title: Harlan Ellison

text: Ellison alleged that James Cameron's film "The Terminator" drew from material from an episode of the original "Outer Limits" which Ellison had scripted, "Soldier" (1964). Hemdale, the production company and the distributor Orion Pictures, settled out of court for an undisclosed sum and added a credit to the film which acknowledged Ellison's work. Cameron objected to this acknowledgement and has since labeled Ellison's claim a "nuisance suit". Some accounts of the settlement state that another "Outer Limits" episode written by Ellison, "Demon with a Glass Hand" (1964), was also claimed to have been plagiarized by the film, but Ellison stated that ""Terminator" was not stolen from 'Demon with a Glass Hand,' it was a ripoff of my OTHER Outer Limits script, 'Soldier.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: In 1983, Marvel Comics released "The Incredible Hulk" #286, entitled "Hero", written by Bill Mantlo. Three issues later, Marvel put up a letter claiming that Mantlo adapted "Soldier" for use as a Hulk story, but they forgot to credit Ellison and had it pointed out by readers. In actuality, then-Editor-in-Chief Jim Shooter signed off on the story, not having seen the "Outer Limits" episode it was based on and not realizing Mantlo copied it wholesale. The day the issue went to stands, he was contacted by an angry Ellison, who calmed down after Shooter admitted the error. Although he could have claimed hundreds of thousands of dollars in damages, Ellison only requested the same payment Mantlo got for the story, writer's credit and a lifetime subscription to everything Marvel published.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: On April 24, 2000, Ellison sued Stephen Robertson for posting four stories to the newsgroup "alt.binaries.e-book" without authorization. The other defendants were AOL and RemarQ, an internet service provider who owned servers hosting the newsgroup. Ellison alleged they had failed to halt copyright infringement in accordance with the "Notice and Takedown Procedure" outlined in the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Robertson and RemarQ first settled with Ellison, and then AOL likewise settled with Ellison in June 2004, under conditions that were not made public. Since those settlements Ellison initiated legal action or takedown notices against more than 240 people who have allegedly distributed his writings on the Internet, saying, "If you put your hand in my pocket, you'll drag back six inches of bloody stump".


title: Harlan Ellison

text: Ellison won eight Hugo Awards, a shared award for the screenplay of "A Boy and his Dog" that he counted as "half a Hugo", and two special awards from annual World SF Conventions; four Nebula Awards of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA); five Bram Stoker Awards of the Horror Writers Association (HWA); two Edgar Awards of the Mystery Writers of America; two World Fantasy Awards from annual conventions; and two Georges Méliès fantasy film awards. In 1987, Ellison was awarded the Inkpot Award.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: In his 1981 book about the horror genre, "Danse Macabre", Stephen King reviewed Ellison's collection "Strange Wine" and considered it one of the best horror books published between 1950 and 1980.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: Ellison won the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 1993. HWA gave him its Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996 and the World Horror Convention named him Grand Master in 2000. He was awarded the Gallun Award for Lifetime Achievement in Science Fiction from I-CON in 1997.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: SFWA named him its 23rd Grand Master of fantasy and science fiction in 2006 and the Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted him in 2011. That year he also received the fourth J. Lloyd Eaton Lifetime Achievement Award in Science Fiction, presented by the UCR Libraries at the 2011 Eaton SF Conference, "Global Science Fiction".


title: Harlan Ellison

text: , Ellison is the only three-time winner of the Nebula Award for Best Short Story. He won his other Nebula in the novella category.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: He was awarded the Silver Pen for Journalism by International PEN, the international writers' union, in 1982. In 1990, Ellison was honored by International PEN for continuing commitment to artistic freedom and the battle against censorship. In 1998, he was awarded the "Defender of Liberty" award by the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: In March 1998, the National Women's Committee of Brandeis University honored him with their 1998 Words, Wit, Wisdom award.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: Ellison was named 2002's winner of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal's "Distinguished Skeptic Award", in recognition of his contributions to science and critical thinking. Ellison was presented with the award at the Skeptics Convention in Burbank, California, on June 22, 2002.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: In December 2009, Ellison was nominated for a Grammy award in the category Best Spoken Word Album For Children for his reading of "Through the Looking-Glass And What Alice Found There" for Blackstone Audio, Inc.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: In the 1970s artist and cartoonist Gordon Carleton wrote and drew a scripted slideshow called "City on the Edge of Whatever", which was a spoof of "The City on the Edge of Forever". Occasionally performed at "Star Trek" conventions, it features an irate writer named "Arlan Hellison" who screams at his producers, "Art defilers! Script assassins!"


title: Harlan Ellison

text: "Justice League of America" #89 ("The Most Dangerous Dreams Of All") 1971, written by Mike Friedrich, is centered around a character named Harlequin Ellis. The character is smitten with Black Canary, and injects himself into Justice League adventures, taking on the role of different heroes in his attempts to woo her. Ellison himself had written several comic book scripts.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: Ben Bova's novel "The Starcrossed" (1975), a "roman à clef" about Bova and Ellison's experience on "The Starlost" TV series, features a character "Ron Gabriel" who is a pastiche of Ellison. Bova's novel is dedicated to Ellison's pseudonym "Cordwainer Bird", who was credited as series creator on "The Starlost" per Ellison's demand. In the novel, "Ron Gabriel" requires the fictional series producers to credit him under the pseudonym "Victor Lawrence Talbot Frankenstein".


title: Harlan Ellison

text: In "Murder at the ABA" (1976) by Isaac Asimov, the protagonist, Darius Just, was based on Ellison, as stated by Asimov in footnotes to the book itself, and in his autobiographical volume "In Joy Still Felt".


title: Harlan Ellison

text: Robert Silverberg named a character in his first novel, "Revolt on Alpha C" (1955), for Ellison, who was Silverberg's neighbor in New York City at the time he was writing the book. This was confirmed in a special edition on the occasion of Silverberg's 35th year in the business.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: Sharyn McCrumb's mystery novel "Bimbos of the Death Sun" (1988) featured a cantankerous antagonist-turned-murder victim based on Ellison. Fans of Ellison sent him copies of the book, and upon meeting Ellison later that year at the Edgar Awards, Ellison told McCrumb he had read the book and thought it was good.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: Ellison is a recurring minor character in the animated television series "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated" (2010–2013), voicing a fictionalized version of himself modeled on his appearance in the 1970s.


title: Harlan Ellison

text: Ellison appeared as himself in an episode of "The Simpsons" ("Married to the Blob", 2014) in which he meets Bart and Milhouse, and parodies his contention that the film "The Terminator" used ideas from his stories.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Happy New Year (sometimes abbreviated as HNY) is a 2014 Indian action comedy film directed by Farah Khan and produced by Gauri Khan under the banner of Red Chillies Entertainment. The film features an ensemble cast of Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone, Abhishek Bachchan, Sonu Sood, Boman Irani, Vivaan Shah and Jackie Shroff. It was distributed worldwide by Yash Raj Films. In the film, a bunch of losers transform themselves into a team that wins over the hearts of the people in the city and across the world, all as part of their quest to pull off the biggest diamond heist ever seen.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Made on a total budget of , the film marked the third collaboration of the lead actor, producer and director; they previously worked on "Main Hoon Na" (2004) and "Om Shanti Om" (2007), the latter of which also featured Padukone as the female lead.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: "Happy New Year" was released on Diwali 2014 with dubbed versions in Tamil and Telugu, and gained around 4,200 screens in Hindi and 800 screens in Tamil and Telugu, that was the biggest film release in India up until then. Despite mixed reviews from critics and audience, who appreciated the cast performances, soundtrack, cinematography, production design and visual effects, but criticized the writing, length and pace, it emerged as a blockbuster grossing in India on its opening day, setting the record for the highest-first day collection made by an Indian film to that point, and over worldwide. It was the second highest grossing Hindi film of 2014 and the 26th highest-grossing Indian film of all time.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: At the 60th Filmfare Awards, "Happy New Year" received 2 nominations – Best Supporting Actor (Bachchan) and Best Female Playback Singer (Shreya Ghoshal for "Manwa Laage"). The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences features the film's script in their library.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Chandramohan "Charlie" Sharma is a street fighter who has been yearning for revenge from the renowned security supplier and owner of Shalimar Securities, Charan Grover, for eight years. Grover got Charlie's father, Manohar Sharma, wrongfully arrested as a thief because Grover had conned Manohar into stealing his own diamonds worth $15 million. Diamonds worth 300 crore ($39.48 million) will reach the Atlantis Hotel, Dubai on Christmas Eve. Charlie wants to steal the diamonds and frame Grover. To accomplish this, he assembles a team ; Ex-Captain Jagmohan "Jag" Prakash, a hard-of-hearing strongman, Tehamton Tammilo "Tammy" Irani, an old and seizure-prone safecracker who was Manohar's best friend, Rohan Singh, a young intelligent hacker who is Jag's nephew, and Nandu Bhide, a lookalike of Charan's son Vicky Grover.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Charlie explains to the team that room 9C in the hotel is connected to the vault which holds the diamonds through a duct system. However, room 9C is reserved for teams participating in the World Dance Championship (WDC). The group immediately refuses to join WDC, pointing out that none of them were dancers, but Charlie re-motivates the group, convincing them to become a dance team.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: A flashback shows that Charan Grover met Manohar and gave him a contract to build an impenetrable vault, Shaalimar. After the vault was completed, Charan drugged Manohar and conned him into stealing the diamonds by using his fingerprints.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The groups tries to employ a dance instructor, to no avail; in desperation, Nandu introduces Charlie to Mohini, a Marathi bar dancer, who is impressed by Charlie's anglicised accent and eventually agrees to help them learn dancing, unaware of their intentions. Charlie and Mohini grow very close.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: They manage to qualify in the first round and eventually win the competition to represent Team India in the WDC by gaining votes through hacking. Many viewers despise them for their lack of skill, but Charlie and his team (sans Mohini) are all only concerned with the heist. In Dubai, Team Korea is especially hostile towards Team India, including Grover, their sponsor. At the semifinal, Charlie saves a Korean team member from severe injury during a dance stunt, instantly gaining respect and admiration from the audience. After going over the plan, everything is ready. Unfortunately, the team learns that the diamonds will arrive on New Year's Eve instead of Christmas, which impedes the heist. Luckily, India advances to the finals after judges are moved by Charlie's action.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Mohini ends up hearing about the heist, and turns to leave. Charlie tells her everything, and reveals that Manohar is actually dead; following the arrest, he appealed for a trial, but Grover bribed Manohar's lawyers and tampered with the evidence. Manohar, with all hope lost, slit his wrist. However, this increases the team's determination to avenge Manohar. They share a special moment, where Mohini starts helping them.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The night of the final round, the heist is set in motion. Mohini lures Vicky into an elevator. He is knocked out, his thumbprint is taken by Jag, and used by Nandu who opens the chamber. Tammy successfully opens the safe. However, Charlie and Tammy find another glass safe which houses the diamonds. It was made by Manohar and had a 7 letter password. Charlie opens the safe, realizing that the password to open the safe was his own name. After stealing the diamonds, the team boards a boat, but Mohini refuses to come. She explains that the most important thing in life is respect. The whole of India was rooting for them, and she wasn't going to let India lose it's respect. Rohan joins her as well, leading to a fight amongst the remaining members.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: When Team India is found missing, Grover claims that they are the thieves. Mohini appears on stage, and performs alone for a few minutes. Soon after, the other members of the team appear, shocking Grover. Charlie makes an appearance in the end, and the team wins the competition. Charan and Vicky Grover are arrested. Charlie reveals himself to Charan and slips in his pocket the same razor blade Manohar slit his wrists with. He watches as the police take him away, his revenge fulfilled. Team India reach the airport. Charlie camouflages the diamonds in his soft-drink, but the security guard disposes of it, devastating the team. However, later during the flight, Charlie reveals that he switched the fake diamonds on the trophy with the real ones. The team reaches India.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: In the post-credits scene, Nandu is thrown out of a bank for showing a winners' cheque. Rohan finally gains immense popularity among the girls, while Jag takes over directing the film being made earlier, with the original director being the bomb-controller (what Jag previously did). Tammy now has many of the elderly ladies chasing him as their hero. Having been given a long-term sentence, Charan and Vicky Grover are now seen in a Dubai city jail, still pleading for their innocence. Mohini opens her own dance School and Charlie proposes to her with a ring made from one of the diamonds. They all embrace, waving at the camera as the film ends


