title: Order of Nine Angles

text: Canadian Armed Forces launched an internal investigation in October 2020 after a special forces soldier with the CJIRU was identified as a member of the Northern Order and Order of Nine Angles. According to the SPLC, the man is among “some pretty well-known, high-up people in these organizations" and an acquaintance of James Mason and the former Master Corporal Patrik Mathews who was previously exposed as a recruiter for the Northern Order and Base in Canada. On 1 February 2021, a Cornish man said to have been the leader of the UK branch of the Feuerkrieg Division plead guilty to 12 terrorism offences. Police had previously raided his home in 2019 for firearms and had found bomb building instructions and O9A literature.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: Danyal Hussein who killed two sisters, Bibaa Henry and Nicole Smallman in a Wembley park in London was "closely associated" with the Order of Nine Angles and took part in O9A internet forum. He killed the two women to fulfill a "demonic pact". In response MP Stephanie Peacock called on the Home Secretary to proscribe the O9A. In Russia four members of the Order of Nine Angles were arrested after two confessed to ritual murders involving cannibalism in Karelia and Saint Petersburg. Two of them are also accused of large-scale drug trafficking as a large amount of narcotics was found in their home.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: On 12 August 2021, Ben John was convicted of terrorist offences after an 11-month investigation by the Counter Terrorism Command. The statement by Lincolnshire police stated that "John had a wealth of white supremist and anti-Semitic material, as well as material related to the Satanist organisation called the Order of Nine Angles (ONA), which is increasingly under the focus of law enforcement." In October 2021, Facebook and Instagram banned O9A member E.A Koetting whose page had 128,000 subscribers for inciting murder. Finnish Security Intelligence Service also singled out O9A as a source of radicalization and concern in the country.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: On December 4, 2021, the Finnish police arrested a five-man cell in Kankaanpää on suspicion of planning a terror attack and confiscated numerous firearms, including assault rifles, and tens of kilos of explosives. According to the Finnish media, the men adhered to the ideology of Atomwaffen, James Mason and ONA Satanism.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: In November 2021 roughly two dozen federal agents in body armor arrested Angel Almeidaz for possessing illegal weapons. Additionally “The defendant has repeatedly expressed an interest in the abuse of children and abuse of animals,” wrote Assistant U.S. Attorney Chand Edwards-Balfour. According to New York Daily News Almeidaz was member of the O9A.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: Allegations have been made by antifascist organisations, several British politicians and the media that the O9A condones and encourages sexual abuse, and this has been given as one of the reasons why the O9A should be proscribed by the British government. Many O9A members openly view rape as an effective way to undermine society by transgressing against its norms. White Star Acception commits rapes by their own admission and O9A texts such as "The Dreccian Way", "Iron Gates", "Bluebird" and "The Rape Anthology" recommend and praise rape and pedophilia, even suggesting rape is necessary for "ascension of the Ubermensch". According to the BBC News, "the authorities are concerned by the number of paedophiles associated with the ONA". Children at least as young as 13 have been groomed by the group.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: Ryan Fleming of Yorkshire-based O9A nexion Drakon Covenant is currently in prison for the rape of a 14-year-old girl, after already having been convicted of sexual assault and torture of a minor. O9A member Andrew Dymock, who was convicted of 15 terror offences, has also been questioned by the police regarding the sexual assault of a teenage girl who had nazi and occult symbols carved on her body. In July 2020, another O9A member Jacek Tchorzewski was convicted by Harrow Crown Court for terror offences and for possessing over 500 pictures and videos depicting children as young as six being raped and necrophilia. Tchorzewski also possessed nazi and "satanist literature depicting rape and paedophilia". Tchorzewski's co-defendant Michal Szewczuk "ran a blog that encouraged the rape and torture of opponents, including small children" and was likewise sentenced to four years in prison for terror offences. Ethan Melzer also belonged to an encrypted O9A chatroom where members encouraged one another to perpetrate sexual violence and shared videos of these rapes. In November 2019, a Durham teen who according to the BBC News adheres to "occult nazism" and "influenced by the ONA, [sought] to alter himself in line with their literature" was found guilty of preparing a terrorist attack. In addition to the terror offences, he is charged with sexually assaulting a 12-year-old girl. He was eventually convicted of five sexual assaults in addition to the terror offenses.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: In March 2020, a prominent O9A member and former leader of Atomwaffen Division John Cameron Denton was accused by prosecutors of possessing and sharing child pornography of sexual abuse of a young underage girl by his group, in addition to making 134 death and bomb threats against reporters and minority communities. On 2 September 2020, another member Harry Vaughan plead guilty to 14 terrorism offenses and possession of child pornography. A police search of his house uncovered videos of brutal rapes of children, documents showing how to build bombs, detonators, firearms, and "satanic, neo-nazi" ONA books advising rape and murder. In addition to this he was described in the Old Bailey as a firearms enthusiast and living with his two young sisters at the time of the arrest. Five Finns were also arrested for sexually abusing multiple children, according to the police the activities involved "nazism and satanism" and consumption of methamphetamine. In Sweden NRM affiliate and ONA adherent Alexander Andersson has been arrested and charged with two cases of "aggravated rape against children".


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: "Rapewaffen" is a faction whose ideas have roots in Atomwaffen and in the Order of Nine Angles, and which encourages its adherents to rape white women in order to increase the number of white births. Those who subscribe to this way of thinking welcomed the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision and the subsequent wave of abortion bans in the United States as helping them to achieve their goal. The ideology came to public attention following the arrest of a former U.S. Marine who had been plotting to rape women and attack a synagogue.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: The Astral Bone Gnawers Lodge (commonly known as ABG Lodge) is an ONA affiliate (“nexion”) operating in the Balkans. In the ONA virtual community the ABG Lodge has a status of prominent nexion, known for their musical project "Dark Imperivm", as well as for their polemical essays. They are one of the few nexions that made and published recordings of various ONA Sinister Chants.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: The ABG Lodge is structured as a traditional secret society, headed by a matriarch known as the ‘Blood Mistress’. ABG Lodge reports that their founding Mistress is 'Zorya Aeterna', who is also the current driving force behind the organization. Members of the ABG Lodge claim that the lodge also draws on the hermetic traditions, and have started their own church called the Gnostic Church of Christ-Lucifer.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: Russian Federal Security Services arrested a group of satanists in April 2020 in Krasnodar suspected of "public calls to carry out extremist activities", incitement to murder due to religious and racial hatred, and criminal activities against women. The police also seized occult "extremist material" during the raids. They belonged to a group called "Legion Ave Satan", a chapter of the O9A, using nazi Reichsadler grasping a pentagram and sword as its symbol. On their now-banned VKontakte page, they claimed nexions all over the CIS countries, promoted O9A, and identified as followers of "Traditional Satanism" and "pre-christian faith". They first appeared in Russian media in 2018 when a teenager burned down a church in Republic of Karelia. The teenager had expressed his support for the Legion Ave Satan in VKontakte and posted pictures wearing a skull mask associated with Atomwaffen and O9A. He was sent to involuntary psychiatric treatment. The local nexion used an old poultry farm in Kondopoga for gatherings, and the group had lured children to prostitution according to Moskovskij Komsomolets. As is the case elsewhere, the group is connected to the local Atomwaffen chapter. Four Russian members of the Order of Nine Angles were arrested for ritual murders in Karelia and Saint Petersburg.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: According to Komsomolskaya Pravda report in June 2022 it had acquired videos of Ukrainian O9A performing satanic rituals where they use human blood in their initiation, priests cutting their hands and pouring out blood on initiates. The members would also paint themselves with occult and nazi symbols and cut the throats of prisoners as a sacrifice to the gods and rape women. The city of Verkhnotoretske and Mariupol reportedly have satanist temples used by the group. RIA Novosti and Tsargrad TV alleged these satanists were affiliated with the Azov Battalion. The head of the unrecognized Republic of Crimea, Sergei Aksyonov commented on the report that “We are dealing not only with anti-Russian, but also with anti-Christian forces...Nazism, paganism, the occult and Satanism have always gone hand in hand". Previously Atomwaffen member and convicted terrorist and O9A adherent Jarrett Smith was intending on joining Azov before being intercepted by US authorities. Smith's associate and fellow neo-Nazi Craig Lang successfully joined the Ukrainian militia. Andrew Dymock (alias Blitz), the leader of Britain’s Sonnenkrieg Division (a unit of the AWD), was a member of the Order of Nine Angles and has been pictured with Azov Battalion gear. Additionally O9A members have been spotted flying the Atomwaffen flag in Asgardsrei organized by Ukrainian nazis. According to Ylioppilaslehti, Finnish members of ONA fought with the Azov Battalion.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: The ONA's main influence lies not with the group itself, but with its prolific release of written material. According to Senholt, "the ONA has produced more material on both the practical and theoretical aspects of magic, as well as more ideological texts on Satanism and the left-hand path in general, than larger groups such as the Church of Satan and the Temple of Set has produced in combination [which] makes the ONA an important player in the theoretical discussion of what the left-hand path and Satanism is and should be according to the practitioners".


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: These writings were initially distributed to other Satanist and neo-Nazi groups, although with the development of the Internet this was also used as a medium to propagate its writings, with Monette stating that they had attained "a sizable presence in occult cyberspace", and thus become "one of the most prominent Left Hand Path groups by virtue of its public presence". Many of these writings were then reproduced by other groups. Kaplan considered the ONA to be "an important source of Satanic ideology/theology" for "the occultist fringe of National Socialism", namely neo-Nazi groups like the Black Order. The group gained increased attention following the growth in public interest in Myatt's impact on terrorist groups during the War on Terror in the 2000s. The historian of esotericism Dave Evans stated that the ONA were "worthy of an entire PhD thesis", while Senholt stated that it would be "potentially dangerous to ignore these fanatics, however limited their numbers might be".


