title: Shalini

text: Shalini was born in a Protestant Malayali Christian family to Babu and Alice on 20 November 1979. Her father is from Kollam. Her father migrated to Madras with an ambition of becoming an actor and the family settled there. Later, he fulfilled his ambition through his children. Shalini attended Fatima Matriculation Higher Secondary School (K.G to 8th), Adarsh Vidyalaya, Chennai (9th to 10th) and Church Park, Chennai (11th and 12th). She completed college at Annamalai University. She is the middle child. Her younger sister Shamili and her elder brother Richard are also actors in the film industry. Shalini has stated that she enjoys badminton and has played in a few state-level tournaments.


title: Shalini

text: Shalini started her career as a child artist in "Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku" and she acted in all the films under the direction of Fazil. She also played the lead character in the TV serial "Amloo" telecast in the late 1980s on Doordarshan. Her iconic hairstyle, a short bob with a front fringe, was popularly known as the “Baby Shalini hair cut”.


title: Shalini

text: Shalini soon went to study, and she returned to acting with "Aniyathipravu", which was a blockbuster. In her next film "Kaliyoonjal" (1997), she co-starred with Mammootty and Dileep and it released to mixed reviews. After the success of the Malayalam "Aniyathipravu", Fazil remade it in Tamil as "Kadhalukku Mariyadhai" (1997). Initially, Fazil was keen on casting a débutante in the lead female role, but Shalini insisted that she should also star in the Tamil version. Like the Malayalam version, "Kadhalukku Mariyadhai" was also a blockbuster, and Shalini’s performance was also praised with Indolink.com recommending the film and citing that "Shalini returns in this film with a good performance".


title: Shalini

text: For the movie "Amarkalam" (1999), Saran initially approached Shalini, who was studying at the time and she refused, however, after a three-month pursuit, he finally got her to sign on as well. She was offered a role in "Padayappa", which she rejected. The success of the film "Kadhalukku Mariyadhai" prompted Fazil to make another film with the lead pair, Vijay and Shalini, in 2000: "Kannukkul Nilavu". Under Mani Ratnam’s direction, Shalini acted in"Alaipayuthey" (2000). She subsequently won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize for her role in the film. In 2001, her last film "Piriyadha Varam Vendum" was released, a remake of the Malayalam movie "Niram," also starring Shalini.


title: Shalini

text: In 1999, during the shoot of Saran's "Amarkalam", Shalini began to date her co-star Ajith Kumar. He proposed to Shalini in June 1999 (before their movie release in Aug. 1999) and, following consultations of both sides of the families, she accepted. They got married on 24 April 2000 at Chennai. After their marriage, Shalini retired as an actress following the completion of two unfinished projects. The couple have two children: a daughter born on 3 January 2008 and a son born on 2 March 2015.


title: Vivo (film)

text: Vivo is a 2021 American computer-animated musical comedy film produced by Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation. The film is directed by Kirk DeMicco and co-directed by Brandon Jeffords, from a screenplay by DeMicco and Quiara Alegría Hudes, and a story that was based on an original idea by Peter Barsocchini; with songs written by Lin-Manuel Miranda, who also voices the title character and serves as one of the executive producers of the film. The cast also features the voices of, Zoe Saldana, Juan de Marcos, Brian Tyree Henry, Michael Rooker, Nicole Byer, Ynairaly Simo, and Gloria Estefan. The film marks Sony Pictures Animation's first musical film. The story follows Vivo, a music-loving kinkajou, who embarks on the journey of a lifetime to fulfill his destiny and must deliver a love song to a retiring singer.


title: Vivo (film)

text: The film was first pitched to DreamWorks Animation in 2010 by Miranda following the success of his stage musical "In the Heights" but was canceled due to the restructuring at the company in 2015. It was later revived and fast-tracked by Sony Pictures Animation on December 14, 2016, with DeMicco directing, Stewart producing, Mark executive-producing, and Alegría Hudes writing the screenplay from a story by Barsocchini.


title: Vivo (film)

text: "Vivo" was released in select theatres on July 30, 2021, and digitally on Netflix on August 6, 2021. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the animation, voice performances, and musical numbers.


title: Vivo (film)

text: In Havana, Cuba, Andrés Hernández and his kinkajou Vivo play music together in the plaza. One day after their show, Andrés receives a letter from Marta Sandoval, an old friend of his, informing him that she is retiring from her music career. The letter offers a chance to reconnect in Miami, at the Mambo Cabana and for Andrés to finally tell Marta he loves her through a song he wrote just for her. Vivo, happy with their life in Cuba, is reluctant to help Andrés. The next morning, Andrés dies in his sleep and that night, a funeral service is held in the plaza, with Andrés' niece-in-law Rosa and her daughter Gabi attending before they head back to their home in Key West, Florida.


title: Vivo (film)

text: Ashamed of his earlier reluctance, Vivo vows himself to get Marta to hear Andrés' song. He stows away to Key West with Gabi and Rosa in their luggage. Gabi finds Vivo and agrees to help him deliver Andrés' song to Marta. Under the guise of attending a cookie sale in town, Gabi and Vivo purchase bus tickets to get to Marta's show, but they are stopped by the Sand Dollars, a girl scout troop who show an interest in Vivo. Gabi and Vivo manage to escape from them, but miss the bus. They end up in the Everglades and are separated by a freak rain storm, losing the song.


title: Vivo (film)

text: While searching for Gabi, Vivo comes across a roseate spoonbill named Dancarino, who is unsuccessful in finding love with one of his own. With Vivo's help, he is able to win the heart of Valentina. The two later rescue Vivo from a Burmese python named Lutador. Meanwhile, Gabi discovers that she was followed by the Sand Dollars on a boat and that they have Andrés' song, keeping it from her until she leads them to Vivo. When the girls are attacked by Lutador, Vivo saves them, but the song is destroyed in the process. Desolated, Vivo considers returning to Cuba until he realizes he and Gabi can recreate the song, as he knows the melody and Gabi knows the lyrics. Together, they make it to Miami and search for Marta, who has learned of Andrés' death and refuses to go on stage.


title: Vivo (film)

text: Gabi and Vivo sneak inside the Mambo Cabana, but Gabi is unable to enter and tells Vivo to go on without her. She is soon caught by security and her furious mother. Vivo finds a mourning Marta, who recognizes him from Andrés' obituary photo, and delivers the song. Touched by the song, Marta is revitalized and decides to go on stage. Vivo then locates Gabi and Rosa, who are arguing while driving back home. Gabi confesses she decided to help Vivo because she misses her deceased father. Deeply moved, Rosa reassures her daughter, and drives Gabi and Vivo back to the concert just in time to hear Marta play Andrés' song. Vivo decides to stay in Florida with Gabi and Rosa. Gabi and Vivo put on their own show in the city with Marta, entertaining the crowd.


title: Vivo (film)

text: The film's origins trace back to 2010, when DreamWorks Animation approached Lin-Manuel Miranda about the pitch of the film following the success of his stage musical "In the Heights". Due to a restructuring in 2015, DreamWorks eventually dropped the project. On December 14, 2016, Sony Pictures Animation acquired the project from DreamWorks and fast-tracked it under the name "Vivo", which was based on an original idea by Peter Barsocchini, with Kirk DeMicco directing, Lisa Stewart producing, Laurence Mark executive-producing, and Quiara Alegría Hudes writing the screenplay from a story by Barsocchini. On June 12, 2019, Kristine Belson announced at the 2019 Annecy International Animated Film Festival that Rich Moore would join the film as co-producer of the film with Roger Deakins serving as the film's visual consultant. The 2D animation was handled by James Baxter while the main animation is handled by Sony Pictures Imageworks. The cast was announced on April 26, 2021.


title: Vivo (film)

text: On December 14, 2016, it was revealed that Miranda would be writing 11 songs for the film. On April 26, 2021, it was reported that Miranda's recurring collaborator Alex Lacamoire worked on the film as both its score composer and executive music producer. The film's soundtrack features "My Own Drum (Remix)", performed by Ynairaly Simo and Missy Elliott.


title: Vivo (film)

text: On December 14, 2016, the film was scheduled to be theatrically released on December 18, 2020. On January 26, 2018, the film's theatrical release date was moved a month earlier, to November 6, 2020. On November 1, 2019, the film's theatrical release date was moved to April 16, 2021, only to be delayed to June 4, 2021, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 26, 2021, Sony announced the cancellation of the film's theatrical release and licensed the film rights to Netflix, with Sony retaining home entertainment, linear TV, and Chinese distribution rights. The film was released in select theatres on July 30, 2021, and on Netflix on August 6, 2021.


title: Vivo (film)

text: "Vivo" was released on Blu-ray, DVD, and Digital HD on August 9, 2022 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.


title: Vivo (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, 86% of 104 critics have given the film a positive review with an average score of 6.80/10. The films critical consensus reads: ""Vivo" offers few surprises, but this attractively animated adventure is enlivened by the catchy songs contributed by star Lin-Manuel Miranda." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Vivo (film)

text: Maya Phillips of "The New York Times" praised Miranda's singing and said "Miranda's songs incorporate his signature rapid-fire rapping, along with quick tempo changes and genre mash-ups. Gabi's song, “My Own Drum,” with its grade-school Nicki Minaj-esque rap and auto-tune, is the jam I didn't know I needed in my life. “"Vivo"” has cuteness to spare, even if the rest is hit or miss. But, we all know, the beat goes on." Brian Lowry of CNN also concurred with Phillips and said "Lin-Manuel Miranda brings his stage-honed chops to another animated movie in """Vivo"," a sweet if slight love story built around an inordinately resourceful kinkajou. Premiering on Netflix, Miranda's songs elevate a small-boned effort—call it cute, without that being pejorative—with an unabashedly romantic streak." Benjamin Lee of "The Guardian" rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "But while "Vivo" shares the expensive sheen and general good nature of Sony's last hand-me-down, it falls short on just about everything else, a sweet and colourful musical adventure that isn't quite sweet and colourful enough, coasting on simple pleasures that fade as soon as the music stops."


