title: Artificial general intelligence

text: The thesis that AI poses an existential risk for humans, and that this risk needs much more attention than it currently gets, has been endorsed by many public figures; perhaps the most famous are Elon Musk, Bill Gates, and Stephen Hawking. The most notable AI researcher to endorse the thesis is Stuart J. Russell, but many others, like Roman Yampolskiy and Alexey Turchin, also support the basic thesis of a potential threat to humanity. Endorsers of the thesis sometimes express bafflement at skeptics: Gates states he does not "understand why some people are not concerned", and Hawking criticized widespread indifference in his 2014 editorial:


title: Artificial general intelligence

text: A 2021 systematic review of the risks associated with AGI conducted by researchers from the Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems of the University of the Sunshine Coast in Australia, while noting the paucity of data, found the following potential threats: "AGI removing itself from the control of human owners/managers, being given or developing unsafe goals, development of unsafe AGI, AGIs with poor ethics, morals and values; inadequate management of AGI, and existential risks.


title: Artificial general intelligence

text: Many of the scholars who are concerned about existential risk believe that the best way forward would be to conduct (possibly massive) research into solving the difficult "control problem" to answer the question: what types of safeguards, algorithms, or architectures can programmers implement to maximize the probability that their recursively-improving AI would continue to behave in a friendly, rather than destructive, manner after it reaches superintelligence? Solving the control problem is complicated by the AI arms race, which will almost certainly see the militarization and weaponization of AGI by more than one nation-state, i.e., resulting in AGI-enabled warfare, and in the case of AI misalignment, AGI-directed warfare, potentially against all humanity.


title: Artificial general intelligence

text: The thesis that AI can pose existential risk also has many strong detractors. Skeptics sometimes charge that the thesis is crypto-religious, with an irrational belief in the possibility of superintelligence replacing an irrational belief in an omnipotent God; at an extreme, Jaron Lanier argues that the whole concept that current machines are in any way intelligent is "an illusion" and a "stupendous con" by the wealthy.


title: Artificial general intelligence

text: Much of existing criticism argues that AGI is unlikely in the short term. Computer scientist Gordon Bell argues that the human race will destroy itself before it reaches the technological singularity. Gordon Moore, the original proponent of Moore's Law, declares that "I am a skeptic. I don't believe [a technological singularity] is likely to happen, at least for a long time. And I don't know why I feel that way." Former Baidu Vice President and Chief Scientist Andrew Ng states AI existential risk is "like worrying about overpopulation on Mars when we have not even set foot on the planet yet."


title: Pythia

text: Pythia (; ) was the name of the high priestess of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. She specifically served as its oracle and was known as the Oracle of Delphi. Her title was also historically glossed in English as the Pythoness.


title: Pythia

text: The name "Pythia" is derived from "Pytho", which in myth was the original name of Delphi. Etymologically, the Greeks derived this place name from the verb () "to rot", which refers to the sickly sweet smell from the decomposing body of the monstrous Python after it was slain by Apollo.


title: Pythia

text: The Pythia was established at the latest in the 8th century BC, (though some estimates date the shrine to as early as 1400 BC), and was widely credited for her prophecies uttered under divine possession (enthusiasmos) by Apollo. The Pythian priestess emerged pre-eminent by the end of the 7th century BC and continued to be consulted until the late 4th century AD. During this period, the Delphic Oracle was the most prestigious and authoritative oracle among the Greeks, and she was among the most powerful women of the classical world. The oracle is one of the best-documented religious institutions of the classical Greeks. Authors who mention the oracle include Aeschylus, Aristotle, Clement of Alexandria, Diodorus, Diogenes, Euripides, Herodotus, Julian, Justin, Livy, Lucan, Nepos, Ovid, Pausanias, Pindar, Plato, Plutarch, Sophocles, Strabo, Thucydides, and Xenophon.


title: Pythia

text: Nevertheless, details of how the Pythia operated are scarce, missing, or non-existent entirely, as authors from the classical period (6th to 4th centuries BC) treat the process as common knowledge with no need to explain. Those who discussed the oracle in any detail are from 1st century BC to 4th century AD and give conflicting stories. One of the main stories claimed that the Pythia delivered oracles in a frenzied state induced by vapours rising from a chasm in the rock, and that she spoke gibberish which priests interpreted as the enigmatic prophecies and turned them into poetic dactylic hexameters preserved in Greek literature. This idea, however, has been challenged by scholars such as Joseph Fontenrose and Lisa Maurizio, who argue that the ancient sources uniformly represent the Pythia speaking intelligibly, and giving prophecies in her own voice. Herodotus, writing in the fifth century BC, describes the Pythia speaking in dactylic hexameters.


title: Pythia

text: The Delphic oracle may have been present in some form from 1400 BC, in the middle period of Mycenaean Greece (1600–1100 BC). There is evidence that Apollo took over the shrine with the arrival of priests from Delos in the 8th century, from an earlier dedication to Gaia.


title: Pythia

text: The 8th-century reformulation of the Oracle at Delphi as a shrine to Apollo seems associated with the rise in importance of the city of Corinth and the importance of sites in the Corinthian Gulf.


title: Pythia

text: The earliest account of the origin of the Delphic oracle is provided in the Homeric Hymn to Delphic Apollo, which recent scholarship dates within a narrow range, c. 580–570 BC. It describes in detail how Apollo chose his first priests, whom he selected in their "swift ship"; they were "Cretans from Minos' city of Knossos" who were voyaging to sandy Pylos. But Apollo, who had "Delphinios" as one of his cult epithets, leapt into the ship in the form of a dolphin ("delphys", gen. "delphinos"). Dolphin-Apollo revealed himself to the terrified Cretans and bade them follow him up to the "place where you will have rich offerings". The Cretans "danced in time and followed, singing "Iē Paiēon", like the paeans of the Cretans in whose breasts the divine Muse has placed "honey-voiced singing". ""Paean"" seems to have been the name by which Apollo was known in Mycenaean times.


title: Pythia

text: G. L. Huxley observes: "If the hymn to (Delphic) Apollo conveys a historical message, it is above all that there were once Cretan priests at Delphi." Robin Lane Fox notes that Cretan bronzes are found at Delphi from the eighth century onwards, and Cretan sculptures are dedicated as late as c. 620–600 BC: "Dedications at the site cannot establish the identity of its priesthood, but for once we have an explicit text to set beside the archaeological evidence." An early visitor to these "dells of Parnassus", at the end of the eighth century, was Hesiod, who was shown the "omphalos".


title: Pythia

text: There are many later stories of the origins of the Delphic Oracle. One late explanation, which is first related by the 1st century BC writer Diodorus Siculus, tells of a goat herder named Coretas, who noticed one day that one of his goats, who fell into a crack in the earth, was behaving strangely. On entering the chasm, he found himself filled with a divine presence and the ability to see outside of the present, into the past and the future. Excited by his discovery, he shared it with nearby villagers. Many started visiting the site to experience the convulsions and inspirational trances, though some were said to disappear into the cleft due to their frenzied state. A shrine was erected at the site, where people began worshipping in the late Bronze Age, by 1600 BC. After the deaths of a number of men, the villagers chose a single young woman as the liaison for the divine inspirations. Eventually, she came to speak on behalf of the gods.


title: Pythia

text: According to earlier myths, the office of the oracle was initially possessed by the goddesses Themis and Phoebe, and the site was initially sacred to Gaia. Subsequently, it was believed to be sacred to Poseidon, the god of earthquakes. During the Greek Dark Age, from the 11th to the 9th century BC, a new god of prophecy, Apollo, was said to have seized the temple and expelled the twin guardian serpents of Gaia, whose bodies he wrapped around the caduceus. Later myths stated that Phoebe or Themis had "given" the site to Apollo, rendering its seizure by priests of the new god justified, but presumably having to retain the priestesses of the original oracle because of the long tradition. It is possible that the myths portray Poseidon as mollified by the gift of a new site in Troizen.


title: Pythia

text: Diodorus explained how, initially, the Pythia was an appropriately clad young virgin, for great emphasis was placed on the Oracle's chastity and purity to be reserved for union with the god Apollo. But he reports one story as follows:


title: Pythia

text: The scholar Martin Litchfield West writes that the Pythia shows many traits of shamanistic practices, likely inherited or influenced from Central Asian practices, although there is no evidence of any such association at this time. He cites the Pythia sitting in a cauldron on a tripod, while making her prophecies in an ecstatic trance state, like shamans, and her utterings unintelligible.


title: Pythia

text: The tripod was perforated with holes, and as she inhaled the vapors, her figure would seem to enlarge, her hair stood on end, her complexion changed, her heart panted, her bosom swelled, and her voice became seemingly more than human.


title: Pythia

text: Since the first operation of the oracle of the Temple of Delphi, it was believed that the god lived within a laurel (his holy plant) and gave oracles for the future with the rustling of the leaves. It was also said that the art of divination had been taught to the god by the three winged sisters of Parnassus, the Thriae, at the time when Apollo was grazing his cattle there. The Thriae used to have a Kliromanteion (oracle by lot) in that area in the past and it is possible that such was the first oracle of Delphi, i.e. using the lot (throwing lots in a container and pulling a lot, the color and shape of which were of particular importance). Three oracles had successively operated in Delphi – the chthonion using "egkoimisi" ( a procedure that involved sleeping in the Holy place, so as to see a revealing dream), the Kliromanteion and finally the Apollonian, with the laurel. But ever since the introduction of the cult of Dionysus at Delphi, the god that brought his followers into ecstasy and madness, the Delphic god gave oracles through Pythia, who also fell into a trance under the influence of vapors and fumes coming from the opening, the inner sanctum of the Oracle. Pythia sat on top of a tall gilded tripod that stood above the opening. In the old days, Pythia was a virgin, young girl, but after Echecrates of Thessaly kidnapped and violated a young and beautiful Pythia in the late 3rd century BC, a woman older than fifty years old was chosen, who dressed and wore jewelry to resemble a young maiden girl. According to tradition, Phemonoe was the first Pythia.