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Plans for the film began as far back as 2005 with an ensemble cast of Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar, Juhi Chawla, Manisha Koirala, Ameesha Patel, Priyanka Chopra, Raveena Tandon and Zayed Khan. The film was shelved for unknown reasons and instead, Farah Khan made "Om Shanti Om" (2007), which featured Khan and Padukone. After her film "Tees Maar Khan" (2010), Farah began to consider the possibilities of the film and screenwriting was completed by October 2012.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: When the film was revived, the filmmakers wanted an established actress in the lead role opposite Khan. In December 2012, media reported that the makers had approached Priyanka Chopra for the role, who was their first choice for the film after the script was revamped. However, Chopra turned down the film due to dates issue; the schedule was clashing with another film she had signed. Several actresses were considered for the role, such as Sonakshi Sinha, Asin, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Parineeti Chopra and Katrina Kaif, however, Padukone was finalized, making it her third film opposite Khan following "Om Shanti Om" and "Chennai Express" (2013). Khan was reported to be playing the role of a con artist in the film which had Deepika in the role of a Marathi dancer. At a point, John Abraham was to play one of the supporting roles but Sonu Sood replaced him. Boman Irani was confirmed by the director during an interview. In August 2013, Jackie Shroff was finalised to play the film's antagonist. The director's brother, Sajid Khan, would be making a guest appearance while actress Malaika Arora Khan was also signed to appear in a cameo. Vivaan Shah was reported to play the role of a computer hacker. Actor-director Prabhu Deva performed a dance in a cameo.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Farah made the official announcement on Twitter. The first schedule of filming started in Dubai in early November 2013. "Arabian Business" reported that a major portion of the film will be shot in the prestigious Atlantis, The Palm.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: On 23 January 2014, Shah Rukh Khan was injured while shooting at JW Marriott Hotel, Mumbai. Though reported as minor at first, he suffered a fractured shoulder and a torn left knee patella, being advised rest for a while.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Mehboob Studios was used as one of the major locations while certain portions were also filmed near the Wilson College. The final schedule was completed in August 2014.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Farah Khan wanted Shah Rukh Khan to grow his hair long so that he could sport shoulder length tresses.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: For promotion, digitally personalized posters written in cast members' handwriting were made available to social media users. The team of Shahrukh Khan, Deepika Padukone, Boman Irani, Sonu Sood and Vivaan Shah went to the set of the famous Indian television show "Tarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashma" ("TMKOC") for the promotion of their movie.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The film's cast and crew, along with rapper Yo Yo Honey Singh and actress Madhuri Dixit travelled on a promotional tour titled "SLAM!". Starting from 19 September in Houston, it took place in New Jersey, Washington, Toronto, Chicago, Vancouver and San Jose. "SLAM!" also continued to United Kingdom on 5 October.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: On 13 October 2014, an official game based on the film, titled "Happy New Year-The Game" was released for Android and iOS. It was made in collaboration with the production company and Gameshastra India, an Indian game art outsourcing studio.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The worldwide distribution rights were sold to Yash Raj Films for , the satellite rights were sold to Zee Network for and the music rights to T-Series for , earning a total pre-release revenue of .


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The music of "Happy New Year" is composed by the duo of Vishal–Shekhar while the lyrics are penned by Irshad Kamil. The full soundtrack was launched on 1 October 2014. Prior to that, promotional music videos were released for "Indiawaale" on 21 September and "Manwa Laage" on 25 September respectively. After the album was launched, promotional videos of the songs "Lovely", "Nonsense Ki Night" and "Satakli" were also released. "India Waale" is featured in "Just Dance Now", "Just Dance 2015" (as downloadable content) and is part of the "Just Dance Unlimited" service.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Kasmin Fernandes at "The Times of India" felt, "As a heist film centred around a dance competition, "Happy New Year" provides plenty of fodder for composers Vishal and Shekhar and lyricist Irshad Kamil to showcase their way with sounds. And they've delivered, with seven original tracks, one electronic version, a variation, a medley and an instrumental number." Rohit Vats for "Hindustan Times" gave the album 3 out of 5 stars stated, "Farah Khan looks more concerned about the feel of her film than the quality of the songs, and it prompts her to go with trendy tunes. Overall, the album is average and is only youth oriented. Acquiring longevity will be difficult for this album." For "India.com", Prathamesh Jadhav wrote, "It's a mixed bag!" On the contrary critic Surabhi Redkar for "Koimoi" felt, "The "Happy New Year" album is not as extravagant as the film looks. With an expectation of a Bollywood musical soundtrack, it comes down to a regular album of Vishal-Shekhar. Even though the album will be a hit with tracks such as 'Manwa Laage' and 'Kamli', it will not enjoy much longevity."


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Worldwide, the film grossed () worldwide, making it one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: "Happy New Year" set a record by collecting 44.97 crore, making it the first Bollywood film to reach the figure in a single day. The record was broken by the 2018 Diwali release "Thugs of Hindostan" starring Aamir Khan, Amitabh Bachchan, Katrina Kaif and Fatima Sana Shaikh which collected 52.25 crore on Day 1 which is currently 2nd highest for any Bollywood film and this record is broken by War which collected 53.35 crore on Day 1 The film witnessed a drop on Saturday when it earned 285million nett and collections on Sunday were in the same range, taking the opening weekend to a record 970million nett. The film grossed around 1.75billion in its first weekend worldwide, the second highest opening for a Hindi film after "Dhoom 3".


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The film grossed around 122.5million nett on its first Monday to take its total to 1.09billion in four days. It earned 110million nett on its first Tuesday as the film had a decent hold from Monday in a few circuits, taking its total to a huge 1.20billion nett in five days. "Happy New Year" grossed a huge 1.34billion nett in its first week. The film had a strong weekend and its all India collections were good on Monday and Tuesday but it fell on Wednesday. The huge first week gave the film a massive distributor share of 770million approx.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The film grossed 2.45billion worldwide in its first week which was the fourth highest total ever behind "Dhoom 3", "Kick" and "Chennai Express".


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The Tamil and Telugu versions of the film grossed 11million nett and 26million nett respectively in first week.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: "Happy New Year" had good collections on second Friday of around 45million nett. The film showed huge growth on its second Saturday and Sunday to gross around 67.5million nett and 92.5million nett respectively. "Happy New Year" grossed around 202.5million in second weekend to take its ten-day total to 1.54billion nett. The film grossed around 30million nett on second Monday, 40million nett on second Tuesday and 27.5million nett on second Wednesday. "Happy New Year" grossed around 353.8million nett in its second week to take its total to 1.685billion nett.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: It grossed around 45million nett over its third weekend to take its total to 1.73billion nett. "Happy New Year" grossed around 77.5million nett in week three taking its total to a little over 1.76billion nett.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: "Happy New Year" grossed 15.6million nett in week four and 3.4million nett in week five taking its final total to 1.83billion nett.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Box Office India declared "Happy New Year" a "Super Hit". Its final domestic gross was 295crore (US$million).


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: "Happy New Year" recorded the second highest overseas opening weekend of all time with figures of US$8.1 million (498 million). The film had an all-time record opening in the Gulf, Nepal, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong and Germany.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: In the opening weekend, the film grossed US$2.9 million (178 million) in the Gulf, $2 million (123 million) in US/Canada, £570,000 (56 million) in United Kingdom, A$380,000 (20.5 million) in Australia, and PKR 62 million (US$600,000, INR 37 million) in Pakistan.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: "Happy New Year" took the all-time best ever opening for a Hindi film in Germany as it grossed $94,000 on its first day of release. "Dhoom 3" had grossed $86,000 over the weekend and "My Name Is Khan" was $98,000 over the weekend.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: At the end of its theatrical run overseas, the film earned US$16.71 million (102 crore) in overseas markets. It is one of the highest-grossing Indian films ever in overseas markets.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The film released in China on 12 February 2015. It went on to gross $500,000 () at the Chinese box office.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics in India and overseas. It holds a 57% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews. While the performances of the lead cast, and the humor content received praise, the lack of character development and the 'unoriginal' plot received criticism.


