title: Erin Andrews

text: Andrews describes herself as a tomboy as a youth, living a life that always revolved around sports, watching NBA games with her father growing up, particularly Boston Celtics games. Andrews cited Hannah Storm, Melissa Stark, Lesley Visser, and Suzy Kolber as female sportscasters she looked up to who ultimately inspired her to become a sportscaster herself.


title: Erin Andrews

text: Andrews attended Bloomingdale High School in Valrico, where she was a member of the dance team, student government, and the National Honor Society. While growing up, she also attended the Brandon School of Dance Arts in Seffner, Florida. Andrews has stated that being a tomboy, she did not have a lot of female friends in high school, opting to hang out with the boys, finding it more enjoyable to discuss sports with them.


title: Erin Andrews

text: Following graduation from high school in 1996, Andrews attended the University of Florida, graduating in 2000 with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in telecommunications. While in college, she was a member of the Zeta Tau Alpha sorority, and the Florida Gators Dazzlers dance team from 1997 to 2000.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In 2000, Andrews was employed by Fox Sports Florida as a freelance reporter. From 2001 to 2002, she served as a Tampa Bay Lightning reporter for the Sunshine Network. From 2002 to 2004, Andrews covered the Atlanta Braves, Atlanta Thrashers, and Atlanta Hawks for the Turner South network as a studio host and reporter.


title: Erin Andrews

text: Andrews began working for ESPN in April 2004 as a reporter for "ESPN National Hockey Night". She has also reported for the College World Series, Little League World Series, and Great Outdoor Games. Andrews began serving as a sideline reporter for "ESPN College Football Saturday Primetime" and Big Ten college basketball games, and in 2005, her job expanded to include "ESPN College Football Thursday Primetime" and Major League Baseball sideline reporting. From 2008 to 2010, she reported for ESPN's and ABC's live coverage of the Scripps National Spelling Bee.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In 2010, Andrews competed on the tenth season of ABC's "Dancing with the Stars" with partner Maksim Chmerkovskiy. They placed third out of 11 couples.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In January 2011 Andrews signed an endorsement deal with Reebok to promote its ZigTech brand. Two weeks prior, as a sideline reporter during the 2011 Rose Bowl, Andrews noted that Texas Christian University Horned Frogs football players were slipping on the turf because of the new Nike shoes they were wearing. Due to the conflict of interest, ESPN announced revised endorsement guidelines for its journalists that required Andrews to end her endorsement deal with Reebok by the end of 2011.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In November 2011, former ESPN executive Keith Clinkscales filed suit against ESPN Vice President Joan Lynch, claiming she had falsely alleged Clinkscales had masturbated while sitting next to Andrews on an airplane flight earlier that year. Andrews was reported to have disclosed the incident to a number of people but chose not to pursue the matter with ESPN's HR department because she was still shaken by public disclosure of her stalking experiences.


title: Erin Andrews

text: Andrews hosted the first hour of ESPN's "College GameDay" on ESPNU, and had been a "Good Morning America" correspondent on ABC since 2010, though she had not appeared on the show since covering the Oscars in February 2011.


title: Erin Andrews

text: On June 29, 2012, it was announced that Andrews was leaving ESPN to join Fox Sports. She was the first host of "Fox College Football"s studio show and was joined by analysts Eddie George and Joey Harrington. Andrews also became a contributor on "Fox NFL Sunday" and served as a field reporter for most major sporting events aired on Fox, such as the MLB All-Star Game, the World Series, the NFL Playoffs, and Daytona 500. With the launch of Fox Sports 1 on August 17, 2013, Andrews became the guest host of "Fox College Football Kickoff" and "Fox College Saturday", a direct competitor to "ESPN College Gameday", which previews the weekend's biggest college football games. Andrews also contributed to the daily studio show "Fox Football Daily". Beginning with the 2014 NFL season, Andrews became the sideline reporter on Fox's lead NFL broadcasting crew after replacing Pam Oliver. She later re-signed with Fox Sports in 2016 to report exclusively with the network's NFL crew.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In March 2014, Andrews replaced Brooke Burke-Charvet as co-host of "Dancing with the Stars", joining Tom Bergeron for the show's 18th season. She and Bergeron remained in their roles through the show's 28th season.


title: Erin Andrews

text: Andrews has also co-hosted the CMT Music Awards twice, having hosted the 2015 ceremony with actress Brittany Snow on June 10 and the 2016 ceremony with NFL player J. J. Watt on June 8.


title: Erin Andrews

text: Andrews became a spokesperson for the Kraft Foods Huddle to Fight Hunger campaign in 2010, which raised $2.86 million for Feeding America.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In October 2011, Andrews teamed up with StubHub, the world's largest online ticket marketplace, to launch a new national campaign called Girls Night Out.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In May 2013, she co-hosted the "Music Builds: CMT Disaster Relief Concert" on the CMT network to raise money for the American Red Cross in response to the April 27 tornadoes in Oklahoma.


title: Erin Andrews

text: At the beginning of the 2014 National Football League season, Andrews was named the new face of CoverGirl and partnered with the cosmetic company for the new #Gameface contest, which the winner would be entered to win a pair of tickets to the 2015 Super Bowl.


title: Erin Andrews

text: Andrews previously lived in Atlanta, Georgia, but now lives in Los Angeles, California. She was voted "America's sexiest sportscaster" in 2007 and 2008 by "Playboy" magazine. She began a relationship with professional hockey player Jarret Stoll in December 2012. The couple got engaged in December 2016 and were married on June 24, 2017.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In January 2017, Andrews announced that she had been diagnosed with cervical cancer in September 2016 for which she received treatment. After two surgeries, she was pronounced cancer-free. At the time of her diagnosis, Andrews and Stoll had not discussed marriage or having children, but she says it put their relationship on the fast track. Andrews and Stoll chose to continue with a fertility plan of in vitro fertilization (IVF).


title: Erin Andrews

text: After defeating cancer and informing the public of her experience, she partnered with a women's health diagnostics company, Hologic, to launch a campaign. The campaign, called We Can Change This STAT encourages women to go to the doctor for their annual exams, as well as getting men to encourage the women in their lives to take their exams.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In 2008, Michael David Barrett, then 46, filmed Andrews in her hotel room through peepholes at the Nashville Marriott adjacent to Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and the Radisson Airport hotel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. On July 16, 2009, one of these videos, in which Andrews appeared totally nude, was posted online and quickly went viral. Barrett was arrested by the FBI on October 2, 2009, for interstate stalking, and pleaded guilty to the charges on December 15, 2009. A second tape of Andrews was discovered on Barrett's computer showing her nude in her room at the Radisson in Milwaukee. This tape was never made public. On March 15, 2010, Barrett was sentenced to two and a half years in prison, three years of probation, $5,000 in fines, and $7,366 in restitution. He served his sentence at the Seattle Community Correctional Center and was released on July 3, 2012.


title: Erin Andrews

text: Andrews sued Barrett, Marriott International, Radisson Hotels, and five other entities for negligence and invasion of privacy in connection with the videotaping. In her lawsuit against Marriott, Andrews alleged that hotel employees disclosed the dates of her stay to Barrett and assigned him a room next to hers. In 2011, Andrews worked with U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar to enact a new federal anti-stalking law. Andrews was still trying to have the video removed from the Internet in July 2011.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In March 2013 Andrews's lawyers filed a motion in Los Angeles Superior Court seeking to quash a subpoena from Marriott "seeking her payroll records, contracts, performance reviews, any disciplinary reports, as well as other employment information from her current employer, Fox." The attorneys said that Marriott is also seeking "physician letters, notes, annual physicals, and other related medical records" and that the request was an attempt to "harass and embarrass" Andrews.


title: Erin Andrews

text: In October 2015, Andrews filed a suit against the Nashville Marriott and Barrett for $75 million. Jury selection for the hearing began on February 22, 2016. On March 7, 2016, after a two-week trial, the jury awarded Andrews $55 million. The jury found Barrett 51% responsible and the hotel management company (Windsor Capital Group) and its owner (West End Hotel Partners) 49% responsible. During the trial, Andrews testified that her employer ESPN would not allow her to return to broadcasting until she had spoken publicly about the incident on television, against her will, due to rumors it was a publicity stunt.


title: Goebbels children

text: The Goebbels children were the five daughters and one son born to Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda Goebbels. The children, born between 1932 and 1940, were murdered by their parents in Berlin on 1 May 1945, the day both parents committed suicide.


title: Goebbels children

text: Magda Goebbels had an elder son, Harald Quandt, from a previous marriage to Günther Quandt. Harald, then aged 23, was a prisoner of war when his younger half-siblings were killed. There are many theories of how they were killed; one is that Magda Goebbels gave them something 'sweetened' to drink. Currently, the most supported theory is that they were killed with a cyanide capsule.


title: Goebbels children

text: Some historian writers have contended that the children's names all begin with "H" as a tribute to Adolf Hitler, but there is no evidence to support this; rather, it supports that Magda's "H" naming was the idea of her first husband, Günther Quandt, who chose names beginning with "H" for his other two children by his first wife.


title: Goebbels children

text: This claim is supported by Magda's mother, Auguste Behrend, who stated that the family made an innocent hobby of searching for new baby names beginning with "H" for each successive child.


title: Goebbels children

text: Magda and Günther Quandt were married on 4 January 1921, and her first child, Harald Quandt, was born on 1 November 1921. Magda and Günther Quandt's marriage ended in divorce in 1929. Magda joined the Nazi Party on 1 September 1930, and did some volunteer work, although she has not been characterized as politically active. From the local branch, she moved to the party headquarters in Berlin and was invited to take charge of Goebbels' own private papers. She and Goebbels first became romantically involved while on a short trip with friends to Weimar, Germany, in February 1931. The couple were married on 19 December 1931, with Hitler as a witness.


title: Goebbels children

text: Harald not only attended his mother's wedding to Goebbels, but also formed quite an attachment with him; sometimes accompanying him to gatherings, standing on the platform near to "Uncle Joseph", wearing his Hitler Youth uniform. After his appointment as minister, Goebbels demanded that Harald's father release Magda from her obligation under their divorce settlement, to send Harald to live with him in the event of her remarriage; by 1934, Harald moved completely to the Goebbels' household.


