title: Gigantism

text: As a result of the excessive amounts of growth hormone, children achieve heights that are well above normal ranges. The specific age of onset for gigantism varies between patients and gender, but the common age that excessive growth symptoms start to appear has been found to be around 13 years. Other health complications, such as hypertension, may occur in pediatric patients with hyper-secretion of growth hormone. Characteristics more similar to those seen in acromegaly may occur in patients that are closer in age to adolescence since they are nearing growth plate fusion.


title: Gigantism

text: Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are two substances that have been identified as influencing growth plate formation and bone growth and, therefore, gigantism. Their specific mechanisms are still not well understood.


title: Gigantism

text: More broadly, GH and IGF have both been identified to be involved in most stages of growth: embryonic, prenatal, and postnatal. Moreover, the receptor gene for IGF has been shown to be particularly influential throughout various stages of development, especially prenatally. This is the same for GH receptor genes which have been known to drive overall growth throughout various pathways.


title: Gigantism

text: Growth hormone is a precursor (upstream) of IGF-I, but each has its independent role in hormonal pathways. Yet both seem to ultimately come together to have a joint effect on growth.


title: Gigantism

text: Evaluation of growth hormone hyper-secretion cannot be excluded with a single normal GH level due to diurnal variation. However, a random blood sample showing markedly elevated GH is adequate for diagnosis of GH hyper-secretion. Additionally, a high-normal GH level that fails to suppress with administration of glucose is also sufficient for a diagnosis of GH hyper-secretion.


title: Gigantism

text: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an excellent test for evaluation of GH hyper-secretion. It does not undergo diurnal variation and will thus be consistently elevated in GH hyper-secretion and therefore patients with gigantism. A single normal IGF-1 value will reliably exclude GH hyper-secretion.


title: Gigantism

text: Finding a specific genetic cause for gigantism has proven to be difficult. Gigantism is the primary example of growth hormone hyper-secretion disorders, a group of illnesses that are not yet deeply understood.


title: Gigantism

text: Some common mutations have been associated with gigantism. Pediatric gigantism patients have shown to have duplications of genes on a specific chromosome, Xq26. Typically, these patients also experienced an onset of typical gigantism symptoms before reaching the age of 5. This indicates a possible linkage between gene duplications and the gigantism.


title: Gigantism

text: Additionally, DNA mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene are common in gigantism patients. They have been found to be present in about 29 percent of patients with gigantism. AIP is labeled as a tumor suppressor gene and a pituitary adenoma disposition gene.


title: Gigantism

text: Mutations in AIP sequencing can have deleterious effects by inducing the development of pituitary adenomas which in turn can cause gigantism.


title: Gigantism

text: Two specific mutations in the AIP gene have been identified as possible causes of pituitary adenomas. These mutations also have the ability to cause adenoma growth to occur early in life. This is typical in gigantism.


title: Gigantism

text: Additionally, a large variety of other known genetic disorders have been found to influence the development of gigantism such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 4, McCune-Albright syndrome, Carney complex, familial isolated pituitary adenoma, X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG).


title: Gigantism

text: Although various gene mutations have been associated with gigantism, over 50 percent of cases cannot be linked to genetic causes, showing the complex nature of the disorder.


title: Gigantism

text: Many treatments for gigantism receive criticism and are not accepted as ideal. Various treatments involving surgery and drugs have been used to treat gigantism.


title: Gigantism

text: Pegvisomant is one pharmaceutical drug which has received attention for being a possible treatment route for gigantism. Reduction of the levels of IGF-I as a result of pegvisomant administration can be incredibly beneficial for the pediatric gigantism patients.


title: Gigantism

text: After treatment with pegvisomant, high growth rates, a feature characteristic of gigantism, can be significantly decreased. Pegvisomant has been seen to be a powerful alternative to other treatments such as somatostatin analogues, a common treatment method for acromegaly, if drug treatment is paired with radiation.


title: Gigantism

text: Finding the optimal level of pegvisomant is important so normal body growth is not negatively affected. In order to do this, titration of the medication can be used as a way to find the proper administration level.


title: Gigantism

text: The term is typically applied to those whose height is not just in the upper 1% of the population but several standard deviations above mean for persons of the same sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. The term is seldom applied to those who are simply "tall" or "above average" whose heights appear to be the healthy result of normal genetics and nutrition. Gigantism is usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland of the brain. It causes growth of the hands, face, and feet. In some cases the condition can be passed on genetically through a mutated gene.


title: Gigantism

text: Other names somewhat obsolete for this pathology are hypersoma (Greek: "hyper" over the normal level; "soma" body) and somatomegaly (Greek; "soma" body, genitive "somatos" of the body; "megas", gen. "megalou" great). In the past, while many of them were social outcasts because of their height, some (usually unintentionally) found employment in Friedrich Wilhelm I's famous Potsdam Giants regiment.


title: Gigantism

text: Many of those who have been identified with gigantism have had multiple health problems involving the circulatory or skeletal system, as the strain of maintaining a large, heavy body places abnormal demands on both the bones and the heart.


The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader is a 2010 high fantasy adventure film directed by Michael Apted from a screenplay by Christopher Markus, Stephen McFeely, and Michael Petroni, based on the 1952 novel "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader", the third published and fifth chronological novel in the children's book series "The Chronicles of Narnia" by C. S. Lewis. The sequel to "" (2008), it is the third and final installment in "The Chronicles of Narnia" film series. It is the only film in the series not to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, which was replaced by 20th Century Fox. However, Disney would eventually own the rights to all the films in the series following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in 2019.


title: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader

text: Georgie Henley, Skandar Keynes, Ben Barnes, Liam Neeson, Tilda Swinton, William Moseley and Anna Popplewell reprise their roles from the second film, while new cast includes Will Poulter and Simon Pegg. The film is set three Narnian years after the events of "Prince Caspian". The two youngest Pevensie siblings, Edmund and Lucy, are transported back to Narnia along with their cousin Eustace Scrubb. They join the new king of Narnia, Caspian, in his quest to rescue seven lost lords and to save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a dark island. Each character is tested as they journey to the home of Aslan at the far end of the world.


text: Development on the film began in 2007, while "Prince Caspian" was still in production. Filming was supposed to take place in Malta, Czech Republic, and Iceland in 2008 with Michael Apted as its new director, for a planned release in 2009. However, production was halted after a budgetary dispute between Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures following "Prince Caspian" performance at the box office, resulting in Disney's departing the production and being replaced by 20th Century Fox under its Fox 2000 Pictures label. Filming later took place in Australia and New Zealand in 2009. It was released in traditional 2D, RealD 3D, and Digital 3D. It is the only film in the series to be released in 3D.


text: "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" premiered on November 30, 2010, selected for the Royal Film Performance, before it was theatrically released on December 9 in the United Kingdom and December 10 in the United States. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances and visual effects, but criticized the script and pace. It was a moderate success at the box office, grossing over $415.6 million worldwide. Despite being lower than its predecessors, it was 20th Century Fox's highest-grossing film in 2010. The song "There's a Place for Us" by Carrie Underwood was nominated for Best Original Song at the 68th Golden Globe Awards.


text: An adaptation of "The Magician's Nephew" was to be the fourth entry in the film series, but in the fall of 2011, Walden Media's contract with the C. S. Lewis estate expired.


text: Three Narnian years after the events of "", Lucy and Edmund Pevensie are staying with their irritating cousin Eustace Scrubb while their older siblings Peter and Susan are in America as World War II rages on. Edmund is too young to enlist in His Majesty's Armed Forces, to his chagrin. A painting of a ship on the ocean transports Lucy, Edmund, and Eustace into an ocean in Narnia.


text: They are rescued by the "Dawn Treader". Caspian invites them on a voyage to rescue the seven Lords of Narnia whom his uncle Miraz banished. In the Lone Islands, where people are sold as slaves, Caspian and Edmund are imprisoned while Lucy and Eustace are sold as slaves. Caspian meets one of the lost lords, who reveals that unsold slaves are sacrificed to a green mist. The crew of the "Dawn Treader" rescues Caspian and the others. The lord, who becomes the new governor, gives Caspian a sword, one of seven given to the lords by Aslan.


text: At another island, Lucy is abducted by invisible Dufflepuds who force her to enter the manor of the magician Coriakin to find a visibility spell. Coriakin encourages the crew to defeat the mist by laying the lords' swords at Aslan's Table on Ramandu's island, but warns they will be tested. Lucy recites a beauty incantation she found, and enters a dream in which she is Susan, and neither Lucy nor Narnia exist. Aslan chides Lucy for her self-doubt, explaining that her siblings only know of Narnia because of her.


text: At a third island, another sword is recovered from a pool that turns anything that touches it into gold. Eustace steals from a rock pit full of treasure. While Edmund and Caspian look for Eustace, they discover the remains of another of the lords, recovering his sword. A dragon approaches and is driven away from the "Dawn Treader". The dragon is Eustace, transformed by the treasure. Reepicheep befriends Eustace, who has a change of heart and becomes useful to the crew.


text: The crew arrives at Aslan's Table to find three lost lords sleeping. As they place the swords on the table they realize one is missing. A star descends from the sky and transforms into Lilliandil, a beautiful woman who guides them to the Dark Island, a lair of the mist, where they discover the last lord. The island uses Edmund's fear to create a sea serpent that attacks the ship. Eustace fights the serpent, but the panicked lord wounds him with the last sword, causing him to fly away. He encounters Aslan, who transforms him back into a boy and sends him to Ramandu's island with the last sword. As the crew fights the serpent, the mist distracts Edmund by appearing as Jadis, the White Witch. Eustace reaches the table, but the mist tries to stop him from putting the sword on the table with the others. He overcomes the mist, allowing the swords to unleash their magic and bestow Edmund's own sword with the power to slay the sea serpent, the death of which awakens the three lords, destroys the mist and Dark Island, and liberates the sacrificed slaves.


