title: Arlo Guthrie

text: A 1969 film, directed and co-written by Arthur Penn, was based on the true story told in the song, but with the addition of a large number of fictional scenes. This film, also called "Alice's Restaurant", featured Guthrie and several other figures in the song portraying themselves. The part of his father Woody Guthrie, who had died in 1967, was played by actor Joseph Boley; Alice, who made a cameo appearance as an extra, was also recast, with actress Pat Quinn in the title role (Alice Brock later disowned the film's portrayal of her).


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Despite its popularity, the song "Alice's Restaurant Massacree" is not always featured on the setlist of any given Guthrie performance. Since putting it back into his setlist in 1984, he has performed the song every ten years, stating in a 2014 interview that the Vietnam War had ended by the 1970s and that everyone who was attending his concerts had likely already heard the song anyway. So, after a brief period in the late 1960s and early 1970s when he replaced the monologue with a fictional one involving "multicolored rainbow roaches", he decided to do it only on special occasions from that point forward.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: The "Alice's Restaurant" song was one of a few very long songs to become popular just when albums began replacing hit singles as young people's main music listening. But in 1972 Guthrie had a highly successful single too, Steve Goodman's song "City of New Orleans", a wistful paean to long-distance passenger rail travel. Guthrie's first trip on that train was in December 2005 (when his family joined other musicians on a train trip across the country to raise money for musicians financially devastated by Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, in the South of the United States). He also had a minor hit with his song "Coming into Los Angeles", which was played at the 1969 Woodstock Festival, but did not get much radio airplay because of its plot (involving the smuggling of drugs from London by airplane), and success with a live version of "The Motorcycle Song" (one of the songs on the B-side of the "Alice's Restaurant" album). A cover of the folk song "Gypsy Davy" was a hit on the easy listening charts.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: In the fall of 1975 during a benefit concert in Massachusetts, Guthrie performed with his band, Shenandoah, in public for the first time. They continued to tour and record throughout the 1970s until the early 1990s. Although the band received good reviews, it never gained the popularity that Guthrie did while playing solo. Shenandoah consisted of (after 1976) David Grover, Steve Ide, Carol Ide, Terry A La Berry and Dan Velika and is not to be confused with the country music group Shenandoah. The Ides, along with Terry a la Berry, reunited with Guthrie for a 2018 tour. Guthrie has performed a concert almost every Thanksgiving weekend since he became famous at Carnegie Hall, a tradition he announced would come to an end after the 2019 concert.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Guthrie's 1976 album "Amigo" received a five-star (highest rating) from "Rolling Stone", and may be his best-received work. However, that album, like Guthrie's earlier Warner Bros. Records albums, is rarely heard today, even though each contains strong folk and folk rock music accompanied by widely regarded musicians such as Ry Cooder.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: A number of musicians from a variety of genres have joined Guthrie onstage, including Pete Seeger, David Bromberg, Cyril Neville, Emmylou Harris, Willie Nelson, Judy Collins, John Prine, Wesley Gray, Josh Ritter, and others. A video from a concert with Seeger at Wolf Trap in 1993 has been a staple of YouTube, with Guthrie's story-telling showcased in a performance of Can't Help Falling in Love. In 2020, Guthrie collaborated with Jim Wilson on a cover of Stephen Foster's "Hard Times Come Again No More."


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: On October 23, 2020, Guthrie announced via Facebook that he had "reached the difficult decision that touring and stage shows are no longer possible," due to a series of strokes that had impaired his ability to walk and perform. All of his scheduled tour appearances for 2020 were cancelled, and Guthrie said he will not accept any new bookings offered. His final performance at Carnegie Hall was on November 29, 2019. His final live touring concert was on March 7, 2020, at The Caverns in Pelham, Tennessee. He had attempted to record some private concerts in the summer of 2020 but concluded his playing was no longer up to his standards.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Though Guthrie is best known for being a musician, singer, and composer, throughout the years he has also appeared as an actor in films and on television. The film "Alice's Restaurant" (1969) is his best known role, but he has had small parts in several films and even co-starred in a television drama, "Byrds of Paradise".


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Guthrie has had minor roles in several movies and television series. Usually, he has appeared as himself, often performing music and/or being interviewed about the 1960s, folk music and various social causes. His television appearances have included a broad range of programs from "The Muppet Show" (1979) to "Politically Incorrect" (1998). A rare dramatic film part was in the 1992 movie "Roadside Prophets". Guthrie's memorable appearance at the 1969 Woodstock Festival was documented in the Michael Wadleigh film "Woodstock".


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Guthrie also made a pilot for a TV variety show called "The Arlo Guthrie Show" in February 1987. The hour-long program included story telling and musical performances and was filmed in Austin, Texas. It was broadcast nationally on PBS. Special guests were Pete Seeger, Bonnie Raitt, David Bromberg and Jerry Jeff Walker.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: In his earlier years, at least from the 1960s to the 1980s, Guthrie had taken what seemed a left-leaning approach to American politics, influenced by his father. In his often lengthy comments during concerts, his expressed positions were consistently anti-war, anti-Nixon, pro-drugs and in favor of making nuclear power illegal. However, he apparently did not perceive himself as the major youth culture spokesperson he had been regarded as by the media, as evidenced by the lyrics in his 1979 song "Prologue": "I can remember all of your smiles during the demonstrations ... and together we sang our victory songs though we were worlds apart." A 1969 rewrite of "Alice's Restaurant" pokes fun at then-former President Lyndon Johnson and his staff.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: In 1984, he was the featured celebrity in George McGovern's presidential campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination in Guthrie's home state of Massachusetts, performing at rallies and receptions.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Guthrie identified as a registered Republican in 2008. He endorsed Texas Congressman Ron Paul for the 2008 Republican Party nomination, and said, "I love this guy. Dr. Paul is the only candidate I know of who would have signed the Constitution of the United States had he been there. I'm with him, because he seems to be the only candidate who actually believes it has as much relevance today as it did a couple of hundred years ago. I look forward to the day when we can work out the differences we have with the same revolutionary vision and enthusiasm that is our American legacy." He told "The New York Times Magazine" that he (had become) a Republican because, "We had enough good Democrats. We needed a few more good Republicans. We needed a loyal opposition."


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Commenting on the 2016 election, Guthrie identified himself as an independent, and said he was "equally suspicious of Democrats as I am of Republicans". He declined to endorse a candidate, noting that he personally liked Bernie Sanders despite disagreeing with parts of Sanders' platform. While he thought it "wonderful" that Donald Trump was not relying on campaign donations, he did not believe that it necessarily meant that Trump had the best interests of the country in mind.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: In 2018, Guthrie contacted publication "Urban Milwaukee" to clarify his political stance. He stated "I am not a Republican," and expressed deep disagreement with the Trump administration's views, especially the policies on immigration and treatment of detained immigrants by ICE. Guthrie further clarified, "I left the party years ago and do not identify myself with either party these days. I strongly urge my fellow Americans to stop the current trend of guilt by association, and look beyond the party names and affiliations, and work for candidates whose policies are more closely aligned with their own, whatever they may be. ... I don't pretend to be right all the time, and sometimes I've gone so far as to change my mind from time to time."


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Guthrie expressed support for the George Floyd protests in June 2020, stating that it would be good if politicians "embraced it rather than resist the evolving nature of what it means to be an American".


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Like his father, Woody Guthrie, he often sings songs of protest against social injustice. He collaborated with poet Adrian Mitchell to tell the story of Chilean folk singer and activist Víctor Jara in song. He regularly performed with folk musician Pete Seeger, one of his father's longtime partners. Ramblin' Jack Elliott, who had lived for two years in the Guthries' home before Arlo left for boarding school, had absorbed Woody's style perhaps better than anyone; Arlo has been said to have credited Elliott for passing it along to him.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: In 1991, Guthrie bought the church that had served as Alice and Ray Brock's former home in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and converted it to the Guthrie Center, an interfaith meeting place that serves people of all religions. The center provides weekly free lunches in the community and support for families living with HIV/AIDS, as well as other life-threatening illnesses. It also hosts a summertime concert series and Guthrie does six or seven fund raising shows there every year. There are several annual events such as the Walk-A-Thon to Cure Huntington's Disease and a "Thanksgiving Dinner That Can't Be Beat" for families, friends, doctors and scientists who live and work with Huntington's disease.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: One of the title characters in the comic strip "Arlo and Janis" is named after Guthrie. Cartoonist Jimmy Johnson noted he was inspired by a friend who resembled Guthrie to name one of his characters Arlo.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Guthrie owns a home in Washington, Massachusetts, where he and Jackie Hyde, who was his wife for 43 years, were longtime residents. Jackie died on October 14, 2012, shortly after being diagnosed with liver cancer. He and second wife Marti Ladd now split time between Washington in the summer and Micco, Florida in the winter.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: Guthrie's son Abe Guthrie and his daughters Annie, Sarah Lee Guthrie, and Cathy Guthrie are also musicians. Abe Guthrie was formerly in the folk-rock band Xavier and has toured with his father. Annie Guthrie writes songs, performs, and takes care of family touring details. Sarah Lee performs and records with her husband Johnny Irion. Cathy plays ukulele in Folk Uke, a group she formed with Amy Nelson, a daughter of Willie Nelson. Cathy and Sarah Lee also perform as the "Guthrie Girls," a country music duo.


