title: Dying Light 2

text: The game is set in the city of Villedor, a massive urban open world set in Europe that players can explore freely. The map, which is four times bigger than the first game, is broken into seven distinct regions and each has its own landmarks and locations. When exploring the city, players can scavenge for scrap and resources to craft new items and weapons. Players can activate windmills to attract survivors and merchants to set up settlements. As the player explores the city, they will find inhibitors, which can be used to increase Aiden's health or stamina. Players meet different factions and have to make decisions that fundamentally change the state of the game's world and how non-playable characters view Aiden. The consequences are far-reaching, with the player being able to bring prosperity to a faction while completely destroying another settlement. Making certain decisions will open up or seal-off areas in the city, encouraging players to complete multiple playthroughs. Like its predecessor, the game features four-player cooperative multiplayer.


title: Dying Light 2

text: The zombie outbreak in Harran (depicted in "Dying Light") ended with the death of all of the city's citizens, with no reported survivors. The Global Relief Effort (GRE) is able to develop a vaccine for the Harran Virus, ending the threat of the zombie pandemic. Despite promises to cease all research on the virus, the GRE continued experimenting in secret. In 2021, a mutated variant of the virus named Tachytransmissive Harran Virus (THV) escapes a GRE lab and starts a second pandemic that spreads faster than the first, sweeping across the world in an event called "The Fall". The vaccine and Antizin are ineffective against the new strain of THV, but its effects can be suppressed with ultraviolet light.


title: Dying Light 2

text: By 2036, fifteen years after the Fall, much of the world's population has been wiped out, human civilization has been reduced to a handful of scattered settlements, with the walled fictional European city of Villedor being one of the last known remaining cities. Originally quarantined by the GRE, Villedor was spared the worst of the pandemic thanks to its quarantine walls keeping the hordes of infected out of the city. Control of the city is split between several factions, including the militaristic Peacekeepers, the independent Survivors, and the violent Renegades.


title: Dying Light 2

text: The main protagonist Aiden Caldwell is a Pilgrim, an individual brave enough to travel between human settlements. He decides to make the journey to Villedor in order to search for his lost sister, Mia.


title: Dying Light 2

text: Aiden makes his way to the city of Villedor after being notified that there is an informant that knows the whereabouts of Dr. Waltz, a doctor who experimented on Aiden and Mia when they were children, in hopes that Dr. Waltz knows Mia's location. Aiden meets the informant, but is bitten by a volatile and infected. The informant gives Aiden a working GRE electronic key, warning him that if Waltz gets his hands on it, Villedor is doomed. He instructs Aiden to take the key to the "Fish Eye" and hand it to a woman named Lawan. The informant is captured and executed by Waltz while Aiden flees, making his way further into Villedor.


title: Dying Light 2

text: Due to lacking a bio-marker, which tracks the progress of a person's infection, Aiden is nearly executed by fearful citizens but is saved by Hakon, one of the locals. Hakon explains tensions in Villedor are high due to a Peacekeeper officer, Lucas, having been recently murdered, and the Peacekeepers believe the survivors of the Bazaar are responsible, risking the outbreak of war between the two factions. Hakon helps Aiden obtain a bio-marker and tries to smuggle him into Villedor's Central district, where the Fish Eye is located. Players can choose to side with either the Bazaar's leaders, Carl and Sophie or Aitor, an officer for the Peacekeeper. Both of them promise Aiden that they will smuggle him into the Central District as both sides go to war.


title: Dying Light 2

text: Regardless of who Aiden sides with, he discovers that Hakon killed Lucas on Waltz's orders. Waltz confronts Aiden, demonstrating superhuman abilities as he steals the GRE key from him. Aiden pursues Waltz to an abandoned car factory, where he uses the key to activate a console before Lawan intervenes, incapacitating Waltz long enough for Aiden to recover the key and escape. Lawan reveals that she was one of Waltz's test subjects and seeks revenge against him, and that Lucas was murdered by Waltz after originally finding the GRE key. With the key, Aiden and Lawan are able to enter the Central district, where they see electricity suddenly be restored to the city due to Waltz's use of the key. Aiden then meets with the commander of the Peacekeepers, Jack Matt, and the former leader of the now defunct Nightrunner group, Frank. They both task Aiden with reactivating the radio antenna atop Villedor's highest skyscraper so that they can broadcast messages to all of Villedor and the settlements beyond, and in return they can help Aiden with finding a surviving GRE doctor so that he can access the GRE database.


title: Dying Light 2

text: After reactivating the tower, Aiden learns that the GRE doctor's identity is Dr. Veronika Ryan, a Bazaar resident. Aiden returns to the Bazaar and finds Veronika, who is on the run from the Renegades. Together, they head to a GRE facility called the Observatory, where the GRE database is located. After accessing the database, Aiden does not find any information to help his search for Mia, but discovers that Waltz reactivating Villedor's power plant also reactivated a GRE failsafe protocol calling missile strikes to destroy Villedor. Waltz arrives to take the key, and while fighting him, Aiden loses control of his infection and kills Veronika just as a missile destroys the Observatory and Waltz escapes with the key.


title: Dying Light 2

text: Lawan pulls Aiden from the debris, and he warns her that Waltz's experiments on him means he will inevitably turn. However, he cannot stop Lawan from going after the leader of the Renegades, Colonel Williams. Williams claims he originally stopped the missile strikes, but Waltz has resumed them. Not wanting to see Villedor destroyed, Williams tells Aiden to head for the X13 lab to confront Waltz and stop the missiles. Aiden and Lawan enter the complex and are shocked to find that X13 was supposed to be a survival shelter for GRE officials, with massive stockpiles of supplies. Lawan rescues Hakon after he tries to protect them from the Renegades, leaving Aiden to continue alone. As he journeys through X13, he realizes it is the same facility where he was experimented on.


title: Dying Light 2

text: Aiden confronts Waltz, who reveals that Aiden's memories were incorrect, and that Mia is actually Waltz's daughter who he has been trying to cure for the past 15 years. Waltz refuses to abort the missile launches, as that would require shutting down X13, whose facilities are necessary to cure Mia, forcing Aiden to battle him. Aiden finally manages to defeat Waltz, who succumbs to his wounds, but the GRE key is destroyed in the fighting. Lawan then tells Aiden she plans to detonate explosives to destroy the missiles before they can launch, which will destroy X13 and possibly herself. Aiden must choose to either try and save Mia, or save Lawan.


title: Dying Light 2

text: "Dying Light 2 Stay Human" is developed and published by Techland. The team intended to invoke a sense of loss and dread. They also show that humanity was on the edge of extinction. To show the fragility of humanity, the team introduced several layers to the City, in which the temporary structures are built on top of the ruins of the old buildings to accommodate humans, whereas permanent structures and concrete ground are occupied by massive hordes of zombies. When creating the city, the team utilized an internal technology named CityBuilder, which can assemble different building parts like ledges and windows with minimal input from the level designers. The technology enabled the team to create and change the city design quickly. The team created a new engine named C-Engine to power the game.


title: Dying Light 2

text: The game placed a significantly larger emphasis on narrative when compared with its predecessor. The team approached Chris Avellone to help write the game's story which is reactive to players' choices. The team felt that they had developed an open city, but they wanted the narrative to share the same level of agency. The game was described as a "narrative sandbox" in which every choice has "genuine" consequences according to Avellone. After players make certain choices, the game space will change. The game's story features a more serious tone when compared with the first game. To make the world feel believable and authentic, the team took inspiration from real-world issues and political ideologies and had to drop gameplay ideas that were deemed too unrealistic. Ciszewski added that in each playthrough, players will "lose at least 25 percent of the content".


title: Dying Light 2

text: The story focuses on a new, modern "Dark Ages" for humanity, which enables the story to convey themes such as betrayal, infidelity, and intrigue. The team was confident about the game's gameplay, though they felt that they needed additional help when designing the game's narrative. Therefore, the team recruited Avellone as well as writers who worked on "", a game widely praised for its writing and story. The narrative design prompts players to care about the non-playable characters and encourages players to be more sensitive about their presence and needs. Zombies, instead of being the main enemy like in the last game, become a narrative device that pressurize other non-playable characters to induce interesting drama and themes. The game features hostile human enemies more heavily when compared with the first game, as the team was inspired by works including "The Walking Dead" and "Game of Thrones", in which living humans are equally dangerous. The team developed a life cycle for zombies in the game. Newly bitten zombies are called Viral, which are fast and dangerous enemies whose humanity still remain. They would become Biters, which are described as "regular zombies". When Biters are exposed to UV light for a long period of time, they devolved into Degenerates, which are degenerating zombies with flesh falling off from them.


title: Dying Light 2

text: Due to sexual misconduct allegations made against Chris Avellone in June 2020, Techland and Avellone agreed to terminate his involvement with "Dying Light 2". He has since filed a libel lawsuit and denied sexual misconduct of any kind calling the allegations malicious and false.


title: Dying Light 2

text: The game was announced at E3 2018 during the Xbox press conference by Avellone as "Dying Light 2". Square Enix distributes the game and provided marketing efforts in North America. On January 20, 2020, Techland announced that the game would be delayed out of its early 2020 window to allow additional development time, with no new release date given at the time. On May 27, 2021, a digital event was held and a December 7, 2021 release date was revealed, alongside the game's title adding the subtitle of "Stay Human". Along with the release date, a promotional comic detailing the apocalypse and showcasing a new variant infected was released digitally with a physical release coming in Q4 2021. The game was delayed to February 4, 2022. The comic received mixed reviews, with praise directed towards the art and criticism aimed at the story and characters. On September 23, 2021, a cloud version of "Dying Light 2 Stay Human" was confirmed for the Nintendo Switch console during a Nintendo Direct presentation, set to release on the same day as the other platforms. This version of the game was delayed and Techland announced that it would be released "within six months" after its initial launch on other platforms.


title: Dying Light 2

text: Techland promised to support the game with downloadable content and updates for at least five years after the game's launch. A New Game Plus mode was added in April 2022. The first story downloadable content, "Bloody Ties", which introduced a Roman gladiator-style arena, was released on November 19, 2022.