title: Pythia

text: Though little is known of how the priestess was chosen, the Pythia was probably selected, at the death of her predecessor, from amongst a guild of priestesses of the temple. These women were all natives of Delphi and were required to have had a sober life and be of good character. Although some were married, upon assuming their role as the Pythia, the priestesses ceased all family responsibilities, marital relations, and individual identity. In the heyday of the oracle, the Pythia may have been a woman chosen from an influential family, well educated in geography, politics, history, philosophy, and the arts. During later periods, however, uneducated peasant women were chosen for the role, which may explain why the poetic pentameter or hexameter prophecies of the early period were later made only in prose. Often, the priestess's answers to questions would be put into hexameter by a priest. The archaeologist John Hale reports that:


title: Pythia

text: The job of a priestess, especially the Pythia, was a respectable career for Greek women. Priestesses enjoyed many liberties and rewards for their social position, such as freedom from taxation, the right to own property and attend public events, a salary and housing provided by the state, a wide range of duties depending on their affiliation, and often gold crowns.


title: Pythia

text: During the main period of the oracle's popularity, as many as three women served as Pythia, another vestige of the triad, with two taking turns in giving prophecy and another kept in reserve. Only one day of the month could the priestess be consulted.


title: Pythia

text: Plutarch said that the Pythia's life was shortened through the service of Apollo. The sessions were said to be exhausting. At the end of each period the Pythia would be like a runner after a race or a dancer after an ecstatic dance, which may have had a physical effect on the health of the Pythia.


title: Pythia

text: Several other officiants served the oracle in addition to the Pythia. After 200 BC, at any given time, there were two priests of Apollo, who were in charge of the entire sanctuary; Plutarch, who served as a priest during the late first century and early second century CE, gives us the most information about the organization of the oracle at that time. Before 200 BC, while the temple was dedicated to Apollo, there was probably only one priest of Apollo. Priests were chosen from among the main citizens of Delphi, and were appointed for life. In addition to overseeing the oracle, priests would also conduct sacrifices at other festivals of Apollo, and had charge of the Pythian Games. Earlier arrangements, before the temple became dedicated to Apollo, are not documented.


title: Pythia

text: The other officiants associated with the oracle are less well known. These are the hosioi ("ὅσιοι", "holy ones") and the prophētai ("προφῆται", singular "prophētēs"). "Prophētēs" is the origin of the English word "prophet", with the meaning "one who forespeaks", "one who foretells". The "prophetai" are referred to in literary sources, but their function is unclear; it has been suggested that they interpreted the Pythia's prophecies, or even reformatted her utterances into verse, but it has also been argued that the term "prophētēs" is a generic reference to any cult officials of the sanctuary, including the Pythia. There were five "hosioi", whose responsibilities are unknown, but may have been involved in some manner with the operation of the oracle.


title: Pythia

text: In the traditions associated with Apollo, the oracle only gave prophecies during the nine warmest months of each year. During winter months, Apollo was said to have deserted his temple, his place being taken by his divine half-brother Dionysus, whose tomb was also within the temple. It is not known whether the Oracle participated with the Dionysian rites of the Maenads or Thyades in the Korykion cave on Mount Parnassos, although Plutarch informs us that his friend Clea was both a Priestess to Apollo and to the secret rites of Dionysus. The male priests seem to have had their own ceremonies to the dying and resurrecting god. Apollo was said to return at the beginning of spring, on the 7th day of the month of Bysios, his birthday. This would reiterate the absences of the great goddess Demeter in winter also, which would have been a part of the earliest traditions.


title: Pythia

text: Once a month, thereafter, the oracle would undergo "purification" rites, including fasting, to ceremonially prepare the Pythia for communications with the divine. On the seventh day of each month, she would be led by two attended oracular priests, with her face veiled in purple. A priest would then declaim:


title: Pythia

text: The Pythia would then bathe naked in the Castalian Spring, then drink the holier waters of the Cassotis, which flowed closer to the temple, where a naiad possessing magical powers was said to live. Euripides described this ritual purification ceremony, starting first with the priest Ion dancing on the highest point of Mount Parnassus, going about his duties within the temple, and sprinkling the temple floor with holy water. The purification ceremonies always were performed on the seventh day of the month, which was sacred to and associated with the god Apollo. Then, escorted by the Hosioi, an aristocratic council of five, with a crowd of oracular servants, they would arrive at the temple. Consultants, carrying laurel branches sacred to Apollo, approached the temple along the winding upward course of the Sacred Way, bringing a young goat kid for "sacrifice" in the forecourt of the temple, and a monetary fee.


title: Pythia

text: Inscribed on a column in the pronaos (forecourt) of the temple were an enigmatic "E" and three maxims:


title: Pythia

text: These seem to have played an important part in the temple ritual. According to Plutarch's essay on the meaning of the "E at Delphi" (the only literary source for the E inscription), there have been various interpretations of this letter. In ancient times, the origin of these phrases was attributed to one or more of the Seven Sages of Greece.


title: Pythia

text: Pythia would then remove her purple veil. She would wear a short plain white dress. At the temple fire to Hestia, a live goat kid would be set in front of the Altar and sprinkled with water. If the kid trembled from the hooves upward it was considered a good omen for the oracle, but if it did not, the enquirer was considered to have been rejected by the god and the consultation was terminated. The goat was then slaughtered and upon sacrifice, the animal's organs, particularly its liver, were examined to ensure the signs were favourable, and then burned outside on the altar of Chios. The rising smoke was a signal that the oracle was open. The Oracle then descended into the "adyton" (Greek for "inaccessible") and mounted her tripod seat, holding laurel leaves and a dish of Kassotis spring water into which she gazed. Nearby was the omphalos (Greek for "navel"), which was flanked by two solid gold eagles representing the authority of Zeus, and the cleft from which emerged the sacred pneuma.


title: Pythia

text: Petitioners drew lots to determine the order of admission, but representatives of a city-state or those who brought larger donations to Apollo were secured a higher place in line. Each person approaching the oracle was accompanied with a "proxenos" specific to the state of the petitioner, whose job was to identify the citizen of their "polis". This service, too, was paid for.


title: Pythia

text: Plutarch describes the events of one session in which the omens were ill-favored, but the Oracle was consulted nonetheless. The priests proceeded to receive the prophecy, but the result was a hysterical uncontrollable reaction from the priestess that resulted in her death a few days later.


title: Pythia

text: At times when the Pythia was not available, consultants could obtain guidance by asking simple yes-or-no questions to the priests. A response was returned through the tossing of colored beans, one color designating "yes", another "no". Little else is known of this practice.


title: Pythia

text: Between 535 and 615 of the Oracles (statements) of Delphi are known to have survived since classical times, of which over half are said to be accurate historically (see List of oracular statements from Delphi for some examples).


title: Pythia

text: Cicero noted no expedition was undertaken, no colony sent out, and no affair of any distinguished individuals went on without the sanction of the oracle.


title: Pythia

text: The early fathers of the Christian church believed demons were allowed to assist them to spread idolatry, so that the need for a savior would be more evident.


title: Pythia

text: In antiquity, the people who went to the Oracle to ask for advice were known as "consultants", literally, "those who seek counsel". It would appear that the supplicant to the oracle would undergo a four-stage process, typical of shamanic journeys.


title: Pythia

text: The ruins of the Temple of Delphi visible today date from the 4th century BC, and are of a peripteral Doric building. It was erected on the remains of an earlier temple, dated to the 6th century BC, which itself was erected on the site of a 7th-century-BC construction attributed to the architects Trophonios and Agamedes.


title: Pythia

text: The 6th-century BC temple was named the "Temple of Alcmaeonidae" in tribute to the Athenian family who funded its reconstruction following a fire, which had destroyed the original structure. The new building was a Doric hexastyle temple of 6 by 15 columns. This temple was destroyed in 373 BC by an earthquake. The pediment sculptures are a tribute to Praxias and Androsthenes of Athens. Of a similar proportion to the second temple it retained the 6 by 15 column pattern around the stylobate. Inside was the adyton, the centre of the Delphic oracle and seat of Pythia. The temple had the statement "Know thyself", one of the Delphic maxims, carved into it (and some modern Greek writers say the rest were carved into it), and the maxims were attributed to Apollo and given through the Oracle and/or the Seven Sages of Greece ("know thyself" perhaps also being attributed to other famous philosophers).


title: Pythia

text: The temple survived until AD 390, when the Roman emperor Theodosius I silenced the oracle by destroying the temple and most of the statues and works of art to remove all traces of paganism.


title: Pythia

text: There have been many attempts to find a scientific explanation for the Pythia's inspiration. Most commonly, these refer to an observation made by Plutarch, who presided as high priest at Delphi for several years, who stated that her oracular powers appeared to be associated with vapors from the Kerna spring waters that flowed under the temple. It has often been suggested that these vapors may have been hallucinogenic gases.


title: Pythia

text: Recent geological investigations have shown that gas emissions from a geologic chasm in the earth could have inspired the Delphic Oracle to "connect with the divine." Some researchers suggest the possibility that ethylene gas caused the Pythia's state of inspiration, based on the matching symptoms, ethylene's use as an anesthetic, and the smell of the chamber, as described by Plutarch. Traces of ethylene have been found in the waters of the Castallian spring, which is now largely diverted for the town water supply of the town of modern Delphi. However, Lehoux argues that ethylene is "impossible" and benzene is "crucially underdetermined." Others argue instead that methane might have been the gas emitted from the chasm, or and , arguing that the chasm itself might have been a seismic ground rupture.


title: Pythia

text: Oleander, in contemporary toxicological literature, has also been considered responsible for contributing symptoms similar to those of the Pythia. The Pythia used oleander as a complement during the oracular procedure, chewing its leaves and inhaling their smoke. The toxic substances of oleander results in symptoms similar to those of epilepsy, the "sacred disease", which could have amounted to the possession of the Pythia by the spirit of Apollo, rendering Pythia his spokesperson and prophetess. The oleander fumes (the "spirit of Apollo") could have originated in a brazier located in an underground chamber (the antron) and have escaped through an opening (the "chasm") in the temple's floor. This hypothesis perfectly fits the findings of the archaeological excavations that revealed an underground space under the temple. This explanation sheds light on the alleged spirit and chasm of Delphi, that have been the subject of intense debate and interdisciplinary research for the last hundred years.


