title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: NDA government, on 25 November 2014, moved an amendment bill to do away with the requirement of quorum in high-profile committee while recommending the names, for the post of director CBI, to the central government by introducing the clause "no appointment of a (CBI) director shall be invalid merely by reason of any vacancy or absence of members in the panel". and to replace the LOP with leader of single largest opposition party or pre-election coalition as, , the LOP post in the Loksabha is vacant.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: CBI headquarters is a , 11-storey building in New Delhi, housing all branches of the agency. The building is equipped with a modern communications system, an advanced record-maintenance system, storage space, computerised access control and an additional facility for new technology. Interrogation rooms, cells, dormitories and conference halls are provided. The building has a staff cafeteria with a capacity of 500, gyms, a terrace garden, and bi-level basement parking for 470 vehicles. Advanced fire-control and power-backup systems are provided, in addition to a press briefing room and media lounge.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The CBI Academy in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh (east of Delhi) began in 1996. It is about from the New Delhi railway station and about from Indira Gandhi International Airport. The campus, with fields and plantations, houses the administrative, academic, hostel and residential buildings. Before the academy was built a small training centre at Lok Nayak Bhawan, New Delhi, conducted short-term in-service courses. The CBI then relied on state police-training institutions and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in Hyderabad for basic training courses for deputy superintendents of police, sub-inspectors and constables.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The Academy accommodates the training needs of all CBI ranks. Facilities for specialised courses are also made available to the officials of the state police, central police organisations (CPOs), public-sector vigilance organisations, bank and government departments and the Indian Armed Forces.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The legal powers of investigation of the CBI are derived from the DSPE Act 1946, which confers powers, duties, privileges and liabilities on the Delhi Special Police Establishment (CBI) and officers of the Union Territories. The central government may extend to any area (except Union Territories) the powers and jurisdiction of the CBI for investigation, subject to the consent of the government of the concerned state. Members of the CBI at or above the rank of sub-inspector may be considered officers in charge of police stations. Under the act, the CBI can investigate only with notification by the central government.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: In 2022, responding to a question, The Minister of state in the Prime Minister's office informed Rajya Sabha that a total of nine states had withdrawn general consent to the CBI to investigate cases in those states. The states include West Bengal, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kerala and Punjab.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The CBI was originally constituted under the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, to operate within the territory of Delhi. As policing and law is a subject that falls within state powers under the structure of Indian federalism, the CBI needs prior consent from other state governments in order to conduct investigations within their territory. This consent can be in the form of a 'general consent' under Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, which remains in operation for all investigations until it is revoked, or alternatively, a 'specific consent' authorising investigations in individual cases. Once consent is granted, the CBI can investigate economic, corruption, and special crimes (including national security, drugs and narcotics, etc.)


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: Most Indian states had granted general consent to the CBI to investigate crimes within their territory. However, as of 2020, several states have withdrawn their 'general consent' for the CBI to operate, and require a special consent to be granted on a case to case basis. In November 2018, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal governments withdrew general consents for the CBI to investigate, and accused the Central Government of using federal agencies to destabilise state politics. Andhra Pradesh restored general consent in 2019. In January 2019, Chhattisgarh also withdrew general consent to the CBI. In July 2020, Rajasthan withdrew general consent to the CBI. In October 2020, Maharashtra withdrew general consent to the CBI. In November 2020, Kerala, Jharkhand, and Punjab withdrew general consent to the CBI. Tripura and Mizoram had previously withdrawn general consent to the CBI as well. Altogether, as of November 2021, eight states require prior consent before the CBI can investigate crimes in their territory. On 4 March 2022, Meghalaya has withdrawn general consent to CBI, becoming the ninth state to do so.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The High Courts and the Supreme Court have the jurisdiction to order a CBI investigation into an offence alleged to have been committed in a state without the state's consent, according to a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court (in Civil Appeals 6249 and 6250 of 2001) on 17 Feb 2010. The bench ruled: The court clarified "this is an extraordinary power which must be exercised sparingly, cautiously and only in exceptional situations."


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The SC in CBI VS CBI case held that the power to remove/send on leave the director of CBI, vested in the selection committee, not with the central govt. SC says this verdict when CBI Director challenge the decision of central govt to send him on leave without his will.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: CBI is exempted from the provisions of the Right to Information Act. This exemption was granted by the government on 9 June 2011 (with similar exemptions to the National Investigating Agency (NIA), the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation and the National Intelligence Grid (Natgrid)) on the basis of national security. It was criticized by the Central Information Commission and RTI activists, who said the blanket exemption violated the letter and intent of the RTI Act. The exemption was upheld in Madras High Court.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: Impact on the multiple high-profile cases, such as Bhanwari Devi murder case, Satyam scandal, Sister Abhaya murder case, and INX Media case.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: In 2013, Judge of the Supreme Court of India (and later Chief Justice of India) R. M. Lodha criticized the CBI for being a "caged parrot speaking in its master's voice", due to its excessive political interference irrespective of which party happened to be in power.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: Because of the CBI's political overtones, it has been exposed by former officials such as Joginder Singh and B. R. Lall (director and joint director, respectively) as engaging in nepotism, wrongful prosecution and corruption. In Lall's book, "Who Owns CBI", he details how investigations are manipulated and derailed. Corruption within the organisation


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: has been revealed in information obtained under the RTI Act, and RTI activist Krishnanand Tripathi has alleged harassment from the CBI to save itself from exposure via RTI. The states that have withdrawn consent to the CBI have accused the CBI of being a tool used by the Union Government to unfairly target parties ideologically rival to them.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: Normally, cases assigned to the CBI are sensitive and of national importance. It is standard practice for state police departments to register cases under its jurisdiction; if necessary, the central government may transfer a case to the CBI. The agency has been criticised for its mishandling of several scams. It has also been criticized for dragging its feet investigating prominent politicians, such as P. V. Narasimha Rao, Jayalalithaa, Lalu Prasad Yadav, Mayawati and Mulayam Singh Yadav; this tactic leads to their acquittal or non-prosecution.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: In January 2006 it was discovered that the CBI had quietly unfrozen bank accounts belonging to Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi, one of those accused in the 1986 Bofors scandal which tainted the government of Rajiv Gandhi. The CBI was responsible for the inquiry into the Bofors case. Associates of then-prime minister Rajiv Gandhi were linked to alleged payoffs made during the mid-1980s by Swedish arms firm AB Bofors, with US million in kickbacks moved from Britain and Panama to secret Swiss banks. The 410 howitzers purchased in the US million arms sale were reported to be inferior to those offered by a French competitor.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The CBI, which unfroze in a London bank in accounts held by Bofors, accused Quattrocchi and his wife Maria in 2006 but facilitated his travel by asking Interpol to take him off its wanted list on 29 April 2009.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: A 1991 arrest of militants in Kashmir led to a raid on hawala brokers, revealing evidence of large-scale payments to national politicians. The Jain hawala case encompassed former Union ministers Ajit Kumar Panja and P. Shiv Shankar, former Uttar Pradesh governor Motilal Vora, Bharatiya Janata Party leader Yashwant Sinha. The 20 defendants were discharged by Special Judge V. B. Gupta in the 650-million case, heard in New Delhi.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The judge ruled that there was no "prima facie" evidence against the accused which could be converted into legal evidence. Those freed included Bharatiya Janata Party president L. K. Advani; former Union ministers V. C. Shukla, Arjun Singh, Madhavrao Scindia, N. D. Tiwari and R. K. Dhawan, and former Delhi chief minister Madan Lal Khurana. In 1997 a ruling by late Chief Justice of India J. S. Verma listed about two dozen guidelines which, if followed, would have ensured the independence of the investigating agency. Sixteen years later, successive governments circumvent the guidelines and treat the CBI as another wing of the government. Although the prosecution was prompted by a public-interest petition, the cases concluded with no convictions. In "Vineet Narain & Others v Union of India AIR 1996 SC 3386", the Supreme Court ruled that the Central Vigilance Commission should have a supervisory role over the CBI.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: In this case Santosh Kumar Singh, the alleged murderer of a 25-year-old law student, was acquitted for what the judge called "deliberate inaction" by the investigating team. The accused was the son of a high-ranking officer in the Indian Police Service, the reason for the CBI's involvement. The 1999 judgment noted that "the influence of the father of the accused has been there". Embarrassed by the judgment, CBI Director R. K. Raghavan appointed two special directors (P. C. Sharma and Gopal Achari) to study the judgement. The CBI appealed the verdict in Delhi High Court in 2000, and the court issued a warrant for the accused. The CBI applied for an early hearing in July 2006; in October the High Court found Singh guilty of rape and murder, sentencing him to death.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: This case concerns 27 March 1992 death of a nun who was found in a water well in the Saint Pius X convent hostel in Kottayam, Kerala. Five CBI investigations have failed to yield any suspects. The case was solved finally in December 2020 where the Main Accused were sent to life imprisonment by The Kerala High Court.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The CBI has been accused of supporting the ruling Congress Party against its opposition, the BJP. The CBI is investigating the Sohrabuddin case in Gujarat; Geeta Johri, also investigating the case, claimed that the CBI is pressuring her to falsely implicate former Gujarat minister Amit Shah.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: Sant Singh Chatwal was a suspect in CBI records for 14 years. The agency had filed two charge sheets, sent letters rogatory abroad and sent a team to the United States to imprison Chatwal and his wife from 2–5 February 1997. On 30 May 2007 and 10 August 2008 former CBI directors Vijay Shankar and Ashwani Kumar, respectively, signed no-challenge orders on the imprisonment. Later, it was decided not to appeal their release.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: This closed a case of bank fraud in which Chatwal had been embroiled for over a decade. Along with four others, Chatwal was charged with being part of a "criminal conspiracy" to defraud the Bank of India's New York branch of . Four charges were filed by the CBI, with Chatwal named a defendant in two. The other two trials are still in progress. RTI applicant Krishnanand Tripathi was denied access to public information concerning the closed cases. The Central Information Commission later ordered the CBI to disclose the information; however, the CBI is exempt from the RTI Act (see above). Chatwal is a recipient of the Padma Bhushan.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: This case concerns 5 December 2002 death of T. M. Varghese (also known as Malankara Varghese), a member of the Malankara Orthodox Church managing committee and a timber merchant. Varghese Thekkekara, a priest and manager of the Angamali diocese of the rival Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (part of the Syriac Orthodox Church), was charged with murder and conspiracy on 9 May 2010. Thekkekara was not arrested after he was charged, for which the CBI was criticised by the Kerala High Court and the media.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The CBI was publicly seen as ineffective in trying the 1984 Bhopal disaster case. Former CBI joint director B. R. Lall has said that he was asked to remain soft on extradition for Union Carbide CEO Warren Anderson and drop the charges (which included culpable homicide). Those accused received two-year sentences.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The UPA government has been accused of allocating 2G spectrum to corporations at very low prices through corrupt and illegal means. The Supreme Court cited the CBI many times for its tardiness in the investigations; only after the court began monitoring its investigations were high-profile arrests made.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: This is a political scandal concerning the Indian UPA government's allocation of the nation's coal deposits to private companies by the former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, which cost the government . CBI director Ranjit Sinha submitted an affidavit in the Supreme Court that the coal-scam status report prepared by the agency was shared with Congress Party law minister Ashwani Kumar "as desired by him" and with secretary-level officers from the prime minister's office (PMO) and the coal ministry before presenting it to the court.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: This is a double murder case of 14-year-old girl Aarushi Talwar and 45-year-old Hemraj Banjade from Noida, India. On 26 November 2013, Parents of girl named Rajesh and Nupur Talwar were sentenced to life imprisonment for the twin murders. In January 2014, the Talwars challenged the decision in the Allahabad High Court. The High Court's acquitted them of all charges on 12 October 2017 because of the lack of 'irresistible proof'. The Allahabad HC in its verdict said that there were loopholes in the evidence which found the parents not guilty. Court also said that CBI tampered evidences and tutored witnesses. Questions arose by nation on investigation and judgement given by CBI court.