title: Dying Light 2

text: "Dying Light 2 Stay Human" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Dying Light 2

text: "Kotaku" praised the parkour system, writing that it expanded upon its predecessor in meaningful ways, ""Dying Light 2" feels as if Techland realized how the first game's movement made it stand out from so many other zombie games, and focused on building it up more. The end result is one of the best parkour systems I've ever seen in a game". "Ars Technica" criticized the story, specifically the voice acting and writing, ""[Dying Light 2]"s voice acting is perhaps the worst I've heard in a video game of this scale... And they're chained to a script that consists of awkwardly translated phrases, along with massive leaps in logic and wartime strategy". While criticizing the narrative's exposition-heavy dialogue, "Polygon" enjoyed the melee combat, saying that "With a smartly balanced fatigue meter governing attacks and movements, "Dying Light 2" makes me think about, and use, all the tactics available to me, especially in boss and sub-boss fights". "Eurogamer" liked how the open world integrated with the parkour gameplay, "The first-person parkour is simply brilliant, its integration into a vast, dense open world simply astonishing, and the act of getting from A to B is an absolute thrill". "Rock Paper Shotgun" felt the changes to nightime made it less dangerous and more routine "Come night, you simply avoid the horde by sticking to the rooftops... Interiors are barebones stealth sections, with all too obvious routes to sneak by sleepers... The end result is that you spend a lot of the game being shepherded towards the least interesting place at any given time".


title: Dying Light 2

text: A 'day-one' patch was released along with the digital version of the game, which fixes more than 1000 known issues with the game.


title: Dying Light 2

text: The retail version of the game debuted at No. 2 on the UK boxed chart, only behind "". It had a strong launch on Steam, with its all-time player peak count being nearly four times more than the first game 24 hours after the game's release. According to the NPD Group, the physical version of the game was also the fourth best-selling video game in the US in February 2022. The game attracted 3 million players during its first week of release. In February 2022, the game sold 5 million units.


title: Dying Light 2

text: The PlayStation 4 version of "Dying Light 2" was the second bestselling retail game during its first week of release in Japan, with 24,160 physical copies being sold. The PlayStation 5 version sold 12,891 physical copies in Japan throughout the same week, making it the fourth bestselling retail game of the week in the country.


title: Picanha

text: In the United States, the cut is little known and often named top sirloin cap, rump cover, rump cap, or culotte (French). North American butchers generally divide this cut into other cuts like the rump, the round, and the loin. It consists of the "biceps femoris" muscle and its fat cap. In recent years the cut has become popular in most of Latin America and has gained a reputation as a tasty meat in the barbecue culture.


title: Picanha

text: In Brazil, the most prized cut of meat tends to be the "picanha". There the traditional preparation is to skewer the meat and cook it over a charcoal grill, with a minimal seasoning consisting of sea salt. The fat is retained until the steak has been cooked. In the United States, however, the fat tends to be removed before preparation, unless requested otherwise by the customer.


title: Picanha

text: The term "picanha" is of unknown origin. It could be derived from the word "picana", which was a pole used by ranchers in the southern parts of Portugal and Spain, particularly in Alentejo, for herding cattle. In Brazil, the word was imported by the gaúcho cowboys of the South region and incorporated into the day-to-day of the countryside. It was common to hear them say among colleagues "picanha o bicho!" ("prick the animal!"). The location where the animals were pricked is the point where the "picanha" cut is located, so the name stuck.


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: Carlos Roberto PenaVega (; born August 15, 1989) is an American actor and singer. He starred on the Nickelodeon series "Big Time Rush" as Carlos García, and is a member of the group Big Time Rush. He was also the host of the network's game show "Webheads". He currently voices Bobby Santiago in "The Loud House."


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: PenaVega was born on August 15, 1989, in Columbia, Missouri. His father is Spanish and Venezuelan, and his mother is Dominican. He was raised in Weston, Florida. He attended Sagemont Upper School where he was a cheerleader. He appeared in local productions of "Grease" and "Man of La Mancha". He also had a role in a production of "Titanic" by the American Heritage School, which he attended before moving to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career. During his run in "Titanic" he fell in love with singing and dancing.


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: His first acting role was a guest star at the age of 15 on "ER", followed later that year by guest-starring roles on "Judging Amy", "Summerland", and "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide". While still in high school, PenaVega appeared in television commercials for the Super Soaker brand recreational water gun, and his image even appeared on the toy's packaging. PenaVega was studying musical theater at the Boston Conservatory when his manager urged him to audition for "Big Time Rush". Although he was reluctant to do so, he submitted an audition tape and won the role almost two years later. PenaVega moved to Hollywood in August 2009, The show had four seasons and was one of the most popular shows in Nickelodeon.


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: Big Time Rush is an American pop boy band that formed in 2009. The band consists of PenaVega, Kendall Schmidt, James Maslow, and Logan Henderson, all on vocals. PenaVega co-wrote the song "Oh Yeah" off of the group's first album, BTR. On the second album, he wrote "Invisible" along with Charley Greenberg, Cody Williams, Daniel Andrew Wayne and J.R. Rotem. As of 2011, the band has released two albums, BTR and Elevate. They later released their third album, 24/Seven. He co-wrote "Picture This" with bandmate, James Maslow. PenaVega wrote "Lost in Love" for his wife, Alexa PenaVega. He also wrote the song "Na Na Na" on "24/Seven". In addition, BTR embarked on the Summer Break Tour, in support of the album.


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: For his performance in Big Time Rush, he receive a ALMA Award nomination in 2012, a Imagen Awards nomination in 2012, and three consecutive NAACP Image Awards nominations in 2012, 2013 and 2014, but he didn't win any of those awards.


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: He and his partners of Big Time Rush (group) were honored in 2010 in the category "One to Watch" at the Young Hollywood Awards.


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: He released his first solo single in Spanish on February 4, 2014, titled "Electrico". The song charted in the top 10 of the Latin iTunes songs charts. He was presented for the first time at the first annual Nickelodeon Colombia Kids' Choice Awards given in Bogotá. PenaVega competed on the 21st season of "Dancing with the Stars" in Fall 2015. His wife was also a contestant that season. His professional partner was Witney Carson. PenaVega and Carson reached the finals but were eliminated on the week's performance night and ended the competition in fourth place. In 2017 he released the single Bésame featuring MAFFiO.


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: In 2017 he starred alongside his wife in the Hallmark movie "Enchanted Christmas" and alongside Adelaide Kane in "A Midnight Kiss". In 2018 he starred alongside his wife again in the Hallmark movie "Love at Sea." He was a series regular in the one season CW series "Life Sentence." In 2019 PenaVega and his wife starred in the Hallmark movie series "Picture Perfect Mysteries".


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: In 2021 Big Time Rush announced they would be reuniting for shows in New York and Chicago. The band also made an appearance at several Jingle Ball concerts in December 2021. In 2022 they announced the Forever Tour that would take them around the U.S. and Mexico. His family has travelled on the tour with him.


title: Carlos PenaVega

text: The couple married on January 4, 2014, in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, both taking PenaVega as their married name. They are both devout Christians. The couple shares a YouTube channel, La Vida PenaVega (formerly LexLovesLos). The couple has two sons, born in December 2016 and June 2019. In December 2020, they announced they were expecting their third child, a daughter, born in May 2021.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: The fight-or-flight or the fight-flight-or-freeze response (also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon. His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing. More specifically, the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine. The hormones estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol, as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, also affect how organisms react to stress. The hormone osteocalcin might also play a part.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: This response is recognised as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: Originally understood as the fight-or-flight response in Cannon's research, the state of hyperarousal results in several responses beyond fighting or fleeing. This has led people to calling it the fight, flight, freeze response (or fight-flight-faint-or-freeze, among other variants). The wider array of responses, such as freezing, fainting, fleeing, or experiencing fright, has led researchers to use more neutral or accommodating terminology such as hyperarousal or the acute stress response.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response and its role is mediated by two different components: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord and its main function is to activate the physiological changes that occur during the fight-or-flight response. This component of the autonomic nervous system utilises and activates the release of norepinephrine in the reaction.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla, physically surrounding the sympathetic origin, and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system. Its main function is to activate the "rest and digest" response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight response. This system utilises and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: The reaction begins in the amygdala, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH. The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously, via the sympathetic nervous system, and releases the hormone epinephrine. The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure, blood sugar, and suppresses the immune system. The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy. This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose. Additionally, the circulation of cortisol functions to turn fatty acids into available energy, which prepares muscles throughout the body for response. Catecholamine hormones, such as adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine), facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and:


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running. Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include:


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: In the context of the fight or flight response, emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: During the reaction, the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response. Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity may be prone to anxiety and aggression, which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the fight or flight response.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative. These negative cognitions may be characterised by: attention to negative stimuli, the perception of ambiguous situations as negative, and the recurrence of recalling negative words. There also may be specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: Perceived control relates to an individual's thoughts about control over situations and events. Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities. Therefore, overestimation or underestimation of perceived control can lead to anxiety and aggression.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts. The attribution of hostility, especially in ambiguous situations, seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: An evolutionary psychology explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves. The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: A typical example of the stress response is a grazing zebra. If the zebra sees a lion closing in for the kill, the stress response is activated as a means to escape its predator. The escape requires intense muscular effort, supported by all of the body's systems. The sympathetic nervous system’s activation provides for these needs. A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog. The cat shows accelerated heartbeat, piloerection (hair standing on end), and pupil dilation, all signs of sympathetic arousal. Note that the zebra and cat still maintain homeostasis in all states.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: In July 1992, "Behavioral Ecology" published experimental research conducted by biologist Lee A. Dugatkin where guppies were sorted into "bold", "ordinary", and "timid" groups based upon their reactions when confronted by a smallmouth bass (i.e. inspecting the predator, hiding, or swimming away) after which the guppies were left in a tank with the bass. After 60 hours, 40 percent of the timid guppies and 15 percent of the ordinary guppies survived while none of the bold guppies did.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: Animals respond to threats in many complex ways. Rats, for instance, try to escape when threatened but will fight when cornered. Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them. Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: Other animals have alternative self-protection methods. Some species of cold-blooded animals change color swiftly to camouflage themselves. These responses are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system, but, in order to fit the model of fight or flight, the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way. Thus, flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place, and fight and flight are often combined in a given situation.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: The fight or flight actions also have polarity – the individual can either fight against or flee from something that is threatening, such as a hungry lion, or fight for or fly towards something that is needed, such as the safety of the shore from a raging river.