title: Goebbels children

text: Harald would later serve as a lieutenant in the Luftwaffe. Harald was Magda's only child to survive the Second World War; he went on to become a leading West German industrialist during the 1950s and 1960s. He died when his personal aircraft crashed over Italy in 1967, and was survived by his wife and five children.


title: Goebbels children

text: Born on 1 September 1932. Helga was a "daddy's girl" who preferred her father to her mother. Goebbels was proud of his eldest daughter and would go straight to her cot as soon as he returned from his office, to take her on his lap. She was reported to have been a lovely baby who never cried and just sat listening uncomprehendingly to the Nazi officials with "her blue eyes sparkling". It was not unusual for Hitler, who was fond of German children, to take her on to his own lap while he talked late into the night. She was photographed with Hilde presenting Hitler with flowers on 20 April 1936, his birthday.


title: Goebbels children

text: Helga was 12 years old when she was killed. Bruises found on her body postmortem (mostly on her face) led to wide speculation that she had struggled against receiving a cyanide capsule, which was used to kill her by crushing it between her teeth.


title: Goebbels children

text: Born on 13 April 1934, Hildegard was commonly called "Hilde". In a 1941 diary entry, Joseph referred to her as "a little mouse". She was photographed with Helga presenting Hitler with flowers on 20 April 1936, his birthday. Hilde was eleven years old at the time of her murder.


title: Goebbels children

text: Born on 2 October 1935, Helmut was considered sensitive and something of a dreamer. In his diary, Goebbels called him a "clown". When his teacher at the Lanke primary school reported, to his father's dismay, that his promotion to a higher form was doubtful, he responded well to intense tutoring from his mother and his governess and achieved promotion to the next grade. He wore braces on his teeth.


title: Goebbels children

text: On 26 April 1945, Helmut read aloud his father's birthday speech to Hitler, and responded to Helga's protests that he was copying their father by arguing that, no, their father had copied "him".


title: Goebbels children

text: On 30 April 1945, the boy was rude to a 15-year-old nurse who tended to the wounded in the bunker complex. The nurse, Johanna Ruf, slapped young Helmut. She did not know the boy was the son of Goebbels until later. Later that day, Hitler's secretary Traudl Junge stated that while she was with the children in the "Führerbunker" they heard the sound of Hitler's self-inflicted gunshot. Helmut, who mistakenly took it for the sound of a mortar landing nearby, shouted, "That was a bullseye!" Helmut was nine years old at the time of his murder.


title: Goebbels children

text: Born on 19 February 1937, Holdine was commonly called "Holde". It is claimed that she got her name when the doctor who delivered her, Stoeckel, bent over her and exclaimed "Das ist eine Holde!" ("that's a pretty one!") Meissner claims that Holde was the "least lively" of the children and somewhat "pushed aside" by the others, to her considerable distress, and that Goebbels responded to this by making her something of a favorite, to which she responded with devotion. She was eight years old at the time of her murder.


title: Goebbels children

text: Born on 5 May 1938, Hedwig was commonly called "Hedda". She insisted, in 1944, that when she grew up she was going to marry SS Adjutant Günther Schwägermann, having been captivated by the fact he had a fake eye. She was six years old, four days shy of her seventh birthday, at the time of her murder.


title: Goebbels children

text: Born on 29 October 1940, Heidrun was commonly called "Heide". Heidrun shared a birthday with her father. She was called "the reconciliation child" because she was conceived after her parents reconciled. Rochus Misch described her as a "little flirt" and said she frequently joked with him in the bunker. Heide was four years old at the time of her murder.


title: Goebbels children

text: In 1934, in search of privacy for himself and his family, Goebbels bought an imposing house in its own grounds on Schwanenwerder, an island in the River Havel. He also bought a motor yacht, "Baldur", for use on the river. Harald had his own nursery on the first floor while Helga and Hilde shared another. The children not only had ponies, but also a little carriage in which to ride around the gardens. Two years later he purchased a neighboring property and extended the park, and included a private "citadel" as his own personal retreat.


title: Goebbels children

text: Later, the City of Berlin placed a second lakeside house at his disposal, Lanke am Bogensee, as an official residence, which was only large enough for the family to use as a weekend retreat. Goebbels later added a large modern house on the opposite shore of the Bogensee.


title: Goebbels children

text: The marriage reached crisis point in the late summer of 1938 over Goebbels' affair with Czech actress Lída Baarová. Hitler himself intervened, for he was unwilling to put up with a scandal involving one of his top ministers, and demanded that Goebbels break off the relationship. Thereafter Joseph and Magda seemed to reach a truce until the end of September. The couple had another falling out at that point, and once again Hitler became involved, insisting the couple stay together. Hitler negotiated an agreement whereby the actress would be banished and the couple would keep up public appearances, subject to any reasonable conditions Magda might make. One of her conditions was that Goebbels would only be able to visit Schwanenwerder and see the children with her express permission. If, after that year, Magda still wanted a divorce, Hitler would allow it, with Goebbels as the guilty party, and she would retain Schwanenwerder, custody of the children, and a considerable income. Goebbels abided scrupulously by the agreement, always calling for permission before visiting and expressing his regret at missing Magda if she was not there, or taking his place, amiably, with his family at the tea table, if she was. It is claimed that the children did not seem to be aware that their parents were living separately at this time.


title: Goebbels children

text: The public reconciliation agreement in August 1938 was cemented by the appearance of Helga, Hilde and Helmut with their parents in front of the cameras of UFA, as a cinematic image of domestic reconciliation.


title: Goebbels children

text: In 1939, Goebbels used a concealed camera to film his children as a "healthy" contrast to the handicapped children in a propaganda film intended to promote the Action T4, euthanasia of handicapped children.


title: Goebbels children

text: During 1942, the children appeared 34 times in the weekly newsreels, going about their lives, helping their mother, playing in the garden or singing to their father on his 45th birthday. That October, as a gift from the German Newsreel Company, Goebbels was presented with a film of his children playing.


title: Goebbels children

text: On 18 February 1943, Helga and Hilde were photographed along with Magda at one of Joseph's best-known events, the total war speech.


title: Goebbels children

text: Towards the end of 1944, Goebbels sent Magda and his two eldest daughters into a military hospital to be filmed for the weekly newsreels, but abandoned the project on realizing that seeing the terrible injuries of the soldiers was too traumatic for his daughters.


title: Goebbels children

text: As the Red Army moved closer at the end of January 1945, Goebbels ordered that his family be moved from the Lanke estate to the relative safety of Schwanenwerder. From there, the children would soon hear the rumble of artillery in the east, and wonder why rain never followed the "thunder".


title: Goebbels children

text: By 22 April 1945, the day before the Red Army entered the outskirts of Berlin, the Goebbels moved their children into the "Vorbunker", connected to the lower "Führerbunker" under the Reich Chancellery garden in central Berlin. Hitler and a few personnel were staying in the "Führerbunker" to direct the final defence of Berlin. German Red Cross leader SS-"Gruppenführer" Karl Gebhardt wanted to take the children out of the city with him, but was dismissed.


title: Goebbels children

text: General Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven later described the children as "sad", but nurse Erna Flegel, with whom they had much contact in the bunker, characterised them as "charming" and "absolutely delightful". They are reported to have played with Hitler's dog Blondi during their time in the bunker complex, where they slept in a single room. While many reports suggest there were three separate bunk beds, secretary Traudl Junge insisted there were only two. The children are said to have sung in unison while in the bunker, performing for both Hitler and the injured Robert Ritter von Greim, as well as having been conducted in play-song by pilot Hanna Reitsch. Junge said she was with the children on the afternoon of 30 April, when Hitler and Eva Braun killed themselves.


title: Goebbels children

text: Stories of brutality and rape by the advancing Soviet troops were circulating in Berlin, and there was much discussion in the "Führerbunker" about suicide as a means to escape humiliation or punishment by the Soviets. Joseph Goebbels added a postscript to Hitler's last will and testament, stating that he would disobey the order to leave Berlin: "For reasons of humanity and personal loyalty" he had to stay. Further, his wife and their children supported his refusal to leave Berlin and his resolution to die in the bunker. He later qualified this by stating that the children would support the decision [to commit suicide] if they were old enough to speak for themselves. Both pilot Hanna Reitsch (who had left the bunker on 29 April) and Junge (who left on 1 May) carried letters to the outside world from those remaining. Included was a letter from Magda to Harald, who was in an Allied POW camp.


title: Goebbels children

text: On the following day, Magda and Joseph Goebbels arranged for an SS dentist, "Sturmbannführer" Helmut Kunz, to inject their six children with morphine so that, when they were unconscious, ampules of cyanide could be crushed in their mouths. According to Kunz's later testimony, he gave the children morphine injections, but it was Magda and SS-"Obersturmbannführer" Ludwig Stumpfegger, Hitler's personal doctor, who administered the cyanide.


title: Goebbels children

text: Rochus Misch, the bunker telephone/radio operator, stated that Werner Naumann told him that he had seen Hitler's personal physician, Dr Stumpfegger, give the children something "sweetened" to drink. Another account says that the children were told they would be leaving for Berchtesgaden in the morning, and Stumpfegger was said to have provided Magda with morphine to sedate them. Erna Flegel claims that Magda reassured the children about the morphine by telling them that they needed inoculations because they would be staying in the bunker for a long time. Author James P. O'Donnell concluded that, although Stumpfegger was probably involved in drugging the children, Magda killed them herself. He surmised that witnesses blamed the deaths on Stumpfegger because he was a convenient target, having died the following day. Moreover, as O'Donnell recorded, Stumpfegger may have been too intoxicated at the time of the deaths to have played a reliable role.


title: Goebbels children

text: Magda appears to have contemplated and talked about killing her children at least a month in advance. After the war, Günther Quandt's sister-in-law Eleanore recalled Magda saying she did not want her children to grow up hearing that their father had been one of the century's foremost criminals and that reincarnation might grant her children a better future life.