title: Vivo (film)

text: Petrana Radulovic of "Polygon" was more critical about the film, and said in her review that while the music was "definitely one of the film's highlights," the musical deviations in the film makes it feel "like an animated version of a "Hamilton" outtake." She went on to praise the animation and visual style of the film, stating it "all meshes together in a beautiful symphony," but criticized the story. David Ehrlich of "IndieWire" gave the film a C grade and wrote "It's a fun premise for a great adventure, and a valuable lesson for kids who are liable to get blindsided by the realization that “now” is not “forever.” The only problem is that “"Vivo"” grows increasingly generic and forgettable as the film goes on, and the closer its furry hero gets to finding a silver lining, the more viewers wish that he never went looking for one at all." Peter Debruge of Variety also gave the film a somewhat positive review, saying "the film boasts the rich, professional look of first-rate computer animation, even if “"Vivo"” plays by a more conventional stylebook than the studio's [Sony Pictures Animations] recent breakthroughs “"The Mitchells vs. the Machines"” and “"".” The character designs are fine, if not especially inspired."


title: Vivo (film)

text: Vivo was the highest viewed film on Netflix in the month of August, with 493 million minutes in its first full week, translating to roughly 5.7 million viewings for the week of August 2 to August 9. Netflix announced in its Q3 2021 earnings call that 46 million accounts had sampled the movie.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Rosanne Cash (born May 24, 1955) is an American singer-songwriter and author. She is the eldest daughter of country musician Johnny Cash and Vivian Liberto Cash Distin, Johnny Cash's first wife. Although she is often classified as a country artist, her music draws on many genres, including folk, pop, rock, blues, and most notably Americana. In the 1980s, she had a string of genre-crossing singles that entered both the country and pop charts, the most commercially successful being her 1981 breakthrough hit "Seven Year Ache", which topped the U.S. country singles chart and reached the Top 30 on the U.S. pop chart.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 1990, Cash released "Interiors", a spare, introspective album which signaled a break from her pop country past. The following year she ended her marriage and moved from Nashville to New York City where she continues to write, record, and perform, having since released six albums, written three books, and edited a collection of short stories. Her fiction and essays have been published in "The New York Times", "Rolling Stone", "The Oxford American", "New York Magazine", and other periodicals and collections.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash won a Grammy Award in 1985 for "I Don't Know Why You Don't Want Me" and has received 12 other Grammy nominations. She has had 11 No. 1 country hit singles, 21 Top 40 country singles, and two gold records. Cash was the 2014 recipient of Smithsonian magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Performing Arts category. On February 8, 2015, Cash won three Grammy awards for Best Americana Album for "The River & the Thread", Best American Roots Song with John Leventhal and Best American Roots Performance for "A Feather's Not A Bird". Cash was honored further in October that year, when she was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash was born in 1955 in Memphis, Tennessee, to Vivian and Johnny Cash, when Johnny was recording his first tracks at Sun Records. Cash's mother was Vivian Cash (née Liberto) half Irish, African American and German, and half Sicilian- whose Italian grandparents were from Cefalù, Palermo. Genealogists from the show "Finding Your Roots" discovered that one of Rosanne's maternal great-great-great-grandmothers, Sarah A. Shields, was a mixed-race woman born into slavery, who was freed along with her eight siblings by their white father. It was also revealed that Cash and actress Angela Bassett are distant relatives through shared DNA from a common African American ancestor.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: The family moved to California in 1958, first to Los Angeles, then Ventura, where Cash and her sisters were raised by their mother. (Vivian and Johnny separated in the early 1960s and divorced in 1966.) After graduating from St. Bonaventure High School, she joined her father's road show for two and a half years, first as a wardrobe assistant, then as a background vocalist and occasional soloist. She made her studio recording debut on Johnny Cash's 1974 album "The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me", singing lead vocal on a version of Kris Kristofferson's "Broken Freedom Song".


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 1976, Johnny Cash recorded the Rosanne Cash composition "Love Has Lost Again" on his album "One Piece At A Time". Though she did not appear on this track, it was Rosanne Cash's first professionally recorded work as a composer. That same year, she briefly worked for CBS Records in London before returning to Nashville to study English and drama at Vanderbilt University. She then relocated to Los Angeles to study at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute in Hollywood. She recorded a demo in January 1978 with Emmylou Harris' songwriter/sideman Rodney Crowell, which led to a full album with German label Ariola Records.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Her self-titled debut album was recorded in 1978, but Ariola never released it in the United States, and it has since become a collector's item. Mainly recorded and produced in Munich, Germany, with German-based musicians, it also included three tracks recorded in Nashville and produced by Crowell. Though Cash was unhappy with the album, it attracted the attention of Columbia Records, which offered her a recording contract. She began playing with Crowell's band The Cherry Bombs in California clubs. Crowell and Cash married in 1979, and Cash started work on her first Columbia LP.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: The album, "Right or Wrong", was released in early 1980, and produced three Top 25 singles. The first, "No Memories Hangin' Around", a duet with country singer Bobby Bare, reached 17 on the Country Singles chart in 1979. It was followed by "Couldn't Do Nothing Right" and "Take Me, Take Me" in 1980. Cash, pregnant with her first child, was unable to tour in support of the album, which was nevertheless a critical success. Cash and Crowell moved to Nashville in 1981.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash's career picked up considerable momentum with the release of her second album, "Seven Year Ache", in 1981. The album achieved critical raves and solid sales, and the title track was a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Country Chart and crossed over to the Billboard Pop Chart, peaking at No. 22. The album yielded two additional No. 1 country hits, "My Baby Thinks He's a Train" and "Blue Moon with Heartache", and was certified Gold by the RIAA.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash's third album, "Somewhere in the Stars" (1982), was considered a disappointment after the commercial success of "Seven Year Ache". The album still reached the Top 100 of the U.S. pop album charts and included three U.S. country chart singles, "Ain't No Money", "I Wonder", and "It Hasn't Happened Yet". Cash struggled with substance abuse during this time, and in 1984 she sought medical treatment.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: After a three-year hiatus, Cash released her fourth studio album, "Rhythm & Romance" (1985), which yielded two No. 1 hits, "I Don't Know Why You Don't Want Me" and "Never Be You", and two other Country Top 10 singles, "Hold On" and "Second to No One". "Rhythm & Romance" drew high critical praise for its fusion of country and pop. "I Don't Know Why You Don't Want Me" won the 1985 Grammy award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance; "Hold On" won the 1987 Robert J. Burton Award from BMI as the Most Performed Song of the Year.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In the '80s, Cash curtailed her touring for childbearing and raising a family (three daughters with Crowell, as well as Crowell's daughter by his first marriage, Hannah). She continued to record and in 1987 released the most critically acclaimed album of her career, "King's Record Shop". It spawned four No. 1 hits, including a cover version of her father's "Tennessee Flat Top Box", John Hiatt's "The Way We Make a Broken Heart", "If You Change Your Mind", John Stewart's "Runaway Train", and became Cash's second gold album. In 1988 Cash recorded a duet with Crowell, "It's Such a Small World" (released on his "Diamonds & Dirt" album), which also went to No. 1 on the country charts, and Cash was named "Billboard"'s Top Singles Artist of the year.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 1989, Columbia released her first compilation album, "Hits 1979–1989". The album yielded two new hit singles, the Beatles cover "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party", which landed at No. 1 on the "Billboard" country charts, and "Black and White", which earned Cash her fifth Grammy nomination.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 1990, Cash released the critically acclaimed, deeply personal "Interiors." Cash produced herself for the first time and wrote or co-wrote all the songs. "Her brutally dark take on intimate relationships was reflected throughout and made clear the marital problems that had been hinted at on earlier albums." "Highly autobiographical (though Cash has often insisted it isn't quite as true to life as everyone assumes), Interiors was a brilliant, introspective album" and "her masterpiece". Other critics called it "maudlin" and "pessimistic". "Interiors" topped many best album lists in 1990 and received a Grammy award nomination for Best Contemporary Folk Album. It yielded one Top 40 single ("What We Really Want") and marked the beginning of sharp commercial decline for Cash.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Though it may have been inspired by the breakup of her marriage, it also signified her departure from Nashville and its country music establishment. In 1991 Cash relocated to New York City; in 1992, she and Crowell divorced. "The Wheel", released in 1993, was "an unflinchingly confessional examination of the marriage's failure that ranked as her most musically diverse effort to date". The album was Cash's last for Columbia Records. It received considerable acclaim from critics, though neither of its two singles, "The Wheel" or "You Won't Let Me In", charted.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash settled in lower Manhattan and in 1995 married producer/songwriter/guitarist John Leventhal, with whom she had co-produced "The Wheel". She signed with Capitol Records and in 1996 released "10 Song Demo", a collection of stark home recordings with minimal accompaniment. She also pursued a career as a writer and in 1996 Hyperion published the short story collection "Bodies of Water" to favorable reviews. In 1997, Cash was awarded an honorary doctorate from Memphis College of Art. She gave the commencement address that year and continues to speak publicly on writing and music.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 1998, she and Leventhal began working on what would later become "Rules of Travel". The recording sessions were cut short when she became pregnant and was unable to sing for two and a half years, due to a polyp on her vocal cords.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Unable to record, Cash focused on her writing. Her children's book "Penelope Jane: A Fairy's Tale", which included an exclusive CD, was published by Harper Collins in 2000, and in 2001 she edited a collection of short fiction by songwriters titled "Songs Without Rhyme: Prose by Celebrated Songwriters". Recovering her voice, she resumed recording and in 2003 released "Rules of Travel", her first full-fledged studio album for Capitol. The album had guest appearances by Sheryl Crow and Steve Earle, a song co-written by Joe Henry and Jakob Dylan, and the poignant "September When It Comes," a duet with her father. "Rules of Travel" was nominated for a 2003 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash was also an inaugural member of the Independent Music Awards' judging panel to support independent artists.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 2005, Legacy Recordings reissued "Seven Year Ache" (1981), "King's Record Shop" (1987), and "Interiors" (1990), plus a new collection spanning 1979–2003, "The Very Best of Rosanne Cash".