title: Fight-or-flight response

text: A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight. There may be a period of heightened awareness, during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other. Signs such as paling, piloerection, immobility, sounds, and body language communicate the status and intentions of each animal. There may be a sort of negotiation, after which fight or flight may ensue, but which might also result in playing, mating, or nothing at all. An example of this is kittens playing: each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal, but they never inflict real damage.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Mohammed Rafi (24 December 1924 – 31 July 1980) was an Indian playback singer and musician. He is considered to have been one of the greatest and most influential singers of the Indian subcontinent. Rafi was notable for his versatility and range of voice; his songs varied from fast peppy numbers to patriotic songs, sad numbers to highly romantic songs, qawwalis to ghazals and bhajans to classical songs. He was known for his ability to mould his voice to the persona and style of the actor lip-syncing the song on screen in the movie. He received six Filmfare Awards and one National Film Award. In 1967, he was honored with the Padma Shri award by the Government of India. In 2001, Rafi was honoured with the "Best Singer of the Millennium" title by Hero Honda and Stardust magazine. In 2013, Rafi was voted for the Greatest Voice in Hindi Cinema in the CNN-IBN's poll.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: He recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and in many Indian languages as well as some foreign languages, though primarily in Urdu and Punjabi, over which he had a strong command. He recorded as many as 7,000 songs throughout his career, spanning several languages and dialects such as Konkani, Assamese, Bhojpuri, Odia, Bengali, Marathi, Sindhi, Kannada, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Magahi, Maithili, etc. Apart from Indian languages, he also sang in some foreign languages, including English, Farsi, Arabic, Sinhala, Mauritian Creole, and Dutch.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Mohammed Rafi was the second eldest of six brothers born to Allah Rakhi and Haji Ali Mohammad in a Punjabi Jat Muslim family. The family originally belonged to Kotla Sultan Singh, a village near present-day Majitha in Amritsar district of Punjab, India. Rafi, whose nickname was "Pheeko", began singing by imitating the chants of a fakir who roamed the streets of his native village Kotla Sultan Singh. Rafi's father moved to Lahore in 1935, where he ran a men's barbershop in Noor Mohalla in Bhati Gate.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi learnt classical music from Ustad Abdul Wahid Khan, Pandit Jiwan Lal Mattoo and Firoze Nizami. His first public performance came at the age of 13, when he sang in Lahore featuring K. L. Saigal. In 1941, Rafi made his debut in Lahore as a playback singer in the duet "Soniye Nee, Heeriye Nee" with Zeenat Begum in the Punjabi film "Gul Baloch" (released in 1944) under music director Shyam Sunder. In that same year, Rafi was invited by All India Radio Lahore station to sing for them.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi moved to Bombay (now Mumbai), Maharashtra in 1944. He and Hameed Sahab rented a ten-by-ten-feet room in the crowded downtown Bhendi Bazar area. Poet Tanvir Naqvi introduced him to film producers including Abdur Rashid Kardar, Mehboob Khan and actor-director Nazeer. Shyam Sunder was in Bombay and provided the opportunity to Rafi to sing a duet with G. M. Durrani, "Aji dil ho kaabu mein to dildar ki aisi taisi...," for "Gaon Ki Gori", which became Rafi's first recorded song in a Hindi film. Other songs followed.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi's first song with Naushad was "Hindustan Ke Hum Hain" with Shyam Kumar, Alauddin and others, from A. R. Kardar's "Pehle Aap" (1944). Around the same time, Rafi recorded another song for the 1945 film "Gaon Ki Gori", "Aji Dil Ho Kaaboo Mein". He considered this song to be his first Hindi language song.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi appeared in two movies. He appeared on the screen for the songs "Tera Jalwa Jis Ne Dekha" in film "Laila Majnu"(1945) and "Woh Apni Yaad Dilane Ko" in the Film "Jugnu" (1947). He sang a number of songs for Naushad as part of the chorus, including "Mere Sapnon Ki Rani, Roohi Roohi" with K. L. Saigal, from the film "Shahjahan" (1946). Rafi sang "Tera Khilona Toota Balak" from Mehboob Khan's "Anmol Ghadi" (1946) and a duet with Noor Jehan in the 1947 film "Jugnu", "Yahan Badla Wafa Ka". After partition, Rafi decided to stay back in India and had the rest of his family flown to Bombay. Noor Jehan migrated to Pakistan and made a pair with playback singer Ahmed Rushdi.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In 1949, Rafi was given solo songs by music directors such as Naushad ("Chandni Raat", "Dillagi" and "Dulari"), Shyam Sunder ("Bazaar") and Husnalal Bhagatram ("Meena Bazaar").


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Besides K. L. Saigal, whom he considered his favorite, Rafi was also influenced by G. M. Durrani. In the early phase of his career, he often followed Durrani's style of singing, but later evolved his own, unique style. He sang with Durrani in some of the songs such as "Humko Hanste Dekh Zamana Jalta Hai" and "Khabar Kisi Ko Nahiin, Woh Kidhar Dekhte" ("Beqasoor", 1950).


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In 1948, after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, the team of Husanlal Bhagatram-Rajendra Krishan-Rafi had overnight created the song "Suno Suno Ae Duniyawalon, Bapuji Ki Amar Kahani". He was invited by the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, to sing at his house. In 1948, Rafi received a silver medal from Jawaharlal Nehru on Indian Independence Day.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In his early career, Rafi associated with many contemporary music directors, most notably Naushad Ali. In the late 1950s and 1960s, he worked with other composers of the era such as O. P. Nayyar, Shankar Jaikishan, S.D. Burman and Roshan.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi's first song for Naushad Ali was "Hindustan Ke Hum Hain" ("We belong to Hindustan") for the film "Pehle Aap" in 1944. The first song for the duo was the soundtrack of the movie "Anmol Ghadi" (1946).


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi's association with Naushad helped the former establish himself as one of the most prominent playback singers in Hindi cinema. Songs from "Baiju Bawra" (1952) like "O duniya ke rakhwale" and "Man tarpat hari darshan ko aaj" furthered Rafi's credentials. Rafi ended up singing a total of 149 songs (81 of them solo) for Naushad. Before Rafi, Naushad's favorite singer was Talat Mahmood. Once Naushad found Talat smoking during a recording. He was annoyed and hired Rafi to sing all the songs of the movie "Baiju Bawra".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: S. D. Burman used Rafi as a singing voice of Dev Anand and Guru Dutt. Rafi worked with Burman in 37 films, including "Pyaasa" (1957), "Kaagaz Ke Phool" (1959), "Kala Bazar" (1960), "Nau Do Gyarah" (1957), "Kala Pani" (1958), "Tere Ghar Ke Saamne" (1963), "Guide" (1965), "Aradhana" (1969), Ishq Par Zor Nahin (1970) and "Abhimaan" (1973).


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi's partnership with Shankar–Jaikishan was among the most famous and successful in the Hindi film industry. He worked with them from their first film, "Barsaat" (1949). Under Shankar–Jaikishan, Rafi produced some of his songs for actors like Shammi Kapoor and Rajendra Kumar. Out of six Filmfare awards, Rafi won three for S-J songs – "Teri Pyaari Pyaari Surat Ko", "Bahaaron Phool Barsaao" and "Dil Ke Jharokhe Mein." The song "Yahoo! Chaahe Koi Mujhe Junglee Kahe" was sung by Rafi, matched by a fast-paced orchestra and composition by Shankar Jaikishan. S-J had Rafi give playback for Kishore Kumar in the film "Sharaarat" ("Ajab Hai Daastaan Teri Ye Zindagi"). Rafi sang a total of 341 numbers—216 solo—for Shankar–Jaikishan. Among the films of this combination are: "Awaara", "Boot Polish", "Basant Bahar", "Professor", "Junglee", "Asli-Naqli", "Rajkumar", "Suraj", "Sangam", "Brahmachari", Arzoo, "An Evening in Paris", "Dil Tera Deewana", "Yakeen", "Prince", "Love in Tokyo", "Beti Bete", "Dil Ek Mandir", "Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai", "Gaban" and "Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi got his first Filmfare Award for the title song of "Chaudhvin Ka Chand" (1960), composed by Ravi. He received the National Award for the song "Baabul Ki Duaen Leti Jaa" from the film "Neel Kamal" (1968), also composed by Ravi. Rafi wept during the recording of this song, which he admitted in a 1977 interview with the BBC.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Ravi and Rafi produced several other songs in the films "China Town" (1962), "Kaajal" (1965), "Do Badan" (1966) and Ek Phool Do Maali (1969)