title: Goebbels children

text: She refused several offers from others, such as Albert Speer, to take the children out of Berlin. The children seemed unaware of the impending danger, but the eldest child, Helga, seemed to sense that the adults were lying to her about the outcome of the war and asked what would happen to them. Misch was among the last to see the children alive. They were seated around a table in his work area as their mother combed their hair and kissed them, all wearing nightgowns as it was close to their bedtime. Heide, the youngest, had scrambled up onto the table. Helga, whom Misch called the brightest of the children, was "crying softly" just before bedtime on that final night and wore a glum expression. Misch felt Helga had little fondness for her mother. Magda had to push Helga towards the stairs that led up to the "Vorbunker". Four-year-old Heide, who had tonsilitis and wore a scarf around her neck, turned back to look at Misch, giggling, and teasingly said, "Misch, Misch, du bist ein Fisch", or "Misch, Misch, you are a fish", just before her mother led her and her siblings upstairs. Misch recalled later that he suspected what was about to happen and would always regret not intervening. When Soviet troops searched the bunker two days later, they discovered the children's bodies - in nightclothes, with ribbons tied in the girls' hair - in the two-tiered bunk beds where they had been killed.


title: Goebbels children

text: On 3 May 1945, the day after Soviet troops led by Lt. Col. Ivan Klimenko had discovered the burned bodies of their parents in the courtyard above, they found the children down in the "Vorbunker" dressed in their night clothes, with ribbons tied in the girls' hair.


title: Goebbels children

text: Vice Admiral Hans Voss was brought to the Chancellery garden to identify the bodies, as was Hans Fritzsche, a leading German radio commentator who had answered directly to Goebbels. Their bodies were brought to the Buchau Cemetery in Berlin for autopsy and inquest by Soviet doctors. In spite of repeated attempts, even Frau Behrend, the children's grandmother, never learned what became of the bodies. Thereafter, the remains of the Goebbels family, General Krebs, and Hitler's dogs (thought to be Blondi and her offspring, Wulf) were repeatedly buried and exhumed. The last burial was at the SMERSH facility in Magdeburg on 21 February 1946. In 1970, KGB director Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to destroy the remains. On 4 April 1970, a Soviet KGB team used detailed burial charts to exhume five wooden boxes at the Magdeburg SMERSH facility. The remains from the boxes were burned, crushed, and scattered into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe.


title: Goebbels children

text: In 2005, Rochus Misch attracted controversy when he called for a memorial plaque to be installed in honour of the six Goebbels children. Critics felt it would taint the memory of Holocaust victims to honor the children of the Nazi leader. Despite their parents' crimes, Misch argued that the children themselves were innocent, that to treat them as criminals like their parents was wrong and that they were murdered just as other victims during the war were murdered.


title: Ana Kasparian

text: Anahit Misak Kasparian (; born July 7, 1986) is an American progressive political commentator, media host, and journalist. She is the main host and a producer of the online news show "The Young Turks", having begun working as a fill-in producer for the show in 2007. She also appeared on the television version of the show that aired on Current TV. She formerly hosted "The Point" on the TYT Network and currently co-hosts a "Jacobin" YouTube show, "Weekends with Ana Kasparian and Nando Vila".


title: Ana Kasparian

text: Kasparian is the daughter of Armenian immigrant parents. Her paternal great-grandparents experienced the Armenian genocide first-hand in 1915. She was raised in the Reseda neighborhood of Los Angeles. She grew up speaking Armenian as her first language and started kindergarten without being able to speak a word of English. She has said watching "Sesame Street" as a child is what helped her to learn English quickly. She danced ballet from the age of 3 to the age of 19 and performed ballet professionally throughout those years. Kasparian graduated from Valley Alternative Magnet High School of Van Nuys in 2004 and California State University, Northridge (CSUN) in 2007 with a Bachelor of Arts in journalism. She completed her Master of Political Science in 2010.


title: Ana Kasparian

text: Kasparian said that seeing journalist Barbara Walters on "20/20" inspired her to get into journalism. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts, Journalism (BAJ) from California State University, Northridge (CSUN), she became an assistant producer with CBS Radio news stations in Los Angeles, first with KFWB and then KNX. She said that she was lucky to be hired immediately after graduating, but did not like working for CBS Radio because mainstream media is "not fun" due to the "robotic work environment" where she could not say what she wanted on air or do stories that were important to her. She enrolled in a master's degree program as a "way out" of media.<ref name="AskAna: Boss Ana, Yoga, Teacher Ana, Hanging Out, Life w/out TYT, Feminism, Hosting, Food"></ref> She has also worked with AOL News, YouTube, TidalTv and "On Point".


title: Ana Kasparian

text: After filling in as host in April 2007, Kasparian became the producer and co-host with Cenk Uygur of the progressive talk radio on Sirius XM Satellite Radio and internet show/TV show "The Young Turks". She was at first skeptical of her new work environment as an Armenian saying: "The Young Turks is a strange name," but after working there the name was explained to her as: "it essentially means rebels. People who rebel against societal expectations." She liked working at "The Young Turks" enough that she decided to stay in media. In fact, she was supposed to leave after two weeks but said she "kind of refused". She was first hired to do marketing but "weaseled" her way into doing on-air segments. Kasparian described what she liked about working at "TYT": "What I loved about the show was that it was unscripted. It was raw. It was just completely unfiltered." In a "Forbes" interview she also stated that she cannot pretend to be a "robot that's always neutral." She needs to state her opinion and sometimes "aggressively so" and TYT allowed her to do that.


title: Ana Kasparian

text: She posits that young people are interested in news, but "they see network anchors as simply folks who read tele-prompters." This is why she believes young people are attracted to online media because there are fewer tele-prompters and people are more genuine. Kasparian and her co-host Uygur applied a populist left branding strategy that made TYT a successful global online organisation, with larger numbers of YouTube subscribers than several other notable news networks like CNN. She co-hosted "TYT University", a show focused on issues faced by university students that ran from March 15, 2011, to December 31, 2014, where she first hosted with Jayar Jackson and then John Iadarola. "TYT University" then turned into a show called "Think Tank" debuting on January 1, 2015, with different hosts and different topics but aimed at the same demographic. The show was hosted by John Iadarola and Hannah Cranston. She was the main host of another TYT Network show, "The Point", which was a panel style show with a weekly round up of news stories. Common co-hosts on "The Point" included political commentator Dave Rubin, science communicator Cara Santa Maria, American actor Hank Chen, and American football player Drew Carter. However, this show came to a close by releasing its last episode on January 5, 2016. She became a part-time journalist and op-ed writer at The Raw Story news outlet in May 2015. Kasparian appeared on "Take Part Live" several times in 2014, sometimes as a guest and sometimes as a co-host. She also is a weekly host on the "Jacobin" YouTube show "Weekends", formerly co-hosted by Michael Brooks until his sudden death in July 2020"."


title: Ana Kasparian

text: Kasparian became a lecturer (i.e. instructor) at California State University, Northridge and began teaching journalism in August 2013.


title: Ana Kasparian

text: "The Young Turks" name is identical to that of a Turkish political movement responsible for the Armenian genocide. Armenian activists have criticized the program's name and a spokesman for the Armenian National Committee of America has compared it to a hypothetical show broadcasting under the name "The Young Nazis".


title: Ana Kasparian

text: In 2016, Kasparian became involved in an exchange over the name with hecklers from the Armenian Youth Federation during an appearance at California State University, Northridge. Kasparian's appearance at a 2017 event at UCLA was protested by the UCLA Armenian Students' Association which issued a statement saying that the "Bruin Political Union and Campus Events Commission have shown that they are either not familiar with the offensive nature of the name of the organization Mrs. Kasparian represents or that they just do not care". A 2018 "Playboy" article by Art Tavana on the name dispute accused Kasparian of "complicity" in what he called "genocide denial". Kasparian has said that criticism of the name has led to harassment of her; in a 2020 Twitter exchange, she accused a critic of the name of perpetuating "the same lies over and over again, which of course directs harassment and disinformation toward me".