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Rajeev Masand of "CNN-IBN" gave 2.5 stars out of 5, commenting "You'll find yourself chuckling and cringing alternately while watching Happy New Year, in which director Farah Khan skillfully sets up a heist plot against an international dance competition scenario. It's a curious premise, and Farah brings many of the same elements that she applied to good use in Main Hoon Na and Om Shanti Om, namely lots of self-referencing, affectionate nods to 70s Bollywood, and the ability to occasionally laugh at oneself." Anupama Chopra gave 2 out of 5 stars and said "It is frantic, noisy, gaudy and, largely, joyless. Farah takes the framework of the traditional heist movie and bungs in revenge, melodrama, comedy, romance, countless dazzling dance sequences and, as a climactic flourish, a dose of patriotism."


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Saurabh Gupta of "Indian Express" rated the film 2 out of 5 stars calling it a "Mera Bharat Mahan sentiments" type movie, and a cross between an "Ocean's 11"/"12" and "Flashdance". "Rediff" rated the film 2 out of 5 stars, and said "the film plays out like a spoof from the get go, a gigantic lark where nothing is taken seriously". "NDTV" also rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and said that irrespective of earnings at the box office, it "has nothing new to offer". Mihir Fadnavis of "First Post" said that, "the movie looks and feels like a home video project that was intended for appreciation by precisely two people in the entire universe – Farah and Shah Rukh Khan" and appears to be ""Ocean's 11" rewritten by baboons". Rohit Vats of "Hindustan Times" gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars taking on originality, said that "Originality? What's that, ask Farah Khan in "Happy New Year"".


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Shilpa Jamkhandikar of "Reuters" said that the film has liberally borrowed from Hollywood heist films, in particular from Steven Soderbergh's "Ocean's Eleven". "The first half is lighter and genuinely funny at times, but as the second half wears on, the proceedings become monotonous". Lisa Tsering of "The Hollywood Reporter" reviewed film as, "an ambitious musical, a love story and an "Ocean's 11"-style crime caper". Sami Qahar of the "Dawn" gave the film 2.5 out 5 stars and said the film is ""Ocean's Eleven" plus "Italian Job" plus "Step Up" all in one...on cheap shape-deteriorating steroids."


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Bollywood film choreographer Saroj Khan reportedly got upset after being parodied in the film. Farah Khan denied having spoofed Saroj Khan. Farah had earlier allegedly spoofed Manoj Kumar in her 2007 film "Om Shanti Om".


title: Happy New Year (2014 film)

text: Jaya Bachchan described "Happy New Year" as a "nonsensical film" and she said, "I only watched it because Abhishek is in it. I told him that he is a great actor if he can act stupid in front of the camera like that."


title: Mahogany

text: Mahogany is a straight-grained, reddish-brown timber of three tropical hardwood species of the genus "Swietenia", indigenous to the Americas and part of the pantropical chinaberry family, Meliaceae. Mahogany is used commercially for a wide variety of goods, due to its coloring and durable nature. It is naturally found within the Americas, but has also been imported to plantations across Asia and Oceania. The mahogany trade may have begun as early as the 16th century and flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries. In certain countries, mahogany is considered an invasive species.


title: Mahogany

text: While only the three "Swietenia" species are classified officially as "genuine mahogany", other Meliaceae species with timber uses are classified as "true mahogany." Some may or may not have the word mahogany in their trade or common name. Some of these true mahoganies include the African genera "Khaya" (African mahogany) and "Entandrophragma" (sapele mahogany); New Zealand mahogany or kohekohe ("Dysoxylum spectabile"); Chinese mahogany, "Toona sinensis"; Indonesian mahogany, "Toona sureni"; Indian mahogany, "Toona ciliata"; Chinaberry, "Melia azedarach"; Pink Mahogany (or Bosse), "Guarea"; Chittagong (also known as Indian Mahogany), "Chukrasia velutina"; and Crabwood "Carapa guianensis". Some members of the genus "Shorea" (Meranti, Balau, or Lauan) of the family Dipterocarpaceae are also sometimes sold as Philippine mahogany, although the name is more properly applied to another species of Toona, "Toona calantas".


title: Mahogany

text: Mahogany is a commercially important lumber prized for its beauty, durability, and color, and used for paneling and to make furniture, boats, musical instruments and other items. The leading importer of mahogany is the United States, followed by Britain; while the largest exporter today is Peru, which surpassed Brazil after that country banned mahogany exports in 2001. It is estimated that some 80 or 90 percent of Peruvian mahogany exported to the United States is illegally harvested, with the economic cost of illegal logging in Peru placed conservatively at $40–70 million USD annually. It was estimated that in 2000, some 57,000 mahogany trees were harvested to supply the U.S. furniture trade alone.


title: Mahogany

text: Mahogany is the national tree of the Dominican Republic and Belize. A mahogany tree with two woodcutters bearing an axe and a paddle also appears on the Belizean national coat of arms, under the national motto, "Sub umbra floreo", Latin for "under the shade I flourish."


title: Mahogany

text: The specific density of mahogany is 0.55. Mahogany, African: (500–850 kg/m)；Mahogany, Cuban: 660 kg/m；Mahogany, Honduras: 650 kg/m；Mahogany, Spanish: 850 kg/m


title: Mahogany

text: The natural distribution of these species within the Americas is geographically distinct. "S. mahagoni" grows on the West Indian islands as far north as the Bahamas, the Florida Keys and parts of Florida; "S. humilis" grows in the dry regions of the Pacific coast of Central America from south-western Mexico to Costa Rica; "S. macrophylla" grows in Central America from Yucatan southwards and into South America, extending as far as Peru, Bolivia and extreme western Brazil. In the 20th century various botanists attempted to further define "S. macrophylla" in South America as a new species, such as "S. candollei" Pittier and "S. tessmannii" Harms., but many authorities consider these spurious. According to Record and Hess, all of the mahogany of continental North and South America can be considered as one botanical species, "Swietenia macrophylla" King.


title: Mahogany

text: The name "mahogany" was initially associated only with those islands in the West Indies under British control (French colonists used the term "acajou", while in the Spanish territories it was called "caoba"). The origin of the name is uncertain, but it could be a corruption of 'm'oganwo', the name used by the Yoruba and Ibo people of West Africa to describe trees of the genus "Khaya", which is closely related to "Swietenia". When transported to Jamaica as slaves, they gave the same name to the similar trees they saw there. Though this interpretation has been disputed, no one has suggested a more plausible origin. The indigenous Arawak name for the tree is not known. In 1671 the word mahogany appeared in print for the first time, in John Ogilby's "America". Among botanists and naturalists, however, the tree was considered a type of cedar, and in 1759 was classified by Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) as "Cedrela mahagoni". The following year it was assigned to a new genus by Nicholas Joseph Jacquin (1727–1817), and named "Swietenia mahagoni".


title: Mahogany

text: Until the 19th century all of the mahogany was regarded as one species, although varying in quality and character according to soil and climate. In 1836 the German botanist Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini (1797–1848) identified a second species while working on specimens collected on the Pacific coast of Mexico, and named it "Swietenia humilis". In 1886 a third species, "Swietenia macrophylla", was named by Sir George King (1840–1909) after studying specimens of Honduras mahogany planted in the Botanic Gardens in Calcutta, India. Today, all species of "Swietenia" grown in their native locations are listed by CITES, and are therefore protected. Both "Swietenia mahagoni", and "Swietenia macrophylla" were introduced into several Asian countries at the time of the restrictions imposed on American mahogany in the late 1990s and both are now successfully grown and harvested in plantations in those countries. A small percentage of global supply of genuine mahogany comes from these Asian plantations, notably from India, Bangladesh, Indonesia and from Fiji, in Oceania. For "Swietenia macrophylla", the trees in these plantations are still relatively young compared to the trees being harvested from old growth forests in South America. Thus, the illegal trade of bigleaf mahogany continues apace.


title: Mahogany

text: Species of "Swietenia" cross-breed readily when they grow in proximity; the hybrid between "S. mahagoni" and "S. macrophylla" is widely planted for its timber.


title: Mahogany

text: In addition, the U.S. timber trade also markets various other Federal Trade Commission-defined species as "mahoganies" under a variety of different commercial names, most notably "Philippine mahogany", which is actually from the genus "Shorea", a dipterocarp. This wood is also called "Lauan" or "Meranti".


title: Mahogany

text: In the 17th century, the buccaneer John Esquemeling recorded the use of mahogany or cedrela on Hispaniola for making canoes: "The Indians make these canoes without the use of any iron instruments, by only burning the trees at the bottom near the root, and afterwards governing the fire with such industry that nothing is burnt more than what they would have..."


title: Mahogany

text: The wood first came to the notice of Europeans with the beginning of Spanish colonisation in the Americas. A cross in the Cathedral at Santo Domingo, bearing the date 1514, is said to be mahogany, and Philip II of Spain apparently used the wood for the interior joinery of the palace El Escorial, begun in 1584. However, "caoba", as the Spanish called the wood, was principally reserved for shipbuilding, and it was declared a royal monopoly at Havana in 1622. Hence very little of the mahogany growing in Spanish controlled territory found its way to Europe.


title: Mahogany

text: After the French established a colony in Saint Domingue (now Haiti), some mahogany from that island probably found its way to France, where joiners in the port cities of Saint-Malo, Nantes, La Rochelle and Bordeaux used the wood to a limited extent from about 1700. On the English-controlled islands, especially Jamaica and the Bahamas, mahogany was abundant but not exported in any quantity before 1700.


title: Mahogany

text: While the trade in mahogany from the Spanish and French territories in America remained moribund for most of the 18th century, this was not true for those islands under British control. In 1721 the British Parliament removed all import duties from timber imported into Britain from British possessions in the Americas. This immediately stimulated the trade in West Indian timbers including, most importantly, mahogany. Importations of mahogany into England (and excluding those to Scotland, which were recorded separately) reached 525 tons per annum by 1740, 3,688 tons by 1750, and more than 30,000 tons in 1788, the peak year of the 18th century trade.


