title: Toledo, Spain

text: The Peninsular War affected the city in a very negative way. Over the course of the 19th century, Toledo underwent a progressive change from convent-city to bureaucratic city. Being a city quite impervious to external influence at the time, Bourgeoisie exerted a limited influence.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Following the exclusion of Toledo from the railway to the Portuguese border in the 1850s, a project of railway connection from Castillejo to Toledo lobbied by the Marquis of Salamanca was passed in June 1856. The line was opened on 12 June 1858. A budding tourism activity fostered by the arrival of rail contributed to the development of the hospitality industry in the late 19th century. By the turn of the 20th century, Toledo's population stood at about 23,000 inhabitants. The neighborhood of Santa Bárbara came into existence after the arrival of rail.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Following the July 1936 coup d'etat in Spain, the acting military commander in Toledo, José Moscardó, refused to provide weapons to Madrid and hid instead in the alcázar with a garrison of about 1,000 rebels, food, ammunition and some hostages. After 21 July, they became subject to an unsuccessful siege by forces loyal to the Republic during the early stages of the Spanish Civil War. Leading rebel general (and soon-to-be ""caudillo"") Francisco Franco and his Army of Africa took a detour from their advance towards Madrid (that gave time to the Republicans to build up the defenses in Madrid and receive early foreign support) and lifted the siege of the alcázar in late September 1936. The two months of resistance of the garrisoned rebel military would become a core symbolical feature of the mythology built around the Francoist regime and its ideology.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: By 1950, the population stood at 40,243. Urban planning vis-à-vis the development of the neighborhoods of Palomarejos and Polígono ensued in the second half of the 20th century.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: In the 1980s, in the context of the creation of the autonomous communities in Spain, Toledo became the "de facto" capital of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, hosting the seat of the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha (the regional legislature) and the presidency of the regional government (the executive).


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo has a typical cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: "BSk"). Winters are cool while summers are hot and dry. Precipitation is low and mainly concentrated in the period mid autumn through to mid spring. The highest temperature ever recorded in Toledo was on 13 August 2021; the lowest was on 12 January 2021.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The metal-working industry has historically been Toledo's economic base, with a great tradition in the manufacturing of swords and knives and a significant production of razor blades, medical devices and electrical products. ("The Toledo Blade", the American newspaper in Toledo's Ohio namesake city, is named in honor of the sword-making tradition.) Soap and toothpaste industries, flour milling, glass and ceramics have also been important. Goya Foods has its Madrid offices in Toledo.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The manufacture of swords in the city of Toledo goes back to Roman times, but it was under Moorish rule and during the Reconquista that Toledo and its guild of sword-makers played a key role. Between the 15th and 17th centuries the Toledo sword-making industry enjoyed a great boom, to the point where its products came to be regarded as the best in Europe. Swords and daggers were made by individual craftsmen, although the sword-makers guild oversaw their quality. In the late 17th and early 18th century production began to decline, prompting the creation of the Royal Arms Factory in 1761 by order of King Carlos III. The Royal Factory brought together all the sword-makers guilds of the city and it was located in the former mint. In 1777, recognizing the need to expand the space, Carlos III commissioned the architect Sabatini to construct a new building on the outskirts of the city. This was the beginning of several phases of expansion. Its importance was such that it eventually developed into a city within the city of Toledo.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: In the 20th century, the production of knives and swords for the army was reduced to cavalry weapons only, and after the Spanish Civil War, to the supply of swords to the officers and NCOs of the various military units. Following the closure of the factory in the 1980s, the building was renovated to house the campus of the Technological University of Castilla-La Mancha in Toledo. According to the Statistical Institute of Castilla-La Mancha, in 2007 the recent distribution of employment by sectors of occupation was as follows: 86.5% of the population engaged in the services, 6.6% in construction, 5.4% in industry and 1.5% in agriculture and livestock.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: In the decade to 2008, unemployment in absolute terms remained fairly stable in the city of Toledo, but in 2009 this figure increased significantly: nearly 62% compared to 2008, with the number of unemployed rising from 2,515 to 4,074 (figures at 31 March each year), according to the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha. Of this 62%, one third of the increase took place in the first quarter.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: According to other statistics from the same source, almost half the unemployed in the city of Toledo (1,970 persons) are among those whose education does not go beyond the compulsory secondary level. However, there are groups whose level of studies is such that they have not been registered as unemployed, such as those who have completed class 1 professional training, or those with virtually nonexistent unemployment rates (less than 0.1%), which is the case of unemployed with high school degrees or professional expertise.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo has a 25-member City Council, elected by closed lists every four years. The 2011 election saw a pact made between the 11 members of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the 2 members of the United Left, to retain the position of the PSOE's Emiliano García-Page Sánchez as mayor, which he has been since 2007.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The old city is located on a mountaintop with a 150-degree view, surrounded on three sides by a bend in the Tagus River, and contains many historical sites, including the Alcázar, the cathedral (the primate church of Spain), and the Zocodover, a central market place.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: From the 4th century to the 16th century about thirty synods were held at Toledo. The earliest, directed against Priscillian, assembled in 400. At the synod of 589 the Visigothic King Reccared declared his conversion from Arianism to Catholicism; the synod of 633 decreed uniformity of catholic liturgy throughout the Visigothic kingdom and took stringent measures against baptized Jews who had relapsed into their former faith. Other councils forbade circumcision, Jewish rites and observance of the Sabbath and festivals. Throughout the seventh century, Jews were flogged, executed, had their property confiscated, were subjected to ruinous taxes, forbidden to trade and, at times, dragged to the baptismal font. The council of 681 assured to the archbishop of Toledo the primacy of Spain. At Guadamur, very close to Toledo, the Treasure of Guarrazar was excavated in 1858, the best example of Visigothic art in Spain.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: As nearly one hundred early canons of Toledo found a place in the "Decretum Gratiani", they exerted an important influence on the development of ecclesiastical law. The synod of 1565–1566 concerned itself with the execution of the decrees of the Council of Trent; and the last council held at Toledo, 1582–1583, was guided in detail by Philip II.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo had large communities of Muslims and Jews until they were expelled from Spain in 1492 (Jews) and 1502 (Mudéjars). Today's city contains the religious monuments the Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca, the Synagogue of El Transito, Mosque of Cristo de la Luz and the church of San Sebastián dating from before the expulsion, still maintained in good condition. Among Ladino-speaking Sephardi Jews, in their various diasporas, the family name Toledano is still prevalent – indicating an ancestry traced back to this city (the name is also attested among non-Jews in various Spanish-speaking countries).


title: Toledo, Spain

text: In the 13th century, Toledo was a major cultural centre under the guidance of Alfonso X, called "El Sabio" ("the Wise") for his love of learning. The Toledo School of Translators, that had commenced under Archbishop Raymond of Toledo, continued to bring vast stores of knowledge to Europe by rendering great academic and philosophical works in Arabic into Latin. The Palacio de Galiana, built in the Mudéjar style, is one of the monuments that remain from that period.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The Cathedral of Toledo ("Catedral de Toledo") was built between 1226 and 1493 and modeled after the Bourges Cathedral, though it also combines some characteristics of the Mudéjar style. It is remarkable for its incorporation of light and features the Baroque altar called "El Transparente", several stories high, with fantastic figures of stucco, paintings, bronze castings, and multiple colors of marble, a masterpiece of medieval mixed media by Narciso Tomé topped by the daily effect for just a few minutes of a shaft of light from which this feature of the cathedral derives its name. Two notable bridges secured access to Toledo across the Tajo, the Alcántara bridge and the later built San Martín bridge.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes is a Franciscan monastery, built 1477–1504, in a remarkable combination of Gothic-Spanish-Flemish style with Mudéjar ornamentation.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo was home to El Greco for the latter part of his life, and is the subject of some of his most famous paintings, including "The Burial of the Count of Orgaz", exhibited in the Church of Santo Tomé.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: When Philip II moved the royal court from Toledo to Madrid in 1561, the old city went into a slow decline from which it never recovered.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo has been a traditional sword-making, steel-working centre since about 500 BCE, and came to the attention of Rome when used by Hannibal in the Punic Wars. Soon, it became a standard source of weaponry for Roman legions.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo steel was famed for its very high quality alloy, whereas Damascene steel, a competitor from the Middle Ages on, was also famed for a specific metal-working technique.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Today there is a significant trade, and many shops offer all kinds of swords to their customers, whether historical or modern films swords, as well as medieval armors and from other times, which are also exported to other countries.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Some of the local specialties include lamb roast or stew, "cochifrito", "alubias con perdiz" (beans with partridge) and "perdiz estofoda" (partridge stew), "carcamusa", "migas", "gachas manchegas", and "tortilla a la magra". In addition, in Toledo there are local versions of dishes from the nearby capital of Spain, Madrid, as is the case of the "cocido toledano". Two of the city's most famous food productions are Manchego cheese and marzipan, which has a Protected Geographical Indication ("mazapán de Toledo").