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Madan Mohan was another composer whose favorite singer was Rafi. Rafi's first solo with Madan Mohan in "Aankhen" (1950) was "Hum Ishk Mein Burbaad Hein Burbaad Ruhenge". They teamed up to produce many songs including "Teree Aankhon Ke Sivaa", "Yeh Duniyaa Yeh Mehfil", "Tum Jo Mil Guye Ho", "Kur Chale Hum Fida", "Meree Aawaaz Suno" and "Aap Ke Pehlu Mein Aakur".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi and O. P. Nayyar (OP) created music in the 1950s and 1960s. O. P. Nayyar was once quoted as saying "If there had been no Mohammed Rafi, there would have been no O. P. Nayyar".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: He and Rafi created many songs together including "Yeh Hai Bombay Meri Jaan". He got Rafi to sing for singer-actor Kishore Kumar – "Man Mora Baawara" for the movie "Raagini". Later, Rafi sang for Kishore Kumar in movies such as "Baaghi", "Shehzaada" and "Shararat". O. P. Nayyar used Rafi and Asha Bhosle for most of his songs. The team created many songs in the early 1950s and 1960s for movies such as "Naya Daur" (1957), "Tumsa Nahin Dekha" (1957), Ek Musafir Ek Hasina (1962) and "Kashmir Ki Kali" (1964). Rafi sang a total of 197 numbers (56 solo) for Nayyar.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: The songs "Jawaaniyan yeh mast mast" and the title song "Yun to humne lakh hansee dekhe hain, tumsa nahin dekha" of the film "Tumsa Nahin Dekha" were hits. They were followed by songs like "Yeh Chand Sa Roshan Chehera" from "Kashmir ki Kali".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi and OP had a falling-out during the recording for movie "Sawan ki Ghata". As disclosed by OP during one of his interviews; Rafi reported late to the recording stating that he was stuck in Shankar Jaikishan's recording. OP then stated that from now on he too did not have the time for Rafi and cancelled the recording. They did not work together for the next 3 years.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: The composer duo Laxmikant–Pyarelal (L-P) patronized Rafi as one of their singers, right from their very first song by him from the film "Parasmani" (1963). Rafi and L-P won the Filmfare Award for the song "Chaahoonga Mein Tujhe Saanjh Suvere" from "Dosti" (1964). Rafi rendered the highest number of songs for this music director duo Laxmikant-Pyarelal, as compared to all the music directors: 388.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Once, when composer Nisar Bazmi, who once worked with Laxmikant-Pyarelal before he had migrated to Pakistan, didn't have enough money to pay him, Rafi charged a fee of one rupee and sang for him. He also helped producers financially. As Laxmikant once observed – "He always gave without thinking of the returns".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Kalyanji Anandji composed around 170 songs in the voice of Rafi. Kalyanji's relationship with Rafi started with the 1958 film, "Samrat Chandragupta", his debut film as a solo composer. Kalyani-Anandji and Rafi went on to work together for the music of the Shashi Kapoor-starrer "Haseena Maan Jayegi" (1968), which featured songs like "Bekhudi Mein Sanam" and "Chale The Saath Milke".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi associated with several of his contemporaries, singing duets with them and sometimes for them (as in case of Kishore Kumar who was also an actor).


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi sang the highest number of duets with Asha Bhosle (female), Manna Dey (male) and Lata Mangeshkar (female).


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In the song "Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar" ("Amar Akbar Anthony"), Rafi sang one song with Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar, and Mukesh, the most legendary singers in Bollywood. This was probably the only time that all of them rendered their voices for one song.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi sang frequently for all music directors during his lifetime, including C. Ramchandra ,Roshan, Jaidev, Khayyam, Rajesh Roshan, Ravindra Jain, Bappi Lahiri, Sapan Jagmohan,T.V.Raju,S.Hanumantha Rao etc. He had a special and major association with Usha Khanna, Sonik Omi, Chitragupta, S.N. Tripathi, N. Datta and R.D. Burman. He also sang for many small time and lesser-known music directors. Many for whom he sang for free while making their compositions immortal; he selflessly believed in financially assisting producers and helping small-time projects who could not afford much. Many in the industry received regular financial help from Rafi.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi sang several songs in Chris Perry's Konkani album Golden Hits with Lorna Cordeiro. He recorded many private albums in various genres and languages. Rafi recorded Hindi songs in English on 7" release in 1968. He also sang 2 songs in Mauritian Creole while on his visit to Mauritius in the late 1960s.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In 1962–1963, the popular female playback singer Lata Mangeshkar raised the issue of playback singers' share in the royalties. Recognizing Rafi's position as the leading male playback singer, she wanted him to back her in demanding a half-share from the 5% song royalty that the film's producer conceded to select composers. Rafi refused to side with her, stating that his claim on the film producer's money ended with his being paid his agreed fee for the song. Rafi argued that the producer takes financial risk and the composer creates the song, so the singer does not have any claim over the royalty money. Lata viewed his stand as a stumbling block on the royalty issue and stated that it is because of the singer's name also that the records get sold. This difference of opinion subsequently led to differences between the two. During the recording of "Tasveer Teri Dil Mein" ("Maya", 1961), Lata argued with Rafi over a certain passage of the song. Rafi felt belittled, as music director Salil Chowdhury sided with Lata. The situation worsened when Lata declared that she would no longer sing with Rafi. Rafi stated that he was only so keen to sing with Lata as she was with him. The music director Jaikishan later negotiated a reconciliation between the two. In an interview given to The Times of India on 25 September 2012, Lata claimed to have received a written apology from Rafi. However, Shahid Rafi, Mohammad Rafi's son, rebuffs the claim, calling it an act to dishonour his father's reputation.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In the 1970s, Rafi suffered from a throat infection for an extended period of time. During a brief period then, he recorded relatively fewer songs. Although his musical output was relatively low during this period, he did sing some of his best numbers then.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In the early '70s, Rafi suffered a major setback, when Kishore Kumar emerged as the main Bollywood playback singer, with "Aradhana".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: He could recover some of the lost ground in 1977, but the main songs of the period were by Kishore Kumar.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Some of Rafi's hit songs of the early 1970s were with music directors: Laxmikant–Pyarelal, Madan Mohan, R. D. Burman and S. D. Burman. These include "Tum Mujhe Yun Bhula Naa Paoge" (a signature song of 1971), from "Pagla Kahin Ka"; "Yeh Duniya Yeh Mehfil" from "Heer Ranjha" (1970); "Kaan Mein Jhumka" from "Sawan Bhadon"; "Jhilmil Sitaron Ka" from "Jeevan Mrityu" (1970); "Gulabi Aankhen" from "The Train" (1970); "Yun Hi Tum Mujhse Baat" from "Sachaa Jhutha"; "Yeh Jo Chilmun Hei" and "Itna To Yaad Hei Mujhe" from "Mehboob Ki Mehndi" (1971); "Mera Man Tera Pyaasa" " from "Gambler"; "Chadhti Jawani" and "Kitna Pyara Vada" from "Caravan" (1971); "Chalo Dildaar Chalo" from "Pakeezah" (1972); "Chura Liya Hai Tumne" from "Yaadon Ki Baaraat" (1973); "Na Tu Zumeen Ke Liye" from Dilip Kumar's movie "Dastaan" (1972); "Tum Jo Mil Gaye Ho" from "Hanste Zakhm" (1973); "Tere Bindiya Re", from "Abhimaan" (1973) and "Aaj Mausam Bada Beimaan Hai" from "Loafer" (1973).


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi made a comeback as a leading singer in mid 1970s. In 1974 he won the Film World magazine Best Singer Award for the song "Teri Galiyon Mein Na Rakhenge Kadam Aaj Ke Baad" (Hawas, 1974) composed by Usha Khanna.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In 1976, Rafi sang all the songs for Rishi Kapoor in the hit film "Laila Majnu". Rafi went on to sing many more songs for Rishi Kapoor in the subsequent hit films, including "Hum Kisise Kum Naheen" (1977) and "Amar Akbar Anthony" (1977). In 1977, he won both Filmfare Award and the National Award for the song "Kya Hua Tera Wada" from the movie "Hum Kisise Kum Naheen", composed by R. D. Burman. He was nominated as the best singer at the Filmfare Awards for the qawwali "Parda Hai Parda" from "Amar Akbar Anthony" (1977).


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi sang for many successful films in the late 1970s and the early 1980s many of whose hit songs were dominating the charts in the late 70s on radio programs such as "Vividh Bharati, Binaca Geetmala and Radio Ceylon." Some of these include "Pratiggya" (1975), "Bairaag" (1976), "Amaanat" (1977), "Dharam Veer" (1977), "Apnapan" (1977), "Ganga Ki Saugand" (1978), "Suhaag" (1979), "Sargam" (1979), "Qurbani" (1980), "Dostana" (1980), "Karz" (1980), "The Burning Train" (1980), "Abdullah" (1980), "Shaan" (1980), "Aasha" (1980), "Aap To Aise Na The" (1980), "Naseeb" (1981) and "Zamaane Ko Dikhana Hai" (1981). In 1978, Rafi gave a performance at the Royal Albert Hall and in 1980 he performed at the Wembley conference centre. From 1970 until his death he toured around the world extensively giving concert performances to packed halls.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In December 1979, Rafi recorded six songs for the Hindi remake of Dilip Sen's Bengali superhit "Sorry Madam"; the film was never completed due to a personal tragedy in Dilip Sen's life. These songs, written by Kafeel Aazar and composed by Chitragupta, were released digitally in December 2009 by the label Silk Road under the title "The Last Songs". The physical album was released only in India by Universal.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: During his last years, Rafi was involved in a controversy over Lata Mangeshkar's entry in the Guinness Book of World Records. In a letter dated 11 June 1977 to the Guinness Book of World Records, Rafi had challenged the claim that Lata Mangeshkar has recorded the highest number of songs ("not less than 25,000" according to Guinness). Rafi, according to his fans, would have sung more songs than Lata – he being the senior of the two. They estimated the number of songs sung by Rafi to be anything from 25,000 to 26,000. This prompted Rafi to write a letter, in protest, to Guinness. After receiving a reply from Guinness, in a letter dated 20 November 1979, he wrote, "I am disappointed that my request for a reassessment vis-a-vis Ms Mangeshkar's reported world record has gone unheeded." In an interview to BBC recorded in November 1977, Rafi claimed to have sung 25,000 to 26,000 songs till then.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: After Rafi's death, in its 1984 edition, the Guinness Book of World Records gave Lata Mangeshkar's name for the "Most Recordings" and stated, "Mohammad Rafi (d 1 August 1980) claimed to have recorded 28,000 songs in 11 Indian languages between 1944 and April 1980." The Guinness Book entries for both Rafi and Lata were eventually deleted in 1991. In 2011, Lata's sister Asha Bhosle was given the title.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: "Mohammed Rafi – Golden Voice of the Silver Screen", a 2015 book by Shahid Rafi and Sujata Dev, states that according to "industry sources", Rafi sang 4,425 Hindi film songs, 310 non-Hindi film songs, and 328 non-film songs between 1945 and 1980. A 2015 "Manorama Online" article states that "researchers" have found 7,405 songs sung by Rafi.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Among the prominent leading actors of his time, Rafi sung 190 songs for Shammi Kapoor, 155 for Johnny Walker, 129 for Shashi Kapoor, 100 for Dev Anand and 77 for Dilip Kumar.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Mohammed Rafi died at 10:25 pm on July 31, 1980, following a massive heart attack, aged 55. The last song sung by Rafi was for the movie "Aas Paas", with music by Laxmikant-Pyarelal. One source says it was "Shaam Phir Kyun Udaas Hai Dost/Tu Kahin Aas Paas Hai Dost", recorded just hours before his death. Another source says that it was "Shehar mein charcha hai" from the same film.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi was buried at the Juhu Muslim cemetery and his burial was one of the largest funeral processions in India as over 10,000 people attended his burial. The government of India announced a two-day public mourning in his honour.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In 2010, Rafi's tomb along with many film industry artists such as Madhubala, was demolished to make space for new burials. Fans of Mohammed Rafi, who visit his tomb twice a year to mark his birth and death anniversaries, use the coconut tree that is nearest his grave as a marker.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi's style of singing influenced singers like Mahendra Kapoor, Mohammed Aziz, Shabbir Kumar, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Udit Narayan, and Sonu Nigam. Anwar also imitated Rafi's voice.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: On September 22, 2007, a shrine to Rafi designed by artist Tasawar Bashir was unveiled on Fazeley Street, Birmingham, UK. Bashir is hoping that Rafi will attain sainthood as a result. The Padma Shri Mohammed Rafi Chowk in the Bandra suburbs of Mumbai and Pune (extending MG Road) is named after Rafi.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In the summer of 2008, the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra released a double CD titled "Rafi Resurrected," comprising 16 songs by Rafi. Bollywood playback singer Sonu Nigam provided the vocals for this project and toured with the CBSO in July 2008 at venues including the English National Opera in London, Manchester's Apollo Theatre, and Symphony Hall, Birmingham.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: There have been appeals to the Government of India to honour the singer, posthumously, with the Bharat Ratna (India's Highest Civilian Award).