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: On October 23, 2020, Guthrie announced he was retiring from touring and stage shows, citing health issues, including a stroke on Thanksgiving Day 2019 which required brief hospitalization and physical therapy. On his official website and in social media, he posted, "A folksinger's shelf life may be a lot longer than a dancer or an athlete, but at some point, unless you're incredibly fortunate or just plain whacko (either one or both) it's time to hang up the 'Gone Fishing' sign. Going from town to town and doing stage shows, remaining on the road is no longer an option."


title: Arlo Guthrie

text: On October 23, 2021, Guthrie announced that he was engaged to Marti Ladd, with whom he had been in a relationship since shortly after Jackie's death in 2012. The couple married December 8, 2021. It is the second marriage for each of them. Guthrie had met Ladd 20 years earlier when he went to Woodstock, New York with his wife Jackie to do a film. They were put up at The Wild Rose Inn, where Ladd was the owner/operator. In September 2016, Ladd sold the Inn and moved in with Guthrie.


title: Color wheel

text: A color wheel or color circle is an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle, which shows the relationships between primary colors, secondary colors, tertiary colors etc.


title: Color wheel

text: Some sources use the terms "color wheel" & "color circle" interchangeably; however, one term or the other may be more prevalent in certain fields or certain versions as mentioned above. For instance, some reserve the term "color wheel" for mechanical rotating devices, such as color tops, filter wheels or Newton disc. Others classify various color wheels as "color disc", "color chart", and "color scale" varieties.


title: Color wheel

text: In his book "Opticks", Isaac Newton presented a color circle to illustrate the relations between these colors. The original color circle of Isaac Newton showed only the spectral hues and was provided to illustrate a rule for the color of mixtures of lights, that these could be approximately predicted from the center of gravity of the numbers of "rays" of each spectral color present (represented in his diagram by small circles). The divisions of Newton's circle are of unequal size, being based on the intervals of a Dorian musical scale. Most later color circles include the purples, however, between red and violet, and have equal-sized hue divisions. Color scientists and psychologists often use the additive primaries, red, green, and blue; and often refer to their arrangement around a circle as a color circle as opposed to a color wheel.


title: Color wheel

text: Thomas Young postulated that the eye contains receptors that respond to three different primary sensations, or spectra of light. James Clerk Maxwell showed that all hues, but not all colors, can be created from three primary colors such as red, green, and blue, if they are mixed in the right proportions. Goethe's "Theory of Colours" provided the first systematic study of the physiological effects of color (1810). His observations on the effect of opposed colors led him to a symmetric arrangement of his color wheel anticipating Ewald Hering's opponent color theory (1872).


title: Color wheel

text: Most color wheels are based on three primary colors, three secondary colors, and the six intermediates formed by mixing a primary with a secondary, known as tertiary colors, for a total of 12 main divisions; some add more intermediates, for 24 named colors. They make use of the trichromatic model of color.


title: Color wheel

text: The typical artists' paint or pigment color wheel includes the blue, red, and yellow primary colors. The corresponding secondary colors are green, orange, and violet or purple. The tertiary colors are green-yellow, yellow-orange, orange-red, red-violet/purple, purple/violet-blue and blue-green.


title: Color wheel

text: Non-digital visual artists typically use red, yellow, and blue primaries (RYB color model) arranged at three equally spaced points around their color wheel. Printers and others who use modern subtractive color methods and terminology use magenta, yellow, and cyan as subtractive primaries. Intermediate and interior points of color wheels and circles represent color mixtures. In a paint or subtractive color wheel, the "center of gravity" is usually (but not always) black, representing all colors of light being absorbed.


title: Color wheel

text: A color wheel based on RGB (red, green, blue) additive primaries has cyan, magenta, and yellow secondaries. Alternatively, the same arrangement of colors around a circle can be described as based on cyan, magenta, and yellow subtractive primaries, with red, green, and blue being secondaries. Sometimes a RGV (red, green, violet) triad is used instead. In an additive color circle, the center is white or gray, indicating a mixture of different wavelengths of light (all wavelengths, or two complementary colors, for example).


title: Color wheel

text: The HSL and HSV color spaces are simple geometric transformations of the RGB cube into cylindrical form. The outer top circle of the HSV cylinder – or the outer middle circle of the HSL cylinder – can be thought of as a color wheel. There is no authoritative way of labelling the colors in such a color wheel, but the six colors which fall at the corners of the RGB cube are given names in the X11 color list, and are named keywords in HTML.


title: Color wheel

text: Some color wheels are based on the four opponent process colors - red, yellow, blue and green. This includes those of the Natural Color System.


title: Color wheel

text: A color circle based on spectral wavelengths appears with red at one end of the spectrum and is 100% mixable violet at the other. A wedge-shaped gap represents colors that have no unique spectral frequency. These extra-spectral colors, the purples, form from an additive mixture of colors from the ends of the spectrum.


title: Color wheel

text: In normal human vision, wavelengths of between about 400 nm and 700 nm are represented by this incomplete circle, with the longer wavelengths equating to the red end of the spectrum. Complement colors are located directly opposite each other on this wheel. These complement colors are not identical to colors in pigment mixing (such as are used in paint), but when lights are additively mixed in the correct proportions appear as a neutral grey or white.


title: Color wheel

text: The color circle is used for, among other purposes, illustrating additive color mixture. Combining two colored lights from different parts of the spectrum may produce a third color that appears like a light from another part of the spectrum, even though dissimilar wavelengths are involved. This type of color matching is known as metameric matching. Thus, a combination of green and red light might produce a color close to yellow in apparent hue. The newly formed color lies between the two original colors on the color circle, but they are usually represented as being joined by a straight line on the circle, the location of the new color closer to the (white) center of the circle indicating that the resulting hue is less saturated (i.e., paler) than either of the two source colors. The combination of any two colors in this way are always less saturated than the two pure spectral colors individually.


title: Color wheel

text: Objects may be viewed under a variety of different lighting conditions. The human visual system is able to adapt to these differences by chromatic adaptation. This aspect of the visual system is relatively easy to mislead, and optical illusions relating to color are therefore a common phenomenon. The color circle is a useful tool for examining these illusions.


title: Color wheel

text: Arranging spectral colors in a circle to predict admixture of light stems from work by Sir Isaac Newton. Newton's calculation of the resulting color involves three steps: First, mark on the color circle the constituent colors according to their relative weight. Second, find the barycenter of these differently weighted colors. Third, interpret the radial distance (from the center of the circle to the barycenter) as the saturation of the color, and the azimuthal position on the circle as the hue of the color. Thus, Newton's color circle is a predecessor of the modern, horseshoe-shaped CIE color diagram.


title: Color wheel

text: The psychophysical theory behind the color circle dates to the early color triangle of Thomas Young, whose work was later extended by James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz.


title: Color wheel

text: There is no straight-line relationship between colors mixed in pigment, which vary from medium to medium. With a psychophysical color circle, however, the resulting hue of any mixture of two colored light sources can be determined simply by the relative brightness and wavelength of the two lights. A similar calculation cannot be performed with two paints. As such, a painter's color wheel is indicative rather than predictive, being used to compare existing colors rather than calculate exact colors of mixtures. Because of differences relating to the medium, different color wheels can be created according to the type of paint or other medium used, and many artists make their own individual color wheels. These often contain only blocks of color rather than the gradation between tones that is characteristic of the color circle.


title: Color wheel

text: A number of interactive color wheel applications are available both on the Internet and as desktop applications. These programs are used by artists and designers for picking colors for a design.


title: Color wheel

text: In color theory, a color scheme is the choice of colors used in design for a range of media. For example, the use of a white background with black text is an example of a common default color scheme in web design.


title: Color wheel

text: Color schemes are logical combinations of colors on the color wheel. Color schemes are used to create style and appeal. Colors that create an aesthetic feeling together commonly appear together in color schemes. A basic color scheme uses two colors that look appealing together. More advanced color schemes involve several colors in combination, usually based around a single color—for example, text with such colors as red, yellow, orange and light blue arranged together on a black background in a magazine article. Color schemes can also contain different shades of a single color; for example, a color scheme that mixes different shades of green, ranging from very light (almost white) to very dark.


title: Color wheel

text: Complementary colors are two colors directly across from each other; for example, red and green are complementary colors. Tetradic color palettes use four colors, a pair of complementary color pairs. For example, one could use yellow, purple, red, and green. Tetrad colors can be found by putting a square or rectangle on the color wheel.


title: Color wheel

text: An analogous color scheme is made up of colors next to each other on the wheel. For example, red, orange, and yellow are analogous colors. Monochromatic colors are different shades of the same color. For example, light blue, indigo, and cyan blue. Complementary colors are colors across from each other on a color wheel. For example, blue and orange. Triadic colors are colors that are evenly across from each other, in a triangle over the color wheel. For example, the primary colors red, yellow, and blue are triadic colors.


title: Color wheel

text: For a list of ways to construct color schemes, regarding properties such as warmness/achromiticness/complementariness, see color theory.


title: 2PM

text: 2PM (; romanized; "Tupiem") is a South Korean boy band formed by JYP Entertainment. The group is composed of six members: Jun. K (formerly known as Junsu), Nichkhun, Taecyeon, Wooyoung, Junho and Chansung. Originally a seven-piece group, former member Jaebeom left the group in 2009 due to controversies that stemmed from his posts on MySpace.


title: 2PM

text: Through the documentary series "Hot Blood Men", Korean musician Park Jin-young formed an eleven-member band known as One Day. Eventually, the band was split into the hip hop group 2PM and a similar but independent group known as 2AM. 2PM debuted with the song "10 Out of 10" (, lit. "10 Points Out of 10 Points"), which showcased their acrobatic dance styles. They then achieved their first number 1 single with "Again & Again". Both singles were featured on their first studio album, "", which was released in 2009. The band went on to release another Korean album, "Hands Up", in 2011. They made their Japanese debut later that year with "Republic of 2PM". The group enjoyed significant commercial success with their subsequent albums; "Grown" (2013), "Go Crazy" (2014), "No.5" (2015), and "Gentlemen's Game" (2016), each of which peaked within the top 3.


title: 2PM

text: Following touring for "Gentlemen's Game", the group took an official hiatus in July 2017 due to mandatory military service. Following the members' discharge, 2PM returned with their seventh studio album "Must" in June 2021.


title: 2PM

text: The members of 2PM all auditioned (except Nichkhun, who was scouted) to become part of JYP Entertainment. Some members already had experience in the entertainment industry, including Jun. K, who had won several singing competitions. Ok Taecyeon, Lee Junho and Hwang Chansung had participated in the show "SuperStar Survival". Some of the members had previously lived in the United States: former leader Jaebeom in the Seattle area, Nichkhun in Southern California, while Taecyeon spent seven years in Massachusetts before returning to Korea.