text: Eustace rejoins Lucy, Edmund, Caspian, and Reepicheep, and they sail to a mysterious shore before a massive wave. Aslan appears, telling them that his country lies beyond, although if they go there they may never return. Caspian wishes to enter Aslan's country but changes his mind, knowing he has more duties as a king, but Reepicheep is determined to enter. Aslan blesses him and he bids farewell to Caspian, Edmund, Lucy and Eustace. Aslan tells Lucy and Edmund that they cannot return to Narnia as they have grown up. Aslan encourages them to know him in their world by another name. Aslan opens a portal to return them to their world. As Lucy, Edmund and Eustace walk to the portal, Eustace asks Aslan if he will return. Aslan replies that he will. The three of them are returned to the bedroom. Eustace hears his mother announcing a visitor, Jill Pole. Eustace hangs the painting back on the wall. As they exit the bedroom, they look back at the painting and see the ship voyaging through the waves disappear before Lucy closes the door.


text: Michael Apted took over as the film's director from Andrew Adamson, who opted to produce, with Mark Johnson, Perry Moore, and Douglas Gresham. Steven Knight wrote the script following a draft by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely. Richard Taylor, Isis Mussenden, and Howard Berger continued their roles working on the production design and practical effects, while visual effects supervisor Jim Rygiel, composer David Arnold, and cinematographer Dante Spinotti are newcomers to the series. The film was officially budgeted at $140 million, although some estimates put the cost at $155 million.


text: When Apted signed on to direct "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" in June 2007, filming was set to begin in January 2008 for a May 1, 2009 release date. Shooting would have begun in Malta, and then moved to Prague and Iceland. A few months later, Disney announced that "in consideration of the challenging schedules for [its] young actors", they were delaying the release date to May 7, 2010, and filming was moved to October 2008. Johnson rescheduled the shoot to Playas de Rosarito, Baja California (Mexico), where two thirds of the film would be shot at the water tank that was used for "Titanic" and "". Filming was also scheduled for Australia. Disney and Walden eventually grew concerned over safety in Mexico, and Australian officials at Warner Roadshow Studios in Queensland offered to become the project's base for the whole shoot.


text: Disney announced on December 24, 2008, that it would no longer co-produce the film. Disney and Walden disputed over the budget after the box office performance of "" grossed far less than ""; Disney wanted to limit it to $100 million, whereas Walden wanted a $140 million budget, of which Disney would only need to provide half. Another reason why Disney opted not to produce the film was because they feared the budget would only grow during filming and post-production. The "Los Angeles Times" also reported "creative differences" led to the split. "Times" columnist Mary McNamara noted that Disney leaving the series could be a mistake, because "Voyage" is the most popular Narnia book, while "Caspian" was the series' least popular and did not create the anticipation surrounding the first film. Walden began searching for a new distributor for the film. Several other studios, including Sony's Columbia Pictures, Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros., and 20th Century Fox were in negotiations to distribute the film, although several markets already predicted that Fox would take over.


text: It was announced in January 2009 that 20th Century Fox would replace Walt Disney Pictures as the distributor while Disney would still retain the rights for the first two. Fox had pursued the "Narnia" film rights in 2001 and distributed various other Walden projects. Producer Mark Johnson admitted that "we made some mistakes with "Prince Caspian" and I don't want to make them again". He said it was "very important" that filmmakers regain the magic for "Dawn Treader".


text: Michael Petroni was hired to rewrite the script with Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, following a draft written by Richard LaGravenese and Steven Knight. The previous two films have been described as remaining more faithful to the original stories than the third installment. Apted noted the episodic and disconnected nature of the story would need to be revised for a film version, such as the material involving the Dark Island, the Sea Serpent, and Eustace. They even discussed combining "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" with "The Silver Chair", much as the BBC combined "Dawn Treader" and "Prince Caspian" in its television serial. As a result, some elements were borrowed from "The Silver Chair", where Narnians are held hostage and rescued. The author's estate did not initially receive the change well, but it gained favor after review.


text: Eustace has a greater role as a dragon in the film such as not only allowed to proceed with the ship to the next islands in that state, but also proves a valuable asset for the crew for the remainder of the voyage. This is so he could take a major part in the action and not merely do expedition work duty as in the book. The book's stream of consciousness description about Eustace gradually realizing that he had become a dragon while sleeping is effective as text, but it could not easily be translated onto film. Further, a noted passage from the book where Aslan peels Eustace's dragon skin off in layers is not used. Walden President Micheal Flaherty remarked about it that "people don't earn grace; they receive it once they are humbled and aware of their need." The old dragon which Eustace finds, and sees it die of old age, in the valley in the book, is not used in the film.


text: Ernie Malik, a unit publicist for the film, confirmed that filming began on July 27, 2009, on location in Queensland, Australia. Filming took place at Village Roadshow Studios in August and September 2009, with filming of exterior shots on board the ship at Cleveland Point and the Gold Coast Seaway in September 2009. Apted stated that fellow directors Gore Verbinski and Peter Weir recommended him not to shoot on water, so they built a giant "Dawn Treader" on a gimbal at, which allowed it to rock and shift as if on the high seas. At the extreme end of the town's peninsula, jutting into Moreton Bay, the boat could be rotated through 360 degrees to keep the sun angles consistent. Additional shots were taken at the Southport School, also located on the Gold Coast. It was also filmed at White Island in New Zealand.


text: There are 1,400 special effects shots that were made for "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader", more than "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" 800 and fewer than "Prince Caspian" 1,500 shots. Angus Bickerton served as the lead visual effects supervisor of the film while Jim Rygiel, who supervised the effects on "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, worked as the senior visual effects supervisor. British visual effects companies the Moving Picture Company, Framestore CFC, and The Senate VFX were hired to create the visual effects alongside Cinesite and The Mill. Moving Picture worked on the dragon Eustace and the "Dawn Treader". They say the dragon is "amongst the most heroic characters ever created, and is scheduled to be featured in around 200 shots of the movie." They also revised Reepicheep from the previous film by saturating his color, giving him bushier eyebrows and ear hair, and made his whiskers a little more wiry just to give him a sense of age. Framestore also revised Aslan, changing his color palette to be a more realistic lion than a golden lion and adding a darker mane; they also created 16 different dufflepuds to replace Jonathan Fawkner and Angus Bickerton running around first as dufflepuds on the set; The Senate worked on the opening shot of King's College, Cambridge, as well as the star effect on Liliandil at Ramandu's Island; Cinesite worked on the Dark Island, and Fugitive Studios did the end titles and credits, which featured original drawings created by Pauline Baynes for the Narnia books. These illustrations were included because the film's creators wanted the credits to have visual interest, and also because they wished to include an acknowledgement to Pauline Baynes, who died in August 2008.


text: After the success of the 3D release of "Avatar", 20th Century Fox announced in February 2010 that "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" would be released in Digital 3D and RealD 3D formats; it is the first "Narnia" film to have a 3D release. Walden had previous experience creating 3D films, having released James Cameron's documentaries "Ghosts of the Abyss" and "Aliens of the Deep", as well as "Journey to the Center of the Earth" with New Line Cinema. The filmmakers initially discussed shooting the film in 3D during principal photography but later decided to shoot in two-dimensional cameras to save on costs. Prime Focus Group was hired in June 2010 to convert the film to 3D during post-production. Film director Joe Dante remarked that Apted was at first skeptical about the conversion, stating "If I was gonna do a 3D movie, I would have done it differently." Later, he remarked that he was excited after seeing progress during the conversion. "Dawn Treader" was his first 3D film. Johnson later said that the reason for the film's 3D release was to help "Dawn Treader" at the box office, where it would be in competition with films such as "Tangled", "", and "Yogi Bear" which were released in 3D.


text: Composer David Arnold scored the film, with themes composed by Harry Gregson-Williams (who scored the first two films). It was the Arnold's fourth collaboration with Apted, after "The World Is Not Enough", "Enough", and "Amazing Grace". Arnold worked with Paul Apted in editing the score. The scoring sessions took place during September and work was completed on October 8, 2010. An original song, "There's a Place for Us" written by Carrie Underwood, David Hodges, and Hillary Lindsey, and recorded by Underwood, was released on November 16, 2010 exclusively on iTunes. It was released on December 7, 2010 by Sony Masterworks. Covers of the song have been recorded by various singers around the world.


text: In addition to its production budget, Fox and Walden spent around $100 million to promote the film around the world. In late November 2009, three still pictures from the film were released on the social networking site Facebook. In February 2010, Narnia.com, the official domain, returned after a nine-month hiatus, bringing exclusive reports from the set. The full site, with the first trailer, information on the film's story and cast, and other content, opened on June 17, 2010. The film's first promotional banner was presented at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, which was followed by a teaser poster in May 2010. A Christian "Narnia" conference was held from June 3–6, 2010, at Taylor University in Upland, Indiana. Director Michael Apted and some of the producers gave exclusive commentary on and first looks at the film, including a 5-minute "super trailer". Franklin Graham's Samaritan's Purse program promoted an international relief campaign entitled Operation Narnia to donate relief goods to children around the world from July to December 2010.