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: ONA influence extends to some black metal bands such as Hvile I Kaos, who according to a report in the music section of "LA Weekly", "attribute their purpose and themes to the philosophies of the Order of Nine Angles". The French band Aosoth is named after an O9A deity, and takes direct lyrical influence from the O9A. The album "Intra NAOS" by Italian band Altar of Perversion is named after the O9A essay "NAOS: A Practical Guide to Modern Magick" and showcases the band members' own path through the Numinous Way. Some music associated with the O9A has also been controversial; "The Quietus" published a series of articles during 2018 exploring the connections between far-right politics, music and the ONA. English philosopher, short-story horror writer and "the father of accelerationism" Nick Land has also promoted the group in his writings.


title: Order of Nine Angles

text: In the "Jack Nightingale" series of novels by Stephen Leather, a Satanic "Order of Nine Angles" are the leading antagonists. Similarly, a fictionalised Satanic group named the "Order of Nine Angels" appear in Conrad Jones' 2013 novel "Child for the Devil". In another of his novels, "Black Angel", Jones included a page titled "Additional Information" giving a warning about the Order of Nine Angles.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: Crusader Kings III is a grand strategy role-playing video game set in the Middle Ages, developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive as a sequel to "Crusader Kings" (2004) and "Crusader Kings II" (2012). The game was released on PC on 1 September 2020 and on the Xbox Series X/S and PlayStation 5 on 29 March 2022.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: Like its predecessors "Crusader Kings" and "Crusader Kings II", "Crusader Kings III" is a grand strategy game and dynasty simulator set in the Middle Ages. Players begin as a character in either 867 or 1066. The game map is about four times more detailed than the one in "Crusader Kings II" and slightly larger, incorporating Europe, Africa roughly as far south as the Equator, and Asia as far East as Tibet. Upon the death or deposition of a player's character they may continue to play as that character's heir. Overall, players develop a dynasty over the centuries, with the game ending in 1453.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: Dynasties can form cadet branches that have their own heads and act mostly independently from their parent dynasty. The heads of dynasties are able to use a new resource known as Renown to assert their control over their house. For example, the heads of houses are responsible for legitimizing bastards.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: Characters have full-body, 3D-rendered character models instead of 2D portraits. As in "Crusader Kings II", they have traits that affect their stats and behavior. Making choices that go against a character's traits will increase that character's stress. The game's genetics system allows characters to pass on some of their characteristics to their descendants. Characters are able to frighten their vassals into staying loyal by increasing their Dread, which increases when the character performs malevolent actions, such as executing or torturing other characters. Characters are able to select one of five lifestyles to follow. Each lifestyle has three skill trees that allow characters to enhance skills related to that lifestyle.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: Players' realms may have the feudal, tribal, or clan government types. Religion and culture are both aspects of the game. Leaders can advance their goals by warfare, diplomacy, or subterfuge. Players may undergo pilgrimages and wage holy wars, and entire religions can be called to arms in crusades or jihads. Religions have Tenets, which are bonuses given to all practitioners of that faith, and Doctrines, which deal with the religion's stances towards issues like homosexuality and female clergy. The principal resource for interacting with religion mechanics is Piety, and a player with sufficient piety may choose to develop their own heresy, with the Tenets and Doctrines being chosen by the player.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: Levies are represented primarily by low-quality infantry composed of peasants. Characters will need to hire men-at-arms in order to field higher-quality soldiers, such as crossbowmen and cavalry. Characters can make other characters from their court or realm with significant combat skills into powerful knights.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: Game director Henrik Fåhraeus commented that development of the game commenced "about 1 year before ", indicating a starting time of 2015. Describing the game engine of "Crusader Kings II" as cobbled and "held together with tape", he explained that the new game features an updated engine (i.e. Clausewitz Engine + Jomini toolset) with more power to run new features.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: As is the case with many of Paradox's unreleased and currently supported works, the developers publish a weekly developer diary. Each post focuses on a single aspect of the game, such as government types, user interface, governments, war, etc., how this aspect of the game will be handled in "Crusader Kings III", and how it is different from "Crusader Kings II". A monthly update video is also published on the Paradox Interactive YouTube channel, summarising all of the changes which have been made in that month's Dev Diaries.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: The game was released on 1 September 2020 and is available through Steam and Xbox Game Pass for PC. The game is available in two editions: the Base Game Edition, which includes the base game and a pre-order bonus, and the Royal Edition, which includes the base game and an expansion pass. The expansion pass contains a collection of additional content packs and the first expansion.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: "Crusader Kings III" was initially rejected by the Australian Classification Board, reportedly over complications regarding the game's classification. The game was eventually cleared and released within Australia six days after its initial release, on 7 September 2020. Because of its delayed release, the pre-order bonus window was extended to 21 September exclusively for Australian Steam users.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: A console version of the game was released on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X and Series S on 29 March 2022. The game was made available on Xbox Game Pass on the same day.


title: Crusader Kings III

text: "Crusader Kings III" received "generally favorable" reviews for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S according to review aggregator Metacritic; the PC version received "universal acclaim". Leana Hafer of "IGN" wrote that the game "is a superb strategy game, a great RPG, and a master class in how to take the best parts of existing systems and make them deeper and better"; scoring it 10/10 in her review. Lauren Aitken from "VG247" also gave the game a perfect score; in her review, she wrote, ""Crusader Kings 3" is just as bonkers, unpredictable and enthralling as its predecessor."


title: Crusader Kings III

text: David Wildgoose of "GameSpot" praised the procedural narratives of the game saying that they are rarely as affecting and poignant as they are here; on the other hand, as a negative point, he wrote that "when the story engine isn't firing, your actions can feel rote and uninspired".


title: Crusader Kings III

text: In December 2020, "Crusader Kings III" was nominated in the Best Sims/Strategy Games category at The Game Awards but lost to "Microsoft Flight Simulator".


title: Crusader Kings III

text: The game sold more than 1 million copies within 1 month of release. It was the seventh best-selling game in September 2020 in the US, and had the highest launch month sales for any Paradox Interactive title. In March 2022, Paradox Interactive announced that "Crusader Kings III" had sold over 2 million units worldwide.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Seborrhoeic dermatitis, sometimes inaccurately referred to as seborrhoea, is a long-term skin disorder. Symptoms include red, scaly, greasy, itchy, and inflamed skin. Areas of the skin rich in oil-producing glands are often affected including the scalp, face, and chest. It can result in social or self-esteem problems. In babies, when the scalp is primarily involved, it is called cradle cap. Dandruff is a milder form of the condition without inflammation.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: The cause is unclear but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include poor immune function, Parkinson's disease, and alcoholic pancreatitis. The condition may worsen with stress or during the winter. The "Malassezia" yeast is believed to play a role. It is not a result of poor hygiene. Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms. The condition is not contagious.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: The typical treatment is antifungal cream and anti-inflammatory agents. Specifically, ketoconazole or ciclopirox are effective. It is unclear if other antifungals, such as miconazole, are equally effective as they have been poorly studied. Other options may include salicylic acid, coal tar, benzoyl peroxide, and phototherapy.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: The condition is most common in infants within the first 3 months or in adults aged 30 to 70 years. In adults between 1% and 10% of people are affected. Males are more often affected than females. Up to 70% of babies may be affected at some point in time.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Seborrhoeic dermatitis' symptoms appear gradually, and usually the first signs are flaky skin and scalp. Symptoms occur most commonly anywhere on the skin of the scalp, behind the ears, on the face, and in areas where the skin folds. Flakes may be yellow, white or grayish. Redness and flaking may also occur on the skin near the eyelashes, on the forehead, around the sides of the nose, on the chest, and on the upper back.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: In more severe cases, yellowish to reddish scaly pimples appear along the hairline, behind the ears, in the ear canal, on the eyebrows, on the bridge of the nose, around the nose, on the chest, and on the upper back.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Commonly, patients experience mild redness, scaly skin lesions and in some cases hair loss. Other symptoms include patchy scaling or thick crusts on the scalp, red, greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales, itching, soreness and yellow or white scales that may attach to the hair shaft.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Seborrhoeic dermatitis can occur in infants younger than three months and it causes a thick, oily, yellowish crust around the hairline and on the scalp. Itching is not common among infants. Frequently, a stubborn diaper rash accompanies the scalp rash.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: In addition to the presence of "Malassezia", genetic, environmental, hormonal, and immune-system factors are necessary for and/or modulate the expression of seborrhoeic dermatitis. The condition may be aggravated by illness, psychological stress, fatigue, sleep deprivation, change of season, and reduced general health. In children and babies, excessive vitamin A intake or issues with Δ-desaturase enzymes have been correlated with increased risk. Seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruptions are also associated with vitamin B deficiency. Those with immunodeficiency (especially infection with HIV) and with neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (for which the condition is an autonomic sign) and stroke are particularly prone to it.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: The condition is thought to be due to a local inflammatory response to over-colonization by "Malassezia" fungi species in sebum-producing skin areas including the scalp, face, chest, back, underarms, and groin. This is based on observations of high counts of "Malassezia" species in skin affected by seborrhoeic dermatitis and on the effectiveness of antifungals in treating the condition. Such species of "Malassezia" include "M. furfur" (formerly "Pityrosporum ovale"), "M. globosa", "M. restricta", "M. sympodialis", and "M. slooffiae". Although "Malassezia" appears to be the central predisposing factor in seborrhoeic dermatitis, it is thought that other factors are necessary for the presence of "Malassezia" to result in the pathology characteristic of the condition. This is based on the fact that summer growth of "Malassezia" in the skin alone does not result in seborrhoeic dermatitis. Besides antifungals, the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs, which reduce inflammation, and antiandrogens, which reduce sebum production, provide further insights into the pathophysiology of seborrhoeic dermatitis.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: A humidifier can be used to prevent low indoor humidity during winter (especially with indoor heating), and dry season. And a dehumidifier can be used during seasons with excessive humidity.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: A variety of different types of medications are able to reduce symptoms of seborrhoeic dermatitis. These include certain antifungals, anti-inflammatory agents like corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiandrogens, and antihistamines, among others.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Regular use of an over-the-counter or prescription antifungal shampoo or cream may help those with recurrent episodes. The topical antifungal medications ketoconazole and ciclopirox have the best evidence. It is unclear if other antifungals are equally effective as this has not been sufficiently studied. Antifungals that have been studied and found to be effective in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis include ketoconazole, fluconazole, miconazole, bifonazole, sertaconazole, clotrimazole, flutrimazole, ciclopirox, terbinafine, butenafine, selenium sulfide, and lithium salts such as lithium gluconate and lithium succinate. Topical climbazole appears to have little effectiveness in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis. Systemic therapy with oral antifungals including itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and terbinafine is effective.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Topical corticosteroids have been shown to be effective in short-term treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis and are as effective or more effective than antifungal treatment with azoles. There is also evidence for the effectiveness of calcineurin inhibitors like tacrolimus and pimecrolimus as well as lithium salt therapy.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Oral immunosuppressive treatment, such as with prednisone, has been used in short courses for seborrhoeic dermatitis, as a last resort due to its potential side effects.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Seborrhoea, which is sometimes associated with seborrhoeic dermatitis, is recognized as an androgen-sensitive condition – that is, it is caused or aggravated by androgen sex hormones such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone – and is a common symptom of hyperandrogenism (e.g., that seen in polycystic ovary syndrome). In addition, seborrhoea, as well as acne, are commonly associated with puberty due to the steep increase of androgen levels at that time.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: In accordance with the involvement of androgens in seborrhoea, antiandrogens, such as cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, flutamide, and nilutamide, are highly effective in alleviating the condition. As such, they are used in the treatment of seborrhoea, particularly severe cases. While beneficial in seborrhoea, effectiveness may vary with different antiandrogens; for instance, spironolactone (which is regarded as a relatively weak antiandrogen) has been found to produce a 50% improvement after three months of treatment, whereas flutamide has been found to result in an 80% improvement within three months. Cyproterone acetate, similarly more potent and effective than spironolactone, results in considerable improvement or disappearance of acne and seborrhoea in 90% of patients within three months.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Systemic antiandrogen therapy is generally used to treat seborrhoea only in women, not in men, as these medications can result in feminization (e.g., gynecomastia), sexual dysfunction, and infertility in males. In addition, antiandrogens theoretically have the potential to feminize male fetuses in pregnant women and, for this reason, are usually combined with effective birth control in sexually active women who can or may become pregnant.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Antihistamines are used primarily to reduce itching, if present. However, research studies suggest that some antihistamines have anti-inflammatory properties.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Another potential option is natural and artificial UV radiation since it can curb the growth of "Malassezia" yeast. Some recommend photodynamic therapy using UV-A and UV-B laser or red and blue LED light to inhibit the growth of "Malassezia" fungus and reduce seborrhoeic inflammation.