title: 2PM

text: Originally, the members of 2PM were part of a larger group known as One Day. A documentary called "Hot Blood Men" captured the group's training days. In this documentary, former member Jaebeom finished at the top spot and received the most fan votes. It also featured the elimination of three trainees from the group: Lee Swichi, Jeong Jinwoon, and Yoon Doo-joon were all cut. However, Jinwoon replaced Im Daehun upon the latter's withdrawal. By the end of the training process, One Day had been reduced to an eleven-member group. The band was then split into four-member ballad group 2AM and seven-member hip-hop group 2PM.


title: 2PM

text: While most Korean boy bands at the time adopted a "pretty boy" or kkonminam image, 2PM constructed a tough and macho beast-like image when they made their debut. By emphasizing their masculine images, 2PM is known for creating the "jimseung-dol" (which translates to beast/animal idol in Korean) phenomenon in 2008. Jaebeom was chosen to serve as the group's leader, as he was the oldest member and also the one who all the members acknowledged as the most talented one. He played key roles in several of the band's early singles and associated music videos.


title: 2PM

text: 2PM debuted with their single album "Hottest Time of the Day" on August 29, 2008. The album consisted a total of 6 tracks, including its lead single "10 Out of 10" (). The group made their debut live performance with a performance of "10 Out of 10" on "M Countdown" on September 4, 2008. The following month, the group released a winter special version of their song "Only You", a B-side from their debut mini album. Concurrently, 2PM hosted the third season of Korean variety show Idol Army.


title: 2PM

text: On April 16, 2009, the group released their second mini album, "2:00PM Time For Change", which they began promoting that month with the lead single "Again and Again". This comeback was met with commercial success, with "Again and Again" placing at number one on various music charts including Cyworld, Hanteo, Melon, Mnet, and Muse. The following month, they won their first Mutizen Song award on "M Countdown", followed by two more and a "Music Bank" award. On June 11, 2PM began promotions for their song "Niga Mipda" (, lit. "I Hate You") on "M Countdown". 2PM then achieved first place on the "M Countdown" and "Music Bank" charts with "Niga Mipda" later in July and on July 30, the group won the 'Only One Song' award on "M Countdown". At this time, 2PM also starred in the popular Korean variety show Wild Bunny.


title: 2PM

text: A controversy regarding Jaebeom emerged when on September 4, 2009, articles surfaced on the internet regarding his posts from 2005 made on his personal Myspace account, in which he expressed his dislike for Korea while he was still a trainee for JYP Entertainment. These posts, leaked by a netizen who hacked his Myspace account, were taken out of context and severely misinterpreted by the Korean media. Jaebeom issued an apology regarding this matter. Although some netizens demanded that Jaebeom should be forced out of 2PM, JYP Entertainment CEO Park Jin-young stated on September 7 that he lent the singer a vote of confidence, suggesting that Jaebeom would remain in the group. However, on the following day, Jaebeom announced on his official Fancafé that he would leave the group and return to the United States for a while to calm the situation. He planned to return to school and improve his understanding of music. At the same time, he apologized to his fellow band members for not being a good leader and older brother for them. He also promised to come back as a better person. Park Jin-young confirmed that 2PM would continue on as a six-member group. Due to the sensitive topic of Jaebeom's departure, 2PM withdrew for several weeks from their appearances on variety shows.


title: 2PM

text: Despite the controversy, the group went ahead with the release of their first studio album. Known as "", the album was released on November 10, 2009. In response to lingering questions regarding Jaebeom's future, Park Jin-young announced on the day after the release of "01:59PM" that Jaebeom could return to 2PM if he wished to make a comeback, although the singer's return was not imminent. In support of Jaebeom, the six remaining 2PM members decided to equally split their income from their first album with him. The album included tracks voiced by Jaebeom, although his face was excluded from the cover. The group finished re-filming their music video for the album's lead single "Heartbeat", without Jaebeom in October 2009. The group then began promotional activities for the album on a variety of music shows, including Mnet's "O Good Concert", KBS' "Music Bank", MBC's "Music Core" and SBS' "Inkigayo" in November 2009.


title: 2PM

text: A week and a half after the album's release, 2PM performed at the Mnet Asian Music Awards on November 21, 2009 and took home the awards for Best Male Group and Artist of the Year, the latter being one of the three most prestigious awards of the show. The group paid homage to Jaebeom during their performance of "Again & Again". During the performance, a spotlight shone over Jaebeom's usual position in the dance formation, and his vocals played over the speakers without being replaced.


title: 2PM

text: In late November 2009, after two weeks of promotional activities for "1:59PM", 2PM earned their first #1 on a TV music show (KBS Music Bank's "K-Chart") since the album's release, with their single "Heartbeat", which went on to take #1 on the K-Chart for three more weeks. In addition, "Heartbeat" achieved the Mutizen Triple Crown song award on SBS' "Inkigayo" by being the #1 song on the program's "Take 7" chart for three weeks, the maximum amount of time for which a nominated song is eligible to win. On December 30, 2009, at Korean Broadcasting System (KBS)'s end of the year Music Festival, "Again & Again" was recognized as "Song of the Year", winning with 57,060 votes.


title: 2PM

text: 2PM's second single from "01:59PM" was "Tired of Waiting". The song was performed live for the first time at the SBS Music Festival in December 2009. 2PM's promotion for the album ended with their performance on SBS' "Inkigayo" in January 2010.


title: 2PM

text: In February 2010, JYP Entertainment announced that Jaebeom would not return to 2PM, as his contract with the company had been permanently terminated, with the agreement of all 6 members. A combined fan meeting and press conference was held two days later with the six remaining members of 2PM and JYP Entertainment CEO Choi Jungwook in attendance. Various 2PM fan sites were shut down immediately after the conference as a protest of Jaebeom's termination. The record label then announced that although 2PM would move forward with six members, a new leader would not be chosen to replace Jaebeom.


title: 2PM

text: In April 2010, the band released "Don't Stop Can't Stop", a mini-album consisting of six tracks. The group intended for the release to illustrate a stronger side of themselves than what was seen in their previous releases. The album was met with much success, with its lead song "Without U" ranking atop multiple Korean music charts. The group made their television performance comeback on Mnet's music program "M Countdown" in April 2010. In the same month, 2PM served as the opening act for nine Wonder Girls summer shows in the United States.In May 2010, 2PM also performed at the eighth annual Korea Times Music Festival in Los Angeles, California, and at the Dream Concert which was held in Seoul. In the same month, 2PM released the song "What's Your Celebration?", which is sampled from K'Naan's "Wavin' Flag", for the FIFA 2010 World Cup. It was announced that all proceeds from the sales of the song will go to the donation support headed by FIFA World Cup in South Africa.


title: 2PM

text: On July 31, 2010, 2PM held their first solo concert "Don't Stop Can't Stop" at the Seoul Olympic Park Arena, with their labelmates 2AM and Miss A making guest appearances at the concert. The group held another concert date in Seoul on August 1, before moving to Busan on August 7–8, and holding two more encore concerts in Seoul on September 4–5 in line with the celebration of their second debut anniversary. It was reported that more than 12,000 fans attended 2PM's first concerts in Seoul.


title: 2PM

text: In October 2010, 2PM released their fourth EP, "",<ref name="EP/RELEASE/POPULAR"></ref> with the lead single "I'll Be Back" staying at number one for two consecutive weeks on KBS' "Music Bank". On the following month, it was reported that "Still 2:00PM" debuted unexpectedly on the 13th spot of the Billboard's World Album-Chart even though no album promotions were made in the United States.


title: 2PM

text: On October 18, 2PM won the "Most Popular Asian Singer" award at the 10th Annual Mandarin Music Honors held at the Wukesong Arena in China. They became the first Korean artist to be granted with the award, with the group performing their songs "Heartbeat" and "I'll Be Back" at the event.


title: 2PM

text: 2PM officially made their Japanese debut in December 2010 with their first live platinum showcase titled "2PM 1st Contact in JAPAN LIVE" in Japan at the Ryogoku Kokugikan Gymnasium, a place well known for sumo games.


title: 2PM

text: In May 2011, 2PM released their debut Japanese single, "Take Off," which was featured as an ending song in the "Blue Exorcist" anime series. Afterwards, the group held their first Japanese concert tour, known as the "2PM 1st Japan Tour 2011 Take Off," which began in Sapporo on May 6 and ended a week later in Tokyo.


title: 2PM

text: On March 9, 2011, 2PM released their first compilation album, "All About 2PM", comprising tracks from the group's previously released albums "Hottest Time of the Day", "", "", "Don't Stop Can't Stop", and "". It was released for the Japanese market as a box set. The album debuted at number 26 on the Oricon Albums Chart, selling 4,502 copies in its first week.


title: 2PM

text: On June 15, 2011, JYP Entertainment released the first teaser of 2PM's upcoming second studio album, which would be known as "Hands Up". The album was released later that month on June 20. For the first time since the group's debut, the album featured two songs composed by 2PM members: "HOT" by Jun. K and "Give it to Me" by Junho. Promotions for the album was short and ended just one month after its release, allowing the group to further prepare for their future Japanese promotions and their upcoming "Hands Up Asia Tour." The following month, the "2PM Show" began broadcasting in July 2011 on SBS's E!TV cable channel and featured all six members. It was the first time 2PM would emcee a program with their name on it.


title: 2PM

text: In support of their album "Hands Up", 2PM held the "Hands Up Asia Tour" beginning with two dates on September 2–3, 2011 at the Seoul Jamsil Gymnasium with over 15,000 fans in attendance. The concert tour continued with the group performing in different arenas in seven cities: Taipei, Jakarta, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Nanjing, and Hong Kong. When the group concluded the tour at the AsiaWorld Expo-Arena in Hong Kong, they had recorded a cumulative number of 160,000 fans who attended their concerts.


title: 2PM

text: On November 30, 2011, 2PM released their first Japanese-language studio album, "Republic of 2PM", which contained all of the group's previously-released Japanese singles and the Japanese version of their Korean single "Hands Up". In addition, the album consisted of five new songs including a track composed by Jun. K called "Hanarete Itemo" (離れていても, Even When We're Apart) which was dedicated for the group's Japanese fans. The album debuted at number 4 on the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart, reporting over 50,265 copies sold in its first week. From December 5 until 25, 2011, the group embarked on their "REPUBLIC OF 2PM" Japan Arena Tour, but with all 100,000 tickets being sold out in just one minute, JYP Entertainment announced an additional concert date to be held at Fukuoka. In conjunction with their arena tour, the group also held the "2PM Japan Debut 1st Anniversary Event" to an audience of 25,000 fans at Ryokoku in commemoration of their one-year anniversary since debuting in Japan.