title: Central Bureau of Investigation

text: The CBI has been portrayed in the Malayalam film series known as the CBI (film series) written by S. N. Swamy and directed by K. Madhu with actor Mammootty portraying the lead role of CBI officer Sethurama Iyer.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: An infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), also known as a mechanized infantry combat vehicle (MICV), is a type of armoured fighting vehicle used to carry infantry into battle and provide direct-fire support. The 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe defines an infantry fighting vehicle as "an armoured combat vehicle which is designed and equipped primarily to transport a combat infantry squad, and which is armed with an integral or organic cannon of at least 20 millimeters calibre and sometimes an antitank missile launcher". IFVs often serve both as the principal weapons system and as the mode of transport for a mechanized infantry unit.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Infantry fighting vehicles are distinct from armored personnel carriers (APCs), which are transport vehicles armed only for self-defense and not specifically engineered to fight on their own. IFVs are designed to be more mobile than tanks and are equipped with a rapid-firing autocannon or a large conventional gun; they may include side ports for infantrymen to fire their personal weapons while on board.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The IFV rapidly gained popularity with armies worldwide due to a demand for vehicles with higher firepower than APCs that were less expensive and easier to maintain than tanks. Nevertheless, it did not supersede the APC concept altogether, due to the latter's continued usefulness in specialized roles. Some armies continue to maintain fleets of both IFVs and APCs.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) concept evolved directly out of that of the armored personnel carrier (APC). During the Cold War of 1947-1991 armies increasingly fitted heavier and heavier weapons systems on an APC chassis to deliver suppressive fire for infantry debussing from the vehicle's troop compartment. With the growing mechanization of infantry units worldwide, some armies also came to believe that the embarked personnel should fire their weapons from inside the protection of the APC and only fight on foot as a last resort. These two trends led to the IFV, with firing ports in the troop compartment and a crew-manned weapons system. The IFV established a new niche between those combat vehicles which functioned primarily as armored weapons-carriers or as APCs.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: During the 1950s, the Soviet, US, and most European armies had adopted tracked APCs. In 1958, however, the Federal Republic of Germany's newly organized Bundeswehr adopted the Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30 (also known simply as the "SPz 12-3"), which resembled a conventional tracked APC but carried a turret-mounted 20 mm autocannon that enabled it to engage other armored vehicles. The SPz 12-3 was the first purpose-built IFV.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The Bundeswehr's doctrine called for mounted infantry to fight and maneuver alongside tank formations rather than simply being ferried to the edge of the battlefield before dismounting. Each SPz 12-3 could carry five troops in addition to a three-man crew. Despite this, the design lacked firing ports, forcing the embarked infantry to expose themselves through open hatches to return fire.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: As the SPz 12-3 was being inducted into service, the French and Austrian armies adopted new APCs which possessed firing ports, allowing embarked infantry to observe and fire their weapons from inside the vehicle. These were known as the AMX-VCI and Saurer 4K, respectively. Austria subsequently introduced an IFV variant of the Saurer 4K which carried a 20 mm autocannon, making it the first vehicle of this class to possess both firing ports and a turreted weapons-system.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: In the early to mid-1960s, the Swedish Army adopted two IFVs armed with 20 mm autocannon turrets and roof firing hatches: Pansarbandvagn 301 and Pansarbandvagn 302, having experimented with the IFV concept already during WWII in the Terrängbil m/42 KP wheeled machine gun armed proto-IFV. Following the trend towards converting preexisting APCs into IFVs, the Dutch, US, and Belgian armies experimented with a variety of modified M113s during the late 1960s; these were collectively identified as the AIFV (Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle).