title: Ana Kasparian

text: Kasparian has described herself as an atheist who pushes for progressive values. She wants criminal justice reform and has been a critic of private and for-profit prisons, calling them "hideous institutions". She has spoken out about campaign finance reform which is meant to get money out of politics. She gave a TEDx talk on this subject explaining a path that could be taken to achieve campaign finance reform in December 2016. She believes in free education for the United States and affordable housing. During an appearance on "The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore" in November 2015 she said, "people do stupid and offensive things all the time, and we can't expect to be shielded from it." She wrote-in Bernie Sanders in the 2020 presidential election, reasoning that it would not matter because she lives in the reliably Democratic-voting California.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: The 2019–20 NBA season was the 74th season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season began on October 22, 2019, and originally was supposed to end on April 15, 2020. However, the season was suspended on March 11 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 NBA All-Star Game was played on February 16, at the United Center in Chicago, and was won by Team LeBron, 157–155. The playoffs were originally scheduled to begin on April 18, and end with the NBA Finals in June. At the time of the suspension, teams had played between 63 and 67 games.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: On June 4, the NBA Board of Governors approved a plan to restart the season on July 30, and the National Basketball Players Association approved this plan the next day. Under the plan, 22 teams played eight additional regular season games to determine playoff seeding, and 16 teams entered a conventional postseason tournament. All of these games took place in the NBA Bubble, an isolation zone specifically created for NBA operations at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: On August 26, the season was suspended for a second time by a wildcat strike, to protest the shooting of Jacob Blake and police brutality, during the playoffs. Play resumed three days later on August 29. The Finals ended on October 11, 2020, 355 days after the October 22, 2019, regular season opening day, and 377 days after the first pre-season games on September 30, 2019. This was the longest season in NBA history.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: Free agency negotiations began on June 30, 2019, at 6 p.m. ET, unlike July 1 from previous seasons. Players officially signed after the July moratorium on July 6 at 12 p.m. ET.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: The Indiana Pacers and the Sacramento Kings played two preseason games at the NSCI Dome in Mumbai, India on October 4 and 5, 2019.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: The Toronto Raptors and the Houston Rockets played two preseason games at the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama City, Japan on October 8 and 10, 2019.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: The Los Angeles Lakers and the Brooklyn Nets played two preseason games in China, in Shanghai on October 10 and in Shenzhen on October 12.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: The Los Angeles Clippers and the Dallas Mavericks played one preseason game in Canada, at Rogers Arena in Vancouver on October 17.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: The 2019–20 schedule was released on August 12, 2019, and the regular season began on October 22, 2019.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: On March 11, 2020, the season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The reformatted regular season, with 8 more games scheduled for 22 qualified teams going to the NBA Bubble in Orlando, was released on June 26. The regular season resumed play within the bubble on July 30.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: The Charlotte Hornets and the Milwaukee Bucks played at the AccorHotels Arena in Paris, France on January 24, 2020, marking the first NBA regular season game in France.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: On June 7, 2019, the NBA announced that the Dallas Mavericks, Detroit Pistons, Phoenix Suns, and San Antonio Spurs would play at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City, marking the first time that four NBA teams would play in Mexico City in one regular season. The Mavericks and Pistons played on December 12, 2019, and the Spurs and Suns played on December 14, 2019.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: A play-in game took place in the Western Conference, as the ninth seeded Memphis finished within four games of the eighth seeded Portland. The eighth seed started with a 1–0 lead and needed just one win to advance, while the ninth seed needed to win twice to clinch the final playoff spot. Portland won the play-in game 126–122 to enter the playoffs as the eighth seed.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: The 2020 NBA playoffs began on August 17 and ended with the NBA Finals, which began on September 30 and ended on October 11.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: On March 11, 2020, the game between the Utah Jazz and Oklahoma City Thunder was abruptly postponed shortly before tipoff after it was discovered that the Jazz's player Rudy Gobert tested positive for COVID-19. That same evening, the game between the New Orleans Pelicans and Sacramento Kings was also postponed last minute once it was discovered that a referee for the game, Courtney Kirkland, had worked a Utah Jazz game just two days prior. Kirkland later tested negative for COVID-19. The NBA then suspended the remainder of the 2019–20 season "until further notice" following the completion of games already underway. This was the first time a regular season had been interrupted since the 2011 NBA lockout. The following day, Gobert's teammate Donovan Mitchell also tested positive. On March 14, Detroit Pistons forward Christian Wood became the third NBA player to test positive for the virus, and the first outside of the Jazz. On March 17, four Brooklyn Nets players, including superstar Kevin Durant, tested positive for the virus. On March 19, two players for the Los Angeles Lakers, as well as Marcus Smart of the Boston Celtics, tested positive for COVID-19. All players recovered and were cleared by local health officials.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: On May 23, it was announced that the NBA were in negotiations with The Walt Disney Company about the possibility to finish the season at Walt Disney World's ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in Orlando. On May 29, NBA Commissioner Adam Silver and the league office informed Board of Governors that July 31 was the target date for a season return.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: On June 4, the NBA Board of Governors approved a plan to restart the season on July 31 in Orlando. Under this plan, 13 Western Conference teams and nine Eastern Conference teams, all clubs within six games of a playoff spot, would play eight regular season "seeding" games. Play-in games for the eighth seed in each conference would then be held if the ninth seed finishes the regular season within four games of the eighth seed. This proposal was then approved by members of the National Basketball Players Association on June 5.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: On August 26, 2020, the Milwaukee Bucks chose not to play in Game 5 of the playoff series against the Orlando Magic to protest the police shooting of Jacob Blake. The NBA and the National Basketball Player's Association announced that, in light of the Milwaukee Bucks striking for their game, the following games of the day would be postponed. The Toronto Raptors had also discussed striking for their second-round playoff series with the Boston Celtics in frustration with a lack of social or legislative change after the murder of George Floyd and as a result of Blake's shooting before the Bucks' strike a few days later.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: On June 16, 2020, the NBA released a medical protocol to be used during the season restart in the NBA Bubble at Walt Disney World to ensure the health and safety of players, coaches, officials, and staff. This included regular testing for COVID-19 prior to and throughout the season restart, wearing a face covering or mask, and social distancing to prevent an outbreak of COVID-19 from occurring. Players and coaches who were deemed "high-risk individuals" by their team, or players who had already suffered season-ending injuries prior to season suspension, were not permitted to play and also did not lose any salary. Any player who was medically cleared could also decline to participate, but as a result lost their corresponding paychecks.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: Phase 1 of the plan ran from June 16 to 22, consisting of players traveling back to the home cities of their respective teams. In Phase 2 from June 23 to June 30, COVID-19 tests began being administered to players every other day. In Phase 3 from July 1 to July 11, mandatory individual workouts were conducted at team facilities, but group workouts were prohibited.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: Phase 4 ran from July 7 to July 21, consisting of the teams traveling to Disney World and conducting practices. Any player who tested positive in the previous phases could not travel until he was medically cleared to do so. Once teams arrive in Orlando, players and staff were isolated in their rooms, requiring to pass two Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests 24 hours apart before being let out of this quarantine. They were still regularly tested for COVID-19 afterwards. A player who tested positive would be isolated and re-tested in case of a false positive; if COVID-19 was definitely confirmed, he would be quarantined for at least 14 days to recover.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: Players and staff were not permitted into another's room, nor were they be able to socialize with players on other teams staying at a different hotel building. They had access to food and recreational activities within their hotel's bubble, but they had to wear masks indoors except when eating. Anybody who left the bubble without prior approval had to be quarantined for at least 10 days.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: During Phase 5 from July 22 to 29, teams played three scrimmages against the other teams staying at the same hotel. During Phase 6, when the regular season seeding games and playoffs were under way and teams began to be eliminated from contention, players and staff on those clubs had to pass one final COVID-19 test before they could leave Disney World.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: The NBA also set up an anonymous hotline for players to report protocol violations while in the bubble.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: While the statistics from the seeding games were counted towards players' regular season totals, the NBA ruled that its end-of-season awards were only based on games through March 11 and excluded the seeding games. Finalist for the major awards were announced during the seeding games. Due to the pandemic, the NBA Awards show held the prior three years was cancelled, and award winners were instead announced on TNT during their coverage of the 2020 playoffs.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: Awards for seeding games play were also announced, with Damian Lillard named Player of the Seeding Games after averaging 37.6 points per game.


title: 2019–20 NBA season

text: Under an agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice regarding Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox, the Fox Sports Regional Networks were required to be sold off to third parties by June 18, 2019. Fox also invoked a clause to give Yankee Global Enterprises the rights to buy their stake back in the YES Network, which aired the local broadcasts to the NBA's Brooklyn Nets. Including YES, the Fox Sports Regional Networks held the local TV rights to a combined total of 44 NHL, NBA, and MLB teams. On March 8, YES was sold to a consortium including Yankee Global Enterprises, Amazon, and Sinclair Broadcast Group for $3.5 billion. Then on May 3, Sinclair and Entertainment Studios agreed to purchase the rest of the Fox Sports Regional Networks. The networks continued to temporarily use the Fox Sports name under a transitional license agreement while Sinclair explored re-branding options.


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona (rendered as "toki pona" and often translated as 'the language of good'; ; ) is a philosophical artistic constructed language (philosophical artlang) known for its small vocabulary, simplicity, and ease of acquisition. It was created by Sonja Lang, a Canadian linguist and translator, to simplify thoughts and communication. The first drafts were published online in 2001, while the complete form was published in the book "Toki Pona: The Language of Good" in 2014. Lang also released a supplementary dictionary, the "Toki Pona Dictionary", in July 2021, based on community usage.


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona is an isolating language with only 14 phonemes and an underlying feature of minimalism. It focuses on simple, near-universal concepts to maximize expression from very few words. In "Toki Pona: The Language of Good", Lang presents around 120 words, while the later "Toki Pona Dictionary" lists 137 "essential" words and a number of less-used ones. Its words are easy to pronounce across language backgrounds, which allows it to serve as a bridge of sorts for people of different cultures. However, it was not created as an international auxiliary language. Partly inspired by Taoist philosophy, the language is designed to help users concentrate on basic things and to promote positive thinking, in accordance with the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. Despite the small vocabulary, speakers can understand and communicate, mainly relying on context and combinations of words to express more specific meanings.


title: Toki Pona

text: After its initial creation, a small community of speakers developed in the early 2000s. While activity mainly takes place online in chat rooms, on social media, and in other groups, there were a few organized in-person meetings during the 2000s and 2010s.


title: Toki Pona

text: The name of the language has two parts – ('language'), derived from Tok Pisin , which itself comes from English "talk"; and ('good/simple'), from Esperanto , from Latin . The name "toki pona" therefore means both 'good language' and 'simple language', emphasising that the language encourages speakers to find joy in simplicity.


title: Toki Pona

text: Canadian linguist Sonja Lang started developing Toki Pona as a way of simplifying her thoughts during periods of depression.


title: Toki Pona

text: One of the language's main goals is a focus on minimalism. It is designed to express maximal meaning with minimal complexity. Like a pidgin, it focuses on simple concepts and elements that are near-universal among cultures. It has a minimal vocabulary and 14 phonemes devised to be easy to pronounce for speakers of various language backgrounds.


title: Toki Pona

text: Partly inspired by Taoist philosophy, another goal of Toki Pona is to help its speakers focus on the essentials by reducing complex concepts to basic elements. From these simple notions, more complex ideas can be built up by simple combining. This allows the users to see the fundamental nature and effect of the ideas expressed.


title: Toki Pona

text: In accordance with the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, which states that a language influences the way its speakers think and behave, Toki Pona was designed to induce positive thinking.


title: Toki Pona

text: Another aim of the language is for the speakers to become aware of the present moment and pay more attention to the surroundings and the words people use. According to its author, it is meant to be "fun and cute".


title: Toki Pona

text: Although it was not intended as an international auxiliary language, a world-wide online community uses it for communication.


title: Toki Pona

text: An early version of the language was published online in 2001 by Sonja Lang, and it quickly gained popularity. Early activity took place in a Yahoo! group. Members of the group discussed the language with one another in English, Toki Pona, and Esperanto, proposed changes, and talked about the resources on the "" site. At its peak member count, the group had a little over 500 members. Messages in the group were archived in the Toki Pona forum using phpBB.


title: Toki Pona

text: In 2014, Lang released her first book on the language, "Toki Pona: The Language of Good", which features one hundred and twenty words plus three synonyms and provides a completed form of the language based on how Lang used the language at the time. In 2016, the book was also published in French.


title: Toki Pona

text: In 2008 an application for an ISO 639-3 code was rejected, with a statement that the language was too young. Another request was rejected in 2018 as the language "does not appear to be used in a variety of domains nor for communication within a community which includes all ages". A third request was filed in August 2021, which resulted in the ISO 639-3 code "" being adopted in January 2022.