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The Virgen del Valle pilgrimage is celebrated on May 1 at the Ermita de la Virgen del Valle, with a concentration popular holiday in that place. The Holy Week, declared of National Tourist Interest, is held in spring with various processions, highlighting those that take place on Good Friday, and religious and cultural events. The enjoys the status of celebration of International Tourist Interest since 1980. It was conventionally celebrated 60 days after the Sunday of Resurrection. The celebration of the feasts on the part of the Catholic Church had its heyday during the Baroque, post-Trent period. A processional cortege travels around of streets and richly decorated awnings. The Virgen del Sagrario is celebrated on 15 August, in honour of the Virgen del Sagrario, featuring a procession inside the Cathedral and drinking water of the Virgin in jars.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The city of Toledo was declared a Historic-Artistic Site in 1940, UNESCO later given the title of World Heritage in 1987. Sights include:


title: Toledo, Spain

text: To mark the fourth centenary of the publication of the first part of "Don Quixote", the Council of Communities of Castile–La Mancha designed a series of routes through the region crossing the various points cited in the novel. Known as the Route of Don Quixote, two of the pathways designated, sections 1 and 8, are based in Toledo; those linking the city with La Mancha Castile and Montes de Toledo exploit the natural route which passes through the Cigarrales and heads to Cobisa, Nambroca Burguillos of Toledo, where it takes the Camino Real from Sevilla to suddenly turn towards Mascaraque Almonacid de Toledo, deep into their surroundings, near Mora, in La Mancha.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: This stretch, Mascaraque-Toledo, of the Route of Don Quixote has recently been included in an official way on the Camino de Santiago in Levantine branch with origins in Cartagena, Alicante and Valencia, as both routes are declared a European Cultural Route on this stretch.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo has long been an obligatory stop in the centre of the peninsula. The roads leading to historic Toledo are still used and in many cases have provided the basis to existing roads leading into the city.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: From Toledo part of N-400, which links this city with Cuenca by Ocaña and Tarancón. It is currently in the process of transformation in the future A-40 motorway Castilla La Mancha, which will link Maqueda (where it joins the motorway Extremadura), Toledo, Ocaña (where it attaches to the Motorway of Andalusia), Tarancón (where connects with the motorway Levante), Cuenca and Teruel.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The old National Road 401 Madrid-Toledo-Ciudad Real was transformed in the late 1980s into the current A-42 as a result of splitting and deleting the path that the various crossings counted (Illescas, Yuncos, etc.).


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The split path can take south of Toledo, in effect Ciudad Real, where it continues as conventional road. At this point, the A-42 connects with the Highway of the Vineyard that reaches Tomelloso. It is planned to extend the A-42, by a toll road, to Ciudad Real and Jaén.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: In the early twenty-first century the toll motorway AP-41 was built, in order to reduce traffic congestion between Toledo and Madrid.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Another way of State Highway Network that Toledo is part of the N-403, Toledo-Maqueda – Ávila – Adanero. Part of the route of this road will be replaced by that of the aforementioned Highway of Castilla La Mancha.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: In addition to these roads, several regional and provincial-level roads depart from Toledo linking the city with the regions of Montes de Toledo, La Jara and La Mancha.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: In the mid-nineteenth century Toledo was one of the first Spanish cities to receive rail service, with the arrival of the Madrid – Aranjuez line, which was inaugurated by Isabella II on June 12 of 1858. The current station, Toledo Railway Station (built in Neo-Mudéjar style), was opened on April 24 of 1919.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The line suffered some technical issues and service disruptions, but continued to serve as the main intercity route until the early twenty-first century. On 2 July, 2003 the last conventional train service between the two capitals ended and work began on a high-speed link to Madrid, which entered service on November 16 of 2005. The new line reduced the travel time to Madrid to just under 30 minutes.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: In the early 1960s began the construction of the Residence Health Social Security "Virgen de la Salud". The original building still remains in use, although successive extensions were added (maternity, outpatient clinics, operating rooms, etc.) into the existing complex. The complex was also extended to move the clinic to a new nearby building, now converted into Specialty Centre San Ildefonso.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The , inaugurated on 7 October 1974, became a centre of reference at the national level in the treatment of spinal cord injuries. It also focuses on the social integration of their patients.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The transfer of powers from the state health at the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha will give new impetus to the health infrastructure, manifested in 2007 with the commencement of construction of the new General Hospital of Toledo in Santa María de Benquerencia. Also have been provided to the different parts of the relevant health centres.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: In the Toledo Hospital Complex [36] is also integrated Geriatric Hospital Virgen del Valle, a result of reform and modernization of old tuberculosis hospital built in the mid twentieth century. The centre is located outside the city, near the Parador Nacional de Turismo Conde de Orgaz.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: With regard to private health, at present the city of Toledo has several centres: Hospital de las Tres Culturas, Clínica Nuestra Señora del Rosario, and so on.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo suffered from a shortage of sports facilities. Much of this problem was resolved when the Central School of Physical Education of the Army moved its headquarters to the premises of the Academy of Infantry. In the 1990s, the city council took over the old facilities of the military centre, which now include an athletics track, Olympic swimming pool and an indoor sports hall, from the former military installations, and numerous outdoor courts built in the area of the former runway of application, having been demolished and the old gym complex pools (indoor and outdoor).


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Besides these facilities, the city of Toledo has covered sports pavilions in the districts of Santa María de Benquerencia, Santa Bárbara, San Antón (Complejo Deportivo "Leaping Horse"), outdoor pools in sugar, Palomarejos, Santa María de Benquerencia, Santa Barbara, Santa Teresa and indoor swimming pools in the gardens of the Alcazar (old town), Santa María de Benquerencia and San Antonio.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo has a football team, CD Toledo, founded on 24 April 1928. Their home turf is the Estadio Salto del Caballo, inaugurated on 23 November 1973. The team played for 7 seasons in the Segunda División, during which it reached the play-off final for promotion to La Liga at the end of the 1993–94 season, losing 4–1 on aggregate to Real Valladolid. Toledo players have included Abel Resino, Luis Garcia, former Arsenal coach Unai Emery, Rufete and Casquero. In the 2020-21 season, CD Toledo will play in the Tercera División, the fourth tier of Spanish football.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo also has teams of handball. The Toledo Handball, after five years in the Division de Honor B, start the 2009–2010 season as ASOBAL new club for the first time in its history. A refurbished town hall "Javier Lozano Cid", with capacity for around 1,500 spectators, is its new headquarters. Moreover, the city has two other Division II team in the National, the Toledo Handball Lábaro-B and Club Deportivo Amibal.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo has two basketball teams: the CIS Toledo, with a long history that has gone through ups and downs in both regional and in national leagues (EBA) and has just promoted to 1st Autonomic, and CB Polígono, currently the most representative, whose team has promoted male, seven years after leaving, to EBA League to start the 2009/10 season. This club based in the Santa María de Benquerencia district and has one of the largest youth systems of Castilla-La Mancha.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Toledo has been represented in athletics since 2 April 1979 by the Toledo Athletic Club, that is characterised by its actions, mainly in cross-country, where he managed a large number of medals in the championships team Spain's specialty, in addition to their combined male and female military in the late 1990s in the 1st division league national track. Among the athletes who have passed through its lanes are great athletes as Julio Rey, Roberto Parra, Chema Martinez and Julia Lobato.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Cycling, meanwhile, after the victory in the Tour de France in 1959 by Federico Bahamontes, 'The Eagle of Toledo', has been one of the sports with more followers in the city, although, at present, no school despite having a velodrome in Santa María de Benquerencia. Other leading professional cyclists from the city have been Nemesio Jiménez (Mexico Olympics 1968) and Ángel de las Heras.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: The FS and Volleyball Toledo Toledo Association Toledo complete representation in the National League of First and Second Division, after a brief journey in Fantasy, respectively, while the Toledo Rugby Club, with many fans, is immersed in the League Madrid's Primera Liga.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: At the individual level, the swimmer Javier Noriega and Julio Rey marathon athletes are more representative of the city, both in Athens Olympics 2004 and Beijing Olympics 2008, in recent years. Rey, Spanish current marathon record holder, with 2h.06:52, announced his retirement in October 2009.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: Various local and provincial newspapers are published in the city. In addition, national newspapers such as the daily ABC publish unique local editions. Among the local newspapers are the subscription-based La Tribuna de Toledo, and Toledo Day, as well as the free Global Castilla la Mancha and Toledo News. The general information weekly magazines Echoes and Here are also published.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: There is also local media in television, radio, and Internet. The regional public television headquarters, CMT, are in Toledo. In addition, there are several local television stations, as well as local fare: the diocesan Popular TV, Teletoledo, Canal Regional de Noticia and La Tribuna TV.


title: Toledo, Spain

text: For radio stations, there is the dean of radio Radio Toledo (Onda Cero), as well as COPE, Cadena SER, RNE, RCM and Radio Aquí, and the local fare Onda Polígono and the diocesan station Radio Santa Maria. Within the digital and social media, Onda Toledo, Toledo Magic, Toledo Digital, and La Cerca.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The Toyota Tundra is a pickup truck manufactured in the United States by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota since May 1999. The Tundra was the second full-size pickup to be built by a Japanese manufacturer (the first was the Toyota T100), but the Tundra was the first full-size pickup from a Japanese manufacturer to be built in North America. The Tundra was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award and was "Motor Trend" magazine's Truck of the Year in 2000 and 2008. Initially built in a new Toyota plant in Princeton, Indiana, production was consolidated in 2008 to Toyota's San Antonio, Texas, factory and is the only full-size pickup truck manufactured in Texas.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The first generation Tundra had many similarities with the older Toyota T100 and the compact Toyota Tacoma. These included the shared use of a 3.4 L V6 engine which was the top-of-the-line engine in both the Tacoma and T100. The V6 engine would serve as the base engine for the Tundra, while a second engine was added, a 4.7 L V8, the first V8 for a Toyota pickup.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Publicly introduced in May 1999 as a 2000 model, the Tundra prototypes and "show trucks" were initially known as T150s. However, Ford and automotive journalists described the name was too close to the market-leader Ford F-150, and following a lawsuit by Ford, the production truck was renamed the Tundra.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The Tundra was slightly larger than the T100. With a production capacity of 120,000, sales were double the rate of the T100. At its introduction, the Tundra had the highest initial vehicle sales for Toyota in its history. It was selected as "Motor Trend"s Truck of the Year award for 2000 and Best Full-Size Truck from "Consumer Reports". It was assembled in a new Toyota plant in Princeton, Indiana.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Engine choices available in the Tundra were a 24V 3.4 L V6 engine that produced and of torque and an LEV certified 32 valve 4.7 L "i-Force" V8 engine that produced and of torque. A Toyota Racing Development (TRD) supercharger was already available for the 3.4 L V6 (2000-2003 models) that bumped power to the range and of torque. TRD introduced a second supercharger for the V8 (2000-2003 models) engine late into its second year of production that increased to the mid range and torque to the range. The supercharged V8 was dropped when Toyota released the updated VVT-i-equipped 4.7 L engine.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The grille was updated in 2002 (for the 2003 model year), along with a new Stepside bed available on Access Cab models. The Tundra Double Cab, also added to the lineup in late 2003 for the 2004 model year, was a crew cab with four rear-opening doors, with interior and exterior details copied from the Toyota Sequoia. Its bed was nearly longer than the competing Nissan Titan or Ford F-150. It is also longer, taller, and wider than the Regular and Access Cab versions, with a longer wheelbase. A new engine was introduced in 2005: a 4.0 L V6 rated at and of torque, and the existing 4.7 L V8 was updated with Toyota's VVT-i variable valve timing technology and was rated at and of torque while the 2006 versions were rerated at and of torque. The 5-speed manual gave way to a 6-speed manual, and a 5-speed automatic replaced the 4-speed. With a towing capacity of on the Double Cab and on Access Cab and Regular Cab models with a V8 engine, the Tundra still did not have enough power to compete with the heavier-duty offerings of the Big Three.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: In 2003, the T3 Special Edition was sold in conjunction with the release of the "" movie. It included a TRD performance package, "T3" badging, blacked-out grille and trim pieces, special 17-inch wheels, and T3 limited interior trim. 650 were sold in the US as 4x2 and 200 were sold in Canada as 4x4.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: In 2006, the Darrell Waltrip Edition was marketed to honor the NASCAR driver and his participation in the NASCAR Truck Series. Only 2,000 V8-powered Double Cab models were produced. The package included special badging and unique 18-inch wheels.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rated the Tundra "Good" overall in their frontal offset crash test. It was the first full-size pickup awarded a "Good" score, its competitors from Ford and Dodge were rated "Poor" and in the case of GM's entry "Marginal".