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 2006, Cash released "Black Cadillac", an album marked by the loss of stepmother June, and father Johnny, who both died in 2003, as well as mother Vivian, Johnny's first wife, who died as Rosanne finished the album in 2005. The album was critically praised, and named to the Top 10 lists of "The New York Times", "Billboard", PopMatters, NPR and other general interest and music publications. The album was nominated for a 2006 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash toured extensively in support of the album, and created a multimedia performance, with video, imagery and narration drawn from the songs and from Cash's family history. In 2006, a short documentary by filmmaker Steve Lippman, "Mariners and Musicians", based on the album and interviews with Cash, premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival and was screened at festivals worldwide. Cash's music was also featured prominently in an American Masters biography of photographer Annie Leibovitz, who has photographed Cash and her family numerous times.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In late 2007, Cash underwent brain surgery for a rare condition (Chiari I malformation) and was forced to cancel her remaining concert dates. After a successful recovery, she resumed writing and live appearances. In 2008 she wrote for "Measure for Measure", the songwriters' column in "The New York Times", recorded with Kris Kristofferson and Elvis Costello, and appeared on Costello's TV series "Spectacle".


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash released her next studio album, entitled "The List", on October 6, 2009. The album is based on a list of 100 greatest country and American songs that Johnny Cash gave her when she was 18. Cash picked 12 songs out of the 100 for the album. The album features vocal duets with Bruce Springsteen, Elvis Costello, Jeff Tweedy, and Rufus Wainwright. An iTunes Store-only 13th song features a duet with Neko Case. On September 9, 2010, the Americana Music Association named "The List" the Album of the Year.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In addition to her own recordings, Cash has made guest appearances on albums by Jeff Bridges, Rodney Crowell, Guy Clark, Vince Gill, Lyle Lovett, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Marc Cohn, The Chieftains, John Stewart, Willy Mason, Mike Doughty, Black 47 and others, as well as children's albums by Larry Kirwan, Tom Chapin, and Dan Zanes and Friends. She has also appeared on tribute albums to The Band, Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, Woody Guthrie, Jimi Hendrix, John Hiatt, Kris Kristofferson, Laura Nyro, Yoko Ono, Doc Pomus, and Tammy Wynette.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash wrote New York Times Bestseller "Composed: A Memoir" in 2010 "a pointillistic memoir about growing up with and without her father, and about how she slid out from under his shadow to become a gifted artist in her own right."


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In November 2011, Cash performed with the Minnesota Orchestra. In preparation for the event, she worked with composer Stephen Barber to orchestrate nine of her songs.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: The tourism organization Brand USA enlisted Cash to develop a song to promote foreign tourism to the United States. In April 2012, she released the song "Land of Dreams", which was utilized by Brand USA in video advertisements and online as part of a global tourism campaign.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: On February 6, 2012, Cash received the AFTRA Media and Entertainment Excellence Award in Sound Recordings.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash sang the part of Monique on the 2013 album "Ghost Brothers of Darkland County", a collaboration between rock singer John Mellencamp and novelist Stephen King.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash gave the closing speech at the Association of Performing Arts Presenters' conference, APAP|NYC, in January 2013.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash signed with Blue Note Records in 2013 to release a new original album. "The River & the Thread" was released on January 14, 2014. It was Cash's first album in more than four years.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: "The River & the Thread" is a collection of songs written with husband and collaborator John Leventhal, inspired by trips through the American South. Cash describes "The River & The Thread" as "a mini-travelogue of the South, and of the soul." The Journey included visits to father Johnny Cash's childhood home in Dyess, Arkansas; her own early childhood home in Memphis, TN; William Faulkner's house; Dockery Plantation in Cleveland, MS, the plantation where Howlin' Wolf and Charley Patton worked and sang; Natchez, MS; the blues trail; the Tallahatchie Bridge; as well as a visit with Natalie Chanin, a master seamstress in Florence, Alabama.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Throughout 2014, Cash toured extensively with partner John Leventhal, performing "The River & The Thread" in sequence with first-person stories woven through historical time to much critical acclaim. "The River & The Thread" was the Number One album of 2014 on Americana radio, and was honored by "USA Today, The New York Times, The Village Voice, Rolling Stone, The Huffington Post, NPR Fresh Air, Uncut (magazine), No Depression, The Sun (UK)," and "American Songwriter" as one of the top albums of 2014.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: On February 8, 2015, Cash won three Grammy awards for Best Americana Album for "The River & The Thread", and Best American Roots Song with John Leventhal and Best American Roots Performance for "A Feather's Not A Bird".


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 2015, Cash was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, honored as Artist-in-Residence at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and selected as Carnegie Hall's 2015-2016 Perspective Series Artist.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: On February 29, 2020, Cash, with her band, performed at the historic Universal Preservation Hall in Saratoga Springs, New York, to inaugurate its re-opening as a state-of-the-art performing arts venue.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash has three younger sisters: Kathy, Cindy, and Tara. Her parents divorced in 1966; her father married June Carter in 1968. Cash's stepsisters are country singers


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Johnny and June's son, John Carter Cash, is Rosanne's half-brother. Cash's stepmother and father died in 2003, and her mother in 2005.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash married country music singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell in 1979. They have three daughters: Caitlin, Chelsea, and Carrie. Cash also raised Crowell's daughter, Hannah, from a previous marriage. Cash and Crowell divorced in 1992. She married her second husband, John Leventhal, in 1995, and they have one son, Jakob. Cash lives with her husband and son in Chelsea, Manhattan.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: On November 27, 2007, Cash was admitted to New York's Presbyterian Hospital for brain surgery. In a press statement, she announced that she suffered from Chiari malformation type I and expected to "make a full recovery". The surgery was successful, though recovery was slow, and in March 2008 she was forced to cancel her spring tour dates for further recuperation. She wrote about the experience in her "The New York Times" article "Well, Actually, It "Is" Brain Surgery". She resumed writing, recording and performing in late summer of 2008.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash supports several charitable organizations. She is a longtime board member of The Center To Prevent Youth Violence (CPYV), formally known as PAX, an organization dedicated to preventing gun violence among children. She was honored by PAX at their fifth annual benefit gala in 2005.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash is a frequent guest teacher at the English and Songwriting programs of various colleges and universities including LeMoyne, Fairleigh-Dickinson and NYU.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash has been associated with Children, Incorporated for more than 25 years and has sponsored many children through the organization, which works to support and educate needy children and young adults worldwide.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: She also works with Arkansas State University on the Johnny Cash Boyhood Home project, which has restored her father's childhood home in Dyess, Arkansas. The Cash family has supported the restoration by raising money through annual music festivals. Rosanne hosted the first and second annual Johnny Cash Music Festivals in 2011 and 2012. She resumed rotating host duties with her half-brother John Carter when the festival resumed at Dyess in 2017.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 2014 Cash contributed essays to the "Oxford-American" and the book of collected essays edited by Sari Botton "Never Can Say Goodbye: Writers On Their Unshakable Love For New York". She was also featured in Gael Towey's "Portraits in Creativity" as a featured artist for her Profile Series.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash is a dedicated supporter of artists' rights in the digital age and sits on the board of the Content Creators Coalition. On June 25, 2014, Cash testified before The House of Representatives, Judiciary Committee on intellectual property rights and Internet music licensing.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: Cash's work has also appeared in "The New York Times", "The Oxford American", "New York Magazine", "Newsweek", "Rolling Stone", and "Martha Stewart Living".


title: Rosanne Cash

text: To date, Cash has been nominated for 15 Grammy Awards across four genre categories: Country, Folk, Pop and American Roots.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: In 2021, Cash was awarded The Edward MacDowell Medal by The MacDowell Colony for outstanding contributions to American culture.


title: Rosanne Cash

text: On May 7, 2022, Cash was awarded an honorary doctorate degree in Humane Letters by Arkansas State University. She was the keynote speaker during commencement.


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: Shin Hye-sun (born 31 August 1989) is a South Korean actress. She made her debut in the television series "School 2013". In 2017, Shin played her first leading role and became well known in the weekend drama, "My Golden Life", which garnered more than 8 million viewers. She is also best known for her other leading roles in Korean dramas such as "Still 17" (2018), "The Hymn of Death" (2018), "" (2019) and "Mr. Queen" (2020–2021).


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: She has been lauded by industry insiders for her acting skills, her ability to convey emotions to her audience and her accurate diction, earning her the nickname 'diction fairy', and is being called by insiders as one of the best actresses of her generation.


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: Shin debuted as an actress through the TV drama "School 2013", an installment of the long-running "School" series, after successfully passing the audition to cast in a schoolgirl role. She played a minor character with the same name as hers.


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: Her breakthrough came in 2016 with "Five Enough". Her role as a gullible, naively-romantic woman and her pairing with actor Sung Hoon gained popularity among the viewers. The same year, she starred in the fantasy-romance drama "The Legend of the Blue Sea".


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: In 2017, she played her first lead role in a film in "A Day". Shin then played a key figure in an acclaimed crime thriller series "Stranger". Soon after, she was cast in her first lead role in a television drama with KBS2's drama "My Golden Life". The drama was a major hit in South Korea and surpassed 40% ratings, leading to an increased recognition for Shin. She received a lot of love offers by the advertising industry and producers of movies and dramas.


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: In 2018, Shin was cast as a lead in the SBS drama special "The Hymn of Death" alongside Lee Jong-suk. She played the role of Yun Sim-deok, Korea's first professional soprano singer.


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: The same year, she starred alongside Yang Se-jong in the SBS romance comedy drama "Still 17", as an aspiring violinist whose life turned upside down due to an accident.


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: In 2019, Shin starred in the KBS2 fantasy romance drama "" alongside Kim Myung-soo, as a ballerina who has no interest in love.


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: In 2020, she was cast to play her first lead role in the legal film "Innocence", as a lawyer who decides to defend her mother (Bae Jong-ok) from prosecution. She received positive reviews for her performance in the film and was nominated in the Best New Actress category at the 41st Blue Dragon Film Awards.


