title: Roger Corman

text: He helped produce two films for Allied Artists, both from scripts by Leo Gordon: "Hot Car Girl" (1958), directed by Bernard Kowalski and produced by his brother Gene (the first film they made together) from a script by Gordon; and "The Cry Baby Killer" (1958), which gave Jack Nicholson his first starring role.


title: Roger Corman

text: He had his biggest budget yet for "I Mobster" (1958), a gangster story, co-produced by Edward L. Alperson and Corman's brother Gene for 20th Century Fox. In September 1958, he was reported as scouting locations in Australia to do a remake of H. Rider Haggard's "".


title: Roger Corman

text: "War of the Satellites" (1958) was conceived and shot in record time to take advantage of the Sputnik launch; it was his first collaboration with art director Daniel Haller.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman also produced, but did not direct, "Stakeout on Dope Street" (1958), directed by Irvin Kershner, "Night of the Blood Beast" (1958), directed by Kowalski for AIP, using leftover costumes from "Teenage Caveman", and "Crime and Punishment U.S.A." (1959), directed by Dennis Sanders with George Hamilton in his first lead role.


title: Roger Corman

text: In 1959, Corman founded The Filmgroup with his brother Gene, a company producing or releasing low-budget black-and-white films as double features for drive-ins and action houses. In February 1959, Filmgroup announced they would release 10 films. Their first movies were "High School Big Shot" (1959) and "T-Bird Gang" (1959) produced by Stanley Bickman.


title: Roger Corman

text: For AIP, Corman and Griffith made a black comedy, "A Bucket of Blood" (1959). Corman announced he would follow it with a similar comedy, "The Bloodshot Private Eye". It does not seem to have been made. Instead, Griffith reused the same script structure and Corman employed many of the same cast in "The Little Shop of Horrors" (1960). This film was reputedly shot in two days and one night.


title: Roger Corman

text: For Filmgroup, Corman directed "The Wasp Woman" (1959), starring Cabot from a script by Gordon. His brother and he made two films back-to-back in South Dakota: "Ski Troop Attack" (1960), a war movie written by Griffith and directed by Corman, and "Beast from Haunted Cave" (1959), the first film directed by Monte Hellman.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman went to Puerto Rico and produced another two films back-to-back: "Battle of Blood Island" (1960), directed by Joel Rapp, and "Last Woman on Earth" (1960), directed by Corman from a script by Robert Towne. Filming on these two films went so quickly that Corman commissioned Griffith to write a third, which was shot at the same time: "Creature from the Haunted Sea" (1961).


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman was going to make "Part Time Mother" from a script by Griffith but it appears to have never been made.


title: Roger Corman

text: AIP wanted Corman to make two horror films for them, in black and white, at under $100,000 each on a 10-day shooting schedule. Corman, however, was tired of making films on this sort of budget and was worried the market for them was in decline. He proposed making a film in colour for $200,000, shot over 15 days. Corman proposed an adaptation of "The Fall of the House of Usher" by Edgar Allan Poe and AIP agreed. The film was announced in May 1959.


title: Roger Corman

text: Richard Matheson was hired to do the adaptation and Vincent Price was brought in to star; Haller did the art direction. The resulting film, "House of Usher" (1960), shot in early 1960, was a critical and commercial hit.


title: Roger Corman

text: Following this, Corman bought two scripts, "Sob Sisters Don't Cry" and "Cop Killer". In March 1960, Corman announced that Filmgroup would be part of an international production group, Compass Productions. He directed a peplum in Greece, "Atlas" (1961) in August.


title: Roger Corman

text: He was going to direct a thriller from a script by Robert Towne, "I Flew a Spy Plane Over Russia". It was not made; neither were two comedies he was to make with Dick Miller and Jon Haze, "Murder at the Convention" and "Pan and the Satyrs".


title: Roger Corman

text: "House of Usher" had been so successful that AIP wanted a follow-up, and Corman, Haller, Matheson and Price reunited on "The Pit and the Pendulum" (1961). It was another sizeable hit, and the "Poe cycle" of films was underway.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman hired Charles Beaumont to write "Masque of the Red Death" and announced two films, "Captain Nemo and the Floating City" and "House of Secrets".


title: Roger Corman

text: Following "The Pit and the Pendulum", Corman directed one of William Shatner's earliest appearances in a lead role with "The Intruder" (a.k.a. "The Stranger", 1962). Based on a novel by Charles Beaumont, the film was co-produced by Gene Corman and was shot in July and August 1961. It took a while for the film to be released and it lost money.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman was unhappy with his profit participation on the first two Poe films, so he made a third adaptation for different producers, "The Premature Burial" (1962), written by Charles Beaumont and starring Ray Milland. The film was co-financed by Pathe labs; AIP put pressure on Pathe and ended up buying out their interest.


title: Roger Corman

text: For producer Edward Small, Corman made a historical horror piece about Richard III, "Tower of London" (1962), starring Vincent Price. It was meant to be the first in a three-picture deal with Small, but Corman did not enjoy working with the producer.


title: Roger Corman

text: For Filmgroup, he also bought the rights to a Soviet science-fiction film, "Nebo Zovyot" (1959) and had some additional footage shot for it by his then-assistant, Francis Ford Coppola; the result was "Battle Beyond the Sun" (1962). He also released "The Magic Voyage of Sinbad" (1962), dubbed from a Soviet film.


title: Roger Corman

text: The fourth Poe was an anthology, "Tales of Terror" (1962), shot in late 1961. One of the installments, "The Black Cat", was a comedy, inspiring Corman to do a whole Poe story comedically next: "The Raven" (1963). Later, Corman used the sets for that film for "The Terror" (1963), made for Filmgroup but released by AIP, and starring Boris Karloff (whose scenes were all shot in two days) and Jack Nicholson. Corman did not direct all of this film; additional scenes were shot by Monte Hellman, Coppola, and Jack Hill, among others.


title: Roger Corman

text: "The Young Racers" (1963) was produced and directed by Corman in Europe for AIP, starring and written by Campbell. Working on the film was Francis Ford Coppola, whom Corman financed to make his directorial debut, "Dementia 13" (1963).


title: Roger Corman

text: Back in the U.S., Corman made "" (1963), a contemporary science-fiction film for AIP starring Ray Milland. He followed it with "The Haunted Palace" (1963), ostensibly part of the Poe cycle—it featured Price and was made for AIP, written by Beaumont—but was actually based on a story by H. P. Lovecraft.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman directed a war film in Yugoslavia with his brother, "The Secret Invasion" (1964), with Stewart Granger and Mickey Rooney, from a script by Campbell. Following this, he announced he would make "The Life of Robert E. Lee" as part of a four-picture deal with Filmgroup worth $3.75 million. Other movies were "Fun and Profit" by Joel Rapp, "The Wild Surfers" by John Lamb, and "Planet of Storms" by Jack Hill. None of these films was made, nor was "The Gold Bug", a Poe adaptation written by Griffith.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman made two Poes in England starring Price, the much-delayed "The Masque of the Red Death" (1964), with Campbell rewriting Beaumont's scripts, and "The Tomb of Ligeia" (1965), from a script by Robert Towne. Corman made no further Poes; AIP started up a fresh Poe cycle in the late 1960s, but Corman was not part of it.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman got Towne to write a script called "The Red Baron". He bought the rights to another Soviet science-fiction film, "Planeta Bur" (1962), and had some additional footage added to it by Curtis Harrington. The result was "Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet" (1965). Harrington used footage from "Planeta Bur" in another film financed by Corman, "Queen of Blood" (1966).


title: Roger Corman

text: He also bought the rights to a Yugoslavian film, "Operation Titan" (1963), and financed additional shooting by Jack Hill and Stephanie Rothman. The result was "Blood Bath" (1966). He also had an investment in the beach party films "Beach Ball" (1965) and "It's a Bikini World" (1967).


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman said, "For ten years as an independent I could get financing for $100-$200-$300,000 pictures. Everything had been interesting, artistically satisfying, economically satisfying. But I decided I was going nowhere and wanted to move directly into the business. So I accepted a contract with Columbia."


title: Roger Corman

text: In August 1965, Corman announced he had signed a contract with United Artists to make two films over three years. He also signed with Columbia to make a Western, "The Long Ride Home", based on a script by Robert Towne.


title: Roger Corman

text: He was announced for a number of other projects at Columbia: the biopic of Robert E. Lee, an adaptation of "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man", an adaptation of Kafka's "The Penal Colony", and a script by novelist Richard Yates about the Battle of Iwo Jima. He intended to make "The Deserters" for UA, from a script by Wright, but that was not made either.


title: Roger Corman

text: He later reflected, "Every idea I submitted was considered too strange, too weird; every idea they had seemed too ordinary to me. Ordinary pictures don't make money."


title: Roger Corman

text: After a year of not directing, Corman took a leave of absence under his contract with Columbia to make a film for AIP, the first biker movie, "The Wild Angels". It starred Peter Fonda and Nancy Sinatra, from a script by Griffith; Peter Bogdanovich worked as Corman's assistant. The film opened the 1966 Venice Film Festival and was hugely successful at the box office, making over $6 million on a $350,000 budget and kicking off the "biker movie" cycle.


title: Roger Corman

text: He wanted to make a film about the Red Baron, but Columbia turned it down because of "The Blue Max" (1966). He proposed a movie about the St Valentine's Day Massacre and also an adaptation of the novel "Only Lovers Left Alive". Nick Ray was meant to be making "Only Lovers" in Britain.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman did begin directing "Long Ride Home" with Glenn Ford at Columbia. However, Corman left production a few weeks into the shoot in June 1966 and was replaced by Phil Karlson. The film was retitled "A Time for Killing" (1967).