title: Mahogany

text: At the same time, the 1721 Act had the effect of substantially increasing exports of mahogany from the West Indies to the British colonies in North America. Although initially regarded as a joinery wood, mahogany rapidly became the timber of choice for makers of high quality furniture in both the British Isles and the 13 colonies of North America.


title: Mahogany

text: Until the 1760s over 90 per cent of the mahogany imported into Britain came from Jamaica. Some of this was re-exported to continental Europe, but most was used by British furniture makers. Quantities of Jamaican mahogany also went to the North American colonies, but most of the wood used in American furniture came from the Bahamas. This was sometimes called Providence wood, after the main port of the islands, but more often "madera" or "maderah", which was the Bahamian name for mahogany.


title: Mahogany

text: In addition to Jamaica and Bahamas, all the British controlled islands exported some mahogany at various times, but the quantities were not large. The most significant third source was Black River and adjacent areas on the Mosquito Coast (now Republic of Honduras), from where quantities of mahogany were shipped from the 1740s onwards. This mahogany was known as 'Rattan mahogany', after the island of Ruatan, which was the main offshore entrepot for the British settlers in the area.


title: Mahogany

text: At the end of the Seven Years' War (1756–63), the mahogany trade began to change significantly. During the occupation of Havana by British forces between August 1762 and July 1763, quantities of Cuban or Havanna mahogany were sent to Britain, and after the city was restored to Spain in 1763, Cuba continued to export small quantities, mostly to ports on the north coast of Jamaica, from where it went to Britain. However, this mahogany was regarded as inferior to the Jamaican variety, and the trade remained sporadic until the 19th century.


title: Mahogany

text: Another variety new to the market was Hispaniola mahogany, also called 'Spanish' and 'St Domingo' mahogany. This was the result of the 1766 Free Ports Act, which opened Kingston and other designated Jamaican ports to foreign vessels for the first time. The object was primarily to encourage importations of cotton from French plantations in Saint Domingue, but quantities of high quality mahogany were also shipped. These were then forwarded to Britain, where they entered the market in the late 1760s.


title: Mahogany

text: In terms of quantity, the most significant new addition to the mahogany trade was Honduras mahogany, also called 'baywood', after the Bay of Honduras. British settlers had been active in southern Yucatan since the beginning of the 18th century, despite the opposition of the Spanish, who claimed sovereignty over all of Central America.


title: Mahogany

text: Their main occupation was cutting logwood, a dyewood in high demand in Europe. The center of their activity and the primary point of export was Belize. Under Article XVII of the Treaty of Paris (1763), British cutters were for the first time given the right to cut logwood in Yucatan unmolested, within agreed limits. Such was the enthusiasm of the cutters that within a few years the European market was glutted, and the price of logwood collapsed.


title: Mahogany

text: However, the price of mahogany was still high after the war, and so the cutters turned to cutting mahogany. The first Honduras mahogany arrived in Kingston, Jamaica, in November 1763, and the first shipments arrived in Britain the following year.


title: Mahogany

text: By the 1790s most of the viable stocks of mahogany in Jamaica had been cut, and the market was divided between two principal sources or types of mahogany. Honduras mahogany was relatively cheap, plentiful, but rarely of the best quality. Hispaniola (also called Spanish or Santo Domingo) mahogany was the wood of choice for high quality work.


title: Mahogany

text: Data are lacking, but it is likely that the newly independent United States now received a good proportion of its mahogany from Cuba. In the last quarter of the 18th century France began to use mahogany more widely; they had ample supplies of high quality wood from Saint Domingue. The rest of Europe, where the wood was increasingly fashionable, obtained most of their wood from Britain.


title: Mahogany

text: The French Revolution of 1789 and the wars that followed radically changed the mahogany trade, primarily due to the progressive collapse of the French and Spanish colonial empires, which allowed British traders into areas previously closed to them. Saint Domingue became the independent republic of Haiti, and from 1808, Spanish controlled Santo Domingo and Cuba were both open to British vessels for the first time.


title: Mahogany

text: From the 1820s mahogany from all these areas was imported into Europe and North America, with the lion's share going to Britain. In Central America British loggers moved northwest towards Mexico and south into Guatemala. Other areas of Central America as far south as Panama also began to be exploited.


title: Mahogany

text: The most important new development was the beginning of large scale logging in Mexico from the 1860s. Most mahogany was cut in the province of Tabasco and exported from a number of ports on the Gulf of Campeche, from Vera Cruz eastwards to Campeche and Sisal. By the end of the 19th century there was scarcely any part of Central America within reach of the coast untouched by logging, and activity also extended into Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil.


title: Mahogany

text: Trade in American mahogany probably reached a peak in the last quarter of the 19th century. Figures are not available for all countries, but Britain alone imported more than 80,000 tons in 1875. This figure was not matched again. From the 1880s, African mahogany ("Khaya" spp.), a related genus, began to be exported in increasing quantities from West Africa, and by the early 20th century it dominated the market.


title: Mahogany

text: In 1907 the total of mahogany from all sources imported into Europe was 159,830 tons, of which 121,743 tons were from West Africa. By this time mahogany from Cuba, Haiti and other West Indian sources had become increasingly difficult to obtain in commercial sizes, and by the late 20th century Central American and even South American mahogany was heading in a similar direction. In 1975 "S. humilis" was placed on CITES Appendix II (a list of species that would be in danger of extinction without strict regulation) followed by "S. mahagoni" in 1992. The most abundant species, "S. macrophylla", was placed on Appendix III in 1995 and moved to Appendix II in 2003.


title: Mahogany

text: Mahogany has a straight, fine, and even grain, and is relatively free of voids and pockets. Its reddish-brown color darkens over time, and displays a reddish sheen when polished. It has excellent workability, and is very durable. Historically, the tree's girth allowed for wide boards from traditional mahogany species. These properties make it a favorable wood for crafting cabinets and furniture.


title: Mahogany

text: Much of the first-quality furniture made in the American colonies from the mid 18th century was made of mahogany, when the wood first became available to American craftsmen. Mahogany is still widely used for fine furniture; however, the rarity of Cuban mahogany, the over-harvesting of Honduras and Brazilian mahogany, and the protests by indigenous peoples and environmental organizations from the 1980s into the 2000s, have diminished their use. Recent mahogany production from Mexico and Fiji has a lighter color and density than South American production from the early 20th century.


title: Mahogany

text: Mahogany also resists wood rot, making it attractive in boat construction and outdoor decking. It is a tonewood, often used for musical instruments, particularly the backs, sides and necks of acoustic guitars, electric guitar bodies, and drum shells because of its ability to produce a very deep, warm tone compared to other commonly used woods, such as maple, alder, ash "(Fraxinus)" or spruce. Guitars featuring mahogany in their construction include select Martin Guitars such as the D-18, select Taylor Guitars, select Gibson Guitars such as the Les Paul, SG and J45 and select Hagström guitars. In the 1930s Gibson used the wood to make banjo necks as well, the RB, TB and PB style 3s and RB, TB and PB style 75s were most commonly fitted with mahogany necks.


title: Mahogany

text: In the Philippines, environmentalists are calling for an end to the planting of mahogany because of its negative impact on the environment and wildlife, including possibly causing soil acidification and no net benefit to wildlife.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: Karrueche Tran ( ; born May 17, 1988) is an American actress and model. From 2013 to 2016, she starred as Vivian Johnson in the web series "The Bay". For producing the series, she won two Daytime Emmy Awards. Her return to "The Bay" for its sixth season garnered her the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Daytime Fiction Program at the 2021 Daytime Emmy Awards. Her win made her the first person of Asian Pacific American descent to win an Emmy for Lead Actress or Actor. Tran also starred as Virginia Loc on the TNT series "Claws".


title: Karrueche Tran

text: Tran is a native of Los Angeles, California. She was raised by her Vietnamese mother and Jamaican godmother. Her father is African-American. Tran identifies as Blasian. She has a younger maternal half-brother.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: Tran first attended high school at Fairfax High School before switching schools, graduating from Birmingham High School in 2006.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: Tran began her career in the fashion industry as a personal shopper. From 2009 to 2012, she worked at Nordstrom located at the Westfield Topanga mall in Canoga Park, California. Later, Tran worked as a freelance celebrity stylist in Hollywood. She first gained public attention when she began dating R&B singer Chris Brown in 2011.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: Around that time, Tran began modeling for local brands. She was the face of Lady Crooks, the women's division under the streetwear brand Crooks and Castles for their Summer 2013 collection. She also began working on her own clothing line, The Kill. Tran gained wider prominence after starring as Vivian Johnson on the Emmy award-winning web series "The Bay" from 2013 to 2016. For producing the series, she won three Daytime Emmy Awards.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: In 2014, Tran appeared in volume one of the photography book, "Love West Coast Girls", by celebrity photographer Mike Miller. That same year, she hosted the BET Awards red carpet and multiple events during the official BET Weekend. She had previously co-hosted the BET show "106 & Park". Tran's TV One movie, "The Fright Nite Files", was also screened that year.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: In 2015, Tran was featured in the Spring/Summer lookbook for French-based athletic brand Le Coq Sportif. She also appeared on the covers of several magazines, including "Rolling Out", "Flaunt Magazine", "Ouch Magazine", "The Hundreds", "Cliche Magazine", "Bleu Magazine" and "Annex Magazine", including two feature stories on ELLE.com. Her work led her to a contract with Wilhelmina Models LA in 2015.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: Tran's first featured film, "3-Headed Shark Attack", was released that summer, followed by the lead in the short film "PrXde". She later gained recognition for her performance as Vanessa Ivy in the fashion web series by StyleHaul titled "Vanity," sponsored by the makeup brand Maybelline.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: After supporting roles in "A Weekend with the Family" and "The Nice Guys", Tran landed the lead in "Only for One Night", portraying Chloe, a married woman whose perfect life deals with betrayal when her sister drugs her husband and sleeps with him. All three movies were released in 2016. That same year, she partnered up with ColourPop Cosmetics to release the limited edition cosmetic collaboration, KaePop"."