text: The historic caravel ship the "Matthew" was transformed into a replica of "The Dawn Treader" to promote the film. It sailed from the Atlantic Ocean to the English Channel in August 2010. National Geographic Channel and Fox conducted a series of contests in Europe for people who want to visit the ship for three days. The National Maritime Museum in Cornwall made the ship available to the public on August 28 to August 30, 2010.


text: "IGN" said that the film "was far more reminiscent of the vibrant and optimistic "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" than of its dark and violent sequel, "Prince Caspian"". "UGO" said that ""Narnia's" gone back to the magic" and remarked that "sailing the high seas looks fun!"


text: The first official trailer for the film was released online on June 17, 2010. The trailer was attached to the theatrical release of "Toy Story 3" on June 18, 2010, and then attached to "Alpha and Omega" on September 17, 2010. 20th Century Fox released the trailer on the "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" DVD release. An international poster and trailer for the film was shown on October 7, 2010. A third trailer was released November 9, 2010. To promote the film's release, American television networks ABC and Disney Channel broadcast "The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe" on December 11, 13, and 14. Cable network Syfy screened "Prince Caspian" on December 12 and 13.


text: HarperCollins published new editions of "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" and "The Chronicles of Narnia" on October 26, 2010, with new images of the film. Harper published a new edition of "The Chronicles of Narnia", commemorating the 60th anniversary of "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", and released it the same day. A movie storybook and several other tie-in books were released by HarperChildrens, Walden Pond Press, and Zondervan to promote the film. On November 12, 2010, HarperCollins released an enhanced multimedia e-book of "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" for several platforms including iPad and Android.


text: Group Publishing released three previews from the film and included it in their vacation Bible school resource kit called "Fun for the Whole Family Hour" on August 19, 2010. Grace Hill Media released a resource tool entitled "Narnia Faith" for ministers and pastors on October 12, 2010.


text: Back in early 2009, Destructoid reported that video game developer Nihilistic Software was working on the video game for "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader". This was substantiated by an online resume for Nestor Angeles on the Animator Database. It was then assumed that the game would be completed in coincidence with the film's release in December 2010. Less than a year thereafter it has been revealed that the video game adaptation of "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" produced by Nihilistic Software was cancelled when Walt Disney Pictures (and therefore Disney Interactive) left the Narnia project in late 2008/early 2009.


text: In 2010, the mobile video game The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader was released, developed by Fox Digital Entertainment, it was released in 2010. It is a sequel to "" and "" movie-based video games.


text: The game is set as a journey to Aslan's country and then back to England. As King Caspian, Edmund, or Lucy, the player will encounter sea monsters and dragons in epic battles. Loosely based on the movie "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader", the game also shares some sequences with the original book.


text: The player becomes one of the film's three main characters: King Caspian, Lucy and Edmund. Gameplay includes defeating enemies including bosses with a sword as well as solving simple puzzles. In some parts the player will control a rowboat and has to evade rocks and attacking pirates on a rowboat. Health and stamina can be replenished along the way by picking up bottles dropped by defeating enemies or destroying jars or opening treasure chests.


text: The game, just like its predecessor, was met with average to mixed reviews upon release. Will Wilson, writing for the mobile gaming website Pocket Gamer, gave a 6/10 mixed review, stating that: "the Voyage of the Dawn Treader is a solid movie tie-in that doesn't desecrate the license and will please fans, but it doesn't offer up anything to get pulses racing either".


text: "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" held its world premiere on November 30, 2010 in London at the Royal Film Performance in Leicester Square. It was the first time the Royal Film Performance was screened in Digital 3D and the second time a "Narnia" film premiered at the event, the first being "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" in 2005. The premiere was attended by various personalities, including Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. It was given a pre-release gala on December 8 in Knoxville, Tennessee followed by a North American premiere in Louisville, Kentucky on December 9, 2010. The film was originally set to have a May 2009 release date when Disney was still producing it. But was later delayed when Disney pulled itself and Fox helmed the production. Fox later announced a December 2010 release date because it felt that "Narnia" would do better during the holidays. It had its major release in Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and 2D formats in Asia and Australia on December 2, 2010 and in North America and Europe on December 10, 2010.


text: "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" was met with mixed reviews from critics. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 50% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on a sample of 166 reviews, with a rating average of 5.72/10. The consensus reads: "Its leisurely, businesslike pace won't win the franchise many new fans, but "Voyage of the Dawn Treader" restores some of the Narnia franchise's lost luster with strong performances and impressive special effects." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating from film critics, the film has a rating score of 53% based on 33 reviews, indicating "mixed to average" reviews. CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave the film an A− on an A+ to F scale.


text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" praised the film and gave it three stars out of four, saying "This is a rip-snorting adventure fantasy for families, especially the younger members who are not insistent on continuity." Roger Moore of the "Orlando Sentinel" gave it a three stars out of four; he remarked it is "a worthy challenger to the far more popular "Harry Potter" pictures". "The Guardian" gave the film a positive review. They stated that the film "arrives with confidence and bravado intact. ... and arguably the most Tolkien-esque of the Narnia books". IGN was positive, stating ""The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" is a solid sequel that might even surpass the first entry as the best in the series for some fans. It also bodes well for the future of this once iffy franchise."


text: Several film critics have praised Apted's direction in character development and Poulter's performance as Eustace. Among them, "The Arizona Republic" Kerry Lengel said, "the best thing about the film is neither the top-notch CGI nor the shallow moral lessons but the performance of Georgie Henley as Lucy as well as the performance of her and Edmund's insufferable cousin Eustace Scrubb." Luke Y. Thompson from E! Online praised the performances, stating "Henley and Keynes are charming as ever, and Poulter's turn as Eustace injects a welcome note of comedic cynicism into the sea of sentimentality. Simon Pegg ably succeeds Eddie Izzard as mouse warrior Reepicheep, Bille Brown's sorcerer Coriakin has a fun performance and a sequence in which Lucy inadvertently wishes her life away is brilliantly disorienting and nightmarish."


text: Despite the movie adaptation of the book to appeal to the "everyman" and not just to Christian audiences and Lewis fans (with the introduction of the search for the seven swords side plot, the continued reoccurrence of the White Queen, and the larger role for the dragon Eustace), Christian reviewers found much to like about the movie. Key for many was the closing scene with Lucy and Aslan in which Aslan assures a sobbing Lucy "that he's very much in her world, where he has 'another name'. and that "This was the very reason why (Lucy was) brought to Narnia, that by knowing (Aslan) here for a little, (she) may know (him) better there." This was in direct contradiction to the first two "Narnia" movies in which Christian reviewers felt that the director failed to grasp and accurately reproduce key sections and overriding themes from "" and "".


text: Brandon Gray of Box Office Mojo stated that "There certainly will be an audience for this picture, I just don't think it is going to restore the franchise to its former glory." He added that the film would be considered a relative success if it made anything close to "Prince Caspian" box office numbers, which would increase the likelihood of further Narnia films.


text: Mark Johnson, the producer of the Narnia films, later remarked that "Prince Caspian" "had strayed from its core audience," referring to the Christian and family audience who catapulted "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" to the top at the box office. Tom Rothman, co-chairman of Fox Filmed Entertainment, remarked, "We think this is a tremendously undervalued asset, we believe there is great life in the franchise." He feels the film is not just a single motion picture, but a re-launch of a movie series that still has long-term potential. He commented that Fox and Walden had engaged in talks about further potential Narnia films, though such discussions were made prior to the opening of "Dawn Treader".


text: The film grossed $415.7 million worldwide, including $104.4 million in North America as well as $311.3 million in other territories. It is the 12th-highest-grossing film worldwide of 2010, as well as Fox's highest-grossing film of that year since, ahead of "Knight and Day" and "".


text: "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" opened in 3,555 theaters across the United States and Canada on December 10, 2010. On its opening day, the film grossed $8.3 million, which was far lower than the $23 million that "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" made on its opening day in 2005, and also much lower than "Prince Caspian", which had an opening day gross of $19.4 million in 2008. Although "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" debuted at #1 at the box office and grossed $24.0 million for its opening weekend, it was far less than the opening weekends of "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" ($65.6 million) and "Prince Caspian" ($55.0 million). Despite "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" disappointing opening weekend, Fox believed that word of mouth and the holiday season would help the film hold well. In its second weekend, "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" dropped 48%, the smallest second-weekend drop in the franchise, and came in with $12.4 million, in third place to "" and "Yogi Bear". During its third weekend, the 2010 Christmas weekend, "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" dropped only 24%, the smallest decline among nationwide releases, and grossed $9.5 million. In the 2011 New Year's weekend, the film increased 8% from the previous weekend, grossing $10.3 million. On January 22, 2011, the film's forty-fourth day in theaters, "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" became 20th Century Fox's first film to gross $100 million in the United States and Canada since "" crossed that mark in December 2009. However, it is the slowest "Narnia" film to reach $100 million in these regions, taking much longer than "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" (nine days) and "Prince Caspian" (thirteen days).


text: Overseas, the film performed better. On its limited opening weekend (Dec. 3–5, 2010) when it opened in only 9 territories (among them some limited releases), it earned $11.9 million ranking 4th for the weekend. On its first weekend of wide release (Dec. 10–12, 2010), it expanded to 58 countries and topped the box office, earning $65.8 million, for an overseas total of $79.8 million. The film's biggest opening market was Russia, where it opened with $10.9 million (the best start for the franchise) including previews. It had the best opening of for a "Narnia" film in Mexico ($7.1 million including previews) and South Korea ($5.3 million including previews). Its opening in the UK, a mere $3.9 million, was less than half of what "Prince Caspian" opened with and about a quarter of the first film's UK opening in 2005. However, the film held well throughout the holiday season in the UK, and on the weekend ending January 9, 2011 it outgrossed the £11,653,554 that "Prince Caspian" made in that region. It made £14,317,168 ($23,650,534) at the UK box office.