title: Pythia

text: Regardless of which fumes existed in the chasm, winter months would bring cooler weather, decreasing release of gasses in the chamber. This offers a plausible explanation for the absence of summer deities in winter months. A toxic gas also explains the reason why the Pythia could only venture into her oracular chamber once a month, both to coincide with the correct concentration of gases, and to prolong the already-short lifespan of the Pythia by limiting her exposure to such fumes.


title: Pythia

text: Beginning during 1892, a team of French archaeologists directed by Théophile Homolle of the Collège de France excavated the site at Delphi. Contrary to ancient literature, they found no fissure and no possible means for the production of fumes.


title: Pythia

text: Adolphe Paul Oppé published an influential article in 1904, which made three crucial claims: No chasm or vapor ever existed; no natural gas could create prophetic visions; and the recorded incidents of a priestess undergoing violent and often deadly reactions was inconsistent with the more customary reports. Oppé explained away all the ancient testimony as being reports of gullible travelers fooled by wily local guides who, Oppé believed, invented the details of a chasm and a vapor in the first place.


title: Pythia

text: In accordance with this definitive statement, such scholars as Frederick Poulson, E.R. Dodds, Joseph Fontenrose, and Saul Levin all stated that there were no vapors and no chasm. For the decades to follow, scientists and scholars believed the ancient descriptions of a sacred, inspiring pneuma to be fallacious. During 1950, the French hellenist Pierre Amandry, who had worked at Delphi and later directed the French excavations there, concurred with Oppé's pronouncements, claiming that gaseous emissions were not even possible in a volcanic zone such as Delphi. Neither Oppé nor Amandry were geologists, though, and no geologists had been involved in the debate up to that point.


title: Pythia

text: Subsequent re-examination of the French excavations, however, has shown that this consensus may have been mistaken. Broad (2007) demonstrates that a French photograph of the excavated interior of the temple clearly depicts a springlike pool as well as a number of small vertical fissures, indicating numerous pathways by which vapors could enter the base of the temple.


title: Pythia

text: During the 1980s, the interdisciplinary team of geologist Jelle Zeilinga de Boer, archaeologist John R. Hale, forensic chemist Jeffrey P. Chanton, and toxicologist Henry R. Spiller investigated the site at Delphi using this photograph and other sources as evidence, as part of a United Nations survey of all active faults in Greece.


title: Pythia

text: During several expeditions, they discovered two major fault lines, one lying north–south, the Kerna fault, and the other lying east–west, the Delphic fault, which parallels the shore of the Corinthian Gulf. The rift of the Gulf of Corinth is one of the most geologically active sites on Earth; shifts there impose immense strains on nearby fault lines, such as those below Delphi. The two faults cross one another, and they intersect right below where the "adyton" was probably located. (The actual, original oracle chamber had been destroyed by the moving faults, but there is strong structural evidence that indicates where it was most likely located.)


title: Pythia

text: They also found evidence for underground passages and chambers, and drains for spring water. Additionally, they discovered at the site formations of travertine, a form of calcite created when water flows through limestone and dissolves calcium carbonate, which is later redeposited. Further investigation revealed that deep beneath the Delphi region lies bituminous deposit, rich in hydrocarbons and full of pitch, that has a petrochemical content as high as 20%. Friction created by earthquakes heat the bituminous layers resulting in vaporization of the hydrocarbons which rise to the surface through small fissures in the rock.


title: Pythia

text: It has been disputed as to how the "adyton" was organized, but it appears clear that this temple was unlike any other in ancient Greece. The small chamber was located below the main floor of the temple and offset to one side, perhaps constructed specifically over the crossing faults. The intimate chamber allowed the escaping vapors to be contained in quarters close enough to provoke intoxicating effects. Plutarch reports that the temple was filled with a sweet smell when the "deity" was present:


title: Pythia

text: De Boer's research caused him to propose ethylene as a gas known to possess this sweet odor. Toxicologist Henry R. Spiller stated that inhalation of even a small amount of ethylene can cause both benign trances and euphoric psychedelic experiences. Other effects include physical detachment, loss of inhibitions, the relieving of pain, and rapidly changing moods without dulling consciousness. He also noted that excessive doses can cause confusion, agitation, delirium, and loss of muscle coordination.


title: Pythia

text: Anesthesiologist Isabella Coler Herb found that a dose of ethylene gas up to 20% induced a trance in which subjects could sit up, hear questions and answer them logically, though with altered speech patterns, and they might lose some awareness and sensitivity in their hands and feet. After recovery, they had no recollection of what had happened. With a dose higher than 20%, the patients lost control over their limbs and might thrash wildly, groaning and staggering. All these hallucinogenic symptoms match Plutarch's description of the Pythia, whom he had witnessed many times.


title: Pythia

text: During 2001, water samples from the Kerna spring, uphill from the temple and now diverted to the nearby town of Delphi, yielded evidence of 0.3 parts per million of ethylene. It is likely that in ancient times, higher concentrations of ethylene or other gases emerged in the temple from these springs. While likely in the context of the ethylene gas theory, we have no evidence to support the diminishing ethylene concentration statement.


title: Pythia

text: Frequent earthquakes produced by Greece's location at the clashing intersection of three tectonic plates could have caused the observed cracking of the limestone, and the opening of new channels for hydrocarbons entering the flowing waters of the Kassotis. This would cause the admixture of ethylene to fluctuate, increasing and decreasing the potency of the drug. It has been suggested that the waning of the Oracle after the era of Roman Emperor Hadrian was due in part to a long period without earthquakes in the area.


title: Alanna Masterson

text: Alanna Masterson (born June 27, 1988) is an American actress, known for her role as Tara Chambler in the AMC television series "The Walking Dead".


title: Alanna Masterson

text: Masterson was born in New York City, to Carol Masterson and Joe Reaiche, a Lebanese-Australian former professional rugby league footballer with the Sydney Roosters and the South Sydney Rabbitohs. She is the younger sister to her brother, Jordan Masterson, and two half-brothers, Danny Masterson and Christopher Masterson. After some time on Long Island, the family later relocated to Los Angeles. She grew up around and was influenced by her older brothers who both starred in popular television shows in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Masterson's passion for acting came from spending a lot of time on set with her brothers and seeing the filming process.


title: Alanna Masterson

text: Masterson has portrayed Tara Chambler on the AMC TV series "The Walking Dead", beginning in the show's fourth season. Masterson was promoted to a series regular for the fifth season and was added to the main credits in the seventh season. Additionally, she had a recurring role in the fourth season of the ABC series "Mistresses".