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In June 2010, Rafi, along with Mangeshkar, was voted the most popular playback singer in the poll, conducted by "Outlook" magazine. The same poll voted "Man re, tu kahe na dheer dhare" ("Chitralekha", 1964), sung by Rafi, as the No. 1 song. Three songs were tied for the No. 2 spot; two were sung by Rafi. The songs were "Tere mere sapne ab ek rang hain" ("Guide", 1965) and "Din dhal jaye, hai raat na jaye" ("Guide", 1965). The jury included people in the Indian music industry.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: In 2015, the UK-based newspaper "Eastern Eye" placed Rafi third in their "Greatest 20 Bollywood Playback Singers" list.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: An official biography was written on Rafi's life by Sujata Dev titled "Mohammed Rafi – Golden Voice of the Silver Screen" launched on his 91st birthday. As well as an award winning documentary titled "Dastaan-E-Rafi" directed by Rajni Acharya and Vinay Patel (which took 5 years to make) was released to commemorate his 92nd birthday which was later released on DVD. It featured over 60 interviews of various Bollywood personas and closely recalled his story through his songs and the personal recounts. Many biographies and documentaries continue to be written and made on him.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Lata Mangeshkar, his contemporary, has said that "Rafi bhaiya was not only India's greatest playback singer but also a wonderful person" and that "he was one singer whose vocal range could outclass any other singer, whether it was me, Asha, Mannada or Kishore bhaiya".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: When producer-director Manmohan Desai (who was a big fan of Rafi) and used him in numerous hit films, was asked to describe the voice of Rafi he remarked that "If anyone has the voice of god, it is Mohammed Rafi".


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Annually his birth and death anniversaries inspire several thousand musical tributes on stage, radio and television.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi's popularity today spans across the Indian sub-continent, having a reach to Indian communities in Singapore and Malaysia.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi's "Baharon Phool Barsao" was voted the most popular Hindi song in a BBC Asia Network poll commemorating 100 years of Hindi Cinema.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi married twice; his first marriage was to his cousin, Bashira Bibi, which took place in his ancestral village. The marriage ended when his first wife refused to live in India following the killing of her parents during the riots of the Partition of India and moved to Lahore, Pakistan. His second marriage was to Bilquis Bano.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: Rafi had four sons and three daughters; his first son, Saeed, was from his first marriage. Rafi's hobbies included playing badminton, carrom, and flying kites. He was a teetotaller and abstained from smoking and he stayed away from parties in the industry.


title: Mohammed Rafi

text: According to "Mohammed Rafi Voice of a Nation", a book authorised by Rafi's son Shahid, described him as "a gentle, calm and demeanour persona who remained humble, selfless, ego-less, devoted, God-fearing, and family-loving gentleman in his life." Rafi was noted for not sending anyone he met back empty-handed. He contributed to the society by helping people through his charity and notable deeds.


title: Fallout 3

text: Fallout 3 is a 2008 action role-playing game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. The third major installment in the "Fallout" series, it is the first game to be developed by Bethesda after acquiring the rights to the franchise from Interplay Entertainment. The game marks a major shift in the series by using 3D graphics and real-time combat, replacing the 2D isometric graphics and turn-based combat of previous installments. It was released worldwide in October 2008 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360.


title: Fallout 3

text: The game is set within a post-apocalyptic, open world environment that encompasses a scaled region consisting of the ruins of Washington, D.C., and much of the countryside to the north and west of it, referred to as the Capital Wasteland. It takes place within "Fallout" usual setting of a world that deviated into an alternate timeline thanks to atomic age technology, which eventually led to its devastation by a nuclear apocalypse in the year 2077 (referred to as the Great War), caused by a major international conflict between the United States and China over natural resources and the last remaining supplies of untapped uranium and crude oil. The main story takes place in the year 2277, around 36 years after the events of "Fallout 2", of which it is not a direct sequel. Players take control of an inhabitant of Vault 101, one of several underground shelters created before the Great War to protect around 1,000 humans from the nuclear fallout, who is forced to venture out into the Capital Wasteland to find their father after he disappears from the Vault under mysterious circumstances. They find themselves seeking to complete their father's work while fighting against the Enclave, the corrupt remnants of the former U.S. Government that seeks to use it for their own purposes.


title: Fallout 3

text: "Fallout 3" was met with universal acclaim and received a number of Game of the Year awards, praising the game's open-ended gameplay and flexible character-leveling system, and is considered one of the best video games ever made. "Fallout 3" sold more than Bethesda's previous game, "" and shipped almost 5 million copies in its first week. The game received post-launch support, with Bethesda releasing five downloadable add-ons. The game was met with controversy upon release in Australia, for the recreational drug use and the ability to be addicted to alcohol and drugs, and in India, for cultural and religious sentiments over the mutated cattle in the game being called Brahmin, a varna (class) in Hinduism. The game was followed by spin-off "," developed by Obsidian Entertainment in 2010. The fourth major installment in the "Fallout" series, "Fallout 4", was released in 2015.


title: Fallout 3

text: Unlike previous titles of the series, "Fallout 3" is played from the first-person perspective. The players have the option to switch between this and an "over-the-shoulder" third-person perspective at any time after the initial stages of the game. While many elements from previous titles are reused, such as the S.P.E.C.I.A.L. system, and the types of enemy encountered, major elements in the combat system are added, changed, or removed.


title: Fallout 3

text: Character creation is done through a tutorial prologue that encompasses the different ages of the player's character, which also covers tutorials on movement, the HUD, combat, interactions with the game world, and the use of the Pip-Boy 3000. The character's creation is done in steps, with the player first setting up their appearance along with what race and gender their character is, and the name they have. Next, they customize their character's primary attributes via the S.P.E.C.I.A.L. system (Strength, Perception, Endurance, Charisma, Intelligence, Agility, and Luck) which is retained in "Fallout 3", and determines the base level of the Skills the character has. Which three Skills their character focuses on can either be left to the choices they make with a series of questions, or by choosing manually what they desire.


title: Fallout 3

text: Character creation is not finalized until the player leaves Vault 101 and enters the Capital Wasteland, allowing players the option to modify their character's appearance, primary attributes and Skill choices if they are not satisfied with their choices. As the character progresses through the game, experience points (XP) are earned from accomplishing various actions, such as completing a quest, killing an enemy, and so forth, with a new level granted upon reaching the necessary amount of XP. A new level grants the player the ability to allocate points to the various Skills available and thus improve upon them, making them more effective; for instance, a higher lock-picking skill allows the player to be able to tackle more difficult locks on doors and containers, while a higher medicine skill increases the amount of health recovered with Stimpaks. Once the character achieves their second level, they can be granted a Perk, which offers advantages of varying quality and form, such as being able to carry more items, finding more ammo in containers, and having a higher chance to perform a critical hit. Many Perks have a set of prerequisites that need to be satisfied, often requiring a certain Skill level to acquire them, while a new Perk can be granted for every two levels earned by the character. Additional improvements to Skill levels can be made by finding Skill books, which confer a permanent boost to levels, while players can search for and find a series of 20 bobbleheads that confer a bonus to these and primary attributes.


title: Fallout 3

text: An important statistic tracked by the game is Karma, which is affected by the decisions and actions the character performs during the game. Positive actions to Karma include freeing captives and helping others, while negative actions towards this include killing good characters and stealing. Actions vary in the level of karma change they cause; thus, pickpocketing produces less negative karma than the killing of a good character. Karma can have tangible effects to the player, beyond acting as flavor for the game's events, in that it can affect the ending the player gets, alter dialogue with non-player characters (NPCs) or give off unique reactions from other characters, while also granting access to certain perks that require a specific Karma level. However, the player's relationships with the game's factions are distinct, so any two groups or settlements may view the player in contrasting ways, depending on the player's conduct.