text: On its second weekend, it held to the top spot at the box office, but declined 53% to $31.2 million for an overseas total of $125.2 million. It fell to fifth place on the Christmas weekend ($23.1 million) and on New Year's weekend it went down to sixth place ($19.3 million) for an overseas total of $210.2 million. It eased 5% to $18.4 million from 53 markets on its fifth showing for a fourth-place finish. It had a major opening of $6.3 million in China, which was better than "Prince Caspian" $3.9 million. On its 12th weekend (February 25–27), it surpassed "Prince Caspian" foreign gross ($278 million) when it opened in Japan, with a $6.6 million gross, which is behind the first film's opening ($8.9 million) but better than the second film's ($5 million).


text: On December 14, 2010, The Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ("There's a Place for Us") at the 68th Golden Globe Awards. It received three nominations at the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards: Best Youth Actor (Will Poulter), Best Live Action Family Film, and Best Original Song. Poulter received a nomination for Young British Performer of the Year at the 2010 London Film Critics Circle Awards. The film also received four nominations at the 37th Saturn Awards. It was awarded the Epiphany Prize as the Most Inspiring Movie of 2010.


text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" on Blu-ray and DVD on April 8, 2011. The release included a single-disc DVD, a two-disc DVD double pack, a single-disc Blu-ray, and a three-disc Blu-ray with DVD and Digital Copy.


text: The two-disc DVD double pack will feature an animated short film entitled "The Untold adventures of the Dawn Treader", a guide to the "Dawn Treader", seven "Narnian discovery" featurettes, four featurettes aired on Fox Movie Channel and 5 minutes of deleted scenes. The three-disc Blu-ray edition will also feature eight international music videos, a sword game, five island explorations, two additional short films entitled "Portal to Narnia: A Painting Comes to Life" & "Good vs. Evil: Battle on the Sea", a visual effects progression reel, and a digital copy.


text: On October 9, 2020, the film became available for streaming on Disney+, following The Walt Disney Company's acquisition of 20th Century Fox in 2019.


text: Walden Media President Micheal Flaherty stated in an interview that 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment are developing a collector's-edition box set DVD and Blu-ray containing the first three films.


text: On March 22, 2011, it was announced that an adaptation of "The Magician's Nephew" would be the next film in the series. The C. S. Lewis Estate was in final negotiations to produce it and had yet to confirm a release date and the screenwriter. However, in the fall of 2011, Douglas Gresham, a co-producer of the films, said that Walden Media no longer owns the rights to produce another "Narnia" film. If another film was to be made, it would not be for another three or four years.


text: On October 3, 2018, it was announced that Netflix and the C. S. Lewis Company had made a multi-year agreement to develop a new series of film and TV adaptations of "The Chronicles of Narnia". This announcement was interpreted as superseding previously announced plans for "The Silver Chair". On June 12, 2019, it was announced that Matthew Aldrich will serve as the creative architect and oversee the development of Narnia films and television for Netflix. In May 2020, Douglas Gresham expressed concern about the future of the project, stating he had not been contacted by Netflix in some time.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan Bhagat (born 22 April 1974) is an Indian author, columnist and YouTuber. He was included in Time magazine's list of World's 100 Most Influential People in 2010.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: He is one of the most successful Indian authors who has penned several novels that hit the market with massive success. He is considered a youth icon rather than just a novelist or writer. He is also a popular newspaper columnist and writes columns for many leading newspapers. For him, novels are entertainment tools through which he expresses his opinions and views about the youth and the society in general. Chetan is also a motivational speaker and has given many speeches at various organizations and institutes.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: In 2008, The New York Times published an article on him with the headline "Chetan Bhagat: An Investment Banker Finds Fame Off the Books". His books have been bestsellers since their date of release. Several novels of his have been adapted into successful Bollywood films. He is also known as a celebrity author.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan Bhagat was born in New Delhi in a middle-class family. His father worked in the Indian Army and his mother was a government employee in the agricultural department. He has one younger brother, Ketan Bhagat.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan married Anusha Suryanarayan in 1998. He met her during their college days at IIM. One of his novels, “2 States” was inspired by his real-life love story. They have two twin sons named Shyam Bhagat and Ishaan Bhagat.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan was raised in Naraina Vihar, West Delhi, and the major part of his education was done in Delhi. He studied in local Delhi schools and later joined the Army Public School in Dhaula Kuan, Delhi. He was a bright and intelligent student and scored high grades consistently. His love for writing began during his school years. He used to write articles for the literary magazine of his school and seeing his name printed on the magazine as a writer gave him intense pleasure. This encouraged him to write more in the coming years.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan Bhagat graduated in mechanical engineering from IIT Delhi and then pursued PGP from IIM Ahmedabad. He started his career as an investment banker but left it after a few years to pursue writing. He has written ten novels and three non-fiction books. His first novel, "Five Point Someone", was published in 2004.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan Bhagat grew up in a traditional Punjabi Hindu family. His father served as a lieutenant colonel in the Indian Army and his mother worked as a scientist in Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. He was schooled at the Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan. He claims to have been an average student at 15.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Bhagat graduated with a B.Tech. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in 1995 as a 9+ pointer.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Bhagat then went on to pursue an Masters of Business Administration degree in marketing from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA) and graduated in 1997. In June 2018, IIMA awarded him the "Young Alumni Achiever's Awards 2018" in the Art & Entertainment category.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Five of Chetan Bhagat's novels have been adapted into Bollywood films like "Hello" in 2008 (based on "One Night @ the Call Center"), "3 Idiots" in 2009 (based on "Five Point Someone"), "Kai Po Che!" in 2013 (based on "The 3 Mistakes of My Life"); "2 States" in 2014 (based on ) and "Half Girlfriend" in 2017 (based on his novel of the same name). Chetan has also written the scripts for Bollywood films like "Kick" in 2014 and adapted his stories for the movies "Kai Po Che!" and "Half Girlfriend". He won the Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay for "Kai Po Che!" at the 59th Filmfare Awards in 2014. His latest novel 400 Days which is based on a missing child and forbidden love was released on 8 October 2021.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: After graduating with a masters of business administration degree in 1998, Chetan was placed through his campus at Peregrine Investments Holdings in Canada. However, he lost this job within six months as the company closed its operations in 1998. His next job was as an investment banker with Goldman Sachs at their Hong Kong office. Despite being unhappy with his boss, he stayed on and kept this boss in mind when he characterised the villain in his second novel "One Night @ the Call Center". He spent most of his time at the Goldman Sachs office in writing, completing and revising drafts of his first novel, "Five Point Someone". After two years, Rupa Publications accepted his manuscript and offered to publish it.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Bhagat joined Goldman Sachs and quit Bank of England. By 2006, he was vice-president, Strategic Investment Group, Deutsche Bank in Hong Kong. His second novel, "One Night @ the Call Center", was published in 2005 and became a best-seller. In March 2008, Bhagat moved back to India with his wife and three-year-old twin sons. He joined as a director in Deutsche Bank's distressed-assets team in Kodak House, Mumbai. The same year his third novel, "The 3 Mistakes of My Life", was published and sold seven lakh (700,000) copies in three months.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Bhagat is also a popular motivational speaker and has spoken at more than 800 organizations in 1000 cities around the world.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan was a celebrity judge along with Marzi Pestonji and Preity Zinta on the dance reality show named “Nach Baliye” season 7 that aired on the Indian television channel Star Plus.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan was also seen in Netflix’s series Decoupled, which stars R. Madhavan in the lead role. In the show, Madhavan plays the second bestselling author in India, while Chetan plays himself as India's bestselling author and Madhavan's rival.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Five of his novels have been adapted into movies. The film "3 Idiots" released in 2009 (based on his novel "Five Point Someone"), was a major success. For Kai Po Che (2013) based on his novel "The 3 Mistakes of My Life", Bhagat was one of the four screenplay writers. The film was a commercial success and Bhagat, along with Pubali Chaudri, Supratik Sen and Abhishek Kapoor won the Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay for "Kai Po Che!" at the 68th Filmfare Awards.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan Bhagat's writing style is very different from other authors. He is known for making books readable for the average Indian. He has constantly been an inspiration to aspiring writers.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: He believes in keeping it simple which helps him engage with the audience, who don't really want to refer to a dictionary while reading books. The audience also find it easier to relate to his books as the context of his books are usually based on actual events from their lives.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Bhagat also invests a lot of time in creating the characters of his books so that his target audience can relate to them in a better way. His stories usually have an Indian touch in them which make them even more interesting. With his vivid and humorous way of depicting stories, he has inspired reading habits in many young Indians.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan Bhagat is a popular newspaper columnist. He writes op-ed columns for English and Hindi newspapers, including Times of India and Dainik Bhaskar, focusing on youth and issues based on national development ranging from education, society and economy. With his background in investment banking, he provides information to his audience about the financial status and presents impeccable ideas to eradicate risks. Some of the topics that he has written about in the past are mentioned below:


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Bhagat is also an enthusiastic and powerful motivational speaker and has given talks in leading MNCs and other institutions. His talks are thought provoking and focused on youth and national development issues. He has spoken at over 300+ corporates across the world and has covered 100+ cities while doing so.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: His highly inspirational presentations make him a sought-after speaker at corporate and educational events. He is also invited to speak at events like Student orientations, Dealer meets, Annual meets, Sales force motivation, etc. Some of the topics that he has done in the past are mentioned below:


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan is a YouTuber along with being an author and motivational speaker. His YouTube channel is all about providing motivation tips to the young Indians. He has many subscribers and the same has been increasing with every passing day.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: He has recently launched his podcast show Deeptalk with Chetan Bhagat where he invites a list of accomplished guests for a heart-to-heart conversation about how they made it big in life. The podcast show has gained a lot of appreciation from his target audience. Chetan believes that it is their journey that would inspire and motivate today's youth.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Some of the guests that have been a part of the podcast show were Ritesh Agarwal (founder and Group CEO of OYO), (co-founder and CFO at Zerodha), Vineeta Singh (CEO, and co-founder of SUGAR Cosmetics), etc.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan's novels have inspired some of the greatest Bollywood movies with the best of actors starring in the main roles. His stories are top-notch in making everyone reminisce their young days and old friendships. Five of his ten [novels have been adapted into successful Bollywood films and here is the list:


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: A tale about the events that happen one night at a call center, told through the views of the protagonist, Shyam. A story of almost lost love, thwarted ambitions, absence, etc.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: A story about two friends who are searching for their long lost companion. They revisit their college days and recall the memories of their friend who inspired them to think differently, even as the rest of the world called them “idiots”.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: A story of three friends growing up in India at the turn of the millennium set out to open a training academy to produce the country's next cricket stars.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: A story about a romantic journey of a culturally opposite couple – Krish Malhotra and Ananya Swaminathan. They meet at the IIM-Ahmedabad College and during the program they fall in love.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: A story about the relationship between a village boy who comes from Bihar and a high class girl from Delhi.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Chetan has been a part of the popular Netflix show named Decoupled which stars R Madhavan and Surveen Chawla in the lead role.The show was premiered on the OTT platform on 17 December 2021. In the show, Madhavan plays the role of Arya Iyer, a writer. His marriage with his estranged wife, played by Surveen Chawla of the ‘Sacred Games’ fame is on the rocks, but the couple has to keep up the facade of a happy family for the sake of their daughter who is terrified of her parents divorcing. Bhagat makes a cameo in the show, as India's bestselling author. To sum up, ‘Decoupled’ is an interesting take on separating couples while also touching upon today's trending topics on social media.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: The show has been created by Manu Joseph and directed by Hardik Mehta and it turned out to be the No. 1 Indian series on Netflix in less than 72 hours after its release and the second most watched Netflix show in India.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: It is a narrative of three IIT students who are buddies and are struggling to adjust to their new lifestyle. They try to make apologies for their mistakes, but all they get is more difficult. They fail to achieve a higher GPA and are still at the bottom of the IIT class. The book teaches students how to deal with stress during college years.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: During a night train ride in the winter of 2004, the author spotted a young girl. She volunteered to narrate a story to kill time and agreed to hear if the author would include it in his second novel. The author was astounded yet intrigued by the story. The girl told him of an evening when six folks working in a call centre got a phone call from God. The novel is both gloomy and humorous.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: It is a novel based in Ahmedabad that talks about cricket, business, and religion. The book revolves around three young boys, Omi, Ishaan, and Govind. Govind and his mistakes overthrow the dream of his life.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Weddings all around the world are simple: a guy meets a woman, and a woman meets a guy, and they fall madly in love and marry, but in India, things are a bit different. In addition to the two previously mentioned criteria, the boy's family must adore the woman, and the woman's parents must love the boy. Likewise, the woman's family must adore the guy's family, and vice versa; after all, if there is any remaining love, the boy and girl marry. The story is about a boy and a girl from different states and castes. It chronicles their romantic adventure and the difficulties they confront in trying to convince their families.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: The story is about three childhood friends, Gopal, Raghav, and Aarti who are looking for love and success in their small town. While Gopal gives in to the corrupt world for success, Raghav aims to revolutionise it.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: The book is a compilation of speeches and essays that focus on Indian society and its politics. Explaining the desires and issues faced by the youth in India, it provokes thoughts and innovative ideas to improve the Indian economy through social reforms.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: The plot revolves around rural-urban love, with the guy from a poor background and unable to communicate well in English, and the woman from a modern background. The guy falls in love and wishes to be in a relationship, while the girl only wishes to be buddies. Finally, the girl accepts to be his half-girlfriend to demonstrate that love can thrive between classes.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: The book talks about the intractable problems of poverty, unemployment, corruption, discrimination, illiteracy, violence and more. The book helps the reader understand the most complex issues prevailing in India in the simplest language.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Pressuring the issue of feminism, One Indian Girl is a story about Radhika, who is a successful investment banker and is about to get married. Written in the first-person perspective, the story talks about the inequalities faced by women in urban India in different aspects of life, work, society, and love.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: The plot revolves around a boy whose life was turned upside down when his ex-girlfriend welcomed him to her hostel room number 105 as if it were the good old days. It also reflects brown parents’ rigidity when it comes to inter-religious relationships.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: The book is in the form of a compilation of new essays and selected columns talking about the burning issues of the nation. Issues like, unemployment, higher education, inflation and other recent burning issues which the country has faced like Pulwama attack is included in the book.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: Saurabh Maheshwari is engaged to Prerna Malhotra. His wedding is three months away. On the night of Karva Chauth, however, Prerna is murdered after being pushed from her terrace. With Inspector Vijender Singh and aided by ACP Rana, the case is investigated by Saurabh and Keshav Rajpurohit. It is a story of one arranged marriage that eventually becomes one arranged murder.


title: Chetan Bhagat

text: A mystery and romance story like none other. An unputdownable tale of suspense, human relationships, love, friendship, the crazy world we live in and, above all, a mother's determination to never give up.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Sami Khedira (; born 4 April 1987) is a German former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder.


title: Sami Khedira

text: He began his career at VfB Stuttgart, winning the Bundesliga in 2007, before moving to Real Madrid in 2010. In his five seasons in Spain, he won seven domestic and international trophies, including the UEFA Champions League in 2014. In 2015, he moved to Italian side Juventus on a free transfer, and won the Serie A title and Coppa Italia in his first three seasons with the club, followed by two more league titles and a Supercoppa Italiana.


title: Sami Khedira

text: A full international for Germany since 2009, Khedira earned 77 caps for the national team. He has taken part at three FIFA World Cups and two UEFA European Championships with Germany, and was part of their squads which reached the semi-finals at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, as well as the 2012 and 2016 UEFA European Football Championships; he also won the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Before joining the youth team of VfB Stuttgart in 1995, he played at TV Oeffingen. In the first months of the 2006–07 season, he was called up into VfB's Bundesliga squad by manager Armin Veh. His debut followed on 1 October 2006 against Hertha BSC, replacing Antônio da Silva at the end of the 2–2 away draw. He scored his first two goals on 29 October in the 3–0 win against Schalke 04 at the Mercedes-Benz-Arena. On 29 January 2007 he signed his first professional contract at VfB, valid until June 2009. In the last game of the season on 19 May, Khedira scored the winner as "Die Schwaben" came from behind to defeat Energie Cottbus 2–1 and became champions for the first time in 15 years.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 9 July 2008, he extended his contract until the summer of 2011. In the ensuing season, he scored a career-best 7 league goals in 27 games, including both in a 2–2 draw against Bayern Munich on 13 December.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 30 July 2010, Khedira moved to Real Madrid after 98 Bundesliga appearances for an undisclosed fee, signing a contract until 2015. Khedira made his debut on 13 August in a friendly match against Bayern Munich, which Real Madrid won 4–2 on penalties for the Franz-Beckenbauer-Cup. His league debut came sixteen days later, in a 0–0 away draw against Mallorca. He made 40 appearances across his first season in Spain and won his first club honour on 20 April 2011 as his team won the Copa del Rey final against El Clásico rivals FC Barcelona.


title: Sami Khedira

text: He scored his first competitive goal for Real Madrid in the Champions League, on 18 October 2011 against Olympique Lyonnais. He scored his first Copa del Rey goal against Málaga CF in a 3–2 home win when Real Madrid were trailing behind 0–2, and his first league goal against RCD Espanyol in a 5–0 home win.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 21 April 2012, Khedira scored his second league goal, against Barcelona; the goal was Real Madrid's 108th of the season in the league, breaking the previous La Liga record of 107, also set by them in the 1989–90 season.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 24 May 2014, Khedira was in the starting 11 against Atletico Madrid in the UEFA Championship League final, in which Real Madrid won 4-1.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 9 June 2015, Italian side Juventus announced that Khedira had signed a four-year deal on a free transfer. The move was completed on 1 July, at the start of the 2015–16 season.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 1 August, Khedira was stretchered off the pitch after just 25 minutes while playing in a pre-season friendly match against Marseille with a hamstring injury and was ruled out of the Supercoppa Italiana a week later against Lazio. Two days later Juventus confirmed that it was actually a muscle tear in his right thigh, and that he would be sidelined for approximately two months. He was called back to action on 30 September as he started in a Champions League group stage match in a 2–0 win over Sevilla. On 4 October, Khedira made his Serie A debut, starting and scoring the final goal of a 3–1 home win against Bologna in the 63rd minute.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 20 March 2016, Khedira scored his fourth goal of the league season in a 4–1 win at Torino in the Derby della Mole, but was given a straight red card for dissent later on.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 20 August 2016, Khedira opened the 2016–17 Serie A season with a goal in a 2–1 home win over Fiorentina. A week later he scored the only goal in a 1–0 away win over Lazio in the league.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 7 March 2018, Khedira made his 100th appearance for Juventus in a 2–1 win over Tottenham at Wembley Stadium, in the second leg of the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League, assisting Gonzalo Higuaín's goal.