title: Alanna Masterson

text: Masterson and her brother are Scientologists and are estranged from her father, due to Scientology's practice of shunning critics.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Andrei Arlovski (born 4 February 1979) is a Belarusian-American professional mixed martial artist, actor and former UFC Heavyweight Champion. He currently competes in the Heavyweight division for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and holds the record for most wins (23) in UFC heavyweight history. Arlovski has also competed for Strikeforce, WSOF, Affliction, EliteXC, ONE FC and M-1 Challenge.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski was born in Babruisk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union (now Belarus). When he was younger, bullies often picked on him and beat him up. In 1994, when he was 14 years old, he had finally had enough and started lifting weights to put on muscle and, he hoped, to help him deal with these bullies. Arlovski only took up martial arts at the age of 16 in sports such as Sambo, Judo and Kickboxing.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Enrolling at the police academy in Minsk, Arlovski combined his interest in a career in law enforcement with his growing martial arts participation by taking up the required police defense course in Sambo and quickly showed himself to be a highly competent Sambo opponent. In 1999, Arlovski won the European Youth Sambo Championship and the World Youth Championship. Not long after, Arlovski became the first Master of Sports and then International Master of Sports. He took a silver medal at the Sambo World Cup and another silver medal at the World Sambo Championship.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski began taking a greater interest in other martial arts, studying kickboxing and developing his striking skills to complement his Sambo-based grappling abilities.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: At the age of 20, Arlovski began his professional MMA career at the Mix Fight M-1 in St Petersburg, Russia on 9 April 1999 facing Viacheslav Datsik. After a competitive stand up battle, Arlovski would be knocked out with a hard straight, losing his debut. Not deterred, Arlovski returned in 2000 to M-1 Global at the European Championships, taking the heavyweight crown with a submission victory and a KO victory.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski made his Ultimate Fighting Championship debut at UFC 28, defeating Aaron Brink by submission. He was then thrown in against top opposition, losing to future UFC Heavyweight Champion Ricco Rodriguez at UFC 32 and heavyweight contender Pedro Rizzo at UFC 36. Despite those early defeats, wins over future British Cage Rage Light heavyweight Champion Ian Freeman at UFC 40 and future IFL Light heavyweight Champion Vladimir Matyushenko at UFC 44 propelled Arlovski back into the UFC elite.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: In 2004, a motorcycle accident injury suffered by then UFC Heavyweight Champion Frank Mir led to the creation of an interim heavyweight title. It was decided that the two top heavyweight contenders would meet to declare the interim champion. Arlovski faced former heavyweight champion, Tim Sylvia. They were originally supposed to fight at UFC 47, but Sylvia was pulled from the fight due to recurring positive drug tests. Arlovski ended up facing Wesley Correira, winning the fight via TKO in the second round. The pairing of Arlovski and Sylvia remained intact and occurred at UFC 51. In the fight, Arlovski eventually connected with an overhand right and dropped Sylvia. On the ground, Arlovski followed up with an Achilles lock that forced Sylvia to tap out at 47 seconds of the first round, making Arlovski the new UFC Interim Heavyweight Champion.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski went on to defend his interim title on 4 June 2005, at UFC 53, against Justin Eilers. Arlovski won the bout by TKO in the first round. After the fight, it was revealed that Eilers had suffered extensive injuries, including a badly broken nose, two broken hands and a complete ACL tear.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: In October 2005, Arlovski once again defended his title at UFC 55 against top contender Paul Buentello. Arlovski knocked out Buentello in 15 seconds of the opening round. On 12 August 2005, the UFC announced that it now recognized Arlovski as the undisputed heavyweight champion, as Frank Mir had not fully rehabilitated from his motorcycle accident.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: In a rematch with Tim Sylvia at UFC 59 on 15 April 2006, Arlovski knocked Sylvia down with a right-hand punch early in the first round. Sylvia was able to protect himself and recovered almost immediately. While Arlovski tried to finish Sylvia with a right lead, Sylvia countered with a short right uppercut to the chin, knocking Arlovski to the mat. Sylvia followed up with punches on the ground until referee Herb Dean stopped the match at 2:43 of the first round.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: The rubber match between Tim Sylvia and Arlovski took place on 8 July 2006, at UFC 61. In what turned out to be a 5-round battle of attrition, neither fighter was able to KO the other, or even land any truly significant blows. In the end, Sylvia won the fight by unanimous decision. It was later discovered that during the fight, Arlovski had been significantly injured by a checked leg kick sometime in the second round which left him unable to throw kicks of his own or make any takedown attempts. When confronted by a reporter about the injury, Arlovski avoided responding directly and would only say "I do not want to talk about my injuries or look for any other excuses." Not too long after it was revealed Sylvia had sustained an injury as he fainted at his hotel room and upon hospital examination, doctors discovered a concussion.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski made his next appearance on 30 December 2006, at UFC 66 against Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt Márcio Cruz. After being taken down, he kicked Cruz in the shoulder (which is legal), but it was mistaken for a head kick (which is illegal) by referee Herb Dean. When the referee intervened, he decided, because of Cruz's insistence, to allow both fighters to stay on the ground as opposed to standing them up, as is the general practice. Thereafter, Arlovski struck Cruz with a strong blow to the chin, then continued beating Cruz with hammer fists until the fight was stopped.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski fought PRIDE veteran and two-time world Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu champion Fabrício Werdum at UFC 70, winning by unanimous decision. Both fighters kept their distance for the majority of the fight, causing the referee to inform them at the beginning of the third round that he would remove a point from the first fighter to retreat in that round. Although Arlovski won the fight by unanimous decision, many boos could be heard from the crowd. After the fight, Arlovski apologized to the fans for not fighting for the full fifteen minutes.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: After 11 months of inactivity, Arlovski made his return to the octagon at UFC 82 and defeated Jake O'Brien by TKO in round two. It was O'Brien's first MMA loss and Arlovski's final fight on his UFC contract.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: After leaving the UFC, Arlovski signed with the newly created MMA-promotion Affliction and participated in their inaugural event "" on 19 July 2008. He fought and defeated top-ranked heavyweight fighter and former IFL heavyweight stand-out Ben Rothwell by KO in the final round of the fight, ending Rothwell's 13 fight win streak and giving him his first defeat in over 3 years.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Originally scheduled to face former UFC Heavyweight Champion and top-ranked heavyweight Josh Barnett in the main event at Affliction's second pay-per-view, "", on 11 October 2008, the event was rescheduled and Arlovski would instead be matched up against the last reigning IFL Heavyweight Champion Roy Nelson at "" on 4 October 2008, in Sunrise, Florida in a co-promotion with EliteXC. Arlovski won the fight via KO in the second round and in the process became the only man to ever finish Nelson in his MMA career at that point.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: In January 2009, Arlovski faced the last reigning PRIDE heavyweight champion Fedor Emelianenko at "". Arlovski lost the fight via KO in the first round.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: On 6 June 2009, Arlovski fought up and coming heavyweight Brett Rogers at . Arlovski lost the fight via TKO in the opening round. After the defeat, in October 2009, Arlovski began training with acclaimed MMA coach Greg Jackson. Arlovski was a featured attendee at , where he was mobbed by a crowd of local Chicago fans. Arlovski was signed to Strikeforce and fought former EliteXC heavyweight champion Antônio Silva on 15 May 2010, at . Following 3 rounds of hard-hitting punches from both and with neither fighter giving in to the other, Arlovski lost by unanimous decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski was defeated by Sergei Kharitonov via KO on 12 February 2011, as part of the Strikeforce Heavyweight Grand Prix Tournament. It was his fourth straight loss, three of which were by way of KO. On 17 February 2011, Arlovski posted a video on his website in which he spoke for over an hour, repeatedly saying that he would absolutely not retire. Arlovski indicated that his trainers had recommended that he retire; however, Greg Jackson was against his retirement. Arlovski dedicated himself to training exclusively with Greg Jackson in New Mexico to refocus on his MMA career and make the necessary changes to get back on track.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: After several months of grueling training schedule in New Mexico with Greg Jackson and the likes of Jon Jones, Shane Carwin, and Travis Browne, Arlovski headlined ProElite 1 on 27 August at the Neal S. Blaisdell Center in Honolulu, Hawaii against heavyweight Ray Lopez. Arlovski won by TKO in the third round after dominating Lopez throughout the fight.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced off against veteran of over 300 fights Travis Fulton at ProElite 2 in November, serving as the co-main event. Arlovski won the fight via head kick KO in the final second of the third round. It was a knockout that caused Fulton, who had never been knocked out, to regain consciousness about 5 minutes after the fight was stopped. Fulton later admitted to Arlovski in the locker room that he has never been hit that hard in all of his 300 bouts.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: In mid-July 2012, it was announced that Arlovski had signed with the Asia-based promotion ONE Fighting Championship. Originally Arlvoski was scheduled to fight Soa Palelei but Soa Palelei was later replaced with Tim Sylvia. The promotion quickly announced that Arlovski would face Tim Sylvia in his debut, marking the fourth time the two fighters had faced each other.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski and Sylvia faced off at on 31 August 2012, in Manila. The fight between Arlovski and Tim Sylvia ended in a no-contest due to an illegal soccer kick by Arlovski. According to ONE FC rules, soccer kicks are legal only if the referee clears the fighter to do so after determining the grounded fighter can still intelligently defend himself. Arlovski received no such clearance and the kick was therefore deemed illegal. Four days later, One FC eliminated this restriction. This rule change, had it been enforced prior to the bout, would have resulted in Arlovski winning by TKO. Arlovski had knocked Tim Sylvia down with punches before he landed the illegal kicks that caused the referee to stop the fight.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski headlined the debut event from the World Series of Fighting against fellow Strikeforce veteran Devin Cole on 3 November 2012, at in Las Vegas, Nevada. This event aired live on NBC Sports. He won the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski fought Anthony Johnson in the main event at on 23 March 2013. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Controversy arose after the fight when it was revealed that multiple rounds exceeded the five-minute time limit. The punch believed to have broken Arlovski's jaw was landed after the time at which the round should have ended.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski next replaced an injured Anthony Johnson against Mike Kyle at on 14 September 2013. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Bellator veteran Mike Hayes at Fight Nights: Battle of Moscow 9 on 16 December 2012, in Moscow, Russia. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski was also scheduled to fight two-time ADCC Submission Wrestling World Champion and veteran of over 60 fights Jeff Monson in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 2 February 2013, but the event was postponed.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski fought Andreas Kraniotakes at Fight Nights - Battle in Minsk on 29 November 2013, and Arlovski won the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: On 24 April 2014, it was confirmed by multiple MMA media websites that Arlovski had been granted his release from WSOF to return to UFC. The former heavyweight champion fought Brendan Schaub at UFC 174 on 14 June 2014. Arlovski was victorious in his return to the UFC, defeating Schaub via split decision (28–29, 29–28, and 29–28).


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: It was announced that Arlovski would be facing Antônio Silva in a rematch on 13 September 2014, at UFC Fight Night 51. Despite being a heavy betting underdog, Arlovski won the fight via knockout in the first round, after landing two consecutive right hands that dropped Silva and subsequent hammer fists on the ground with Silva unable to defend himself. This win also won Arlovski his first "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Travis Browne on 23 May 2015, at UFC 187. Despite being a heavy underdog and being knocked down in the first round, Arlovski stunned Browne multiple times throughout the opening minutes, and eventually won the fight via TKO in the first round. Post-fight, Joe Rogan revealed in the commentary that Arlovski came close to withdrawing from the fight due to a calf injury in training. The win also earned Arlovski his first "Fight of the Night" bonus award.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Frank Mir on 5 September 2015, at UFC 191, winning by unanimous decision (29–28, 29–28, and 30–27) in a fight which many, including UFC president Dana White, thought Mir won. 12 of 15 media outlets, however, scored the bout in favor of Arlovski.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski returned to face Stipe Miocic on 2 January 2016, at UFC 195. He was defeated via TKO in the first round.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Alistair Overeem on 8 May 2016, at UFC Fight Night 87. After a back and forth first round, Arlovski lost the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski next faced Josh Barnett on 3 September 2016, at UFC Fight Night 93. He lost the fight via rear naked choke submission in the third round, resulting in his first submission loss in his professional MMA career. Both participants were awarded "Fight of the Night" for their performance.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Francis Ngannou on 28 January 2017 at UFC on Fox 23. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Marcin Tybura on 17 June 2017 at UFC Fight Night 111. He lost the fight by unanimous decision (29–28, 28–27, and 29–27).


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Júnior Albini at on 11 November 2017 in Norfolk, Virginia. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Stefan Struve on 4 March 2018 at UFC 222. He won the fight by unanimous decision. In the fight, Arlovski landed a career-best 4 takedowns, more than his entire career total up to that time (3) combined.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Shamil Abdurakhimov on 15 September 2018 at UFC Fight Night 136. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Walt Harris on 29 December 2018 at UFC 232. He lost the fight via split decision. The result was overturned to no contest after Harris tested positive for prohibited substance LGB4033, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM).