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman received an offer to direct a studio film,"The St. Valentine's Day Massacre" (1967), for 20th Century Fox, starring Jason Robards and George Segal. He did not enjoy the restrictions of working for a major studio. He was given a $2.5 million budget and made it for $400,000 less. Corman, an independent director, was most comfortable in his own style: shoestring budgets and shooting schedules measured in days, rather than weeks. Nonetheless, it is generally considered one of his best films as a director.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman was meant to follow this with "Robert E. Lee" for United Artists at a budget of $4.5 million. It was not made. Neither was a story Corman optioned, "The Spy in the Vatican".


title: Roger Corman

text: He continued to finance films for Filmgroup: "Voyage to the Prehistoric Planet" (1965), dubbing a Soviet movie "Planeta Bur" into English with some additional footage shot by Curtis Harrington, "Queen of Blood" (1966), using some Soviet footage but a mostly new film, directed by Harrington, "Blood Bath" (1966), an adapted Yugoslavian film with additional footage shot by Stephanie Rothman and Jack Hill, and "Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women" (1967), yet another dubbed version of "Planeta Bur" with some additional footage shot by Corman's then-assistant Peter Bogdanovich.


title: Roger Corman

text: He had money in "Navy vs. the Night Monsters" (1967). He financed two Westerns shot back to back in Utah directed by Monte Hellman and written and co-produced by Jack Nicholson, "The Shooting" (1967) and "Ride in the Whirlwind" (1967), which became cult successes. He also financed two films directed by Dan Haller, "Devil's Angels" (1967), a follow-up to "Wild Angels" written by Griffith, and a car racing film shot in Europe, "The Wild Racers" (1968). He announced a comedy about the population explosion, "There Just Isn't Any Room", but it appears to have never been made.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman directed "The Trip" for AIP, written by Jack Nicholson and starring Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper and Bruce Dern. This began the psychedelic film craze of the late 1960s and was the American entry at Cannes that year. AIP made some changes to the film in post-production, which made Corman unhappy.


title: Roger Corman

text: In September 1967, he announced plans to build a new film studio. However, this did not happen for a number of years.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman made a film for American TV, "" (1968), shot in Europe with his brother producing. He did some uncredited directing on AIP's "De Sade" (1969) when director Cy Endfield fell ill. He financed Bogdanovich's first feature, "Targets" (1968), which incorporated footage from "The Terror". He also produced "The Dunwich Horror" (1970) for AIP, directed by Haller and co-written by Curtis Hanson, and financed Haller's "Paddy".


title: Roger Corman

text: For AIP, Corman returned to the director's chair for a gangster film, "Bloody Mama" (1970), starring Shelley Winters and a young Robert de Niro. It was a big hit at the box office. He also directed a black comedy, "Gas-s-s-s" (1970), written by George Armitage; it was cut without his permission by AIP and was a financial failure.


title: Roger Corman

text: United Artists finally agreed to finance his Red Baron project, although they asked that it emphasize American characters. Accordingly, it was filmed as "Von Richthofen and Brown" (1971), shot in Ireland in July 1970. There were several plane crashes during filming and one person died.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman was going to make a film of "Couples", a novel by John Updike for United Artists, and "In" from a script by Richard Schupe, but decided to take a break from directing.


title: Roger Corman

text: "Directing is very hard and very painful," he said in 1971. "Producing is easy. I can do it without really thinking about it."


title: Roger Corman

text: In May 1970, Corman founded New World Pictures, which became a small independently owned production/distribution studio, immediately successful with "Angels Die Hard" (1970), a biker film, and "The Student Nurses" (1971), directed by Rothman. "The Big Doll House" (1971), directed by Jack Hill in the Philippines, was a big hit, making a star of Pam Grier. The company made a profit of $3.2 million in its first financial year, and Corman says all eleven out of his first eleven films were successful. "Angels Die Hard" led to a series of biker films, including "Angels Hard as They Come" (1971), produced by Jonathan Demme with Jack Fisk working as art director. "Bury Me an Angel" (1971) was the first biker movie directed by a woman, Barbara Peeters. Corman financed the directorial debuts of Curtis Hanson, "Sweet Kill" (1971), produced by Corman protege Tamara Asseyev. "Student Nurses" led to a "cycle" of nurse pictures, including "Private Duty Nurses" (the first film directed by George Armitage), "Night Call Nurses" (1972) (the first feature directed by Jonathan Kaplan), "The Young Nurses" and "Candy Stripe Nurses" (1975). There was also "The Student Teachers" (1973) and "Summer School Teachers" (1974). "Big Doll House" was followed by a series of women in prison pictures, such as "Women in Cages" (1972), "The Hot Box" (1972), "Black Mama, White Mama" (1973), "The Arena" (1974) (the first film directed by Steve Carver) and "Caged Heat" (1974) (the first film directed by Demme). Of New World's second year, Corman says 11 of the 12 releases were successful. Corman produced one more film at AIP, "Boxcar Bertha" (1972), the second feature directed by Martin Scorsese, starring David Carradine. He also executive produced "Unholy Rollers" (1972) for AIP. A proposed political satire, "The Wild Political Prank", was not made. He made "I Escaped from Devil's Island" (1973) with his brother and produced "Cockfighter" (1974) with Monte Hellman, which was a rare financial failure for New World. A big hit was "Big Bad Mama" (1974), a gangster film directed by Carver and starring Angie Dickinson. It led to a follow-up, "Crazy Mama" (1975), produced by his wife and directed by Demme. In 1975, Corman said New World was "the most successful independent film company in the country...if you count AIP as a major". He said they were "the best of the cheap acts".


title: Roger Corman

text: In the 1970s the major Hollywood studios were moving away from distributing foreign arthouse pictures, New World moved into the market and became the U.S. distributor for "Cries and Whispers" (1972), directed by Ingmar Bergman. Corman bought it for $75,000 and it earned over $2 million at the U.S. box office. and Corman's distribution side of New World brought many foreign films to mass audiences in the U.S. for the first time - reportedly some played at drive-ins and grindhouses - including the works of François Truffaut ("The Story of Adele H.", "Small Change"), Peter Weir ("The Cars That Ate Paris"), Federico Fellini ("Amarcord"), Joseph Losey ("The Romantic Englishwoman"), Volker Schlöndorff ("The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum", "The Tin Drum") and Akira Kurosawa ("Dersu Uzala"). New World also released "Fantastic Planet" (1974).


title: Roger Corman

text: In a 10-year period, New World Pictures won more Academy Awards for Best Foreign Film than all other studios combined.


title: Roger Corman

text: He had a four-picture deal with 20th Century Fox, making "Capone" (1975), "Fighting Mad" (1976) (directed by Demme), "Moving Violation" (1976) and "Thunder and Lightning" (1977).


title: Roger Corman

text: "Death Race 2000" (1975), written by Robert Thom and directed by Paul Bartel, was a big hit, earning $4 million. It helped inspire a series of car chase movies: "Cannonball" (1976), directed by Bartel; "Eat My Dust!" (1976), directed by Griffith starring Ron Howard, which led to a follow-up, "Grand Theft Auto" (1978), Howard's directorial debut. There was also "The Great Texas Dynamite Chase" (1976), "Deathsport" (1978) and "Smokey Bites the Dust" (1981).


title: Roger Corman

text: New World's trailers were cut by Joe Dante and Alan Arkush. Corman gave them the chance to direct together, with "Hollywood Boulevard" (1976), which used outtakes from other New World films. It was successful enough for Corman to give both men jobs directing features on their own: Dante with "Piranha" (1978) and Arkush with "Rock 'n' Roll High School" (1979).


title: Roger Corman

text: "Piranha" was written by John Sayles, who had been discovered by Corman's story editor, Frances Doel. Sayles later wrote "The Lady in Red" (1979) for Corman, which was directed by Lewis Teague.


title: Roger Corman

text: Other popular films around this time included "Tidal Wave" (1975), a Japanese film to which Corman added some extra footage, and "Jackson County Jail" (1976). He also financed "I Never Promised You a Rose Garden". Less popular was "Avalanche" (1979), a disaster film directed by Corey Allen.


title: Roger Corman

text: For Universal he made "Fast Charlie... the Moonbeam Rider" (1979), directed by Carver. He financed Bogdanovich's "Saint Jack" (1979).


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman was criticised when he insisted on the addition of footage featuring a rape for "Humanoids from the Deep" (1980).


title: Roger Corman

text: The success of "Star Wars" inspired New World's most expensive film yet, "Battle Beyond the Stars" (1981). This film required extensive special effects, prompting Corman to buy a movie studio in Main Street Venice for $1.5 million. Corman made a TV film for CBS, "The Georgia Peaches" (1980).


title: Roger Corman

text: "Battle Beyond the Stars" was so successful Corman had its footage and music score reused in other films such as "Galaxy of Terror" (1981) and "Forbidden World" (1982).


title: Roger Corman

text: Under the terms of the contract, he agreed to stay on as a consultant for two years and to provide New World with at least five films they could release. New World agreed to distribute all of Corman's films until March 1984. He set up a new production company, Millennium – the title of which was taken from the name of a 1981 retrospective of Corman's work at the National Film Theatre of London. He announced plans to make films budgeted between $2–5 million using cash from his sale of New World to finance personally. He announced an intention to make fewer commercial films, movies more like "I Never Promised You a Rose Garden" and "Cries and Whispers".


title: Roger Corman

text: Millennium's films included "Space Raiders" (1983), a science fiction epic using footage and music from "Battle Beyond the Stars"; "Love Letters" (1984), a serious drama from Amy Holden Jones; "Screwballs" (1984), a sex comedy in the vein of "Porky's"; "Suburbia" (1984), directed by Penelope Spheeris, which he acquired, "Deathstalker"; and "Kain of Dark Planet" (which became "The Warrior and the Sorceress").