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona was the subject of some scientific works, and it has also been used for artificial intelligence and software tools, as well as a therapeutic method for eliminating negative thinking by having patients keep track of their thoughts in the language. In 2010 it was chosen for the first version of the vocabulary for the ROILA project. The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of an artificial language on the accuracy of machine speech recognition, and it was revealed that the modified vocabulary of Toki Pona significantly outperformed English.


title: Toki Pona

text: In 2015, YouTuber jan Misali uploaded a series titled "12 days of" , which proved influential and was recommended as a learning tool by creator Jonathan Gabel.


title: Toki Pona

text: In 2021, Lang released her second book, "Toki Pona Dictionary", a comprehensive two-way Toki Pona–English dictionary including more than 11,000 entries detailing the use of the language as she gathered from polls conducted in the Discord server over a few months. The book presents the original 120 words plus 16 (major dictionary words) as gathered from at least over 40% of respondents. It also contains 45 words given by 40% or less of respondents, referred to as (minor dictionary words).


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona has nine consonants () and five vowels (), shown here with the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols. Stress falls on the initial syllable of a word, and it is marked by an increase in loudness, length, and pitch. There are no diphthongs, contrasting vowel length, consonant clusters (except those starting with the nasal coda), or tones. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics are compatible with the majority of human languages, and are therefore readily accessible.


title: Toki Pona

text: The statistical vowel spread is fairly typical when compared with other languages. Counting each root once, 32% of vowels are , 25% are , with and a bit over 15% each, and 10% are . The usage frequency in a 10kB sample of texts was slightly more skewed: 34% , 30% , 15% each and , and 6% .


title: Toki Pona

text: Of the syllable-initial consonants, is the most common, at 20% total; are over 10%, then the nasals (not counting final N), with the least common, at little more than 5% each, being . The high frequency of and low frequency of is somewhat unusual among the world's languages.


title: Toki Pona

text: Syllables are of the form (C)V(N), i.e. optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN. The consonant is obligatory in syllables that are not word-initial. As in most languages, CV is the most common syllable type, at 75% (counting each root once). V and CVN syllables are each around 10%, while only 5 words have VN syllables (for 2% of syllables).


title: Toki Pona

text: Most roots (70%) are disyllabic; about 20% are monosyllables and 10% trisyllables. This is a common distribution, and similar to Polynesian.


title: Toki Pona

text: The following sequences are not allowed: *, nor may a syllable's final nasal occur before or in the same root.


title: Toki Pona

text: Proper nouns are usually converted into Toki Pona proper adjectives using a set of guidelines. The native, or even colloquial, pronunciation is used as the basis for the subsequent sound conversion. Thus, England or English become and John becomes .


title: Toki Pona

text: The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an before , or , as an before or , as an before , and as an before .


title: Toki Pona

text: Because of its small phoneme inventory, Toki Pona allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, may be pronounced as well as , as or as well as , as as well as , and vowels may be either long or short.


title: Toki Pona

text: Fourteen Latin letters, "a e i j k l m n o p s t u w", are used to write the language. They have the same values as in the International Phonetic Alphabet: "j" sounds like English "y" (as in many Germanic and Slavic languages) and the vowels are like those of Spanish, Modern Greek, or Modern Hebrew. Capital initials are used to mark proper nouns, while Toki Pona roots are always written with lowercase letters, even when they start a sentence.


title: Toki Pona

text: Besides the Latin alphabet, which is the most common way of writing the language, many alternative writing systems have been developed for and adapted to Toki Pona. Most successful and widespread are two logographic writing systems, and . Both were included in the book "Toki Pona: The Language of Good".


title: Toki Pona

text: The ('good/simple writing/drawing') writing system was devised as an alternative writing system by Lang herself, and first published in her book "Toki Pona: The Language of Good" in 2014. In it each word is represented by its own symbol. It has been described as "a hieroglyphic-like script that makes use of squiggles and other childlike shapes". Proper names are written inside a cartouche-like symbol using a series of symbols, where each symbol represents the first letter of its word. Symbols representing a single adjective may be written inside or above the symbol for the preceding word that they modify. The symbol of the language is written in , with the symbol () written inside the symbol ().


title: Toki Pona

text: As of 2021 is widely used in the Toki Pona community. In a 2021 census of about 800 people in the Toki Pona community, 61% of respondents reported knowing , and 43% reported using it. Among the roughly 90 people who responded to the survey in Toki Pona (who are more likely to be advanced or fluent speakers), 81% reported knowing the writing system, 59% reported using it, and 28% claimed it was a preferred writing system to them.


title: Toki Pona

text: In August 2021 was proposed for inclusion on the Under-ConScript Unicode Registry for allocation in the codice_1 location.


title: Toki Pona

text: The ('drawn writing') writing system, also known as ('cute writing'), was created by Jonathan Gabel. This more elaborate non-linear system uses two separate methods to form words: logograms representing words and an alphasyllabary for writing the syllables (especially for proper names). The complex artful designs of the glyphs are chosen to help people who use this writing system to slow down and explore how not only the language but also the method of communication can influence their thinking.


title: Toki Pona

text: 's overall aesthetics are inspired by US west-coast comix artists such as Jim Woodring and US east-coast graffiti artists such as Kenny Scharf. The designs of many individual characters are inspired by characters and principles from various other writing systems, including Egyptian hieroglyphs, Chinese characters, Maya script, Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing, Dongba symbols, as well as early Pagan and Christian signs and symbols.


title: Toki Pona

text: As of 2021 only a minority of the Toki Pona community actively uses . In a 2021 census of about 800 people in the Toki Pona community, 31% of respondents reported knowing it, and 11% reported using it.


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona's word order is subject–verb–object. The word introduces predicates, introduces direct objects, prepositional phrases follow the objects, and phrases come before the subject to add additional context.


title: Toki Pona

text: Some roots are grammatical particles, while others have lexical meanings. The lexical roots do not fall into well defined parts of speech; rather, they may be used generally as nouns, verbs, modifiers, or interjections depending on context or their position in a phrase. For example, may mean "they ate" or "it is food".


title: Toki Pona

text: Statements follow the normal structure of "subject-predicate" with an optional phrase at the beginning. The word always precedes the predicate unless the subject is a or . The direct object marker comes before direct objects. More and markers can present new predicates or direct objects. Vocative phrases come before the main sentence and are marked with at the end of the phrase, after the addressee.


title: Toki Pona

text: In commands, the word comes before a verb to express a second person command. It can also replace , or come after the subjects or , to express wishes.


title: Toki Pona

text: There are two ways to form yes–no questions in Toki Pona. The first method is to use the "verb verb" construction in which comes in between a duplicated verb, auxiliary verb, or other predicators. Another way to form a yes–no question is to put () at the end of a sentence. Questions cannot be made by just putting a question mark at the end of a sentence.


title: Toki Pona

text: The pronouns do not specify number or gender. Therefore, can mean 'he', 'she', 'it', 'they', or other third person pronouns.


title: Toki Pona

text: Whenever the subject of a sentence is either of the unmodified pronouns or , then is not used to separate the subject and predicate.


title: Toki Pona

text: With such a small root-word vocabulary, Toki Pona relies heavily on noun phrases, where a noun is modified by a following root, to make more complex meanings. A typical example is combining ('person') with ('to fight') to make ('fighter, soldier, warrior').


title: Toki Pona

text: Nouns do not decline according to number. can mean 'person', 'people', 'humanity', or 'somebody', depending on context.


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona does not use isolated proper nouns; instead, they must modify a preceding noun. For this reason, they may be called "proper adjectives" or simply "proper words" instead of "proper nouns". For example, names of people and places are used as modifiers of the common roots for "person" and "place", e.g. () or ().


title: Toki Pona

text: Phrases in Toki Pona are head-initial; modifiers always come after the word that they modify. Therefore, , , can be a 'fighting animal', whereas , , can mean 'animal war'.


title: Toki Pona

text: When a second modifier is added to a phrase, for example , it modifies all that comes before it, so (() ) can be 'friend watching', rather than ( ()), which can be 'person good-looking'.


title: Toki Pona

text: The particle is placed after the head and before the modifiers, to group the modifiers into another phrase that functions as a unit to modify the head, so can be ( ()), 'good-looking person'. In this case, modifies and as a whole modifies .


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona does not inflect verbs according to person, tense, mood, or voice, as the language features no inflection whatsoever. Person is indicated by the subject of the verb; time is indicated through context or by a temporal adverb in the sentence.


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona has around 120 to 137 words depending on the speaker. Each is polysemous and covers a range of similar concepts, so not only means 'big' or 'long', but also 'important'. Their use relies heavily on context. To express more complex thoughts, the roots can be combined. For example, can mean 'friend', although it translates to , and , , could be understood to mean 'alcohol' or 'alcoholic beverage' depending on the context. The verb "to teach" can be expressed by , . Essentially identical concepts can be described by different words as the choice relies on the speaker's perception and experience.