title: Toyota Tundra

text: A larger Tundra was introduced at the February 2006 Chicago Auto Show. It used styling cues from the Toyota Tacoma along with some cues from the Toyota FTX concept truck (also designed by Craig Kember in 2003). The truck featured towing capacity of up to 10,000 lb, and a payload capacity of over , a new 5.7 L "3UR-FE" V8 engine mated to a new 6-speed automatic transmission. The second generation Tundra had three engine options. The new 5.7 L V8 that produces and of torque, and the carry over 4.7 L "2UZ-FE" V8 rated at and of torque, as well as the previous 4.0 L "1GR-FE" V6 rated at and of torque.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: When the new Tundra was first launched in January 2007, it was available in 31 configurations, which consisted of 3 bed lengths, 3 cab configurations, 3 wheelbases, and 2 transmissions. The new extended cab now had conventional rear doors instead of the previous generation's rear-hinged doors; it also took the name "Double Cab," which was applied to the first-generation crew cab. The second-generation crew cab was renamed as "CrewMax." The Double Cab and Regular Cab are available with a regular bed or an long bed, while the CrewMax is only available with a short bed. The Tundra also features a new 6-speed automatic transmission which can lock the torque converter in fifth and sixth gears with a manual shift mode which is standard with the 5.7 L, giving it a time of 6.3 seconds and a quarter-mile time of 14.7 seconds.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Toyota made the new Tundra useful for many construction workers by including extra large door handles, deck rail system, integrated tow hitch, and head restraints that can fit a worker with a hardhat. The Tundra also includes as standard: an electronic automatic limited-slip differential (Auto LSD), Vehicle Stability Control, traction control, electronic brakeforce distribution, brake assist, anti-lock brakes, and tailgate assist. However, its starting price was more expensive than the Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck and Ford F-150 XL.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Some other changes Toyota included in the new Tundra are optional tow mirrors, a fuel tank, available alloy wheels, backup camera, Bluetooth, large center console (big enough to fit a laptop), extra-large disc brakes and calipers, and the aforementioned 6-speed sequential automatic transmission.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: All 5.7 L Tundras come equipped with a tow package which includes engine oil and transmission coolers, an integrated trailer hitch, 4.30:1 axle ratio, and large braking hardware for increased fade resistance. Equipped with the 5.7 L V8 the Tundra has a maximum tow rating of depending on body configuration. Toyota began rating the Tundra under the SAE J2807 protocol beginning in 2010.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: In June 2008, Toyota introduced the Ivan "Ironman" Stewart Signature Series Tundra. Three different packages are offered, one of which includes the TRD Supercharger.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: For the 2009 model year, Toyota introduced a new off-road themed option package called the TRD Rock Warrior. This option package was only available on the 4x4 Tundras with either the Double Cab or the CrewMax cab. Included are 17-inch TRD forged aluminum wheels, LT285/70R-17 BF Goodrich All-Terrain T/A tires, Bilstein shocks, color-matched front bumper and grille, matte-black rear bumper, and fog lights. The interior included black cloth bucket seats, sport shift knob, and pedal covers. Double cab models received a sliding rear window. The TRD Rock Warrior package was only available in Black or Super White. For the 2011 model year, the Rock Warrior package continued with some minor changes. Manual sliding rear window with privacy glass (Double Cab), and TRD Rock Warrior graphics. (Available only in: Black, Radiant Red, Magnetic Gray Metallic, or Super White.)


title: Toyota Tundra

text: For the 2010 model year, a new luxury option group called the Platinum package was made available exclusively on CrewMax Tundras. The package included a chrome front bumper, unique 20-inch aluminum wheels, Platinum badges, and a power moon roof. Interior upgrades included a DVD navigation system and backup monitor, JBL sound system with satellite radio and a Bluetooth system, wood grain trim, glass break sensor, and door sill protectors. This option group included heated and ventilated bucket seats with perforated leather trim, power controls, and embroidered headrests.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: For 2010–2012, the Platinum was offered as a luxury package. For 2013, the Platinum package was made into a trim level.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: On February 7, 2013, the refreshed 2014 Tundra was introduced at the Chicago Auto Show. The redesign featured a larger grille, more enhanced fenders front and rear, a redesigned tailgate and tail lights, as well as a completely redesigned interior. The only sheet-metal carried over from the previous model was the cab and the doors. The hood line was raised and the tailgate includes a spoiler. The interior featured a standard 3.5-inch information screen, Bluetooth connectivity, and back up camera. The interior included new seats, new gauges, new controls, updated ergonomics, and a redesigned dashboard with improved materials and metal-look surfaces. Toyota kept the same engines used since the MY 2010 update, a 4.0L V6, a 4.6L V8, and a 5.7L V8. However, the 4.0 L V6 saw a increase in power, and was rated at and .