title: Sami Khedira

text: In September 2018, Khedira signed a new contract with Juventus, which would keep him at the team until 2021. In February 2019 he was ruled out for a month to undergo treatment after it was diagnosed that he suffered from an irregular heartbeat. He returned to action on 6 April, coming as a substitute for his injured compatriot Emre Can in a 2–1 home win over Milan.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 1 February 2021, Khedira returned to the Bundesliga, signing for Hertha BSC. On 5 February 2021, he made his debut in a 0–1 defeat against Bayern Munich. On 19 May 2021, he announced that he would retire at the end of the 2020–21 season.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Khedira has appeared 30 times for several German youth national teams; he captained the under-21 side during the 2009 European Under-21 Championship, which Germany won, defeating England 4–0 in the final.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Khedira made his debut for the senior national squad on 5 September 2009 in a friendly match against South Africa. He was substituted on in the 73rd minute for Simon Rolfes.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Khedira was called up to the German squad for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa by coach Joachim Löw. Filling in for the injured Michael Ballack as a central midfielder, he played in all seven matches, and was only substituted twice, as Germany reached the semi-finals. After appearances in five friendlies prior to the World Cup, he made his first competitive appearance against Australia in Germany's first group game. On 10 July 2010, with his first senior international goal, he scored Germany's 16th and last goal of the tournament, in the third place match against Uruguay; Khedira's match-winning header, which came eight minutes from time, ensured the final 3–2 scoreline, and won the young German team the bronze medal.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Khedira was in the starting lineup in eight qualification matches for Euro 2012, helping Germany top their qualifying group with a record ten wins out of ten matches. During the final tournament, he featured in every minute of their run to the semi-finals, scoring in the 4–2 quarter-final win over Greece at the PGE Arena Gdańsk, and was selected for the Team of the Tournament.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Khedira tore his ACL in his right knee in a friendly match against Italy on 15 November 2013 and it was estimated that he would be ruled out for around six months, which put his participation at the 2014 FIFA World Cup into question. However, he recovered in time to be named in Germany's squad for the tournament, and was selected to start in the team's opening match, a 4–0 win against Portugal. On 8 July, he scored Germany's fifth goal in the 7–1 semi-final defeat of hosts Brazil. He was injured during the pre-match warmup for the Final against Argentina, and was replaced by Christoph Kramer in the team's starting line-up, as Germany eventually won 1–0 after extra time.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Khedira was named to Joachim Löw's 23-man Germany squad for UEFA Euro 2016. On 2 July, he was forced off after sustaining an injury in the first half of the quarter-finals against Italy, and was ruled out for the remainder of the tournament; Germany won the match 6–5 in the resulting penalty shoot-out, following a 1–1 draw after extra-time. As in the previous edition of the tournament, Germany were once again eliminated in the semi-finals of the competition, following a 2–0 defeat to hosts France on 7 July.


title: Sami Khedira

text: On 4 June 2018, Khedira was included in Joachim Löw's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. As Germany were eliminated in the group stage, Khedira was deemed as one of the weakest performers in the squad. After the tournament, he was left off the team for the subsequent UEFA Nations League matches.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Khedira is considered a dynamic and well-rounded midfielder, with good awareness and "flawless aerial ability", who can cover a lot of ground efficiently, recover the ball and quickly join in the team's attacking plays; he is also capable of being a goal threat with his heading accuracy and powerful mid-range shooting. A physically strong, energetic, and tactically intelligent player, he is also known for his ball-winning abilities, work-rate, and vision, as well as his solid technique and reliable passing, which allow him to play anywhere in midfield; although usually a central midfielder, he has also been deployed as a defensive midfielder, as a box-to-box midfielder, or even in a more offensive role as a mezzala, due to his stamina, movement (both on and off the ball), positional sense, and versatility, which also enable him to create space or contribute to his team's offensive plays with goals, due to his ability to make late runs into the penalty area from behind. Jonathan Wilson, when writing for "The Guardian" in 2013, described Khedira as a "destroyer with carrying tendencies," namely a holding midfielder who is predominantly tasked with running, winning back possession, and distributing the ball to other players, but who is also "capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet." In spite of his playing ability, however, Khedira is also known to be injury-prone. His playing role and style have been likened to that of compatriot Torsten Frings.


title: Sami Khedira

text: In May 2021, Khedira was announced as one of several former players who would serve as studio analysts for ESPN's coverage of the rescheduled UEFA Euro 2020.


title: Sami Khedira

text: Khedira was born in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. His father is Tunisian and his mother is German. Sami's younger brother Rani plays for Union Berlin and has represented the German U19 team.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: Shaivonte Aician Gilgeous-Alexander ( ; born July 12, 1998), also known by his initials SGA, is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also played one year of college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: Gilgeous-Alexander was selected in the first round of the 2018 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets with the 11th overall pick and was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers that same night. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team in his rookie season with the Clippers before being traded to the Thunder in July 2019.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: Gilgeous-Alexander was born in Toronto, Ontario, and grew up in Hamilton, Ontario. His mother, Charmaine Gilgeous, is a former track star who competed for Antigua and Barbuda at the 1992 Summer Olympics. His father, Vaughn Alexander, coached him as a youth. He began high school in Hamilton, Ontario at St. Thomas More Catholic Secondary School before switching to Sir Allan MacNab Secondary School. He then transferred to Hamilton Heights Christian Academy (located in Chattanooga, Tennessee) for his junior and senior years to improve his basketball skills, graduating in 2017.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: Growing up in Hamilton, he did not make the St. Thomas More junior team in grade 9 and subsequently played on the school's midget squad. He ended up winning team MVP and the midget boys' city championship. He then attended Sir Allan MacNab Secondary School before heading to Hamilton Heights Christian Academy in Chattanooga, Tennessee in 2015. "I just thought I needed to play better competition ...," he said. As a senior, Gilgeous-Alexander averaged 18.4 points, 4.4 rebounds and 4.0 assists.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: A four-star recruit (by ESPN), Gilgeous-Alexander originally committed to Florida, but re-opened his recruitment in October 2016. His final five schools were Kentucky, Kansas, Syracuse, Texas and UNLV. The following month, he announced his decision to play college basketball at Kentucky. At the 2017 Nike Hoop Summit, he represented the World Select Team and scored eleven points in 21 minutes of action.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander started the 2017-18 season as a reserve, sitting behind freshman point guard Quade Green, but still averaged over 30 minutes per game. After a tough loss to UCLA, Alexander erupted against Louisville in December, scoring 24 points, grabbing 5 rebounds, dishing out 4 assists, and securing 3 steals. When he first stepped on the University of Kentucky's campus, Gilgeous-Alexander had long hair. However, he cut his hair early in the season and some say this started his progression from sixth man to starting point guard. He continued to lead the team for the following two games against Georgia and LSU, scoring 21 points against Georgia and 18 against LSU. He was a consistent contributor to a "struggling" UK team that had a four game losing streak during the season. He became a starter along with four other freshmen: Hamidou Diallo, Nick Richards, Kevin Knox, and P. J. Washington. Despite their losses, his PPG shot up to 12.9 along with 3.8 rebounds and 4.6 assists. Gilgeous-Alexander had a great SEC tournament and continued that momentum into the NCAA Tournament. After playing great basketball in the first two rounds against Davidson and Buffalo, the magic ran out and Kentucky lost to Kansas State in the Sweet 16. Gilgeous-Alexander's final college basketball moment was a missed three-point attempt at the buzzer. On April 9, 2018, he declared for the 2018 NBA Draft.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: On June 21, 2018, Gilgeous-Alexander was selected with the eleventh overall pick by the Charlotte Hornets in the 2018 NBA draft, before being traded to the Los Angeles Clippers the same day, in exchange for the pick after him (which ended up being Miles Bridges) and two future second round picks. He went on to play for the team in the 2018 NBA Summer League, where he averaged 19 points, 4.8 rebounds, 4 assists and 2.3 steals per game.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: On December 17, 2018, Gilgeous-Alexander scored a season-best of 24 points in a 127–131 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. On January 18, 2019, Gilgeous-Alexander tied his season-best of 24 points in a 112–94 loss to the Golden State Warriors. Eleven days later, he was named a member of the World Team representing Canada for the 2019 Rising Stars Challenge. On April 21, 2019, he scored a new career-high of 25 points in a 105–113 loss to the Golden State Warriors in Game 4 of the 2019 playoffs.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: On July 10, 2019, the Clippers traded Gilgeous-Alexander, Danilo Gallinari, five first-round draft picks, and the rights to swap two other first round picks to the Oklahoma City Thunder for NBA All-Star Paul George. On October 8, 2019, Gilgeous-Alexander made his preseason debut with the Oklahoma City Thunder against the Dallas Mavericks. He recorded 24 points, 4 rebounds and 1 assist in a 119–104 win over the Mavericks. On December 22, 2019, Gilgeous-Alexander scored a then career-high 32 points with five assists, three rebounds, and two steals in a 118–112 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On January 13, 2020, Gilgeous-Alexander recorded his first NBA triple double with 20 points, 10 assists and a career-high 20 rebounds in a 117–104 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves, becoming the second player after Russell Westbrook to record a 20–20–10 statline in the last 30 years and the youngest ever to achieve it.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: On December 26, 2020, Gilgeous-Alexander put up 24 points, seven rebounds, nine assists, and a game-winning jump shot in a 109–107 win against the Charlotte Hornets. On February 24, 2021, Gilgeous-Alexander scored a career-high 42 points to give the Oklahoma City Thunder a 102–99 win over the San Antonio Spurs. On March 24, 2021, after playing 35 games, his season ended due to a tear in his plantar fascia.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: On August 3, 2021, Gilgeous-Alexander and the Thunder agreed to a 5 year, $172 million rookie extension that will become a 5 year, $207 million rookie max extension if Gilgeous-Alexander is included on an All-NBA Team. On December 18, 2021, Gilgeous-Alexander scored 18 points and made a game-winning three-pointer at the buzzer to lift the Thunder over his former team, the Los Angeles Clippers 104–103. Four days later, he recorded his second career triple double, with 27 points, 11 rebounds and 12 assists, in a 108–94 victory over the Denver Nuggets. On December 27, Gilgeous-Alexander was named the NBA Western Conference Player of the Week for Week 10 (December 20–26), his first NBA Player of the Week award. He led Oklahoma to a 3–1 week with averages of 27.5 points, 6.3 rebounds and 7.0 assists. On March 28, 2022, Gilgeous-Alexander was ruled out for the rest of the season with an ankle injury. He finished the season averaging career highs of 24.5 points and 5.9 assists per game.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: On October 31, 2022, Gilgeous-Alexander was named the NBA Western Conference Player of the Week for Week 2 (October 24–30), his second career NBA Player of the Week award. He led Oklahoma to an undefeated 3–0 week with averages of 31.7 points, 5.3 rebounds and 7.7 assists. On November 16, Gilgeous-Alexander tied a career-high 42 points, alongside a game-winning three, with six rebounds and seven assists in a 121–120 win over the Washington Wizards. On December 19, Gilgeous-Alexander put up 35 points alongside a buzzer-beating, game-winner in a 123–121 win over the Portland Trail Blazers.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: Gilgeous-Alexander played for Canada’s Junior National Team that competed in the 2016 FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship in Valdivia, Chile, averaging 7.8 points, 5.4 assists, 4.0 rebounds a contest en route to winning silver. He also played for Canada's National Team at the 2016 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Manila.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: On May 24, 2022, Gilgeous-Alexander agreed to a three-year commitment to play with the Canadian senior men's national team.