title: Seborrhoeic dermatitis

text: Seborrhoeic dermatitis affects 1 to 5% of the general population. It is slightly more common in men, but affected women tend to have more severe symptoms. The condition usually recurs throughout a person's lifetime. Seborrhoeic dermatitis can occur in any age group but usually starts at puberty and peaks in incidence at around 40 years of age. It can reportedly affect as many as 31% of older people. Severity is worse in dry climates. Seborrhoeic dermatitis is common in people with alcoholism, between 7 and 11 percent, which is twice the normal expected occurrence.


title: Triassic

text: The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic Period is subdivided into three epochs: Early Triassic, Middle Triassic and Late Triassic.


title: Triassic

text: The Triassic began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which left the Earth's biosphere impoverished; it was well into the middle of the Triassic before life recovered its former diversity. Three categories of organisms can be distinguished in the Triassic record: survivors from the extinction event, new groups that flourished briefly, and other new groups that went on to dominate the Mesozoic Era. Reptiles, especially archosaurs, were the chief terrestrial vertebrates during this time. A specialized subgroup of archosaurs, called dinosaurs, first appeared in the Late Triassic but did not become dominant until the succeeding Jurassic Period. Archosaurs that became dominant in this period were primarily pseudosuchians, ancestors of modern crocodilians, while some archosaurs specialized in flight, the first time among vertebrates, becoming the pterosaurs.


title: Triassic

text: Therapsids, the dominant vertebrates of the preceding Permian period, declined throughout the period. The first true mammals, themselves a specialized subgroup of therapsids, also evolved during this period. The vast supercontinent of Pangaea existed until the mid-Triassic, after which it began to gradually rift into two separate landmasses, Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south.


title: Triassic

text: The global climate during the Triassic was mostly hot and dry, with deserts spanning much of Pangaea's interior. However, the climate shifted and became more humid as Pangaea began to drift apart. The end of the period was marked by yet another major mass extinction, the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, that wiped out many groups, including most pseudosuchians, and allowed dinosaurs to assume dominance in the Jurassic.


title: Triassic

text: The Triassic was named in 1834 by Friedrich August von Alberti, after a succession of three distinct rock layers (Greek meaning 'triad') that are widespread in southern Germany: the lower Buntsandstein (colourful sandstone")", the middle Muschelkalk (shell-bearing limestone) and the upper Keuper (coloured clay).


title: Triassic

text: On the geologic time scale, the Triassic is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late Triassic Epochs, and the corresponding rocks are referred to as Lower, Middle, or Upper Triassic. The faunal stages from the youngest to oldest are:


title: Triassic

text: During the Triassic, almost all the Earth's land mass was concentrated into a single supercontinent, Pangaea (). This supercontinent was more-or-less centered on the equator and extended between the poles, though it did drift northwards as the period progressed. Southern Pangea, also known as Gondwana, was made up by closely-appressed cratons corresponding to modern South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Antarctica, and Australia. North Pangea, also known as Laurussia or Laurasia, corresponds to modern-day North America and the fragmented predecessors of Eurasia.


title: Triassic

text: The western edge of Pangea lay at the margin of an enormous ocean, Panthalassa (lit. 'entire sea'), which roughly corresponds to the modern Pacific Ocean. Practically all deep-ocean crust present during the Triassic has been recycled through the subduction of oceanic plates, so very little is known about the open ocean from this time period. Most information on Panthalassan geology and marine life is derived from island arcs and rare seafloor sediments accreted onto surrounding land masses, such as present-day Japan and western North America.


title: Triassic

text: The eastern edge of Pangea was encroached upon by a pair of extensive oceanic basins: The Neo-Tethys (or simply Tethys) and Paleo-Tethys Oceans. These extended from China to Iberia, hosting abundant marine life along their shallow tropical peripheries. They were divided from each other by a long string of microcontinents known as the Cimmerian terranes. Cimmerian crust had detached from Gondwana in the early Permian and drifted northwards during the Triassic, enlarging the Neo-Tethys Ocean which formed in their wake. At the same time, they forced the Paleo-Tethys Ocean to shrink as it was being subducted under Asia. By the end of the Triassic, the Paleo-Tethys Ocean occupied a small area and the Cimmerian terranes began to collide with southern Asia. This collision, known as the Cimmerian Orogeny, continued into the Jurassic and Cretaceous to produce a chain of mountain ranges stretching from Turkey to Malaysia.Pangaea was fractured by widespread faulting and rift basins during the Triassic—especially late in that period—but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangaea, which separated eastern North America from Morocco, are of Late Triassic age; in the United States, these thick sediments comprise the Newark Supergroup. Rift basins are also common in South America, Europe, and Africa. Terrestrial environments are particularly well-represented in the South Africa, Russia, central Europe, and the southwest United States. Terrestrial Triassic biostratigraphy is mostly based on terrestrial and freshwater tetrapods, as well as conchostracans ("clam shrimps"), a type of fast-breeding crustacean which lived in lakes and hypersaline environments.


title: Triassic

text: Because a supercontinent has less shoreline compared to a series of smaller continents, Triassic marine deposits are relatively uncommon on a global scale. A major exception is in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. The northeastern margin of Gondwana was a stable passive margin along the Neo-Tethys Ocean, and marine sediments have been preserved in parts of northern India and Arabia. In North America, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west.


title: Triassic

text: During the Triassic peneplains are thought to have formed in what is now Norway and southern Sweden. Remnants of this peneplain can be traced as a tilted summit accordance in the Swedish West Coast. In northern Norway Triassic peneplains may have been buried in sediments to be then re-exposed as coastal plains called strandflats. Dating of illite clay from a strandflat of Bømlo, southern Norway, have shown that landscape there became weathered in Late Triassic times ( 210 million years ago) with the landscape likely also being shaped during that time.


title: Triassic

text: Eustatic sea level in the Triassic was consistently low compared to the other geological periods. The beginning of the Triassic was around present sea level, rising to about above present-day sea level during the Early and Middle Triassic. Sea level rise accelerated in the Ladinian, culminating with a sea level up to above present-day levels during the Carnian. Sea level began to decline in the Norian, reaching a low of below present sea level during the mid-Rhaetian. Low global sea levels persisted into the earliest Jurassic. The long-term sea level trend is superimposed by 22 sea level drop events widespread in the geologic record, mostly of minor (less than ) and medium () magnitudes. A lack of evidence for Triassic continental ice sheets suggest that glacial eustasy is unlikely to be the cause of these changes.