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Toyota retuned the suspension with new damping rates to improve the ride quality over the previous models. The steering rack was re-valved to improve the steering feel. The Tundra line-up included a new premium luxury model called the 1794. The 2014 Tundra was available in five trim levels, the SR, SR5, Limited, Platinum, and 1794. For the 2014 model year, Toyota discontinued the regular cab Tundra with the box, but other configurations remain the same.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: For the 2014 model year, Toyota introduced the 1794 Edition Tundra, designed as a top-tier luxury model to compete with the Chevrolet Silverado High Country, GMC Denali, Ford King Ranch, and Ram Laramie Longhorn. The Toyota Tundra plant sits on land that Toyota purchased from the oldest working cattle ranch in Texas. The 1794 refers to the year that this ranch was established by Spanish colonist Juan Ignacio de Casanova. The 1794 Edition is a Western-themed package which includes Lexus-grade saddle brown leather interior, heated/ventilated/powered front seats, wood-trimmed steering wheel and dash, power sunroof, blind-spot monitoring, an Entune Premium JBL sound system with a navigation system, unique 20" Alloy wheels and 1794 Badging. The seats on the 1794 are finished in leather and a suede-like material and features contrasting stitching. The dash and door panels also have leather-trimmed surfaces along with wood accents.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: For the 2015 model year, Toyota introduced the TRD Pro option package to compete with the likes of the Ford SVT Raptor and Ram 1500 Rebel. This is marketed as an off-road package that is one step above the standard TRD option package. The TRD Pro includes large 2.5-inch diameter Bilstein remote reservoir shocks at four wheels that allow for a greater extension of the shocks compared to other Tundra shocks. These shocks allow for an additional of travel in the front and in the rear and employ a three-stage damping that gets progressively firmer as the suspension compresses. These shocks allow the Tundra TRD Pro to have a front ride height that is higher than other Tundras. The front coil springs have a decrease spring rated for more suspension compliance. The TRD Pro also include a thick aluminum front skid plate and a TRD cat-back dual exhaust system.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The TRD Pro has a unique body-colored grille with a blacked-out center section and the word "TOYOTA" on it instead of the Toyota Emblem. TRD PRO logo is stamped into the sides of the pickup bed, while TRD logos are on the shift knob, center console, and floor mats. The interior features unique TRD Pro upholstery and door trim with contrasting red stitching and an Etune premium audio system with navigation. The tires are P275/65-18 Michelin LTX A/T2 tires on black finished alloy wheels that have unique TRD center caps. The TRD Pro is available in three colours: Inferno, Attitude Black Metallic and Super White. The TRD Pro is available as an option only on the Tundra SR5 4x4 in either the Double Cab with the bed or the CrewMax with the bed.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: For the 2016 model year, the Tundra TRD Pro added Black leather with red contrast stitching and TRD Pro logo. The 38.0-gallon large fuel tank and integrated Trailer Brake Controller was made standard equipment. The color palette was changed to Quicksand (4V6), Magnetic Gray (1G3), and Super White (040). While Super White carried over from 2015, Magnetic Gray (1G3) and Quicksand (4V6) were new. Quicksand was first featured on the FJ-S Cruiser Concept that Toyota and TRD USA used as a testbed for the early TRD Pro Series concept. Quicksand pays tribute to the iconic Land Cruiser and FJ Cruiser from which the TRD Pro Series inherited its rugged DNA.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The second-generation Tundra was initially assembled at two different United States locations, the original Princeton, Indiana, plant supplemented by a newly built San Antonio, Texas, plant. Combined, the two plants give Toyota a maximum capacity to produce 300,000 Tundra units annually or 100,000 units from the Indiana plant and another 200,000 units from the Texas plant. When designing the Texas plant, Toyota arranged for 21 key Tundra suppliers to set up factories on the same site to avoid logistical issues. However, those suppliers are more vulnerable to a market downturn. Toyota also included a $9 million health care facility to serve workers and their dependents.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: In the second quarter of 2008, Toyota moved all Tundra production to the Texas plant. All Tundra engines and transmissions are built in the United States.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The Tundra comes equipped with dual front airbags, front row side torso airbags, and rollover sensing side curtain airbags for both the front and rear rows. Vehicle Stability Control, traction control, anti-lock brakes, brake assist, and electronic brakeforce distribution are also standard. For the 2010 model year, a driver and front passenger knee airbag becomes standard.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Toyota's Tundra was the first full-size pickup to have earned the IIHS's "Top Safety Pick" accolade, followed by the redesigned 2009 Ford F-150. In tests conducted by the IIHS, the Tundra received an overall "Good" score in the frontal offset crash test, the highest possible rating in the side impact crash test, and the maximum score for rear crash protection.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The primary difference between IIHS and NHTSA frontal crash testing is the IIHS conducts an offset test where a smaller portion of the vehicle's structure absorbs the energy of the crash. This type of crash test is more demanding on the vehicle's structure, while the full-frontal crash test is more demanding on the vehicle's restraint systems. Both IIHS and NHTSA frontal-impact tests can only be compared among vehicles of similar weights.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Because the Tundra's Vehicle Stability Control system is disabled when the vehicle's 4x4 system is engaged "Consumer Reports" has questioned the Tundra's "Top Safety Pick" award. Toyota's response is the Tundra does not feature a center differential which would become a weak point in the drivetrain. However the stability control system remains operational at times when the truck is in 4x2 mode though many drivers will select the 4x4 mode in slippery conditions. As of the 2010 model year, this has been corrected. Electronic stability control functions in 4x4hi and is disengaged in 4x4lo. This is verified by the updated owner's manual, visor instructions, and road tests in snow and ice in 4x4hi. When understeer or oversteer occurs in 4x4hi a beeping noise is emitted, and the dash indicator lights up yellow indicating that VSC is activated, braking individual wheels to match driver input at the steering wheel.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Toyota began selling a bolt-on TRD supercharger kit for the 5.7 L V8 Tundra during June 2008. Power output is increased to and of torque. When the installation is carried out by a Toyota dealership the existing warranty remains intact. This kit features Eaton's TVS Roots-type supercharger which utilizes twin four-lobe rotors, a design shared with the newly introduced Toyota TRD Aurion, Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 and Cadillac CTS-V. TRD discontinued the TRD Supercharger in mid 2015, meaning that the 2015 model year is the last year that has an official TRD ECU reflash available.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: "Edmunds" tested a TRD supercharged Tundra which completed the 1/4 mile in 13.3 sec at . "Edmunds" previously tested a naturally aspired 5.7 L V8 Tundra which posted a 14.8 sec at time. "Motor Trend's" test of the supercharged Tundra resulted in a 1/4 mile of 13.0 sec at . This Tundra needed 4.4 seconds to run from 0-.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The first official photo of the third-generation Tundra was revealed on June 18, 2021. The pickup truck was officially unveiled during Motor Bella on September 21, 2021. It is built on the body-on-frame GA-F platform. On December 3, 2021, production of the vehicle began in San Antonio, Texas.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The third-generation Tundra is offered with two powertrain options: a "V35A-FTS" twin-turbocharged V6 engine producing and of torque, or a hybridized version of the "" unit with an electric motor housed within the transmission (marketed as "i-Force Max"), producing a total of and of torque. Both powertrain options are mated with a Aisin-sourced 10-speed automatic transmission. No V8 engine option is offered. It also has an updated fully-boxed frame and rear coil or air spring suspension. The maximum towing capacity and the maximum payload are increased to and respectively.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The third-generation Tundra is available in seven trim levels, six of which are carried over from the previous generation: SR, SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition, and TRD Pro, as well as a newly-added luxury-oriented Capstone trim. SR, SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition trims are powered by the regular "V35A-FTS" engine, while the hybridized unit is available on the Limited and higher trims, and standard on TRD Pro and Capstone trims. Four-wheel drive system is also standard on TRD Pro and Capstone trims.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The Tundra is available in two cab styles, both offering four front-hinged doors: Double Cab (SR, SR5, and Limited only) with either a pickup box, and CrewMax (all trims) with either a pickup box (the latter being newly-introduced for the Tundra). A 2-door regular cab model is not offered. A TRD Off-Road Package can be added onto all Tundra trims except SR, Platinum, TRD Pro, and Capstone.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: For the 2023 model year, the SX package became available on the SR5 model with a bed on the Double Cab and foot bed on the CrewMax.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: During late 2009, Toyota issued a recall on 2000-2003 model year Tundras regarding rust problems of a rear crossmember. This recall involved 110,000 vehicles and followed a similar action for the Tacoma. Tundra owners began complaining of rust issues. In some cases, trucks were inspected by dealers and found to be unsafe to drive. The dealers refused to let the owners take their vehicles without signing an affidavit that they had been informed that Toyota had declared their vehicles unsafe to drive. Complaints were subsequently brought to WCVB-TV Channel 5 investigative reporter Susan Wornick and the story ran repeatedly in spring and fall 2009 prompting the NHTSA to begin an investigation. NHTSA was particularly concerned that owners reported the potential for the spare tire to drop from the vehicle without warning due to corrosion and they opened an investigation on October 6, 2009. Toyota recalled 2000-2001 Tundras, soon expanding it through 2003. If no rust is detected an anti-corrosion compound will be applied, if rust is detected the crossmember will be replaced.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: While Toyota originally limited the recall to 20 cold-weather states, problems were already evident elsewhere. In March 2010, the recall was expanded throughout the country. Toyota has been replacing frames on affected vehicles rather than paying the 1.5 times Kelley Blue Book value they offered Tacoma owners in a similar campaign for frame rust in Tacomas. Toyota began replacing frames later in the Tacoma campaign.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: , Toyota Motor is recalling 533,000 trucks and SUVs because of possible steering and suspension problems caused by faulty ball joints. The recall marks a sudden shift in policy for the Japanese automaker after repeatedly denying consumer complaints about ball joint problems and failures in the Tundra and Sequoia. The Toyota recall includes 2004 to 2007 model year Sequoia full-size sport utility vehicles and 2004 to 2006 Tundra pickups sold in the U.S. A ball joint in the front suspension may wear out causing the vehicles to be difficult or sometimes impossible to steer. Toyota reports that the defect may be the cause of 11 accidents resulting in six injuries. This can cause the wheel to break off of the lower control arm, cause further damage, and greatly inhibit the ability to control the direction of the truck.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: In May 2007, a Toyota spokesperson stated 20 camshaft failures occurred in Toyota's all-new 5.7 L "3UR-FE" V8 engine. Toyota said the failures were the result of a flaw in the camshaft casting process, and the supplier of the camshafts has since fixed the error. In the event of a camshaft failure, Toyota will either replace the engine and extend the warranty or repurchase the truck from the owner. Toyota originally intended to begin selling the 5.7 L equipped Tundra during the northern hemisphere summer of 2007 but decided to rush the engine into production in order to match the November 2006 launch date. This decision was the result of product planners and dealers desire for the larger V8's availability at the initial sale.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: On December 13, 2007, Toyota Motor Corp recalled 15,600 4x4 2007 model-year Tundras in the United States because a rear propeller shaft joint may fail. "There is a possibility that a joint in the rear propeller shaft may have been improperly heat-treated, resulting in insufficient hardness," Toyota said. Adding, "This may cause a section of the rear propeller shaft to separate at the joint." There has been one reported case of abnormal noises in the affected vehicles. No accidents have been connected to the recall. Tundra owners will be notified beginning in late-December 2007 and are requested to contact their local Toyota dealer for inspection. If the hardness is not correct the dealer will then replace the rear propeller shaft.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The 2007-2010 Tundra was recalled as part of the 2009–10 Toyota vehicle recalls for its accelerator pedal.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Consumer Reports rated the 2013 Toyota Tundra 2WD pickup as having the highest predicted reliability among all full-size pickup trucks. The Toyota Tundra 4x4 was rated in second, just below the 2WD model. The Toyota Tundra also was the only full-size pickup to make Consumer Reports most reliable new car and most reliable used cars lists. The Toyota Tundra is recommended by Consumer Reports and is the only full-size truck to have an above-average reliability rating.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: After being on the market for more than a decade, the Tundra has about 17% of the full-size half-ton market.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: In 2000, Toyota sold 107,798 Tundras, compared to the Toyota T100 pickup that sold roughly around 50,000 units. By 2005, Toyota managed to sell 126,529 units.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: With the added capacity of the San Antonio plant, Toyota planned to sell around 200,000 Tundras for 2007. Toyota missed its sales target for 2007, selling just under 200,000 vehicles. In comparison, for 2007, GMC Sierra sales were over 12,000 more than Tundra, Chevrolet Silverado was more than 422,000 over Tundra, and the Ford F-150 was once again the sales leader with 756,980 units that same year.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: Around 70-80% of the Tundra sales are the 5.7 L versions, and 46% are the Crew Max. The standard cab versions are selling at a slower rate than expected.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: , the Tundra is sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, Honduras, Bolivia, Chile, and the French territory of New Caledonia in LHD configuration only.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: The Tundra also has a grey import presence in several countries that include Japan, China, Australia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Switzerland, the Middle East, and Sweden.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: In 2004, the Tundra joined the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and got its first win at Michigan International Speedway on July 31 that year. In 2006, the Tundra got Toyota's first manufacturer championship winning 12 of the 25 races. The model also got the driver and owner championship with Todd Bodine and Germain Racing. The truck won every year from 2006 to 2018.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: On Friday, October 12, 2012, an unmodified, San Antonio-built Toyota Tundra Crew Max pulled the Space Shuttle "Endeavour", on top of a special lightweight dolly, across the Manchester Boulevard Bridge (which runs across Interstate 405). The shuttle's journey to the California Science Center was performed by four self-propelled robotic transporters. However, due to bridge weight restriction, the shuttle was moved to the lighter non-powered dolly and towed the short distance by the Tundra. Once it had completely crossed the bridge, the shuttle was returned to the robotic transporters to continue its course. Toyota also used this opportunity to film a commercial that aired during the 2013 Super Bowl.