title: 2PM

text: In its annual sales report for the year 2011, Oricon announced that 2PM was the second best-selling new artist in Japan, being the highest-ranking Korean act beating out SHINee, and ranking just behind the Johnny & Associates group Kis-My-FT2. According to the report, 2PM reported revenue of over 990 million yen ($12.68 million) in singles, albums, and DVD sales.


title: 2PM

text: On March 14, 2012, 2PM released their second compilation album, "2PM Best (2008–2011 in Korea)," which consisted of 17 songs including the bonus tracks "Alive" and "Move On". The album reached its peak position of number 5 on the Oricon Album Chart, before staying in the chart for 14 weeks.


title: 2PM

text: On May 22, 2012, 2PM released their third compilation album, "2PM Member's Selection," for the Korean market. The album reached a peak position atop the Gaon Album Chart, and sold 21,893 copies by the end of the year.


title: 2PM

text: On May 24–25 and May 28–31, 2012, 2PM held their "Six Beautiful Days” concert at the Nippon Budokan in Tokyo, becoming the first Korean group to perform at the Budokan for six consecutive shows. This was then followed with the group releasing their fourth Japanese single "Beautiful” and a live concert DVD entitled “Arena Tour 2011 — Republic Of 2PM” on June 6. The single sold more than 73,529 copies on the day of its launch and managed to come in at second on Oricon's Daily Singles Chart, while the DVD charted atop in the music DVD segment of Oricon's Daily Chart and at number 2 in the Combined DVD Chart. In support of the release of "Beautiful," 2PM held a “Hi-Touch” event in Osaka on June 9 and then again in Tokyo on June 16. The group then made a performance at the MTV Music Awards Japan 2012 on June 23.


title: 2PM

text: In April 2012, 2PM announced plans to release a documentary film with 2AM, to be known as "Beyond The One Day", in Japan. The trailer for the film was released on April 13, with the film itself first being premiered on June 30, 2012.


title: 2PM

text: 2PM then held their second Asia-wide concert tour series, "What Time Is It?" beginning at the Mercedes Benz Arena in Shanghai on November 17, 2012, and going on to cover six cities: Jakarta, Taipei, Macau, Manila, Guangzhou, and Bangkok, before concluding with two concert dates held at the Jamsil Arena in Seoul on June 21–22, 2013.


title: 2PM

text: On February 13, 2013, the group released their second Japanese studio album, "Legend of 2PM." The album consisted of 9 tracks including the previously-released singles "Beautiful" and """Masquerade""." The singles "This Is Love" and "So Bad" were released digitally on iTunes on February 18–19 as a promotional single from the album. The album debuted atop the Oricon Albums Chart, selling 64,291 copies in its first week, and remained on the chart for nine weeks. 2PM then embarked on their "LEGEND OF 2PM" Japan Arena Tour from January 13 until February 24, 2013, covering the cities of Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, and Sapporo. This was soon followed up with a performance at the Tokyo Dome to a recorded attendance of over 110,000 people on April 20 to 21.


title: 2PM

text: After more than a year, 2PM made their Korean comeback in May 2013 with their third Korean-language studio album, "Grown". The group first revealed the music video teaser for the album's lead single, "Comeback When You Hear This Song", on May 2, 2013 through their official YouTube account. "Comeback When You Hear This Song" was then fully released on May 6, along with 10 other songs from the album. The album topped the Japan Tower Records pre-release chart upon release, overtaking the group's own Japanese single “Give Me Love” on May 5. "Grown" then became the group's second entry on the Billboard World Albums Chart, becoming their first Top 10 entry peaking at number 6, and remaining on the chart for three weeks. A second title track named "A.D.T.O.Y" was released on May 11, 2013, which was later recognized by Billboard magazine, ranking at number 13 in its "20 Best K-pop Songs of 2013: K-Town Picks" list.


title: 2PM

text: In order to promote "Grown", the group took part in the "2PM G+Star Zone" exhibition held at the Apgujeongrodeo Station from May 2 to July 31, 2013 as part of the "G+Dream Project" launched by the Gangnam-gu Office in order to support disadvantaged youth. They also made a promotional appearance on "M Countdown" on May 16 wherein they performed the two lead singles of their album.


title: 2PM

text: On October 16, 2013, 2PM released their eighth Japanese single "Winter Games", which became the group's first chart-topper on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 on its issue dated November 2, 2013.


title: 2PM

text: On January 29, 2014, 2PM released their third Japanese studio album, "Genesis of 2PM", consisting of 9 new songs and including the previously-released singles "Give Me Love" and "Winter Games". The album debuted atop the Oricon Albums Chart, selling 63,212 copies in its first week, and remained on the chart for seven weeks. In support of the album, the group embarked on their "GENESIS OF 2PM" Japan Arena Tour held from January 27 until March 27, 2014, performing in 14 cities in Japan with a recorded attendance of over 150,000 people. At the conclusion of their concert tour in Tokyo, the group announced their Korean comeback.


title: 2PM

text: During the filming of the music video of the group's upcoming comeback in April, a fire broke out on the set of the music video. Authorities stated that the fire was relatively small and had been controlled by the time that the first responders had arrived. All the members and their staff were confirmed to be unharmed. As a result, the group's comeback was postponed. Following the incident, the group first released teaser photos and other individual teasers which hinted on their comeback beginning August 31, and on September 10, 2PM released the music video of their single "Go Crazy!", the title track of their fourth Korean studio album of the same name. The album itself was then released in both physical and digital format on September 15, which was followed with the group's promotional performances on Club Octagon in Gangnam-gu, Seoul and their appearance on "M Countdown". "Go Crazy" marked 2PM's third appearance on the Billboard World Albums Chart, peaking at number 7 on its chart issue dated October 4, 2014. On its chart issue dated on the same day, Billboard reported that 2PM also landed their second Japan Hot 100 chart topper with their Japanese single "Midaretemina".


title: 2PM

text: In support of their latest album, 2PM then began their world tour, "Go Crazy! 2PM World Tour", with a concert to a sold-out Jamsil Arena in Seoul on October 3, 2014. The concert tour covered 12 cities in 5 countries: Seoul, Bangkok, Beijing, Newark, Rosemont, Grand Prairie, Los Angeles, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Hong Kong, Jakarta, and then concluding at the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Shanghai. With performances on major venues such as the Prudential Center, Rosemont Theatre, Verizon Theatre, and the Shrine Auditorium, the "Go Crazy" concert series marked the group's first solo performances in the United States, following their performances as opening acts for their labelmates Wonder Girls earlier in 2010.


title: 2PM

text: The group released their fourth Japanese studio album, "2PM of 2PM", on April 15, 2015. The album features 13 new songs as well as tracks from the group's single "Guilty Love". The album debuted atop the Oricon Albums Chart, selling over 62,705 copies in its first week, and remained on the chart for 10 weeks. From April 7 until May 31, 2014, 2PM embarked on their "2PM OF 2PM" Japan Arena Tour in support of their album, covering the cities of Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, and Tokyo and recording a total of over 150,000 people in attendance. An additional 13,000 people also attended the live concert viewing held in 50 movie theaters in 34 regions throughout Japan. At the conclusion of their arena tour, the group announced that they were preparing for a Korean comeback.


title: 2PM

text: On June 15, 2015, 2PM released their fifth studio album, "No.5." Nine of the twelve songs on the album were written by the members, with the title song "My House" written by Jun K. The album performed well commercially, debuting atop the Gaon Album Chart, at number 14 on the Oricon Album Chart, and at number three on the Billboard World Albums Chart. By the end of 2015, it was reported that "No.5" sold 62,618 copies in South Korea.


title: 2PM

text: On April 27, 2016, the group released their fifth Japanese studio album, "Galaxy of 2PM," which debuted atop the Oricon Album Chart and remained on the said chart for seven weeks. By the end of the year, the album had sold over 122,685 copies on Oricon. In support of the album, 2PM embarked on their "2PM ARENA TOUR 2016': GALAXY OF 2PM" which was held from April 13 to June 18, 2016, covering the cities of Nagoya, Fukuoka, Hokkaido, Tokyo and Osaka. All 15 concert dates were sold out, and at the conclusion of the tour, the group had recorded an attendance of 160,000 people with an additional 36,000 fans who attended the live viewing of the concert held in 134 movie theaters throughout Japan. The group then followed up with two concert dates held at the Tokyo Dome on October 26 to 27.


title: 2PM

text: On September 3, 2016, member Junho posted the group's schedule for the coming week on his Instagram profile hinting at a comeback. The following day, the group celebrated their eight-year anniversary together, consequently teasing their next comeback by posting individual photos of each member on their official social media accounts. Their sixth studio album was released on September 13, titled "Gentlemen's Game" along with its lead single "Promise (I'll Be)". The album entered the Billboard World Albums Chart, peaking at number 11 and remaining on the chart for 2 weeks. "Gentlemen's Game" was the group's last album before the members began their mandatory military enlistment. 2PM then held a concert titled "6Nights" at the SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium on February 24–26, 2017 which was followed with a second set of concert dates on March 3–5 as the group's final concert series before its members began enlisting for their military service.


title: 2PM

text: On January 31, 2018, five of the six members of 2PM signed their renewal to JYP Entertainment with Taecyeon's renewal to be discussed after serving his military service. The following day, JYP Entertainment appointed the members of 2PM as directors of external affairs as they were the most senior group in the company.


title: 2PM

text: Jun. K also entered the military on May 8. Wooyoung enlisted on July 8, serving active duty. On July 25, it was announced that Taecyeon decided not to re-sign with JYP Entertainment, instead signing with 51K. However, he stated that he will continue promoting with 2PM.