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: In November, she appeared in the caper story film "Collectors" with Lee Je-hoon, as an art curator Yoon and later in the TVN hit drama "Mr. Queen" in a dual lead role as both Kim So-yong (Queen Cheorin) as well as Jang Bong-Hwan, a male chef from 2020 whose soul travels back in time and gets trapped in Kim So-yong's body. Shin was nominated for 57th Baeksang Arts Awards in the category Best Actress (TV) for her performance in "Mr. Queen" and the branch of Best New Actress (Film) in the "Innocence".


title: Shin Hye-sun

text: On August 30, 2022, Shin donated to help those affected by the 2022 South Korean floods through The Neighbors Honors Club.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: John Devon Roland "Jon" Pertwee (; 7 July 1919 – 20 May 1996) was an English actor, comedian, entertainer, cabaret performer and TV presenter. Born into a theatrical family, he served in the Royal Navy and the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War. In his early career, he worked as a stage comedian, which included performing at the Glasgow Empire Theatre and sharing a bill with Max Wall and Jimmy James.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: As an actor, Pertwee appeared in many comedy roles, including four films in the "Carry On" series, and he became widely known for spending 18 years (1959–1977) playing Chief Petty Officer Pertwee (and three other roles) in the sitcom "The Navy Lark" on BBC Radio. On television, Pertwee starred as the third incarnation of the Doctor in the long-running British science fiction series "Doctor Who" (1970–1974), hosted the game show "Whodunnit?" (1974–1978), and played the title character in "Worzel Gummidge" (1979–1981 and 1987–1989). Towards the end of his life he maintained a close association with "Doctor Who" by appearing at many fan conventions related to the series and giving interviews. He also performed a one-man show called "Who Is Jon Pertwee?"


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Born in Chelsea, London, and having French Huguenot ancestry (his surname was an Anglicisation of "Perthuis"; the origins of his surname being "de Perthuis de Laillevault", the family being Counts descended from Charlemagne), Jon was the son of screenwriter and actor Roland Pertwee and distant cousin of actor Bill Pertwee. Pertwee's mother, Avice Scholtz, separated from his father Roland when Pertwee was young. His father remarried, and his mother found a new partner, Louis Auguste De La Garde, with whom Pertwee did not build a relationship; she died in 1951, leaving Pertwee's older brother Michael as her executor. Avice's sister Daphne married Captain Philip Cecil Clowes and became the mother of Pertwee's cousin, the writer St John Legh Clowes (1907–1951). Actor Henry Ainley, a close friend of his father, was his godfather. Coincidentally, Ainley's son Anthony appeared as the Master – a renegade Time Lord who was The Doctor's greatest enemy – alongside Pertwee in the "Doctor Who" anniversary story "The Five Doctors" (1983).


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Pertwee was educated at Frensham Heights School, an independent school in Rowledge, near Farnham in Surrey, at Sherborne School in Dorset, and at some other schools from which he was expelled. After school, he applied to the Central School of Speech & Drama, but was denied admittance because of his lisp. He was admitted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), graduating in 1939. He was accused of writing graffiti about the tutors on the lavatory walls.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: While still at school, Pertwee worked as a circus performer riding the Wall of Death on a motorcycle with a toothless lion in the sidecar. He then worked in repertory theatre before being contracted with the BBC at 18 as an actor.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: During the Second World War, Pertwee spent six years in the Royal Navy. He was a crew member of and was transferred off the ship for officer training shortly before she was sunk by the German battleship "Bismarck", losing all but three men in May 1941. Later, he was attached to the highly-secretive Naval Intelligence Division, working alongside future James Bond author Ian Fleming, and reporting directly to Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Deputy Prime Minister Clement Attlee. In an interview conducted in 1994 and published in 2013, he said, "I did all sorts. Teaching commandos how to use escapology equipment, compasses in brass buttons, secret maps in white cotton handkerchiefs, pipes you could smoke that also fired a .22 bullet. All sorts of incredible things." During his time in the Navy, Pertwee woke up one morning after a drunken night out while in port to find a tattoo of a cobra on his right arm.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: After the war, he began to work as a comedy actor on radio, becoming known for being able to do a variety of comedic voices and accents. He did voice work in "Waterlogged Spa", alongside Eric Barker, and "Puffney Post Office" in which he played a hapless old postman with the catch-phrase "It doesn't matter what you do, as long as you tears them up." On 15 November 1948, at the Wood Green Empire, he was billed as "The Most Versatile Voice in Radio – Jon ('Tear 'em Up') Pertwee from the Radio Shows "Merry-go-Round" and "Up the Pole"". From 1959 to 1977, he performed the role of the conniving Chief Petty Officer Pertwee in "The Navy Lark" on BBC Radio. The fictional ship in the series HMS "Troutbridge" almost shared its name with the real HMS "Troubridge" whose commanding officer was a relative of Pertwee's who wrote to the BBC to provide details of comic incidents on the ship which were then used in " The Navy Lark's" scripts. After Ronnie Barker left the series Pertwee took on various additional roles in the series. These included a villainous character called the Master, whose voice Pertwee said was an impression of Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Pertwee did not appear in the 1959 film version of "The Navy Lark". In his 1996 memoir he attributed this to producer Herbert Wilcox refusing to employ his co-star Dennis Price on the grounds that "he was gay", a decision Pertwee made clear that he thought "was ridiculous". Shortly after voicing his support of Price he found out he had been dropped from the film's cast and replaced by Ronald Shiner.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: He was known as a Danny Kaye look-alike, and his impersonation of Kaye can be seen in the film "Murder at the Windmill" (1949). He played Charlie Sterling in "Will Any Gentleman...?" (1953). Future "Doctor Who" actor William Hartnell was also in the film; he played Inspector Martin.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: On stage, he played the part of Lycus in the 1963 London production of "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" with Frankie Howerd and appeared in the smaller role of Crassus in the 1966 film version. He appeared as Sidney Tait in the comedy film "Ladies Who Do" (1963). In 1966, Pertwee starred alongside Donald Sinden in the original West End production of the long-running comedy "There's a Girl in My Soup" and in this period appeared in several "Carry On" films: "Carry On Cleo" (1964), as the soothsayer; "Carry On Cowboy" (1965) as Sheriff Earp; and "Carry On Screaming!" (1966) as Dr. Fettle. ("Carry On Columbus", with Pertwee in his fourth "Carry On" role, this time as the Duke of Costa Brava, was released in 1992). In 1967, he was chosen by "Dad's Army" producer David Croft for the role of Captain George Mainwaring, but Pertwee turned it down – possibly because he preferred to extend his role on Broadway in "There's a Girl in My Soup". In a lost interview from 1986, which was later rediscovered and published in 2008, he did not want his work on the "Carry On" films to overshadow his reputation as a serious actor.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: His television career had started off with small parts in children's shows featuring Richard Hearne's Mr Pastry character. Later he made an appearance in "The Avengers" episode "From Venus With Love" (1967) as Brigadier Whitehead, and later, he guest-starred as a vicar in "The Goodies'" episode "Wacky Wales" (1975).


title: Jon Pertwee

text: In 1969, shortly before leaving the series, producer Peter Bryant cast Pertwee as the Third Doctor in "Doctor Who". Pertwee had asked his agent to apply for the role for him and was surprised to find he was already on the shortlist. He was the second choice for the role; Ron Moody was the first but was unavailable.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: In a departure from the Doctor's first two incarnations, Pertwee's era was influenced by the James Bond film series. He played the character as an active crusader with a penchant for action and fancy clothes, while the character was exiled to Earth by the Time Lords for much of his tenure and serving as the scientific adviser to Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart and UNIT. He played the Doctor for five seasons from early 1970 to mid-1974, a longer stint than either of his predecessors in the role, although he ultimately appeared in fewer episodes than William Hartnell as the BBC had reduced the production schedule.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Pertwee credited his performance as the Doctor with helping him work out exactly who he really was when he was not resorting to comedic disguises or voices: a dapper, technologically oriented man of action. This was because the BBC's Head of Drama, Shaun Sutton, had advised him to act the Doctor as himself: in effect, to "play Jon Pertwee". Pertwee's interpretation of the Doctor was described as "a man of action, supremely confident, articulate, yet also warmly reassuring." This incarnation was credited with being more action oriented and scientifically minded than early versions of the Doctor. In "The Making of Doctor Who", Pertwee himself said "Doctor Who is me – or I am Doctor Who. I play him straight from me."


title: Jon Pertwee

text: During his tenure as the Doctor, Pertwee appeared in the Amicus horror compendium "The House That Dripped Blood" (1971), which was filmed in the summer of 1970 between his first and second "Doctor Who" seasons. Pertwee played the lead in the last segment of the film as Paul Henderson, an arrogant horror film star who meets his doom thanks to a genuine vampire cloak. In 1973 Pertwee endorsed the Co-op's "Baking Your Cake and Eating It", a recipe book written by Sarah Charles. It has been given the unofficial title of "The Jon Pertwee Recipe Book".


title: Jon Pertwee

text: In early 1974, Pertwee announced he would step down as the Doctor to resume his stage career in "The Bedwinner", also citing potential typecasting in the role as the reason for leaving, though he later said that the catalyst for his departure was the death of his good friend and co-star Roger Delgado (The Master) and the departures of co-star Katy Manning and producer Barry Letts. Also, according to Elisabeth Sladen in an interview on the DVD release of "Invasion of the Dinosaurs," Pertwee asked for a substantially increased fee for another year on the series which was turned down and he subsequently resigned from the role. Pertwee was also dealing with chronic back pain at the time, and was becoming less interested in the character of the Doctor. His last full-time appearance in the series was in the story "Planet of the Spiders" in June 1974, which finished with Tom Baker replacing him in the role.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Pertwee later reprised the role in the 20th anniversary story "The Five Doctors" and the Children in Need story "Dimensions in Time", in two radio adventures and on stage in "Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure".