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The first US M113-based IFV appeared in 1969; known as the XM765, it had a sharply angled hull, ten vision blocks, and a cupola-mounted 20 mm autocannon. The XM765 design, though rejected for service, later became the basis for the very similar Dutch YPR-765. The YPR-765 had five firing ports and a 25 mm autocannon with a co-axial machine gun.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The Soviet Army fielded its first tracked APC, the BTR-50, in 1957. Its first wheeled APC, the BTR-152, had been designed as early as the late 1940s. Early versions of both these lightly armored vehicles were open-topped and carried only general-purpose machine guns for armament. As Soviet strategists became more preoccupied with the possibility of a war involving weapons of mass destruction, they became convinced of the need to deliver mounted troops to a battlefield without exposing them to the radioactive fallout from an atomic weapon.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The IFV concept was received favorably because it would enable a Soviet infantry squad to fight from inside their vehicles when operating in contaminated environments. Soviet design work on a new tracked IFV began in the late 1950s and the first prototype appeared as the "Obyekt 765" in 1961. After evaluating and rejecting a number of other wheeled and tracked prototypes, the Soviet Army accepted the "Obyekt 765" for service. It entered serial production as the BMP-1 in 1966.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: In addition to being amphibious and superior in cross-country mobility to its predecessors, the BMP-1 carried a 73mm smoothbore cannon, a co-axial PKT machine gun, and a launcher for 9M14 Malyutka anti-tank missiles. Its hull had sufficiently heavy armor to resist .50 caliber armor-piercing ammunition along its frontal arc. Eight firing ports and vision blocks allowed the embarked infantry squad to observe and engage targets with rifles or machine guns.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The BMP-1 was heavily armed and armored, combining the qualities of a light tank with those of the traditional APC.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Its use of a relatively large caliber main gun marked a departure from the Western trend of fitting IFVs with automatic cannon, which were more suitable for engaging low-flying aircraft, light armor, and dismounted personnel.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The Soviet Union produced about 20,000 BMP-1s from 1966 to 1983, at which time it was considered the most ubiquitous IFV in the world. In Soviet service, the BMP-1 was ultimately superseded by the more sophisticated BMP-2 (in service from 1980) and by the BMP-3 (in service from 1987). A similar vehicle known as the BMD-1 was designed to accompany Soviet airborne infantry and for a number of years was the world's only airborne IFV.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: In 1971 the Bundeswehr adopted the Marder, which became increasingly heavily armored through its successive marks and – like the BMP – was later fitted as standard with a launcher for anti-tank guided missiles. Between 1973 and 1975 the French and Yugoslav armies developed the AMX-10P and BVP M-80, respectively – the first amphibious IFVs to appear outside the Soviet Union. The Marder, AMX-10P, and M-80 were all armed with similar 20 mm autocannon and carried seven to eight passengers. They could also be armed with various anti-tank missile configurations.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Wheeled IFVs did not begin appearing until 1976, when the Ratel was introduced in response to a South African Army specification for a wheeled combat vehicle suited to the demands of rapid offensives combining maximum firepower and strategic mobility. Unlike European IFVs, the Ratel was not designed to allow mounted infantrymen to fight in concert with tanks but rather to operate independently across vast distances. South African officials chose a very simple, economical design because it helped reduce the significant logistical commitment necessary to keep heavier combat vehicles operational in undeveloped areas.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Excessive track wear was also an issue in the region's abrasive, sandy terrain, making the Ratel's wheeled configuration more attractive. The Ratel was typically armed with a 20 mm autocannon featuring what was then a unique twin-linked ammunition feed, allowing its gunner to rapidly switch between armor-piercing or high-explosive ammunition. Other variants were also fitted with mortars, a bank of anti-tank guided missiles, or a 90 mm cannon. Most notably, the Ratel was the first mine-protected IFV; it had a blastproof hull and was built to withstand the explosive force of anti-tank mines favored by local insurgents.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Like the BMP-1, the Ratel proved to be a major watershed in IFV development, albeit for different reasons: until its debut wheeled IFV designs were evaluated unfavorably, since they lacked the weight-carrying capacity and off-road mobility of tracked vehicles, and their wheels were more vulnerable to hostile fire. However, improvements during the 1970s in power trains, suspension technology, and tires had increased their potential strategic mobility. Reduced production, operation, and maintenance costs also helped make wheeled IFVs attractive to several nations.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the United States Army had gradually abandoned its attempts to utilize the M113 as an IFV and refocused on creating a dedicated IFV design able to match the BMP. Although considered reliable, the M113 chassis did not meet the necessary requirements for protection or stealth. The US also considered the M113 too heavy and slow to serve as an IFV capable of keeping pace with tanks.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Its MICV-65 program produced a number of unique prototypes, none of which were accepted for service owing to concerns about speed, armor protection, and weight. US Army evaluation staff were sent to Europe to review the AMX-10P and the Marder, both of which were rejected due to high cost, insufficient armor, or lackluster amphibious capabilities.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: In 1973, the FMC Corporation developed and tested the XM723, which was a 21-ton tracked chassis which could accommodate three crew members and eight passengers. It initially carried a single 20 mm autocannon in a one-man turret but in 1976 a two-man turret was introduced; this carried a 25 mm autocannon like M242 or Oerlikon KBA, a co-axial machine gun, and a TOW anti-tank missile launcher.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The XM723 possessed amphibious capability, nine firing ports, and spaced laminate armor on its hull. It was accepted for service with the US Army in 1980 as the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. Successive variants have been retrofitted with improved missile systems, gas particulate filter systems, Kevlar spall liners, and increased stowage. The amount of space taken up by the hull and stowage modifications has reduced the number of passengers to six.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: By 1982 30,000 IFVs had entered service worldwide, and the IFV concept appeared in the doctrines of 30 national armies. The popularity of the IFV was increased by the growing trend on the part of many nations to mechanize armies previously dominated by light infantry. However, contrary to expectation the IFV did not render APCs obsolete. The US, Russian, French, and German armies have all retained large fleets of IFVs and APCs, finding the APC more suitable for multi-purpose or auxiliary roles.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The British Army was one of the few Western armies which had neither recognized a niche for IFVs nor adopted a dedicated IFV design by the late 1970s. In 1980, it made the decision to adopt a new tracked armored vehicle, the FV510 Warrior. British doctrine is that a vehicle should carry troops under protection to the objective and then give firepower support when they have disembarked. While normally classified as an IFV, the Warrior fills the role of an APC in British service and infantrymen do not remain embarked during combat.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The role of the IFV is closely linked to mechanized infantry doctrine. While some IFVs are armed with a direct fire gun or anti-tank guided missiles for close infantry support, they are not intended to assault armored and mechanized forces with any type of infantry on their own, mounted or not. Rather, the IFV's role is to give an infantry unit battlefield, tactical, and operational mobility during combined arms operations.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Most IFVs either complement tanks as part of an armored battalion, brigade, or division. Others perform traditional infantry missions supported by tanks. Early development of IFVs in a number of Western nations was promoted primarily by armor officers who wanted to integrate tanks with supporting infantry in armored divisions. There were a few exceptions to the rule: for example, the Bundeswehr's decision to adopt the SPz 12-3 was largely due to the experiences of Wehrmacht panzergrenadiers who had been inappropriately ordered to undertake combat operations better suited for armor.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Hence, the Bundeswehr concluded that infantry should only fight while mounted in their own armored vehicles, ideally supported by tanks. This doctrinal trend was later subsumed into the armies of other Western nations, including the US, leading to the widespread conclusion that IFVs should be confined largely to assisting the forward momentum of tanks.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The Soviet Army granted more flexibility in this regard to its IFV doctrine, allowing for the mechanized infantry to occupy terrain that compromised an enemy defense, carry out flanking movements, or lure armor into ill-advised counterattacks. While they still performed an auxiliary role to tanks, the notion of using IFVs in these types of engagements dictated that they be heavily armed, which was reflected in the BMP-1 and its successors. Additionally, Soviet airborne doctrine made use of the BMD series of IFVs to operate in concert with paratroops rather than traditional mechanized or armored formations.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: IFVs assumed a new significance after the Yom Kippur War. In addition to heralding the combat debut of the BMP-1, that conflict demonstrated the newfound significance of anti-tank guided missiles and the obsolescence of independent armored attacks. More emphasis was placed on combined arms offensives, and the importance of mechanized infantry to support tanks reemerged.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: As a result of the Yom Kippur War, the Soviet Union attached more infantry to its armored formations and the US accelerated its long-delayed IFV development program. An IFV capable of accompanying tanks for the purpose of suppressing anti-tank weapons and the hostile infantry which operated them was seen as necessary to avoid the devastation wreaked on purely armored Israeli formations.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The US Army defines all vehicles classed as IFVs as having three essential characteristics: they are armed with at least a medium-caliber cannon or automatic grenade launcher, at least sufficiently protected against small arms fire, and possess off-road mobility. It also identifies all IFVs as having some characteristics of an APC and a light tank.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The United Nations Register for Conventional Arms (UNROCA) simply defines an IFV as any armored vehicle "designed to fight with soldiers on board" and "to accompany tanks". UNROCA makes a clear distinction between IFVs and APCs, as the former's primary mission is combat rather than general transport.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: All IFVs possess armored hulls protected against rifle and machine gun fire, and some are equipped with active protection systems. Most have lighter armor than main battle tanks to ensure mobility. Armies have generally accepted risk in reduced protection to recapitalize on an IFV's mobility, weight and speed. Their fully enclosed hulls offer protection from artillery fragments and residual environmental contaminants as well as limit exposure time to the mounted infantry during extended movements over open ground.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Many IFVs also have sharply angled hulls that offer a relatively high degree of protection for their armor thickness. The BMP, Boragh, BVP M-80, and their respective variants all possess steel hulls with a distribution of armor and steep angling that protect them during frontal advances. The BMP-1 was vulnerable to heavy machine guns at close range on its flanks or rear, leading to a variety of more heavily armored marks appearing from 1979 onward.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The Bradley possessed a lightweight aluminum alloy hull, which in most successive marks has been bolstered by the addition of explosive reactive and slat armor, spaced laminate belts, and steel track skirts. Throughout its life cycle, an IFV is expected to gain 30% more weight from armor additions.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: As asymmetric conflicts become more common, an increasing concern with regards to IFV protection has been adequate countermeasures against land mines and improvised explosive devices. During the Iraq War, inadequate mine protection in US Bradleys forced their crews to resort to makeshift strategies such as lining the hull floors with sandbags. A few IFVs, such as the Ratel, have been specifically engineered to resist mine explosions.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: IFVs may be equipped with: turrets carrying autocannons of various calibers, low or medium velocity tank guns, anti-tank guided missiles, or automatic grenade launchers.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: With a few exceptions, such as the BMP-1 and the BMP-3, designs such as the Marder and the BMP-2 have set the trend of arming IFVs with an autocannon suitable for use against lightly armored vehicles, low-flying aircraft, and dismounted infantry. This reflected the growing inclination to view IFVs as auxiliaries of armored formations: a small or medium caliber autocannon was perceived as an ideal suppressive weapon to complement large caliber tank fire. IFVs armed with miniature tank guns did not prove popular because many of the roles they were expected to perform were better performed by accompanying tanks.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The BMP-1, which was the first IFV to carry a relatively large cannon, came under criticism during the Yom Kippur War for its mediocre individual accuracy, due in part to the low velocities of its projectiles. During the Soviet–Afghan War, BMP-1 crews also complained that their armament lacked the elevation necessary to engage insurgents in mountainous terrain. The effectiveness of large caliber, low-velocity guns like the 2A28 Grom on the BMP-1 and BMD-1 was also much reduced by the appearance of Chobham armor on Western tanks.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The Ratel, which included a variant armed with a 90mm low-velocity gun, was utilized in South African combat operations against Angolan and Cuban armored formations during the South African Border War, with mixed results. Although the Ratels succeeded in destroying a large number of Angolan tanks and APCs, they were hampered by many of the same problems as the BMP-1: mediocre standoff ranges, inferior fire control, and a lack of stabilized main gun. The Ratels' heavy armament also tempted South African commanders to utilize them as light tanks rather than in their intended role of infantry support.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: Another design feature of the BMP-1 did prove more successful in establishing a precedent for future IFVs: its inclusion of an anti-tank missile system. This consisted of a rail-launcher firing 9M14 Malyutka missiles which had to be reloaded manually from outside the BMP's turret. Crew members had to expose themselves to enemy fire to reload the missiles, and they could not guide them effectively from inside the confines of the turret space.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The BMP-2 and later variants of the BMP-1 made use of semiautonomous guided missile systems. In 1978, the Bundeswehr became the first Western army to embrace this trend when it retrofitted all its Marders with launchers for MILAN anti-tank missiles.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: The US Army added a launcher for TOW anti-tank missiles to its fleet of Bradleys, despite the fact that this greatly reduced the interior space available for seating the embarked infantry. This was justified on the basis that the Bradley needed to not only engage and destroy other IFVs, but support tanks in the destruction of other tanks during combined arms operations.