title: Shai Gilgeous-Alexander

text: Gilgeous-Alexander's younger brother, Thomasi, was a college basketball player for the Evansville Purple Aces. and Northeastern Oklahoma A&M. His younger cousin, Nickeil Alexander-Walker, is an NBA player for the Utah Jazz. The two have a close relationship and shared a room at high school coach Zach Ferrell's house.


title: Buryatia

text: Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia (; , , ), is a republic of Russia located in Siberia. It is the historical native land of indigenous Buryats. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been a part of the Russian Far East since 2018. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude, which means Red Gateway in Buryat Mongolian. Its area is with a population of 978,588 (2021 Census).


title: Buryatia

text: The republic is located in the south-central region of Siberia along the eastern shore of Lake Baikal.


title: Buryatia

text: Over 80% of the republic's territory is located in the mountainous region, including the Baikal Mountains on the northern shores of Lake Baikal, the Ulan-Burgas east of the lake, and the Selenga Highlands in the south near the Mongolia–Russia border.


title: Buryatia

text: Mongolian people have lived around the area of Lake Baikal since the fifth century, with Mongolic-related Slab Grave cultural monuments found in Baikal territory. Over time, the Mongolic peoples of the regions developed into distinct groups, one of which became the Buryats. Further divisions of the Buryats came from those living on the western shore of Lake Baikal, with better land for agriculture, and those in the east, who practiced nomadism more regularly and continued residing in moveable felt yurts. As a result of the superior farmland, the western side of Lake Baikal was settled by European peasants during the time of the Russian Empire - western Buryats were more exposed to and influenced by the culture, religions, and economy of their European neighbors, whereas the eastern Buryats maintained closer ties to other Mongolic peoples, Buddhism, and Asian civilizations.


title: Buryatia

text: The territory of Buryatia has been governed by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC-93 CE) and Mongolian Xianbei state (93-234), Rouran Khaganate (330-555), Mongol Empire (1206-1368), and Northern Yuan (1368-1635). Medieval Mongol tribes such as the Merkit, Bayads, Barga Mongols and Tümeds inhabited in Buryatia.


title: Buryatia

text: Cossacks and other tsarists officials began moving eastward into the western Buryat lands in 1625, where they estimated 30,000 Buryats were living in southeastern Siberia, collecting tribute from other, small Siberian tribes. The Buryats resisted the incorporation into the Russian Empire's tribute system ("yasak") that demanded a yearly supply of furs; it was not until the 1680s that the last of the eastern Buryat lands were forced to participate in the yasak system. In 1666, the fort of Udinskoye was founded. This area later became known as Verkhneudinsk - in 1934, it was renamed Ulan-Ude, the present-day capital of Buryatia.


title: Buryatia

text: From 1727 it was the border crossing for the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China. Kyakhta's founder, the Serb Sava Vladislavich, established it as a trading point between Russia and the Qing Empire. The 1820 reforms of Mikhail Speransky established indirect rule over Buryatia by codifying the local clan leaders as official members of the "steppe duma" in order to incorporate them into the existing imperial government.


title: Buryatia

text: Buddhism was recognized as an official religion of the Russian Empire by Empress Elizabeth in 1741, with the first Pandito Khambo Lama, the spiritual leader of Buryat Buddhists, elected in 1764. The first person to serve in this role was Damba Dorzha Zaiaev (1711 - 1776). At the time of the Bolshevik Revolution, Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov served as the 12th Pandito Khambo Lama of Eastern Siberia from 1911 to 1917. Itigilov stepped down in 1917 at the time of the revolution and later encouraged his students to flee to Mongolia, though he refused to flee himself.


title: Buryatia

text: National movements, including that of Buryatia, began to foment after the February Revolution in 1917. From March 1917, the leading Buryat intelligentsia organized a number of conferences in cities such as Petrograd, Chita, Irkutsk, and Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude) and invited representatives from Buryat administrative districts of the Irkutsk and Transbaikalia regions. The culmination of these conferences was the first All-Buryat Congress in April 23-25, 1917 in Chita, where activists advocated for a self-governing Buryat Autonomous Region, based on the models of Poland and Finland, with an elected body, the Buryat National Duma, that all Buryats, men and women, over the age of 18 and without criminal convictions, would participate in. This Duma would elect a permanent executive body, the Buryat National committee, which would take on responsibilities such as organizing the elections, assembling the Buryat Duma, and publishing works in the Buryat language. Among other topics discussed at the Congress were the establishment of an Education Council to create Buryat schools, trained educators, and curricula that included the history of the Buryats and Mongols, Buryat studies, and the history of Mongolian literature.


title: Buryatia

text: After the November Revolution in 1917, the Buryats bid for independence was complicated by the arrival of a Japanese expeditionary force into Buryatia in 1918. The Buryat national leaders saw the Japanese as potential and critical allies in assisting the independence movement, but the cooperation ultimately failed due to the conflicting agendas. The Red Army advanced in Buryatia in 1920 and continued to Outer Mongolia in 1921. Attracted to the promises of self-determination and territorial autonomy by the Bolsheviks, and having lost the cooperation of the Japanese, the Buryat leaders embraced the idea of building a Buryat nation with the new Soviet state. In 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (; ) was created as a result of the merger of State of Buryat-Mongolia and Mongol-Buryat Oblasts and promised territorial autonomy. In 1937, Aga Buryatia and Ust-Orda Buryatia were detached from the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR and merged with Chita and Irkutsk Oblasts, respectively. In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the republic.


title: Buryatia

text: The Buryat intelligentsia were active throughout Buryatia and beyond, into Tibet and Mongolia, some with the goals of Pan-Mongolism. At the turn of the 20th century, Buryats leaders, such as Batu-dalai Ochirov and Mikhail Bogdanov, began actively writing political articles about the threat to Buryatia and Buryat existence from Russia. Despite their noted influence from 1900 to 1930, most of them were purged, killed outright or sent to concentration camps, in the 1930s.


title: Buryatia

text: The leader of the Buryat ASSR from 1962 to 1984 was Andrei Urupkheevich Modogoev. In the 1970s, Soviet authorities began two major industrial projects in Buryatia: the Gusinoozerskii power station to the south of Ulan-Ude and the construction of the Baikal–Amur Mainline railway in northern Buraytia. The construction of both projects, particularly the railway, required recruiting campaigns to bring workers from other parts of the country to Buryatia. Towns developed along the railroad, and the urban population in northern Buryatia doubled between 1979 and 1989. In addition to the Russians who moved to Buryatia for work, Buryats from other parts of southern Siberia also migrated to the Buryat ASSR, particularly Ulan-Ude and other cities for jobs and educational opportunities. Prior to World War II, less than 10% of Buryats lived in urban areas, compared to almost half at the time of the fall of the Soviet Union. By 1989, one-third of the Buryat population of the Buryat ASSR was living in Ulan-Ude.


title: Buryatia

text: The Buryat ASSR declared its sovereignty in 1990 and adopted the name "Republic of Buryatia" in 1992. However, it remained an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation. On 11 July 1995 Buryatia signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 15 February 2002.


title: Buryatia

text: Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, autonomous republics such as Buryatia did not have the right to secede. However they retained considerable autonomy, with a separate legislature and president. However this autonomy has been curtailed following the 2004 law passed by Vladimir Putin that decreed regional governors and presidents were to be appointed, rather than directly elected.