title: Jon Pertwee

text: After a stint between 1974 and 1978 as the host of the Thames Television murder-mystery game show "Whodunnit?", Pertwee took the starring role in "Worzel Gummidge", based on the books written by Barbara Euphan Todd. Produced by ITV franchise contractor Southern Television in the initial run, it was first transmitted on ITV from 1979. Pertwee had first been approached to play the part of Worzel Gummidge in a film to be written by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall. When this project fell through Pertwee encouraged the writers to create a television pilot instead and via his agent pitched the idea to the BBC who turned it down and then Thames Television who likewise passed on the project. Pertwee later admitted that he "began to lose faith in the project", until Southern Television's Lewis Rudd heard about it and enthusiastically agreed that the company would make the series.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: The series saw Pertwee as a scarecrow, as well as using several comedic voices. The show was an immediate hit, with Pertwee describing it as "becoming something of a cult" after only four episodes had been broadcast. Press interest in the series was high, and it ran on the channel until 1981. Keen to continue beyond this, Pertwee campaigned for the series and it was picked up by a New Zealand network, TVNZ, in 1987. "Worzel Gummidge Down Under" aired for the next two years and was screened in the UK on Channel 4. In 1995, Pertwee played the role one last time in a one-off special for ITV, which celebrated 40 years of the channel. Pertwee played the title character in "Worzel Gummidge, the Musical", book and lyrics by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, music by Denis King, which opened at London's Cambridge Theatre in December 1981, co-starring Una Stubbs and Geoffrey Bayldon. Pertwee also recorded an album, "Worzel Gummidge Sings", as well as a Christmas single.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Pertwee played the role of The Colonel in the Disney children's film "One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing" (1975). The following year, he voiced and appeared in the television advertisement that promoted the Green Cross Code by use of the mnemonic "SPLINK". Also in 1976, Pertwee starred with Australian singer Julie Anthony in a West End production of the musical "Irene" (originally 1919, revived Broadway 1973), playing the camp fashion-designer Madame Lucy (originally Liam O'Dougherty). The production opened at the Adelphi Theatre, London, and enjoyed a run of more than 900 performances: Pertwee features on the cast recording album, produced by Norman Newell for EMI Records (EMC3139). He also voiced the character of "Spotty" in the cartoon series "SuperTed" (1983–86) and, in 1985, starred in "Do You Know The Milkyway?", a television adaptation of Karl Wittlinger's stage play in which Pertwee played Dr. Neuross and another nine characters. In 1995, he also had the key voice of Death and other voice characterisations in the PC and PlayStation renditions of "Discworld". Also in 1995, he played General Von Kramer in the "Young Indiana Jones Chronicles" episode "Attack of the Hawkmen".


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Writing shortly before his death in 1996, Pertwee stated that while he enjoyed his association with "Doctor Who", he had perhaps spent too long in the title role. He believed that this led to the "ridiculous situation of people turning me down for parts because, they say, I am too well known as the Doctor." He observed that after he left the show he only ever worked in a BBC drama on one occasion. This was his part of "an aging Basque arsonist and pornographer" in an episode of "Virtual Murder" entitled "A Torch for Silverado". He considered this to be one of "the best things I've ever done"


title: Jon Pertwee

text: He returned to the role of the Doctor in 1983 for the 20th-anniversary television special "The Five Doctors" and in the 1993 charity special "Dimensions in Time" for Children in Need. He also portrayed the Doctor in the stage play "Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure" which toured theatres in the United Kingdom from March to June 1989. During the 1990s, he made a guest appearance in the "Lords and Ladies" episode of the BBC Radio 4 comedy series "Harry Hill's Fruit Corner", playing a Time Lord and also spoofed the role in the Radio 4 comedy "The Skivers". He also presented the "Doctor Who" video releases "The Troughton Years" (1991), showcasing selected surviving episodes of otherwise lost stories, and "The Pertwee Years" (1992), the latter a look back at his time on the show, with his three selected episodes


title: Jon Pertwee

text: In 1993, Pertwee was featured in the unofficial 30th anniversary VHS release entitled "30 Years of Time Travel and Beyond". When asked in an interview for this documentary if the show should be brought back he simply replied with "No, no", but believed if it did come back a lot more money would need to be spent on the series along with a new production team. Pertwee would continue to act in films and television as well as make appearances worldwide in support of "Doctor Who". Ultimately, Pertwee was successful in seeing the Third Doctor return to the airwaves with two audio productions for BBC Radio, "The Paradise of Death" and "The Ghosts of N-Space".


title: Jon Pertwee

text: In April 1995, he appeared in "Devious", an amateur video drama set between the second Doctor's trial at the end of "The War Games" and before the start of "Spearhead from Space". It shows an interim Doctor (between second and third), played by Tony Garner, being told he was "never meant to be the Doctor" and that the third will complete him. Pertwee's scenes in that role were among the first pieces of the video that were released (on the DVD of "The War Games"). In the same year, he starred in a one-man show called "Who Is Jon Pertwee?".


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Pertwee's final film role was in a short film entitled "Cloud Cuckoo" for Scottish Screen, released on 18 June 1994. His last formal television appearance was on Cilla's "Surprise, Surprise", broadcast on 21 April 1996 where he appeared as the Third Doctor. At the date of his death, Pertwee was regularly being seen in the closing moments of a UK TV commercial for mobile phone operator Vodafone: dressed in the style of his version of the Doctor. This character walked wordlessly across an alleyway in sight of a Liverpool landmark, and entered a garage evidently containing some kind of time machine.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Pertwee married twice. His first marriage was in 1955, to Jean Marsh, whom he divorced in 1960; later that same year he married Ingeborg Rhoesa (born 1935). Together they had two children, both of whom became actors: a daughter, Dariel, in 1961, and a son, Sean, in 1964.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Pertwee wrote two autobiographies: "Moon Boots and Dinner Suits" (published in 1984), which primarily covers his life and career prior to "Doctor Who", and the posthumously published "Doctor Who: I Am the Doctor – Jon Pertwee’s Final Memoir", (, published in November 1996 by Virgin Publishing Ltd. under the "Doctor Who Books" imprint and co-written with David J. Howe), which covered his life during and after the series. In 2000, "Jon Pertwee: The Biography" by Bernard Bale () was published by André Deutsch, and it included a few chapters by Pertwee's widow Ingeborg.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Pertwee continued on the "Doctor Who" convention circuit, and with his voice and television acting, until his death; he died in his sleep from a heart attack in Connecticut on 20 May 1996, at the age of 76. He was survived by his wife Ingeborg Rhoesa, and two children, Sean Pertwee and Dariel Pertwee. His immediate successor in the starring role of "Doctor Who", Tom Baker, paid tribute, saying: "I am very sorry to hear the news. I was a great admirer of such a stylish actor." Another of his successors in the role, Colin Baker, said: "He was a man of such presence and stature. I can't believe he has gone – it is a great shock. Of all of the interpretations of the Doctors his was the most straight in terms of avoiding comedy." His body was cremated at Putney Vale Crematorium with a toy Worzel Gummidge affixed to the coffin, following the instructions in his will.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: His death came six days after the American broadcast of the "Doctor Who" television film, which used in its opening credits a logo based on that from his era of the television series. The BBC broadcast of the film, on 27 May 1996, featured a dedication to Pertwee at its end.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: His last association with "Doctor Who" was posthumous. With the approval of his widow, Ingeborg, his voice was used as part of the plot of the Big Finish Productions' 40th Anniversary audio drama, "Zagreus", appearing as messages from the Doctor's TARDIS as it attempted to help the currently corrupted Eighth Doctor (voiced by Paul McGann). Pertwee's voice was culled from the fan-produced "Doctor Who" film "Devious".


title: Jon Pertwee

text: Archival footage of Pertwee has been used several times in the revived "Doctor Who". Footage appears in "The Next Doctor" when the Tenth Doctor shows Jackson Lake an infostamp about himself, and in "The Eleventh Hour" when the Eleventh Doctor rhetorically asks the Atraxi how previous alien invasion attempts were stopped. Footage of Pertwee was used in "The Name of the Doctor" to depict his Doctor interacting with a version of Clara Oswald, in "The Lodger" in a montage of bits from the Doctor's past, and in "The Day of the Doctor" to depict the Third Doctor assisting his other incarnations in sending Gallifrey to a pocket universe to protect it from the Daleks.


title: Jon Pertwee

text: A star was nicknamed after him in 1986. In 2016, his work was honoured with a blue plaque at the New Wimbledon Theatre, which was arranged by the "Doctor Who" Appreciation Society.


title: Taliesin Jaffe

text: Taliesin Axelrod Armstrong Jaffe (; born January 19, 1977) is an American voice actor, voice director and screenwriter. He has worked on English-dubbing roles for anime and video games. He is a cast member on "Critical Role", a web series in which he plays "Dungeons & Dragons" with other voice actors. Jaffe has also frequently voiced The Flash in various video games.


title: Taliesin Jaffe

text: Jaffe was born in Los Angeles. He is the son of actress Nina Axelrod and film producer Robert Jaffe. His maternal grandfather was screenwriter George Axelrod, while his paternal grandfather was film producer Herb Jaffe. He has two brothers and a sister. Jaffe came out as bisexual in 2017.


title: Taliesin Jaffe

text: Jaffe began his career as a child actor, appearing in films such as "Mr. Mom" and "". After six years, he did not enjoy being a child actor. After a bad audition, his father told him he could either put in more effort for more roles or quit acting, and not previously realized that quitting was an chose to quit. He returned to a career in entertainment a few years later, being a voice actor for dubbing anime in 2000. Since then, he has taken just two small onscreen roles for "House MD" and "House of Demons".


title: Taliesin Jaffe

text: In "Critical Role", he played Percival "Percy" Fredrickstein von Musel Klossowski de Rolo III in Campaign One, Mollymauk Tealeaf, Caduceus Clay and Kingsley Tealeaf in Campaign Two, and Ashton Greymoore in Campaign Three. "Critical Role" was both the Webby Winner and the People's Voice Winner in the "Games (Video Series & Channels)" category at the 2019 Webby Awards; the show was also both a Finalist and the Audience Honor Winner in the "Games" category at the 2019 Shorty Awards. The show was originally broadcast on the Geek & Sundry network until early 2019, when the cast and crew left to set up their own production company, Critical Role Productions. Soon after, they aimed to raise $750,000 on Kickstarter to create an animated series of their first campaign, but ended up raising over $11 million. In November 2019, Amazon Prime Video acquired the streaming rights to the animated series "The Legend of Vox Machina"; Jaffe reprised his role as Percy.