title: Infantry fighting vehicle

text: IFVs are designed to have the strategic and tactical mobility necessary to keep pace with tanks during rapid maneuvers. Some, like the BMD series, have airborne and amphibious capabilities. IFVs may be either wheeled or tracked; tracked IFVs are usually more heavily armored and possess greater carrying capacity. Wheeled IFVs are cheaper and simpler to produce, maintain, and operate. From a logistical perspective, they are also ideal for an army without widespread access to transporters or a developed rail network to deploy its armor.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: Jigarthanda () is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film written and directed by Karthik Subbaraj and produced by Kathiresan's Group, features Siddharth, Bobby Simha, Lakshmi Menon, Karunakaran and Guru Somasundaram. Gavemic U. Ary was the film's cinematographer, making his debut in Tamil cinema, and Vivek Harshan was the film's editor. Santhosh Narayanan composed the songs and background score.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The film won two National Film Awards for Best Supporting Actor for Bobby Simha and Best Editing for Vivek Harshan.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The film was also dubbed into Telugu as "Chikkadu Dorakadu" in 2016. The movie was reported to be inspired by the 2006 South Korean movie "A Dirty Carnival". It was remade in Kannada with the same title (2016), in Telugu as "Gaddalakonda Ganesh" (2019), and in Hindi as "Bachchhan Paandey" (2022).


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: Karthik Subramani is a short-film maker and aspires to make a feature film. He participates in a talent search program (like "Naalaya Iyakkunar") and is in the semifinal round. The show's two judges include a highbrow film director Mukil, who trashes Karthik's attempt at filmmaking, and a profit-oriented producer Sundar who riles against Mukil, and declares that Karthik made the best film among the contestants. Though Mukil eliminates Karthik from the contest, Sundar offers to produce a film with Karthik as the director, and both the judges storm out of the show. The next day, Sundar is annoyed that Karthik took his words seriously and came to meet him. He is uninterested in the script that Karthik wants to film, and instead suggests that he wants to make a gangster film along with the style of Nayakan, Thalapathi, The Godfather, etc. Karthik takes this suggestion to heart and sets his mind on documenting the life of a gangster and making a film script out of it.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: With help from his journalist uncle, Karthik finds out about "Assault" Sethu, a ruthless gangster in the city of Madurai, and decides that he will make a film about Sethu's life. He travels to Madurai and enlists the help of a reluctant college friend Oorani, to conduct surveillance on Sethu and his men. Since Karthik and Oorani are afraid of approaching Sethu directly, they plot to develop contacts with two of Sethu's top henchmen. They also try to obtain information from an old shopkeeper, "Petti Kadai" Pazhani, who has been around since Sethu was a child. To get closer to Sethu, Karthik also puts up an act of reciprocating the love of Kayalvizhi, whose mother cooks for Sethu. Because of their various attempts to seek information about Sethu, they arouse the suspicion of Sethu's right-hand man Rasu, who puts an underling Sounder to watch Karthik and Oorani. Sounder becomes good friends with Karthik, and Karthik uses his trust to plant a wireless microphone in a music player that he lends to Sounder. In a quick turn of events, Sounder is busted as a mole for an opposing gang and is killed.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: Sethu finds out the tap placed in the music player that Sounder was carrying and quickly locates Karthik and Oorani. When about to die at the hands of Sethu, Karthik confesses that he was spying on Sethu so that he could make a movie about his life, along the lines of "Nayakan", "Thalapathi", " The Godfather", etc. Sethu is enamored by the prospect of his life being portrayed on the big screen and initiates Karthik and Oorani into his gang so that they can document his life. He and his gang members boast of their crimes and take Karthik along for their gang activities. Karthik gleefully documents everything and is ecstatic that he has a fantastic story in hand for his debut movie. When he is ready to leave Madurai with all the information that he ever needed, Kayal discovers that Karthik used her for information and is vengeful. Sethu invites him for a send-off party. During the partying, Kayal remarks that Sethu should act as the main character in the gangster film about his life. Sethu takes this seriously and threatens Karthik to direct the film with Sethu playing himself on screen. Distraught at the sudden turn of events, Karthik tries to flee out of Madurai but is caught by Sethu's gang. They also kidnap the producer of Karthik's film and force them both to make the gangster movie.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: Karthik reluctantly agrees but soon finds that Sethu and his men cannot act in front of a camera. He hires an acting coach Muthu, who sets up a rigorous teaching schedule for Sethu and his men. After a period of training, Muthu thinks that while the others are hopeless, Sethu has at least a sliver of acting talent. The production of the movie commences, and Karthik becomes quite frustrated with Sethu's acting ineptitude. Still, he perseveres with the movie and has Muthu coach Sethu in emotional crying scenes in between breaks. Finally, the production is wrapped. Sethu and his men are on cloud nine and create a great fanfare for the movie's release. The film releases, and during the first show, Sethu gets the shock of his life. Realizing that a serious gangster film featuring Sethu would be a disaster, Karthik had surreptitiously changed the story of the film into a comedy. He edits and dubs over Sethu's voice in such a way that the film shows Sethu as a guy who achieves everything in life by crying. The film's title, "A. Kumar" is revealed to be "Azhuguni (Crybaby) Kumar" and not "Assault Kumar" as Sethu had thought. The film receives a tremendous response from the audience, who left theaters in tears after laughing their guts out. Sethu is mad at being made a fool to the world and searches for Karthik. However, Karthik and the rest of the crew go into hiding in anticipation of Sethu's wrath.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: While searching for Karthik and his crew, Sethu encounters events that make him realize that the fear that people have for him does not equal respect. He finds that by making people laugh inadvertently through his film, he had earned true respect than respect by fear, such as his mother, who never spoke to him, ever since he became a gangster and finally spoke to Sethu after seeing his film. In a final face-off, Sethu and Karthik meet each other by accident, as the latter is on his way to deliver the video recordings of the former's boastful confessions to the police. Sethu pardons Karthik in a dramatic way, and Karthik chooses to put Sethu's past behind him and let him seek a new life. They each go on to pursue careers in the movie industry. Karthik now has started to use Sethu's gang to bully people such as Vijay Sethupathi into acting for his movies, while Sethu started working as an actor by acting in a film made by Vetrimaaran. Sethu also has married Sounder's wife Ganga, while Karthik married Kayalvizhi.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: In mid April 2013, it was reported that Siddharth would be working in a Tamil film to be directed by Karthik Subbaraj, known for his debut film "Pizza", which would be produced by Kathiresan under his banner Five Star Films, who was busy then in producing Dhanush starrer "Naiyaandi". Karthik Subbaraj declared the same later and added that the film would be a bilingual project. The film was eventually filmed in Tamil only and was later dubbed into Telugu. The Telugu version was titled "Chikkadu Dorakadu" which was the title of N. T. Rama Rao's 1967 release and Rajendra Prasad's 1988 release. The Telugu version's dialogues were written by lyricist Vennelakanti and the backdrop was altered to Kurnool instead of Madurai.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: In an interview to "The Hindu", Karthik said that "Jigarthanda" was supposed to be his directorial debut and that he incorporated some of his experiences in the film during his life at Madurai.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: In the end of May 2013, Lakshmi Menon revealed that she was a part of the film's cast and was paired with Siddharth. Lakshmi Menon's role was later reported to be that of an idli seller, with the actress stating, "I have put in a lot of effort for my role as an idli seller in the film. I visited a few idli shops in Madurai before the shoot and geared up for my character. It's interesting to play such realistic characters". It was rumored in mid July 2013 that Vijay Sethupathi would play the role of the antagonist, but Vijay dismissed the reports and clarified that he would do a cameo only if Karthik obliges as he had no dates. Siddharth was reported to be playing an aspiring film maker who was reported to direct Vijay Sethupathi in the film "Pannaiyarum Padminiyum". It was also reported that for this purpose, Vijay Sethupathi acted in the film in an extended cameo appearance. The antagonist role went to Bobby Simha, known for his performances in the films "Soodhu Kavvum" and "Neram", with Subbaraj stating, "I decided not to cast anyone who we thought was an obvious choice for the role, including Vijay Sethupathi. After seeing his performance in "Neram", in which Bobby played a gangster, we thought that if we do a complete makeover, he could crack it". After the audio launch, Bobby Simha said in an interaction to the media that he interacted with real gangsters as a part of his preparation for the role. In an interaction to "IANS" in early March 2014, Siddharth expressed his feelings regarding the role he played, stating, "I'm known for my boy-next-door kind of roles through most of my films. This film has given me the opportunity to get rid of that tag. Post "Jigarthanda", audiences won't call me a chocolate boy anymore. This role has allowed me to showcase my versatility".