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman says people struggled with the name "Millennium" – "nobody could spell it, nobody knew what it meant" – so he changed it to New Horizons by early 1984.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman and the new owners of New World ended up suing each other in March 1985. Corman claimed that New World failed to honor their guarantee to distribute his movies at a fee of 15%. He sought $400 million in damages and the return of the company. He said they refused to distribute "School Spirit" (1985) and "Wheels of Fire". He also claimed that New World cheated him distributing "Space Raiders", "Screwballs" and "Slumber Party Massacre". New World sued Corman in return, claiming he was seeking to return to distribution, and was discrediting New World to potential investors. They said Corman bypassed New World for some of his films, such as Columbia's "Hardbodies" (1984). Corman argued "My whole point in selling was to free myself of the burden of running the company and to get guaranteed distribution. If I can't get my guaranteed distribution, I'm forced to go back to running the company."


title: Roger Corman

text: The case with New World settled out of court. In March 1985 Corman announced he would establish a new distribution "cooperative", Concorde Pictures, where producers could get relatively cheap distribution from Concorde in exchange for contributing to the company's overhead. Their first releases were Corman productions "School Spirit", "Wheels of Fire" and "Barbarian Queen". Concorde later merged with a low budget production company, Cinema Group, and announced plans to make 15-20 films a year.


title: Roger Corman

text: Early Concorde releases include "Loose Screws" (1985), a sequel to "Screwballs"; "Streetwalkin'" (1985), a more serious drama directed by Joan Freeman; "Cocaine Wars" (1986), the first in a series of movies Corman would finance in South America; "Hour of the Assassin" (1987), shot in Peru and the first film directed by Luis Llosa; and "Munchies" (1987), a spoof of "Gremlins" directed by Tina Hirsch.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman also remade "Not of this Earth" (1988) and released "Big Bad Mama II" (1987), and "Transylvania Twist" (1989); all three were directed by Jim Wynorski. He produced another version of "Masque of the Red Death" (1989), directed by Larry Brand.


title: Roger Corman

text: He produced "Sweet Revenge" (1987), "Slumber Party Massacre II" (1988), directed by Deborah Brock, "Andy Colby's Incredible Adventure" (1988), also directed by Brock, and "The Terror Within" (1989), directed by Thierry Notz.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman financed the early directorial efforts of Carl Franklin ("Nowhere to Run" (1989)), Vargas Llosa and Katt Shea ("Stripped to Kill" (1988), "Stripped to Kill II" (1989)). More experimental was "Nightfall" (1988).


title: Roger Corman

text: After "Hour of the Assassin", he made a series of films in Peru, including "Crime Zone" (1989), also directed by Luis Llosa, and "Full Fathom Five" (1990), directed by Carl Franklin.


title: Roger Corman

text: Concorde had a big hit with "Bloodfist" (1989), starring Don "the Dragon" Wilson which cost $1 million and earned over $6 million. Concorde signed Wilson to a long-term contract and he made a number of sequels for the company, including "Bloodfist II" and "Fighting to Win".


title: Roger Corman

text: Concorde's films included "Overexposed" (1990), "The Unborn" (1991), and "In the Heat of Passion" (1992). They had a big hit with "Carnosaur" (1993), which led to several sequels. He financed "Fire on the Amazon" (1991, directed Luis Llosa) which had Sandra Bullock and Craig Sheffer in early roles.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman had to deal with the decline of the drive-in market and studio competition through the 1990s, but Concorde-New Horizons still made 15-24 pictures a year. This included a never-released version of "The Fantastic Four".


title: Roger Corman

text: In 1995 Corman was executive producer on "Roger Corman Presents", a special series of 13 movies for Showtime with budgets of around $1.5 million each. "I think the Corman name means action, humor and some titillation," says Mike Elliott, the producer of the series. "It's going to deliver the goods – and it will have a little moral statement in there as well." Corman ended up doing a second season of 11 movies. The films were "Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats", "Hellfire", "Virtual Seduction", "Suspect Device", "Unknown Origin", "Terminal Virus", "Where Evil Lies", "Vampirella", "Shadow of a Scream", "Subliminal Seduction", "House of the Damned" (a.k.a. "Spectre"), "The Haunted Sea", "Alien Avengers" (a.k.a. "Aliens Among Us") and its sequel, "Inhumanoid", "Sawbones", "Not Like Us", and "Last Exit to Earth". He created his own comic book franchise, "Black Scorpion", which led to a sequel and later a TV series. Corman also executive-produced remakes of "The Wasp Woman", "Humanoids from the Deep", "A Bucket of Blood" (a.k.a. "The Death Artist"), "Piranha" and "Not of this Earth".


title: Roger Corman

text: Concorde set up operations in Ireland as Concorde Anois, building studios in Connemara, County Galway. He received some support from the Irish government, a decision which became controversial when the content of some Corman productions such as "Criminal Affairs" was criticized in the press.


title: Roger Corman

text: Later Concorde-New Horizons films included "Overdrive" (1997). "The genres still hold", said Corman in 1997, "action adventure, the suspense thriller, science fiction and horror. The difference is that they are bigger and better now. "


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman also produced the film Moving Target which was filmed in County Galway. It was his last film produced with Concorde-New Horizons.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman operated a short-lived comic book imprint in 1995–1996 called Roger Corman's Cosmic Comics. It produced comics based on his films, written and drawn in a similar no-hold-barred style. Titles included "Bram Stoker's Burial of the Rats", "Caged Heat 3000", "Death Race 2020", "Welcome to The Little Shop of Horrors", and "Rock & Roll High School" — the latter featuring the Melvins (instead of the Ramones). Notable creators published by Cosmic Comics included Trevor Goring, James Kochalka, Jason Lutes, Pat Mills, Shane Oakley, Jerry Prosser, and J. R. Williams. The longest-running title was "Death Race 2020", which lasted eight issues — but was left unfinished when the company closed down.


title: Roger Corman

text: He continued to produce creature films, such as "Raptor" (2001, dir Jim Wynorski). "Dinocroc" (2004), which aired on the Syfy cable television channel and was popular enough for two sequels, "Supergator" and "Dinocroc vs. Supergator" (2010), as well as a spin-off film, "Dinoshark" (2010). "Supergator" (2007) was turned down by the Syfy channel, but Corman made it anyway.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman also continued to make action films: "Escape from Afghanistan" (2001) was a Russian film, "Peshavar Waltz" plus some additional footage; "The Hunt for Eagle One" (2006) and "" (2006) were shot in the Philippines; "Roger Corman's Operation Rogue" (2014); "Fist of the Dragon" (2015).


title: Roger Corman

text: In 2006 Corman said he made 60% of his films overseas. "These foreign countries are offering subsidies that are so great that not only I but many independent producers are moving overseas", he said. He sold the remake rights of "Death Race 2000" to Universal, who made "Death Race" (2008) with Jason Statham, with Corman credited as executive producer. It led to two direct-to-video prequels and one direct-to-video sequel.


title: Roger Corman

text: In 2009, Corman produced and directed alongside director Joe Dante the web series "Splatter" for Netflix. The protagonist of the film is portrayed by Corey Feldman, and the story talks of the haunting tale of rock-and-roll legend Johnny Splatter. He also started contributing trailer commentaries to Dante's web series "Trailers from Hell". In 2011, Corman cited James Cameron's "Avatar" (2009) and Christopher Nolan's "Inception" (2010) as examples of "great imagination and originality".


title: Roger Corman

text: By now, the SyFy channel was Corman's leading market. For them, he made "Sharktopus" (2010) and "Piranhaconda" (2012). Corman produced the 2017 film "Death Race 2050", a sequel to the 1975 film "Death Race 2000". It was made with Universal, Corman's first film with a major studio in more than two decades.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman married Julie Halloran in 1970. They have four children. On April 3, 2018, a lawsuit by Corman's sons, Roger Martin Corman and Brian Corman, was filed against Corman to prevent the trade of his film collection. It was settled in 2020. In 2016, Corman also sued a wealth management company about suspected losses of his personal fortune. To date, the result of that dispute has not been disclosed.


title: Roger Corman

text: In 1964, Corman was the youngest producer/director to be given a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, as well as retrospectives at the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art.


title: Roger Corman

text: Corman was the subject of the 1978 documentary "Roger Corman: Hollywood's Wild Angel", produced and directed by Christian Blackwood. Portions of the film reappeared in 2011's "Corman's World".


title: Roger Corman

text: In 2006, Corman received the David O. Selznick Award from the Producers Guild of America. Also in 2006, his film "Fall of the House of Usher" was among the twenty-five movies selected for the National Film Registry, a compilation of significant films being preserved by the Library of Congress.


title: Roger Corman

text: In 2009, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Corman with an Academy Honorary Award at the inaugural Governors Awards, on November 14, 2009.


title: Roger Corman

text: In 2010, writer and actor Mark Gatiss interviewed Corman for his BBC documentary series "A History of Horror", of which the second half of the second episode focuses on Corman.


title: Roger Corman

text: In 2012, Corman was honored with the Filmmaker on the Edge Award at the Provincetown International Film Festival.


title: Roger Corman

text: Film elements and prints for many movies directed, produced, and/or distributed by Corman are held at the Academy Film Archive as part of the New Horizons Collection. The Academy Film Archive restored Corman's film "The Masque of the Red Death" in 2019.


title: Roger Corman

text: A number of noted filmmakers (including directors, producers, writers, and cinematographers) have worked with Corman, usually early in their careers, including Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Ron Howard, Polly Platt, Peter Bogdanovich, Declan O'Brien, Armondo Linus Acosta, Paul Bartel, Jonathan Demme, Donald G. Jackson, Gale Anne Hurd, Carl Colpaert, Joe Dante, James Cameron, John Sayles, Monte Hellman, Carl Franklin, George Armitage, Jonathan Kaplan, George Hickenlooper, Curtis Hanson, Jack Hill, Robert Towne, Menahem Golan, James Horner, and Timur Bekmambetov. Many have said that Corman's influence taught them some of the ins and outs of filmmaking. In the extras for the DVD of "The Terminator", director James Cameron asserts, "I trained at the Roger Corman Film School." The British director Nicolas Roeg served as the cinematographer on "The Masque of the Red Death". Cameron, Coppola, Demme, Hanson, Howard and Scorsese have all gone on to win Academy Awards. Howard was reportedly told by Corman, "If you do a good job on this film, you'll never have to work for me again."