title: Karrueche Tran

text: After her departure from "The Bay", Tran began co-starring in TNT's "Claws" (2017), a TV series about five diverse manicurists working at the Nail Artisan of Manatee County salon in South Florida. Tran was selected for her ability to bring "a layer [...] that wasn’t one note" to the character, according to showrunner Janine Sherman Barrois.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: In October 2019, it was announced that Tran had joined the cast FOX's "Deputy" in a recurring role playing Genevieve. She returned to "The Bay" in 2020 for its sixth season. In 2021, Tran won the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Daytime Fiction Program, making her the first person of Asian Pacific American descent to win an Emmy.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: In 2022, she became the host of Upcycle Nation, a Fuse TV competition show focused on sustainable fashion.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: Tran began dating R&B singer Chris Brown in November 2010. The couple briefly broke up when Brown reconciled with his ex-girlfriend, singer Rihanna. After the latter's relationship ended, Brown and Tran continued their relationship, but split after it was revealed in March 2015 that Brown had a daughter, Royalty Brown, with Nia Guzman. In February 2017, Tran was granted a temporary 100-yard restraining order against Brown after she accused him of harassing her on social media. After testifying under oath, she was granted a 5-year restraining order against Brown in June 2017.


title: Karrueche Tran

text: Tran is a Christian and has stated: "This is about recognizing my mistakes and learning from them... I own up to all the poor choices I have made and pray for the better. I pray everyday to God to strengthen me as a human and a young lady because I am not fully matured a woman until I turn 40 years old which is terrifically a virtue that I am incredibly honored with Love, to fulfill and thrive to the best of God's ability for my life. I love God and I love Jesus better and they both love me more! "


title: Ranks and insignia of NATO

text: Ranks and insignia of NATO are combined military insignia used by the member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.


title: Ranks and insignia of NATO

text: NATO maintains a "standard rank scale" in an attempt to match every member country's military rank to corresponding ranks used by the other members. The rank categories were established in a 1978 document entitled STANAG 2116 (formally titled "NATO Codes for Grades of Military Personnel").


title: Ranks and insignia of NATO

text: The numbers in the system broadly correspond to the U.S. uniformed services pay grades, with OR-x replacing E-x. The main difference is in the commissioned officer ranks, where the US system recognises two ranks at OF-1 level (O-1 and O-2), meaning that all O-x numbers after O-1 are one point higher on the US scale than they are on the NATO scale (e.g. a major is OF-3 on the NATO scale and O-4 on the US scale).


title: Labrador

text: Labrador ( ) is a geographic and cultural region within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the primarily continental portion of the province and constitutes 71% of the province's area but is home to only 6% of its population. It is separated from the island of Newfoundland by the Strait of Belle Isle. It is the largest and northernmost geographical region in the four Atlantic provinces.


title: Labrador

text: Labrador occupies most of the eastern part of the Labrador Peninsula. It is bordered to the west and south by the province of Quebec. Labrador also shares a small land border with the territory of Nunavut on Killiniq Island.


title: Labrador

text: The indigenous peoples of Labrador include the Northern Inuit of Nunatsiavut, the Southern Inuit-Métis of NunatuKavut, and the Innu of Nitassinan.


title: Labrador

text: Labrador is named after João Fernandes Lavrador, a Portuguese explorer who sailed along the coasts of the Peninsula in 1498–99. in Portuguese means 'farmer' (cognate with 'labourer').


title: Labrador

text: Labrador has a roughly triangular shape that encompasses the easternmost section of the Canadian Shield, a sweeping geographical region of thin soil and abundant mineral resources. Its western border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands that drain into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, while lands that drain into Hudson Bay are part of Quebec. Labrador's extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a short border with Nunavut on Killiniq Island. Labrador also has a maritime border with Greenland. Northern Labrador's climate is classified as polar, while Southern Labrador's climate is classified as subarctic.


title: Labrador

text: Labrador can be divided into four geographical regions: the North Coast, Central Labrador, Western Labrador, and the South Coast. Each of those regions is described below.


title: Labrador

text: From Cape Chidley to Hamilton Inlet, the long, thin, northern tip of Labrador holds the Torngat Mountains, named after an Inuit spirit believed to inhabit them. The mountains stretch along the coast from Port Manvers to Cape Chidley, the northernmost point of Labrador. The Torngat Mountain range is also home to Mount Caubvick, the highest point in the province. This area is predominantly Inuit, with the exception of a small Innu community, Natuashish. The North Coast is the most isolated region of Labrador, with snowmobiles, boats, and planes being the only modern modes of transportation. The largest community in this region is Nain.


title: Labrador

text: Nunatsiavut is an Inuit self-government region in Labrador created on June 23, 2005. The settlement area comprises the majority of Labrador's North Coast, while the land-use area also includes land farther to the interior and in Central Labrador. Nain is the administrative centre.


title: Labrador

text: Central Labrador extends from the shores of Lake Melville into the interior. It contains the Churchill River, the largest river in Labrador and one of the largest in Canada. The hydroelectric dam at Churchill Falls is the second-largest underground power station in the world. Most of the supply is bought by Hydro-Québec under a long-term contract. The Lower Churchill Project will develop the remaining potential of the river and supply it to provincial consumers. Known as "the heart of the Big Land", the area's population comprises people from all groups and regions of Labrador.


title: Labrador

text: Central Labrador is also home to Happy Valley – Goose Bay. Once a refuelling point for plane convoys to Europe during World War II, CFB Goose Bay is now operated as a NATO tactical flight training site. It was an alternate landing zone for the United States' Space Shuttle. Other major communities in the area are North West River and the large Innu reserve known as Sheshatshiu.


title: Labrador

text: The highlands above the Churchill Falls were once an ancient hunting ground for the Innu First Nations and settled trappers of Labrador. After the construction of the hydroelectric dam at Churchill Falls in 1970, the Smallwood Reservoir has flooded much of the old hunting land—submerging several grave sites and trapping cabins in the process.


title: Labrador

text: Western Labrador is also home to the Iron Ore Company of Canada, which operates a large iron ore mine in Labrador City. Together with the small community of Wabush, the two towns are known as "Labrador West".


title: Labrador

text: From Hamilton Inlet to Cape St. Charles/St. Lewis, NunatuKavut is the territory of the NunatuKavummiut or Central-Southern Labrador Inuit (formerly known as the Labrador Métis). It includes portions of Central and Western Labrador, but more NunatuKavummiut reside in its South Coast portion: it is peppered with tiny Inuit fishing communities, of which Cartwright is the largest.


title: Labrador

text: From Cape Charles to the Quebec/Labrador coastal border, the Straits is known for its Labrador sea grass (as is NunatuKavut) and the multitude of icebergs that pass by the coast via the Labrador Current.


title: Labrador

text: Red Bay is known as one of the best examples of a preserved 16th-century Basque whaling station. It is also the location of four 16th-century Spanish galleons. The lighthouse at Point Amour is the second-largest lighthouse in Canada. MV Kamutik, a passenger ferry between the mainland and St. Barbe on the island of Newfoundland, is based in Blanc Sablon, Quebec, near the Labrador border. L'Anse-au-Loup is the largest town on the Labrador Straits. L'Anse-au-Clair is a small town on the Labrador side of the border.


title: Labrador

text: Most of Labrador (from Cartwright north and west) uses Atlantic Time (UTC−4 in winter, UTC−3 in summer). The south eastern tip nearest Newfoundland uses Newfoundland Time (UTC−3:30 in winter, UTC−2:30 in summer) to stay co-ordinated with the more populous part of the province.


title: Labrador

text: Most of Labrador has a subarctic climate (Dfc), but northern Labrador has a tundra climate (ET) and Happy Valley - Goose Bay has a humid continental (Dfb) microclimate. Summers are typically cool to mild across Labrador and very rainy, and usually last from late June to the end of August. Autumn is generally short, lasting only a couple of weeks and is typically cool and cloudy. Winters are long, cold, and extremely snowy, due to the Icelandic Low. Springtime most years does not arrive until late April, with the last snow fall usually falling during early June. Labrador is a very cloudy place, with sunshine levels staying relatively low during spring and summer due to the amount of rain and clouds, before sharply dropping off during September as winter draws nearer.


title: Labrador

text: Labrador is home to a number of flora and fauna species. Most of the Upper Canadian and Lower Hudsonian mammalian species are found in Labrador. Notably the Polar bear () reaches the southeast of Labrador on its seasonal movements.


title: Labrador

text: Early settlement in Labrador was tied to the sea as demonstrated by the Innu (formerly called Montagnais) and Inuit, although these peoples also made significant forays throughout the interior.


title: Labrador

text: It is believed that the Norsemen were the first Europeans to sight Labrador around 1000 AD. The area was known as "Markland" in Greenlandic Norse and its inhabitants were known as the "Skræling".In 1499 and 1500, the Portuguese explorers João Fernandes Lavrador and Pro de Barcelos reached what was probably now Labrador, which is believed to be the origin of its name. Maggiolo's World Map, 1511, shows a solid Eurasian continent running from Scandinavia around the North Pole, including Asia's arctic coast, to Newfoundland-Labrador and Greenland. On the extreme northeast promontory of North America, Maggiolo place-names include "Terra de los Ingres" (Land of the English), and "Terra de Lavorador de rey de portugall" (Land of Lavrador of the King of Portugal). Further south, we notice "Terra de corte real e de rey de portugall" (Land of "Corte-Real" and of the King of Portugal) and "terra de pescaria" (Land for Fishing). In the 1532 Wolfenbüttel map, believed to be the work of Diogo Ribeiro, along the coast of Greenland, the following legend was added: "As he who first sighted it was a farmer from the Azores Islands, this name remains attached to that country." This is believed to be João Fernandes. For the first seven decades or so of the sixteenth century, the name Labrador was sometimes also applied to what we know as Greenland. Labrador ("lavrador" in Portuguese) means husbandman or farmer of a tract of land (from "labor" in Latin) – the land of the labourer. European settlement was largely concentrated in coastal communities, particularly those south of St. Lewis and Cape Charles, and are among Canada's oldest European settlements.


title: Labrador

text: In 1542 Basque mariners came ashore at a natural harbour on the northeast coast of the Strait of Belle Isle. They gave this "new land" its Latin name "Terranova". A whaling station was set up around the bay, which they called "Butus" and is now named Red Bay after the red terracotta roof tiles they brought with them. A whaling ship, the "San Juan", sank there in 1565 and was raised in 1978.