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The filming started on 12 June 2013 at Madurai. In the end of July 2013, it was reported that the entire filming came to an end with reference to Siddharth's tweet. But Karthik intervened and informed to the press that only 75% of the film's shoot has been wrapped up and Siddharth completed his part and may join during the patch work left. While Siddharth was participating in the shoot of Vasanthabalan's period drama "Kaaviya Thalaivan", the shoot continued and in mid-November 2013, Karthik during a press meet about the commencement of "", the sequel of his debut film which was directed by Deepan Chakravarthy, informed that the film was nearing completion. During that time, the film was in its last schedule of shoot at Chennai. The principal photography finally came to an end on 21 November 2013.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: In an interview with Baradwaj Rangan, Karthik Subbaraj confirmed that the film would feature Dolby Atmos sound system for realistic effect in sounds when Baradwaj met Karthik along with sound designers Vishnu Govind and Sreesankar, sound mixer Rajakrishnan, and Dolby consultant Dwarak Warrier. S. Venkatraghavan, Cinema Sales Manager — South at Dolby Laboratories. About the usage of Dolby Atmos for a small film which is also a rom-com, Karthik said, "Initially, I thought "Jigarthanda" would not involve as much work as "Pizza". But slowly I found that there was much more work to be done here; there were many live locations and we even shot candid in some places. We needed to recreate all that ambience". Rajakrishnan added that it took a month for the sound mixing process.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: Santhosh Narayanan recorded the music for the film along with his newly launched Sandy's Jazz Band. While Santhosh, besides composing, played the keyboard, Australian musicians Hamish Stuart and Graham Jesse played the drums and the saxophone, respectively, and Leon James and Naveen, both from Chennai, played the electronic piano and guitar respectively. Santhosh also worked with a street band from Tanjore to record one song from the film. He also introduced independent musicians, Pradeep Kumar, Sean Roldan, Anthony Daasan, Mani, Kalyani Nair to work with the film's soundtrack. With Muthamil, Arunraja Kamaraj, Anthony Daasan, Pradeep Kumar and Sean Roldan penning lyrics, the album features nine numbers of different genres, which includes fusion, folk and rap, with two instrumentals, one of them being performed by the composer's Sandy Jazz band.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The audio rights were purchased by Think Music. The official track list of the film was published on 1 March 2014. The complete soundtrack album was launched on 3 March 2014 at Sathyam Cinemas in Chennai, with the presence of producer S. Thanu and director Bharathiraja. A live band performance of Anthony Daasan took place and theatrical trailer of the film was screened at the event.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The album received positive response. "The Times of India" stated, "Santhosh Narayanan shows, yet again, that he is one of those composers to watch out for — both for his new sounds and tunes. Jigarthanda is another worthy addition" and rated the album 3 out of 5. Baradwaj Rangan in his review wrote, "It’s a good thing Santhosh Narayanan is around. His flamboyant score imbues even the weaker scenes with a Tarantinoesque swagger". "Sify" wrote, "Santosh Narayanan’s background score is the major plus of the movie, as he is able to capture the mood of the film".


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: Behindwoods rated the album 3.25 out of 5 and stated "If you like to experience new sounds and musical ideas, Jigarthanda is for you!" The album of Jigarthanda was ranked #3 of Top 10 albums in Behindwoods. Music Aloud gave a rating of 8/10 and chose "Kannamma", "Ding Dong", "Pandi Naatu Kodi" and "Dhesayum" as their favourite picks. Indiaglitz rated 3.25 out of 5, stating "Santhosh's innovation works yet again!" Top10Cinema stated "Almost all the songs in ‘Jigarthanda’ are a collage of new endeavours and we can consider this to be a special one. With a couple of songs including ‘Kannamma Kannama’ capturing our senses right in the first time, rest of them would take some time to brew."


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The soundtrack of the Telugu dubbed version "Chikkadu Dorakkadu" was released on 17 July 2014 at Taj Deccan in Hyderabad. The Telugu lyrics had been written by Vennelakanti and Chandrabose. Unlike the original version which have nine songs in the album, the Telugu album has five songs.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The original background score was released on 25 August 2014 at the Radio Mirchi FM Station in Chennai. It features the complete soundtrack and background music along with some dialogues from the film.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The "Assault Sethu Theme" was listed one of the greatest Villain BGMs in Tamil cinema, by Behindwoods.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: In the end of April, it was reported that the film would possibly release in the third week of May. In early May, it was reported that the film would release worldwide on 23 May 2014. It was initially stated that Sun Pictures would distribute the film which proved as baseless. It was later reported that the film may advance or postpone its release as Rajinikanth's "Kochadaiiyaan" was scheduled for a big release worldwide on the same day.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The film was given a U/A certificate by the Indian Censor Board due to its violent content. Producer Kathiresan, however, wanted a U certificate to avoid problems while selling the satellite rights of the film, for which the violent sequences were demanded to be cut short, which Karthik Subbaraj did not agree to. Due to the conflict, the film's release got further delayed. After arriving at an agreement —the film was not cut and retained its U/A Certificate— the release date was fixed as 25 July 2014. The release was pushed by a week again before eventually releasing on 1 August 2014.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The film was released in 20 screens in the United States, 5 screens in Australia and 2 screens in UK and Ireland.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: Four days before the film's release, which was slated on 25 July, there were reports that the film would release either on 27 July or 31 July. Siddharth denied those reports and confirmed 25 July as the release date. Siddharth too came to know that the film was postponed and he used his official Twitter handle to express his frustration on the film's delay, and he said "Sorry "Jigarthanda" fans. External unfair pressure is forcing our film to be postponed. Karthik, our whole team and I worked really hard for "Jigarthanda". With no respect for us, without even discussing it with us, it is postponed. Paper ads with theaters list till Tuesday for a Friday release, and then this happens and is Heartbreaking. The producer has personally informed other producers and distributors about the postponement, but he has not informed us yet. Who ever you are who aided in this dirty game, you can delay us you cannot stop us. A good film cannot be killed. All lovers of cinema, please support Karthik & our team. Whenever our film releases, it needs all your help. We are helpless today". His frustrated words turned controversial.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The next day, producer Kathiresan released a statement explaining the reasons for the postponement. In his statement, he mentioned "Dhanush's "Velaiyilla Pattathari" is running successfully all over Tamil Nadu, theater owners have requested for one week postponement to get more number of screens for "Jigarthanda", and also everyone in the trade feels that will help the film to be a bigger success at the box office". Tamil Film Producers' Council member T. Siva criticized Siddharth, stating that actors are getting paid for acting, and they are not supposed to involve and discuss the release of the film. Several other film personalities, including Dhanu, Jaguar Thangam, S. S. Durairaj, Soundarpandian, and Chithra Lakshmanan, also condemned Siddharth's outrage.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The first look teaser of the film was released on 9 February 2014 which received positive response and got more than 0.3 million views in 3 days. The first look poster featuring Siddharth holding a gun was released on 12 February 2014. The theatrical trailer of the film was revealed at the audio launch of the film on 3 March 2014, which was well received. The second official trailer was released by the film's team on 17 July 2014. The film's Telugu dubbing rights were bought by Suresh Kondeti and V. Rami Reddy.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: The film received widespread critical acclaim. M. Suganth of "The Times of India" gave 4 stars out of 5 and wrote, "If "Pizza" was a con movie dressed up as a haunted house horror thriller, "Jigarthanda" is basically a comedy cloaked as a gangster movie...[The] subversive streak is what makes this film singular and reinforces that Karthik Subbaraj as one of the exciting filmmakers of our time". Bharath Vijayakumar of "Moviecrow" gave 4 out of 5 stars and said, ""Jigarthanda" is a must watch for the sheer audacity with which the director has gone about telling his tale. "Jigarthanda" is a genre defining cinema and a truly unique effort that should stand the test of times". Anupama Subramanian of the "Deccan Chronicle" gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Aided by his entire cast and technical department, breaking the myth that promising debut filmmakers may not fare in their next, Karthik Subbaraj clearly proves that he is here to stay". J. Hurtado of "Twitch Film" gave a positive review and said, "'Jigarthanda' is a worldly film that takes influences from within its own very small cinematic orb and transforms them into something that the discerning film fan can meditate on and enjoy. Will the general non-Tamil film fiend miss a few jokes? Yes, quite a lot, actually. However, Jigarthanda manages to make universal that which is culturally specific; it's really quite an accomplishment. Haricharan Pudipeddi of "IANS" gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "If the purpose of "Jigarthanda" was to deliver a tight slap on the face of the system, it has succeeded in it. Thanks to the impeccable performances of the lead cast, especially Simha, director Subbaraj has conveniently conned us into seeing his film as a gangster flick-turned-comedy caper". S. Saraswathi of "Rediff" gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and concluded, ""Jigarthanda" is an engrossing gangster film with a series of bizarre twists and turns that keeps you guessing" and added that the film was "definitely a must watch". Siddarth Srinivas of "Cinemalead" gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and concluded that the film was "Darlingly delicious.". "Sify" wrote, "Karthik Subbaraj with "Jigarthanda" has delivered another interesting and intriguing film. It is bold and cannot be slotted into any genre. All ingredients associated with commercial cinema are mixed and served efficiently, though the dish itself becomes cold by the end". "Behindwoods" gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and called the film "A raw, gritty & imaginative crowd-pleaser". Ramchander of "Oneindia Entertainment" gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and summarised, ""Jigarthanda" is an out-of-the-box attempt and it should not be missed by Tamil cine-goers".