title: 2PM

text: Taecyeon completed his military service and was discharged on May 16, 2019. Junho began his military service on May 30, 2019 as a public service worker, while Chansung enlisted on June 11, 2019.


title: 2PM

text: During the group's period of fulfilling their military service, JYP Entertainment and Epic Records Japan released two compilation albums in Japan. On September 18, 2019, the compilation album "2PM Best in Korea 2 ～2012–2017～", was released, consisting of 15 songs previously released in Korea from 2012 to 2017. The album peaked at number 7 on the Oricon Albums Chart and remained on the chart for three weeks. Then on March 13, 2020, the Japanese-language compilation album "The Best of 2PM in Japan 2011–2016" was released, consisting of two CDs containing a total of 38 songs recorded between 2011 and 2016 previously released in Japan. Taking pre-order sales into consideration, the album topped the Oricon Albums Chart and Tower Records Daily Sales Chart upon release.


title: 2PM

text: Jun. K completed his military service and was discharged on January 2, 2020. Wooyoung was also discharged on February 25. Chansung was discharged on January 5, 2021. It was announced in January 2021 that 2PM would make a full group comeback later in the year after Junho has completed his military service. Junho was discharged on March 20, completing 2PM's military services. JYP Entertainment later announced that they would return with a new album sometime in the end of June.


title: 2PM

text: On June 7, 2021, it was revealed that 2PM would be coming back with their seventh studio album "Must". The album marked four years since their hiatus, and five years since the release of "Gentleman's Game". "Must" was released on June 28 alongside its lead single "Make It," which was co-written by member Wooyoung. The album's ten tracks borrowed elements from jazz and pop while maintaining 2PM's signature sweltering electronic sound. "The Cafe", on the other hand, utilizes pulsating 808 drumming for a familiar R&B inflection.


title: 2PM

text: In December 2008, 2PM began to host the third season of MBC's "Idol Show" (아이돌군단의 떴다!그녀). The segment ran from December 4, 2008 to March 26, 2009, with a total of seventeen episodes.


title: 2PM

text: The group also starred in a reality show on Mnet titled "Wild Bunny", in which the members escaped the pressures of stardom by performing ten forbidden activities of idols. The show ran from July 21 until September 1, 2009, with seven episodes aired. The airing of the final episode, which coincidentally featured the members engaged in a "Leader Olympics" game to select a new leader, was postponed indefinitely due to Jaebeom's internet controversy and his subsequent departure from the group.


title: 2PM

text: In addition, Taecyeon and Wooyoung have been hosting SBS (Seoul Broadcasting System)'s weekly music show "Inkigayo", while Jaebeom and Chansung have also made regular appearances on 'Introducing Star Friends'. Since Jaebeom was voted off, Nichkhun replaced his position as the guest. Nichkhun and Wooyoung were also frequent guests on SBS's variety talent show "Star King" between April and October 2009, with the other 2PM members occasionally joining them.


title: 2PM

text: In March 2009, 2PM was selected to model for EXR, a clothing company in Korea. In July 2009, the members of 2PM were selected as the representatives of foreign artists by the Thai government-led tourism campaign, "I Love Thailand." Member Nichkhun has also been selected by the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) as the face of their newest campaign, "Come to Thailand; Let's Take a Break!"


title: 2PM

text: In August 2009, 2PM collaborated with the Body Shop in 'Soft Hands, Kind Heart', a worldwide campaign that calls for the protection of children and teenagers against sex trafficking. The members will act as Korea's spokespeople for the campaign.


title: 2PM

text: In late October 2009, a commercial film (CF) of 2PM promoting Hanami (a Thai snack company) was released, which also included Jaebeom; the commercial was said to be filmed prior to his departure in September.


title: 2PM

text: November 2009 saw multiple new endorsement deals for the group, the first of which being a commercial and print campaign for Market O's "Real Brownie" pastry. Shortly thereafter, the group endorsed the Samsung Corby mobile phone, one of the newest mobile devices in Samsung's popular "Anycall" series, both on television and on the Samsung website. 2PM is also currently endorsing Paris-Croissant Food Company's Paris Baguette bakery franchise, for which the group recorded a special Christmas song and are featured in a series of commercials with popular Korean actress Kim Tae-hee.


title: 2PM

text: In 2010, 2PM has signed on to endorse Coca-Cola as well as the clothing company SPRIS (also known as PONY). Members Nichkhun, Taecyeon, Minjun and Wooyoung endorse Cass Beer, and Nichkhun has continued advertising for the Suzuki Jelato motorcycle in Thailand. In addition, 2PM now endorses Calvin Klein South Korea, as well as, most recently, It's Skin, a South Korean cosmetics and skin care brand.


title: 2PM

text: In mid-2010, 2PM were chosen along with Girls' Generation to be the spokesperson for Caribbean Bay. Shortly after, the members of 2PM (except for Nichkhun) were chosen to sing the song "Fly to Seoul (Boom Boom Boom)" to support tourism in Korea. Due to renewal of their endorsement deal with Samsung, 2PM recorded the song "Nori For U" for Samsung Anycall NORi.


title: 2PM

text: In April 2021, following the group's return from their hiatus, 2PM became endorsers for sportswear brand Xexymix.


title: Massively multiplayer online role-playing game

text: A massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) is a video game that combines aspects of a role-playing video game and a massively multiplayer online game.


text: As in role-playing games (RPGs), the player assumes the role of a character (often in a fantasy world or science-fiction world) and takes control over many of that character's actions. MMORPGs are distinguished from single-player or small multi-player online RPGs by the number of players able to interact together, and by the game's persistent world (usually hosted by the game's publisher), which continues to exist and evolve while the player is offline and away from the game.


text: MMORPGs are played throughout the world. Worldwide revenues for MMORPGs exceeded half a billion dollars in 2005, and Western revenues exceeded a billion dollars in 2006. In 2008, the spending on subscription MMORPGs by consumers in North America and Europe grew to $1.4 billion. "World of Warcraft", a popular MMORPG, had over 10 million subscribers as of November 2014. "World of Warcraft"s total revenue was $1.04 billion US dollars in 2014. "", released in 2011, became the world's 'Fastest-Growing MMO Ever' after gaining more than 1 million subscribers within the first three days of its launch.


text: Although modern MMORPGs sometimes differ dramatically from their predecessors, many of them share the same basic characteristics. These include several common features: persistent game environment, some form of level progression, social interaction within the game, in-game culture, system architecture, membership in a group, and character customization.


text: The majority of popular MMORPGs are based on traditional fantasy themes, often occurring in an in-game universe comparable to that of "Dungeons & Dragons". Some employ hybrid themes that either merge or replace fantasy elements with those of science fiction, sword and sorcery, or crime fiction. Others draw thematic material from American comic books, the occult, and other genres. These elements are often developed using similar tasks and scenarios involving quests, monsters, and loot.


text: In nearly all MMORPGs, the development of the player's character is the primary goal. Nearly all MMORPGs feature a character progression system, in which players earn experience points for their actions and use those points to reach character "levels", which makes them better at whatever they do. Traditionally, combat with monsters and completing quests for non-player characters, either alone or in groups, are the primary ways to earn experience points. The accumulation of wealth (including combat-useful items) is also a way to progress in many MMORPGs. This is traditionally best accomplished via combat. The cycle produced by these conditions, combat leading to new items allowing for more combat with no change in gameplay, is sometimes pejoratively referred to as the level treadmill, or "grinding". The role-playing game "Progress Quest" was created as a parody of this trend. "Eve Online", a space-based MMORPG, uses an alternative method of progression where users train skills in real-time rather than using experience points as a measure of progression.


text: In some MMORPGs, there is no limit to a player's level, allowing the grinding experience to continue indefinitely. MMORPGs that use this model often glorify top ranked players by displaying their avatars on the game's website or posting their stats on a high score screen. Another common practice is to enforce a maximum reachable level for all players, often referred to as a level cap. Once reached, the definition of a player's progression changes. Instead of being awarded primarily with experience for completing quests and dungeons, the player's motivation to continue playing will be replaced with collecting money and equipment.


text: Often, the widened range of equipment available at the maximum level will have increased aesthetic value to distinguish high ranking players in game between lower ranked players. Colloquially known as endgame gear, this set of empowered weapons and armor adds a competitive edge to both scripted boss encounters as well as player vs player combat. Player motivation to outperform others is fueled by acquiring such items and is a significant determining factor in their success or failure in combat-related situations.


text: MMORPGs almost always have tools to facilitate communication between players. Many MMORPGs offer support for in-game guilds or clans, though these will usually form whether the game supports them or not.


text: In addition, most MMOGs require some degree of teamwork in parts of the game. These tasks usually require players to take on roles in the group, such as protecting other players from damage (called tanking), "healing" damage done to other players or damaging enemies.


text: MMORPGs generally have Game Moderators or Game Masters (frequently referred to as GMs or "mods"), who may be paid employees or unpaid volunteers who attempt to supervise the world. Some GMs may have additional access to features and information related to the game that are not available to other players and roles.


text: Relationships formed in MMORPGs can often be just as intense as relationships formed between friends or partners met outside the game, and often involve elements of collaboration and trust between players.


text: Most MMORPGs provide different types of classes that players can choose. Among those classes, a small portion of players choose to roleplay their characters, and there are rules that provide functionality and content to those who do. Community resources such as forums and guides exist in support of this play style.


text: For example, if a player wants to play a priest role in his MMORPG world, he might buy a cope from a shop and learn priestly skills, proceeding to speak, act, and interact with others as their character would. This may or may not include pursuing other goals such as wealth or experience. Guilds or similar groups with a focus on roleplaying may develop extended in-depth narratives using the setting and resources similar to those in the game world.


text: Over time, the MMORPG community has developed a sub-culture with its own slang and metaphors, as well as an unwritten list of social rules and taboos. Players will often complain about 'grind' (a slang term for any repetitive, time-consuming activity in an MMORPG), or talk about 'buffs' and 'nerfs' (respectively an upgrade or downgrade of a particular game mechanic).


text: As with all such cultures, social rules exist for such things as invitations to join an adventuring party, the proper division of treasure, and how a player is expected to behave while grouped with other players.