title: Fallout 3

text: A character's health is divided between two types: HP (health points) and Limbs. While HP is the general amount of health that a character and other NPCs have (friendly, neutral, or hostile) and which depletes when damage is taken, either from combat, setting off traps, falling from a height or self injury, Limb health is specific to each portion of the body, namely the arms, legs, head, and torso, although non-human enemies feature additional appendages, and robotic enemies feature different types of appendages. Limbs can be damaged in the same way as HP, although once depleted they become crippled and induce a negative status effect, such as blurred vision if the head is crippled, or reduced movement speed if one or both legs are crippled. Both HP and Limbs can be recovered through the use of medical medicine in the form of Stimpaks, as well as sleeping and visiting a doctor, while HP can be slowly recovered by consuming food and drinking water and/or soft drinks. Players can also be affected by other negative health effects, including radiation poisoning and withdrawal symptoms. While the latter occurs when the player's character becomes addicted to drugs and alcohol and confers negative effects if the player does not continue using them, radiation poisoning occurs when the character absorbs radiation, either by walking through areas with background radiation, and consuming food and drink that is irradiated with a small amount of radiation. The negative impacts of both can affect S.P.E.C.I.A.L. attributes and can be treated by a doctor; radiation can be dealt with by using Rad Away. Furthermore, the amount of background radiation absorbed can be reduced through the use of Rad-X drugs and special apparel, both of which improve resistance to radiation.


title: Fallout 3

text: All weapons and apparel found, regardless of whether they are a makeshift-weapon such as a lead pipe, or a gun, degrade over time the more they are used, and thus become less effective. For firearms, degrading into poor condition causes them to do less damage and possibly jam when reloading, while apparel that reduces damage becomes less protective as it gradually absorbs damage from attacks. When too much damage is taken, the items break and cannot be used. To ensure weapons and apparel continue to work effectively, such items require constant maintenance and repairs which can be done in one of two ways. The first method is to find certain vendors who can repair items, although how much they can repair an item depends on their skill level, while the cost of the repairs depends upon the cost of the item itself. The second method is for players to find a second of the same item that needs repairs (or a comparable item), and salvaging parts from it for the repair, although how much they can do depends on their character's repair skill. In addition to finding weaponry, the player can create their own. To craft such weapons, the player must use a workbench, possess either the necessary schematics or the right Perk, and scavenge for the items needed to make them. These weapons usually possess significant advantages over other weapons of their type. Each weapon's schematic has three copies that can be found, and possessing additional copies improves the condition (or number) of items produced at the workbench, while a higher repair skill will result in a better starting condition for the related weapon. Weapon schematics can be found lying in certain locations, bought from vendors, or received as quest rewards.


title: Fallout 3

text: The Vault-Tec Assisted Targeting System (V.A.T.S.) is a new element in the "Fallout" series that serves as a successor to the aimed shot mechanic from the earlier games, and plays an important part in combat within "Fallout 3". The system was introduced by Bethesda's developers, who described it as a hybrid between timeturn-based and real-time combat, so much in that while using V.A.T.S., real-time combat is paused and action is played out from varying camera angles in a computer graphics version of bullet time. Using the system costs action points (AP), the amount of which depends on the weapon being used and thus limiting the actions of the player's combat during a turn. Through the system, the player can switch between multiple targets (if there is more than one around at any time), and also target specific areas of them to inflict damage; a player could either target the head for a quick kill, go for the legs to slow an enemy's movements, or shoot at their weapons to disarm them, and for some enemies, they can put them into a berserker rage by hitting specific parts. The chance of striking a different area, displayed as a percentage ratio, is dependent on the weapon being used, and the distance between the character and the target; a character who is a higher level when using V.A.T.S is also more likely to hit an enemy with the system than a lower level character. The use of V.A.T.S. does confer a negative effect, in that it eliminates most of the first-person shooter elements of the game; aiming is taken over by the computer, and the player is unable to move as a means of avoiding attacks. Furthermore, ranged weapons are capable of hitting limbs, while melee weapons focus on the target in whole when using V.A.T.S.


title: Fallout 3

text: During their travels across the Wasteland, the player can be accompanied by a single NPC companion, who can assist in combat. Which companion can accompany the player depends on who they have encountered that can join them; it is possible to not encounter all depending on how the game is played. Only one companion may travel with the player, and should they wish to take another with them, the first must be dismissed (either voluntarily by the player or as a consequence of other events) or die in combat. One unique companion the player can have, that can allow a second to join without issue, is a dog named Dogmeat, who can be killed during the game if the player misuses him or places him in a severely dangerous situation; the release of the "Broken Steel" DLC, makes it possible to replace Dogmeat, provided the player acquires a Perk that grants the opportunity of getting another dog.


title: Fallout 3

text: "Fallout 3" takes place in the year 2277, and within the region that covers most of the ruined city of Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, and parts of Maryland (mostly Montgomery County). The game's scaled landscape includes war-ravaged variants of numerous real-life landmarks, such as the White House, the Jefferson and Lincoln Memorials, Arlington National Cemetery, and the Washington Monument, with a small number of settlements dotted around the Capital Wasteland that consist of descendants of survivors from the Great War, including one that surrounds an unexploded bomb, another consisting primarily of ghoul inhabitants, and another formed within the hulking remains of an aircraft carrier. While the city can be explored, much of the interior zones are cut off by giant rubble over many of the roads leading in, meaning that access can only be achieved by using the ruins of the city's underground metro tunnels (loosely based on the real-life Washington Metro).


title: Fallout 3

text: The region has two major factions within it: the Enclave and the Brotherhood of Steel. While the Enclave is similar in goal to their western brethren, the eastern branch of the Brotherhood of Steel seeks to assist the people of the Wasteland, although a small group rejected this and became outcasts who seek to resume their original goal of salvaging high-level technology. Other factions include former slaves who seek to inspire others for freedom by restoring the Lincoln Memorial, a group that feast on blood, and a group who tend and care for a region of the wastes where plants have become abundant.


title: Fallout 3

text: For the first 19 years of their life from 2258 to 2277, the player character grows up within the isolated confines of Vault 101 (designed to never be opened as a social experiment by the pre-war corporation known as Vault-Tec) alongside their father James, a doctor and scientist who assists in the Vault's clinic. While growing up, their father comments about their deceased mother Catherine and her favorite passage from the Bible (Revelation 21:6), which speaks of "the waters of life." Upon reaching their 19th birthday, chaos erupts when James suddenly leaves the Vault, causing the Overseer to lock down the Vault and send security guards after James' child. Escaping from the Vault with the aid of the Overseer's daughter Amata, the search for James across the Wasteland begins at the nearby town of Megaton, named for the undetonated atomic bomb at the center of town, and eventually into the ruins of Washington, D.C., and the Galaxy News Radio station, whereupon James' child, after helping the station's enthusiastic DJ Three Dog, is given the moniker of The Lone Wanderer. Directed by Three Dog towards Rivet City, a derelict aircraft carrier serving as a fortified human settlement, the Lone Wanderer meets with Doctor Madison Li, a scientist who worked alongside James. Li informs the Lone Wanderer that their parents were not born in Vault 101, but lived outside of it, where they worked together upon a plan they conceived to purify all the water in the Tidal Basin and eventually the entire Potomac River, with a giant water purifier built in the Jefferson Memorial, called Project Purity. However, constant delays and Catherine's death during childbirth forced James to abandon the project and seek refuge in Vault 101, where he took the Lone Wanderer to raise within a safe environment far away from the dangers of the wasteland.


title: Fallout 3

text: Learning that James seeks to revive the project and continue his work by acquiring a Garden of Eden Creation Kit (G.E.C.K.), a powerful piece of technology issued by Vault-Tec intended to assist in rebuilding civilization after the war, the Lone Wanderer tracks him down to Vault 112, and frees him from a virtual reality program being run by the Vault's sadistic Overseer, Dr. Stanislaus Braun, whom James had sought out for information on a G.E.C.K.. Reunited with their father, the pair return to Rivet City and recruit Li and the other project members to resume work at the Jefferson Memorial. As they begin testing the project, the Memorial is invaded by the Enclave, a powerful military organization formed from the remnants of the United States government, which continues to remain active despite the demise of their brethren on the West Coast thirty years previously. Seeking to stop them from gaining control of his work, James urges the Lone Wanderer to finish his work and find a G.E.C.K. before flooding the project's control room with massive amounts of radiation, preventing the Enclave's military leader, Colonel Augustus Autumn, from taking control of it and killing himself in the process. Autumn survives, however, and the rest of the team flees from the remaining Enclave soldiers. The Lone Wanderer, accompanied by the remaining Project Purity members, make contact with the Brotherhood of Steel within the ruins of the Pentagon, now known as the Citadel. With their help, the Lone Wanderer travels to Vault 87 to find a G.E.C.K., which had been used as a testing site for the Forced Evolutionary Virus (FEV) and now as a breeding ground for the Super Mutants. The Lone Wanderer recovers the G.E.C.K. from within the Vault with the optional help of a friendly Super Mutant named Fawkes. As they make their way out, the Wanderer is ambushed by Colonel Autumn and the Enclave and is captured with the G.E.C.K confiscated.