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: "Indiaglitz" gave 3.25 out of 5 and wrote, "Karthik Subburaj is here to stay, his lateral thinking on taking a leaf out of a gangster tale, changing elements of nature and serving the dish with the right amount of ingredients is no easy task, however he leaves his signature all over". Sundar Sarukkai of "Outlook" said that "the movie effortlessly makes you think that the other side of being bad is just a cinema away in all of us.", and rated the movie 3 out of 5.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: In contrast, Gautaman Bhaskaran of the "Hindustan Times" gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "If Subbaraj wanted to send a moral through his work – shed no blood – "Jigarthanda" flounders in a maze of 1960s kind of explanatory dialogues, and images that confound, and these despite fine performances by Simha (great expressions and body language) and Karunakaran as Karthik’s sidekick. As for Siddharth, his just about manages to look bewildered, and all the time". Baradwaj Rangan of "The Hindu" gave a mixed review, writing, "Scene for scene, "Jigarthanda" is fresh and alive and cracklingly inventive, and there are stupendous stretches of comedy. But the two films – the gangster movie and the meta movie – never really cohere". Arjun P.S. of Plumeria Movies ranked the film on the first spot in his ′Best Tamil Movies of 2014′ list.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: Many people from across the industry praised the film, most notable being director Mani Ratnam, director Gautham Vasudev Menon, director Shankar, actor Vijay and director K. V. Anand.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: According to "Behindwoods", the film collected at the Chennai box office. The first 3 days gross from around Tamil Nadu was reported to be around . The film collected in Tamil Nadu in its first weekend. Owing to public demand and positive word of mouth, about 30 screens were added for the film in Tamil Nadu.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: At the international box office, "Jigarthanda" collected in the United States. In the UK and Ireland, it earned . The film earned at the Australian box office. It also earned in Malaysia. The success of the film in the United States paved way for an increase in the number of screens showing the film to 28. On 25 August 2014, it was reported in the film's official Facebook page that the film had grossed worldwide in 25 days. It was one of the most profitable ventures of 2014 in Tamil.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: "Jigarthanda" was remade in Kannada under the same title. Despite the release of dubbed version in 2016, it was remade in Telugu as "Gaddalakonda Ganesh" starring Varun Tej and Pooja Hegde. In Hindi, film "Bachchhan Paandey" starring Akshay Kumar, Kriti Sanon, and Jacqueline Fernandez was inspired by "Jigarthanda".


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: Prior to the release, Forbes India Magazine ranked the film on the fifth spot in its "5 Indian Films to see in India 2014" list, published on 31 December 2013.


title: Jigarthanda (2014 film)

text: In 2019, Film Companion ranked Bobby Simha's performance on the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade". Bakshi Singh of Film Companion, ranked the film's posters on #2 in the "Top 10 Indian Movie Posters of the Decade".


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: Justice League Unlimited (JLU) is a 2004–2006 American superhero animated television series that was produced by Warner Bros. Animation and aired on Cartoon Network. Featuring a wide array of superheroes from the DC Comics universe, and specifically based on the Justice League superhero team, it is a direct sequel to the previous "Justice League" animated series and picks up around two years after where "Justice League" left off. Like its predecessor, the show is also a prequel to "Batman Beyond". "JLU" debuted on July 31, 2004, on Toonami and ended on May 13, 2006. It is the eighth and final series of the DC Animated Universe, which started with "" in 1992.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: Boomerang reran the series from June 3, 2007 to March 26, 2010, as part of Boomeraction. The series also aired as part of The CW's "Vortexx" Saturday morning block from August 25, 2012 to August 23, 2014.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: According to animator Bruce Timm, the series finale of "Justice League", "Starcrossed", was originally planned to be the final episode of the series; however, Cartoon Network ordered the production of a successor, titled "Justice League Unlimited". Taking place shortly after its predecessor ended, it features a greatly expanded League, in which the characters from the original series—now referred to as "founding members"—are joined by many other superheroes from the DC Universe; in the first episode, well over 50 characters appear. A number of these were heroes who had made guest appearances in "Justice League", but many heroes and other characters made their first animated appearances in this series. The general format of each episode is to have a small team assemble to deal with a particular situation, with a focus on both action and character interaction. This extension of the Justice League was originally planned to be explained in a planned direct-to-video feature film, but the project never materialized.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: Stan Berkowitz, a member of the production team, left the show later for the TV series "Friends and Heroes", and writer Matt Wayne was contracted to replace him. Most episodes tell a self-contained story, but the series also features extended story arcs, the first involving the growing conflict between the League and a secret government agency known as Project Cadmus. This plot line builds upon events that occurred during the second season of "Justice League" (which in turn built upon events in "", "", "Batman Beyond", "Static Shock", and "The Zeta Project"), and would go on to affect the plotlines of most of its episodes. It was resolved in a four-part story at the end of the second season of "Justice League Unlimited". The third and final season story arc focuses on the new Secret Society (which is based on the Legion of Doom of the "Challenge of the Super Friends" season of "Super Friends"), a loose-knit organization formed to combat the increased superhero coordination of the first season. While the Secret Society is never referred to as the Legion of Doom, there were early plans to use the name (coined in typically comedic style by the Flash). The idea was rejected.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: The series, along with the entire DC animated universe, was originally planned to end after the second-season finale "Epilogue", but a third season was greenlit by Cartoon Network. The third season started in 2005 with the episode "I Am Legion" (which was written before the announcement of a third season) and ended in 2006 with the episode "Destroyer". According to Matt Wayne, if the show had been renewed for a fourth season, he would have liked to write more episodes focusing on Superman and Wonder Woman.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: Towards the end of the series, certain characters became off-limits to the show, like Blue Beetle and Hugo Strange. Characters associated with Batman and those who appeared in "Batman: The Animated Series" (aside from Batman himself) were restricted due to the unrelated animated series "The Batman" and Christopher Nolan's live-action "The Dark Knight Trilogy", in order to avoid continuity confusion (although the villain the Clock King did make an appearance, he appeared as a member of Task Force X and did not interact with Batman). Aquaman and related characters were unavailable due to the development of a pilot for a live-action series featuring the character as a young man (planned to be a spin-off of "Smallville"). Characters from DC's "mature readers" Vertigo imprint were also not allowed, such as Swamp Thing and Phantom Stranger. No characters from the "Teen Titans" animated series appeared in "JLU" until after that show had been canceled (when Speedy appeared in the third-season episode "Patriot Act", which referenced the Seven Soldiers of Victory). While The Joker, Batman's archenemy, had appeared in the prior series' two parter "Wild Cards", he was restricted from appearing in "Unlimited", due to the character's recurring role in WB's "The Batman" animated series.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: To compensate for this, the producers focused their stories on previously overlooked DC Comics characters. These included characters like Deadman, Warlord, and an unnamed modern equivalent of The Seven Soldiers of Victory.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: DC Comics created an ongoing monthly comic book series based on the TV series, as part of its Johnny DC line of "all ages" comics, which did not have the same restrictions regarding character appearances.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: "Justice League Unlimited", like the second season of "Justice League", is animated in widescreen. The show also features new theme music and intro (nominated for an Emmy). The two-part series finale was aired in the UK on February 8 and 18, 2006, and in the United States on May 6 and 13, 2006.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: As in "Justice League", romantic relationships develop between the characters across the course of the series. The Question and the Huntress, and Black Canary and Green Arrow are shown to be romantically involved, and a love-triangle between Green Lantern, Hawkgirl and Vixen develops (this is later complicated by the addition of Hawkman). Additionally, the series continually hints at a mutual attraction between Batman and Wonder Woman.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: Aside from the voice-cast, numerous DC comics super-heroes are shown as Justice League members (and it is implied that there are even more members not shown). Heroes seen, but not heard, are listed below.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: From 2006 to 2007, Warner Home Video (via DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment) released the entire series of "Justice League Unlimited" on DVD. The series is presented in original broadcast presentation and story arc continuity order. The series was also released on Blu-Ray.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: Warner Home Video also released another DVD set titled "Justice League: The Complete Series". It contained all 91 episodes of "Justice League" and "Justice League Unlimited" on a 15-disc set with the 15th disc containing a bonus documentary. The same episodes were later sold as a 10-disc set without the bonus documentary.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: La-La Land Records released a 4-disc "Justice League" soundtrack on July 29, 2016. A potential "Justice League Unlimited" soundtrack depends on how well the "Justice League" soundtrack sells.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: DC Comics published a series of 46-issue numbered comics based on the television series, between 2004 and 2008.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: It is a sequel to Justice League Unlimited, written by James Tucker and J.M. DeMatteis with art by Ethen Beavers. 7 numbered issues were published by DC Comics between 2021 and 2022.