text: Most MMORPGs are deployed using a client–server system architecture. The server software generates a persistent instance of the virtual world that runs continuously, and players connect to it via a client software. The client software may provide access to the entire playing world, or further 'expansions' may be required to be purchased to allow access to certain areas of the game. "EverQuest" and "Guild Wars" are two examples of games that use such a format. Players generally must purchase the client software for a one-time fee, although an increasing trend is for MMORPGs to work using pre-existing "thin" clients, such as a web browser.


text: Depending on the number of players and the system architecture, an MMORPG might be run on multiple separate servers, each representing an independent world, where players from one server cannot interact with those from another; "World of Warcraft" is a prominent example, with each separate server housing several thousand players. In many MMORPGs the number of players in one world is often limited to around a few thousand, but a notable example of the opposite is "EVE Online", which accommodates several hundred thousand players on the same server, with over 60,000 playing simultaneously (June 2010) at certain times. Some games allow characters to appear on any world, but not simultaneously (such as "Seal Online: Evolution" or Kolossium competition in "Dofus"); others limit each character to the world in which it was created. "World of Warcraft" has experimented with "cross-realm" (i.e. cross-server) interaction in player vs player "battlegrounds", using server clusters or "battlegroups" to co-ordinate players looking to participate in structured player vs player content such as the Warsong Gulch or Alterac Valley battlegrounds. Additionally, patch 3.3, released on December 8, 2009, introduced a cross-realm "looking for group" system to help players form groups for instanced content (though not for open-world questing) from a larger pool of characters than their home server can necessarily provide.


text: MMORPGs today use a wide range of business models, from free of charge, free with microtransactions, advertise funded, to various kinds of payment plans. Some MMORPGs require payment or a monthly subscription to play. By definition, "massively multiplayer" games are always online, and most require some sort of continuous revenue (such as monthly subscriptions and advertisements) for maintenance and development purposes. Some games, such as "Guild Wars", have disposed of the 'monthly fee' model entirely, and recover costs directly through sales of the software and associated expansion packs. Still others adopt a micropayment model where the core content is free, but players are given the option to purchase additional content, such as equipment, aesthetic items, or pets. Games that make use of this model often have originated in Korea, such as "Flyff" and "MapleStory". This business model is alternately called "pay for perks" or "freemium", and games using it often describe themselves with the term "free-to-play".


text: MMORPG is a term coined by Richard Garriott to refer to massive multiplayer online role-playing games and their social communities. Previous to this and related coinages, these games were generally called graphical MUDs; the history of MMORPGs traces back directly through the MUD genre. Through this connection, MMORPGs can be seen to have roots in the earliest multi-user games such as "Mazewar" (1974) and "MUD1" (1978). 1985 saw the release of a roguelike (pseudo-graphical) MUD called "Island of Kesmai" on CompuServe and Lucasfilm's graphical MUD Habitat. The first fully graphical multi-user RPG was "Neverwinter Nights", which was delivered through America Online in 1991 and was personally championed by AOL President Steve Case. Other early proprietary graphical online RPGs include three on The Sierra Network: "The Shadow of Yserbius" in 1992, "The Fates of Twinion" in 1993, and "The Ruins of Cawdor" in 1995. Another milestone came in 1995 as NSFNET restrictions were lifted, opening the Internet up for game developers, which allowed for the first truly "massively"-scoped titles. Finally, MMORPGs as defined today began with "Meridian 59" in 1996, innovative both in its scope and in offering first-person 3D graphics, with "The Realm Online" appearing nearly simultaneously. "Ultima Online", released in 1997, is often credited with first popularizing the genre, though more mainstream attention was garnered by 1999's "EverQuest" and "Asheron's Call" in the West and 1996's "" in South Korea.


text: The financial success of these early titles has ensured competition in the genre since that time. MMORPG titles now exist on consoles and in new settings. In 2008, the market for MMORPGs had Blizzard Entertainment's "World of Warcraft" dominating as the largest MMORPG, alongside other titles such as "Final Fantasy XIV" and "Guild Wars 2", though an additional market exists for free-to-play MMORPGs, which are supported by advertising and purchases of in-game items. This free-to-play model is particularly common in South Korea such as "MapleStory", "", "Atlantica Online" and "Lost Ark". Also, there are some free-to-play games, such as "RuneScape" and "Tibia", where the game is free, but one would have to pay monthly to play the game with more features. "Guild Wars" and its sequel avoid some degree of competition with other MMORPGs by only requiring the initial purchase of the game to play.


text: The cost of developing a competitive commercial MMORPG title often exceeded $10 million in 2003. These projects require multiple disciplines within game design and development such as 3D modeling, 2D art, animation, user interfaces, client/server engineering, database architecture, and network infrastructure.


text: The front-end (or client) component of a commercial, modern MMORPG features 3D graphics. As with other modern 3D games, the front-end requires expertise with implementing 3D engines, real-time shader techniques and physics simulation. The actual visual content (areas, creatures, characters, weapons, spaceships and so forth) is developed by artists who typically begin with two-dimensional concept art, and later convert these concepts into animated 3D scenes, models and texture maps.


text: Developing an MMOG server requires expertise with client/server architecture, network protocols, security, and database design. MMORPGs include reliable systems for a number of vital tasks. The server must be able to handle and verify a large number of connections, prevent cheating, and apply changes (bug fixes or added content) to the game. A system for recording the games data at regular intervals, without stopping the game, is also important.


text: Maintenance requires sufficient servers and bandwidth, and a dedicated support staff. Insufficient resources for maintenance lead to lag and frustration for the players, and can severely damage the reputation of a game, especially at launch. Care must also be taken to ensure that player population remains at an acceptable level by adding or removing servers. Peer-to-peer MMORPGs could theoretically work cheaply and efficiently in regulating server load, but practical issues such as asymmetrical network bandwidth, CPU-hungry rendering engines, unreliability of individual nodes, and inherent lack of security (opening fertile new grounds for cheating) can make them a difficult proposition. The hosted infrastructure for a commercial-grade MMORPG requires the deployment of hundreds (or even thousands) of servers. Developing an affordable infrastructure for an online game requires developers to scale large numbers of players with less hardware and network investment.


text: In addition, the development team will need to have expertise with the fundamentals of game design: world-building, lore and game mechanics, as well as what makes games fun.


text: Though the vast majority of MMORPGs are produced by companies, many small teams of programmers and artists have contributed to the genre. As shown above, the average MMORPG development project requires enormous investments of time and money, and running the game can be a long-term commitment. As a result, non-corporate (or independent, or "indie") development of MMORPGs is less common compared to other genres. Still, many independent MMORPGs do exist, representing a wide spectrum of genres, gameplay types, and revenue systems.


text: Some independent MMORPG projects are completely open source, while others feature proprietary content made with an open-source game engine. The WorldForge project has been active since 1998 and formed a community of independent developers who are working on creating framework for a number of open-source MMORPGs. The Multiverse Foundation has also created a platform specifically for independent MMOG developers.


text: As there are a number of wildly different titles within the genre, and since the genre develops so rapidly, it is difficult to definitively state that the genre is heading in one direction or another. Still, there are a few obvious developments. One of these developments is the raid group quest, or "raid", which is an adventure designed for large groups of players (often twenty or more).


text: Instance dungeons, sometimes shortened to "instances", are game areas that are "copied" for individual players or groups, which keeps those in the instance separated from the rest of the game world. This reduces competition, and also reducing the amount of data that needs to be sent to and from the server, reducing lag. "The Realm Online" was the first MMORPG to begin to use a rudimentary form of this technique and "Anarchy Online" would develop it further, using instances as a key element of gameplay. Since then, instancing has become increasingly common. The "raids", as mentioned above, often involve instance dungeons. Examples of games which feature instances are "World of Warcraft", "The Lord of the Rings Online", "EverQuest", "EverQuest II", "", "Final Fantasy XIV", "Guild Wars", "Rift", "RuneScape", "Star Trek Online, ," and "DC Universe Online".


text: The use of intellectual property licensing common in other video game genres has also appeared in MMORPGs. 2007 saw the release of "The Lord of the Rings Online", based on J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth. Other licensed MMORPGs include "The Matrix Online", based on the "Matrix" trilogy of films, "", based on Games Workshop's table top game, "Star Wars Galaxies", "Star Wars The Old Republic", "Champions Online" and "Age of Conan".


text: Additionally, several licenses from television have been optioned for MMORPGs, for example "Star Trek Online" and "Stargate Worlds" (which was later canceled).


text: The first console-based MMORPG was "Phantasy Star Online" for the Sega Dreamcast. The first console-based open-world MMORPG was "Final Fantasy XI" for the PlayStation 2.


text: "EverQuest Online Adventures", also on the PlayStation 2, was the first console MMORPG in North America.


text: Although console-based MMORPGs are considered more difficult to produce, the platform is gaining more attention.


text: With the popularization of Facebook and microtransactions has come a new wave of Flash and HTML5 based MMORPGs that use the free to play model. They require no download outside of a browser and usually have heavily integrated social media sharing features.


text: Smartphones with their GPS capabilities (amongst others) enable augmented reality in games such as "Ingress" and "Pokémon Go". The games are enhanced by location and distance based tracking, bench marking goals or facilitating trade between players.


text: Since the interactions between MMORPG players are real, even if the environments are virtual, psychologists and sociologists are able to use MMORPGs as tools for academic research. Sherry Turkle has found that many people have expanded their emotional range by exploring the many different roles (including gender identities) that MMORPGs allow a person to explore.


text: Nick Yee has surveyed more than 35,000 MMORPG players over the past several years, focusing on psychological and sociological aspects of these games. Recent findings included that 15% of players become a guild-leader at one time or another, but most generally find the job tough and thankless; and that players spend a considerable amount of time (often a third of their total time investment) doing things that are external to gameplay but part of the metagame.


text: Many players report that the emotions they feel while playing an MMORPG are very strong, to the extent that 8.7% of male and 23.2% of female players in a statistical study have had an online wedding. Other researchers have found that the enjoyment of a game is directly related to the social organization of a game, ranging from brief encounters between players to highly organized play in structured groups.