title: Triassic

text: The Triassic continental interior climate was generally hot and dry, so that typical deposits are red bed sandstones and evaporites. There is no evidence of glaciation at or near either pole; in fact, the polar regions were apparently moist and temperate, providing a climate suitable for forests and vertebrates, including reptiles. Pangaea's large size limited the moderating effect of the global ocean; its continental climate was highly seasonal, with very hot summers and cold winters. The strong contrast between the Pangea supercontinent and the global ocean triggered intense cross-equatorial monsoons.


title: Triassic

text: The Triassic may have mostly been a dry period, but evidence exists that it was punctuated by several episodes of increased rainfall in tropical and subtropical latitudes of the Tethys Sea and its surrounding land. Sediments and fossils suggestive of a more humid climate are known from the Anisian to Ladinian of the Tethysian domain, and from the Carnian and Rhaetian of a larger area that includes also the Boreal domain (e.g., Svalbard Islands), the North American continent, the South China block and Argentina.


title: Triassic

text: The best-studied of such episodes of humid climate, and probably the most intense and widespread, was the Carnian Pluvial Event. A 2020 study found bubbles of carbon dioxide in basaltic rocks dating back to the end of the Triassic, and concluded that volcanic activity helped trigger climate change in that period.


title: Triassic

text: On land, the surviving vascular plants included the lycophytes, the dominant cycadophytes, ginkgophyta (represented in modern times by "Ginkgo biloba"), ferns, horsetails and glossopterids. The spermatophytes, or seed plants, came to dominate the terrestrial flora: in the northern hemisphere, conifers, ferns and bennettitales flourished. The seed fern genus "Dicroidium" would dominate Gondwana throughout the period.


title: Triassic

text: No known coal deposits date from the start of the Triassic Period. This is known as the Early Triassic "coal gap" and can be seen as part of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Possible explanations for the coal gap include sharp drops in sea level at the time of the Permo-Triassic boundary; acid rain from the Siberian Traps eruptions or from an impact event that overwhelmed acidic swamps; climate shift to a greenhouse climate that was too hot and dry for peat accumulation; evolution of fungi or herbivores that were more destructive of wetlands; the extinction of all plants adapted to peat swamps, with a hiatus of several million years before new plant species evolved that were adapted to peat swamps; or soil anoxia as oxygen levels plummeted.


title: Triassic

text: Before the Permian extinction, Archaeplastida (red and green algae) had been the major marine phytoplanktons since about 659–645 million years ago, when they replaced marine planktonic cyanobacteria, which first appeared about 800 million years ago, as the dominant phytoplankton in the oceans. In the Triassic, secondary endosymbiotic algae became the most important plankton.


title: Triassic

text: In marine environments, new modern types of corals appeared in the Early Triassic, forming small patches of reefs of modest extent compared to the great reef systems of Devonian or modern times. Serpulids appeared in the Middle Triassic. Microconchids were abundant. The shelled cephalopods called ammonites recovered, diversifying from a single line that survived the Permian extinction.


title: Triassic

text: The fish fauna was remarkably uniform, with many families and genera exhibiting a global distribution in the wake of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event. Ray-finned fishes (actinopterygians) went through a remarkable diversification during the Triassic, leading to peak diversity during the Middle Triassic; however, the pattern of this diversification is still not well understood due to a taphonomic megabias. Large predatory actinopterygians such as saurichthyids and birgeriids appeared in the Early Triassic and became widespread and successful during the period as a whole. Lakes and rivers were populated by lungfish (Dipnoi), such as "Ceratodus", which are mainly known from the dental plates, abundant in the fossils record. Hybodonts, a group of shark-like cartilaginous fish, were dominant in both freshwater and marine environments throughout the Triassic.


title: Triassic

text: Temnospondyl amphibians were among those groups that survived the Permian–Triassic extinction. Once abundant in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, the terrestrial species had mostly died out during the extinction event. The Triassic survivors were aquatic or semi-aquatic, and were represented by "Tupilakosaurus", "Thabanchuia", Branchiosauridae and "Micropholis", all of which died out in Early Triassic, and the successful Stereospondyli, with survivors into the Cretaceous Period. The largest Triassic stereospondyls, such as "Mastodonsaurus," were up to in length. Some lineages (e.g. trematosaurs) flourished briefly in the Early Triassic, while others (e.g. capitosaurs) remained successful throughout the whole period, or only came to prominence in the Late Triassic (e.g. "Plagiosaurus", metoposaurs).


title: Triassic

text: The first Lissamphibians (modern amphibians) appear in the Triassic, with the progenitors of the first frogs already present by the Early Triassic. However, the group as a whole did not become common until the Jurassic, when the temnospondyls had become very rare.


title: Triassic

text: Most of the Reptiliomorpha, stem-amniotes that gave rise to the amniotes, disappeared in the Triassic, but two water-dwelling groups survived: Embolomeri that only survived into the early part of the period, and the Chroniosuchia, which survived until the end of the Triassic.


title: Triassic

text: The Permian–Triassic extinction devastated terrestrial life. Biodiversity rebounded as the surviving species repopulated empty terrain, but these were short-lived. Diverse communities with complex food-web structures took 30 million years to reestablish. Archosauromorph reptiles, which had already appeared and diversified to an extent in the Permian Period, exploding in diversity as an adaptive radiation in response to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. By the Early Triassic, several major archosauromorph groups had appeared. Long-necked, lizard-like early archosauromorphs were known as protorosaurs, which is likely a paraphyletic group rather than a true clade. Tanystropheids were a family of protorosaurs which elevated their neck size to extremes, with the largest genus "Tanystropheus" having a neck longer than its body. The protorosaur family Sharovipterygidae used their elongated hindlimbs for gliding. Other archosauromorphs, such as rhynchosaurs and allokotosaurs, were mostly stocky-bodied herbivores with specialized jaw structures.


title: Triassic

text: Rhynchosaurs, barrel-gutted herbivores, thrived for only a short period of time, becoming extinct about 220 million years ago. They were exceptionally abundant in the middle of the Triassic, as the primary large herbivores in many Carnian-age ecosystems. They sheared plants with premaxillary beaks and plates along the upper jaw with multiple rows of teeth. Allokotosaurs were iguana-like reptiles, including "Trilophosaurus" (a common Late Triassic reptile with three-crowned teeth), "Teraterpeton" (which had a long beak-like snout), and "Shringasaurus" (a horned herbivore which reached a body length of .


title: Triassic

text: One group of archosauromorphs, the archosauriforms, were distinguished by their active predatory lifestyle, with serrated teeth and upright limb postures. Archosauriforms were diverse in the Triassic, including various terrestrial and semiaquatic predators of all shapes and sizes. The large-headed and robust erythrosuchids were among the dominant carnivores in the early Triassic. Phytosaurs were a particularly common group which prospered during the Late Triassic. These long-snouted and semiaquatic predators resemble living crocodiles and probably had a similar lifestyle, hunting for fish and small reptiles around the water's edge. However, this resemblance is only superficial and is a prime-case of convergent evolution.


title: Triassic

text: True archosaurs appeared in the early Triassic, splitting into two branches: Avemetatarsalia (the ancestors to birds) and Pseudosuchia (the ancestors to crocodilians). Avemetatarsalians were a minor component of their ecosystems, but eventually produced the earliest pterosaurs and dinosaurs in the Late Triassic. Early long-tailed pterosaurs appeared in the Norian and quickly spread worldwide. Triassic dinosaurs evolved in the Carnian and include early sauropodomorphs and theropods. Most Triassic dinosaurs were small predators and only a few were common, such as "Coelophysis", which was long.


title: Triassic

text: The large predator Smok was most likely also an archosaur, but it is uncertain if it was a primitive dinosaur or a pseudosuchian.


title: Triassic

text: Pseudosuchians were far more ecologically dominant in the Triassic, including large herbivores (such as aetosaurs), large carnivores ("rauisuchians"), and the first crocodylomorphs ("sphenosuchians"). Aetosaurs were heavily-armored reptiles that were common during the last 30 million years of the Late Triassic until they died out at the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. Most aetosaurs were herbivorous and fed on low-growing plants, but some may have eaten meat. "rauisuchians" (formally known as paracrocodylomorphs) were the keystone predators of most Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Over 25 species have been found, including giant quadrupedal hunters, sleek bipedal omnivores, and lumbering beasts with deep sails on their backs. They probably occupied the large-predator niche later filled by theropods. "Rauisuchians" were ancestral to small, lightly-built crocodylomorphs, the only pseudosuchians which survived into the Jurassic.


title: Triassic

text: There were many types of marine reptiles. These included the Sauropterygia, which featured pachypleurosaurus and nothosaurs (both common during the Middle Triassic, especially in the Tethys region), placodonts, the earliest known herbivorous marine reptile Atopodentatus, and the first plesiosaurs. The first of the lizardlike Thalattosauria (askeptosaurs) and the highly successful ichthyosaurs, which appeared in Early Triassic seas soon diversified, and some eventually developed to huge size during the Late Triassic.


title: Triassic

text: Among other reptiles, the earliest turtles, like "Proganochelys" and "Proterochersis", appeared during the Norian Age (Stage) of the Late Triassic Period. The Lepidosauromorpha, specifically the Sphenodontia, are first found in the fossil record of the earlier Carnian Age, though the earliest lepidosauromorphs likely occurred in the Permian. The Procolophonidae, the last surviving parareptiles, were an important group of small lizard-like herbivores. The drepanosaurs were a clade of unusual, chameleon-like arboreal reptiles with birdlike heads and specialised claws.


title: Triassic

text: Three therapsid groups survived into the Triassic: dicynodonts, therocephalians, and cynodonts. The cynodont "Cynognathus" was a characteristic top predator in the Olenekian and Anisian of Gondwana. Both kannemeyeriiform dicynodonts and gomphodont cynodonts remained important herbivores during much of the period. Therocephalians included both large predators ("Moschorhinus") and herbivorous forms (bauriids) until their extinction midway through the period. Ecteniniid cynodonts played a role as large-sized, cursorial predators in the Late Triassic. During the Carnian (early part of the Late Triassic), some advanced cynodonts gave rise to the first mammals.