title: Roger Corman

text: Actors who obtained their career breaks working for Corman include Jack Nicholson, Peter Fonda, Bruce Dern, Charles Bronson, Todd Field Michael McDonald, Dennis Hopper, Tommy Lee Jones, Talia Shire, Sandra Bullock, Robert De Niro, and David Carradine, who received one of his first starring film roles in the Corman-produced "Boxcar Bertha" (1972) and went on to star in "Death Race 2000" (along with Sylvester Stallone).


title: Roger Corman

text: Many of Corman's protegés have paid their mentor homage by awarding him cameos in films, such as in "The Godfather Part II", "The Silence of the Lambs", "Apollo 13", and as recently as Demme's 2008 film "Rachel Getting Married".


title: Roger Corman

text: The IMDb credits Corman with 55 directed films and some 385 produced films from 1954 through 2008, many as uncredited producer or executive producer (consistent with his role as head of his own New World Pictures from 1970 through 1983). Corman also has significant credits as writer and actor.


title: Roger Corman

text: In 2010, Roger Corman teamed up New Horizons Pictures with Shout! Factory to release new DVD and Blu-ray editions of Corman productions under the name "Roger Corman's Cult Classics". The releases have concentrated on 1970–1980s films he produced through New World rather than directed. These titles include "Rock 'n' Roll High School", "Death Race 2000", "Galaxy of Terror", "Forbidden World" and "Piranha", with additional titles continuing to be released.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: Bullshit Jobs: A Theory is a 2018 book by anthropologist David Graeber that postulates the existence of meaningless jobs and analyzes their societal harm. He contends that over half of societal work is pointless, and becomes psychologically destructive when paired with a work ethic that associates work with self-worth. Graeber describes five types of meaningless jobs, in which workers pretend their role is not as pointless or harmful as they know it to be: flunkies, goons, duct tapers, box tickers, and taskmasters. He argues that the association of labor with virtuous suffering is recent in human history, and proposes unions and universal basic income as a potential solution.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: The book is an extension of a popular essay Graeber published in 2013, which was later translated into 12 languages and whose underlying premise became the subject of a YouGov poll. Graeber subsequently solicited hundreds of testimonials from people with meaningless jobs and revised his case into a book that was published by Simon & Schuster in May 2018.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: In "Bullshit Jobs", American anthropologist David Graeber posits that the productivity benefits of automation have not led to a 15-hour workweek, as predicted by economist John Maynard Keynes in 1930, but instead to "bullshit jobs": "a form of paid employment that is so completely pointless, unnecessary, or pernicious that even the employee cannot justify its existence even though, as part of the conditions of employment, the employee feels obliged to pretend that this is not the case." While these jobs can offer good compensation and ample free time, Graeber holds that the pointlessness of the work grates at their humanity and creates a "profound psychological violence".


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: The author contends that more than half of societal work is pointless, both large parts of some jobs and, as he describes, five types of entirely pointless jobs:


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: Graeber argues that these jobs are largely in the private sector despite the idea that market competition would root out such inefficiencies. In companies, he concludes that the rise of service sector jobs owes less to economic need than to "managerial feudalism", in which employers need underlings in order to feel important and maintain competitive status and power. In society, he credits the Puritan-capitalist work ethic for making the labor of capitalism into religious duty: that workers did not reap advances in productivity as a reduced workday because, as a societal norm, they believe that work determines their self-worth, even as they find that work pointless. Graeber describes this cycle as "profound psychological violence" and "a scar across our collective soul". Graeber suggests that one of the challenges to confronting our feelings about bullshit jobs is a lack of a behavioral script in much the same way that people are unsure of how to feel if they are the object of unrequited love. In turn, rather than correcting this system, Graeber writes, individuals attack those whose jobs are innately fulfilling.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: Graeber holds that work as a source of virtue is a recent idea, that work was disdained by the aristocracy in classical times, but inverted as virtuous through then-radical philosophers like John Locke. The Puritan idea of virtue through suffering justified the toil of the working classes as noble. And so, Graeber continues, bullshit jobs justify contemporary patterns of living: that the pains of dull work are suitable justification for the ability to fulfill consumer desires, and that fulfilling those desires is indeed the reward for suffering through pointless work. Accordingly, over time, the prosperity extracted from technological advances has been reinvested into industry and consumer growth for its own sake rather than the purchase of additional leisure time from work. Bullshit jobs also serve political ends, in which political parties are more concerned about having jobs than whether the jobs are fulfilling. In addition, he contends, populations occupied with busy work have less time to revolt.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: As a potential solution, Graeber suggests universal basic income, a livable benefit paid to all, without qualification, which would let people work at their leisure. The author credits a natural human work cycle of cramming and slacking as the most productive way to work, as farmers, fishers, warriors, and novelists vary in the rigor of work based on the need for productivity, not the standard working hours, which can appear arbitrary when compared to cycles of productivity. Graeber contends that time not spent pursuing pointless work could instead be spent pursuing creative activities.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: In 2013, Graeber published an essay in the magazine "Strike", "On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs", which argued the pointlessness of many contemporary jobs, particularly those in fields of finance, law, human resources, public relations, and consultancy. Its popularity, with over one million hits, crashed the website of its publisher, the radical magazine "Strike!" The essay was subsequently translated into 12 languages.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: YouGov undertook a related poll, in which 37% of some surveyed Britons thought that their jobs did not contribute 'meaningfully' to the world.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: Graeber subsequently solicited hundreds of testimonials of bullshit jobs and revised his case into a book, "Bullshit Jobs: A Theory".


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: By the end of 2018, the book was translated into French, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish, and Chinese.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: A review in "The Times" praises the book's academic rigor and humor, especially in some job examples, but altogether felt that Graeber's argument was "enjoyably overstated". The reviewer found Graeber's historical work ethic argument convincing, but offered counterarguments on other points: that the average British workweek has decreased in the last century, that Graeber's argument for the overall proportion of pointless work is overreliant on the YouGov survey, and that the same survey does not hold that "most people hate their jobs". The reviewer maintains that while "managerial feudalism" can explain the existence of flunkies, Graeber's other types of bullshit jobs owe their existence to competition, government regulation, long supply chains, and the withering of inefficient companies—the same ingredients responsible for luxuries of advanced capitalism such as smartphones and year-round produce.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: An article in "Philosophy Now" pointed to the initial definition of "bullshit" in philosophy. In his 1986 essay, Princeton philosopher Harry Frankfurt turned the word "bullshit" into an official philosophical term when defining bullshit as the deceptive misrepresentation of reality that remains different from lying because contrary to the liar, the "bullshitter" does not try to deceive (p. 6–7). Along these lines, administrators attempt to establish a work culture that is not false, but merely fake and phony.


title: Bullshit Jobs

text: A 2021 study empirically tested several of Graeber's claims, such as that bullshit jobs were increasing over time and that they accounted for a sizable amount of the workforce. Using data from the EU-conducted European Working Conditions Survey, the study found that a low and declining proportion of employees considered their jobs to be "rarely" or "never" useful. The study also found that while there was some correlation between occupation and feelings of uselessness, they did not correspond neatly with Graeber's analysis; bullshit "taskmasters" and "goons" such as hedge-fund managers or lobbyists reported that they were vastly satisfied with their work, while essential workers like refuse collectors and cleaners often felt their jobs were useless. However, the study did confirm that feeling useless in one's job was correlated to poor psychological health and with higher rates of depression and anxiety. To account for the serious effects of working a bullshit job and why someone might feel their job is bullshit, the authors instead draw on the Marxist concept of alienation. The authors suggest that toxic management and work culture may lead individuals to feel that they are not realizing their true potential, regardless of whether or not their job is actually useful or not.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: Lee Chun-jae (; RR: I Chun-jae; born January 31, 1963) is a South Korean serial killer known for committing the Hwaseong serial murders. Between 1986 and 1994, Lee murdered 15 women and young girls in addition to numerous sexual assaults predominantly in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi and surrounding areas. The serial murders, which remained unsolved for 30 years, are considered to be the most infamous in South Korea's modern history. They are often compared to those committed by the Zodiac Killer in the United States, and served as the inspiration for the 2003 film "Memories of Murder".