title: Fallout 3

text: At the Enclave base at Raven Rock, the Lone Wanderer is freed from their cell by the Enclave leader, President John Henry Eden, who requests a private audience with them, but Colonel Autumn defies Eden's orders, takes command of the Enclave's military, and orders the Lone Wanderer to be shot on sight. Despite the setback, the Wanderer meets with Eden who is revealed to be a sentient ZAX series supercomputer that took control of the Enclave after President Dick Richardson was killed on the West Coast. Seeking to repeat Richardson's plans, Eden reveals his intentions of using Project Purity to infect the water with a modified strain of FEV that will make it toxic to any mutated life, thus killing off most life in the Wasteland including humans. The Enclave, who would be immune to the effects because of their genetic purity as a result of their isolation, would be free to take control of the area. Forced to take a sample of the new FEV, the Wanderer leaves the base, regardless of doing so peacefully or convincing Eden to self-destruct. Returning to the Citadel, where news of the Enclave's possession of the G.E.C.K. is known to the Brotherhood, the Lone Wanderer joins them in a desperate final assault on the Jefferson Memorial, which is spearheaded through the use of a giant prewar military robot named Liberty Prime. After reaching the control room, the player has the choice to either convince Autumn to leave or kill him. Li informs the Wanderer that the purifier is ready for activation, but that the code must be inputted manually within the control room, meaning whoever goes in will be subjected to lethal amounts of radiation. To make matters worse, the purifier has been damaged and will self-destruct if not activated.


title: Fallout 3

text: Except for the first choice, the Lone Wanderer has the choice of introducing the modified FEV into the purifier or not, which further affects the ending. Whatever the choice, a bright light enshrouds all, and an ending slideshow begins, including any actions they took that had an influence on the wasteland.


title: Fallout 3

text: Although the main story ends here, the introduction of the "Broken Steel" DLC creates a new choice with the ending, in that the Lone Wanderer can send one of their radiation-immune companions, most notably Fawkes, into the chamber to input the code. Furthermore, the game remains open-ended from this point onwards, with the Wanderer surviving the radiation they were subjected to. The Wanderer wakes up two weeks later to the news that the purifier is working well and supplying clean water to the people of the Wasteland. However, if the player decides to infect the water purifier with the modified FEV, then adverse effects can be seen across the Capital Wasteland. The player's choice will also influence Sarah Lyons' fate. Sarah Lyons does not survive if sent into the chamber in the "Broken Steel" ending.


title: Fallout 3

text: "Fallout 3" was initially under development by Black Isle Studios, a studio owned by Interplay Entertainment, under the working title "Van Buren". Black Isle Studios was the developer of the original "Fallout" and "Fallout 2". When Interplay Entertainment went bankrupt and closed down Black Isle Studios before the game could be completed, the license to develop "Fallout 3" was sold for a $1,175,000 minimum guaranteed advance against royalties to Bethesda Softworks, a studio primarily known as the developer of "The Elder Scrolls" series. Bethesda's "Fallout 3", however, was developed from scratch, using neither Van Buren code nor any other materials created by Black Isle Studios. In May 2007, a playable technology demo of the canceled project was released to the public.


title: Fallout 3

text: Leonard Boyarsky, art director of the original "Fallout", when asked about Interplay Entertainment's sale of the rights to Bethesda Softworks, said: "To be perfectly honest, I was extremely disappointed that we did not get the chance to make the next "Fallout" game. This has nothing to do with Bethesda, it's just that we've always felt that "Fallout" was ours and it was just a technicality that Interplay happened to own it. It sort of felt as if our child had been sold to the highest bidder, and we had to just sit by and watch. Since I have absolutely no idea what their plans are, I can't comment on whether I think they're going in the right direction with it or not."


title: Fallout 3

text: Bethesda Softworks started working on "Fallout 3" in July 2004, but principal development did not begin until after "" and its related extras and plug-ins were completed. Bethesda Softworks made "Fallout 3" similar to the previous two games, focusing upon non-linear gameplay, story, and black comedy. Bethesda pursued an ESRB rating of M (for "mature") by including the adult themes, violence, and depravity characteristic of the "Fallout" series. They shied away from the self-referential gags of the game's predecessors that broke the illusion that the world of "Fallout" is real. "Fallout 3" uses a version of the same Gamebryo engine as "Oblivion", and was developed by the team responsible for that game. Liam Neeson was cast as the voice of the player's father.


title: Fallout 3

text: In February 2007, Bethesda stated that the game was "a fairly good ways away" from release but that detailed information and previews would be available later in the year. Following a statement made by Pete Hines that the team wanted to make the game a "multiple platform title", the game was announced by "Game Informer" to be in development for Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. According to game director Todd Howard, the original plan was to recreate Washington, D.C., entirely in the game, but it was reconstructed by half; this was because a full implementation would require too complicated a job and an excessive long-term development.


title: Fallout 3

text: During a March 21, 2008, "Official Xbox Magazine" podcast interview, Todd Howard revealed that the game had expanded to nearly the same scope as "Oblivion". There were originally at least 12 versions of the final cutscene, but, with further development, this expanded to over 200 possible permutations in the final release, all of which are determined by the actions taken by the player. Bethesda Softworks attended E3 2008 to showcase "Fallout 3". The first live demo of the Xbox 360 version of the game was shown and demonstrated by Todd Howard, taking place in downtown Washington, D.C. The demo showcased various weapons such as the Fat Man nuclear catapult, the V.A.T.S. system and the functions of the Pip-Boy 3000 as well as combat with several enemies. The demo concluded as the player neared the Brotherhood of Steel-controlled Pentagon and was attacked by an Enclave patrol.


title: Fallout 3

text: Howard confirmed that, in addition to thematics about slavery and cannibalism, there would be the presence of splatter scenes and exposition of evident mutilations on enemies with release of gibs. The inspiration to include scenes with such explicit violence came from the "crash mode" of the driving simulator series "Burnout". Instead of cars that disintegrated because of the damage, the idea of applying kinematics on bodies who suffered wounds and mutilations due to ballistic trauma or beatings.


title: Fallout 3

text: Emil Pagliarulo, a writer formerly at Looking Glass Studios, was commissioned by Bethesda to write the main script of "Fallout 3". He also worked in part to ""s script. Pagliarulo took charge of writing the incipit of "Fallout 3", then played by Ron Perlman, and he tried to be inspired by first "Fallout"s incipit, in 1997, which he considered vitally important to describe the story that "Fallout 3" would have to tell. To succeed in making this script effective, Pagliarulo, had to go in the opposite direction to his previous work on "Oblivion", which both for setting and characters, represented an extreme "Fallout" inverse.


title: Fallout 3

text: The main model to follow, for Pagliarulo, was always the first "Fallout", which by his own admission had more the peculiarity of synthesis in dialogues, rather than "Fallout 2", which had a more blear and muddled screenplay written by Chris Avellone, who Pagliarulo would nonetheless describe as "a fantastic writer."


title: Fallout 3

text: The score was composed by Inon Zur, who does not consider himself the only person responsible for the musical work on "Fallout 3". Zur cited game director Todd Howard and the sound designer Mark Lambert for helping him to manage the in-game sound implementation, stating he made only 50%. Zur also said that he conceived the soundtrack based on what the player would perceive on psychological level, rather than on what the player would see on the screen, so placing the listener musically ahead over the environment in which he or she moves. Apart from a few exceptions, Inon Zur said that the soundtrack of the game was mainly composed using a sampler.


title: Fallout 3

text: Several actors of film and video games lent their voices to "Fallout 3", including Liam Neeson as James, Ron Perlman as the game's narrator, Malcolm McDowell as President John Henry Eden, Craig Sechler as Butch DeLoria, Erik Todd Dellums as Three Dog, and Odette Yustman as Amata Almodovar. Veteran voice actors Dee Bradley Baker, Wes Johnson, Paul Eiding, and Stephen Russell also provided voice-overs for the game. The "Fallout 3" soundtrack continued the series' convention of featuring sentimental 1940s American big band music, including the main theme, a few other incidental songs recorded by The Ink Spots and The Andrews Sisters, and songs by other artists such as Roy Brown, Billie Holiday, Billy Munn, Cole Porter, and Bob Crosby.


title: Fallout 3

text: A teaser site for the game appeared on May 2, 2007, and featured music from the game and concept art, along with a timer that counted down to June 5, 2007. The artists and developers involved later confirmed that the concept art, commissioned before "Oblivion" had been released, did not reveal anything from the actual game. When the countdown finished, the site hosted the first teaser trailer for the game, and unveiled a release date of fall 2008. The press kit released with the trailer indicated that Ron Perlman would be on board with the project. The trailer featured The Ink Spots song "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire", which the previous "Fallout" developer Black Isle Studios originally intended to license for use in the first "Fallout" game. The trailer, which was completely done with in-engine assets, closed with Ron Perlman saying his trademark line which he also spoke in the original "Fallout": "War. War never changes." The trailer showed a devastated Washington, D.C., evidenced by the partially damaged Washington Monument in the background as well as the crumbling buildings that surrounded a rubble-choked city thoroughfare.


title: Fallout 3

text: A second trailer was first shown during a "GameTrailers TV" E3 special on July 12, 2008. The trailer zoomed out from a ruined house in the Washington, D.C., suburbs, and provided a wider view of the capital's skyline including the Capitol Building and Washington Monument in the distance. On July 14, 2008, an extended version of this trailer was made available, which besides the original content, included a Vault-Tec advertisement and actual gameplay. Both versions of the trailer featured the song "Dear Hearts and Gentle People" as recorded by Bob Crosby and the Bobcats.


title: Fallout 3

text: On July 11, 2008, as a part of promoting "Fallout 3", Bethesda Softworks partnered with American Cinematheque and "Geek Monthly" to sponsor A Post-Apocalyptic Film Festival Presented by "Fallout 3". The festival took place on August 22–23 at Santa Monica's Aero Theater. Six post-apocalyptic movies were shown which depict life and events that could occur after a world-changing disaster, including "Wizards", "Damnation Alley", "A Boy and His Dog", "The Last Man on Earth", "The Omega Man", and "Twelve Monkeys".


title: Fallout 3

text: Bethesda's Todd Howard confirmed during E3 2008 that downloadable content (DLC) would be prepared for the Xbox 360 and Windows versions of "Fallout 3". There are five DLCs: "Operation: Anchorage", "The Pitt", "Broken Steel", "Point Lookout", and "Mothership Zeta", released in that order. Of the five, "Broken Steel" has the largest effect on the game, altering the ending and allowing the player to continue playing past the end of the main quest line.


