoichi Mochizuki Chiyome. Chapter 2.5 of Volume 5 of the light novels reveals her real name: "Mia", and her backstory reveals that she is an orphan (her father had been enslaved by human and worked to death and her mother had been killed protecting Chiyome after their escape from captivity) and had been taken into the Jinshin Clan at her own request. Arc and Ariane assist her and fellow ninja Goemon in freeing the enslaved beast people in Olav and totally destroying the slave markets. As the light novel series progresses, she at first provides them with intel as to the location of human nobles involves in the elf slave trade and later joins them full time on their travels and adventures, becoming close and firm friends with Ariane along the way. Naturally, in both the light novels and anime she freaks out when she first sees Arc's unhelmeted face, but she overcomes this and accepts/respects him as an ally and friend. Arc also sees her as a good friend, but her sometimes stoic demeanor and attitude make him unsure of her feelings towards him.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Danka Niel Maple, an elf warrior of Maple (the surname causes Arc to mistake him for either Ariane's sibling or husband). His mission was to investigate the town of Diento for the location of captured and enslaves elves. While initially suspicious of Arc, he comes to respect Arc's abilities and accept him (for the time being) as a comrade-in-arms (although, in Volume 6 of the light novel series, he makes it clear that, despite Arc's officially becoming a member of Lalatoya, he still views Arc with suspicion). In the anime, he and Ariane communicate long distance via a Whispering Fowl, another "spirit creature" that resembles a large parrot and can mimic human speech in delivering messages.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Dillan Tahg Lalatoya, the Elder of the elf settlement of Lalatoya and the father of Ariane and Eevin. In the light novel series, he is described as "a twenty- to thirty-year-old elven man with long, green-tinted blond hair", while in the anime he is tall, green-blond-haired and slenderly built with a short Van Dyke beard. He officially hires Arc to assist Ariane with her mission of freeing enslaved elves and later acts as an envoy to various human kingdoms (much to his wife's annoyance, since this takes him away from home for long periods of time).


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Glenys Alna Lalatoya, the wife of Elder Dillan who physically appears to be in her 30's but is (according to her) 100 years old (in the anime, she says that she "just turned 170 this year, and that number isn't changing", causing Ariane to tell Arc that her mother is really 245 years old). She is described in the light novel series as having "amethyst-colored skin and...white hair tied back in braids", while in the anime she has the same pale skin and pink hair as both her daughters (who apparently take after her physically). While an excellent homemaker and housekeeper, she is also a master of swordsmanship and tells Arc that she trained both of her daughters, and with her uncanny skill and speed has no trouble in easily vanquishing the larger, more physically powerful Arc in practice combat sessions. In the light novels, she appears to act as Elder of Lalatoya whenever her husband is away on Council business and has become both Arc and Chiyome's combat trainer.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Ariane's older sister and a famous elf warrior whom Ariane aspires to emulate, which makes it all the more shocking to Ariane when she learns that Eevin is getting married soon. Whatever her reputation and skill as a warrior, Eevin seems to absolutely adore her younger sister (whom she has nicknamed "Arin") and behaves ultra-girlishly in interacting with her, even physically glomping onto Ariane; in the anime, despite her being Ariane's older sister, she looks and acts younger than Ariane. In Book 7 of the light novel series, she confesses her annoyance to a friend that she hasn't been able to keep in contact with Ariane because ""[Arc] and Arin have just been teleporting all over the place"", and she can never look at Arc without glaring at him, suggesting a growing jealousy that Arc might be displacing Eevin in Ariane's affections.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: A beast-man and one of the six ninjas of the Jinshin clan. Physically, he matches Arc in size and strength (with eyes that seem to have no pupils), and the two instantly become friends. "Goemon" is not his actual name, and Arc deduces that he was given the name in honor of Ishikawa Goemon. Goemon's Rock ninjutsu and Arc's Rock magic are able to resonate with each other to reach a state of almost uncontrollable power. In battle, he and Chiyome act as partners.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Sekt Rondahl Karlon Rhoden Sahdiay, the eldest son of King Karlon of Rhoden, engaged against his younger siblings Dakares and Yuriarna in a power struggle to successfully succeed to the throne of Rhoden. He is secretly backed by the Great West Revlon Empire. Although more polished in his outward showing (although both Arc and Ariane sense something "fake" about him when they first meet him in Volume 7 of the light novel series), he seems to be as ruthless as Dakares, not hesitating to have Dakares assassinated and frame him for Yuriarna's supposed assassination, and now recognizes that Yuriarna, thanks to her successful negotiations with the elves and growing public popularity, is a serious rival. He has also become very wary of Arc since learning of and witnessing Arc'a abilities and incredible power at first-hand.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Dakares Ciely Vetran, the second son of King Karlon of Rhoden. It is revealed that he is secretly but actively participating in the elf and beast people slave trade in violation of a 400-year-old peace treaty with the elves. He was secretly backed by the Holy East Revlon Empire in order to gain power for an eventually attempt at a "coup d'etat".