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: Lee was sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 20 years for killing his sister-in-law in 1994, but despite DNA evidence and his confession to the other murders in 2019, he could not be prosecuted for them because the statute of limitations had expired.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: Born on 31 January 1963, Lee Chun-jae was said to be an individual who grew up well in his early years, and had a good education up till high school and worked well with others, according to his mother in 2019 when the 75-year-old was interviewed about her son's crimes. Lee's mother was reportedly devastated and shocked to hear that her son was involved in the unsolved Hwaseong murders. He had a younger brother who drowned in his childhood, an incident which purportedly traumatised him.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: After graduating from high school in February 1983, Lee joined the Republic of Korea Army and served as a tank driver; he was discharged on January 23, 1986. He then worked for an electric parts company. In 1990, he began his job at a parent construction company in Cheongpa, Yongsan, where he became a crane driver without a license. The following year, he was a crane driver for an aggregate company in Cheongwon, Chungcheongbuk. In April 1992, Lee married a bookkeeper and quit his job in March 1993. According to Lee's wife, Lee was an alcoholic and violent husband and father who often physically abused her and their son.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: On September 26, 1989, around 00:55, Lee broke into a house in Gwangju, Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, with weapons and gloves, and was discovered by the landlord. He was sentenced by the Suwon District Court to one year and six months in prison in the first trial in February 1990 for the charges of robbery and violence. After the first trial, Lee filed an appeal, claiming that he was beaten by an unknown young man and entered the victim's house while being chased. In the second trial, following Lee's appeal, the court suspended his sentence to two years of probation, where he was released in mid-April, 1990.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: For a period of four years and seven months, between September 15, 1986, and April 3, 1991, Lee Chun-jae, then in his twenties, committed the Hwaseong serial murders (), which were a series of rapes and murders that occurred in the rural city of Hwaseong in Gyeonggi Province. The victims, all women, were found bound, gagged, raped, and in most cases strangled to death with their own clothes, such as pantyhose or socks. The murders sparked the largest criminal case in South Korea with over 2million man-days spent on investigation and over 21,000 suspects investigated. The cases remained unsolved for 30 years, until Lee himself was identified as a suspect in 2019 and Lee confessed to 4 undisclosed murders not attributed to the serial murders and all 10 serial murders, including the case previously determined to be a copycat crime for which a man named Yoon Seung-yeo was sentenced to life in prison.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: The case began with the disappearance of Lee Wan-im (71) on September 15, 1986, while returning home after visiting her daughter. Her body was found in a pasture on September 19, 1986, at 14:00, four days following the murder. A month later on October 20, 1986, Park Hyun-sook (25) disappeared after getting off the bus while returning home from Songtan. Her body was found on October 23, 1986, at 14:50 in a canal. Two months later on December 12, 1986, Gwon Jung-bon (25) disappeared in front of her house. Her body was found three months later on April 23, 1987, at 14:00 in an embankment. Seven more murders followed over the next years.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: The last murder was estimated to have taken place around 21:00 on April 3, 1991. Gwon Soon-sang (69) was discovered dead, raped, and strangled with pantyhose on a hill.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: The case is infamous within Korea for being the first truly identifiable string of murders with a similar modus operandi. Reportedly, more than 2million police officers, a record number for a single case, were mobilized to investigate the murders. Moreover, police officers involved spent 2million man-days on the case. The total number of suspects also grew to enormous numbers, eventually reaching a total count of 21,280 individuals. In addition, 40,116 individuals had their fingerprints taken, and 570 DNA samples and 180 hair samples were analyzed.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: The first five murders happened within a 6 km (3.7 mile) radius of Hwaseong, prompting police to spread out in teams of two, positioned every 100 meters (328 feet), but the next killing happened where there was no police presence. During the investigation, rumors that the killer targeted women wearing red clothes on rainy days spread, leading some female police officers to wear red clothes in an attempt to lure the killer into a trap.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: A suspect sketch was drawn based on the memory of the bus driver, Kang, and bus conductor, Uhm, who saw a man get on the bus shortly after the seventh murder on September 7, 1988. The characteristics of the suspect, which were described by the bus driver, were similar to the descriptions given by survivors who were sexually assaulted. According to the victims, the culprit at the time of the incident was a thin-framed man in his mid-20s, with a height of 165 to 170 centimeters, short cut sporty-type hair, no double eyelids, and a sharp nose. In addition, he was described as having soft hands. Police also stated that the suspect had a "B" blood type, but in 2019, police acknowledged that this was likely inaccurate, because Lee has blood type "O". A survivor of the serial murders, 36-year-old Lee Geum-ran, was attacked by Lee sometime in late 1986 and she described him as skinny, with a low voice.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: On July 27, 1989, Yoon Sung-yeo, a 22-year-old man, was arrested for the murder of the eighth victim, 14-year-old Park Sang-hee. Yoon admitted guilt during questioning, and according to a 1989 report written by an expert at National Forensic Service, the forensic tests of pubic hair samples found at the scene suggested similarities with his, returning a 40% match with Yoon's. This case was determined to be a copycat crime, and Yoon was sentenced to life in prison.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: In addition, in the tenth case, the genes obtained from a semen sample were different from the ninth case, and the location and method of crime were different from the other cases, suggesting a different culprit. Except for the first crime, which occurred around 06:00, the second to tenth murders occurred mainly between 19:00 and 23:00.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: Reports state that at least four individuals, deemed as possible suspects, took their own lives in the 1990s after being investigated and allegedly abused by police.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: The release of the film "Memories of Murder" in 2003, which was partially inspired by the serial murders, sparked renewed interest in the case. The murder of a female college student in Hwaseong in 2004 also sparked renewed interest and fears that a serial killer had returned. The serial murders made headlines again as the statute of limitations for the most recent victims was due to expire on April 2, 2006. At the time of the killings, there was a 15-year statute of limitations for first-degree murder. This was increased to 25 years in 2007, and finally lifted in 2015, but it was not retroactive. However, evidence and police records were kept due to the significance of the case.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: On September 18, 2019, police announced that Lee had been identified as a suspect in the serial murders. He was identified after DNA from the underwear of one of the victims was matched with his, and subsequent DNA testing linked him to four of the other unsolved serial murders. At the time he was identified, he was already serving a life sentence at a prison in Busan for the rape and murder of his sister-in-law. Lee initially denied any involvement in the serial murders, but on October 2, 2019, police announced that Lee had confessed to killing 14 people, including all 10 victims in the serial murders, which includes a case previously considered to be a copycat crime, and 4 others. Three of those other murders happened in Hwaseong but had not previously been attributed to the serial killer, and the other two happened in Cheongju. As of October 2019, details about those four victims have not been released. In addition to the murders, he also confessed to more than 30 rapes and attempted rapes.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: On November 15, 2019, police announced that they had reached a provisional conclusion that Lee was responsible for all 10 serial murders. Police expressed that Lee had a weak self-esteem due to his introverted personality but experienced a sense of accomplishment and self-reliance for the first time in his mandatory military service, which led him to commit sex crimes to express his frustration caused by his monotonous life following his discharge from the military. The provincial police chief stated that Lee displayed psychopathic tendencies by being unable to empathize with the victims' pain and suffering and continuously showing off his crimes.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: On July 2, 2020, the police confirmed that Lee committed 14 murders and nine rapes in relation to the Hwaseong serial murders with the motive of relieving his sexual desire, closing the case 33 years after the first victim's death. On November 2, 2020, Lee appeared in court as a witness for the 8th murder re-trial, where he publicly confessed to committing 14 murders in relation to the Hwaseong serial murders and 30 sex crimes, which led to Yoon being acquitted. Lee remained in prison serving his life sentence. Lee also expressed that he had no intention to be granted parole and released, as he did not want to face the public condemnation for his crime like notorious child rapist Cho Doo-soon, whose release after serving his 12-year jail term led to public outrage and widespread protests.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: Yoon was sentenced to life in prison, but appealed the ruling at the time, alleging that police coerced him into giving false confessions through torture. His appeal was denied and he served 19.5 years in jail before being released on parole in 2009.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: Yoon filed for a re-trial of his case on November 13, 2019, following news reports that Lee had confessed to all 10 serial murders. Two days later, police announced that they had reached a provisional conclusion that Lee was responsible for the murder for which Yoon was convicted. Police said Lee's confession in the eighth murder 'elaborately and coherently' described both the scene and the victim. This raised concerns that police had charged an innocent man, with the district prosecutors' office confirming that Yoon underwent cruel treatment by investigators at the time of his arrest and that a forensic report by the National Forensic Service had been fraudulently written. In December 2019, the Gyeonggi South Provincial Police Agency booked and charged eight of the original investigators with abuse of power and illegal detention for allegedly physically abusing Yoon when he was a suspect, forcing him to make a false confession, and falsifying investigative documents.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: The court accepted Yoon's plea for a re-trial in January 2020. The final court hearing was held on November 2, 2020, where Lee stood as a witness confessing to the murder and describing the crime scene. Yoon Sung-yeo was acquitted of murder on 17 December 2020, after the re-trial court accepted that Yoon was innocent all along and finding Lee guilty of Bak's murder despite the expiration of the statute of limitations.