text: In a study by Zaheer Hussain and Mark D. Griffiths, it was found that just over one in five gamers (21%) said they preferred socializing online to offline. Significantly more male gamers than female gamers said that they found it easier to converse online than offline. It was also found that 57% of gamers had created a character of the opposite gender, and it is suggested that the online female persona has a number of positive social attributes.


text: A German fMRT-study conducted by researchers of the Central Institute of Mental Health points towards impairments in social, emotional and physical aspects of the self-concept and a higher degree in avatar identification in addicted MMORPG players, compared to non-addicted and naive (nonexperienced) people. These findings generally support Davis' cognitive behavioral model of Internet addiction, which postulates that dysfunctional self-related cognitions represent central factors contributing towards the development and maintenance of MMORPG addiction. The high degree of avatar identification found by Leménager et al. in the addicted group of this study indicates that MMORPG playing may represent an attempt to compensate for impairments in self-concept. Psychotherapeutic interventions should therefore focus on the development of coping strategies for real-life situations in which addicted players tend to experience themselves as incompetent and inferior.


text: Richard Bartle, author of "Designing Virtual Worlds", classified multiplayer RPG-players into four primary psychological groups. His classifications were then expanded upon by Erwin Andreasen, who developed the concept into the thirty-question Bartle Test that helps players determine which category they are associated with. With over 650,000 test responses as of 2011, this is perhaps the largest ongoing survey of multiplayer game players. Based on Bartle and Yee's research, Jon Radoff has published an updated model of player motivation that focuses on immersion, competition, cooperation and achievement. These elements may be found not only in MMORPGs, but many other types of games and within the emerging field of gamification.


text: There has been numerous discussions and evaluations by various scholarly institutions regarding the long term effects of video game overuse. Many news agencies have criticized video games as promoting violent tendencies in its player base and encouraging anti-social behaviors. Ultimately this would culminate in the World Health Organization classifying the overuse of video games as "Technological Addiction" in May 2019.


text: In "World of Warcraft", a temporary design glitch attracted the attention of psychologists and epidemiologists across North America, when the "Corrupted Blood" disease of a monster began to spread unintentionally—and uncontrollably—into the wider game world. The Centers for Disease Control intended to use the incident as a research model to chart both the progression of a disease, and the potential human response to large-scale epidemic infection. However, due to Blizzard Entertainments failure to keep statistical records of the event, the 2005 Corrupted Blood Outbreak would ultimately fail to produce any results. Nevertheless, the CDC has continued to express interest in the use of MMORPGs for disease research.


text: It has been suggested by the Springer University in Germany that MMORPGs encourage and provide opportunities to study and improve in economic theory by providing a controlled environment for the natural development of economic practices between players including professions, trade, and services.


text: Research has shown that for the positive learner, game-based interaction could inhibition was reduced as well as enhances the enjoyment and motivation of second language learning, but appears to be more suitable for learners of intermediate and higher levels of proficiency than language beginners.


text: The Division of Autism and developmental disabilities has published a significant report detailing the value of MMORPGs for the treatment of individuals with Autism Spectrum disorder. The report suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder could benefit from MMORPGs by being provided a space to freely develop social skills and communication skills without the stress of face-to-face contact. This in turn opens new pathways for social therapy for individuals with developmental disabilities.


text: Many MMORPGs feature living economies. Virtual items and currency have to be gained through play and have definite value for players. Such a virtual economy can be analyzed (using data logged by the game) and has value in economic research. More significantly, these "virtual" economies can affect the economies of the real world.


text: One of the early researchers of MMORPGs was Edward Castronova, who demonstrated that a supply-and-demand market exists for virtual items and that it crosses over with the real world. This crossover has some requirements of the game:


text: The idea of attaching real-world value to "virtual" items has had a profound effect on players and the game industry, and even the courts. The virtual currency selling pioneer IGE received a lawsuit from a World of Warcraft player for interfering in the economics and intended use of the game by selling WoW gold. Castronova's first study in 2002 found that a highly liquid (if illegal) currency market existed, with the value of "Everquest"'s in-game currency exceeding that of the Japanese yen. Some people even make a living by working these virtual economies; these people are often referred to as gold farmers, and may be employed in game sweatshops.


text: Game publishers usually prohibit the exchange of real-world money for virtual goods, but others actively promote the idea of linking (and directly profiting from) an exchange. In "Second Life" and "Entropia Universe", the virtual economy and the real-world economy are directly linked. This means that real money can be deposited for game money and vice versa. Real-world items have also been sold for game money in "Entropia", and some players of "Second Life" have generated revenues in excess of $100,000.


text: Linking real-world and virtual economies was rare in MMORPGs as of 2008, as it is generally believed to be detrimental to gameplay. If real-world wealth can be used to obtain greater, more immediate rewards than skillful gameplay, the incentive for strategic roleplay and real game involvement is diminished. It could also easily lead to a skewed hierarchy where richer players gain better items, allowing them to take on stronger opponents and level up more quickly than less wealthy but more committed players.


title: M Lamar

text: Reginald Lamar Cox (born May 29, 1972), known professionally as M Lamar"," is an American composer, performer, and artist. He is an operatic countertenor and pianist whose work incorporates film, sculpture, installation, and performance.


title: M Lamar

text: Lamar is the identical twin of actress Laverne Cox, and played his sister's character pre-transition in two episodes of the Netflix show "Orange Is the New Black".


title: M Lamar

text: Reginald Lamar Cox was born in Mobile, Alabama, and as a child sang as a soprano in his church's choir. He studied painting at the San Francisco Art Institute and attended Yale for graduate school in sculpture before dropping out to focus on music. He moved to New York primarily to pursue vocal training with Ira Siff, founder and lead soprano of La Gran Scena Opera Company.


title: M Lamar

text: In 2014, Lamar participated in an open dialogue with authors bell hooks, Marci Blackman, and Samuel R. Delany called "Transgressive Sexual Practice" as part of hooks’ work as scholar-in-residence at The New School. He has cited the writing of hooks and Toni Morrison, as well as operatic composer Diamanda Galás’s "Plague Mass", as inspirations for his work.


title: M Lamar

text: One Archive and the University of Southern California commissioned Lamar's "Funeral Doom Spiritual", which premiered in 2016 as both a performance and multimedia installation with objects, videos, and prints. The work is loosely based on the life and death of Willie Francis, a Black American charged with having murdered a 53-year-old white man at the age of 15; Francis's case only received significant attention when he survived an attempted execution by electric chair, after which the NAACP spoke with him and learned the two had been in a sexual relationship. This event led to further development of "Funeral Doom Spiritual", which had its conceptual origins in Lamar's studies of representations of blackness, black masculinity, interracial desire, and the intersection of Michel Foucault’s work on the panopticon with Frantz Fanon’s writings on internalized racism and the white gaze.


title: M Lamar

text: In 2016, Lamar received a grant from the Jerome Foundation to compose the work "Lordship and Bondage: The Birth of the Negro Superman" for the Living Earth Show. The work's libretto includes quotes from John Coltrane, Sun Ra, Ornette Coleman, Cecil Taylor, Nietzsche, and Hegel.


title: M Lamar

text: Lamar coined the terms "Negrogothic" and "doom spirituals" to describe his aesthetics and work. Exceeding his own "goth" style, Lamar says the Negrogothic "circulates horror genres with colonial-racial questions" and is "about horror and romance together, the condition of black people in the American project." These rhetorical innovations are related to his valuing "self-construction", specificity, and illegibility as means of preventing the reduction and appropriation of African American art.