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Yuriarna Merol Melissa Rhoden Olav, the second daughter of King Karlon of Rhoden, highly intelligent and politically savvy, and possibly the most honorable and reliable of all the king's children, always putting the welfare of the people first. After the events in Diento, she is entrusted with and dispatched by her father on a diplomatic mission to open negotiations with the elves. En route to the Grand Duchy of Limbult, her carriage and escort are attacked and she herself is assassinated, but revived (unknown to her) by Arc's Rejuvenation magic. Reaching Limbult in safety, she keeps her survival secret and successfully completes her mission, in the process gaining the elves' support for her bid for succession to the Rhoden throne.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Domitianus Revlon Valiafelbe, the totally ruthless and amoral ruler of the Holy Revlon Empire, in which the slave trade in elves and beast people is completely legal. It appears that he is intent on destabilizing the Rhoden Kingdom using controlled monsters to terrorize populations and using them as part of his armed forces as part of his eventual plans for invasion; in the anime however, Arc has (currently unknown to either Domitianus or even himself) been foiling Domitianus' plan by defeating the controlled monsters that cross his path, at which time the control rings attached to the monsters shatter and vanish.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: Supposedly Dakares' right-hand man, he arranges for the attack on Yuriarna's carriage and her assassination. however, his sudden murder of Dakares and (in the light novel series) his later killing his own father (falsely claiming that he was part of Dakares' plot to assassinate Yuriarna) proves his actual loyalty to Sekt.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: The light novel series is written by Ennki Hakari with illustrations by KeG, and has been published by Overlap under Overlap Novels imprint since June 25, 2015. As of May 2021, the series is still ongoing with 10 volumes released. Seven Seas Entertainment licensed the series on September 20, 2018, and released the first volume on June 11, 2019.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: In February 2017, the first chapter of the manga adaptation by Akira Sawano was published in Overlap's "Comic Gardo"; though Akira is the author of the manga series, character designs are credited to KeG. Overlap collected the individual chapters into "tankōbon" volumes; the first volume was released in August 2017. In September 2018, Seven Seas Entertainment announced its licensing of the manga series for localization in North America under the title "Skeleton Knight in Another World".


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced on April 17, 2021. The series will be animated by Studio Kai and Hornets and directed by Katsumi Ono, with Takeshi Kikuchi supervising the series' scripts, Tōru Imanishi designing the characters, and eba and Tsubasa Ito composing the series' music. It aired from April 7 to June 23, 2022, on AT-X, Tokyo MX, SUN, and BS11. The opening theme song is "Aa, Waga Roman no Michi Yo" (嗚呼、我が浪漫の道よ, "Ah, My Romantic Road") by PelleK, while the ending theme song is "Bokura ga Oroka da Nante Dare ga Itta" (僕らが愚かだなんて誰が言った, "Who Called Us Fools?") by DIALOGUE+. Crunchyroll has licensed the series outside of Asia. Muse Communication announced the license for South and Southeast Asia the day after the anime announcement.


title: Skeleton Knight in Another World

text: On April 11, 2022, Crunchyroll announced that the series would receive an English dub, which premiered on April 28.


title: Brian Shaw (strongman)

text: Brian Shaw (born February 26, 1982) is an American professional strongman, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest strength athletes of all-time. He won the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2016 World's Strongest Man competitions, and in 2011, became the first man to win the Arnold Strongman Classic and the World's Strongest Man competitions in the same calendar year, a feat he replicated in 2015. With 26 international competition wins, he is the fourth most decorated strongman in history behind Lithuania's Žydrūnas Savickas, Poland's Mariusz Pudzianowski and Iceland's Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson.


title: Brian Shaw (strongman)

text: Shaw was born in Fort Lupton, Colorado, on February 26, 1982, the son of Jay and Bonnie Shaw. Both of his parents were taller than average, with his father standing at and his mother . It has been noted that he had uncles of exceptional stature. Shaw's astrological sign is Pisces.


title: Brian Shaw (strongman)

text: At Fort Lupton High School, Shaw excelled in basketball. He then attended Otero Junior College in La Junta, Colorado. There, he was able to form an inside combination with current Louisiana State University-Alexandria Head Women's Basketball Coach Bob Austin. Shaw was one of the team leaders for the Rattlers in his sophomore season. Following Otero, he went to Black Hills State University where he was on a full basketball scholarship and received a degree in wellness management.


title: Brian Shaw (strongman)

text: During his basketball career, Shaw was "hooked on the weights" and he has said that the weight room was his "sanctuary". In his own words, "I've always been able to do this. The biggest tire, the heaviest stone... I've always been able to walk up and lift it. Odd strength is what it is, not weight-room strength. It's brute strength."


title: Brian Shaw (strongman)

text: Shaw began his career as a strongman with a win when he entered the Denver Strongest Man contest in October 2005. He had entered with no formal training. Just seven months later in June 2006, he joined the professional ranks and his successes continued.


title: Brian Shaw (strongman)

text: In 2009, he entered Fortissimus, otherwise known as the Strongest Man on Earth competition, in Canada where he came in third and was the only man to lift six Atlas Stones weighing from . He then competed in Romania in the World Strongman Super Series. In September, he travelled to his second World's Strongest Man contest in Valletta. There he was grouped in what was termed the "group of death" not least because of his presence in it. Alongside him in this group was Zydrunas Savickas who went on to win the title. Although Savickas won the group, he and Shaw were separated by just two points. In the final, Shaw went on to attain a podium finish, something Randell Strossen of IronMind had predicted would happen when he said "he has to be considered a favorite for a podium position. If he can stay healthy, there's no end to what he could do. He's got these gifts. He's the total package."