title: Lee Choon-jae

text: After Lee's wife left him in December 1993, he invited over his 18-year-old sister-in-law, then proceeded to drug, rape, and kill her on January 13, 1994. According to the detective who investigated him, Lee went to his father-in-law offering help in the search for his missing sister-in-law, and both reported that she might have been abducted. Lee was arrested a few days later, on January 18, after repeated questioning where he later asked, "How many years do you serve in prison for rape and murder?" Lee denied any responsibility and the court overturned his confession, stating that he made a false statement because of police coercion. However, Lee was convicted and sentenced to death in May 1994, and his conviction was upheld in September of the same year. The Supreme Court of Korea reviewed the case in 1995 and Lee's death sentence was reduced to life imprisonment, with the possibility of parole after 20 years.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: In the United States Armed Forces, a lieutenant general is a three-star general officer in the United States Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: A lieutenant general ranks above a major general and below a general. The pay grade of lieutenant general is O-9. It is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other United States uniformed services which use naval ranks. It is abbreviated as LTG in the Army, LtGen in the Marine Corps, and Lt Gen in the Air Force and Space Force.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: The United States Code explicitly limits the total number of generals that may be concurrently active to 231 for the Army, 62 for the Marine Corps, and 198 for the Air Force. For the Army and Air Force, no more than about 25% of the service's active duty general officers may have more than two stars. Some of these slots can be reserved by statute. Officers serving in certain intelligence positions are not counted against either limit, including the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The President may also add three-star slots to one service if they are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services. Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the president's discretion during time of war or national emergency.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: The three-star grade goes hand-in-hand with the position of office to which it is linked, so the rank is temporary. Officers may only achieve three-star grade if they are appointed to positions that require the officer to hold such a rank. Their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute. Lieutenant generals are nominated for appointment by the president from any eligible officers holding the rank of brigadier general or above, who also meet the requirements for the position, with the advice of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank. The standard tour length for most lieutenant general positions is three years but some are set four or more years by statute.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved, within statutory limits, by their respective service secretaries, the Secretary of Defense, the president, or Congress but these are rare, as they block other officers from being promoted. Some statutory limits under the U.S. Code can be waived in times of national emergency or war. Three-star ranks may also be given by an act of Congress but this is extremely rare.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: Other than voluntary retirement, the statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. Lieutenant generals must retire after 38 years of service unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense can defer a three-star officer's retirement until the officer's 66th birthday and the president can defer it until the officer's 68th birthday.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: General officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors. Since there is a finite number of three-star slots available to each service, typically one officer must leave office before another can be promoted. Maintaining a three-star rank is a game of musical chairs; once an officer vacates a position bearing that rank, they have 60 days to be appointed or reappointed to a position of equal or higher importance or involuntarily retire. Historically, officers leaving three-star positions were allowed to revert to their permanent two-star ranks to mark time in lesser jobs until statutory retirement, but now such officers are expected to retire immediately to avoid obstructing the promotion flow.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: An Army or Marine Corps lieutenant general typically commands a corps-sized unit (20,000 to 45,000 soldiers for an Army Corps and a similar number of Marines for a Marine Expeditionary Force), while an Air Force lieutenant general commands a large Numbered Air Force consisting of several wings or a smaller USAF Major Command (MAJCOM) such as the Air Force Special Operations Command or the Air Force Reserve Command. Additionally, lieutenant generals of all services serve as high-level staff officers at various major command headquarters and The Pentagon, often as the heads of their departments. In 2014 five women were serving as lieutenant generals in the US Army.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: After the close of the Second World War, generals were normally promoted permanently to brigadier general and major general, with temporary promotions to lieutenant general and general to fill senior positions as needed. In theory, a general vacates their three or four-star rank at the termination of their assignment unless placed in an equal ranking billet. Douglas MacArthur, who served as a four-star general and Army Chief of Staff, reverted to two stars after his CoS tour ended but chose to stay on active duty in the United States Army.


title: Lieutenant general (United States)

text: The practice of using lieutenant general and general grades as a temporary rank continues, with the President and the Department of Defense creating temporary or indefinite three- and four-star assignments, with a fixed term of office, with the approval of the Senate. Even with the temporary status, such officers are also almost always granted permanent retirement in the last grade they held with the satisfactory completion of at least two or three years in grade.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Frank Owen Gehry, , FAIA (; ; born ) is a Canadian-born American architect and designer. A number of his buildings, including his private residence in Santa Monica, California, have become world-renowned attractions.


title: Frank Gehry

text: His works are considered among the most important of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, leading "Vanity Fair" to call him "the most important architect of our age". He is also the designer of the National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg on February 28, 1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents Sadie Thelma (née Kaplanski/Caplan) and Irving Goldberg. His father was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish parents, and his mother was a Polish Jewish immigrant born in Łódź. A creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, Leah Caplan, with whom he built little cities out of scraps of wood. With these scraps from her husband's hardware store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses and futuristic cities on the living room floor.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry's use of corrugated steel, chain-link fencing, unpainted plywood, and other utilitarian or "everyday" materials was partly inspired by spending Saturday mornings at his grandfather's hardware store. He spent time drawing with his father, and his mother introduced him to the world of art. "So the creative genes were there", Gehry says. "But my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasn't gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things. She would push me."


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 1947, Gehry's family immigrated to the United States, settling in California. He got a job driving a delivery truck and studied at Los Angeles City College. He went on to graduate from the University of Southern California's School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi.


title: Frank Gehry

text: According to Gehry, "I was a truck driver in L.A., going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasn't very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasn't very good at and didn't like, and then I remembered. You know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, 'What do I like?' Where was I? What made me excited? And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings, loved listening to music. Those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, I tried some architecture classes." Gehry graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of Southern California in 1954.


title: Frank Gehry

text: He then spent time away from architecture in numerous other jobs, including service in the United States Army. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge, where he studied city planning at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He left before completing the program, disheartened and "underwhelmed". His progressive ideas about socially responsible architecture were under-realized, and the final straw occurred when he sat in on a discussion of one professor's "secret project in progress"—a palace that he was designing for right-wing Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista (1901–1973).


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry returned to Los Angeles to work for Victor Gruen Associates, with whom he had apprenticed while at USC. In 1957, at age 28, he was given the chance to design his first private residence with friend and old classmate Greg Walsh. Construction was done by another neighbor across the street from his wife's family, Charlie Sockler. Built in Idyllwild, California for his wife Anita's family neighbor Melvin David, the over "David Cabin" shows features that were to become synonymous with Gehry's later work, including beams protruding from the exterior sides, vertical-grain douglas fir detail, and exposed unfinished ceiling beams. It also shows strong Asian influences, stemming from his earliest inspirations, such as the Shosoin Treasure House in Nara, Japan.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 1961, Gehry moved to Paris, where he worked for architect Andre Remondet. In 1962, he established a practice in Los Angeles that became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967, then Gehry Partners in 2001. His earliest commissions were in Southern California, where he designed a number of innovative commercial structures such as Santa Monica Place (1980) and residential buildings such as the eccentric Norton House (1984) in Venice, California.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Among these works, Gehry's most notable design may be the renovation of his own Santa Monica residence. Originally built in 1920 and purchased by Gehry in 1977, it features a metallic exterior wrapped around the original building that leaves many of the original details visible. Gehry still resides there.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Other of Gehry's buildings completed during the 1980s include the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium (1981) in San Pedro, and the California Aerospace Museum (1984) at the California Museum of Science and Industry in Los Angeles.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 1989, Gehry received the Pritzker Architecture Prize, where the jury described him: "Always open to experimentation, he has as well a sureness and maturity that resists, in the same way that Picasso did, being bound either by critical acceptance or his successes. His buildings are juxtaposed collages of spaces and materials that make users appreciative of both the theatre and the back-stage, simultaneously revealed."


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry continued to design other notable buildings in California, such as the Chiat/Day Building (1991) in Venice, in collaboration with Claes Oldenburg, which is well known for its massive sculpture of binoculars. He also began receiving larger national and international commissions, including his first European commission, the Vitra International Furniture Manufacturing Facility and Design Museum in Germany, completed in 1989. It was soon followed by other major commissions including the Frederick Weisman Museum of Art (1993) in Minneapolis, Minnesota; the Cinémathèque Française (1994) in Paris; and the Dancing House (1996) in Prague.


title: Frank Gehry

text: From 1994 to 1996 a couple buildings by Gehry for a Public housing project were realized in Goldstein, part of Frankfurt-Schwanheim (1994)


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 1997, Gehry vaulted to a new level of international acclaim when the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao opened in Bilbao, Spain. Hailed by "The New Yorker" as a "masterpiece of the 20th century", and by legendary architect Philip Johnson as "the greatest building of our time", the museum became famous for its striking yet aesthetically pleasing design and its positive economic effect on the city.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Since then, Gehry has regularly won major commissions and established himself as one of the world's most notable architects. His best-received works include several concert halls for classical music. The boisterous, curvaceous Walt Disney Concert Hall (2003) in downtown Los Angeles is the centerpiece of the neighborhood's revitalization; the "Los Angeles Times" called it "the most effective answer to doubters, naysayers, and grumbling critics an American architect has ever produced". Gehry also designed the open-air Jay Pritzker Pavilion (2004) in Chicago's Millennium Park; and the understated New World Center (2011) in Miami Beach, which the "LA Times" called "a piece of architecture that dares you to underestimate it or write it off at first glance."


title: Frank Gehry

text: His other notable works include academic buildings such as the Stata Center (2004) at MIT, and the Peter B. Lewis Library (2008) at Princeton University; museums such as the Museum of Pop Culture (2000) in Seattle, Washington; commercial buildings such as the IAC Building (2007) in New York City; and residential buildings, such as Gehry's first skyscraper, the Beekman Tower at 8 Spruce Street (2011) in New York City.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry's recent major international works include the Dr Chau Chak Wing Building at the University of Technology Sydney, completed in 2014, and the Chau Chak Wing, with its 320,000 bricks in "sweeping lines", described as "10 out of 10" on a scale of difficulty. An ongoing project is the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi on Saadiyat Island in the United Arab Emirates. Other significant projects such as the Mirvish Towers in Toronto, and a multi-decade renovation of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, are currently in the design stage. In October 2013, Gehry was appointed joint architect with Foster + Partners to design the High Street phase of the development of Battersea Power Station in London, Gehry's first project there.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In recent years, some of Gehry's more prominent designs have failed to go forward. In addition to unrealized designs for the Corcoran Art Gallery expansion in Washington, DC, and a new Guggenheim museum near the South Street Seaport in New York City, Gehry was notoriously dropped by developer Bruce Ratner from the Pacific Park (Brooklyn) redevelopment project, and in 2014 as the designer of the World Trade Center Performing Arts Center in New York City. Some stalled projects have recently shown progress: After many years and a dismissal, Gehry was recently reinstated as architect for the Grand Avenue Project in Los Angeles, and though his controversial


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 2014, two significant, long-awaited museums designed by Gehry opened: the Biomuseo, a biodiversity museum in Panama City, Panama; and the Fondation Louis Vuitton, a modern art museum in the Bois de Boulogne park in Paris, France, which opened to some rave reviews.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Also in 2014, Gehry was commissioned by River LA (formerly the Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation), a nonprofit group founded by the city of Los Angeles in 2009 to coordinate river policy, to devise a wide-ranging new plan for the river.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In February 2015, the new AU$180 million building for the University of Technology Sydney was officially opened, whose façade has more than 320,000 hand-placed bricks and glass slabs. Gehry said he would not design a building like the "crumpled paper bag" again.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry told the French newspaper "La Croix" in November 2016 that President of France François Hollande had assured him he could relocate to France if Donald Trump was elected President of the United States. The following month, Gehry said that he had no plans to move. Trump and he exchanged words in 2010 when Gehry's 8 Spruce Street, originally known as Beekman Tower, was built taller than the nearby Trump Building, which until then was New York City's tallest residential building.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Notable Gehry-designed buildings completed in the 2020s include the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial in Washington, DC and the LUMA Arles museum in France. In 2021, noting Gehry's progress on an increasing number of significant projects in his hometown, including the Grand Avenue Project, a concert hall for the Youth Orchestra Los Angeles, and an office building for Warner Bros., The Architect's Newspaper stated that "Seventy-four years after he moved there from his native Toronto, L.A. is looking more and more like Gehry Country."


title: Frank Gehry

text: Said to "defy categorisation", Gehry's work reflects a spirit of experimentation coupled with a respect for the demands of professional practice, and has remained largely unaligned with broader stylistic tendencies or movements. With his earliest educational influences rooted in modernism, Gehry's work has sought to escape modernist stylistic tropes while remaining interested in some of its underlying transformative agendas. Continually working between given circumstances and unanticipated materializations, he has been assessed as someone who "made us produce buildings that are fun, sculpturally exciting, good experiences", although his approach may become "less relevant as pressure mounts to do more with less".