title: M Lamar

text: In 2022 Lamar appeared on the ABC show "Claim to Fame" under the pseudonym "X". He was eliminated in the third episode when his celebrity relative was guessed.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Amar'e Carsares Stoudemire ( ; ; born November 16, 1982) is an American-Israeli professional basketball coach and former player who most recently served as a player development assistant for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in 2003 with the Phoenix Suns, who selected him with the ninth overall pick of the 2002 NBA draft. He made six appearances in the NBA All-Star Game and was named to the All-NBA Team five times, including one first-team selection in 2007.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Stoudemire played high school basketball for three different schools, ultimately graduating from Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Florida, and declaring for the NBA draft as a prep-to-pro player. He won several prep honors, including being selected as Florida's Mr. Basketball. Stoudemire suffered from chronic knee problems during his career and underwent microfracture surgery on both knees. He played for the Suns, the New York Knicks, the Dallas Mavericks, and the Miami Heat before retiring from the NBA in 2016.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Stoudemire won a bronze medal with the United States national team at the 2004 Olympic Games. His off-court ventures include a record label, a clothing line, acting and a series of children's books for Scholastic Press. In addition, Stoudemire owns a significant share of Hapoel Jerusalem, the team he won a championship with in 2017. He won the championship with Maccabi Tel Aviv in 2020 and was named the Israeli Basketball Premier League Finals MVP.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Stoudemire was born in Lake Wales, Florida, a small city, an hour away from Orlando, Florida. Stoudemire's parents, Hazell and Carrie (née Palmorn), divorced when he was young. Together they had two sons: Hazell Jr. and Amar'e. Stoudemire's mother did agricultural work, picking oranges in Florida and migrating north to upstate New York to pick apples during the fall. Upon divorcing Hazell, she met Artis Wilmore, with whom she had a son, Marwan, Stoudemire's half-brother. His father died of a heart attack when Stoudemire was 12, and his mother was in and out of prison for crimes such as petty theft and forgery during that time. Stoudemire lived in Newburgh, New York "for about five months" in 1994 before relocating to Port Jervis, New York where he lived until 1998. In his parents' absence, Stoudemire had other outside influences to help guide him, including a policeman, Burney Hayes, he occasionally stayed with; he also lived with his Fastbreak USA, AAU squad's coach, Travis King, as well as a minister, Rev. Bill Williams.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Stoudemire did not start playing organized basketball until he was 14. As a result of moving in-and-out with his mother and her problems with the law, Stoudemire transferred between five high schools in two states six different times. He first attended Lake Wales High School in Lake Wales, Florida, where his freshman season was cut short due to academic ineligibility. He transferred to Mount Zion Christian Academy in Durham, North Carolina, to play for coach Joel Hopkins. Midway through the year, Hopkins founded Emmanuel Christian Academy in a Durham office building basement and took the Mount Zion basketball team to serve as his student body; the school folded before they played a game. Stoudemire returned to Florida where he attended summer school at Dr. Phillips High School in Orlando. He briefly reenrolled at Mount Zion Academy and then sat out a year at West Orange High School in Winter Garden, Florida, due to academic ineligibility that stemmed from his transcripts from Mount Zion. His final move was to Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Florida, where he graduated in 2002. Due to all the transfers, he missed his entire junior year of basketball and only played two full seasons.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Apart from basketball, Stoudemire excelled in football. He was coached by his father in Pop Warner football and imagined himself a star receiver for the University of Miami, University of Florida or Florida State University. Growing up he rooted for Shaquille O'Neal, center for the hometown Orlando Magic of the NBA.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: In his senior year, Stoudemire averaged 29.1 points, 15 rebounds, 6.1 blocked shots, and 2.1 steals per game. Among Stoudemire's high school honors was being selected to play in the 2002 McDonald's All-American Game at Madison Square Garden in New York City, where he played with two future New York Knicks teammates, Carmelo Anthony and Raymond Felton. He was also named Florida's Mr. Basketball, the "Orlando Sentinel" Florida High School Player of the Year, and to "USA Today" All-USA Basketball First Team.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Considered a five-star recruit by Scout.com, Stoudemire was listed as the No. 1 player in the nation in 2002. With his biggest goal in high school being making it to the NBA, Stoudemire committed to the University of Memphis. However, he later de-committed and declared for the NBA draft, being taken with the ninth pick in the 2002 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns. He was the only high school player taken that year in the first round.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: In his rookie season, Stoudemire averaged 13.5 points and 8.8 rebounds per game, with a season high of 38 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves on December 30, 2002, the highest score by a prep-to-pro player until broken a year later by LeBron James. Stoudemire was selected to the Rookie squad in the Rookie Challenge. In the game, Stoudemire recorded 18 points, 7 rebounds and 4 steals. Stoudemire won the NBA's Rookie of the Year award, beating out Yao Ming and Caron Butler and becoming the first player drafted out of high school to win the award. Stoudemire also was selected to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. The Suns, led by Stoudemire, Stephon Marbury, Shawn Marion, Penny Hardaway and Joe Johnson, made it to the playoffs but were defeated in six games by the eventual champions, the San Antonio Spurs.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: During the following season, Stoudemire improved statistically, but his team stumbled to a 29–53 record, and point guard Marbury was traded to the New York Knicks. During the season Stoudemire had a 10-block game against the Utah Jazz; he recorded six blocks in the first quarter alone (both team records as of 2012). During the summer of 2004, Stoudemire was selected to play for the eventual bronze medal-winning 2004 U.S. national team in the Summer Olympics. However, head coach Larry Brown declined to give him significant playing time (6.9 minutes per game).


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: During the 2004–05 season, Stoudemire teamed up with point guard Steve Nash whom the Suns signed as a free agent, to lead the Suns to a 62–20 record. Averaging 26 points per game that year and achieving a new career high of 50 points against the Portland Trail Blazers on January 2, 2005, he was selected to his first NBA All-Star Game as a reserve forward. Stoudemire and Nash ran a pick-and-roll some have compared to Hall of Famers John Stockton and Karl Malone. In the Western Conference Finals against the San Antonio Spurs, Stoudemire averaged 37 points per game, but the Suns still lost in five games.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: During the 2005–06 NBA preseason, knee cartilage damage was discovered and Stoudemire underwent microfracture surgery on October 18, 2005. Initially, the Suns thought he would return by mid-February, but his rehab took longer than expected. Stoudemire, however, scored 20 points in his return against the Portland Trail Blazers, but went scoreless his third game against the New Jersey Nets on March 27, 2006. On March 28 it was announced that he would likely miss the rest of the regular season due to ongoing stiffness in both knees. His manager stated that the comeback came a little too soon, and Stoudemire needed to do more rehab. Stoudemire's rehabilitation, which was led by Suns trainer Aaron Nelson and Dr. Micheal Clark, the president and CEO of the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM), went well as he stated during the rehab that he was explosive and he gradually gained his strength back.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Stoudemire attended the 2006 USA Basketball camp in Las Vegas, although he ultimately did not play in the 2006 FIBA World Championship.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Before the 2006–07 season, Stoudemire changed his jersey number from 32 to 1. Dijon Thompson had worn no. 1 the previous season.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: On February 18, 2007, Stoudemire appeared in the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, his second All-Star Game appearance. He scored 29 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, and came in second in MVP voting to Kobe Bryant. He had previously announced that he would make the all-star game in his first season back after his knee recovered.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: During the 2007 playoffs, in a series against the San Antonio Spurs, Stoudemire accused Manu Ginóbili and Bruce Bowen of being "dirty" players. Stoudemire, along with teammate Boris Diaw, was suspended for Game 5 for leaving the bench area after an altercation between teammate Steve Nash and Spurs forward Robert Horry. The Suns lost to the Spurs in six games despite Stoudemire averaging 25 points, 12 rebounds and two blocks throughout the series. He finished the 2006–07 regular season averaging 20.4 points and 9.6 rebounds per game. He was selected to the All-NBA First Team.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Stoudemire played in the FIBA Americas Championship 2007, but withdrew from the national team for the 2008 Olympics. Jerry Colangelo, managing director for the national team, said, "Amar'e has pulled himself out of consideration for the roster and that's predicated on, despite the fact that he's had an injury-free year coming back, he's a little hesitant on pushing the envelope too hard." Stoudemire had said in April 2008, "It's more than a year-round grind. It's last year and the year before that and the year before that. It's really been like a three-year-round basketball circuit."


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Stoudemire led the Suns in scoring (25.2 per game) and rebounds (9.1 per game) in the 2007–08 season. He made the All-Star team and was named to the All-NBA Second Team. Stoudemire also adjusted well to playing with veteran center Shaquille O'Neal, who the Suns had acquired in February. The Suns, however, faltered in the playoffs, again losing to their rivals the San Antonio Spurs. The Suns blew a big lead in game one of the series, and seemed to never recover, losing the series 4–1 to the Spurs. Stoudemire averaged 23 points in the series. After the season, Suns head coach Mike D'Antoni left the team to coach the New York Knicks.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Under new coach Terry Porter, the Suns struggled early in 2008–09 with his system and lost five games in a row heading into the 2009 All-Star break. Stoudemire was voted a starter for the Western Conference. On February 19, in a game against the Los Angeles Clippers, Stoudemire suffered a detached retina, although he may have injured it earlier as he had been bothered by the same eye even before this game. He had injured the same eye in preseason, although this injury involved a partially torn iris, with no damage to his retina. He said then that he would have to wear protective goggles for the rest of his career, but stopped wearing them after seven games. Stoudemire underwent eye surgery to repair the retina. The recovery took eight weeks, which forced him to miss the remainder of the regular season. He announced that he would wear protective goggles when he returned to play the following season.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: In the 2009–10 season, Stoudemire was once again named to the All-Star team. During the season, Paul Coro of "The Arizona Republic" reported that the Suns and Cleveland Cavaliers discussed a trade that would have sent Stoudemire to Cleveland to pair up with LeBron James; the deal, however, never went through. Another proposed deal during the 2009 NBA draft would have sent Stoudemire to the Golden State Warriors for a package centered around the #7 overall pick, but the Warriors backed out of the deal at the last minute and selected Stephen Curry with the pick. Stoudemire would eventually lead the Suns to a 54–28 record, clinching the third seed in the Western Conference. Stoudemire finished the season averaging 23 points and 9 rebounds on 56% shooting. The Suns would defeat the Portland Trail Blazers 4–2 during the first round of the playoffs and beat the San Antonio Spurs 4–0 in the Conference Semifinals, to meet the defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Conference Finals. After dropping the first two games, Stoudemire would score 42 points in game 3 and 21 in game 4, to help the Suns tie the series 2–2. The Suns failed to win any additional games in the series, dropping it 4–2.


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: Stoudemire finished his tenure with the Suns fourth in franchise history in scoring average (21.4 points per game), third in rebounds, free throws made and attempted, fifth in blocked shots, and single-game records of consecutive free throws in one game (20) and blocked shots (10).


title: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: On June 30, 2010, Stoudemire opted out of his contract with the Phoenix Suns, which made him an unrestricted free agent. On July 5, 2010, Stoudemire and the New York Knicks agreed in principle to a contract estimated to be worth around $99.7 million over five years. On the first day that free agents were allowed to officially sign, the Knicks formally introduced Stoudemire at Madison Square Garden. There Stoudemire proclaimed "the Knicks are back!" referring to the team's lack of success the past few years. With the Knicks, Stoudemire was reunited with head coach Mike D'Antoni, who had coached him with the Suns. On December 15, 2010, in a loss against the Boston Celtics, Stoudemire set a franchise record with his ninth straight 30-point game. On December 17, 2010, Stoudemire set a franchise record with his ninth straight game shooting 50 percent or better from the field. On January 27, 2011, Stoudemire was named a starter on the Eastern Conference All-Star Team alongside LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, Derrick Rose, and Dwight Howard. He became the first Knicks player to start in the game since Patrick Ewing. In the game Stoudemire scored 29 points, which tied him with LeBron James for most on the Eastern Conference team. On February 22, 2011, the Knicks made a three-team trade with the Denver Nuggets and Minnesota Timberwolves that sent Nuggets superstar Carmelo Anthony to the Knicks along with the Nuggets' starting point guard Chauncey Billups. In 2011, the Knicks made the playoffs for the first time since 2004. Stoudemire was injured during the playoffs. In game 3, Stoudemire attempted a Willis Reed-like comeback by playing in the game despite a bad back. In the first round of the playoffs, the Knicks were swept by the Boston Celtics. Stoudemire ended up having one of the best seasons in his career, averaging 25.3 points, 9.1 rebounds, a career-high 2.6 assists and 2 blocks per game. Stoudemire developed a mid-range game and shot a career-high 43% from three-point range. Stoudemire was named to the All-NBA Second Team.