title: Potential enlargement of the European Union

text: There are eight recognised candidates for membership of the European Union: Turkey (since 1999), North Macedonia (2005), Montenegro (2010), Serbia (2012), Albania (2014), Moldova (2022), Ukraine (2022), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (2022). Kosovo (whose independence is not recognised by five EU member states) and Georgia formally submitted applications for membership in 2022 and are considered potential candidates by the European Union.


text: Montenegro and Serbia, the most advanced candidates, are expected to join earlier than the others. Due to multiple factors, talks with Turkey are at an effective standstill.


text: The accession criteria are included in the Copenhagen criteria, agreed in 1993, and the Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49). Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty (as amended) says that any "European state" that respects the "principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law", may apply to join the EU. Whether a country is European or not is subject to political assessment by the EU institutions. Past enlargement since the foundation of the European Union as the European Economic Community by the Inner Six states in 1958 brought total membership of the EU to twenty-eight, although as a result of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom, the current number of EU member states is twenty-seven.


text: Of the four major western European countries that are not EU members, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland have submitted membership applications in the past but subsequently frozen or withdrawn them, while the United Kingdom is a former member. Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, as well as Liechtenstein, participate in the EU Single Market and also in the Schengen Area, which makes them closely aligned with the EU; none, however, are in the EU Customs Union.


text: These states must negotiate the terms of their EU accession with the current member states, and align their domestic legislation with EU law before joining.


text: Turkey has a long-standing application with the EU, but their accession negotiations have stalled since 2016. This is due to the political issues surrounding the accession of the country. As for the Western Balkan states, the EU had pledged to include them after the Yugoslav Wars: two states have entered (Slovenia in 2004 and Croatia in 2013), four are candidates, and the remaining two have pre-accession agreements.


text: There are other states in Europe that either seek membership or could potentially apply if their present foreign policy changes or the EU gives a signal that they might now be included on the enlargement agenda. However, these are not formally part of the current agenda, which is already delayed due to bilateral disputes in the Balkans and difficulty in fully implementing the "acquis communautaire" (the accepted body of EU law).


text: It was previously the norm for enlargements to see multiple entrants join the Union at once. The only previous enlargements of a single state were the 1981 admission of Greece and the 2013 admission of Croatia.


text: However, the EU members have warned that, following the significant impact of the fifth enlargement in 2004, a more individual approach will be adopted in the future, although the entry of pairs or small groups of countries will most probably coincide.


text: The 2003 European Council summit in Thessaloniki set the integration of the Western Balkans as a priority of EU expansion. This commitment was made in order to stabilise the region in the wake of the Yugoslav Wars, a series of ethnic wars through the 1990s that led to the break-up of Yugoslavia.


text: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia are all candidate states. Kosovo, which is not recognised by 5 EU states nor by Serbia, applied on 14 December 2022.


text: The European Council had endorsed starting negotiations with Albania and North Macedonia on 26 March 2020, however the negotiation process was blocked by Bulgaria for over two years. In June 2022 French President Emmanuel Macron submitted a compromise proposal which, if adopted by both countries, would pave the way for the immediate adoption of negotiating frameworks for North Macedonia and Albania by the EU Council and for the organization of intergovernmental conferences with them. On 24 June 2022, Bulgaria's parliament approved the revised French proposal to lift the country's veto on opening EU accession talks with North Macedonia, with the Assembly of North Macedonia also doing so on 16 July 2022 allowing accession negotiations to begin. On the same day, the restart of negotiations was set for July 19, 2022.


text: Turkey's candidacy to join the EU has been a matter of major significance and considerable controversy since it was granted in 1999. Turkey has had historically close ties with the EU, having an association agreement since 1964, being in a customs union with the EU since 1995 and initially applying to join in 1987. Only after a summit in Brussels on 17 December 2004 (following the major 2004 enlargement) did the European Council announce that membership negotiations with Turkey were officially opened on 3 October 2005.


text: Turkey is the eleventh largest economy in the world, and is a key regional power. In 2006, Carl Bildt, former Swedish foreign minister, stated that "[The accession of Turkey] would give the EU a decisive role for stability in the Eastern part of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, which is clearly in the strategic interest of Europe."


text: However, others, such as former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and former German Chancellor Angela Merkel, opposed Turkey's membership. Opponents argue that Turkey does not respect the key principles that are expected in a liberal democracy, such as the freedom of expression. Turkey's large population would also alter the balance of power in the representative European institutions. Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 84 million inhabitants would bestow it the largest number of MEPs in the European Parliament. It would become the most populous country in the EU.


text: Another problem is that Turkey does not recognise one EU state, Cyprus, because of the Cyprus problem and the Cypriot government blocks some chapters of Turkey's talks.


text: Turkey's relations with the EU have seriously deteriorated in the aftermath of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt and subsequent purges. On 24 November 2016, the European Parliament approved a non-binding resolution calling for the "temporary freeze of the ongoing accession negotiations with Turkey" over human rights and rule of law concerns. On 13 December, the European Council (comprising the heads of state or government of the member states) resolved that it would open no new areas in Turkey's membership talks in the "prevailing circumstances", as Turkey's path toward autocratic rule made progress on EU accession impossible. As of 2022, and especially following Erdoğan's victory in the constitutional referendum, Turkish accession talks are effectively at a standstill.


text: In 2005, the European Commission suggested in a strategy paper that the present enlargement agenda could potentially block the possibility of a future accession of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. Olli Rehn, the European Commissioner for Enlargement between 2004 and 2010, said on occasion that the EU should "avoid overstretching our capacity, and instead consolidate our enlargement agenda," adding, "this is already a challenging agenda for our accession process."


text: Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine ratified an Association Agreement with the EU, and the European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that "in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective, can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights." They also entered the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU, which creates "framework for modernising [...] trade relations and for economic development by the opening of markets via the progressive removal of customs tariffs and quotas, and by an extensive harmonisation of laws, norms and regulations in various trade-related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors" of their economies with EU standards. However, the EU did not expand further into the post-Soviet space in the 2010s.


text: By January 2021, Georgia and Ukraine were preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024. However, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine submitted an application for EU membership on 28 February 2022, followed by Georgia and Moldova on 3 March 2022. On 23 June 2022, the European Council granted candidate status to Moldova and Ukraine, and recognized Georgia as a potential candidate for membership.


text: Level of preparation for adopting the "acquis communautaire" in each policy area, according to the 2022 European Commission reports.


text: The Maastricht Treaty (Article 49) states that any European country (as defined by a European Council assessment) that is committed to democracy may apply for membership in the European Union. In addition to European states, other countries have also been speculated or proposed as future members of the EU.


text: States in Europe who have chosen, for various reasons, not to join the EU have integrated with it to different extents according to their circumstances. Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein participate directly in the single market via the EEA, Switzerland does so via bilateral treaties and the other European microstates (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City) have specific agreements with the EU and neighbouring countries, including their use of the euro as their currency. Most of these countries are also part of the Schengen Area. Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland have all previously had live applications to join the EU, which have been withdrawn or otherwise frozen. Such applications could be resubmitted in the event of a change in the political landscape.


text: Despite Scotland voting to stay, the United Kingdom as a whole left the European Union in 2020, leaving potential future membership for Scotland as enlargement from outside of the EU. The Scottish National Party (SNP) which leads Scotland's devolved government supports re-joining the EU should Scotland become independent in the future.


text: Internal enlargement is the process of new member states arising from the break-up of or secession from an existing member state. There have been and are a number of active separatist movements within member states (for example in Catalonia and Flanders) but there are no clear agreements, treaties or precedents covering the scenario of an existing EU member state breaking into two or more states, both of which wish to remain EU member states. The question is whether one state is a successor and one a new applicant or, alternatively, both are new states which must be admitted to the EU.


text: In some cases, a region desires to leave its state and the EU, namely those regions wishing to join Switzerland. But most, namely the two movements who held referendums during the 2010s, Scotland and Catalonia, see their future as independent states within the EU. This results in great interest on whether, once independent, they would retain EU membership or conversely whether they would have to re-apply. In the later case, since new members must be approved unanimously, any other state which has an interest in blocking their membership to deter similar independence movements could do so. Additionally, it is unclear whether the successor state would retain any opt-outs that the parent state was entitled to.


text: On 1 October 2017, the Catalan government held a referendum on independence, which had been declared illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain, with potential polling stations being cordoned off by riot police. The subsequent events constituted a political crisis for Catalonia. The EU's position is to keep distance from the crisis while supporting Spain's territorial integrity and constitution. While the debate around Scotland's referendum may inform the Catalan crisis, Catalonia is in a distinct situation from Scotland whereby the central government does not recognise the legitimacy of any independence declaration from Catalonia. If Spain does not recognise the independence of a Catalan state, Catalonia cannot separately join the EU and it is still recognised as part of Spain's EU membership.


text: Corsica has a strong and electorally successful nationalist movement, with positions ranging from autonomy to outright independence, the latter option with around 10–15% public support. The independist party Corsica Libera envisions an independent Corsica within the European Union as a union of various European peoples, as well as recommendations for alignment within European directives.


text: There is an active movement towards Flemish independence or union with the Netherlands. The future status of Wallonia and Brussels (the "de facto" capital of the EU) are unclear as viable political states, perhaps producing a unique situation from Scotland and Catalonia. There are various proposals, both within and outside the independentist movement, for what should happen to Brussels, ranging from staying part of the Belgian rump state, to joining the hypothetical Flemish state, to becoming a separate political entity.


text: Sardinia has a strong and electorally successful nationalist movement, with positions ranging from autonomy to outright independence.


text: As the Sardinian movement has its origins on the left of the political spectrum It is mostly pro-european, with a key focus on environmentalism.


text: According to a 2012 survey conducted in a joint effort between the University of Cagliari and that of Edinburgh, 41% of Sardinians would be in favour of independence (with 10% choosing it from both Italy and the European Union, and 31% only from Italy with Sardinia remaining in the EU), whilst another 46% would rather have a larger autonomy within Italy and the EU, including fiscal power; 12% of people would be content to remain part of Italy and the EU with a Regional Council without any fiscal powers, and 1% in Italy and the EU without a Regional Council and fiscal powers. A 2017 poll by the Ixè Institute found that 51% of those questioned identified as Sardinian (as opposed to an Italian average of 15% identifying by their region of origin), rather than Italian (19%), European (11%) and/or citizen of the world (19%).