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry's style at times seems unfinished or even crude, but his work is consistent with the California "funk" art movement of the 1960s and early 1970s, which featured the use of inexpensive found objects and nontraditional media such as clay to make serious art. His works always have at least some element of deconstructivism; he has been called "the apostle of chain-link fencing and corrugated metal siding". However, a retrospective exhibit at New York's Whitney Museum in 1988 revealed that he is also a sophisticated classical artist who knows European art history and contemporary sculpture and painting.


title: Frank Gehry

text: After the phenomenal success of Gehry's design for the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, critics began referring to the economic and cultural revitalization of cities through iconic, innovative architecture as the "Bilbao effect". In the first 12 months after the museum was opened, an estimated US$160 million were added to the Basque economy. Indeed, over $3.5 billion have been added to the Basque economy since the building opened. In subsequent years there have been many attempts to replicate this effect through large-scale eye-catching architectural commissions that have been both successful and unsuccessful, such as Daniel Libeskind's expansion of the Denver Art Museum and buildings by Gehry himself, such as the almost universally well-received Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles and the more controversial Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle. Though some link the concept of the Bilbao effect to the notion of starchitecture, Gehry has consistently rejected the label of a starchitect.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Though much of Gehry's work has been well-received, its reception was not always positive. Art historian Hal Foster reads Gehry's architecture as, primarily, in the service of corporate branding. Criticism of his work includes complaints over design flaws that the buildings waste structural resources by creating functionless forms, do not seem to belong in their surroundings or enhance the public context of their locations, and are apparently designed without taking into account the local climate.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Moreover, socialist magazine "Jacobin" pointed out that Gehry's work can be summed up as architecture for the super-wealthy, in the sense that it is expensive, not resourceful, and does not serve the interests of the overwhelming majority. The article criticized Gehry's statement, "In the world we live in, 98 percent of what gets built and designed today is pure shit."


title: Frank Gehry

text: In January 2011, Gehry joined the University of Southern California (USC) faculty, as the Judge Widney Professor of Architecture. He has since continued in this role at his alma mater. He has also held teaching positions at Harvard University, the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Toronto, Columbia University, the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, and at Yale University, where he still teaches as of 2017.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Though he is often referred to as a "starchitect", he has repeatedly expressed his disdain for the term, insisting he is only an architect. Steve Sample, President of the University of Southern California, told Gehry that "...After George Lucas, you are our most prominent graduate".


title: Frank Gehry

text: In February 2017, MasterClass announced an online architecture course taught by Gehry that was released that July.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry has been involved in exhibition designs at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art dating back to the 1960s. In 1965, Gehry designed the exhibition display for the "Art Treasures of Japan" exhibition at the LACMA. This was followed soon after by the exhibition design for the "Assyrian Reliefs" show in 1966 and the "Billy Al Bengston Retrospective" in 1968. The LACMA then had Gehry design the installation for the "Treasures of Tutankhamen" exhibition in 1978 followed by the "Avant-Garde in Russia 1910–1930" exhibition in 1980. The subsequent year, Gehry designed the exhibition for "Seventeen Artists in the '60s" at the LACMA, followed soon after by the "German Expressionist Sculpture Exhibition" in 1983. In 1991–92, Gehry designed the installation of the landmark exhibition "Degenerate Art: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany", which opened at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and traveled to the Art Institute of Chicago, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, and the Altes Museum in Berlin. Gehry was asked to design an exhibition on the work of Alexander Calder at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art's Resnick Pavilion, again invited by the museum's curator Stephanie Barron. The exhibition began on November 24, 2013, and ran through July 27, 2014.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In addition to his long-standing involvement with exhibition design at the LACMA, Gehry has also designed numerous exhibition installations with other institutions. In 1998, "The Art of the Motorcycle" exhibition opened at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum with its installation designed by Gehry. This exhibition subsequently traveled to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and the Guggenheim Las Vegas.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 2014, he curated an exhibition of photography by his close friend and businessman Peter Arnell that ran from March 5 through April 1 at Milk Studios Gallery in Los Angeles.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 1983, Gehry created the stage design for Lucinda Childs' dance "Available Light", set to music by John Adams. It premiered at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles at the "Temporary Contemporary", and was subsequently seen at the Brooklyn Academy of Music Opera House in New York City and the Theatre de la Ville in Paris. The set consisted of two levels angled in relation to each other, with a chain-link backdrop. The piece was revived in 2015, and was performed, among other places, in Los Angeles and Philadelphia, where it was presented by FringeArts, which commissioned the revival.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 2012, Gehry designed the set for the Los Angeles Philharmonic's opera production of "Don Giovanni", performed at the Walt Disney Concert Hall.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In April 2014, Gehry designed a set for an "exploration of the life and career of Pierre Boulez" by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, which was performed in November of that year.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In addition to architecture, Gehry has made a line of furniture, jewelry for Tiffany & Co., various household items, sculptures, and even a glass bottle for Wyborowa Vodka. His first line of furniture, produced from 1969 to 1973, was called "Easy Edges", constructed out of cardboard. Another line of furniture released in the spring of 1992 is "Bentwood Furniture". Each piece is named after a different hockey term. He was first introduced to making furniture in 1954 while serving in the U.S. Army, where he designed furniture for the enlisted soldiers.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In many of his designs, Gehry is inspired by fish. "It was by accident I got into the fish image", claimed Gehry. One thing that sparked his interest in fish was the fact that his colleagues were recreating Greek temples. He said, "Three hundred million years before man was fish...if you gotta go back, and you're insecure about going forward...go back three hundred million years ago. Why are you stopping at the Greeks? So, I started drawing fish in my sketchbook, and then I started to realize that there was something in it."


title: Frank Gehry

text: As a result of his fascination, the first Fish Lamps were fabricated between 1984 and 1986. They employed wire armatures molded into fish shapes, onto which shards of plastic laminate ColorCore are individually glued. Since the creation of the first lamp in 1984, the fish has become a recurrent motif in Gehry's work, most notably in the "Fish Sculpture" at La Vila Olímpica del Poblenou in Barcelona (1989–92) and "Standing Glass Fish" for the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden (1986).


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry has previously collaborated with luxury jewelry company Tiffany & Co., creating six distinct jewelry collections: the Orchid, Fish, Torque, Equus, Axis, and Fold collections. In addition to jewelry, Gehry designed other items, including a distinctive collector's chess set and a series of tableware items, including vases, cups, and bowls for the company.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 2004, Gehry designed the official trophy for the World Cup of Hockey. He redesigned the trophy for the next tournament in 2016.


title: Frank Gehry

text: He has collaborated with American furniture manufacturer Emeco on designs such as the 2004 "Superlight" chair.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 2014, Gehry was one of the six "iconoclasts" selected by French fashion house Louis Vuitton to design a piece using their iconic monogram pattern as part of their "Celebrating Monogram" campaign.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry's firm was responsible for innovation in architectural software. His firm spun off another firm called Gehry Technologies that was established in 2002. In 2005, Gehry Technologies began a partnership with Dassault Systèmes to bring innovations from the aerospace and manufacturing world to AEC and developed Digital Project software, as well as GTeam software. In 2014, Gehry Technologies was acquired by software company Trimble Navigation. Its client list includes Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Herzog & de Meuron, Jean Nouvel, Coop Himmelb(l)au, and Zaha Hadid.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 1954, Gehry changed his surname from Goldberg to Gehry, after his then-wife Anita expressed concern about anti-Semitism.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Having grown up in Canada, Gehry is an avid fan of ice hockey. He began a hockey league, FOG (for Frank Owen Gehry) in his office, though he no longer plays with them. In 2004, he designed the trophy for the World Cup of Hockey. A naturalized U.S. citizen, he also remains a citizen of Canada. He lives in Santa Monica, California, and continues to practice out of Los Angeles.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry is known for his sometimes cantankerous personality. During a trip to Oviedo, Spain to accept the Prince of Asturias Award in October 2014, he received a significant amount of attention, both positive and negative, for publicly flipping off a reporter at a press conference who accused him of being a "showy" architect.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry is a member of the California Yacht Club in Marina Del Rey, and enjoys sailing with his fiberglass-hulled yacht, "Foggy". He also serves on the leadership council of The New York Stem Cell Foundation.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 2004, Gehry voiced himself on the children's TV show "Arthur", where he helped Arthur and his friends design a new treehouse. He also voiced himself in a 2005 episode of "The Simpsons," "The Seven-Beer Snitch", where he designs a concert hall for the fictional city of Springfield. He has since said he regrets the appearance, as it included a joke about his design technique that has led people to misunderstand his architectural process.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 2006, filmmaker Sydney Pollack made a documentary about Gehry's work, "Sketches of Frank Gehry," which followed Gehry over five years and painted a positive portrait of his character; it was well-received critically.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 2009, architecture-inspired ice cream sandwich company Coolhaus named a cookie and ice cream combination after Gehry. Dubbed the "Frank Behry", it features Strawberries & Cream gelato and snickerdoodle cookies.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In October 2014, the first major European exhibition of Gehry's work debuted at the Centre Pompidou in Paris. Other museums and major galleries that have held exhibitions on Gehry's architecture and design include the Leo Castelli Gallery in 1983; and the Walker Art Center in 1986, whose exhibition then traveled to the Toronto Harbourfront Museum, the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, the LACMA and the Whitney Museum. Museums with exhibitions on Gehry's work have included the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art (1992), the Gagosian Gallery (1984, 1992 and 1993), the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (2001), the Guggenheim Bilbao (2002), the Jewish Museum in Manhattan (2010), and the Milan Triennale (first in 1988, then in 2010 with an exhibition entitled "Frank Gehry from 1997"), and LACMA (2015).