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona has five words for colors: (black), (white), (red), (yellow), and (blue). Although the simplified conceptualization of colors tends to exclude a number of colors that are commonly expressed in Western languages, speakers sometimes may combine these five words to make more specific descriptions of certain colors. For instance, "purple" may be represented by combining and . The phrase means "a reddish shade of blue" and means "a bluish shade of red".


title: Toki Pona

text: Toki Pona has words for one (), two (), and many (). In addition, can mean 'zero', although its meaning is , and 'all' can express an infinite or immense amount.


title: Toki Pona

text: The simplest number system uses these five roots to express any amount necessary. For numbers larger than two, speakers would use which means 'many'.


title: Toki Pona

text: A more complex system expresses larger numbers additively by using phrases such as for three, for four, and so on. This feature purposely makes it impractical to communicate large numbers. This system, described in Lang's book, also uses () to signify 'five', () to signify 'twenty' and () to signify 'hundred'. For example, using this structure would mean '102' and would signify '78'.


title: Toki Pona

text: Some words have obsolete synonyms. For example, replaced (protuberance) early in the language's development for unknown reasons. Later, the pronoun replaced ('he, she, it, they'), which was sometimes confused with ('bad').


title: Toki Pona

text: Similarly, was added as an alternative to ('all') to avoid confusion with ('no, not') among people who reduce unstressed vowels, though both forms are still used.


title: Toki Pona

text: Originally, meant 'eye' and was used as a verb 'see'. In the book, the meanings were later merged into , being the alternative"."


title: Toki Pona

text: Words that were simply removed from the lexicon include ('block, stairs'), ('monster, fear'), ('old'), ('to cut'), and ('sibling'). These words were considered outdated because they were not included in the official book. However, , , , , and retained enough usage in the community that they were re-included in the lexicon as in "Toki Pona Dictionary".


title: Toki Pona

text: Besides and , which replaced existing roots, a few roots were added to the original 118: ('grain, bread, pasta, rice'), ('market, shop, trade'), ('hunt, gather'), and ('extra, additional, spice'), another word for ('new, fresh').


title: Toki Pona

text: Most Toki Pona roots come from English, Tok Pisin, Finnish, Georgian, Dutch, Acadian French, Esperanto, and Serbo-Croatian, with a few from Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese).


title: Toki Pona

text: Many of these derivations are transparent. For example, ('speech, language') is similar to Tok Pisin and its English source "talk", while ('good, positive'), from Esperanto , reflects generic Romance "," , English "bonus", etc. However, the changes in pronunciation required by the simple phonetic system often make the origins of other words more difficult to see. The word ('to sleep, to rest'), for example, comes from Dutch and is cognate with English "sleep"; ('to use') is somewhat distorted from Dutch , and from ('lizard') is scarcely recognizable. [Because "*ti" is an illegal syllable in Toki Pona, Dutch "di" becomes "si."]


title: Toki Pona

text: Although only 14 roots (12%) are listed as derived from English, a large number of the Tok Pisin, Esperanto, and other roots are transparently cognate with English, raising the English-friendly portion of the vocabulary to about 30%. The portions of the lexicon from other languages are 15% Tok Pisin, 14% Finnish, 14% Esperanto, 12% Serbo-Croatian, 10% Acadian French, 9% Dutch, 8% Georgian, 5% Mandarin, 3% Cantonese; one root each from Welsh, Tongan (an English borrowing), Akan, and an uncertain language (apparently Swahili); four phonesthetic roots (two which are found in English, one from Japanese, and one which was made up); and one other made-up root (the grammatical particle ).


title: Toki Pona

text: Signed Toki Pona, or , is a manually coded form of Toki Pona. Each word and letter has its own sign, which is distinguished by the hand shape, location of the hand on the body, palm or finger orientation, and the usage of one or both hands. Most signs are performed with the right hand at the required location. A few signs, however, are performed with both hands in a symmetrical way. To form a sentence, each of the signs is performed using the grammar and word order of Toki Pona.


title: Toki Pona

text: A more naturalistic constructed sign language called also exists, and is more widely used in the Toki Pona community than '. It is a separate language with its own grammar, but has a vocabulary that generally parallels Toki Pona. 's signs have increased iconicity as compared to ', and many signs are loan-words from natural sign languages. Its grammar is subject-object-verb, and, like natural sign languages, it makes use of classifier constructions and signing space. In "Toki Pona Dictionary", Sonja Lang recommends learning "" instead of "."


title: Toki Pona

text: The language is fairly well known among Esperantists, who often offer courses and conversation groups at their meetings. In 2007, Lang reportedly said that at least 100 people speak Toki Pona fluently and estimated that a few hundred have a basic knowledge of the language. One-hour courses of Toki Pona were taught on various occasions by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during their Independent Activities Period.


title: Toki Pona

text: The language is used mainly online on social media, in forums, and other groups. Users of the language are spread out across multiple platforms. A Yahoo! group existed from about 2002 to 2009, when it moved to a forum on a phpBB site. For a short time there was a Wikipedia written in Toki Pona (called ). It was closed in 2005 and moved to Wikia/Fandom, and then moved from Fandom to an independent website on 23 April 2021.


title: Toki Pona

text: The largest groups exist on Reddit, Facebook, and Discord. Two large groups exist on Facebook—one designated for conversation in Toki Pona and English, and the other for conversation in only Toki Pona. The most subscribed Facebook group, in which members communicate in both English and Toki Pona, has over 5,800 total members . The largest community on Reddit has over 12,900 members . The largest Discord group has over 9,100 members .


title: Toki Pona

text: An online census was conducted in 2021. Around 1000 people worldwide filled it. Of them, 165 claimed to be advanced or fluent speakers and more than 650 reported to know Toki Pona.


title: Toki Pona

text: There are a few published books and many other works in Toki Pona. Most of the published works are language-learning books for beginners like and . Many other works are translations of original literature in other languages. Starting in 2020, a group has been working on and publishing a zine in Toki Pona called (), and it is officially registered as a zine in the United Kingdom.


title: Fast-moving consumer goods

text: Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), also known as consumer packaged goods (CPG), are products that are sold quickly and at a relatively low cost. Examples include non-durable household goods such as packaged foods, beverages, toiletries, candies, cosmetics, over-the-counter drugs, dry goods, and other consumables.


title: Fast-moving consumer goods

text: Fast moving consumer goods have a high inventory turnover and are contrasted with specialty items which have lower sales and higher carrying charges. Many retailers carry only FMCGs; particularly hypermarkets, big box stores and warehouse club stores. Small convenience stores also stock fast moving goods; the limited shelf space is filled with higher turnover items.


title: Fast-moving consumer goods

text: Consumers in rural areas typically purchase goods from nearby towns and villages. Recently, there has been a shift in consumer purchase behavior toward purchasing locally that has prompted the need for better local promotional efforts to generate brand awareness in small towns. FMCGs play a large part in the economy, as they are inelastic products that touch every part of consumer life. Businesses that supply FMCGs to a rural community can help provide employment opportunities and drive down the cost of such products in those rural areas. For instance, FMCGs represent the fourth-largest sector in the Indian economy and generate employment for more than three million people in downstream activities.


title: Fast-moving consumer goods

text: The retail market for FMCGs includes businesses in the following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) (Revision 3) categories:


title: Fast-moving consumer goods

text: Fast-moving consumer electronics are typically low-priced generic items with many comparable alternatives offering similar functionality. Examples of consumer electronics include mobile phones, MP3 players, game players, earphones, headphones, OTG cables and digital disposable cameras.


title: Tibia

text: The tibia (; ), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia); it connects the knee with the ankle. The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula and closer to the median plane. The tibia is connected to the fibula by the interosseous membrane of leg, forming a type of fibrous joint called a syndesmosis with very little movement. The tibia is named for the flute "tibia". It is the second largest bone in the human body, after the femur. The leg bones are the strongest long bones as they support the rest of the body.


title: Tibia

text: In human anatomy, the tibia is the second largest bone next to the femur. As in other vertebrates the tibia is one of two bones in the lower leg, the other being the fibula, and is a component of the knee and ankle joints.


title: Tibia

text: The ossification or formation of the bone starts from three centers, one in the shaft and one in each extremity.


title: Tibia

text: The tibia is categorized as a long bone and is as such composed of a diaphysis and two epiphyses. The diaphysis is the midsection of the tibia, also known as the shaft or body. While the epiphyses are the two rounded extremities of the bone; an upper (also known as superior or proximal) closest to the thigh and a lower (also known as inferior or distal) closest to the foot. The tibia is most contracted in the lower third and the distal extremity is smaller than the proximal.


title: Tibia

text: The proximal or upper extremity of the tibia is expanded in the transverse plane with a medial and lateral condyle, which are both flattened in the horizontal plane. The medial condyle is the larger of the two and is better supported over the shaft. The upper surfaces of the condyles articulate with the femur to form the tibiofemoral joint, the weightbearing part of the kneejoint.


title: Tibia

text: The medial and lateral condyle are separated by the intercondylar area, where the cruciate ligaments and the menisci attach. Here the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercle forms the intercondylar eminence. Together with the medial and lateral condyle the intercondylar region forms the tibial plateau, which both articulates with and is anchored to the lower extremity of the femur. The intercondylar eminence divides the intercondylar area into an anterior and posterior part. The anterolateral region of the anterior intercondylar area are perforated by numerous small openings for nutrient arteries.


title: Tibia

text: The articular surfaces of both condyles are concave, particularly centrally. The flatter outer margins are in contact with the menisci. The medial condyles superior surface is oval in form and extends laterally onto the side of medial intercondylar tubercle. The lateral condyles superior surface is more circular in form and its medial edge extends onto the side of the lateral intercondylar tubercle. The posterior surface of the medial condyle bears a horizontal groove for part of the attachment of the semimembranosus muscle, whereas the lateral condyle has a circular facet for articulation with the head of the fibula.


title: Tibia

text: Beneath the condyles is the tibial tuberosity which serves for attachment of the patellar ligament, a continuation of the quadriceps femoris muscle.


title: Tibia

text: The central portions of these facets articulate with the condyles of the femur, while their peripheral portions support the menisci of the knee joint, which here intervene between the two bones.