title: Justice League Unlimited

text: In 2019, Warner Bros. Animation released the film "Justice League vs. the Fatal Five". While not officially confirmed by the studio, the creator of the DCAU and producer of the film Bruce Timm considers this film to take place in DCAU.


title: Moulin Rouge

text: Moulin Rouge (, ; ) is a cabaret in Paris, on Boulevard de Clichy, at Place Blanche, the intersection of, and terminus of Rue Blanche.


title: Moulin Rouge

text: In 1889, the Moulin Rouge was co-founded by Charles Zidler and Joseph Oller, who also owned the Paris Olympia. The original venue was destroyed by fire in 1915. Moulin Rouge is southwest of Montmartre, in the Paris district of Pigalle on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th "arrondissement", it has a red windmill on its roof. The closest métro station is Blanche.


title: Moulin Rouge

text: Moulin Rouge is best known as the birthplace of the modern form of the can-can dance. Originally introduced as a seductive dance by the courtesans who operated from the site, the can-can dance revue evolved into a form of entertainment of its own and led to the introduction of cabarets across Europe. Today, the Moulin Rouge is a tourist attraction, offering predominantly musical dance entertainment for visitors from around the world. The club's decor still contains much of the romance of "fin de siècle" France.


title: Moulin Rouge

text: The "Belle Époque" was a period of peace and optimism marked by industrial progress, and a particularly rich cultural exuberance was present at the opening of the Moulin Rouge. The Expositions Universelles of 1889 and 1900 are symbols of this period.


title: Moulin Rouge

text: The Eiffel Tower was also constructed in 1889, epitomising the spirit of progress along with the culturally transgressive cabaret. Japonism, an artistic movement inspired by the Orient, with Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec as its most brilliant disciple, was also at its height. Montmartre, which, at the heart of an increasingly vast and impersonal Paris, retained a bohemian village atmosphere; festivities and artists mixed with pleasure and beauty as their values.


title: Moulin Rouge

text: On 6 October 1889, the Moulin Rouge opened as the Jardin de Paris, an outdoor garden café-conçert, at the foot of the Montmartre hill. Its creator Joseph Oller and his Manager Charles Zidler were formidable businessmen who understood the public's tastes. The aim was to allow the very rich to come and 'slum it' in a fashionable district, Montmartre. The extravagant setting – the garden was adorned with a gigantic elephant – allowed people from all walks of life to mix. Workers, local residents, artists, the middle classes, businessmen, elegant women, and foreigners passing through Paris rubbed shoulders. Nicknamed "The First Palace of Women" by Oller and Zidler, the cabaret quickly became a great success.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), aquifer, or a reservoir with percolation, so that it seeps down and restores the ground water. Dew and fog can also be collected with nets or other tools. Rainwater harvesting differs from stormwater harvesting as the runoff is typically collected from roofs and other surfaces for storage and subsequent reuse. Its uses include watering gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, and domestic heating. The harvested water can also be committed to longer-term storage or groundwater recharge.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households, having been used in South Asia and other countries for many thousands of years. Installations can be designed for different scales including households, neighbourhoods and communities and can also be designed to serve institutions such as schools, hospitals and other public facilities


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rooftop rainwater harvesting is used to provide drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation, and a way to replenish groundwater levels.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: In regards to urban agriculture, rainwater harvesting in urban areas reduces the impact of runoff and flooding. The combination of urban ‘green’ rooftops with rainwater catchments have been found to reduce building temperatures by more than 1.3 degrees Celsius. Rainwater harvesting in conjunction with urban agriculture would be a viable way to help meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for cleaner and sustainable cities, health and wellbeing, and food and water security (Sustainable Development Goal 6). The technology is available, however, it needs to be remodeled in order to use water more efficiently, especially in an urban setting.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Kenya has already been successfully harvesting rainwater for toilets, laundry, and irrigation. Since the establishment of the country's 2016 Water Act, Kenya has prioritized the regulation of their agriculture industry. Additionally, areas in Australia use harvested rainwater for cooking and drinking. Studies done by Stout et al researching the feasibility in India found RWH was most beneficial used for small-scale irrigation, which provides income with the sales of produce, and overflow used for groundwater recharge.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Missions to five Caribbean countries have shown that the capture and storage of rainwater runoff for later use is able to significantly reduce the risk of losing some or all of the year's harvest because of soil or water scarcity. In addition, the risks associated with flooding and soil erosion during high rainfall seasons would decrease. Small farmers, especially those farming on hillsides, could benefit the most from rainwater harvesting because they are able to capture runoff and decrease the effects of soil erosion.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs, enough is available to irrigate crops.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Frankfurt Airport has the biggest rainwater harvesting system in Germany. The system helps save approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per year. The cost of the system was 1.5 million dm (US$63,000) in 1993. This system collects water from the roofs of the new terminal which has an area of 26,800 square meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport in six tanks with a storage capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet flushing, watering plants and cleaning the air conditioning system.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater harvesting was adopted at The Velodrome – The London Olympic Park – in order to increase the sustainability of the facility. A 73% decrease in potable water demand by the park was estimated. Despite this, it was deemed that rainwater harvesting was a less efficient use of financial resources to increase sustainability than the park's blackwater recycling program.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Traditionally, stormwater management using detention basins served a single purpose. However, optimized real-time control lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without compromising the existing detention capacity. This has been used in the EPA headquarters to evacuate stored water prior to storm events, thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for later reuse. This has the benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water released during combined sewer overflow events.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Generally, check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the subsoil strata. The water percolation in the water-impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and overburden using ANFO explosives as used in open cast mining. Thus, local aquifers can be recharged quickly using the available surface water fully for use in the dry season.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job, as all the outlets from the building's terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water. There are common components that are installed in such systems, such as pre-filters (see e.g. vortex filter), drains/gutters, storage containers, and depending on whether the system is pressurized, also pumps, and treatment devices such as UV lights, chlorination devices and post-filtration equipment.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain an adequate flow of water. The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain the captured water.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: For low-tech systems, many low-tech methods are used to capture rainwater: rooftop systems, surface water capture, and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks (cisterns).