title: Toyota Tundra

text: In 2016, Victor Sheppard of Houma, Louisiana, clocked in over on his 2007 Tundra. In the eight years of owning the truck, he logged in an average of a year and had it serviced at his local dealership a total of 117 times. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. gave Sheppard a 2016 model year Tundra in exchange for his old truck; the company disassembled the old truck to study its durability and reliability.


title: Marc Warren

text: Marc Warren (born 20 March 1967) is an English actor, known for his British television roles. His roles have included Albert Blithe in "Band of Brothers", Danny Blue in "Hustle", Dougie Raymond in "The Vice", Dominic Foy in "State of Play", Rick in "Mad Dogs", the Comte de Rochefort in "The Musketeers" and the Gentleman in "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell", and Piet Van Der Valk in TV series "Van Der Valk".


title: Marc Warren

text: Warren made his professional debut in May 1986 when he appeared at The Northampton Theatre Royal in "Stags and Hens". Warren has consistently worked in film, television, theatre and radio. He was a member of the National Youth Theatre and trained at the East 15 Acting School (although he did not graduate). He played Billy Casper in "Kes" at the Birmingham Rep studio (as well as on their UK small scale and schools tour) directed by John Herriman for the Snap Theatre Company. Warren continued his career with a role in a 1988 production of "Godspell" which he won by writing to the producers, and went unrepresented until the following year. In 1991 he played Lot in a production of "The Seven Descents of Myrtle" at the Redgrave Theatre in Farnham.


title: Marc Warren

text: He had his first major film breakthrough with the 1992 BBC film "An Ungentlemanly Act", in which he played Tony Hunt. He played Dougie Raymond in the British television series "The Vice" and Albert Blithe in HBO's mini-series "Band of Brothers". His first recurring television role was in "Grange Hill". In 1995, Warren starred in "Boston Kickout". In 1996 Warren played Immortal Morgan D'Estaing in the season four "" episode "Double Jeopardy". Warren worked in the production of digital storyboards (as a stand-in for Ewan McGregor) in "".


title: Marc Warren

text: In 2000, he was presented a Royal Television Society award for his role as Monks in the ITV production of "Oliver Twist". In 2001 he appeared in the television drama "Men Only" as Mac, the husband of Katie (Esther Hall). In 2002, he played Dr. Ivo Steadman in "No Night Is Too Long", a British film adapted from the novel of the same name. He played key supporting character Dominic Foy in the 2003 BBC serial "State of Play". He played Danny Blue (a main character) in BBC TV series "Hustle" from series 1–4.


title: Marc Warren

text: In December 2006 he appeared as the crazed assassin Mr. Teatime in Sky1's adaptation of "Hogfather" by Terry Pratchett. The same month he played Count Dracula in a new adaptation of Bram Stoker's classic novel, produced by ITV Productions for BBC Wales. The TV film, which aired in December, received viewing figures of 5.23 million.


title: Marc Warren

text: In February 2007 he appeared as casino-operating villain Tony Crane in the second series of BBC drama "Life on Mars". In December 2007 he played Mr. John Simpson in the BBC production of "Ballet Shoes" with Emilia Fox and Emma Watson. In January 2008 Warren starred in the Messiah series "" taking over the main role from Ken Stott. In the 2008 film "Wanted", he played a small role as The Repairman, a member of The Fraternity.


title: Marc Warren

text: In 2009 he starred in a revival of Martin McDonagh's "The Pillowman" at the Curve theatre in Leicester, playing Katurian, for which he was nominated for a TMA award. Warren can be heard on television and radio ads in UK. He joined Alexander Armstrong in lending his voice for the launch advertisements for Zurich Connect from July 2009.


title: Marc Warren

text: Warren starred as Ray Say in a West End revival of "The Rise and Fall of Little Voice" alongside Diana Vickers and Lesley Sharp from October 2009 to January 2010. In May 2010, he played Steve Strange in "Worried About The Boy", a BBC production due about the life of Boy George. The following year, Warren initiated and starred in a new Sky One production, "Mad Dogs" (alongside Max Beesley, Philip Glenister and John Simm), which eventually ran to fourteen episodes over four series.


title: Marc Warren

text: September 2011 saw Warren return to the theatre to play the charismatic rebel Cool Hand Luke. Emma Reeves' new adaptation of Donn Pearce's novel "Cool Hand Luke" was directed by Andrew Loudon and ran for a limited season from 23 September 2011 to 7 January 2012 at the Aldwych Theatre, London.


title: Marc Warren

text: He reprised his role of Danny Blue in "Hustle" for the series' final episode. He joined the cast of the American drama "The Good Wife" in 2012 in a recurring role of Kalinda Sharma's estranged husband. He played Rochefort in the BBC drama "The Musketeers", and appeared as The Gentleman in "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell" on the BBC. Since 2020, he has starred as the title character in the detective series "Van der Valk".


title: Marc Warren

text: In late 1979 Warren moved from Northamptonshire to Farnborough, Hampshire. He attended Cove Senior School between 1980 and 1982, before moving back north to his hometown.


title: Coming out

text: Coming out of the closet, often shortened to coming out, is a metaphor used to describe LGBT people's self-disclosure of their sexual orientation, romantic orientation, or gender identity.


title: Coming out

text: Framed and debated as a privacy issue, coming out of the closet is experienced variously as a psychological process or journey; decision-making or risk-taking; a strategy or plan; a mass or public event; a speech act and a matter of personal identity; a rite of passage; liberation or emancipation from oppression; an ordeal; a means toward feeling gay pride instead of shame and social stigma; or even a career-threatening act. Author Steven Seidman writes that "it is the power of the closet to shape the core of an individual's life that has made homosexuality into a significant personal, social, and political drama in twentieth-century America".


title: Coming out

text: "Coming out of the closet" is the source of other gay slang expressions related to voluntary disclosure or lack thereof. LGBT people who have already revealed or no longer conceal their sexual orientation or gender identity are "out of the closet" or simply "out", i.e. openly LGBT. Oppositely, LGBT people who have yet to come out or have opted not to do so are labelled as closeted or being in the closet. Outing is the deliberate or accidental disclosure of an LGBT person's sexual orientation or gender identity by someone else, without their consent. By extension, "outing oneself" is self-disclosure. "Glass closet" means the open secret of when public figures' being LGBT is considered a widely accepted fact even though they have not officially come out.


title: Coming out

text: Between 1864 and 1869, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs wrote a series of pamphlets—as well as giving a lecture to the Association of German Jurists in 1867—advocating decriminalization of sex acts between men, in which he was candid about his own homosexuality. Historian Robert Beachy has said of him, "I think it is reasonable to describe [Ulrichs] as the first gay person to publicly out himself."


title: Coming out

text: In early 20th-century Germany, "coming out" was called "self-denunciation" and entailed serious legal and reputational risks. In his 1906 work, "Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur" (The sexual life of our time in its relation to modern civilization), Iwan Bloch, a German-Jewish physician, entreated elderly homosexuals to self-disclose to their family members and acquaintances. In 1914, Magnus Hirschfeld revisited the topic in his major work "The Homosexuality of Men and Women", discussing the social and legal potentials of several thousand homosexual men and women of rank revealing their sexual orientation to the police in order to influence legislators and public opinion. Hirschfeld did not support self-denunciation and dismissed the possibilities of a political movement based on open homosexuals.


title: Coming out

text: The first prominent American to reveal his homosexuality was the poet Robert Duncan. In 1944, using his own name in the anarchist magazine "Politics", he wrote that homosexuals were an oppressed minority. The decidedly clandestine Mattachine Society, founded by Harry Hay and other veterans of the Wallace for President campaign in Los Angeles in 1950, moved into the public eye after Hal Call took over the group in San Francisco in 1953, with many gays emerging from the closet.


title: Coming out

text: In 1951, Donald Webster Cory published his landmark "The Homosexual in America", exclaiming, "Society has handed me a mask to wear ... Everywhere I go, at all times and before all sections of society, I pretend." Cory was a pseudonym, but his frank and openly subjective descriptions served as a stimulus to the emerging homosexual self-awareness and the nascent homophile movement.


title: Coming out

text: In the 1960s, Frank Kameny came to the forefront of the struggle. Having been fired from his job as an astronomer for the Army Map service in 1957 for homosexual behavior, Kameny refused to go quietly. He openly fought his dismissal, eventually appealing it all the way to the US Supreme Court. As a vocal leader of the growing movement, Kameny argued for unapologetic public actions. The cornerstone of his conviction was that, "we must instill in the homosexual community a sense of worth to the individual homosexual", which could only be achieved through campaigns openly led by homosexuals themselves.


title: Coming out

text: With the spread of consciousness raising (CR) in the late 1960s, coming out became a key strategy of the gay liberation movement to raise political consciousness to counter heterosexism and homophobia. At the same time and continuing into the 1980s, gay and lesbian social support discussion groups, some of which were called "coming-out groups", focused on sharing coming-out "stories" (experiences) with the goal of reducing isolation and increasing LGBT visibility and pride.


title: Coming out

text: The present-day expression "coming out" is understood to have originated in the early 20th century from an analogy that likens homosexuals' introduction into gay subculture to a débutante's "coming-out party". This is a celebration for a young upper-class woman who is making her début – her formal presentation to society – because she has reached adult age or has become eligible for marriage. As historian George Chauncey points out:


title: Coming out

text: Gay people in the pre-war years [pre-WWI] ... did not speak of coming out of what we call the gay closet but rather of coming out "into" what they called homosexual society or the gay world, a world neither so small, nor so isolated, nor ... so hidden as closet implies.


title: Coming out

text: In fact, as Elizabeth Kennedy observes, "using the term 'closet' to refer to" previous times such as "the 1920s and 1930s might be anachronistic".