title: Tibia

text: Between the articular facets in the intercondylar area, but nearer the posterior than the anterior aspect of the bone, is the intercondyloid eminence ("spine of tibia"), surmounted on either side by a prominent tubercle, on to the sides of which the articular facets are prolonged; in front of and behind the intercondyloid eminence are rough depressions for the attachment of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the menisci.


title: Tibia

text: The "anterior surfaces" of the condyles are continuous with one another, forming a large somewhat flattened area; this area is triangular, broad above, and perforated by large vascular foramina; narrow below where it ends in a large oblong elevation, the tuberosity of the tibia, which gives attachment to the patellar ligament; a bursa intervenes between the deep surface of the ligament and the part of the bone immediately above the tuberosity.


title: Tibia

text: "Posteriorly," the condyles are separated from each other by a shallow depression, the posterior intercondyloid fossa, which gives attachment to part of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee-joint. The medial condyle presents posteriorly a deep transverse groove, for the insertion of the tendon of the semimembranosus.


title: Tibia

text: Its "medial surface" is convex, rough, and prominent; it gives attachment to the medial collateral ligament.


title: Tibia

text: The lateral condyle presents posteriorly a flat articular facet, nearly circular in form, directed downward, backward, and lateralward, for articulation with the head of the fibula. Its "lateral surface" is convex, rough, and prominent in front: on it is an eminence, situated on a level with the upper border of the tuberosity and at the junction of its anterior and lateral surfaces, for the attachment of the iliotibial band. Just below this a part of the extensor digitorum longus takes origin and a slip from the tendon of the biceps femoris is inserted.


title: Tibia

text: The shaft or body of the tibia is triangular in cross-section and forms three borders: an anterior, medial, and lateral or interosseous border. These three borders form three surfaces: the medial, lateral, and posterior.


title: Tibia

text: The anterior crest or border, the most prominent of the three, commences above at the tuberosity, and ends below at the anterior margin of the medial malleolus. It is sinuous and prominent in the upper two-thirds of its extent, but smooth and rounded below; it gives attachment to the deep fascia of the leg.


title: Tibia

text: The medial border is smooth and rounded above and below, but more prominent in the center. It begins at the back part of the medial condyle, and ends at the posterior border of the medial malleolus; its upper part gives attachment to the tibial collateral ligament of the knee-joint to the extent of about 5 cm., and insertion to some fibers of the popliteus muscle. From its middle third some fibers of the soleus and flexor digitorum longus muscles take origin.


title: Tibia

text: The interosseous crest or lateral border is thin and prominent, especially its central part, and gives attachment to the interosseous membrane; it commences above in front of the fibular articular facet, and bifurcates below, to form the boundaries of a triangular rough surface, for the attachment of the interosseous ligament connecting the tibia and fibula.


title: Tibia

text: The medial surface is smooth, convex, and broader above than below; its upper third, directed forward and medialward, is covered by the aponeurosis derived from the tendon of the sartorius, and by the tendons of the Gracilis and Semitendinosus, all of which are inserted nearly as far forward as the anterior crest; in the rest of its extent it is subcutaneous.


title: Tibia

text: The lateral surface is narrower than the medial; its upper two-thirds present a shallow groove for the origin of the Tibialis anterior; its lower third is smooth, convex, curves gradually forward to the anterior aspect of the bone, and is covered by the tendons of the Tibialis anterior, Extensor hallucis longus, and Extensor digitorum longus, arranged in this order from the medial side.


title: Tibia

text: The posterior surface presents, at its upper part, a prominent ridge, the popliteal line, which extends obliquely downward from the back part of the articular facet for the fibula to the medial border, at the junction of its upper and middle thirds; it marks the lower limit of the insertion of the Popliteus, serves for the attachment of the fascia covering this muscle, and gives origin to part of the Soleus, Flexor digitorum longus, and Tibialis posterior. The triangular area, above this line, gives insertion to the Popliteus. The middle third of the posterior surface is divided by a vertical ridge into two parts; the ridge begins at the popliteal line and is well-marked above, but indistinct below; the medial and broader portion gives origin to the Flexor digitorum longus, the lateral and narrower to part of the Tibialis posterior. The remaining part of the posterior surface is smooth and covered by the Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, and Flexor hallucis longus. Immediately below the popliteal line is the nutrient foramen, which is large and directed obliquely downward.


title: Tibia

text: The distal end of the tibia is much smaller than the proximal end and presents five surfaces; it is prolonged downward on its medial side as a strong pyramidal process, the medial malleolus. The lower extremity of the tibia together with the fibula and talus forms the ankle joint.


title: Tibia

text: The inferior articular surface is quadrilateral, and smooth for articulation with the talus. It is concave from before backward, broader in front than behind, and traversed from before backward by a slight elevation, separating two depressions. It is continuous with that on the medial malleolus.


title: Tibia

text: The anterior surface of the lower extremity is smooth and rounded above, and covered by the tendons of the Extensor muscles; its lower margin presents a rough transverse depression for the attachment of the articular capsule of the ankle-joint.


title: Tibia

text: The posterior surface is traversed by a shallow groove directed obliquely downward and medialward, continuous with a similar groove on the posterior surface of the talus and serving for the passage of the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus.


title: Tibia

text: The lateral surface presents a triangular rough depression for the attachment of the inferior interosseous ligament connecting it with the fibula; the lower part of this depression is smooth, covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and articulates with the fibula. The surface is bounded by two prominent borders (the anterior and posterior colliculi), continuous above with the interosseous crest; they afford attachment to the anterior and posterior ligaments of the lateral malleolus.


title: Tibia

text: The tibia is supplied with blood from two sources: A nutrient artery, as the main source, and periosteal vessels derived from the anterior tibial artery.


title: Tibia

text: In the knee the tibia forms one of the two articulations with the femur, often referred to as the "tibiofemoral components" of the knee joint.; it is the weightbearing part of the knee joint.


title: Tibia

text: The tibiofibular joints are the articulations between the tibia and fibula which allows very little movement.


title: Tibia

text: The proximal tibiofibular joint is a small plane joint. The joint is formed between the undersurface of the lateral tibial condyle and the head of fibula. The joint capsule is reinforced by anterior and posterior ligament of the head of the fibula.


title: Tibia

text: The distal tibiofibular joint (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the distal end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia.


title: Tibia

text: The part of the ankle joint known as the talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus.


title: Tibia

text: The tibia is ossified from three centers: a primary center for the diaphysis (shaft) and a secondary center for each epiphysis (extremity). Ossification begins in the center of the body, about the seventh week of fetal life, and gradually extends toward the extremities.


title: Tibia

text: The center for the upper epiphysis appears before or shortly after birth at close to 34 weeks gestation; it is flattened in form, and has a thin tongue-shaped process in front, which forms the tuberosity; that for the lower epiphysis appears in the second year.


title: Tibia

text: The lower epiphysis fuses with the tibial shaft at about the eighteenth, and the upper one fuses about the twentieth year.


title: Tibia

text: Two additional centers occasionally exist, one for the tongue-shaped process of the upper epiphysis, which forms the tuberosity, and one for the medial malleolus.


title: Tibia

text: The tibia has been modeled as taking an axial force during walking that is up to 4.7 bodyweight. Its bending moment in the sagittal plane in the late stance phase is up to 71.6 bodyweight times millimetre.


title: Tibia

text: Fractures of the tibia can be divided into those that only involve the tibia; bumper fracture, Segond fracture, Gosselin fracture, toddler's fracture, and those including both the tibia and fibula; trimalleolar fracture, bimalleolar fracture, Pott's fracture.


title: Tibia

text: The structure of the tibia in most other tetrapods is essentially similar to that in humans. The tuberosity of the tibia, a crest to which the patellar ligament attaches in mammals, is instead the point for the tendon of the quadriceps muscle in reptiles, birds, and amphibians, which have no patella.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: Physalis peruviana, is a South American plant native to Colombia, Ecuador and Peru in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), commonly known as Cape gooseberry or goldenberry, known in its countries of origin as aguaymanto, uvilla or uchuva, in Hawaii called poha, and in Egypt called Harankash, in addition to numerous indigenous and regional names. The goldenberry is also known as ground cherry. The history of "P. peruviana" cultivation in South America can be traced to the Inca Empire. It has been cultivated in England since the late 18th century, and in South Africa in the Cape of Good Hope since at least the start of the 19th century. Widely introduced in the 20th century, "P. peruviana" is cultivated or grows wild across the world in temperate and tropical regions.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: The plant was grown in England in 1774 and by early settlers of the Cape of Good Hope before 1807. Whether it was grown there before its introduction to England is not known, but sources since the mid-19th century attribute the common name "Cape gooseberry" to this fact. One suggestion is that the name properly refers to the calyx surrounding the fruit like a cape, possibly an example of false etymology, because it does not appear in publications earlier than the mid-20th century. Not long after its introduction to South Africa, "P. peruviana" was introduced into Australia, New Zealand, and various Pacific islands. Despite its name, it is not botanically related to the true gooseberries of the genus "Ribes".


title: Physalis peruviana

text: "P. peruviana" has dozens of common names across the world in its regions of distribution. For example, in Peru it is known as in Spanish, or in Quechua. In neighboring Colombia, it is known as . In northeastern China Heilongjiang Province, it is informally referred to as "deng long guo" ("lantern fruit"). In French, it is called ("love in a cage"), as well as other possible names, such as , , or ("Chinese lantern") (also used for other "Physalis", such as "Physalis alkekengi"), ("ground cherry"), or tomatillo (also used for "Physalis philadelphica").