title: Fallout 3

text: Originally, there was no downloadable content announced for the PlayStation 3 version of the game. Although Bethesda had not offered an explanation as to why the content was not released for PlayStation 3, Lazard Capital Markets analyst Colin Sebastian speculated that it may have been the result of a money deal with Bethesda by Sony's competitor, Microsoft. When asked if the PlayStation 3 version would receive an update that would enable gameplay beyond the main quest's completion, Todd Howard responded: "Not at this time, no." In May 2009, Bethesda announced that the existing DLC packs ("Operation: Anchorage", "The Pitt" and "Broken Steel") would be made available for the PlayStation 3; the later two ("Point Lookout" and "Mothership Zeta") were released for all platforms.


title: Fallout 3

text: On October 1, 2009, a New Xbox Experience premium theme for the game was released for the Xbox 360. Consumers could pay 240 Microsoft Points, or by having downloaded all other downloadable content. The PlayStation 3 received a free theme, featuring a Brotherhood of Steel Knight in the background, and includes symbols from the game as icons on the PS3 home menu. In December 2008, the editor known as the G.E.C.K. (Garden of Eden Creation Kit) was made available for the Windows version of the game as a free download from the "Fallout 3" website.


title: Fallout 3

text: "Fallout 3" received "universal acclaim" from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. 1UP.com's Demian Linn praised its open-ended gameplay and flexible character-leveling system. While the V.A.T.S. system was called fun, enemy encounters were said to suffer from a lack of precision in real-time combat and little variety in enemy types. The review concluded, "Fallout 3" is a "hugely ambitious game that doesn't come around very often." IGN editor Erik Brudvig praised the game's "minimalist" sound design, observing how "you might find yourself with nothing but the sound of wind rustling through decaying trees and blowing dust across the barren plains ... "Fallout 3" proves that less can be more." The review noted that the "unusual amount of realism" combined with the "endless conversation permutations" produces "one of the most truly interactive experiences of the generation." In a review of the game for "Kotaku", Mike Fahey commented: "While Inon Zur's score is filled with epic goodness, the real stars of "Fallout 3"s music are the vintage songs from the 1940s."


title: Fallout 3

text: Tim Cain, "Fallout" and "Fallout 2" game director, praised the art direction and the attention to details in the game but did not like the way the endings were not enough constructed around player's actions and decisions. He was also critical of how the game recycled plot elements from the first two games, such as Super Mutants and the Enclave, saying that if his company, Troika Games, had acquired the license, he would have come up with a completely original story for the East coast. Chris Avellone, "Fallout 2"s main writer, described the game as having "enough options and tools at disposal to insure was having fun no matter what the challenges", praising the immersion in "Fallout"s world, the success in carrying on the legacy of the previous two games, and the fulfilling open-world component; he criticized the writing of some characters and some of gameplay's choices in balancing the skills of player character. Will Tuttle of GameSpy commended the game for its "engaging storyline, impeccable presentation, and hundreds of hours of addictive gameplay." Although "Edge" awarded the game 7 out of 10, in a later anniversary issue it placed the game 37th in a "100 best games to play today" list, saying ""Fallout 3" empowers, engages and rewards to extents that few games have ever achieved."


title: Fallout 3

text: Some criticisms concerned the bugs in regards to the physics and crashes, some of which broke quests and even prevented progression. The AI and stiff character animations are another common point of criticism, as is the ending. "Edge" stated that "the game is cumbersome in design and frequently incompetent in the details of execution", taking particular issue with the nakedness of the HUD, the clarity of the menu interface, and that the smaller problems are carried over from "". "Edge" liked the central story but said "the writing isn't quite as consistent as the ideas that underpin" and that the "voice-acting is even less reliable."


title: Fallout 3

text: During first week of publication, "Fallout 3" beat all previous "Fallout" chapters' combined sales, making 57% stronger sales than the first week's performance of Bethesda's "" in 2006. As of early November 2008, "Fallout 3" shipped over 4.7 million units, grossing . According to NPD Group, as of January 2009, the Xbox 360 version had sold 1.14 million units, and the PlayStation 3 version had sold 552,000 units. The Xbox 360 version was the 14th best-selling game of December 2008 in the United States, while the PlayStation 3 version was the 8th best-selling PlayStation 3 game in that region and month. The Xbox 360 version received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.Sales in the United Kingdom reached 750,000 units by May 2009.


title: Fallout 3

text: "Fallout 3" was one of the most played titles in Xbox Live in 2009 and Games for Windows – Live in 2009, 2011, and 2012. In June 2015, following "Fallout 4"s announcement at Electronic Entertainment Expo, "Fallout 3"s sales were boosted up to 1000%. In November 2015, Electronic Entertainment Design and Research, a market research firm, estimated that the game had sold 12.4 million copies worldwide.


title: Fallout 3

text: "Fallout 3" won several awards following its showcasing at E3 2007. IGN gave it the Game of E3 2007 award, and GameSpot gave it the Best Role-Playing Game of E3 2007 award. Following the game's demonstration at E3 2008, IGN also gave it Best Overall RPG, Best Overall Console Game, and Overall Game of the Show for E3 2008. Game Critics Awards gave the game Best Role-Playing Game and Best of Show for E3 2008.


title: Fallout 3

text: After its release, "Fallout 3" won numerous awards from gaming journalists and websites. At the 2009 Game Developers Choice Awards, it won overall Game of the Year along with Best Writing. It was also awarded Game of the Year by IGN, GamesRadar, GameSpy, UGO Networks, Gamasutra and the Golden Joystick Awards. The game also won Xbox 360 Game of the Year from "Official Xbox Magazine", GameSpy, and IGN, while winning PC Game of the Year from "GamePro", GameSpy, GameTrailers and GameSpot, with the latter two also awarding it Best RPG.


title: Fallout 3

text: At the 12th Annual Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Awards, now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards, "Fallout 3" won Role-Playing Game of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Original Story, along with being nominated for Overall Game of the Year, Computer Game of the Year, Console Game of the Year, Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction, Outstanding Achievement in Game Design, and Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering.


title: Fallout 3

text: "Fallout 3" is considered to be one of the best video games of all time. At the end of 2009, "Fallout 3" was featured in IGN's "Best Video and Computer Games of the Decade", with the game being placed top game of 2008 and seventh overall game of the 2000–2009 decade. "Fallout 3" was voted for and won the Adventure section for the platform Modern Windows. That same year, G4tv ranked it as the 75th top video game of all time. IGN put "Fallout 3" at number 10 in the "Top 100 RPGs of All Time" list, saying ""Fallout 3" is the epitome of the deep, modern RPG and the archetype that many developers will mimic moving forward."


title: Fallout 3

text: In 2012, "Fallout 3" was also exhibited in "The Art of Video Games", at Smithsonian American Art Museum. In November 2015, "Fallout 3" has been made available on Xbox One via download from Xbox Live, as part of the initial 104 titles dedicated to the backward compatibility with Xbox 360.


title: Fallout 3

text: Shortly before the game's release, IGN posted a review of the game, citing numerous bugs and crashes in the PlayStation 3 release. The game also contained a bug, causing the game to freeze and the screen to blur when friends signed out of and into the PlayStation Network. The IGN review was edited shortly thereafter, removing all references to the PS3 version's bugs, causing controversy in the PlayStation communities. Reviewing PlayStation 3 Game of the Year edition, Digital Chumps and Spawn Kill confirmed that most bugs remained, citing occasional freezes, several animation and scripting issues, along with other bugs, requiring a restart of the game. IGN retroactively cited bugs with the original release as well as the Game of the Year edition, calling it "a fantastic game" but warned players to "be aware that you might have to deal with some crashes and bugs."


title: Fallout 3

text: Not all fans were happy with the direction the "Fallout" series was taken in after its acquisition by Bethesda Softworks. Notorious for their support of the series' first two games, "Fallout" and "Fallout 2", members centered on one of the oldest "Fallout" fansites, "No Mutants Allowed", have criticized departures from the original games' stories, gameplay mechanics and setting. Criticisms include the prevalence of unspoiled food after 200 years, the survival of wood-framed dwellings following a nuclear blast, and the ubiquity of Super Mutants at early levels in the game. Also criticized are the quality of the game's writing, its relative lack of verisimilitude, the switch to a first-person action game format, and the level of reactiveness of the surrounding game world to player actions. In response, Jim Sterling of "Destructoid" has called fan groups like "No Mutants Allowed" "selfish" and "arrogant", stating that a new audience deserves a chance to play a "Fallout" game; and that if the series had stayed the way it was back in 1997, new titles would never have been made and brought to market. Luke Winkie of "Kotaku" tempers these sentiments, saying that it is a matter of ownership; and that in the case of "Fallout 3", hardcore fans of the original series witnessed their favorite games become transformed into something else.


title: Fallout 3

text: On July 4, 2008, "Fallout 3" was refused classification by the Australian Classification Board (ACB) in Australia, thus making it illegal to distribute or purchase the game in the country. For the game to be reclassified, the offending content in the Australian version of the game had to be removed by Bethesda Softworks and the game resubmitted to the ACB. According to the ACB board report, the game was refused classification due to the "realistic visual representations of drugs and their delivery method [bringing] the 'science-fiction' drugs in line with 'real-world' drugs."


title: Fallout 3

text: A revised version of the game was resubmitted to the ACB and reclassified as MA 15+ on August 7, 2008, or not suitable for people under the age of 15 unless accompanied by a parent or adult guardian; this new rating ensured that the game could retail legally in Australia. According to the ACB board report, the drug content was not removed entirely from the revised version of the game, but the animation showing the actual usage of the drugs was removed; the minority view on the decision stated that the drug content was still enough to warrant a refused classification rating.


title: Fallout 3

text: In a later interview with UK gaming magazine "Edge", Bethesda Softworks revealed that there would be only one version of "Fallout 3" released worldwide, and that this version would have all real-world drug references removed. It was later clarified that the only change made would be that morphine, a real-world drug that would have appeared in the game, would instead be renamed to the more generic Med-X.