title: Coming out

text: An article on coming out in the online encyclopedia glbtq.com states that sexologist Evelyn Hooker's observations introduced the use of "coming out" to the academic community in the 1950s. The article continues by echoing Chauncey's observation that a subsequent shift in connotation occurred later on. The pre-1950s focus was on "entrance" into "a new world of hope and communal solidarity" whereas the post-Stonewall Riots overtone was an "exit" from the oppression of the closet. This change in focus suggests that "coming out "of the closet"" is a mixed metaphor that joins "coming out" with the closet metaphor: an evolution of "skeleton in the closet" specifically referring to living a life of denial and secrecy by concealing one's sexual orientation. The closet metaphor, in turn, is extended to the forces and pressures of heterosexist society and its institutions.


title: Coming out

text: When coming out is described as a gradual process or a journey, it is meant to include becoming aware of and acknowledging one's gender identity, gender expression, or non-hetero-normative sexual orientation or attraction. This preliminary stage, which involves soul-searching or a personal epiphany, is often called "coming out to oneself" and constitutes the start of self-acceptance. Many LGBT people say that this stage began for them during adolescence or childhood, when they first became aware of their sexual orientation toward members of the same sex. Coming out has also been described as a process because of a recurring need or desire to come out in new situations in which LGBT people are assumed to be heterosexual or cisgender, such as at a new job or with new acquaintances. A major frame of reference for those coming out has included using an inside/outside perspective, where some assume that the person can keep their identity or orientation a secret and separate from their outside appearance. This is not as simple as often thought, as Diana Fuss (1991) argues, "the problem of course with the inside/outside rhetoric ... is that such polemics disguise the fact that most of us are both inside and outside at the same time".


title: Coming out

text: Every coming out story is the person trying to come to terms with who they are and their sexual orientation. Several models have been created to describe coming out as a process for gay and lesbian identity development, e.g. Dank, 1971; Cass, 1984; Coleman, 1989; Troiden, 1989. Of these models, the most widely accepted is the Cass identity model established by Vivienne Cass. This model outlines six discrete stages transited by individuals who successfully come out: identity confusion, identity comparison, identity tolerance, identity acceptance, identity pride, and identity synthesis. However, not every LGBT person follows such a model. For example, some LGBT youth become aware of and accept their same-sex desires or gender identity at puberty in a way similar to which heterosexual teens become aware of their sexuality, i.e. free of any notion of difference, stigma or shame in terms of the gender of the people to whom they are attracted. Regardless of whether LGBT youth develop their identity based on a model, the typical age at which youth in the United States come out has been dropping. High school students and even middle school students are coming out.


title: Coming out

text: Emerging research suggests that gay men from religious backgrounds are likely to come out online via Facebook and other social networks, such as blogs, as they offer a protective interpersonal distance. This largely contradicts the growing movement in social media research indicating that online use, particularly Facebook, can lead to negative mental health outcomes such as increased levels of anxiety. While further research is needed to assess whether these results generalize to a larger sample, these recent findings open the door to the possibility that gay men's online experiences may differ from heterosexuals' in that it may be more likely to provide mental health benefits than consequences.


title: Coming out

text: Transgender people vary greatly in choosing when, whether, and how to disclose their transgender status to family, close friends, and others. The prevalence of discrimination and violence against transgender people (in the United States, for example, transgender people are 28% more likely to be victims of violence) can make coming out a risky decision. Fear of retaliatory behavior, such as being removed from the parental home while underage, is a cause for transgender people to not come out to their families until they have reached adulthood. Parental confusion and lack of acceptance of a transgender child may result in parents treating a newly revealed gender identity as a "phase" or making efforts to change their children back to "normal" by utilizing mental health services to alter the child's gender identity.


title: Coming out

text: The internet can play a significant role in the coming out process for transgender people. Some come out in an online identity first, providing an opportunity to go through experiences virtually and safely before risking social sanctions in the real world. However, while many trans people find support online that they may not have in real life, others encounter bullying and harassment when coming out online. According to a study published by Blumenfeld and Cooper in 2012, youth who identify as LGBT are 22% less likely to report online bullying due to factors such as parents not believing or understanding them, or fear of having to come out to explain the incident. This further shows the barriers that trans individuals can have when coming out.


title: Coming out

text: Coming out as transgender can be more complex than coming out as a sexual minority. Visible changes that can occur as part of changing one's gender identitysuch as wardrobe changes, hormone replacement therapy, and name changescan make coming out to other people less of a choice. Further, things that accompany a change in gender can have financial, physical, medical, and legal implications. Additionally, transgender individuals can experience prejudice and rejection from sexual minorities and others in the LGBT community, in addition to the larger LGBT bias they can face from mainstream culture, which can feel isolating.


title: Coming out

text: In areas of the world where homosexual acts are penalized or prohibited, gay men, lesbians, and bisexual people can suffer negative legal consequences for coming out. In particular, where homosexuality is a crime, coming out may constitute self-incrimination. These laws still exist in 76 countries worldwide, including Egypt, Iran, Singapore, and Afghanistan.


title: Coming out

text: People who decide to come out as non-binary or transgender often face more varied and different issues from a legal standpoint. Worldwide, legally changing your documented gender or name based on your identity is often prohibited or extremely difficult. A major negative effect of the inequality in regulations comes in the form of mental effects, as transgender people who have to legally announce a gender they do not identify with or their dead name can face uncomfortable situations and stress.


title: Coming out

text: In the early stages of the LGBT identity development process, people can feel confused and experience turmoil. In 1993, Michelangelo Signorile wrote "Queer in America", in which he explored the harm caused both to a closeted person and to society in general by being closeted.


title: Coming out

text: Because LGBT people have historically been marginalized as sexual minorities, coming out of the closet remains a challenge for most of the world's LGBT population and can lead to a backlash of heterosexist discrimination and homophobic violence.


title: Coming out

text: Studies have found that concealing sexual orientation is related to poorer mental health, physical health, and relationship functioning. For example, it has been found that same-sex couples who have not come out are not as satisfied in their relationships as same-sex couples who have. Findings from another study indicate that the fewer people know about a lesbian's sexual orientation, the more anxiety, less positive affectivity, and lower self-esteem she has. Further, Gay.com states that closeted individuals are reported to be at increased risk for suicide.


title: Coming out

text: Depending on the relational bond between parents and children, a child coming out as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender can be positive or negative. Strong, loving relationships between children and their parents may be strengthened but if a relationship is already strained, those relationships may be further damaged or destroyed by the child coming out. If people coming out are accepted by their parents, this allows open discussions of dating and relationships and allows parents to help their children with coping with discrimination and to make healthier decisions regarding HIV/AIDS. Because parents, families, and close others can reject someone coming out to them, the effects of coming out on LGBT individuals are not always positive. For example, teens who had parents who rejected them when they came out showed more drug use, depression, suicide attempts and risky sexual behaviors later on as young adults. Some studies find that the health effects of coming out depends more on the reactions of parents than on the disclosure itself.


title: Coming out

text: A number of studies have been done on the effect of people coming out to their parents. A 1989 report by Robinson et al. of parents of out gay and lesbian children in the United States found that 21% of fathers and 28% of mothers had suspected that their child was gay or lesbian, largely based on gender atypical behaviour during childhood. The 1989 study found that two-thirds of parents reacted negatively. A 1995 study (that used young people's reactions) found that half of the mothers of gay or bisexual male college students "responded with disbelief, denial or negative comments" while fathers reacted slightly better. 18% of parents reacted "with acts of intolerance, attempts to convert the child to heterosexuality, and verbal threats to cut off financial or emotional support".


title: Coming out

text: Homelessness is a common effect among LGBT youth during the coming out process. LGBT youth are among the largest population of homeless youth; this has typically been caused by the self-identification and acknowledgment of being gay or identifying with the LGBT community. About 20% to 30% of homeless youth identify as LGBT. 55% of LGBQ and 67% of transgender youth are forced out of their homes by their parents or run away because of their sexual orientation or gender identity and expression. Homelessness among LGBT youth also impacts many areas of an individual's life, leading to higher rates of victimization, depression, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, risky sexual behavior, and participation in more illegal and dangerous activities. A 2016 study on homelessness pathways among Latino LGBT youth found that homelessness among LGBT individuals can also be attributed to structural issues like systems of care and sociocultural and economic factors.


title: Coming out

text: Jimmie Manning performed a study in 2015 on positive and negative behavior performed during the coming out conversation. During his study, he learned that almost all of his participants would only attribute negative behaviors to themselves during the coming out conversations and positive behaviors with the recipient of the conversation. Manning suggests further research into this to figure out a way for positive behaviors to be seen and performed equally by both the recipient and the individual coming out.


title: Coming out

text: The closet narrative sets up an implicit dualism between being "in" or being "out" wherein those who are "in" are often stigmatized as living false, unhappy lives. Likewise, philosopher and critical analyst Judith Butler (1991) states that the "in/out" metaphor creates a binary opposition which pretends that the closet is dark, marginal, and false and that being out in the "light of illumination" reveals a true (or essential) identity. Nonetheless, Butler is willing to appear at events as a lesbian and maintains that "it is possible to argue that ... there remains a political imperative to use these necessary errors or category mistakes ... to rally and represent an oppressed political constituency".


title: Coming out

text: In addition Diana Fuss (1991) explains, "the problem of course with the inside/outside rhetoric ... is that such polemics disguise the fact that most of us are both inside and outside at the same time". Further, "To be out, in common gay parlance, is precisely to be no longer out; to be out is to be finally outside of exteriority and all the exclusions and deprivations such outsiderhood imposes. Or, put another way, to be out is really to be in—inside the realm of the visible, the speakable, the culturally intelligible." In other words, coming out constructs the closet it supposedly destroys and the self it supposedly reveals, "the first appearance of the homosexual as a 'species' rather than a 'temporary aberration' also marks the moment of the homosexual's disappearance—into the closet".