title: Triassic

text: During the Triassic, archosaurs displaced therapsids as the largest and most ecologically prolific terrestrial amniotes. This "Triassic Takeover" may have contributed to the evolution of mammals by forcing the surviving therapsids and their mammaliaform successors to live as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores. Nocturnal life may have forced the mammaliaforms to develop fur and a higher metabolic rate.


title: Triassic

text: The Monte San Giorgio lagerstätte, now in the Lake Lugano region of northern Italy and Switzerland, was in Triassic times a lagoon behind reefs with an anoxic bottom layer, so there were no scavengers and little turbulence to disturb fossilization, a situation that can be compared to the better-known Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone lagerstätte.


title: Triassic

text: The remains of fish and various marine reptiles (including the common pachypleurosaur Neusticosaurus, and the bizarre long-necked archosauromorph "Tanystropheus"), along with some terrestrial forms like "Ticinosuchus" and "Macrocnemus", have been recovered from this locality. All these fossils date from the Anisian/Ladinian transition (about 237 million years ago).


title: Triassic

text: The Triassic Period ended with a mass extinction, which was particularly severe in the oceans; the conodonts disappeared, as did all the marine reptiles except ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Invertebrates like brachiopods and molluscs (such as gastropods) were severely affected. In the oceans, 22% of marine families and possibly about half of marine genera went missing.


title: Triassic

text: Though the end-Triassic extinction event was not equally devastating in all terrestrial ecosystems, several important clades of crurotarsans (large archosaurian reptiles previously grouped together as the thecodonts) disappeared, as did most of the large labyrinthodont amphibians, groups of small reptiles, and most synapsids. Some of the early, primitive dinosaurs also became extinct, but more adaptive ones survived to evolve into the Jurassic. Surviving plants that went on to dominate the Mesozoic world included modern conifers and cycadeoids.


title: Triassic

text: The cause of the Late Triassic extinction is uncertain. It was accompanied by huge volcanic eruptions that occurred as the supercontinent Pangaea began to break apart about 202 to 191 million years ago (40Ar/39Ar dates), forming the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), one of the largest known inland volcanic events since the planet had first cooled and stabilized. Other possible but less likely causes for the extinction events include global cooling or even a bolide impact, for which an impact crater containing Manicouagan Reservoir in Quebec, Canada, has been singled out. However, the Manicouagan impact melt has been dated to 214±1 Mya. The date of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary has also been more accurately fixed recently, at Mya. Both dates are gaining accuracy by using more accurate forms of radiometric dating, in particular the decay of uranium to lead in zircons formed at time of the impact. So, the evidence suggests the Manicouagan impact preceded the end of the Triassic by approximately 10±2 Ma. It could not therefore be the immediate cause of the observed mass extinction.


title: Triassic

text: The number of Late Triassic extinctions is disputed. Some studies suggest that there are at least two periods of extinction towards the end of the Triassic, separated by 12 to 17 million years. But arguing against this is a recent study of North American faunas. In the Petrified Forest of northeast Arizona there is a unique sequence of late Carnian-early Norian terrestrial sediments. An analysis in 2002 found no significant change in the paleoenvironment. Phytosaurs, the most common fossils there, experienced a change-over only at the genus level, and the number of species remained the same. Some aetosaurs, the next most common tetrapods, and early dinosaurs, passed through unchanged. However, both phytosaurs and aetosaurs were among the groups of archosaur reptiles completely wiped out by the end-Triassic extinction event.


title: Triassic

text: It seems likely then that there was some sort of end-Carnian extinction, when several herbivorous archosauromorph groups died out, while the large herbivorous therapsids—the kannemeyeriid dicynodonts and the traversodont cynodonts—were much reduced in the northern half of Pangaea (Laurasia).


title: Triassic

text: These extinctions within the Triassic and at its end allowed the dinosaurs to expand into many niches that had become unoccupied. Dinosaurs became increasingly dominant, abundant and diverse, and remained that way for the next 150 million years. The true "Age of Dinosaurs" is during the following Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, rather than the Triassic.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Bring It On is a 2000 American teen cheerleading comedy film directed by Peyton Reed and written by Jessica Bendinger. The film stars Kirsten Dunst, Eliza Dushku, Jesse Bradford, and Gabrielle Union. The plot of the film centers around a high school cheerleading team's preparation for a national competition.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: "Bring It On" was released in theaters in North America on August 25, 2000 and became a box office success. The film opened at the number 1 spot in North American theaters and remained in the position for two consecutive weeks, earning a worldwide gross of approximately $90 million. The film received generally positive reviews and has become a cult classic.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: It was the first of the "Bring It On" film series and was followed by six direct-to-video sequels, none of which contain any of the original cast members: "Bring It On Again" (2004), which shared producers with the original, "" (2006), "" (2007), "" (2009), "" (2017), and the TV film, "" (2022).


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Cheerleader Torrance Shipman is a senior at Rancho Carne High School in San Diego. Her boyfriend, Aaron, is at college at Cal State Dominguez Hills, and her cheerleading squad, the Toros, is aiming for a sixth consecutive national title. Torrance is elected the next team captain, replacing her highly successful predecessor, "Big Red" after she graduates. In her first practice as captain, teammate Carver is injured and forced to sit the rest of the season out. Torrance holds auditions for a replacement and gains Missy Pantone, a skilled gymnast who transferred from Los Angeles with her twin brother, Cliff.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: While watching the Toros practice, Missy accuses them of plagiarizing their cheers, which Torrance vehemently denies. Missy takes her to L.A. to watch the East Compton Clovers, a squad Missy's previous high school frequently competed against, who perform an identical routine. Isis, the Clovers captain, confronts the two and demands to know what they are doing there. She reveals that Big Red videotaped the Clovers' routines and stole them for the Toros. The Clovers vow to beat the Toros in the national competition, which they could not afford to attend in previous years, and prove that they are better cheerleaders. Torrance worries that she is cursed with bad luck after she dropped the Spirit Stick during a dare at cheer camp over the summer, an object that is never supposed to touch the ground. Meanwhile, Torrance and Cliff begin to get to know each other and a mutual attraction grows between them as Aaron becomes more distant.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: After Torrance informs the Toros about the routines, the team votes in favor of using the current routine to win. Torrance agrees feeling there is no time to learn a new routine, while Missy reluctantly goes along with it. At the Toros' next home game Isis and her teammates perform the Toros' routine in front of the whole school, humiliating them. After advice from Aaron, Torrance recruits the team to raise money through a car wash and hire choreographer Sparky Polastri. Polastri puts the whole team on a diet and regularly belittles them, but the team learns the routine in time for competition. At Regionals the team scheduled before the Toros performs Sparky’s routine, embarrassing the team who perform the same routine with little choice. Torrance speaks to a competition official and learns their choreographer has provided the routine for six other teams. As the defending champions, the Toros are granted their place in nationals in Daytona Beach, Florida, but Torrance is warned that a new routine will be expected. Big Red chastises Torrance for her inability to be a leader, and says that if she made any mistake as a squad leader it was not stealing cheers but rather announcing Torrance as her successor. Crushed by Big Red's words and her failure to lead the squad successfully, Torrance considers quitting.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Aaron recommends that Torrance step down from her position as captain and considers to sell her out to her team rivals Courtney and Whitney. When Cliff sees Torrance and Aaron together kissing, he severs his friendship with her. Torrance breaks up with Aaron after confronting him about being distant and not believing in her, as well as catching him cheating. She uses Cliff's previous encouragement and his personally made mixtape for her as inspiration for the team to have a real original routine. When the Toros learn that the Clovers are unable to get the funds to pay for nationals, Torrance asks her father's company to sponsor the team; Isis refuses, calling it "guilt money". Instead the Clovers write to a local talk show host from their neighborhood and get the funds needed to go to Florida. At nationals, both the Toros and the Clovers make it to finals, with Cliff making a surprise appearance in the audience to cheer the team on. Torrance and Isis give each other last-minute advice. Ultimately, the Clovers come out victorious with the Toros coming in second. Despite their loss, the Toros and Clovers leave with a newfound respect for each other, with Isis complimenting Torrance on leading the squad and Torrance admitting the Clovers were deserving of their victory. As the Toros celebrate another successful season, Cliff and Torrance share a kiss.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Jessica Bendinger, a former journalist and music video director, originally pitched the idea for the film, then titled "Cheer Fever", as ""Clueless" meets "Strictly Ballroom" set at the National High School Cheerleading Championships", saying she was obsessed with cheerleading competitions on ESPN. Bendinger said the idea combined her love for hip hop music and cheerleading.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: The film’s depiction of cultural appropriation was informed by Bendinger's experiences as a white writer covering hip hop artists at music magazine "Spin", a predominantly white publication. Said Bendinger: "Having seen white kids emulating hip hop moves at those [cheer] competitions, I thought, 'Well, what if.' I started asking what if questions...until I got to, what if the best team in the country had been stealing their routines? What if that squad they’d been stealing from finally came to show up and compete for their crown?”


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Marc Abraham and Thomas Bliss came on board to produce the film, as well as director Peyton Reed who had previously helmed two made-for-television films for Walt Disney.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Prior to auditioning for the film, actors were expected to have a cheer prepared. To avoid the use of stunt doubles, Reed required all the actors to participate in a four-week cheerleading camp. Reed and Gabrielle Union met numerous times to discuss the best way to approach her character. "I think she was able to find what was cool about that character, in a way, I doubt other actresses could," Reed explained in an interview, "Whenever she's on the screen she has this charisma."


title: Bring It On (film)

text: James Franco and Jason Schwartzman both auditioned for the role of Cliff Pantone. Kirsten Dunst originally turned down the role of Torrance Shipman as she wasn’t interested. Marley Shelton was the second choice for the role but she decided to star in the film "Sugar & Spice" instead.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: While editing the film, Reed and editor Larry Bock watched cheerleading exploitation films from the 1970s. The movie clip shown to the cheer team during the 'types of dance inspiration' montage is from "Sweet Charity".