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Augusto Sakai on 27 April 2019 at . He lost the fight by a controversial split decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: A rematch with Ben Rothwell took place on 20 July 2019 at UFC on ESPN 4. He won the fight via unanimous decision and set the all-time record for UFC heavyweight victories at 17.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: His next fight was with Jairzinho Rozenstruik on 2 November 2019 at UFC 244. He lost the fight via knockout in round one.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski was scheduled to face Philipe Lins on 2 May 2020 at . However, on April 9, Dana White, the president of UFC announced that this event was postponed due to the ongoing Coronavirus pandemic. and rescheduled to May 13, 2020, at . He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski was expected to face Tanner Boser on 4 October 2020 at . However a sickness with Arlovski delayed the bout four weeks later to . Arlovski won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Tom Aspinall on 20 February 2021 at UFC Fight Night 185. He lost the fight via a rear naked choke submission in round two.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Chase Sherman, replacing Parker Porter, on 17 April 2021 at UFC on ESPN 22. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Carlos Felipe on 16 October 2021 at UFC Fight Night 195. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Jared Vanderaa on February 12, 2022, at UFC 271. He won the fight via split decision. 18 out of 18 media outlets scored the fight in favor of Arlovski.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Jake Collier, replacing Justin Tafa, on April 30, 2022, at UFC on ESPN 35. He won the fight via split decision. 14 out of 14 media scores gave it to Collier.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski faced Marcos Rogério de Lima on October 29, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 213. He lost the fight via rear-naked choke in round one.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski resides in Chicago with his wife, son, and their pit bull terrier Maximus. He is an Orthodox Christian. Arlovski did a public service announcement against dog fighting featuring Maximus and calling it inhumane and torture. Arlovski said he chose his nickname The Pitbull for the positive qualities these dogs have.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski's movie debut was in "8 of Diamonds" in 2006. He starred in "" in 2009, along with Jean-Claude Van Damme and Dolph Lundgren. In the movie, he plays an "NGU", a new generation UniSol in the main "bad guy" role. The movie was released directly to video on 2 February 2010, in the United States. Arlovski also played a part in the next Universal Soldier movie — "", released in theaters on 30 November 2012, and on demand on 25 October 2012.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: In 2015, Arlovski appeared on the TV show "Limitless" in episode 7 "Brian Finch's Black Op". Arlovski played the role of a suspected terrorist hunted by the CIA. The show originally aired 3 November 2015.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: Arlovski appeared on Mayhem Miller's MTV show "Bully Beatdown", in which he beat the 'bully', thereby earning the 'victims' $10,000.


title: Andrei Arlovski

text: In 2018, Arlovski had a small role as a mob enforcer opposite Denzel Washington in the opening scene of "The Equalizer 2".


title: Spy Kids

text: Spy Kids is an American spy family action-adventure comedy franchise created by Robert Rodriguez. The plot follows adventures of Carmen and Juni Cortez, two children who become involved in their parents' espionage organization. The films include Latino themes, as Rodriguez is of Mexican descent.


title: Spy Kids

text: "Spy Kids" was influenced by James Bond films. The first film was "a fusion of Willy Wonka and James Bond" and the second was the ""Mysterious Island" and James Bond mix".


title: Spy Kids

text: The spy organization in the films is called the OSS. These initials are from the Office of Strategic Services, a former U.S. intelligence organization during World War II which later evolved into the CIA. The character Donnagon Giggles, was named after William Joseph Donovan, the director of the original OSS. The initials in the "Spy Kids" universe are never specified on screen, but, in one of the books, they stand for the Organization of Super Spies.


title: Spy Kids

text: One of the main themes of "Spy Kids" is the unity of family. The children have adult responsibilities, and a lesson is that keeping secrets from family members can have a negative effect on relationships. The first film also deals extensively with sibling rivalry and the responsibility of older children. There also is a strong sense of Latino heritage.


title: Spy Kids

text: The other films were shot with High Definition digital video, parts of the third film using an anaglyphic process to create the 3-D effect. Audiences were given red/blue 3D glasses with their tickets in movie theatres. Four sets of these glasses were also included in the DVD release. The third film was used as a test for a special Texas Instruments digital projector which can project polarized 3D, which does not require the red-blue lenses, later reused for "The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D" (2005).


title: Spy Kids

text: After retiring from espionage for ten years, Gregorio and Ingrid (Antonio Banderas and Carla Gugino) are pulled back into duty for their important assignment despite the fact they were out of practice, and were captured. Their two children, Carmen and Juni (Alexa Vega and Daryl Sabara), stay with their uncle Felix Gumm (Cheech Marin) and discover the truth of their parents' past, which they had neglected to tell them because they were afraid that if they knew, they would picture danger at every corner; and decide to rescue them. On their first mission, Carmen and Juni manage to bring around their estranged uncle, Isador "Machete" Cortez (Danny Trejo), a genius gadget inventor and Juni helps to redeem a TV show host named Fegan Floop (Alan Cumming). Together, Carmen and Juni thwart the plan of Floop's notorious second in-command Alexander Minion (Tony Shalhoub) to develop an army of androids resembling young children (including Carmen and Juni themselves) for a mastermind named Mr. Lisp (Robert Patrick) and his partner Ms. Gradenko (Teri Hatcher). The robots based on Carmen and Juni became part of Floop's show.


title: Spy Kids

text: As agents of the OSS, Carmen and Juni try to save the daughter (Taylor Momsen) of The President Of The United States (Christopher McDonald) while facing a particularly hard competition with Gary and Gerti Giggles (Matt O'Leary and Emily Osment), the two children of a double-dealing agent Donnagon Giggles (Mike Judge), whom Carmen and Juni helped to rescue them from the first film. Juni gets fired from the OSS after fighting with Gary over a smaller version of the transmooker, a device that can shut off all electronic devices even though it was Gary who started the fight. Juni loses his spot for the best spy kid of the year award, while Donnagon plans to steal the transmooker to take over the world. On their second mission, Carmen and Juni follow the trail to the mysterious island of Leeke Leeke which is home to Romero (Steve Buscemi), an eccentric scientist who attempted to create genetically-miniaturised animals, but instead ended up with his island inhabited by mutant monsters. Eventually, Donnagon is fired and Gary is suspended, and the transmooker is destroyed. Juni is offered his job back, but in order to take a break from the OSS, he retires to start his own private eye agency.


title: Spy Kids

text: After retiring from the OSS, Juni is thrust back into service when an evil mastermind named Sebastian "The Toymaker" (Sylvester Stallone) creates a fictional video game called "Game Over", which hypnotizes its users. Carmen was sent on a mission to disable the game, but disappeared on Level 4. With the help of his maternal grandfather, Valentin Avellan (Ricardo Montalban), who uses a wheelchair, Juni is sent after Carmen and helps her to disable the game in order to save the world. It is revealed that Sebastian was the one who disabled Valentin in the first place. Instead of avenging his former partner, Valentin forgives Sebastian who is redeemed.


title: Spy Kids

text: The OSS has become the world's top spy agency, while the Spy Kids department has become defunct. A retired spy Marissa (Jessica Alba) is thrown back into the action along with her two stepchildren, Rebecca and Cecil (Rowan Blanchard and Mason Cook), when a maniacal Timekeeper (Jeremy Piven) attempts to take over the world. In order to save the world, Rebecca and Cecil must team up with Marissa.


title: Spy Kids

text: In January 2021, it was announced that a reboot of the franchise is in development, with a film involving a plot that centers around a multicultural family. Robert Rodriguez will again serve as writer/director, while the project will be a joint-venture production between Skydance Media and Spyglass Media Group. In March 2022, it was revealed to have landed at Netflix, making it the second "Spy Kids" project produced for the platform.


title: Spy Kids

text: "Production Weekly" had included the film in their report of upcoming projects in development. It is to be titled "", which was the original title for "Spy Kids: All the Time in the World". In June 2022, it was announced that Gina Rodriguez, Zachary Levi, Everly Carganilla and Connor Esterson were set to star. In July 2022, it was announced that Billy Magnussen was set to star. In August 2022, it was announced that D. J. Cotrona was set to star. The logline for the film is as follows: “When the children of the world’s greatest secret agents unwittingly help a powerful Game Developer unleash a computer virus that gives him control of all technology, they must become spies themselves to save their parents and the world.” Production wrapped in late August 2022.


title: Spy Kids

text: On June 16, 2016, Netflix announced an animated "Spy Kids" television show entitled "Spy Kids: Mission Critical" with The Weinstein Company. The first and second seasons both consist of 10 episodes and is produced by Mainframe Studios.


title: Spy Kids

text: The series was announced by Mike Fleming Jr and created by Michael Hefferon and Sean Jara on May 6, 2015, with the villains being described “as colorful” as the protagonists, and the series is said to contain “as much comedy as wish fulfillment.” FM DeMarco is the head writer of the series. WOW! Unlimited Media Inc.'s Vancouver-based Mainframe Studios, the TV division of Rainmaker Entertainment, partnered with the Weinstein Company to produce the series, with the series being described as a "multi-season commitment". Robert Rodriguez serves as one of the executive producers due to Bob Weinstein dropping out and Harvey Weinstein getting fired from TWC. It premiered on Netflix worldwide on April 20, 2018.


title: Spy Kids

text: Though the first and second film received positive reviews, the series experienced a steadily declining critical reception with each film.


title: Spy Kids

text: Isador "Machete" Cortez, who appeared in all four "Spy Kids" film series as a supporting character, additionally had a series of two stand-alone films: "Machete" and "Machete Kills", also written and directed by Robert Rodriguez. However, the "Machete" films share little in common with the "Spy Kids" films thematically and are not considered direct spin-offs, the first film instead being an adult-oriented action exploitation film, with the second film introducing science fiction elements; both films additionally share several cast members and characters with the "Spy Kids" films. The idea for a "Machete" film came from a fake trailer promoting the "Grindhouse" double-feature by Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino. Trejo and Rodriguez have made two conflicting statements regarding its canonicity to the "Spy Kids" films. Trejo stated that the films depict "what Uncle Machete does when he's not taking care of the kids", while Rodriguez stated in a Reddit AMA that they are alternate universes. Regardless, Rodriguez has stated he was prompted by an incident on the set of the first "Machete" film to start envisioning a fourth film in the main "Spy Kids" film series, casting Jessica Alba as Machete's sister Marissa, a different character to the one she portrayed in "Machete", with Trejo additionally reprising his role alongside her.