title: Coming out

text: Furthermore, Seidman, Meeks, and Traschen (1999) argue that "the closet" may be becoming an antiquated metaphor in the lives of modern-day Americans for two reasons.


title: Coming out

text: Observed annually on 11 October, by members of the LGBT communities and their allies, National Coming Out Day is an international civil awareness day for coming out and discussing LGBT issues among the general populace in an effort to give a familiar face to the LGBT rights movement. This day was the inspiration for holding LGBT History Month in the United States in October. The day was founded in 1988, by Robert Eichberg, his partner William Gamble, and Jean O'Leary to celebrate the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights one year earlier, in which 500,000 people marched on Washington, DC, United States, for gay and lesbian equality. In the United States, the Human Rights Campaign manages the event under the National Coming Out Project, offering resources to LGBT individuals, couples, parents, and children, as well as straight friends and relatives, to promote awareness of LGBT families living honest and open lives. Candace Gingrich became the spokesperson for the day in April 1995. Although still named ""National" Coming Out Day", it is observed in Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland also on 11 October, and in the United Kingdom on 12 October. To celebrate National Coming Out Day on 11 October 2002, Human Rights Campaign released an album bearing the same title as that year's theme: "Being Out Rocks". Participating artists include Kevin Aviance, Janis Ian, k.d. lang, Cyndi Lauper, Sarah McLachlan, and Rufus Wainwright.


title: Coming out

text: The first US professional team-sport athlete to come out was former NFL running back David Kopay, who played for five teams (San Francisco, Detroit, Washington, New Orleans and Green Bay) between 1964 and 1972. He came out in 1975 in an interview in the "Washington Star". The first professional athlete to come out while still playing was Czech-American professional tennis player Martina Navratilova, who came out as a lesbian during an interview with "The New York Times" in 1981. English footballer Justin Fashanu came out in 1990 and was subject to homophobic taunts from spectators, opponents and teammates for the rest of his career.


title: Coming out

text: In 1995 while at the peak of his playing career, Ian Roberts became the first high-profile Australian sports person and first rugby footballer in the world to come out to the public as gay. John Amaechi, who played in the NBA with the Utah Jazz, Orlando Magic and Cleveland Cavaliers (as well as internationally with Panathinaikos BC of the Greek Basketball League and Kinder Bologna of the Italian Basketball League), came out in February 2007 on ESPN's "Outside the Lines" program. He also released a book "Man in the Middle", published by ESPN Books () which talks about his professional and personal life as a closeted basketball player. He was the first NBA player (former or current) to come out.


title: Coming out

text: In 2008, Australian diver Matthew Mitcham became the first openly gay athlete to win an Olympic gold medal. He achieved this at the Beijing Olympics in the men's 10 meter platform event.


title: Coming out

text: The first Irish county GAA player to come out while still playing was hurler Dónal Óg Cusack in October 2009 in previews of his autobiography. Gareth Thomas, who played international rugby union and rugby league for Wales, came out in a "Daily Mail" interview in December 2009 near the end of his career.


title: Coming out

text: In 2013, basketball player Jason Collins (a member of the Washington Wizards) came out as gay, becoming the first active male professional athlete in a major North American team sport to publicly come out as gay.


title: Coming out

text: On 15 August 2013, WWE wrestler Darren Young came out, making him the first openly gay active professional wrestler.


title: Coming out

text: On 9 February 2014, former Missouri defensive lineman Michael Sam came out as gay. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams on 10 May 2014, with the 249th overall pick in the seventh round, making him the first openly gay player to be drafted by an NFL franchise. He was released by St. Louis and waived by the Dallas Cowboys practice squad. Sam was on the roster for the Montreal Alouettes, but has since retired from football.


title: Coming out

text: On 21 June 2021, Las Vegas Raiders defensive end Carl Nassib announced on his Instagram account that he is gay, becoming the first active NFL player to come out publicly.


title: Coming out

text: In October 2021, professional soccer player Josh Cavallo came out as gay via videos posted to his team's social media accounts, becoming the only openly gay top-level professional soccer player in the world.


title: Coming out

text: In 1997 on "The Oprah Winfrey Show", American comedian Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian. Her real-life coming out was echoed in the sitcom "Ellen" in "The Puppy Episode", in which her character Ellen Morgan outs herself over the airport public address system.


title: Coming out

text: On 29 March 2010, Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin came out publicly in a post on his official web site by stating, "I am proud to say that I am a fortunate homosexual man. I am very blessed to be who I am." Martin said that "these years in silence and reflection made me stronger and reminded me that acceptance has to come from within and that this kind of truth gives me the power to conquer emotions I didn't even know existed." Singer Adam Lambert came out after pictures of him kissing another man were publicly circulated while he was a participant on the eighth season of "American Idol". In January 2013, while accepting the honorary Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, American actress and director Jodie Foster made the first public acknowledgment of her sexual orientation, saying; "I already did my coming out a thousand years ago, in the Stone Age, in those very quaint days when a fragile young girl would open up to friends and family and co-workers then gradually to everyone that knew her, everyone she actually met."


title: Coming out

text: In 1975, Leonard Matlovich, while serving in the United States Air Force, came out to challenge the US military's policies banning service by homosexuals. Widespread coverage included a "Time" magazine cover story and a television movie on NBC.


title: Coming out

text: In 2011, as the US prepared to lift restrictions on service by openly gay people, Senior Airman Randy Phillips conducted a social media campaign to garner support for coming out. The video he posted on YouTube of the conversation in which he told his father he was gay went viral. In one journalist's summation, he "masterfully used social media and good timing to place himself at the centre of a civil rights success story".


title: Coming out

text: In October 2010, megachurch pastor Bishop Jim Swilley came out to his congregation. The YouTube video of the service went viral. Interviews with "People" magazine, Joy Behar, Don Lemon ABC News and NPR focused on the bullycides that prompted Bishop Swilley to "come out". One year later, he confirmed the costs but also the freedom he has experienced. "To be able to have freedom is something that I wouldn't trade anything for." "Being married as yourself, preaching as yourself and living your life as yourself is infinitely better than doing those things as someone else." Bishop Swilley's son, Jared Swilley, bass player and front man of Black Lips said, "It was definitely shocking, but I was actually glad when he told me. I feel closer to him now". Bishop Swilley's other son, Judah Swilley, a cast member on the Oxygen show "Preachers of Atlanta", is confronting homophobia in the church.


title: Coming out

text: In August 2019, a sportswriter and broadcaster contributing at "The Guardian" and ESPN came out, informing that she is now Nicky Bandini and was previously writing under the name Paolo Bandini. The football journalist highlighted through a Twitter video and an accompanying article on "The Guardian" that it took her several years to come out as transgender publicly. Bandini also went through gender dysphoria for three-and-a-half decades before finally admitting it to the world.


title: Coming out

text: In 1996, the acclaimed British film "Beautiful Thing" had a positive take in its depiction of two teenage boys coming to terms with their sexual identity. In 1987, a two-part episode of the Quebec television series "Avec un grand A", "Lise, Pierre et Marcel", depicted a married closeted man who has to come out when his wife discovers that he has been having an affair with another man. In the Emmy Award-nominated episode "Gay Witch Hunt" of "The Office", Michael inadvertently outs Oscar to the whole office.


title: Coming out

text: Author Rodger Streitmatter described Ellen DeGeneres's coming out in the media as well as an episode of "Ellen", "The Puppy Episode", as "rank[ing], hands down, as the single most public exit in gay history", changing media portrayals of lesbians in Western culture. In 1999, Russell T Davies's "Queer as Folk", a popular TV series shown on the UK's Channel 4 debuted and focused primarily on the lives of young gay men; in particular on a 15-year-old going through the processes of revealing his sexuality to those around him. This storyline was also featured prominently in the US version of "Queer as Folk", which debuted in 2000.


title: Coming out

text: The television show "The L Word", which debuted in 2004, focuses on the lives of a group of lesbian and bisexual women, and the theme of coming out is prominently featured in the storylines of multiple characters.


title: Coming out

text: The third season of the Norwegian teen drama series "Skam" focused on a main character coming out and his relationship with another boy.


title: Coming out

text: The film "Love, Simon", based on the book "Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda", debuted in 2018 and is the first major studio film about a gay teenager coming out.


title: Coming out

text: "Out" is a common word or prefix used in the titles of LGBT-themed books, films, periodicals, organizations, and TV programs. Some high-profile examples are "Out" magazine, the defunct "OutWeek", and OutTV.


title: Coming out

text: In political, casual, or even humorous contexts, "coming out" means by extension the self-disclosure of a person's secret behaviors, beliefs, affiliations, tastes, identities, and interests that may cause astonishment or bring shame. Some examples include: "coming out as an alcoholic", "coming out as a BDSM participant", "coming out of the broom closet" (as a witch), "coming out as a conservative", "coming out as disabled", "coming out as a liberal", "coming out as intersex", "coming out as multiple", "coming out as polyamorous", "coming out as a sex worker", and "coming out of the shadows" as an undocumented immigrant within the United States. The term is also used by members of online body integrity dysphoria communities to refer to the process of telling friends and families about their condition.


title: Coming out

text: With its associated metaphors, the figure of speech has also been extended to atheism, e.g., "coming out as an atheist". A public awareness initiative for freethought and atheism, entitled the "Out Campaign", makes ample use of the "out" metaphor. This campaign was initiated by Robin Elisabeth Cornwell, and is endorsed by prominent atheist Richard Dawkins, who states "there is a big closet population of atheists who need to 'come out.


title: David Faustino

text: David Anthony Faustino (; born March 3, 1974) is an American actor and radio personality primarily known for his role as Bud Bundy on the Fox sitcom "Married... with Children". He has also voiced animated characters for Nickelodeon, including Mako on "The Legend of Korra" and Helia on Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club".


title: David Faustino

text: Faustino was born in Los Angeles, California, on March 3, 1974, to Roger Faustino, a costumer, and Kay Faustino (née Freeman), a homemaker. His younger brother Michael made many guest appearances on "Married... with Children", including the episode David co-wrote, "T*R*A*S*H".