text: Sardinian nationalists address a number of issues, such as the environmental damage caused by the military forces (in fact, 60% of such bases in Italy are located on the island), the financial and economic exploitation of the island's resources by the Italian state and mainland industrialists, the lack of any political representation both in Italy and in the European Parliament (due to an unbalanced electoral constituency that still remains to this day, Sardinia has not had its own MEP since 1994), the nuclear power and waste (on which a referendum was proposed by a Sardist party, being held in 2011) and the ongoing process of depopulation and Italianization that would destroy the Sardinian indigenous culture.


text: There is a separatist movement in Wallonia although secession of Flanders from Belgium seems more likely. There is also a movement for a union with France. Although the majority is Francophone, the Walloon movement includes the Allemanophones. There are various proposals, both within and outside the independentist movement, for what should happen to Brussels.


text: Officially, the island nation of Cyprus is part of the European Union, under the de jure sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots are citizens of the Republic of Cyprus and thus of the European Union, and were entitled to vote in the 2004 European Parliament election (though only a few hundred registered). The EU's "acquis communautaire" is suspended indefinitely in the northern third of the island, which has remained outside the control of the Republic of Cyprus since the Turkish invasion of 1974. The Greek Cypriot community rejected the Annan Plan for the settlement of the Cyprus dispute in a referendum on 24 April 2004. Had the referendum been in favour of the settlement proposal, the island (excluding the British Sovereign Base Areas) would have joined the European Union as the "United Cyprus Republic". The European Union's relations with the "Turkish Cypriot Community" are handled by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enlargement.


text: The European Council has recognised that following the UK withdrawal from the EU, if Northern Ireland were to be incorporated into a united Ireland it would automatically rejoin the EU under the current Irish membership. A historical precedent for this was the incorporation of East Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany as a single European Communities member state.


text: A similar scenario has been envisioned with the unification of Moldova and Romania, which would incorporate the current territory of Moldova into Romania and therefore into the EU. About 44% of the Moldovans that were polled in 2021 supported such a scenario.


text: There are multiple special member state territories, some of them are not fully covered by the EU treaties and apply EU law only partially, if at all. It is possible for a dependency to change its status regarding the EU or some particular treaty or law provision. The territory may change its status from participation to leaving or from being outside to joining.


text: The Faroe Islands, a self-governing nation within the Kingdom of Denmark, is not part of the EU, as explicitly asserted by both Rome treaties. The relations with the EU are governed by a Fisheries Agreement (1977) and a Free Trade Agreement (1991, revised 1998). The main reason for remaining outside the EU is disagreements about the Common Fisheries Policy, which disfavours countries with large fish resources. Also, every member has to pay for the Common Agricultural Policy, which favours countries having much agriculture which the Faroe Islands does not. When Iceland was in membership negotiations around 2010, there was a hope of better conditions for fish-rich countries, but to no avail. The Common Fisheries Policy was introduced in 1970 for the very reason of getting access for the first EC members to waters of candidate countries, namely the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark including the Faroe Islands.


text: Nevertheless, there are politicians, mainly in the right-wing Union Party ("Sambandsflokkurin"), led by their chairman Kaj Leo Johannesen, who would like to see the Faroes as a member of the EU. However, the chairman of the left-wing Republic ("Tjóðveldi"), Høgni Hoydal, has expressed concerns that if the Faroes were to join the EU as is, they might vanish inside the EU, comparing this with the situation of the Shetland Islands and Åland today, and wants the local government to solve the political situation between the Faroes and Denmark first.


text: Greenland is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, which meant it became part of the EEC when Denmark joined in 1973. After the establishment of Greenland's home rule in 1979, which made it an autonomous community, Greenland held a referendum on EEC membership. The result was (mainly because of the Common Fisheries Policy) to leave, so on 1 February 1985, Greenland left the EEC and EURATOM. Its status was changed to that of an Overseas Country. Danish nationals residing in Greenland (i.e. all native population) are nonetheless fully European citizens; they are not, however, entitled to vote in European elections.


text: There has been some speculation as to whether Greenland may consider joining again the now European Union. On 4 January 2007 the Danish daily Jyllands-Posten quoted the former Danish minister for Greenland, Tom Høyem, as saying "I would not be surprised if Greenland again becomes a member of the EU... The EU needs the Arctic window and Greenland cannot alone manage the gigantic Arctic possibilities". Greenland has a lot of natural resources, and Greenland has, especially during the 2000s commodities boom, contracted foreign private companies to exploit some of them, but the cost is considered too high, as Greenland is remote and severely lacks infrastructure which has to be built. After 2013 prices have declined so such efforts have stalled.


text: The Brexit debate has reignited talk about the EU in Greenland with calls for the island to join the Union again.


text: The islands of Aruba and Curaçao, as well as Sint Maarten, are constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, while Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba are special Dutch municipalities. All are Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) under Annex II of the EC treaty. OCTs are considered to be "associated" with the EU and apply some portions of EU law. The islands are opting to become an Outermost Region (OMR) of the EU, a status in which the islands form a part of the European Union, though they benefit from derogations (exceptions) from some EU laws due to their geographical remoteness from mainland Europe. The islands are focusing on gaining the same status as the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and the French overseas departments.


text: When Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba were established as Dutch public bodies after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles (which was an OCT) in 2010, their status within the EU was raised. Rather than change their status from an OCT to an outermost region, as their change in status within the Netherlands would imply, it was decided that their status would remain the same for at least five years. After those five years, their status would be reviewed.


text: If it was decided that one or all of the islands wish to integrate more with the EU then the Treaty of Lisbon provides for that following a unanimous decision from the European Council. Former European Commissioner for Enlargement Danuta Hübner has said before the European Parliament that she does not expect many problems to occur with such a status change, as the population of the islands is only a few thousand people.


text: The territories of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion are "overseas departments" of France and at the same time mono-departmental "overseas region"s. According to the EC treaty (article 299 2), all of these departments are "outermost regions" (OMR) of the EU—hence provisions of the EC treaty apply there while derogations are allowed. The status of the Overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin is also defined as OMR by the Treaty of Lisbon. New Caledonia and the overseas collectivities of French Polynesia, Saint-Barthelemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon as well as Wallis and Futuna are Overseas Countries and Territories of the EU.


text: New Caledonia is an overseas territory of France with its own unique status under the French Constitution, which is distinct from that of overseas departments and collectivities. It is defined as an "overseas country" under the 1998 Nouméa Accord, and enjoys a high degree of self-government. Currently, in regard to the EU, it is one of the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT).


text: As a result of the Nouméa Accord, New Caledonians voted in three consecutive independence referendums in 2018, 2020, and 2021. The referendums were to determine whether the territory would remain a part of the French Republic as a "sui generis collectivity", or whether it would become an independent state. The accords also specify a gradual devolution of powers to the local New Caledonian assembly. The results of all three referendums determined that New Caledonia would remain a part of the French Republic.


text: The Scottish Independence Referendum of 2014 was the first occasion the EU was faced with the potential break-up of a member state, and one where a newly independent state wished to retain its EU membership. While the UK's withdrawal from the EU also took Scotland out of the EU, the debates in the referendum campaign may inform other future scenarios.


text: The UK Government's legal advice on the issue was that 'Since the [remainder of the UK] would be the same state as the UK, its EU membership would continue', while speculating that 'On the face of it, Scotland would be required to accede to the EU as a new state, which would require negotiations on the terms of its membership ...', but that 'Scotland's position within the EU is likely to be shaped more by any agreements between the parties than by pre-existing principles of EU law.' Without any formal process for handling the break-up of any member state, the European Commission offered, if requested by a member state, to provide an official view on the EU's position on Scottish EU membership in the event of its independence from the UK. The Scottish Government requested that UK Prime Minister David Cameron place this request, but such a request was not made. Nicola Sturgeon, the then Deputy First Minister of Scotland, said that the Scottish Cabinet did not agree an independent Scotland would have to reapply for EU membership.