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry participated in the 1980 Venice Biennale's "La Strada Novissima" installation. He also contributed to the 1985 Venice Biennale with an installation and performance named "Il Corso del Coltello," in collaboration with Claes Oldenburg. His projects were featured in the 1996 event, and contributed to the 2008 event with the installation "Ungapatchket".


title: Frank Gehry

text: In October 2015, 21 21 Design Sight in Tokyo held the exhibition "Frank Gehry. I Have An Idea", curated by Japanese architect Tsuyoshi Tane.


title: Frank Gehry

text: In 2021, the Gagosian Gallery in Beverly Hills held "Spinning Tales", an exhibition of new fish sculptures by Gehry.


title: Frank Gehry

text: Gehry was elected to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1974, and he has received many national, regional and local AIA awards. He is a senior fellow of the Design Futures Council and serves on the steering committee of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: A Way Out is an action-adventure video game developed by Hazelight Studios and published by Electronic Arts. It is the second video game to be directed by Josef Fares after "". "A Way Out" does not have a single-player option; it is playable on local or online split screen co-op between two players. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on March 23, 2018, selling over a million copies in two weeks.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: "A Way Out" is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. It is specifically designed for split-screen cooperative multiplayer, which means that it must be played with another player through either local or online play while both players' screens are displayed next to each other. In the game, players control Leo and Vincent, two convicted prisoners who must break out of prison and stay on the run from authorities. As the story of both protagonists is told simultaneously, their progress may not be synchronized, which may result in one player being able to control their character, while another is watching a cutscene. Players need to cooperate with each other in order to progress, and each situation can be approached differently, with both characters taking different roles. For instance, during an early segment of the game, the player controlling Vincent needs to distract a nurse and guard, so the player controlling Leo can find a chisel needed to aid their escape. These roles are not fixed, so Leo and Vincent can swap their roles in another playthrough. Players can interact with many non-playable characters, and there are dialogue options for players to choose.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: The game offers a "play free online" model such that players will be able to join online sessions (hosted by the player's friends) whether or not the joining player owns the actual game.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: "A Way Out" includes several minigames such as an arcade video game titled as "Grenade Brothers", arm wrestling, banjo and piano duet, baseball, basketball, bottle shooting, Connect Four, darts, horseshoes, spearfishing, wheelchair wheelies; and exercises such as chin-ups, dips, push-ups, sit-ups and bench presses.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: In 1972, Vincent Moretti (Eric Krogh) is incarcerated and sent to prison for fraud and murder. In jail, he meets Leonard "Leo" Caruso (Fares Fares), who has been inside for six months for grand theft, assault and armed robbery. While in the cafeteria, a thug sent in by crime boss Harvey tries to murder Leo, but Vincent intervenes, resulting in both of them being sent to the infirmary while the thug is beaten to death after stabbing and killing a prison guard. While in the infirmary, Leo requests Vincent's help to steal a chisel from the office. Vincent complies. After the theft, Vincent senses that Leo is planning an escape and offers to help. Leo initially refuses, but begrudgingly agrees to collaborate when Vincent reveals he has a grudge with Harvey.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: Leo and Vincent make progress on their escape plan, stealing sheets to make a rope and smuggling a wrench to open a grating. Using teamwork and gathered tools, the two escape from the jail on a rainy night. After evading the police in the wilderness, the two find an empty camp and fish to make food. Vincent reveals that he was once a banker and Harvey had him launder money before murdering his brother as a warning and framing Vincent for the murder. Leo starts telling his story but is interrupted when a police helicopter flies by, causing both to start moving again. They find an old couple's house, and the two steal new clothes, a shotgun and a truck before evading the pursuing police in the vehicle and, after crashing, a rowboat. After surviving a waterfall, the duo finds civilization, after which Leo reveals he and Harvey had stolen a valuable gem, the Black Orlov, but when Leo tried selling it, Harvey betrayed him by killing their buyer and escaping with the gem, leading to Leo's incarceration.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: At a trailer park in the city, Leo confirms the safety of his wife Linda and his son Alex, before going to a construction site with Vincent. They find Ray, one of Harvey's underlings who works as a construction foreman, and, after a chase, capture and interrogate him to find Harvey's location, which they find out is Mexico. Plotting revenge against Harvey, the duo robs a gas station to buy guns from an arms dealer, Jasmine. When the two leave, Jasmine betrays them by giving their location to Harvey. At a telephone booth, Vincent calls Emily, a pilot, and convinces her to fly them to Mexico. He learns from her that his wife, Carol, had just gone through childbirth. The duo agrees to go to the hospital, and they encounter a hitman sent by Harvey, who they manage to subdue. They go to the hospital and Vincent gets to see his newborn daughter Julie, but are forced to leave as police officers surround the building. Leo is captured but manages to escape thanks to Vincent's help.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: The next day, Vincent and Leo meet Emily at her hangar and she flies them to Mexico. When the two of them make their way to Harvey's mansion, a firefight ensues. After fighting Harvey's guards and eventually Harvey himself, the two overpower Harvey, force him to return the Black Orlov and, after he attempts to take one of them hostage, kill him. Escaping with the Black Orlov, Vincent and Leo return to the United States on Emily's plane, but are surrounded by police upon landing. An officer takes the Black Orlov from Leo and hands Vincent a gun, revealing that both he and Emily are undercover FBI agents; Leo and Harvey's Black Orlov deal had actually been a sting operation, and the dealer killed was Vincent's brother, Gary.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: Feeling betrayed, Leo subdues Vincent, takes him hostage and hijacks a police car to escape. While trying to avoid a police roadblock, he crashes the car into water. Both escape the submerged vehicle, Leo stealing a boat while Vincent is picked up by Emily in a police helicopter. After a chase where Vincent tries to destroy the engine of the boat, Leo jumps off before it crashes into fuel tanks and runs into a portside warehouse. Emily lands the helicopter and both she and Vincent chase Leo inside. Leo manages to ambush Emily, taking her gun away and ordering her to leave as the fight is between him and Vincent. The gunfight ends with both men injured, unarmed, and exhausted on the top of the roof. Seeing one of their guns nearby, both try to reach it, but only one is able to and shoots the other. The two share a final moment of friendship before the person shot dies from their injuries.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: "A Way Out" was developed by Hazelight Studios, a small team of developers in Sweden led by film director Josef Fares. Both Fares and several members of his team previously worked on the acclaimed title "" from Starbreeze Studios. Production of the game began in the second half of 2014. The design philosophy for the game is that the team wanted to create a cooperative game that is unique and different. As a result, the team opted not use the traditional drop-in and drop-out cooperative format featured dominantly in mainstream cooperative games, and instead, the team decided to create a full game that must be played cooperatively with another player. According to Fares, the game was his passion project and he cancelled an upcoming feature film in order to devote more time to working on the game. The game uses Unreal Engine 4. About 30–35 people worked on the game.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: Despite the game's heavy focus on multiplayer, the game was described as an "emotional adventure". As a result, cutscenes will play out even during online play to ensure that players can understand the story of the other character. The game features a wide variety of gameplay sequences from stealth to driving to ensure that players are often presented with different gameplay situations and generally make the game and its characters more interesting. To make the two protagonists more realistic, the team ensured that Leo and Vincent have distinct personalities and that they have different opinions and responses while interacting with the game's world. Fares Fares, a Swedish-Lebanese actor and Josef Fares' older brother, plays Leo.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: The title is part of publisher Electronic Arts' EA Originals program, dedicated to funding small independent games. The partnership came to fruition when Patrick Söderlund, the executive vice president of Electronic Arts, approached Fares personally for collaboration after being impressed by "Brothers". EA offered $3.7 million for the development of the game and gave Fares and his team complete creative control over the game's development. According to Fares, all revenue from sales of the game will go back to Hazelight. The formation of Hazelight Studios and the partnership between Hazelight and EA was officially unveiled at The Game Awards 2014. The game's title and gameplay was revealed at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 during EA's press conference. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on March 23, 2018.


title: A Way Out (video game)

text: "A Way Out" received a weighted average rating of 78 out of 100, according to review aggregator Metacritic. It sold over a million copies in two weeks and in August 2019 Hazelight announced sales had reached two million. Fares revealed in January 2021 that the game had sold more than 3.5 million copies.


title: Hristo Stoichkov

text: Hristo Stoichkov Stoichkov (, ; born 8 February 1966) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who is a football commentator for TUDN. A prolific forward, he is regarded as one of the best players of his generation and is regarded as the greatest Bulgarian footballer of all time. He was runner-up for the FIFA World Player of the Year award in 1992 and 1994, and received the Ballon d'Or in 1994. In 2004, Stoichkov was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players.