title: Labrador

text: The Moravian Brethren of Herrnhut, Saxony, first came to the Labrador Coast in 1760 to minister to the migratory Inuit tribes there. They founded Nain, Okak, Hebron, Hopedale and Makkovik. Quite poor, both European and First Nations settlements along coastal Labrador came to benefit from cargo and relief vessels that were operated as part of the Grenfell Mission (see Wilfred Grenfell). Throughout the 20th century, coastal freighters and ferries operated initially by the Newfoundland Railway and later Canadian National Railway/CN Marine/Marine Atlantic became a critical lifeline for communities on the coast, which for the majority of that century did not have any road connection with the rest of North America.


title: Labrador

text: Labrador was within New France mostly by 1748. However, the Treaty of Paris (1763) that ended the French and Indian War transferred New France (including Labrador though excluding the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon southwest of Newfoundland) to the British, which administered the area as the Province of Quebec until splitting it in two in 1791, with Labrador located in Lower Canada. However, in 1809 the British Imperial government detached Labrador from Lower Canada for transfer to the separate, self-governing Newfoundland Colony.


title: Labrador

text: As part of Newfoundland since 1809, Labrador was still being disputed by Quebec until the British resolved their border in 1927. In 1949, Newfoundland entered into confederation, becoming part of Canada (see above articles for full information).


title: Labrador

text: Labrador played strategic roles during both World War II and the Cold War. In October 1943, a German U-boat crew installed an automated weather station on the northern tip of Labrador near Cape Chidley, code-named Weather Station Kurt; the installation of the equipment was the only-known armed German military operation on the North American mainland during the war. The station broadcast weather observations to the German navy for only a few days, but was not discovered until 1977 when a historian, working with the Canadian Coast Guard, identified its location and mounted an expedition to recover it. The station is now exhibited in the Canadian War Museum.


title: Labrador

text: The Canadian government built a major air force base at Goose Bay, at the head of Lake Melville during the Second World War, a site selected because of its topography, access to the sea, defensible location, and minimal fog. During the Second World War and the Cold War, the base was also home to American, British, and later German, Dutch, and Italian detachments. Today, Serco, the company contracted to operate CFB Goose Bay is one of the largest employers for the community of Happy Valley-Goose Bay.


title: Labrador

text: Additionally, both the Royal Canadian Air Force and United States Air Force built and operated a number of radar stations along coastal Labrador as part of the Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line and DEW Line systems. Today the remaining stations are automated as part of the North Warning System, however the military settlements during the early part of the Cold War surrounding these stations have largely continued as local Innu and Inuit populations have clustered near their port and airfield facilities.


title: Labrador

text: During the first half of the 20th century, some of the largest iron ore deposits in the world were discovered in the western part of Labrador and adjacent areas of Quebec. Deposits at Mont Wright, Schefferville, Labrador City, and Wabush drove industrial development and human settlement in the area during the second half of the 20th century.


title: Labrador

text: The present community of Labrador West is entirely a result of the iron ore mining activities in the region. The Iron Ore Company of Canada operates the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway to transport ore concentrate south to the port of Sept-Îles, Quebec, for shipment to steel mills in North America and elsewhere.


title: Labrador

text: During the 1960s, the Churchill River (Labrador name: Grand River) was diverted at Churchill Falls, resulting in the flooding of an enormous area – today named the Smallwood Reservoir after Joey Smallwood, the first premier of Newfoundland. The flooding of the reservoir destroyed large areas of habitat for the threatened Woodland Caribou. A hydroelectric generating station was built in Labrador as well as a transmission line to the neighbouring province of Quebec.


title: Labrador

text: Construction of a large hydroelectric dam project at Muskrat Falls began in 2012 by Nalcor Energy and the Province of Newfoundland. Muskrat Falls is 45 km (30 miles) west of Happy Valley-Goose Bay on the Grand River (Newfoundland name: Churchill River). A transmission line began construction in October 2014 and was completed in 2016 that delivers power down to the southern tip of Labrador and underwater across the Strait of Belle Isle to the Province of Newfoundland in 2018.


title: Labrador

text: From the 1970s to early 2000s, the Trans-Labrador Highway was built in stages to connect various inland communities with the North American highway network at Mont Wright, Quebec (which in turn is connected by a highway running north from Baie-Comeau, Quebec). A southern extension of this highway has opened in stages during the early 2000s and is resulting in significant changes to the coastal ferry system in the Strait of Belle Isle and southeastern Labrador. These "highways" are so called only because of their importance to the region; they would be better described as roads, and were not completely paved until July 2022.


title: Labrador

text: A study on a fixed link to Newfoundland, in 2004, recommended that a tunnel under the Strait of Belle Isle, being a single railway that would carry cars, buses and trucks, was technologically the best option for such a link. However, the study also concluded that a fixed link was not economically viable. Conceivably, if built with federal aid, the 1949 terms of union would be amended to remove ferry service from Nova Scotia to Port aux Basques across the Cabot Strait.


title: Labrador

text: Although a highway link has, as of December 2009, been completed across Labrador, this route is somewhat longer than a proposed Quebec North Shore highway that presently does not exist. Part of the "highway", Route 389, starting approximately from Baie-Comeau to , is of an inferior alignment, and from there to , the provincial border, is an accident-prone section notorious for its poor surface and sharp curves. Quebec in April 2009 announced major upgrades to Route 389 to be carried out.


title: Labrador

text: Route 389 and the Trans-Labrador Highway were added to Canada's National Highway System in September 2005.


title: Labrador

text: Labrador constitutes a federal electoral district electing one member to the House of Commons of Canada. Due to its size, distinct nature, and large Aboriginal population, Labrador has one seat despite having the smallest population of any electoral district in Canada. Formerly, Labrador was part of a riding that included part of the Island of Newfoundland. Labrador is divided into four provincial electoral districts in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly.


title: Labrador

text: In 1809 Labrador was transferred from Lower Canada to the Newfoundland Colony, but the inland boundary of Labrador had never been precisely stated. Newfoundland argued it extended to the height of land, while Canada, stressing the historical use of the term "Coasts of Labrador", argued the boundary was inland from the high-tide mark. As Canada and Newfoundland were separate Dominions, but both within the British Empire, the matter was referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London). Their decision set the Labrador boundary mostly along the coastal watershed, with part being defined by the 52nd parallel north. One of Newfoundland's conditions for joining Confederation in 1949 was that this boundary be entrenched in the Canadian constitution. While this border has not been formally accepted by the Quebec government, the Henri Dorion Commission () concluded in the early 1970s that Quebec no longer has a legal claim to Labrador.


title: Labrador

text: In 2001, Parti Québécois cabinet ministers Jacques Brassard and Joseph Facal reasserted that Québec has never recognised the 1927 border:


title: Labrador

text: A Royal Commission in 2002 determined that there is some public pressure from Labradorians to break from Newfoundland and become a separate province or territory.


title: Labrador

text: After decades of negotiation with the provincial and federal governments, the Nunatsiavut region of northern and northeastern Labrador was created in 2005 as an autonomous region with its own elected Assembly and executive drawn from members of the region's Assembly. Some of the Innu nation would have the entirety of Labrador become a homeland for them, much as Nunavut is for the Inuit, as a good portion of Nitassinan falls within Labrador's borders; a 1999 resolution of the Assembly of First Nations claimed Labrador as a homeland for the Innu and demanded recognition in any further constitutional negotiations regarding the region.


title: Labrador

text: Labrador's Innu became status Indians under the Indian Act in 2002. Natuashish became a federal Indian reserve in 2003. Sheshatshiu became a federal reserve in 2006.


title: Labrador

text: The Labrador Inuit Association had filed a land claim for portions of Labradorian land in 1977. In 1988, the Labrador Inuit Association, the government of the province of Newfoundland, and the government of Canada began negotiations based on the land claim. An agreement-in-principle was achieved in 2001, and on May 26, 2004, the agreement was ratified by over 75% of eligible voters subject to the land claim. On January 22, 2005, the Inuit of Nunatsiavut signed the Labrador Inuit Lands Claims Agreement with the federal and provincial governments covering of land, including the entire northern salient of Labrador north of Nain as well as a portion of the Atlantic coast south of there. The agreement also includes of sea rights. Although the Inuit will not own the whole area, they were granted special rights related to traditional land use, and they will own designated Labrador Inuit Lands. The agreement also establishes the Torngat Mountains National Park in the northern area of the land claim. The agreement was ratified by the Labrador Inuit, the General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Parliament of Canada, where it received Royal Assent on June 23, 2005, whereafter elections would be held for the Nunatsiavut Assembly and self-government would begin.


title: Labrador

text: In the late 1970s, the Labrador Metis Association was created by the inhabitants of Labrador's southern coast to gain recognition as a distinct ethnocultural group, as at the time despite a pre-existing treaty protected under the constitution, the "Inuit-Metis" were considered to be merely the descendants of Inuit who had joined Western society. Little was known about the history of the "Inuit-Metis" of the time. In 2006, the Labrador Metis Association initiated a project with Memorial University of Newfoundland to better understand their past through the Community-University Research Association (CURA). Following research by CURA, the "Labrador Metis" were understood to be a continuation of the Inuit of southern Labrador. In 2010, the Labrador Metis Association changed its name to reflect their newly discovered heritage, and became the NunatuKavut Community Council. The Southern Inuit of NunatuKavut, who are also seeking self-government, have their land claim before the Government of Canada. The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador refuses to recognise or negotiate with the Inuit of NunatuKavut until their claim has been accepted by the Government of Canada.


title: Labrador

text: According to the 2011 Census, Labrador was 55.1% White, 18.5% Inuit, 15.6% Metis, and 8.6% First Nations (Innu).


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Kitano rose to prominence in the 1970s as one half of the comedy duo "Two Beat", before going solo and becoming one of the three biggest comedians in the country. After several small acting roles, he made his directorial debut with 1989's "Violent Cop" and garnered international acclaim for "Sonatine" (1993). He was not widely accepted as an accomplished director in Japan until "Hana-bi" won the Golden Lion in 1997. In October 2017, Kitano completed his "Outrage" crime trilogy with the release of "Outrage Coda". He is also known internationally for hosting the game show "Takeshi's Castle" (1986–1990) and starring in the film "Battle Royale" (2000).