title: David Faustino

text: Faustino made his television debut at the age of 3 months when he appeared on the "Lily Tomlin Special". He did not start regularly acting until 1980 after a small role on "Little House on the Prairie". Throughout the early to mid-1980s, Faustino guest-starred on a number of TV shows such as "Highway to Heaven", "Family Ties", "St. Elsewhere", and "The Love Boat".


title: David Faustino

text: In 1987, he landed a full-time gig on "Married... with Children", which was his big break. He played Bud, the younger of the two Bundy children, in 259 episodes, from April 5, 1987, until the season finale on June 9, 1997. He reprised the role of Bud Bundy in such series as "Parker Lewis Can't Lose" and "Top of the Heap". Faustino also appeared on "Burke's Law", "MADtv", and "The New Addams Family".


title: David Faustino

text: In 1986 and 1987, David played the older of two young sons in Disney movies "Mr. Boogedy" and "Bride of Boogedy".


title: David Faustino

text: In 2002, he appeared in the reality television special "Celebrity Boot Camp" (a shortened version of the "Boot Camp" series for celebrities).


title: David Faustino

text: In April 2007 he was featured in an American McDonald's commercial introducing the "Dollar Menunaires."


title: David Faustino

text: He developed and starred in "Star-ving", a weekly Internet comedy series on Crackle, an online video network backed by Sony Pictures Entertainment. A total of 12 episodes of "Star-ving" were produced. Faustino played an exaggerated version of himself in the series, which he wrote and developed with several friends as an "anti-"Entourage"." "This is a very twisted take on what I've been through all these years," Faustino said.


title: David Faustino

text: Faustino appeared with the cast of "Married... with Children" again at the 7th Annual TV Land Awards in 2009, presented by Dr. Phil. He also had cameo appearances in two episodes of the HBO series "Entourage".


title: David Faustino

text: Faustino co-starred in the feature "Not Another B Movie" which was distributed by Troma Entertainment in 2011.


title: David Faustino

text: In 2011, Faustino was cast in Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club" as the voice of Helia. By the next year, Nickelodeon cast him again in the sequel series "The Legend of Korra" as the voice of firebender Mako, a central character named after the late Mako Iwamatsu (the voice of Iroh in the first two seasons of the original series ""). He also voiced Dagur the Deranged as a secondary villain on season one and main villain in season 2 of "DreamWorks Dragons".


title: David Faustino

text: In 2017, Faustino appeared in the "Bones" 12th-season episode "The Radioactive Panthers in the Party," playing a fictional version of himself as a suspect in the death of an aspiring filmmaker.


title: David Faustino

text: Faustino co-founded and co-hosted a nightclub in Los Angeles named Balistyx, which is the same name as his rap album. The club was "the first hip-hop/funk club on the Sunset Strip," and was originally held on Thursday nights at the Whisky a Go Go in 1991. The club closed after a final New Year's Eve party at The Roxy in 1993.


title: David Faustino

text: After meeting at a spiritual center in Los Angeles and dating for five years, he married Andrea Elmer on January 24, 2004, at the Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada. They separated in May 2006. Faustino sought not to pay spousal support, according to the papers filed in Los Angeles. On February 6, 2007, Faustino officially filed for divorce in Los Angeles County Superior Court, citing irreconcilable differences.


title: David Faustino

text: Faustino was arrested for misdemeanor possession of marijuana in Florida in May 2007. A disorderly intoxication charge was later dropped after Faustino agreed to enroll in a drug rehabilitation facility.


title: Number theory

text: Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and integer-valued functions. German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics." Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of mathematical objects made out of integers (for example, rational numbers) or defined as generalizations of the integers (for example, algebraic integers).


title: Number theory

text: Integers can be considered either in themselves or as solutions to equations (Diophantine geometry). Questions in number theory are often best understood through the study of analytical objects (for example, the Riemann zeta function) that encode properties of the integers, primes or other number-theoretic objects in some fashion (analytic number theory). One may also study real numbers in relation to rational numbers, for example, as approximated by the latter (Diophantine approximation).


title: Number theory

text: The older term for number theory is "arithmetic". By the early twentieth century, it had been superseded by "number theory". (The word "arithmetic" is used by the general public to mean "elementary calculations"; it has also acquired other meanings in mathematical logic, as in "Peano arithmetic", and computer science, as in "floating-point arithmetic".) The use of the term "arithmetic" for "number theory" regained some ground in the second half of the 20th century, arguably in part due to French influence. In particular, "arithmetical" is commonly preferred as an adjective to "number-theoretic".


title: Number theory

text: The earliest historical find of an arithmetical nature is a fragment of a table: the broken clay tablet Plimpton 322 (Larsa, Mesopotamia, ca. 1800 BC) contains a list of "Pythagorean triples", that is, integers formula_1 such that formula_2.


title: Number theory

text: The triples are too many and too large to have been obtained by brute force. The heading over the first column reads: "The "takiltum" of the diagonal which has been subtracted such that the width..."


title: Number theory

text: The table's layout suggests that it was constructed by means of what amounts, in modern language, to the identity


title: Number theory

text: which is implicit in routine Old Babylonian exercises. If some other method was used, the triples were first constructed and then reordered by formula_4, presumably for actual use as a "table", for example, with a view to applications.


title: Number theory

text: It is not known what these applications may have been, or whether there could have been any; Babylonian astronomy, for example, truly came into its own only later. It has been suggested instead that the table was a source of numerical examples for school problems.


title: Number theory

text: While Babylonian number theory—or what survives of Babylonian mathematics that can be called thus—consists of this single, striking fragment, Babylonian algebra (in the secondary-school sense of "algebra") was exceptionally well developed. Late Neoplatonic sources state that Pythagoras learned mathematics from the Babylonians. Much earlier sources state that Thales and Pythagoras traveled and studied in Egypt.


title: Number theory

text: Euclid IX 21–34 is very probably Pythagorean; it is very simple material ("odd times even is even", "if an odd number measures [= divides] an even number, then it also measures [= divides] half of it"), but it is all that is needed to prove that formula_5


title: Number theory

text: The discovery that formula_5 is irrational is credited to the early Pythagoreans (pre-Theodorus). By revealing (in modern terms) that numbers could be irrational, this discovery seems to have provoked the first foundational crisis in mathematical history; its proof or its divulgation are sometimes credited to Hippasus, who was expelled or split from the Pythagorean sect. This forced a distinction between "numbers" (integers and the rationals—the subjects of arithmetic), on the one hand, and "lengths" and "proportions" (which we would identify with real numbers, whether rational or not), on the other hand.


title: Number theory

text: The Pythagorean tradition spoke also of so-called polygonal or figurate numbers. While square numbers, cubic numbers, etc., are seen now as more natural than triangular numbers, pentagonal numbers, etc., the study of the sums of triangular and pentagonal numbers would prove fruitful in the early modern period (17th to early 19th century).


title: Number theory

text: We know of no clearly arithmetical material in ancient Egyptian or Vedic sources, though there is some algebra in each. The Chinese remainder theorem appears as an exercise in "Sunzi Suanjing" (3rd, 4th or 5th century CE). (There is one important step glossed over in Sunzi's solution: it is the problem that was later solved by Āryabhaṭa's Kuṭṭaka – see below.)


title: Number theory

text: There is also some numerical mysticism in Chinese mathematics, but, unlike that of the Pythagoreans, it seems to have led nowhere. Like the Pythagoreans' perfect numbers, magic squares have passed from superstition into recreation.


title: Number theory

text: Aside from a few fragments, the mathematics of Classical Greece is known to us either through the reports of contemporary non-mathematicians or through mathematical works from the early Hellenistic period. In the case of number theory, this means, by and large, "Plato" and "Euclid", respectively.


title: Number theory

text: While Asian mathematics influenced Greek and Hellenistic learning, it seems to be the case that Greek mathematics is also an indigenous tradition.


title: Number theory

text: "In fact the said Pythagoras, while busily studying the wisdom of each nation, visited Babylon, and Egypt, and all Persia, being instructed by the Magi and the priests: and in addition to these he is related to have studied under the Brahmans (these are Indian philosophers); and from some he gathered astrology, from others geometry, and arithmetic and music from others, and different things from different nations, and only from the wise men of Greece did he get nothing, wedded as they were to a poverty and dearth of wisdom: so on the contrary he himself became the author of instruction to the Greeks in the learning which he had procured from abroad."


title: Number theory

text: Aristotle claimed that the philosophy of Plato closely followed the teachings of the Pythagoreans, and Cicero repeats this claim: "Platonem ferunt didicisse Pythagorea omnia" ("They say Plato learned all things Pythagorean").


title: Number theory

text: Plato had a keen interest in mathematics, and distinguished clearly between arithmetic and calculation. (By "arithmetic" he meant, in part, theorising on number, rather than what "arithmetic" or "number theory" have come to mean.) It is through one of Plato's dialogues—namely, "Theaetetus"—that we know that Theodorus had proven that formula_7 are irrational. Theaetetus was, like Plato, a disciple of Theodorus's; he worked on distinguishing different kinds of incommensurables, and was thus arguably a pioneer in the study of number systems. (Book X of Euclid's Elements is described by Pappus as being largely based on Theaetetus's work.)


title: Number theory

text: Euclid devoted part of his "Elements" to prime numbers and divisibility, topics that belong unambiguously to number theory and are basic to it (Books VII to IX of Euclid's Elements). In particular, he gave an algorithm for computing the greatest common divisor of two numbers (the Euclidean algorithm; "Elements", Prop. VII.2) and the first known proof of the infinitude of primes ("Elements", Prop. IX.20).


title: Number theory

text: In 1773, Lessing published an epigram he had found in a manuscript during his work as a librarian; it claimed to be a letter sent by Archimedes to Eratosthenes. The epigram proposed what has become known as


title: Number theory

text: Archimedes's cattle problem; its solution (absent from the manuscript) requires solving an indeterminate quadratic equation (which reduces to what would later be misnamed Pell's equation). As far as we know, such equations were first successfully treated by the Indian school. It is not known whether Archimedes himself had a method of solution.