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Most of the scenes in the film were shot in different locations and high schools in San Diego County, California, as well as San Diego State University. Local high school cheer squads were used as extras.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: "Bring It On" was released in North America on August 25, 2000. The film grossed $17,362,105 in 2,380 theaters during its opening weekend, ranking first at the North American box office, beating "The Cell". Although it experienced an 18% decline in gross earnings, the film held the top position for a second consecutive week, and later on a third. The film went on to gross $68,379,000 in North America and an additional $22,070,929 in other territories for a total gross of $90,449,929.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: The film received a 63% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 120 reviews, with an average rating of 6.00/10. The site's consensus reads: "Despite the formulaic fluffy storyline, this movie is surprisingly fun to watch, mostly due to its high energy and how it humorously spoofs cheerleading." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on 31 reviews, indicating "Mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: A. O. Scott from "The New York Times" commended the film for the ability to "gesture toward serious matters of racial/economic inequality", as well as for its "occasional snarl of genuine satire". Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" also favored the film, calling it a "Smart and sassy high school movie fun for all ages." In addition, Thomas commended the film for how it "subversively suggests that sometimes there are more important values in life than winning", as well as for its inclusion of a gay cheerleader character who is comfortable in his sexuality. Kim Morgan of "The Oregonian" dubbed the film the "newest, and probably first, cheerleading movie." Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" also gave a positive review, praising the film's "tart, taut script by first-time screenwriter Jessica Bendinger" as well as its depiction of teenagers.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: However, some reviewers criticized the plot and tone of the film. Roger Ebert from the "Chicago Sun-Times" disliked how the film's bowdlerizing of crude humor to avoid an R rating resulted in a tonally inconsistent film. Ebert opined, "We get a strange mutant beast, half Nickelodeon movie, half R-rated comedy. It's like kids with potty-mouth playing grownup", and awarded the film two out of four stars.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: David Sterritt of "The Christian Science Monitor" praised the writing, though he also likened the storyline's simplicity to "the average football cheer". Vicky Edwards from the "Chicago Tribune" found the film "Absurdly unrealistic at times." The "Seattle Post-Intelligencer"s Paula Nechak concluded the film was "predictable and surprisingly confusing in its ultimate message."


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Many critics praised Kirsten Dunst's performance. In his review, A. O. Scott called her "a terrific comic actress, largely because of her great expressive range, and the nimbleness with which she can shift from anxiety to aggression to genuine hurt." Charles Taylor of "Salon" notes "among contemporary teenage actresses, Dunst is the sunniest imaginable parodist." Jessica Winter from "The Village Voice" shared this sentiment, commenting "[Dunst] provides the only major element of "Bring It On" that plays as tweaking parody rather than slick, strident, body-slam churlishness." Peter Stack of the "San Francisco Chronicle", despite giving the film an unfavorable review, commended Dunst for her willingness "to be as silly and cloyingly agreeable as it takes to get through a slapdash film."


title: Bring It On (film)

text: The film ranked #30 on "Entertainment Weekly"s list of the 50 Best High School Movies. Roger Ebert recanted his initial negative impression of the film, later referring to "Bring It On" as the ""Citizen Kane" of cheerleader movies."


title: Bring It On (film)

text: In the years since its release, "Bring It On" has been lauded for being a rare teen film to address issues of systemic inequality, cultural appropriation, and intersectional feminism, which are seen as major factors for the film's continued legacy.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Beatrice Hazlehurst of "i-D" wrote, "While its racial inclusion — especially among primary characters — already put the film far ahead of its time, the dynamics of social strata woven throughout the tapestry of "Bring It On" allow it to hold up so well 20 years later. By wrapping its arms narratively around 'not only people of colour, but queer kids and kids who might feel othered,’ Bendinger says "Bring It On" offered the overlooked and ostracized the chance to see themselves on screen."


title: Bring It On (film)

text: This was echoed by actor Jesse Bradford who said, “[The movie] managed to shine a light on problems like appropriation and white fragility… in light of recent history, "Bring It On" seems relevant right now."


title: Bring It On (film)

text: The only sequel to feature any of the original filmmaking crew from "Bring It On" was 2004's "Bring It On Again". The producers of the original film did not return for sequels after "Bring It On Again", and none of the films share recurring cast members. Original star Eliza Dushku is quoted in interviews as never having been invited to participate in the sequels. Steve Rash directed two of the sequels and Alyson Fouse wrote four screenplays. Otherwise, none of the films in the "Bring It On" franchise share personnel.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: The five released films following "Bring It On" share tenuous plot links. The plot of each film typically follows the first film—a competitive cheerleading team changes routines or other elements to win.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: A stage version of the film premiered at the Alliance Theatre, Atlanta, Georgia on January 16, 2011. The musical has music by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Tom Kitt, lyrics by Amanda Green, and a book by Jeff Whitty. The director and choreographer is Andy Blankenbuehler. The cast includes Amanda LaVergne as Campbell, Adrienne Warren as Danielle, and Nick Blaemire as Randall, and "award-winning competitive cheerleaders from across the country".


title: Bring It On (film)

text: The Alliance Theatre production was nominated for eight Suzi Bass Awards, winning awards for Choreography (Andy Blankenbuehler), Sound Design (Brian Ronan), and World Premiere Play or Musical. The production was nominated for ten Atlanta Theater Fan Awards from www.AtlantaTheaterFans.com in 2011. The production won for Best Musical and Best Choreography (Andy Blankenbuehler).


title: Bring It On (film)

text: A national tour of the musical started at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in November–December 2011 and then traveled to San Francisco, Denver, Houston, and Toronto. The national tour stars Taylor Louderman as Campbell and Jason Gotay as Randall. The cast celebrated kicking-off the national tour of the musical on October 22, 2011 by performing skits from the show.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: The "New York Times" reviewer wrote of the Ahmanson Theatre production: "After an opening number truly-dazzles as it reveals the cast’s impressive gymnastic prowess, the score hits its stride after Campbell transfers to Jackson High. Surging R&B grooves and churning lyrics suggest the fingerprints of Mr. Miranda ... the dance numbers for the Jackson crowd kick the musical into high-gear for most of the first act... Like most entertainments about the trials and triumphs of the teenage years, 'Bring It On' has as much sap as it does pep in its DNA, distinguished primarily by the electrifying dance routines and the elaborate cheer-squad performances."


title: Bring It On (film)

text: The musical opened on Broadway at the St. James Theatre, in a limited run, starting on July 12, 2012, in previews, officially on August 1 through December 30, 2012.


title: Bring It On (film)

text: Bring It On: Music from the Motion Picture was released by Epic Records on August 22, 2000. It features multiple tracks from Blaque, who play Clovers cheerleaders in the film. It also includes songs from Daphne & Celeste, 3LW, and a cover of the Toni Basil song "Mickey" by B*Witched.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Islamic eschatology (, ) is a field of study in Islam concerning future events that would happen in the end times. It is primarily based on hypothesis and speculations based on sources from the Quran and Sunnah. Aspects from this field of study includes the signs of the final age, the destruction of the universe and Judgement Day.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The general consensus of Muslim scholars agree there would be tremendous and distinctive signs before the world ends. Among which would be an era of trials and tribulations, a time of immorality followed by mighty wars, worldwide unnatural phenomena and the return of justice to the world. Defining figures are also prophesied such as the Mahdi, and the Second Coming of Jesus who bring about a heavenly victory against the Antichrist ending with the release of Gog and Magog to the world. Once all the events are completed, the universe shall be destroyed and every human being would be resurrected to be held accountable for their deeds.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Alike with other tenets of Islamic faith, sources of Islamic Eschatology are taken from two primary sources namely the Quran itself and Sunnah literature which are accounts of the traditions of Prophet Muhammad during his lifetime. These two foundational sources would pave the way for interpretations by later scholars such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, and Muhammad al-Bukhari.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The arrival of Judgement Day is prophesied to be preceded by apocalyptic signs of its arrival in various hadith collections.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The signs are divided into two categories. Minor signs are uneventful signs that happen in the timeframe of centuries. Major signs are seismic events that happen very rapidly and is the immediate precursor to the end.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Small Resurrection ("al-qiyamah al-sughra") happens, when the soul is separated from the body. The soul then turns to the afterlife ("akhira" or "malakut"), where it is interrogated by two angels Munkar and Nakir.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: and is considered a fundamental tenet of faith by all Muslims, and one of the six articles of Islamic faith.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The trials, tribulations and details associated with it are detailed in the Quran and the hadith (sayings of Muhammad); these have been elaborated on in creeds, Quranic commentaries (tafsịrs), theological writing, eschatological manuals to provide more details and a sequence of events on the Day. Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities who have explained the subject in detail include al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Majah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, and Ibn Khuzaymah.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: After the final signs of The Hour -- the defeat of the Sufyani; the end of the just reign of the Mahdi and/or Jesus; the rising of the sun from the west; the peaceful death all believers from inhalation of a lethal breeze -- a trumpet will blast signaling the destruction of earth (Q.); a second blast will signal the death of any being still living (except God).