title: Aly Michalka

text: Alyson Renae Michalka ( ; born March 25, 1989) is an American actress, singer-songwriter and musician who rose to prominence with her starring role as Keely Teslow in the Disney Channel sitcom "Phil of the Future" (2004–2006). Aly Michalka went on to appear in various films, such as "Bandslam" (2009), "Easy A" (2010), "The Roommate" (2011), "Grown Ups 2" (2013), "Sequoia" (2014), "Weepah Way for Now" (2015), and "The Lears" (2017). She had starring roles in The CW comedy drama series "Hellcats" (2010–2011) and the CW crime drama series "iZombie" (2015–2019), along with the Hallmark Channel Original Movie, "Sand Dollar Cove" (2021).


title: Aly Michalka

text: Michalka was born in Torrance, California. She grew up in Seattle, Washington, and Southern California with her younger sister, Amanda Joy "AJ", who is also an actress and musician. Her father, Mark, owns a contracting company, and her mother, Carrie, is a musician who performed with the Christian rock band "JC Band". Her parents are divorced.


title: Aly Michalka

text: Michalka has played the piano since she was five and started playing the guitar at the age of 13. She started acting when she was five years old in church play productions. She was raised as a Christian.


title: Aly Michalka

text: In 2004, Michalka was cast in the role of Keely Teslow on the Disney Channel's "Phil of the Future". The series premiered on June 18, 2004. In August 2006, Disney Channel ended the series after two seasons. She has also starred in the Disney Channel original movie "Now You See It...", and appeared in the TV movie "Cow Belles" opposite her sister. Michalka and her sister starred in several projects produced by the Disney Channel and MTV. In 2007, they appeared in the MTV film "" based on the MTV series "My Super Sweet 16". In August 2009, she co-starred in the Walden Media film "Bandslam". In April 2010, The CW announced Michalka was cast in the main role of Marti Perkins on the cheerleading drama series "Hellcats". Despite a successful premiere, ratings dropped, and in May 2011, The CW announced the show was not renewed for a second season. In 2011, Michalka made a guest appearance on "". In 2010 and 2011 respectively, Michalka had major supporting roles in films "Easy A" and "The Roommate". In 2013, Michalka appeared in the independent drama film, "Crazy Kind of Love", alongside Eva Longoria, Virginia Madsen and Amanda Crew.


title: Aly Michalka

text: In 2013, Michalka participated in a multi-episode role on the sitcom "Two and a Half Men". In July 2014, she and her sister filmed the independent drama "Weepah Way for Now" in Laurel Canyon, California; Michalka also participated in the casting process and production for the film. The movie was written and directed by her husband, Stephen Ringer, and premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 16, 2015. Michalka had a recurring role on the CW series "iZombie" for the first and second season, and became a regular cast member for season three. On April 19, 2016, she was announced as a cast member for the comedy film "The Lears", an adaptation based on the Shakespearean play "King Lear".


title: Aly Michalka

text: Michalka and her sister AJ formed the musical duo Aly & AJ in 2004. They released their first album, "Into the Rush", on August 16, 2005. In September 2006, they released a holiday album, "Acoustic Hearts of Winter", featuring cover songs and two original songs. In July 2007, their third album, "Insomniatic", was released, featuring the Billboard top 20 hit single, "Potential Breakup Song". The duo changed their name to 78violet and were set to release a fourth album in early 2010, but the project never materialized following their departure from Hollywood Records. Several years later, in the summer of 2013, they returned with new music, releasing their first single, "Hothouse", on July 8, 2013. In December 2015, they confirmed that they had returned to their original name, "Aly & AJ". In April 2016, they confirmed plans to release new music for an upcoming studio album.


title: Aly Michalka

text: On June 2, 2017, they announced a new single, titled "Take Me". It served as the lead single from their EP, planned to be released on July 14, 2017. On May 7, 2021, they released "A Touch of the Beat Gets You Up on Your Feet Gets You Out and Then Into the Sun".


title: Aly Michalka

text: In 2013, Michalka began dating independent film producer Stephen Ringer, whom she met on the set of her film "Sequoia". The couple became engaged at Big Sur, California, in July 2014. They married in a small ceremony in Portofino, Italy, on June 6, 2015.


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: Marcella is a British nordic noir detective series, written, directed and produced by Swedish screenwriter Hans Rosenfeldt, creator of "The Bridge". The series is produced by Buccaneer Media for ITV and distributed worldwide by Buccaneer's parent company Cineflix. It was first shown on ITV on 4 April 2016, with seven further episodes released weekly.


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: The series stars Anna Friel as Marcella Backland, a former London detective who returns to work to investigate an open case from 11 years earlier involving an unidentified serial killer who appears to have become active again. Marcella also has to deal with a hectic home life, where her husband, Jason (Nicholas Pinnock), has made the decision to leave her and, at first, send their two children to a boarding school; but later on (in the second season) he uses Marcella's mental disorder as a means to take full custody. Nina Sosanya (series one), Ray Panthaki and Jamie Bamber are also credited as principal members of the cast.


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: The series was commissioned in June 2015, with location filming taking place in London and the Port of Dover. After their first release on ITV, the episodes were made available to stream on Netflix outside the United Kingdom. The first series was released on DVD via Universal Pictures UK on 20 June 2016. In 2017, Friel was awarded the International Emmy Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Marcella".


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: On 26 August 2016, ITV announced that a second series had been commissioned. The second series premiered on 19 February 2018 and was released on DVD on 16 April 2018. On 3 October 2018 it was announced that "Marcella" would be returning to ITV for a third series. It premiered internationally on Netflix on 14 June 2020, and began airing on ITV in the UK on 26 January 2021; it was also expected to be released on DVD in March 2021.


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: Marcella Backland (Anna Friel), a former London Metropolitan Police Service detective, decides to return to work after her husband of 15 years, Jason (Nicholas Pinnock), abruptly announces he is leaving her. Marcella resumes her investigation into the three unsolved Grove Park murders from 2005, when it appears the serial killer responsible has returned.


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: Marcella investigates a serial killer of children, encountering a paedophile, an arrogant millionaire, a 1970s rock star, and strange symbols relating to witchcraft. Her estranged husband Jason has become engaged to his rehab nurse even though their divorce is not yet finalised, putting their children in the middle of a custody battle that quickly becomes ugly. Marcella's blackouts continue, and she seeks counselling to help her remember what happened during them.


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: Marcella has assumed a new identity as Keira Devlin and is working undercover in Northern Ireland where she becomes involved with a wealthy crime family. More is learned of Marcella's mental health issues.


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: This series was released originally on Netflix in June 2021, however the televised dates were scheduled for Spring 2021.


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: For series one, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 73% approval rating with an average rating of 6.7/10, based on 15 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Buoyed by Anna Friel, "Marcella" will satisfy any fan of dark crime drama." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 65 out of 100 based on 4 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ".


title: Marcella (TV series)

text: For series two, Rotten Tomatoes reported a 57% approval rating with an average rating of 5.3/10, based on 7 critic reviews. The third series has an 80% approval rating based on 5 critic reviews.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The main "Mario" subseries is the "Super Mario" series of platform games started with 1985's "Super Mario Bros.", which mostly follows Mario's adventures in the fictional world of the Mushroom Kingdom and typically rely on Mario's jumping ability to allow him to progress through levels. The franchise has spawned over 200 games of various genres and several sub-series, including "Mario Golf", "Mario Kart", "Mario Party", "Mario Tennis", "Mario vs. Donkey Kong", and "Paper Mario"; several characters introduced in the "Mario" franchise, such as


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The "Mario" series is one of gaming's most successful and renowned franchises, with many of its games, in particular within the "Super Mario" subseries, being considered to be some of the greatest video games ever made. It is the best-selling video game franchise of all time, with more than 776 million copies of games sold, including more than 390 million for the "Super Mario" games alone.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: After the commercial failure of "Radar Scope", Nintendo's company president referred to Shigeru Miyamoto to create an arcade game to save the company. Miyamoto came up with the idea of a game in which the playable character has to make his way through an obstacle course consisting of sloped platforms, ladders and rolling barrels. Miyamoto named the game "Donkey Kong", and its main protagonist "Jumpman". "Donkey Kong" is an early example of the platform genre. In addition to presenting the goal of saving Pauline, the game gives the player a score. Points are awarded for finishing screens; leaping over obstacles; destroying objects with a hammer power-up; collecting items such as hats, parasols, and purses (presumably belonging to Pauline); and completing other tasks. The game was surprisingly successful. "Jumpman" was called "Mario" in certain promotional materials for the game's release overseas; his namesake was Mario Segale, the landlord of Nintendo of America's office/warehouse, who barged in on a meeting to demand an overdue rent payment. Eventually Jumpman's name was internationally and permanently changed to Mario. The success of the game spawned several ports, and a sequel, "Donkey Kong Jr.", which is Mario's only appearance as an antagonist. "Donkey Kong 3" did not feature Mario.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The first game to feature "Mario" in the title and to feature Luigi, the objective of "Mario Bros." is to defeat all of the enemies in each phase. Each phase is a series of platforms with four pipes at each corner of the screen, and an object called a "POW" block in the center. The mechanics of "Mario Bros." involve only running and jumping. Unlike future "Mario" titles, players cannot jump on enemies until they are flipped over; this can be accomplished by jumping under the platform they are on or by using the "POW" block. Both sides of every phase feature a mechanism that allows the player to go off-screen to the left and appear on the right, and vice versa. The game has since reappeared in various forms, including as a minigame in "Super Mario Bros. 3" and the "Super Mario Advance" series, and reimagined as "Mario Clash".