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: He has received critical acclaim for his idiosyncratic cinematic work, winning numerous awards with Japanese film critic Nagaharu Yodogawa having once dubbed him "the true successor" to influential filmmaker Akira Kurosawa. Many of Kitano's films are dramas about yakuza gangsters or the police. Described by critics as using an acting style that is highly deadpan or a camera style that approaches near-stasis, Kitano often uses long takes during which little appears to be happening, or editing that cuts immediately to the aftermath of an event. Many of his films express a bleak worldview, but are also filled with humor and affection for their characters.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Takeshi Kitano was born in Adachi, Tokyo, with two older brothers and an older sister. His father worked as a house painter, with Kitano revealing that he used to live like a yakuza, while his mother was a strict disciplinarian and educator who worked in a factory. In his working-class neighborhood, the children looked up to baseball players and yakuza, with many of his neighbors being the latter. Kitano entered Meiji University and studied engineering, before dropping out at age 19. He went to the Asakusa district in 1972 to become a comedian. While working as an elevator operator at the Asakusa France-za strip club, he became an apprentice of its comedian Senzaburo Fukami and eventually the theater's MC.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: In the 1970s, he formed a comedy duo with his friend Nirō Kaneko (also called Kiyoshi Kaneko). They took on the stage names "Beat Takeshi" and "Beat Kiyoshi"; together referring to themselves as . This sort of duo comedy, known as "manzai" in Japan, usually features a great deal of high-speed back-and-forth banter between the two performers. Kiyoshi played the straight man ("tsukkomi") against Takeshi's funny man ("boke"). In 1976, they performed on television for the first time and became a success, propelling their act onto the national stage. The reason for their popularity had much to do with Kitano's material, which was much more risqué than traditional "manzai". The targets of his jokes were often the socially vulnerable, including the elderly, the handicapped, the poor, children, women, the ugly and the stupid. Complaints to the broadcaster led to censorship of some of Kitano's jokes and the editing of offensive dialogue. Kitano confirmed in a video interview that he was forbidden to access the NHK studios for five years for having exposed his body during a show when it was totally forbidden.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Although Two Beat was one of the most successful acts of its kind during the late 1970s and early 1980s, Kitano decided to go solo and the duo was dissolved. Together with Sanma Akashiya and Tamori, Kitano is said to be one of the "" television comedians ("owarai" "tarento") of Japan. Some autobiographical elements relating to his "manzai" career can be found in his 1996 film "Kids Return". Beat Kiyoshi has a bit part in Kitano's 1999 film "Kikujiro", as "Man at the Bus Stop". Kitano had also become a popular television host. "Takeshi's Castle" was a game show hosted by Kitano in the 1980s, featuring slapstick-style physical contests. It was broadcast years later in the United States under the title "Most Extreme Elimination Challenge", with Takeshi renamed "Vic Romano".


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Many of Kitano's routines involved him portraying a gangster or other harsh characters. Kitano said that after playing comedy clubs he would be invited to drink with yakuza, who would tell him stories about the big crime bosses. His first major film role in Nagisa Oshima's "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence" (cast as a tough POW camp sergeant during World War II opposite Tom Conti, Ryuichi Sakamoto and David Bowie). Kitano said that he was happy with his performance and snuck into a showing of the film to see how the audience would accept him as a serious actor instead of a comedian. He was devastated when the audience burst into laughter upon his appearing on screen, but vowed to stick to serious and dark characters in film.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: In 1986, Kitano worked on the Family Computer video game "Takeshi no Chōsenjō" (translated as "Takeshi's Challenge"), as a consultant and partial designer. He was the first Japanese celebrity to actively contribute to the development of a video game and starred in several commercials promoting its release. Due to the title's difficulty and confusing gameplay mechanics, it was placed first in Famitsu magazine's "kusoge" (shit game) ranking, and is often referred to as one of the worst video games of all time. "Takeshi no Chōsenjō" and its development was later the subject of the first episode of "GameCenter CX", a gaming variety show hosted by Osaka comedian Shinya Arino.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: In 1988, he published a memoir, "Asakusa Kid". He has also published a number of novels and other books which have been translated into French. After several other acting roles, mostly comedic, in 1989 he was cast as the lead in "Violent Cop". When director Kinji Fukasaku stepped down over scheduling conflicts with Kitano, due to Kitano's TV commitments, the distributor suggested the comedian direct it at his own pace. He also rewrote the script heavily, and this marked the beginning of Kitano's career as a filmmaker.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Kitano's second film as director and first as screenwriter was "Boiling Point" ("3-4X10 October") released in 1990. Mark Schilling cited it as the film in which Kitano defined his style with long takes, minimal camera movement, brief dialogue, sly humor, and sudden violence.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Kitano's third film, "A Scene at the Sea", was released in 1991. It follows a deaf garbage collector who is determined to learn how to surf after discovering a broken surfboard. Kitano's more delicate, romantic side came to the fore here, along with his trademark deadpan approach. The film garnered numerous nominations and awards, including Best Film at the prestigious Blue Ribbon Awards. It also started a long-running collaboration with composer Joe Hisaishi, which would last until 2002.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Although 1993's "Sonatine" did poorly in Japan, it received rave reviews in Europe when it was shown at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival. Kitano plays a Tokyo yakuza who is sent by his boss to Okinawa to help end a gang war there. He is tired of gangster life, and when he finds out the whole mission is a ruse, he welcomes what comes with open arms. All four of his films were screened at the 1994 London Film Festival.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: In August 1994, Kitano was involved in a motorscooter accident and suffered injuries that caused partial paralysis of the right-side of his face. As reported by Dan Edwards, Kitano later said that the accident was an "unconscious suicide attempt". Kitano made "Kids Return" in 1996, soon after his recovery.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: The 1995 release of "Getting Any?" ("Minna Yatteruka!"), which was filmed before the accident, showed Kitano returning to his comedy roots. This "Airplane!"-like assemblage of comedic scenes, all centering loosely around a Walter Mitty-type character trying to have sex in a car, met with little acclaim in Japan. Much of the film satirizes popular Japanese culture, such as "Ultraman" or "Godzilla" and even the Zatoichi character that Kitano himself would go on to play eight years later. That year Kitano also appeared in the film adaptation of William Gibson's 1995 "Johnny Mnemonic", credited by the mononym "Takeshi", although his on-screen time was greatly reduced for the American cut of the film.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: After his motorscooter accident, Kitano took up painting. His paintings have been published in books, featured in gallery exhibitions, and adorn the covers of many of the soundtrack albums for his films. His paintings were featured prominently in his most critically acclaimed film, 1997's "Hana-bi". Although for years already Kitano's largest audience had been the foreign arthouse crowd, "Hana-bi" cemented his status internationally as one of Japan's foremost modern filmmakers. Although it was not a big success financially, it won the Golden Lion award at the 1997 Venice Film Festival. Kitano himself said it was not until he won this award that he was accepted as a serious director in Japan; prior his films were looked at as just the hobby of a famous comedian.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Among his most significant acting roles were Nagisa Oshima's 1999 film "Taboo", in which he played Captain Hijikata Toshizo of the Shinsengumi. "Kikujiro", released in 1999 and named after his father, was a semi-comedy featuring Kitano as a ne'er-do-well crook who winds up paired up with a young boy looking for his mother, and goes on a series of misadventures with him.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: He hosted "Koko ga Hen da yo Nihonjin" (English translation, "This doesn't make sense, Japanese people!") which was a Japanese TV show that was broadcast weekly from 1998 to 2002, a talk show on which a large panel of Japanese-speaking foreigners from around the world debate current issues in Japanese society. He currently hosts "Unbelievable", which was relaunched in 2001, and the weekly television program "Beat Takeshi's TV Tackle". "TV Tackle" is a kind of panel discussion among entertainers and politicians regarding controversial current events. Another of his shows is "Sekai Marumie TV" ("The World Exposed"), a weekly collection of various interesting video clips from around the world, often focusing on the weird aspects of other countries. On this show, he plays a childlike idiot, insulting the guests, and usually appearing wearing strange costumes during the show.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Kitano played a similarly named character in the controversial 2000 Japanese blockbuster "Battle Royale", which takes place in a future in which a group of teenagers are randomly selected each year to eliminate each other on a deserted island.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: His 2000 film "Brother" was deliberately intended to be a hit abroad. Shot in Los Angeles, it starred Kitano as a deposed and exiled Tokyo yakuza setting up a drug empire in Los Angeles with the aid of a local gangster played by Omar Epps. However, the film met with tepid international response. Although in Japan it did better financially than "Hana-bi". "Dolls" in 2002 had Kitano directing but not starring in a romantic drama with three different stories about undying love, and was loosely based on a bunraku play.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Following the disappointing response to the film "Brother" and the film "Dolls", Kitano received a sequence of unsympathetic reviews from the press in the United States. Criticism was less severe in Europe and Asia though many commentators were not as lavish with their praise as they had been with his previous films. 2003's "Zatōichi", directed by and starring Kitano, silenced many of these dissenters. With a new take on the character from Shintaro Katsu's long-running film and TV series, "Zatōichi" was Kitano's biggest box office success in Japan, did quite well in limited release across the world, and won countless awards at home and abroad, including the Silver Lion award at the Venice Film Festival. Kitano revealed that he was approached by others to create the film and therefore differed from his own techniques and followed the common filmmaking process in order to please them and make a pure-entertainment film.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: From April 2005 to 2008, Kitano was an instructor at the Graduate School of Visual Arts, Tokyo University of the Arts.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Kitano's film, "Takeshis'" was released in Japan in November 2005, as the first installment in his surrealist autobiographical series. This was followed in 2007, by his second surrealist autobiographical film "Glory to the Filmmaker!" (appearing as Beat Takeshi), and a third in 2008, titled "Achilles and the Tortoise". In between these films, Kitano appeared in a number of other television projects and smaller projects. In 2007 he appeared in "Dots and Lines" (a TV mini-series) as Jūtarō Torikai. Also in 2007, Kitano appeared in "To Each His Own Cinema" as the projectionist (in the segment "Rencontre unique") as Beat Takeshi, and in the TV movie "Wada Akiko Satsujin Jiken". In 2008, he did the voice-over in "The Monster X Strikes Back: Attack the G8 Summit", for Take-Majin, a heroic monster based on Kitano.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: In 2010, the Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain in Paris held a one-man show displaying his paintings and installations. A room in the basement played a 12-hour loop of his work as a TV host.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Kitano's 2010 film "Outrage" was screened at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. He admitted he tried something different for "Outrage" by adding a lot of dialogue, stepping back as the main character to make an ensemble piece, and having the feel of a nature documentary watching the characters kill each other. A sequel, 2012's "Outrage Beyond", was screened in competition at the 69th Venice International Film Festival. He also appeared in Yasuo Furuhata's 2012 film, "Dearest". In September 2012, Takeshi Kitano said that the producers wanted him to make a third "Outrage" film depending on the box office. On 7 March 2013, "Minkei News" of Hong Kong reported that Kitano won the Best Director award for "Outrage Beyond" at the 7th Asian Film Awards in Hong Kong.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: On 10 August 2013, in an interview reported by John Bleasdale, Kitano revealed his current plans for a sequel to "Outrage Beyond" and an untitled personal film project. As Kitano stated, "Ideally what would happen would be this: "Outrage Beyond" becomes a huge hit, so huge that my producer allows me to make one film I really want to do and then come back to the sequel after I've made the film I really want to do."