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater harvesting is possible by growing freshwater-flooded forests without losing the income from the used, submerged land. The main purpose of the rainwater harvesting is to use the locally available rainwater to meet water requirements throughout the year without the need of huge capital expenditure. This would facilitate the availability of uncontaminated water for domestic, industrial, and irrigation needs.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Good quality water resource, closer to populated areas, is becoming scarce and costly for the consumers. In addition to solar and wind energy, rainwater is major renewable resource of any land. The vast area is being covered by solar PV panels every year in all parts of the world. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them and drinking quality water, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple filtration and disinfection processes as rainwater is very low in salinity. Exploitation of rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water, makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall/ cloudy areas by the augmented income from value-added drinking water generation. Recently cost-effective rainwater collection in the already dug wells found to be highly effective in bringing groundwater level up in India.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Instead of using the , the RainSaucer, which looks like an upside-down umbrella, collects rain straight from the sky. This decreases the potential for contamination and makes RainSaucer a potential application for potable water in developing countries. Other applications of this free-standing rainwater collection approach are sustainable gardening and small-plot farming.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: A Dutch invention called the Groasis Waterboxx is also useful for growing trees with harvested and stored dew and rainwater.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater harvesting provides the independent water supply during regional water restrictions, and in developed countries, it is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when a drought occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained. Rainwater harvesting increases the availability of water during dry seasons by increasing the levels of dried borewells and wells. Surface water supply is readily available for various purposes thus reducing dependence on underground water. It improves the quality of ground by diluting salknity. It does not cause pollution and is environmentally friendly. It is cost-effective and easily affordable. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and other salts. Applications of rainwater harvesting in urban water system provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution systems, less generated stormwater in sewer systems, and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: A large body of work has focused on the development of life cycle assessment and its costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and money that can be saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during water restrictions. In areas where clean water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater harvesting is a critical source of clean water. In developed countries, rainwater is often harvested to be used as a supplemental source of water rather than the main source, but the harvesting of rainwater can also decrease a household's water costs or overall usage levels. Rainwater is safe to drink if the consumers do additional treatments before drinking. Boiling water helps to kill germs. Adding another supplement to the system such as a first flush diverter is also a common procedure to avoid contaminants of the water.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: When drought occurs, rainwater harvested in past months can be used. If rain is scarce but also unpredictable, the use of a rainwater harvesting system can be critical to capturing the rain when it does fall. Many countries with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running downhills. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs and tanks can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: In addition, rainwater harvesting decreases the demand for water from wells, enabling groundwater levels to be further sustained rather than depleted.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Life-cycle assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a system from cradle-to-grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al, developed such a methodology for rainwater harvesting, and found that the building design (e.g., dimensions) and function (e.g., educational, residential, etc.) play critical roles in the environmental performance of the system.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems, a new metric was developed – the demand to supply ratio (D/S) – identifying the ideal building design (supply) and function (demand) in regard to the environmental performance of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing. With the idea that supply of rainwater not only saves the potable water but also saves the stormwater entering the combined sewer network (thereby requiring treatment), the savings in environmental emissions were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to separate one.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Although standard RWH systems can provide a water source to developing regions facing poverty, the average cost for an RWH setup can be costly depending on the type of technology used. Governmental aid and NGOs can assist communities facing poverty by providing the materials and education necessary to develop and maintain RWH setups.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Some studies show that rainwater harvesting is a widely applicable solution for water scarcity and other multiple usages, owing to its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Constructing new substantial, centralized water supply systems, such as dams, is prone to damage local ecosystems, generates external social costs, and has limited usages, especially in developing countries or impoverished communities. On the other hand, installing rainwater harvesting systems is verified by a number of studies to provide local communities a sustainable water source, accompanied by other various benefits, including protection from flood and control of water runoff, even in poor regions. Rainwater harvesting systems that do not require major construction or periodic maintenance by a professional from outside the community are more friendly to the environment and more likely to benefit the local people for a longer period of time. Thus, rainwater harvesting systems that could be installed and maintained by local people have bigger chances to be accepted and used by more people.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: The usage of in-situ technologies can reduce investment costs in rainwater harvesting. In-situ technologies for rainwater harvesting could be a feasible option for rural areas since less material is required to construct them. They can provide a reliable water source that can be utilized to expand agricultural outputs. Above-ground tanks can collect water for domestic use; however, such units can be unaffordable to people in poverty.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater harvesting is a widely used method of storing rainwater in the countries presenting with drought characteristics. Several pieces of research have derived and developed different criteria and techniques to select suitable sites for harvesting rainwater. Some research was identified and selected suitable sites for the potential erection of dams, as well as derived a model builder in ArcMap 10.4.1. The model combined several parameters, such as slope, runoff potential, land cover/use, stream order, soil quality, and hydrology to determine the suitability of the site for harvesting rainwater.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Harvested water from RWH systems can be minimal during below-average precipitation in arid urban regions such as the Mideast. RWH is useful for developing areas as it collects water for irrigation and domestic purposes. However, the gathered water should be adequately filtered to ensure safe drinking.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater may need to be analyzed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In the Gansu province, for example, solar water disinfection is used by boiling harvested rainwater in parabolic solar cookers before being used for drinking. These so-called "appropriate technology" methods provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: While rainwater itself is a clean source of water, often better than groundwater or water from rivers or lakes, the process of collection and storage often leaves the water polluted and non-potable. Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird feces, mosses and lichens, windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4), and dissolved gases (CO, NO, SO). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe with the highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell; the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run-off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, withdraw from the last in series. Prefiltration is a common practice used in the industry to keep the system healthy and ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediments.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: A concept of rainwater harvesting and cleaning it with solar energy for rural household drinking purposes has been developed by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end-user. However, in most of the developed world, high-quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts on the environment. Supplying rainwater that has gone through preliminary filtration measures for non-potable water uses, such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and laundry, may be a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: The South African Water Research Commission has supported research into rainwater harvesting. Studies in arid, semiarid, and humid regions have confirmed that techniques such as mulching, pitting, ridging, and modified run-on plots are effective for small-scale crop production. Hydrofracturing has regularly been used to improve the performance of water boreholes. From 1990 to 1992, 170 boreholes had been hydrofractured.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: The construction and use of cisterns to store rainwater can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, when waterproof lime plaster cisterns were built in the floors of houses in village locations of the Levant, a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bound by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. By the late 4000 BC, cisterns were essential elements of emerging water management techniques used in dry-land farming.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Many ancient cisterns have been discovered in some parts of Jerusalem and throughout what is today Israel/Palestine. At the site believed by some to be that of the biblical city of Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), a large cistern dating back to around 2500 BC was discovered that had a capacity of nearly . It was carved out of a solid rock, lined with large stones, and sealed with clay to keep from leaking.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: The Greek island of Crete is also known for its use of large cisterns for rainwater collection and storage during the Minoan period from 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Four large cisterns have been discovered at Myrtos–Pyrgos, Archanes, and Zakroeach. The cistern found at Myrtos-Pyrgos was found to have a capacity of more than and date back to 1700 BC.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Around 300 BC, farming communities in Balochistan (now located in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran), and Kutch, India, used rainwater harvesting for agriculture and many other uses. Rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings as well. Rainwater from the Brihadeeswarar temple (located in Balaganpathy Nagar, Thanjavur, India) was collected in Shivaganga tank. During the later Chola period, the Vīrānam tank was built (1011 to 1037 AD) in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16-km-long tank with a storage capacity of .


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Rainwater harvesting was also common in the Roman Empire. While Roman aqueducts are well-known, Roman cisterns were also commonly used and their construction expanded with the Empire. For example, in Pompeii, rooftop water storage was common before the construction of the aqueduct in the 1st century BC. This history continued with the Byzantine Empire; for example, the Basilica Cistern in Istanbul.


title: Rainwater harvesting

text: Though little-known, for centuries the town of Venice depended on rainwater harvesting. The lagoon which surrounds Venice is brackish water, which is not suitable for drinking. The ancient inhabitants of Venice established a system of rainwater collection which was based on man-made insulated collection wells. Water percolated down the specially designed stone flooring, and was filtered by a layer of sand, then collected at the bottom of the well. Later, as Venice acquired territories on the mainland, it started to import water by boat from local rivers, but the wells remained in use and were especially important in the time of war when access to the mainland water could be blocked by an enemy.


title: Trenbolone

text: Trenbolone is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) of the nandrolone group which itself was never marketed. Trenbolone ester prodrugs, including trenbolone acetate (brand names Finajet, Finaplix, others) and trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (brand names Parabolan, Hexabolan), are or have been marketed for veterinary and clinical use. Trenbolone acetate is used in veterinary medicine in livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite, while trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate was formerly used clinically in humans but is now no longer marketed. In addition, although it is not approved for clinical or veterinary use, trenbolone enanthate is sometimes sold on the black market under the nickname Trenabol.


title: Trenbolone

text: Trenbolone, as trenbolone acetate, improves muscle mass, feed efficiency, and mineral absorption in cattle.


title: Trenbolone

text: Sometimes human users may experience an event called "tren cough" shortly after or during an injection, where the user experiences a violent and extreme coughing fit, which can last for minutes.


title: Trenbolone

text: Trenbolone has both anabolic and androgenic effects. Once metabolized, trenbolone esters have the effect of increasing ammonium ion uptake by muscles, leading to an increase in the rate of protein synthesis. It may also have the secondary effects of stimulating appetite and decreasing the rate of catabolism, as all anabolic steroids are believed to; however, catabolism likely increases significantly once the steroid is no longer taken. At least one study in rats has shown trenbolone to cause gene expression of the androgen receptor (AR) at least as potent as dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This evidence tends to indicate trenbolone can cause an increase in male secondary sex characteristics without the need to convert to a more potent androgen in the body.


title: Trenbolone

text: Studies on metabolism are mixed, with some studies showing that it is metabolized by aromatase or 5α-reductase into estrogenic compounds, or into 5α-reduced androgenic compounds, respectively.


title: Trenbolone

text: Trenbolone has potency five times as high as that of testosterone. Trenbolone also binds with high affinity to the progesterone receptor, Trenbolone binds to the glucocorticoid receptor, as well.


title: Trenbolone

text: To prolong its elimination half-life, trenbolone is administered as a prodrug as an ester conjugate such as trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate, or trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate. Plasma lipases then cleave the ester group in the bloodstream leaving free trenbolone.


title: Trenbolone

text: Trenbolone and 17-epitrenbolone are both excreted in urine as conjugates that can be hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase. This implies that trenbolone leaves the body as beta-glucuronides or sulfates.


title: Trenbolone

text: Trenbolone, also known as 19-nor-δ-testosterone or as estra-4,9,11-trien-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). It is specifically nandrolone with two additional double bonds in the steroid nucleus. Trenbolone esters, which have an ester at the C17β position, include trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate, trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate, and trenbolone undecanoate.


title: Trenbolone

text: "Trenbolone" is the generic name of the drug and its and . It has also been referred to as "trienolone" or "trienbolone" or tren.