title: Mario (franchise)

text: Nintendo has released several "Mario" and "Donkey Kong" LCD video games for the Game & Watch line. Eleven were released between 1982 and 1994. Nintendo also licensed the release of six LCD games for Nelsonic's Game Watch line between 1989 and 1994. Many remakes of Game & Watch games have changed the protagonist from a generic Mr. Game & Watch character to Mario. A nearby sequel for the 35th anniversary of Mario was made titled "Game and Watch: Super Mario Bros" in 2020.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: Mario then became the star of his own side scrolling platform game in 1985, titled "Super Mario Bros.", which was the pack-in game included with the Nintendo Entertainment System console. It was also later sold in a package with "Duck Hunt". In Japan, a game titled "" was released in 1986, but a different game with the same name was released internationally in 1988, followed by "Super Mario Bros. 3" later that same year. The Japanese version would subsequently be released in the United States in 1993 under the title "Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels" as part of the "Super Mario All-Stars" title for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a console that also features iterations of the game known as "Super Mario World". While "Super Mario Land" and two sequels were the Game Boy installments in the series, the Game Boy Advance did not receive any original entries, only remakes. "Super Mario 64" debuted as the launch title for the Nintendo 64 console in 1996. "Super Mario Sunshine" was the series' entry for the GameCube, and "Super Mario Galaxy" and its sequel continued the franchise for the Wii. "Super Mario 3D Land" was the series' flagship title for Nintendo 3DS. The Wii U saw the release of "Super Mario 3D World". "Super Mario Odyssey" would be the first original game in the series to be released on the Nintendo Switch, and was released in 2017.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: In 2006, a sub-series with retro gameplay called "New Super Mario Bros." was inaugurated on the Nintendo DS, featuring the mechanics of the "Super Mario Bros." games. It continued on the Wii as "New Super Mario Bros. Wii", on the 3DS as "New Super Mario Bros. 2" and on the Wii U as "New Super Mario Bros. U" and "New Super Luigi U" (stylized as "New Super Luigi Bros U"), with a port titled "New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe" on the Nintendo Switch in January, 2019. "Super Mario Bros."-styled gameplay is further offered by the level creator game "Super Mario Maker", released on Wii U in 2015. A sequel, "Super Mario Maker 2", was released on Nintendo Switch in June 2019.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: In 2016, the team behind "New Super Mario Bros." released "Super Mario Run", Nintendo's first real smartphone game and one of the few instances a "Mario" game was developed for non-Nintendo hardware.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: (stylized as "") is a series of arcade-style action puzzle video game originally developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1, and later developed by Arika and produced by Nintendo Software Planning & Development. The first in the series, "Dr. Mario", was launched in 1990 on the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy to critical and commercial success. In the "Dr. Mario" series, the player character Mario, who assumes the role of a doctor, is tasked with eradicating deadly viruses. The player's objective is to destroy the viruses populating the on-screen playing field by using falling colored capsules that are dropped into the field, similarly to "Tetris". The player manipulates the capsules as they fall so that they are aligned with viruses of matching colors, which removes them from playing field. The player progresses through the game by eliminating all the viruses on the screen in each level.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: There have been 4 "Dr. Mario" games released for home consoles and two portable games, for a total of six original titles. As the series has progressed, each new game has introduced new elements in order to keep the gameplay fresh such as new game modes. In 2001, "Dr. Mario 64" for the Nintendo 64 introduced new game modes such as a "Story" mode, "Score Attack" and "Marathon", Wario as a playable character and four-player multiplayer. After a seven-year hiatus, in 2008, "Dr. Mario Express" for the Nintendo DSi's DSiWare service re-introduced the series to the portable gaming market. Also in 2008, "Dr. Mario Online Rx" for the Wii's WiiWare service introduced online multiplayer to the series. In 2013, "Dr. Luigi" for the Wii U's Nintendo eShop introduced Luigi as the playable character as well as an "Operation L" game mode in which all capsules assume the shape of the letter "L".


title: Mario (franchise)

text: This series is a collection of nonogram logic puzzles involving a grid with numbers for every row and column, which refer to the amount of marked squares within the grid. The games features Mario as an archaeologist who chisels away to form images on the grid.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: is a sub-series of the "Mario" and "Donkey Kong" series, based on puzzle video games, making the return of Donkey Kong, Pauline, and the former's rivalry with Mario. The sub-series introduces the Mario-like toys known as Mini-Marios, who later replace Mario as the sole playable characters in all future installments starting with "" onward.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The first role-playing game in the "Mario" franchise was "". It has since expanded to the "Paper Mario" and "Mario & Luigi" series.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: is a spin-off series of RPG video games developed by Intelligent Systems and produced by Nintendo Software Planning & Development. The first game in the series, "Paper Mario", was launched in 2000 on the Nintendo 64 to critical and commercial success. In the "Paper Mario" series, the player controls Mario in a mixture of 3D environments and 2D characters who look as if they are made of paper. Mario can jump and use his hammer to overcome physical obstacles placed in the game's overworld. Additionally, the player accumulates partners as they advance into different locations, who each have a specialized skill required for progression in the game. These characters assist Mario in the game's turn-based battles. Damage inflicted to the player reduces the amount of HP. Attacks in the game are similar to those in traditional RPGs, although the player can influence the power of a move when attacking or defending by timing a button-press accurately or performing some other action command as required. Mario and his partners have a finite capacity to perform special moves, with each of these consuming a particular number of flower points (FP) when performed. Such statistics can be increased by earning Star Points (experience points) in combat to level up. Progression through "Paper Mario" depends upon interaction with the game's non-player characters (NPCs), who will often offer clues or detail the next event in the storyline. As in other RPGs, the player can find or purchase items from NPCs to help in and outside of combat. Badges can be obtained that yield bonuses ranging from added moves to gradual health restoration during combat; each consumes a set number of Badge Points (BP), meaning Mario can only equip a limited number of badges at a time.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: There have been five "Paper Mario" games released for home consoles and one game on 3DS. As the series has progressed, each new game has introduced new elements in order to keep the gameplay fresh such as a new story, new partners, and new gameplay mechanics. In 2004, "" for the GameCube introduced the ability of Mario turning into and folding up into a paper airplane and/or a paper boat to interact with the overworld. In 2007, "Super Paper Mario" deviated into the 2D action RPG genre and introduced the ability to "flip" into a 3D perspective in which the level rotates to reveal a hidden z-axis, placing Mario in a 3D environment. In 2012, "" for the Nintendo 3DS introduced the use of stickers in both the environment and in turn-based battles. They can be found and peeled off from various areas in the overworld, and can be purchased or received from non-playable characters. In 2015, "" also for the 3DS where all the "Paper Mario" world enters the real one. In 2016, "" for the Wii U was announced that introduced the use of colors in both the environment and in turn-based battles, just like in "Sticker Star". In 2020, "" was announced on the Switch with the use of origami.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The "Mario & Luigi" spin-off series, developed by AlphaDream, was formed exclusively throughout handheld consoles. The series began with the release of "" for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. In 2017, for the Nintendo 3DS introduced a remake of the original game with added graphics, an improved map allowing players to place pinpoints, and an additional mode called "Minion Quest: The Search for Bowser", which provides a storyline that allows you to take control of Bowser's Minions to search for their leader, facing many obstacles in their way. In 2005, "" for the Nintendo DS introduced their younger selves: Baby Mario, Baby Luigi, Toadsworth the younger, Baby Peach and Baby Bowser. In 2009, "" also for the DS introduced Mario, Luigi and the others inside of Bowser's body. In 2018, for the 3DS introduced a remake of the original game with added graphics, an improved map allowing players to place pinpoints, and an additional mode called "Bowser Jr.'s Journey". In 2013, "" for the 3DS introduced Dreamy Luigi, where Luigi sleeps in the Dream World in celebrating the Year of Luigi. In 2015, "Paper Jam" also for the 3DS also included Paper Mario as a playable character when Luigi knocks over the book containing him.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: In 1998, the Hudson game "Mario Party" was released for the Nintendo 64. Following this, nine numbered sequels have since been released, making for ten numbered titles, along with three non-numbered main series titles, Mario Party DS "(2007)", "Super Mario Party (2018)" and "Mario Party Superstars (2021)". The series also has four spins offs that differ in gameplay, including "Mario Party Advance", "", "", and "". "Mario Party" is a multiplayer party game featuring "Mario" series characters in which four human- or computer-controlled characters compete in a board game interspersed with minigames.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The first appearances of Mario in tennis games were as a referee in "Tennis" for the NES and Game Boy. These games did not use the "Mario" branding and only featured Mario in the capacity of a cameo. He then appeared in "Mario's Tennis" for the Virtual Boy. After this, Camelot Software Planning released "Mario Tennis" for the Nintendo 64. They would subsequently develop other games in this series: "Mario Power Tennis" for the GameCube and Wii, "" for the Game Boy Advance, "Mario Tennis Open" for the Nintendo 3DS, "" for the Wii U, and "Aces" for the Nintendo Switch.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The first use of Mario's likeness in a golf game was that the golfer in "Golf" for NES and Game Boy featured a mustached man resembling Mario. Later, "NES Open Tournament Golf" was released. It featured Mario and Luigi as the golfers, with Princess Toadstool and Princess Daisy as their caddies. "Mario Golf" was released for the Nintendo 64 in 1999. It was followed by "" for the GameCube, "" for the Game Boy Advance and "" for the Nintendo 3DS.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: Mario and Luigi were team captains in "Baseball" for the Game Boy. "Mario Superstar Baseball" was released for the GameCube and "Mario Super Sluggers" for the Wii.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The game of football was introduced in one of the minigames in "Mario Party 4" as "GOOOOOOOAL!!". The "Mario Strikers" series ("Mario Football" in Europe) made its debut for the GameCube with "Super Mario Strikers" in 2005, developed by Next Level Games. "Mario Strikers Charged" was released for the Wii in 2007. "" was released for the Nintendo Switch in 2022.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: In 2008, Mario and his friends appeared alongside the characters from "Sonic the Hedgehog" in the sports game, "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games", developed by Sega as the crossover series. A follow-up, "Olympic Winter Games", was released in 2009 and "Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games" was released between November 2011 (Wii) and February 2012 (Nintendo 3DS). On November 15, 2013, a third sequel called "Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games" was released exclusively on the Wii U, with a fourth sequel, "Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games" for the Wii U, Nintendo 3DS and arcade in 2016. A fifth sequel, "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020", was released on Nintendo Switch in November 2019. In December 2021, the series was cancelled after six games due to the China controversy.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: is a series of go-kart-style racing video games primarily developed by Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development. The first in the series, "Super Mario Kart", was launched in 1992 on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System to critical and commercial success. In the "Mario Kart" series, players compete in go-kart races, controlling one of a selection of characters from the "Mario" franchise"." One of the features of the series is the use of various power-up items obtained by driving into item boxes laid out on the course. These power-ups include Super Mushrooms to give players a speed boost, Koopa Troopa Shells to be thrown at opponents, and banana peels that can be laid on the track as hazards.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: There have been five "Mario Kart" games released for home consoles, one enhanced port, three portable games, one game for smartphones, and three Namco co-developed arcade spin-off games, for a total of thirteen. As the series has progressed, each new game has introduced new elements in order to keep the gameplay fresh such as new courses, new items, and new playable characters. In 1996 and 1997, "Mario Kart 64" for the Nintendo 64 introduced 4-player racing and 3D graphics. In 2001, "" for the Game Boy Advance introduced the ability to unlock retro tracks from previous installments. In 2003, "" for the Nintendo GameCube introduced co-operative LAN multiplayer and two-player karts with one player driving and the other player on the back of the vehicle throwing out hazards. In 2005, "Mario Kart DS" for the Nintendo DS introduced dual-screen play and online multiplayer via Wi-Fi. In 2008, "Mario Kart Wii" introduced motion controls, 12-player racing, motorbikes and playable Mii characters, as well as three new items: the POW Block, Mega Mushroom, and Thunder Cloud. In 2011, "Mario Kart 7" for the Nintendo 3DS featured optional stereoscopic graphics, introduced hang gliding and submersible karts, an alternate first-person perspective, and kart customization. In 2014, "Mario Kart 8" for the Wii U introduced anti-gravity racing, ATVs, uploading highlights to YouTube via Mario Kart TV, up to four local players in Grand Prix races, downloadable content, and is the first in the series to boast HD graphics. In 2017, "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" for the Nintendo Switch was released as an enhanced port of the Wii U version, featuring an improved battle mode and several new characters including the Inklings from "Splatoon" and villagers from "Animal Crossing".