text: The United Kingdom as a whole left the European Union in 2020, leaving potential future membership for Scotland as enlargement from outside of the EU.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: Tyrone William Griffin Jr. (born April 13, 1982), known professionally as Ty Dolla Sign (stylized as Ty Dolla $ign or Ty$), is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. He first gained major recognition in 2010 for his feature on American rapper YG's single "Toot It and Boot It". In the summer of 2013, he signed a record deal with American rapper Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records. In November 2015, he released his debut studio album, "Free TC", which peaked at number 14 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: Ty Dolla Sign is known for his songs "Paranoid", "Or Nah", and "Blasé"; as well as his writing contributions to "Loyal" by Chris Brown, "Post to Be" by Omarion featuring Brown and Jhené Aiko, and "FourFiveSeconds" by Rihanna, as well his various features on singles such as "Work from Home" by Fifth Harmony, "Swalla" by Jason Derulo, featuring Nicki Minaj, "Hot Girl Summer" by Megan Thee Stallion, also featuring Nicki Minaj, and "Psycho" by Post Malone, which was his first track to hit number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and is certified Diamond by the RIAA. Aside from his solo music career, Ty Dolla Sign is also a member of production team D.R.U.G.S., alongside Chordz 3D, Buddah Shampoo, Nate 3D, James Koo, Fuego and DJ Dahi.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: Ty Dolla Sign was born Tyrone William Griffin Jr. on April 13, 1982 in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of musician Tyrone Griffin, a member of the band Lakeside. He has said that through his father's involvement in Lakeside, he met singers like Earth, Wind & Fire and Prince as a child, which led to his love and interest for soul music. Growing up in South Central Los Angeles, Ty Dolla Sign was involved in gang activity.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: Ty Dolla Sign began his music career by learning how to play the bass guitar and later learned how to play drums, guitars, keyboards, and the MPC. Ty Dolla Sign and his partner Kory were signed to a record deal with Venus Brown and Buddah Brown Entertainment, subsequently releasing a mixtape, titled "Raw & Bangin Mixtape Vol 2". The duo also made guest appearances on studio albums by other artists such as Sa-Ra Creative Partners and Black Milk. They also sang on songs such as "U", which was featured on the latter 2007's recording "Popular Demand". Eventually, however, the partners had a falling out related to these ventures.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: After the dispute, Ty Dolla Sign would go on to collaborate with Los Angeles-based rapper YG. Ty Dolla Sign's initial claim to fame was with the success of YG's single "Toot It and Boot It", a song he both wrote and produced with YG. He then became affiliated with YG's group Pu$haz Ink. In 2011, Ty Dolla Sign released his first solo song, titled "All Star" featuring Joe Moses, and produced by Fuego. Ty Dolla Sign also released his first mixtape "House On The Hill". Then he released "My Cabana", featuring Young Jeezy, which was ranked on "Complex"s Best 50 Songs of 2012 list at number 23. Ty Dolla Sign co-founded the production team D.R.U.G.S. alongside longtime friends and fellow music producers Chordz 3D and G Casso, the latter of which was later murdered. Other producers later joined D.R.U.G.S., including Nate 3D, Buddah Shampoo, Fuego, DJ Mustard and DJ Dahi.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: In 2012, Ty Dolla Sign signed a recording contract with Atlantic Records. After signing with Atlantic Records, he released his first solo mixtape, titled "Beach House", on October 1, 2012. He followed with the mixtape's sequel, "Beach House 2", on July 1, 2013. "Beach House 2" features guest appearances from Too Short, Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J and Kirko Bangz, among others. The following day, it was revealed that Ty Dolla Sign signed a deal with Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records. In mid-2013, he toured with Khalifa and ASAP Rocky, among others, on the "Under the Influence of Music 2" concert tour.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: On September 10, 2013, Ty Dolla Sign released a single, titled "Paranoid", which features a verse from Atlanta rapper B.o.B and production from DJ Mustard. The song was later announced to be the first single off his upcoming extended play (EP). On October 22, 2013, the Ethan Lader-directed music video for "Paranoid", premiered via Diddy's "Revolt". The single became highly popular, peaking at number 29 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and eventually being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: On January 7, 2014, Ty Dolla Sign released his second single for his debut EP, titled "Or Nah", featuring Wiz Khalifa and DJ Mustard. The song's production was handled by DJ Mustard and it contains a sample of Trillville's "Some Cut". The music video was filmed during January 2014. The single was remixed featuring vocals from Canadian singer The Weeknd and was later certified triple platinum by the RIAA.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: On January 21, 2014, Ty Dolla Sign released his major label debut project, "Beach House EP". The EP features guest appearances from Casey Veggies, Wiz Khalifa, Twista, Jay Rock, Trey Songz, French Montana, Travis Scott and Fredo Santana, while the production was primarily handled by Ty Dolla Sign himself, along with DJ Mustard, Cardo and Young Chop, among others. He stated that the EP would feature a new sound from him, and that it would be on a whole other level compared to his mixtapes. Ty Dolla Sign described the EP as being a preview for his debut studio album, at the time due to be released during 2014. The remix to "Paranoid", featuring Trey Songz, French Montana, and DJ Mustard, was also included on the EP.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: On February 23, 2014, Ty Dolla Sign revealed that his debut studio album would be titled "Free TC", and would be released during the third quarter of 2014. He told "Revolt", that he had already completed eight songs for the album and that he would be going on tour, namely Under the Influence 3, with Wiz Khalifa during 2014. He was chosen for the 2014's "XXL" freshman class. In May 2014, Ty Dolla Sign told "The Fader", that he would release a mixtape, titled "Sign Language", sometime during the next few months, which would then be followed by "Free TC". In August 2014, Ty Dolla Sign revealed that Jeremih, Wiz Khalifa, YG, Yo Gotti and Jay 305, will be appearing on "Sign Language". On August 24, 2014, which happens to be the same day he released his mixtape "Sign Language", Ty Dolla Sign told "HotNewHipHop", that he has worked with Rihanna on a track from her upcoming album.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: While working on his debut album, Ty Dolla Sign appeared on Chris Brown and Tyga's "", on the second track "Nothin' Like Me", as well as Big Sean's song "Play No Games" off of "Dark Sky Paradise". On May 26, 2015, Ty Dolla Sign released the first single from "Free TC", titled "Only Right", which features TeeCee4800, Joe Moses and YG and was produced by DJ Mustard. On June 26, 2015, he released the album's second single, titled "Blasé", featuring Future and Rae Sremmurd. "Blasé" would go on to be certified platinum by the RIAA. Ty Dolla Sign's album pre-order as well as the instant grat "When I See Ya", featuring Fetty Wap, became available on September 11, 2015. The album's third single, "Saved", featuring E-40, went on to be certified gold by the RIAA.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: Ty Dolla Sign revealed that on October 13, 2015, exactly one month before his album came out, he would release a new mixtape "Airplane Mode". Ty Dolla Sign's debut album, "Free TC", was released on November 13, 2015, via Taylor Gang Records and Atlantic Records. The album debuted at number 14 on the "Billboard" 200, with 31,000 equivalent album units and first-week sales of 22,000 copies in the United States. In February 2016, Fifth Harmony released the single "Work from Home" featuring Ty Dolla Sign, which has gone on to peak at number 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In June 2016, Ty Dolla Sign, Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa, Imagine Dragons, Logic and X Ambassadors released the collaboration single "Sucker for Pain" for the motion picture soundtrack for "Suicide Squad". In August 2016, Ty Dolla Sign and singer Nick Jonas performed the song "Bacon" at the MTV Video Music Awards, where Ty Dolla Sign also won Best Collaboration for "Work from Home" with Fifth Harmony. On September 23, 2016, Ty Dolla Sign released a project titled "Campaign", which peaked at number 28 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: On June 19, 2016, Ty Dolla Sign announced that his next project following "Campaign" would be "Beach House 3" and that this installment would be an album rather than a mixtape. The lead single "Love U Better" featuring Lil Wayne and The-Dream was released July 10, 2017. The second single "So Am I" featuring Damian Marley and Skrillex, was released September 1, 2017. The album was released on October 27, 2017, and debuted at number 11 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: In February 2018, Ty Dolla Sign was featured on Post Malone's single "Psycho", which peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In May 2018, he was featured on Christina Aguilera's single "Accelerate" along with 2 Chainz, the first single from Aguilera's eighth album "Liberation". On June 1, he was featured on "All Mine" by Kanye West, on West's "ye" album. On June 8, he was featured on "Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)" by Kids See Ghosts, on their album "Kids See Ghosts". On June 14, he was featured on the Bhad Bhabie single "Trust Me". On June 16, he was featured on "Boss" on Beyoncé and Jay-Z's joint album "Everything Is Love". In 2018, he was featured on Tinashe's single "Me So Bad" with French Montana, which had moderate success in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. He was also featured on Drake's album, "Scorpion", He was also featured on the song "After Dark". He also featured on Lecrae's album "All Things Work Together" on the song "Blessings".


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: On October 26, 2018, Ty Dolla Sign and Jeremih released a collaborative album under the joint pseudonym MihTy (a portmanteau of both the artists' names) through Def Jam Recordings and Atlantic Records, their respective labels. It was entitled "MihTy", and features guest appearances from French Montana, Chris Brown and Wiz Khalifa. The duo had released several singles throughout the fall season of 2018 in anticipation of the album's release, and performed "The Light" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" in the week leading up to the album's debut. The project also contained the hit single "Goin Thru Some Thangs" which reached #15 on the Apple Music top charts.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: Ty Dolla Sign released an album preview in February 2019 (via Instagram) featuring a new song produced by D.A. Got That Dope along with a verse from Tyga. On May 20, 2019, Ty Dolla Sign released the single "Purple Emoji", featuring American rapper J. Cole as the intended first single. On August 9, 2019, he released another single titled "Hottest in the City", featuring American rappers Juicy J and Project Pat. He later announced that his third studio album was originally called "Tyrone" (named from his birth name) and was set to release fall 2019. However, he stated "I had a meeting one time with Kanye, and played him the album, and he was like, 'Bro nah, you need to do what you do. Add more bass, add more drums, add more, the real shit, that's what no one else is doing. Be the best you, bring that shit all the way up to the forefront...That conversation definitely inspired me, and made me go back and go crazy with the live instruments".


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: On July 1, 2020, Ty Dolla Sign released "Ego Death" featuring Kanye West, FKA Twigs and Skrillex as the official lead single to his third studio album. On July 3, 2020, Ty Dolla Sign announced to Big Boy that his third studio album is called "Dream House" and would be released "sooner than you think". The second single "Expensive", featuring Nicki Minaj, was released on August 28, 2020. On October 14, Ty Dolla Sign revealed that he changed the album's title to "Featuring Ty Dolla Sign", a reference to his work on other artists' projects and songs since his last release. He said the album title came from his gift of collaborating, and features many of his industry friends.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: "Featuring Ty Dolla Sign" was released on October 23, 2020. The album features artists including Kid Cudi, Post Malone, Kanye West, Anderson .Paak, Quavo, Lil Durk, Nicki Minaj, Big Sean, Jhené Aiko, Kehlani, Future, Musiq Soulchild, FKA twigs and Skrillex. Ty Dolla Sign was also featured on the song "Safety Net" with American singer Ariana Grande for her sixth studio album, "Positions" on October 30, 2020.


title: Ty Dolla Sign

text: On 11 August 2021, Ty Dolla Sign and Canadian R&B duo dvsn, composed of singer Daniel Daley and producer Nineteen85, posted the artwork from a forthcoming collaborative album titled "Cheers to the Best Memories" to their respective Instagram pages, captioned with the 20 August 2021 release date. The album featured Rauw Alejandro and longtime Ty Dolla Sign associate YG, as well as a posthumous guest appearance from Mac Miller, with whom Ty Dolla Sign had collaborated in the past. The release preceded Ty Dolla Sign's appearances in the following two weeks on "Junya pt 2" from Kanye West's "Donda" and "Get Along Better" from Drake's "Certified Lover Boy".