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The dead will then be resurrected and Afterlife commence with yet another trumpet blast, (different sources give different numbers of trumpet blasts)


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The first to arise will be Muhammad, followed by the other members of the Muslim community. with all gathering at the place of assembly ["al-maḥshar"]. In between resurrection and the actual judgement will be an agonizing wait (Q., Q.) for the unbelievers.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: At divine judgment, the resurrected will stand in a grand assembly, each person's "Book of Deeds" -- where "every small and great thing is recorded" -- will be read, and ultimate judgment made. The resurrected will then walk over the bridge of As-Sirāt, those judged worthy for the Garden continuing to their heavenly abode, those damned to The Fire, falling off the bridge into the pit of Jahannam. There will also be a punishment of the grave (for those who disbelieved) between death and the resurrection.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Not everyone consigned to hell will remain there, as it is believed by both scholars and lay Muslims that "all but the "mushrikun", those who have committed the worst sin of impugning the "tawḥīd" of God, have the possibility of being saved;" and God's intercession to save sinners from hellfire is a "major theme" in popular Islamic stories about Judgement Day.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Scholars did not always agree on questions of who might go to hell; whether the creation of heaven and hell would wait until Judgement Day; whether there was a state between heaven and hell; whether those consigned to hell would be there for eternity.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: "Fear, hope, and finally ... faith", have been given (by Jane I. Smith, Yvonne Y. Haddad) as motivations offered by the Quran for the belief of Muslimsin an Afterlife, although some (Abū Aʿla al-Mawdūdī) have asserted it is simply a matter of reason:


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The fact is that whatever Muhammad (peace be upon him) has told us about life after death is clearly borne out by reason. Although our belief in that Day is based upon our implicit trust in the Messenger of God, rational reflection not only confirms this belief but it also reveals that Muhammad's (peace be upon him) teachings in this respect are much more reasonable and understandable than all other view-points about life after death.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: One of the primary beliefs pertaining to Islamic eschatology during the Early Muslim Period was that all humans could receive God's mercy and were worthy of salvation. These early depictions even show how small, insignificant deeds were enough to warrant mercy. Most early depictions of the end of days depict only those who reject "Tawhid", (the concept of monotheism), are subject to eternal punishment. However, everybody is held responsible for their own actions. Concepts of rewards and punishments were seen as beyond this world, a view that is also held today.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Although Islamic philosophers and scholars were in general agreement on a bodily resurrection after death, interpretations differ in regard to the specifications of bodily resurrection. Some of the theories are the following:


title: Islamic eschatology

text: According to scholars Jane I. Smith, Yvonne Y. Haddad, "the vast majority of believers", understand verses of the Quran on Jannah (and hellfire) "to be real and specific, anticipating them" with joy or terror.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Besides the material notion of the paradise, descriptions of it are also interpreted as allegories, whose meaning is the state of joy believers will experience in the afterlife. For some theologians, seeing God is not a question of sight, but of awareness of God's presence. Although early Sufis, such as Hallaj, took the descriptions of Paradise literal, later Sufi traditions usually stressed out the allegorical meaning.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: On the issue of Judgement Day, early Muslims debated whether scripture on should be interpreted literally or figuratively, and the school of thought that prevailed (Ashʿarī) "affirmed that such things as" connected with Judgement day as "the individual records of deeds (including the paper, pen, and ink with which they are inscribed), the bridge, the balance, and the pond" are "realities", and "to be understood in a concrete and literal sense."


title: Islamic eschatology

text: According to Smith and Haddad, "The great majority of contemporary Muslim writers, ... choose not to discuss the afterlife at all". Islamic Modernists, according to Smith and Haddad, express a "kind of embarrassment with the elaborate traditional detail concerning life in the grave and in the abodes of recompense, called into question by modern rationalists". Consequently, most of "modern Muslim Theologians" either "silence the issue" or reaffirm "the traditional position that the reality of the afterlife must not be denied but that its exact nature remains unfathomable".


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The beliefs of Pakistani modernist Muhammad Iqbal (died 1938), were similar to the Sufi "spiritual and internalized interpretations of hell" of ibn ʿArabī, and Rumi, seeing paradise and hell "primarily as metaphors for inner psychic" developments. Thus hellfire is actually a state of realization of one's failures as a human being", and not a supernatural subterranean realm. Egyptian modernist Muhammad ʿAbduh, thought it was sufficient to believe in the existence of an afterlife with rewards and punishment to be a true believer, even if you ignored "clear" ("ẓāhir") hadith about hell.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Some postmodernists have found at least one "sahih" (authentic) hadith on hell unacceptable—the tradition of the Prophet Muhammad stating, "most people in hell are women" has been explained as an attempt to "legitimate social control over women" (Smith and Haddad), or perpetuate "the moral, social, political, sectarian hierarchies" of medieval Islam (Lange). Amina Wadud notes that the Qur'an does not mention any specific gender when talking about Hell, Q., for example, states that "the guilty are immortal in hell's torment"; and when discussing paradise, includes women, Q., for example, states that "Beautiful of mankind is love of the joys (that come) from women and offspring..."


title: Islamic eschatology

text: In terms of classical Islam, "the only options" afforded by the Qur'an for the resurrected are an eternity of horrible punishments of The Fire or the delightful rewards of The Garden. Islamic tradition has raised the question of whether or not consignment to the Fire is eternal, or eternal for all, but "has found no reason to amend" the limit of two options in the afterlife. But one verse in the Quran has "led to a great deal of speculation concerning the possibility of a third place".


title: Islamic eschatology

text: "What some have called" the "Limbo" Theory of Islam, as described by Jane Smith and Yvonne Haddad, implies that some individuals are not immediately sent to The Fire or The Garden, but are held in a state of limbo. Smith and Haddad believe it is "very doubtful" that the Qur'anic meant for "al-aʿrāf" to be understood as "an abode for those ... in an intermediate category, but this has come to be the most commonly


title: Islamic eschatology

text: As for who the inhabitants of the inhabits "al-aʿrāf" are, the "majority of exegetes" support the theory that they are persons whose actions balance in terms of merit and demerit -- whose good deeds keep them from the Fire and whose evil deeds keep them from the Garden. They will be the last to enter the Garden, at the mercy of their Lord.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: There was considerable debate regarding whether heaven and hell exists at the current moment. The Mu'tazila argued that since the Quran states that once the trumpet sounds, all except God will be destroyed, this would include the destruction of heaven and hell. However, the Ash'ariya argued that although the trumpet's sounding will precede all being destroyed, creation was a "constant process". Māturīdism also defends the idea that paradise and hell are coexisting with the temporal world. The attributes of paradise and hell would already take effect on this world ("dunya"). Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (944–983) states that the purpose of simultaneous existence of both worlds is that they inspire hope and fear among humans.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Evidence that Jannah and the Fire already exists is supported by a number of verses in the Quran. It is implied someone has gone to the Garden or the hell (3:169, 36:13-26, 66:10, 3:10-11, 6:93). In the Story of Adam and Eve, they once resided in Garden of Eden, which is often considered to be Jannah. This identification, however, is not universal. Al-Balluti (887 – 966) reasoned that the Garden of Eden lacked the perfection and eternal character of a final paradise: Adam and Eve lost the primordial paradise, while the paradisiacal afterlife lasts forever; if Adam and Eve were in the otherworldly paradise, the devil ("Shaiṭān") could not have entered and deceive them, since there is no evil or idle talk in paradise; Adam slept in his garden, but there is no sleep in paradise.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Besides the Quranic allusions, "hadiths" are taken into consideration to evaluate the afterlife's coexistence with the temporary world. Reports pertaining to the Night Journey ("Mi'raj") state that Muhammad saw visions of both destinations and creatures inhabiting it. Thus, heaven and hell are usually regarded as coexisting with the current world. According to another common tradition, Muhammad is supposed to have taken a pomegranate from jannah, and shared it with Ali, as recorded by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. However, some scholars, like Ghazali, reject that Muhammad grabbed the fruit, argued he had only a vision instead.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: In Classical Islam, there was a consensus among the theological community regarding the finality of Jannah (also called Heaven, paradise, the Gardens); after Judgement Day, faithful servants of God would find themselves here for eternity. However, some practitioners in the early Muslim community held that the other abode of the hereafter (hell/Jahannam), or at least part of that abode, might not be eternal. This belief was based upon an interpretations of scripture that since the upper, less tortuous levels of Hell were reserved for Muslims who were only in hell for as long as God deemed necessary. Once Muslims had their sins purged and were allowed into heaven, these levels would be empty and the need for their existence gone. These interpretations are centered on verses 11:106–107 in the Quran, stating,


title: Islamic eschatology

text: This possibility that God may yet commute a sentence to Hell, interprets (parts of) hell as being similar in function to Purgatory in Christianity, with the exception to this comparison being that Hell in this context is for the punishment of the sinner's complete body, as opposed to the only the soul being punished in Purgatory. Arguments questioning the permanence of Hell take the view that Hell is not necessarily solely there to punish the evil, but to purify their souls, whereas the purpose of the Garden is simply to reward the righteous.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Evidence against the concept of hell being in part temporary, is the Quran verse stating that Hell will endure as long as Heaven will, which has been established as eternal.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Orthodox Islam teaches the doctrine of "Qadar" (, aka Predestination, or divine destiny in Islam), whereby everything that has happened and will happen in the universe—including sinful human behavior—is commanded by God. At the same time, we human beings are responsible for our actions and rewarded or punished for them in the Afterlife.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: "Qadar"/predestination/divine destiny, is one of Sunni Islam's six articles of faith and is mentioned in the Quran.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Of course, the fate of human beings in the Afterlife is especially crucial. It is reflected in Quranic verses such as


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Muhammad also talked about the doctrine of predestination multiple times during his mission. Thus the consensus of the Sunni Muslim community has been that scripture indicates predestination.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Nonetheless, some Muslim theologians have argued against predestination, (including at least some Shia Muslims, whose article of faith includes "Adalah" (justice), but not "Qadar". At least some Shia -- such as Naser Makarem Shirazi -- denounce predestination).