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: In September 2015, it was announced that Kitano would be contributing his voice and likeness to the character Toru Hirose in the SEGA video game "". This collaboration marked Kitano's first involvement with the video game industry in 30 years since the 1986 release of "Takeshi no Chōsenjō".


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Takeshi co-starred in the live action adaptation of the manga "Ghost in the Shell", marking his return to American cinema nearly twenty years after "Johnny Mnemonic" in 1995. Although he has expressed his dislike of anime and manga in the past, he accepted the role because "even though this stylish piece of entertainment is totally different from the films I've directed, I thought it was interesting that Aramaki, the role I play, is a character who gives off a peculiar vibe and, in various episodes, is set at the core of the characters' relationships. I'm looking forward to see how the movie turns out."


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: In 2017, Kitano released the third and final installment in the successful "Outrage" series titled "Outrage Coda".


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: Kitano won the Golden Lion award at the 54th Venice International Film Festival in 1997 for his film "Hana-bi". In 2008, at the 30th Moscow International Film Festival, Kitano was given the Lifetime Achievement Award. In March 2010 Kitano was named a Commander of the Order of the Arts and Letters of France. On the 29th of April 2022 he received the Golden Mulberry Lifetime Achievement Award at the 24th Far East International Film Festival of Udine 2022, in Italy.


title: Takeshi Kitano

text: On March 2018 Kitano left Office Kitano in order to become independent. Following this the company changed its name to TAP on January 1, 2020.


title: Ammit

text: Ammit (; , "devourer of the dead"; also rendered Ammut or Ahemait) was a goddess in ancient Egyptian religion with the forequarters of a lion, the hindquarters of a hippopotamus, and the head of a crocodile—the three largest "man-eating" animals known to ancient Egyptians. A funerary deity, her titles included "Devourer of the Dead", "Eater of Hearts", and "Great of Death".


title: Ammit

text: Ammit lived near the scales of justice in Duat, the Egyptian underworld. In the Hall of Two Truths, Anubis weighed the heart of a person against the feather of Ma'at, the goddess of truth, which was depicted as an ostrich feather (the feather was often pictured in Ma'at's headdress). If the heart was judged to be impure, Ammit would devour it, and the person undergoing judgment was not allowed to continue their voyage towards Osiris and immortality. Once Ammit swallowed the heart, the soul was believed to become restless forever; this was called "to die a second time". Ammit was also sometimes said to stand by a lake of fire. In some traditions, the unworthy hearts were cast into the fiery lake to be destroyed. Some scholars believe Ammit and the lake represent the same concept of destruction.


title: Ammit

text: Ammit is commonly depicted with the head of a crocodile, the front legs and upper body of a lion (sometimes also depicted as the upper body of a leopard or a tiger), and the back legs and lower body of a hippopotamus. The combination of these three deadly predators suggests that no evil soul can escape Ammit's annihilation. Ammit has also been depicted with other Egyptian gods weighing the heart of a person after they have passed, and this is where the destiny of a person is decided. If a person is deemed evil, Ammit will destroy the heart and the person is annihilated.


title: Ammit

text: Saba Mubarak portrays Ammit in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series "Moon Knight" (2022).


title: Ammit

text: In Primeval Ammit was a Pristichampsus that came through a Anomaly a gateway in time to ancient Egypt and ancient Egyptians believed they were gods.


title: Assumption of Mary

text: The Assumption of Mary is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Pope Pius XII defined it in 1950 in his apostolic constitution "Munificentissimus Deus" as follows:


title: Assumption of Mary

text: We proclaim and define it to be a dogma revealed by God that the immaculate Mother of God, Mary ever virgin, when the course of her earthly life was finished, was taken up body and soul into the glory of heaven.


title: Assumption of Mary

text: The declaration was built upon the 1854 dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, which declared that Mary was conceived free from original sin, and both have their foundation in the concept of Mary as the Mother of God. It leaves open the question of whether Mary died or whether she was raised to eternal life without bodily death.


title: Assumption of Mary

text: The equivalent belief (but not held as dogma) in the Eastern Orthodox Church is the Dormition of the Mother of God or the "Falling Asleep of the Mother of God".


title: Assumption of Mary

text: In some versions of the assumption narrative, the assumption is said to have taken place in Ephesus, in the House of the Virgin Mary. This is a much more recent and localized tradition. The earliest traditions say that Mary's life ended in Jerusalem ("see "Mary's Tomb""). By the 7th century, a variation emerged, according to which one of the apostles, often identified as Thomas the Apostle, was not present at the death of Mary but his late arrival precipitates a reopening of Mary's tomb, which is found to be empty except for her grave clothes. In a later tradition, Mary drops her girdle down to the apostle from heaven as testament to the event. This incident is depicted in many later paintings of the Assumption.


title: Assumption of Mary

text: Teaching of the Assumption of Mary became widespread across the Christian world, having been celebrated as early as the 5th century and having been established in the East by Emperor Maurice around AD 600. John Damascene records the following:


title: Assumption of Mary

text: Some scholars argue that the Dormition and Assumption traditions can be traced early in church history in apocryphal books, with Shoemaker stating, Scholars of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum "argued that during or shortly after the apostolic age a group of Jewish Christians in Jerusalem preserved an oral tradition about the end of the Virgin’s life." Thus, by pointing to oral tradition, they argued for the historicity of the assumption and Dormition narratives. However, Shoemaker notes they fail to take into account the various "strikingly diverse traditions" that the Assumption seems to come from, mainly, "a great variety of original types", rather than "a single unified tradition". Regardless, Shoemaker states even those scholars note "belief in the Virgin's Assumption is the final dogmatic development, rather than the point of origin, of these traditions".


title: Assumption of Mary

text: According to Stephen J. Shoemaker, the first known narrative to address the end of Mary's life and her assumption is the apocryphal third- and possibly second-century, "Liber Requiei Mariae" ("Book of Mary's Repose"). Shoemaker asserts that "this earliest evidence for the veneration of Mary appears to come from a markedly heterodox theological milieu"


title: Assumption of Mary

text: Other early sources, less suspect in their content, also contain the assumption. "The Dormition/Assumption of Mary" (attributed to John the Theologian or "Pseudo-John"), another anonymous narrative, is possibly dated to the fourth century, but is dated by Shoemaker as later. The "Six Books Dormition Apocryphon", dated to the early fourth century, likewise speaks of the Assumption. "Six Books Dormition Apocryphon" was perhaps associated with the Collyridians who were condemned by Epiphanius of Salamis "for their excessive devotion to the Virgin Mary,"


title: Assumption of Mary

text: Shoemaker mentions that "the ancient narratives are neither clear nor unanimous in either supporting or contradicting the dogma" of the assumption.


title: Assumption of Mary

text: In accordance with Stephen J. Shoemaker "there is no evidence of any tradition concerning Mary’s Dormition and Assumption from before the fifth century. The only exception to this is Epiphanius’ unsuccessful attempt to uncover a tradition of the end of Mary’s life towards the end of the fourth century." The New Testament is silent regarding the end of her life, the early Christians produced no accounts of her death, and in the late 4th century Epiphanius of Salamis wrote he could find no authorized tradition about how her life ended. Nevertheless, although Epiphanius could not decide on the basis of biblical or church tradition whether Mary had died or remained immortal, his indecisive reflections suggest that some difference of opinion on the matter had already arisen in his time, and he identified three beliefs concerning her end: that she died a normal and peaceful death; that she died a martyr; and that she did not die. Even more, in another text Epiphanius stated that Mary was like Elijah because she never died but was assumed like him.


title: Assumption of Mary

text: Notable later apocrypha that mention the Assumption include "De Obitu S. Dominae" and "De Transitu Virginis", both probably from the 5th century, with further versions by Dionysius the Areopagite, and Gregory of Tours, among others. The "Transitus Mariae" was considered as apocrypha in a 6th-century work called "Decretum Gelasianum", but by the early 8th century the belief was so well established that John of Damascus could set out what had become the standard Eastern tradition, that "Mary died in the presence of the Apostles, but that her tomb, when opened, upon the request of St Thomas, was found empty; wherefrom the Apostles concluded that the body was taken up to heaven."


title: Assumption of Mary

text: "Euthymiac History", from sixth century, contains one of the earliest reference to the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary.


title: Assumption of Mary

text: The Feast of the Dormition, imported from the East, arrived in the West in the early 7th century, its name changing to Assumption in some 9th century liturgical calendars. In the same century Pope Leo IV (reigned 847–855) gave the feast a vigil and an octave to solemnise it above all others, and Pope Nicholas I (858–867) placed it on a par with Christmas and Easter, tantamount to declaring Mary's translation to Heaven as important as the Incarnation and Resurrection of Christ. In the 10th century the German nun Elisabeth of Schönau was reportedly granted visions of Mary and her son which had a profound influence on the Western Church's tradition that Mary was assumed in body and soul into Heaven, and Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) declared it "a probable opinion, which to deny were impious and blasphemous".