title: Mario (franchise)

text: Possibly the most popular spin-off series in the franchise, the "Mario Kart" series began in 1992 and is currently the most successful and longest-running kart racing series, having sold over 150,000,000 copies worldwide.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: In the early 1990s, many educational games were released in the "Mario" series. Few of these games were platformers; most sought to teach skills such as typing, mathematics or history. They are officially licensed but not officially recognized by Nintendo. The games were developed independently by Software Toolworks, Interplay and Brainstorm. Nine educational games were released from 1991 to 1996.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Mario Bros. Special" is a video game released in 1984 for the Japanese computers NEC PC-6001mkII, NEC PC-6601, NEC PC-8801, FM-7 and Sharp X1. It is a remake of the original "Mario Bros.", with new stages, mechanics and gameplay.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Punch Ball Mario Bros." is a video game released in 1984 for the Japanese computers NEC PC-6001mkII, NEC PC-6601, NEC PC-8801, FM-7 and Sharp X1. It is similar to the original "Mario Bros.", but featured a new gameplay mechanic of "punch balls", small balls which Mario and Luigi can kick into enemies to stun them, instead of hitting them from below, as in the original.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: Hudson Soft was originally responsible for the "Mario Party" series until "Mario Party DS" in 2007, but as of March 2012 this has been taken over by Nd Cube since Hudson has become a part of Konami. Many of Hudson's employees now work for Nd Cube.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: Three games were planned for development by Philips Interactive Media for use on its CD-i machine: "Super Mario's Wacky Worlds", "Hotel Mario", and "Mario Takes America". Only "Hotel Mario" was released; "Super Mario's Wacky Worlds" and "Mario Takes America" were eventually cancelled. Philips was given permission to use Nintendo characters in CD-i games due to their taking part in developing an unreleased add-on for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). "Hotel Mario" did not gain much success, with Nintendo rarely acknowledging it as part of the "Mario" series.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Super Mario's Wacky Worlds" is a cancelled video game planned for the CD-i, developed by NovaLogic, which attempted to duplicate the gameplay of "Super Mario World". Though the game sprites are based on those in "Super Mario World", the level design is based on Earth locations rather than Dinosaur Land. Due to the limitations of the CD-i, several features could not be included in the game, such as large numbers of sprites on the screen, and many visual effects. The nature of the pointing device controller provides difficult controls for Mario, as the game has the default controls of running and jumping.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Mario Takes America" was proposed about Mario's trip to Hollywood to make his own movie. The game's concept initially impressed Philips, but was cancelled due to the company being unsatisfied with the game's development progress.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Hotel Mario" is a puzzle game developed by Fantasy Factory and published by Philips Interactive Media for the CD-i in 1994. The primary characters of the game are Mario and Luigi, who must find Princess Peach by going through seven Koopa Hotels in the Mushroom Kingdom. Every hotel is divided into multiple stages, and the objective is to close all doors on each stage. The game has been criticized as one of the worst "Mario"-centered games, mainly because of its cutscenes and simple gameplay.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle" is a turn-based tactical role-playing video game developed by Ubisoft Milan (Ubisoft's Italian studio division) for the Nintendo Switch. The game is a crossover with Ubisoft's "Raving Rabbids" franchise, and features both singleplayer and cooperative multiplayer gameplay. The game's story sees players controlling Mario, his friends, and a group of Rabbids dressed as them, dealing with the aftermath of a sudden invasion by a group of Rabbids, who have accidentally misused a powerful invention that has brought chaos to the Mushroom Kingdom. Shigeru Miyamoto was initially impressed by the prototype of the game, that was presented to him by creative director Davide Soliani in 2014, which later caused Nintendo to greenlight the game for a Nintendo Switch release. It was released in Europe and North America on August 29, 2017, and was met with generally favorable reception from critics, who praised its gameplay, depth, and graphics.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: A sequel, "Mario + Rabbids Sparks of Hope", was released on October 28, 2022 for the Nintendo Switch.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: Electronic Arts developed and released "NBA Street V3" and "SSX on Tour" in 2005, both of which included Mario, Luigi, and Peach as playable characters in the GameCube versions.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The "Mario" franchise includes many comics, manga and TV series based on the games. Most were released in the late 1980s to early 1990s, and have since become obscure. The series launched two films, the anime "" released in 1986 and the live action film "Super Mario Bros." in 1993. The latter lost a large amount of money at the box office and was widely considered to be a failure.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Saturday Supercade" was an animated television series produced for Saturday mornings by Ruby-Spears Productions. It ran for two seasons on CBS, beginning in 1983. Each episode comprised several shorter segments featuring video game characters from the Golden Age of Arcade Games. Donkey Kong, Mario and Pauline (from the "Donkey Kong" arcade game) were featured in the show.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!" is the first American TV series based on the "Mario" NES games. It was broadcast in syndication from September 4 to December 1, 1989. The show was produced by DIC Entertainment and was distributed for syndicated television by Viacom Enterprises (full rights have since reverted to DiC through Nintendo).


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "King Koopa's Kool Kartoons" was a live action children's television show broadcast in Southern California during the holiday season of 1989-90. The show starred King Koopa (also known as Bowser), the main antagonist of the "Mario" series. The 30-minute program was originally broadcast during the after-school afternoon time-slots on Los Angeles-based KTTV Fox 11.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3" is the second TV series based on the "Mario" NES games. It aired on NBC from September 8 to December 1, 1990. Based on the "Super Mario Bros. 3" video game, the cartoon shows Mario, Luigi, Princess Toadstool and Toad fighting against Bowser and his Koopalings, who went by different names on the show (Hip, Hop, Kooky, Kootie Pie, Big Mouth, Cheatsy, and Bully). Like the previous Mario cartoon series, the animation was done by Sei Young Animation Co. Ltd, however this show was co-produced by Reteitalia S.P.A., hence the slight differences in character design.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Super Mario Challenge" was a show which aired on The Children's Channel. It ran from 1990 to 1991 and aired at 4:30 p.m. every weekday. The presenter, John Lenahan, was a lookalike of Mario, and dressed in his clothes. Two guest players had to do tasks, all of which involved playing the "Mario" video games "Super Mario Bros.", "Super Mario Bros. 2" and, after its release in 1991, "Super Mario Bros. 3". Rounds included challenges to see which player could complete a level in the fastest time and who could collect the most gold coins on a certain level.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Super Mario World" is an animated television series based on the SNES video game of the same name. It is the third and currently last Saturday morning cartoon based on the "Mario" series. The show was originally aired on Saturday mornings on NBC in the 1991–92 season. It was featured in a half-hour time slot with a shortened version of "". Episodes of "Super Mario World" were later shown as part of the syndication package "Captain N and the Video Game Masters". Afterwards, the series was split from "Captain N" altogether and shown in time-compressed reruns on "Mario All-Stars".


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "" is a Japanese anime film released on July 20, 1986. Directed by Masami Hata and produced by Masakatsu Suzuki and Tsunemasa Hatano, it stars Mario and Luigi, who get stuck in a Famicom video game, in which they must save Princess Peach from King Koopa. A manga adaptation of the film was published in Japan around the same time as the film's release.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: A series of three OVA episodes titled "", based on "Momotarō", "Issun-bōshi" and "Snow White", were released on August 3, 1989. These generally featured Mario as the hero, Peach as the damsel and Bowser as the villain, with other Mario characters playing supporting roles.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: "Super Mario Bros." is an American 1993 adventure family comedy loosely based on the video game of the same name. The film follows the exploits of Mario (Bob Hoskins) and Luigi (John Leguizamo) in a dystopia ruled by King Koopa (Dennis Hopper). It was the first live-action major motion picture to be based on a video game. The film's plot features Mario and Luigi as the main protagonists, Mario leading the team with Luigi developing a romance with Princess Daisy.


title: Mario (franchise)

text: The film grossed $21 million on a $48 million budget. On the television show "Siskel & Ebert", the film received two thumbs down and was written off as a box office flop.