title: Physalis peruviana

text: "P. peruviana" is closely related to the tomatillo. As a member of the plant family Solanaceae, it is related to a large number of edible plants, including tomatoes, eggplants, and potatoes.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: "P. peruviana" is an annual in temperate locations, but perennial in the tropics. As a perennial, it develops into a diffusely branched shrub reaching in height, with spreading branches and velvety, heart-shaped leaves. The hermaphrodite flowers are bell-shaped and drooping, across, yellow with purple-brown spots internally. After the flower falls, the calyx expands, ultimately forming a beige husk fully enclosing the fruit.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: The fruit is a round, smooth berry, resembling a miniature yellow tomato wide. Removed from its calyx, it is bright yellow to orange in color, and sweet when ripe, with a characteristic, mildly tart grape- or tomato-like flavor.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: A prominent feature is the inflated, papery calyx enclosing each berry. The calyx is accrescent until the fruit is fully grown; at first, it is of normal size, but after the petals fall, it continues to grow until it forms a protective cover around the growing fruit. If the fruit is left inside the intact calyx husks, its shelf life at room temperature is about 30–45 days. The calyx is inedible.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: The center of genetic diversity for "Physalis peruviana" is to the Andes Mountain regions of Chile, Colombia, Peru. It grows in forests, forest edges, and riparian areas. It grows at high elevations of in its native region, but may also be found at sea level in Oceania and Pacific islands where it occurs widely in subtropical and warm, temperate conditions. Its latitude range is about 45°S to 60°N, and its altitude range is generally from sea level to . The plant has become invasive in some natural habitats, forming thickets, particularly in Hawaii and on other Pacific islands. There are believed to be dozens of ecotypes worldwide that differentiated by plant size, calyx shape, and the size, color, and flavor of the fruit. Wild forms are thought to be diploid with "2n = 24" chromosomes, while cultivated forms include varieties with increased ploidy and 32 or 48 chromosomes.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: It has been widely introduced into cultivation in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas such as Australia, China, India, Malaysia, and the Philippines. "P. peruviana" thrives at an annual average temperature from , tolerating temperatures as high as . It grows well in Mediterranean climates and is hardy to USDA hardiness zone 8, meaning it can be damaged by frost. It grows well in rainfall amounts from if the soil is well drained, and prefers full sun or partial shade in well-drained soil, and grows vigorously in sandy loam.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: The plant is readily grown from seeds, which are abundant (100 to 300 in each fruit), but with low germination rates, requiring thousands of seeds to sow a hectare. Plants grown from year-old stem cuttings will flower early and yield well, but are less vigorous than those grown from seed.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: In South Africa, cutworms attack the Cape gooseberry in seedbeds, red spiders in the field, and potato tuber moths near potato fields. Hares damage young plants, and birds eat the fruits. Mites, whiteflies, and flea beetles can be problematic. Powdery mildew, soft brown scale, root rot, and viruses may affect plants. In New Zealand, plants can be infected by "Candidatus liberibacter" subsp. "solanacearum".


title: Physalis peruviana

text: "P. peruviana" is an economically useful crop as an exotic exported fruit, and is favored in breeding and cultivation programs of many countries. "P. peruviana" fruits are marketed in the United States as "goldenberry" and sometimes "Pichuberry", named after Machu Picchu in order to associate the fruit with its origin in Peru.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: Cape gooseberry is made into fruit-based sauces, pies, puddings, chutneys, jams, and ice cream, or eaten fresh in salads and fruit salads. In Latin America, it is often consumed as a "batido" or smoothie, and because of its showy husk, it is popular in restaurants as a decorative garnish for desserts. To enhance its food uses, hot air drying improves qualities of dietary fiber content, texture, and appearance.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: In basic research on fruit maturation, the content of polyphenols and vitamin C varied by cultivar, harvest time, and ripening stage.


title: Physalis peruviana

text: According to nutrient analyses by the USDA, a 100 g serving of Cape gooseberries is low in food energy () and contains moderate levels of vitamin C, thiamin, and niacin, while other nutrients are negligible (see table). Analyses of oil from different berry components, primarily its seeds, showed that linoleic acid and oleic acid were the main fatty acids, beta-sitosterol and campesterol were principal phytosterols, and the oil contained vitamin K and beta-carotene.


title: Cristina Vee

text: Cristina Danielle Valenzuela (born July 11, 1987), known by her stage name Cristina Vee, is an American voice actress and voice director. She provides voices for English dubs of anime, animation, and video games.


title: Cristina Vee

text: Vee's roles in anime include Louise in "The Familiar of Zero", Nanoha Takamachi in the "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha" series, Mio Akiyama in "K-On!", Noel Vermillion in "BlazBlue Alter Memory", Nagisa Saitō in "Squid Girl", Homura Akemi in "Puella Magi Madoka Magica", Compa in "Hyperdimension Neptunia", Rei Hino / Sailor Mars in the Viz Media dub of "Sailor Moon", the Honoka sisters in "Knights of Sidonia", Hawk from "The Seven Deadly Sins", Darkness in "Konosuba", Thoma in "The Promised Neverland", Meiko Mochizuki in "Digimon Adventure tri.", Killua Zoldyck in "Hunter × Hunter", Yuko Tani in "", "", and "", Vivy in "", and Robyn Hill in "RWBY".


title: Cristina Vee

text: Vee has also voiced video game roles, such as the titular character and her arch-nemesis Risky Boots in the "Shantae" series, Velvet Crowe in "Tales of Berseria", Riven in "League of Legends," 5-Volt in the "Warioware" series, and Cerebella in "Skullgirls". She also plays a minor role as the voice of Vibrio in the game "Vitamin Connection". In animation, she voices Marinette Dupain-Cheng/Ladybug in the English dub of "". She was the co-host of "AnimeTV" with Johnny Yong Bosch and portrayed Haruhi Suzumiya in the live-action "The Adventures of the ASOS Brigade". She also voices Verosika Mayday the web series Helluva Boss


title: Cristina Vee

text: Vee was born with a mixed Mexican, Lebanese, and Native American heritage and raised in the Los Angeles area, growing up in Norwalk. When she was younger she wanted to become an animator, but after watching "Sailor Moon", she was inspired to go into voice acting. She had attended Anime Expo multiple times as a fan and participated in their AX Idol voice-over contest. In 2004, she joined a voice-over panel where she helped work some of the equipment and then got a card from Wendee Lee to audition for several shows with Bang Zoom! Entertainment, including "Samurai Champloo". Her first major role was Kanaria in "Rozen Maiden". She studied Theatre Arts and graduated from California State University at Long Beach in 2007. In 2008, she voiced the title character in "", Louise in "The Familiar of Zero", and Nanoha in "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha". She portrayed the live-action Haruhi Suzumiya in the promotional videos for the second "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya" series, and performed as her at various events.


title: Cristina Vee

text: In 2011, she voiced the shy bassist Mio Akiyama in the school music comedy "K-On!" and Nagisa Saitō in the comedy "Squid Girl". That year, she starred in the anime feature film "" as Alisa Bosconovitch, attending American anime conventions with the Japanese writer Dai Satō to promote the film. In 2012, she voiced Homura Akemi in "Puella Magi Madoka Magica". In 2013, she voiced Princess Yo in "" and Red Hood in the "Ikki Tousen" series. In 2014, she voiced Morgiana in "" and the Honoka sisters in "Knights of Sidonia". She was chosen to voice Sailor Mars in Viz's re-dub of "Sailor Moon" and the new "Sailor Moon Crystal" series. Vee described her voicing of Rei as different in "Crystal" because her character is more serious and regal compared to her character in the original series.


title: Cristina Vee

text: In 2015, she voiced Noel Vermillion in "BlazBlue Alter Memory", Compa in "", and Hawk in "The Seven Deadly Sins", the last of which was released as a Netflix original series. In 2016, she provided the voice of Killua Zoldyck in the Viz Media English dub of the 2011 anime adaptation of "Hunter × Hunter". In 2021, she voiced Vivy in the Bang Zoom! Entertainment English dub of the original anime series "".


title: Cristina Vee

text: Vee has been involved in several animation projects. In March 2012, she started a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign to produce an animated music video in conjunction with Cybergraphix Animation and Studio APPP. The main character of the video, "Cristina Veecaloid", was designed by "Skullgirls" creative director Alex Ahad, Her character was later named Milky and was made into an iOS game called "Veecaloid Pop" released in 2015. In 2012, Vee was involved in voice casting and directing the "Skullgirls" video game and web series. The game was nominated at the 40th Annie Awards. In 2015, Vee landed the English voice role of title character Marinette Dupain-Cheng (aka Ladybug) in the CGI animated series "." The show premiered on Nickelodeon in December 2015, and has aired four seasons on Netflix and now Disney+ & Disney Channel. Executive producer Jared Wolfsen said that Vee and the other English dub voice actors brought a lot of energy to their characters, and that Vee herself is just like Ladybug – sweet and kind, and so fun to watch. In February 2021, Vee voiced a character named Verosika Mayday in the web series "Helluva Boss" and stars in episodes "Spring Broken", “Truth Seekers”, and "Ozzie's".


title: Cristina Vee

text: Vee has been involved in voice-overs for video games, mostly with English localizations of Japanese titles produced by Atlus USA and NIS America. Some of her major roles are Noel Vermillion in "BlazBlue", Velvet Crowe in "Tales of Berseria", Riven the Exile in "League of Legends", Four in "Drakengard 3", Compa in "Hyperdimension Neptunia", 13-Amp and 5-Volt in "WarioWare Gold", Marnie in "Pokémon Masters EX",


title: Cristina Vee

text: Ying in "Paladins: Champions of the Realm", the title character of the "Shantae" series, said title character's arch-nemesis Risky Boots, as well as Bennett and Xingqiu in "Genshin Impact". She has directed and produced the voices for the video game "Indivisible" which was crowdfunded with a total amount of $1.5 million on December 2, 2015.


title: Cristina Vee

text: In addition to being a live-action Haruhi Suzumiya, Vee has appeared on screen on various web series, television shows and events. She was a host on "Anime TV" where she reviewed shows and interviewed people, and appeared on Funimation On Demand and Crunchyroll. She was a live-action host of IGN's IPL4 and IPL5 "League of Legends" video game tournaments in Las Vegas. She is a frequent guest at many anime conventions throughout the United States and worldwide.


title: Cristina Vee

text: Vee is also a professional singer, and has performed the theme songs for two "Shantae" video games: "Dance Through the Danger" for 2016's "" and "Rise and Shine Shantae" for 2019's "Shantae and the Seven Sirens". She also performed the theme song "Until I'm Broken" for the 2012 visual novel "Loren the Amazon Princess".