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Opponents of predestination in early Islam, ("al-Qadariyah", "Muʿtazila") argued that if God has already determined everything that will happen, God's human creation cannot really have free will over decisions to do good or evil, or control of whether they suffer eternal torment in Jahannam—which is something that (the opponents believe) a just God would never allow to happen.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: While "Qadar" is the consensus of Muslims, it is also an issue scholars discourage debate and discussion about. Hadith narrate Muhammad warning his followers to “refrain from speaking about "qadar"”; and according to the creed of Al-Tahawi, "the principle of providence" is such a secret that God did not let even angels, prophets and messengers in on the mystery.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Scholars do not all agree on who will end up in Jannah and who in Jahannam, and the criteria for deciding. Issues include whether all Muslims, even those who've committed major sins, will end up in Jannah; whether any non-Muslims will be saved or all will go to Jahannam.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: According to the Quran, the basic criterion for salvation in the afterlife is the belief in the oneness of God (), angels, revealed books, messengers, as well as repentance to God, and doing good deeds ("amal salih"). This is qualified by the doctrine that ultimately salvation can only be attained through God's judgment.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Muslim scholars mostly agree that ultimately all Muslims will be saved (though many may need to be purified by a spell in hellfire but disagree about the possibility for salvation of non-Muslims.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The idea that jinn as well as humans could find salvation was widely accepted, Like humans, their destiny in the hereafter depends on whether they accept God's guidance. The surah Al-Jinn says:


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Angels, who are not subject to desire and do not commit sin, are found in both paradise and the Fire -- punishing sinners in hell, and praising and serving humans (and jinn) in paradise.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Those arguing against non-Muslim salvation regard this verse to have applied only until the arrival of Muhammad, after which it was abrogated by another verse:


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Although the Quran acknowledges the Bible as gospel, rejecting Muhammad and his message is seen as a rejection of salvation by them.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: According to Mohammad Hassan Khalil, on the subject of whether self-proclaimed non-Muslims might be allowed into Jannah, Islamic theologians can be classified as


title: Islamic eschatology

text: (In addition there are those who could be described as 'interim inclusivists' or 'ultimate universalists'.)


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Based on these categories, four "well-known and particularly influential Muslim thinkers" can be sorted as:


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Ashʿarism (/æʃəˈriː/; Arabic: أشعرية: al-ʾAshʿarīyah), one of the main Sunni schools of Islamic theology, founded by the Islamic scholar, Shāfiʿī jurist, Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the 10th century, is known for an optimistic perspective on salvation for Muslims, repeatedly addressing God's mercy over God's wrath. However, according to Ash'arism, God is neither obligated to punish disobedience nor to reward obedience.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Ash'aris hold revelation necessary to understand good and evil, as well as religious truths. Accordingly, revelation is necessary to reach moral and religious truths and thus, people who hear from a prophet or messenger are obligated to follow the revealed religion. However, those who have not received revelation are not obligated, and can hope for salvation.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Ash'arite scholar al-Ghazali divided non-Muslims into three categories for purposes of the Afterlife according to Mohammad Hassan Khalil:


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Ghazali distinguished between the "saved" and "those who will attain success". Therefore, righteous non-Muslims will neither enter hell nor Jannah, but will stay in al-Araf (a realm between Jannah and Jahannam inhabited by those who are neither entirely evil nor entirely good).


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Māturīdism (: "al-Māturīdiyyah") is also one of the main Sunni schools of Islamic theology developed and formalized by the Islamic scholar, Ḥanafī jurist Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī in the 10th century. Māturīdi scholars are thought to have been less optimistic about the chances of sinners entering paradise than Ash'aris, but more optimistic than Muʿtazila. They agree that Muslims who have committed grave sins will be punished but generally acknowledge that even these people will eventually enter paradise. Regarding the fate of non-Muslims, scholars have different opinions. Māturīdism holds people responsible for believing in a creator due to their intellectual capacities, even if they haven't heard about any prophetic mission.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: While some (like Rifat Atay) regard Māturīdism to be exclusivistic, only allowing people who are Muslims to enter paradise, others argue that Māturīdi understood that "to believe in Islam" meant having a subjective conceptualization of God and his laws by reason alone. This fits the doctrine, upheld by Māturīdism, that human reason suffices to grasp good and evil, and arrive at religious truths. Accordingly, people are judged by their degree of understanding God's universal law, not by their adherence to a particular belief system. In modern times, Yohei Matsuyama largely agrees with this interpretation. According to Abu'l-Qasim Ishaq, children cannot be considered unbelievers, thus all of them go to paradise.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Muʿtazila ( "") emphasized God's justice, free will, and the responsibility of each human being for their actions. They have been called the "best known exponents" of "Qadariyah", the idea that human free will was necessary "as a guarantee of divine justice". Compared to Maturidi and Ashʿarī, Muʿtazila had the least amount of "salvific optimism".


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The "divine threat" ("al-wa'id") and "divine promise" ("al wa'd") became key tenets of the Mu'tazilites, who stressed that they applied to both Muslims and non-Muslims. This meant that those who committed grave or heinous sins (), even Muslims, might denied entry to paradise forever. The only way for a grave sinner to be forgiven, many theologians believed, is by repentance ("tawba"). Mu'tazilites believed God's justice obligated Him to forgive those who had repented (other schools believed He was not so constrained). The Mu'tazilites stress on individual accountability meant a rejection of intercession ("Shafa'a") on behalf of the prophet Muhammad. Another controversial belief of many (but not all) Mu'tazilites was that paradise and hell would be created only after Judgement Day. This meant rejection of the commonly accepted idea that paradise and hell coexist with the contemporary world. Their reasoning was that since God does everything for a purpose, and since paradise and hell are created to reward or punish people, they will only be created after judegement has been passed on people and they are assigned to these abodes.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: On the fate of non-Muslims in the hereafter, Shia Islam (or at least cleric Ayatullah Mahdi Hadavi Tehrani of Al-Islam.org), takes a view similar to Ash'arism. Tehrani divides non-Muslims into two groups: the heedless and stubborn who will go to hell and the ignorant who will not "if they are truthful to their own religion":


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Also like mainstream schools, and unlike Muʿtazila, Twelver Shia hold that Jannah and hellfire "exist at present ... according to the Qur`an and ahadith". However, they will not "become fully apparent and represented" until Judgement Day. As for three other issues in Islamic eschatology:


title: Islamic eschatology

text: these three "types" of jannah (or Jahannam) are "all simply manifestations of the ultimate, eternal heaven and hell".


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Modernist scholars Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida rejected the notion that the People of the Book would be excluded from Jannah, based on Q. (see above). The Fate of the unlearned is also a matter of dispute within Islamic theology.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Turkish theologian Süleyman Ateş cites the Quran to argue that there are good and bad people in any religion, and that some Muslims may not enter paradise, but those who believe without doubt in the hereafter and a God without partners, and who do good and useful deeds may enter paradise, whatever their religions.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: On the other hand, those who argue that only Islam is the "completed" and "perfected", and that it is necessary to believe in the "all" teaching of God -- the prophets, the angels etc. -- insist that only Muslims can enter paradise.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: While "some traditional and contemporary commentators" have interpreted the Quran as condemning all Jews, Farid Esack argues this condemnation is neither "universal" nor "eternal", and asks, 'if the Qur'an is to consign the Jews to eternal damnation, then what becomes of the sacred text as a means of guidance for all humankind? Would that vision too be damned?'


title: Islamic eschatology

text: A Sahih hadith concerning Jews and one of the signs of the coming of Judgement Day has been quoted many times, (it became a part of the charter of Hamas).


title: Islamic eschatology

text: However, some scripture praises the dedication of Jews to monotheism, and this verse of the Qur'an in surah 3, can be interpreted as taking a more reconciliatory tone:


title: Islamic eschatology

text: After reconciling the different descriptions, one can conclude that the transgressions of the "apes and pigs" are not indicative of the entire community, and that while some Jews are on their way to damnation, others are not.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Prior to the 20th century, Islam had "strongly emphasized the hereafter" ("ākhira"). Desire to counter colonialism and "achieve material and technological parity with the West" turned modern thinkers to stress this world ("dunyā"), without suggesting "ākhira" was less important.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: The focus on end times/Eschatology in Islam has tended to occur among those less exposed to scholarly learning. In the 1980s however, it again became much more popular generally. Islamic leaders and scholars have always urged Muslim to be prepared for Judgement Day, but "the particulars of the end of the world are not a mainstream concern in Islam," according to Graeme Wood.


title: Islamic eschatology

text: However, in 2012 poll conducted by the Pew Research Center found that 50% or more respondents in several Muslim-majority countries (Lebanon, Turkey, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) expected the Mahdi (the final redeemer according to Islam) to return during their lifetime. The expectation is most common in Afghanistan (83%), followed by Iraq (72%), Turkey (68%), Tunisia (67%), Malaysia (62%), Pakistan (60%), Lebanon (56%), and Muslims in southern Thailand (57%).


title: Islamic eschatology

text: Stories of end times and doomsday tend to be passed on as bedtime stories or informal talk among the lay Muslims, rather than in the Imam's Friday "khutbah". "Even Muslims with low levels of knowledge have heard parts of parts of it", according to scholar Jean Pierre Filiu. In Islamic bookstores, their "dramatic and sensational stories of final battles between good and evil, supernatural powers, the ultimate rise of a Muslim elite," are naturally more attention getting than more orthodox/studious works on prayer, purity or the lives of exemplary Muslims. More official Muslim sources have often either kept quiet about apocalyptic hadith or outright denied their existence—an example being Nihad Awad of the Council on American-Islamic Relations who stated "There is no apocalyptic bloodbath in Islam."