title: Buryatia

text: Free Buryatia Foundation was founded in March 2022 in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, by opponents of the war in Buryatia and members of the global Buryats diaspora.


title: Buryatia

text: The head of the Republic is the Head (formerly President), who the voters of the republic elect for a four-year term. From 2004 to 2012 the head of Buryatia (along with all other heads of regions in Russia) was nominated directly by the Russian President.


title: Buryatia

text: Between 1991 and 2007, the President was Leonid Vasilyevich Potapov, who was elected on July 1, 1994, re-elected in 1998 (with 63.25% of votes), and then re-elected again on June 23, 2002 (with over 67% of votes). Prior to the elections, Potapov was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic—the highest post at that time.


title: Buryatia

text: The current Head of the Republic is Alexey Tsydenov, who was elected by popular vote on 10 September 2017. Prior to this he was acting Head, having been appointed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in February 2017.


title: Buryatia

text: The Republic's parliament is the People's Khural, popularly elected every five years. The People's Khural has 66 deputies and is currently dominated by the country's ruling party, United Russia, with 45 seats. Vladimir Anatolyevich Pavlov has been Chairman of the People's Khural since September 2019.


title: Buryatia

text: According to the 2010 Census, ethnic Russians make up two-thirds of the republic's population, while the ethnic Buryats comprise around 30% of the population. Other groups include Ukrainians (0.6%), Tatars (0.7%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.


title: Buryatia

text: Traditionally, Buryats adhered to belief systems that were based on the deification of nature, belief in spirits, and the possibility of their magic influence on the surroundings. They were led by shamans, who systematized tribal beliefs and cults. From the second half of the 17th century, beliefs and cults in the shamanic form were displaced by Buddhism, which became widespread in ethnic Buryatia. By the end of the 19th century, the majority of Buryats were part of the Buddhist tradition. A synthesis of Buddhism and traditional beliefs that formed a system of ecological traditions has constituted a major attribute of Buryat culture. In 2003, the Local Religious Organization of Shamans, Tengeri was officially registered as a religious organization in Buryatia.


title: Buryatia

text: As of a 2012 survey 27.4% of the population adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 19.8% to Buddhism, 2% to the Slavic Native Faith, Tengrism or Buryat shamanism, 4% declares to be unaffiliated Christian (excluding Protestants), 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to churches or are members of other Orthodox churches, 1% are members of Protestant churches. In addition, 25% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% to be atheist, and 10.8% follows another religion or did not give an answer to the survey.


title: Buryatia

text: Tibetan Buddhism and Orthodox Christianity are the most widespread religions in the republic. Many Slavs, who constitute around 67% of the population, are Russian Orthodox. Since the breakup of the USSR in 1991, a small number have converted to various Protestant denominations or to Rodnovery, Slavic native faith. There are also some Catholics among the Slavs. Most of the Germans (0.11% of the population) are also Orthodox, so are some other non-European groups like Armenians (0.23%), Georgians (0.03%), and Soyot (0.37%). Buryats constitute 30.04% of the total population.


title: Buryatia

text: Most urban Buryats are either Buddhist or Orthodox, while those in the rural areas often adhere to Yellow shamanism, a mixture of shamanism and Buddhism, or to Black shamanism. There are also Tengrist movements. Siberian Tatars are around 0.7% of the population. However, due to isolation from the main body of Tatars, many of them now are either non-religious or Orthodox. Islam is followed by immigrant groups like Azeris and Uzbeks, who constitute another 0.7% of the population.


title: Buryatia

text: The higher education institutions of the republic include Buryat State University, Buryat State Academy of Agriculture, East Siberian State Academy of Arts and Culture, and East Siberia State University of Technology and Management.


title: Buryatia

text: The republic's economy is composed of agricultural and commercial products including wheat, vegetables, potatoes, timber, leather, graphite, and textiles. Fishing, hunting, fur farming, sheep and cattle farming, mining, stock raising, engineering, and food processing are also important economic generators.


title: Yanni

text: Yiannis Chryssomallis (; born November 14, 1954), known professionally as Yanni ( ), is a Greek-American composer, keyboardist, pianist, and music producer.


title: Yanni

text: Yanni continues to use the musical shorthand that he developed as a child, blending jazz, classical, soft rock, and world music to create predominantly instrumental works. Although this genre of music was not well suited for commercial pop radio and music television, Yanni received international recognition by producing concerts at historic monuments and by producing videos that were broadcast on public television. His breakthrough concert, "Live at the Acropolis," yielded the second best-selling music concert video of all time. Additional historic sites for Yanni's concerts have included India's Taj Mahal, China's Forbidden City, the United Arab Emirates' Burj Khalifa, Russia's Kremlin, Puerto Rico's El Morro castle, Lebanon's ancient city of Byblos, Tunisia's Roman Theatre of Carthage, India's Laxmi Vilas Palace, the Egyptian pyramids and Great Sphinx of Giza, and the Amman Citadel.


title: Yanni

text: At least sixteen of Yanni's albums have peaked at No. 1 in "Billboard's" "Top New Age Album" category, and two albums ("Dare to Dream" and "In My Time") received Grammy Award nominations. Yanni has performed in more than 30 countries on five continents, and through late 2015 had performed live in concert before more than 5 million people and had accumulated more than 40 platinum and gold albums globally, with sales totaling over 25 million copies. A longtime fundraiser for public television, Yanni's compositions have been used on commercial television programs, especially for sporting events. He has written film scores and the music for an award-winning British Airways television commercial.


title: Yanni

text: Yanni popularized the combination of electronic music synthesizers with a full symphony orchestra. He has employed musicians of various nationalities and has incorporated a variety of exotic instruments to create music that has been called an eclectic fusion of ethnic sounds. Influenced by his encounters with cultures around the world, Yanni has been called a "true global artist" and his music is said to reflect his "one world, one people" philosophy.


title: Yanni

text: Yanni was born November 14, 1954, in Kalamata, Greece, the son of a banker, Sotiri Chryssomallis, and a homemaker, Felitsa (short for Triandafelitsa, which means "rose"). He displayed musical talent at a young age, playing the piano at the age of 6. His parents encouraged him to learn at his own pace and in his own way, without formal music training. The self-taught musician continues to use the "musical shorthand" that he developed as a child, rather than employ traditional musical notation.


title: Yanni

text: In November 1972, Yanni moved from Greece to the United States to attend the University of Minnesota beginning in January 1973, majoring in psychology. For a time he earned money by washing dishes at the student union. Yanni later explained that learning English forced him to read each paragraph several times in what he called a slow and frustrating process, but which helped him memorize the material and do well on tests. He received a B.A. degree in psychology in 1976.


title: Yanni

text: During his time as a student, Yanni played in a local rock band and continued to study piano and other keyboard instruments. Upon graduating, when he dedicated himself exclusively to music for one full year and found he was the happiest he had ever been, he said he decided music would be his life's work.


title: Yanni

text: In 1977, Yanni joined the Minneapolis-based rock group Chameleon, performing with its founder, drummer Charlie Adams, with whom he would work into the 2010s. While in Minneapolis, Yanni also worked with choreographer Loyce Houlton to provide music for dance works produced by the Minnesota Dance Theatre. After touring with Chameleon from 1980 to 1984, Yanni moved to Los Angeles in pursuit of movie soundtrack work.


title: Yanni

text: In 1980, Yanni recorded his first album "Optimystique," which Atlantic Records re-released in 1984 and Private Music re-released in 1989.


title: Yanni

text: Yanni formed a band in 1987 and began to tour in 1988 with an ensemble including pianist/singer John Tesh and drummer Charlie Adams, promoting his early albums "Keys to Imagination," "Out of Silence," and "Chameleon Days". A highlight of the tour was a performance with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra that elicited a positive review, considered seminal to Yanni's public recognition, from a "Dallas Times Herald" critic. Yanni's emergence was said to be "timed perfectly" with the growing popularity of contemporary instrumental music. In this time frame, Yanni wrote motion picture soundtracks for "Steal the Sky" (1988), "Heart of Midnight" (1988), "I Love You Perfect" (1989), "She'll Take Romance" (1990), "When You Remember Me" (1990), "Children of the Bride" (1990), and "Hua qi Shao Lin" (1994).


title: Yanni

text: Yanni gained visibility as the result of his November 1990 appearances in "People" magazine and on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" with actress Linda Evans, with whom he had been in a relationship since 1989. However, high-visibility appearances on public television, best-selling records and videos, and overflow concerts earned him recognition beyond his relationship with Evans.


title: Yanni

text: "Dare to Dream," released in 1992, was Yanni's first Grammy-nominated album. It included "Aria," a song based on Léo Delibes' The Flower Duet ("Lakmé," 1883) and popularized by an award-winning British Airways commercial. A second Grammy-nominated album, "In My Time," followed in 1993.


title: Yanni

text: Yanni's breakthrough concert, "Live at the Acropolis," was filmed in September 1993 at the 2,000-year-old Herodes Atticus Theater at the Acropolis of Athens, an album, VHS and Laserdisc being released in 1994. "Acropolis" was Yanni's first live album, and used his core band with a full sixty piece orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra which was arranged and conducted by Iranian-American musician Shahrdad Rohani.


title: Yanni

text: Without financial backing, Yanni risked $2 million of his personal fortune in the "Acropolis" production in a strategy to boost his artistic profile and open new markets for his music. The resulting video was broadcast on PBS and became one of its most popular programs ever, seen in 65 countries by half a billion people. It became the second best-selling music concert video of all time (after "Michael Jackson's Thriller"), selling more than 7 million copies worldwide.


title: Yanni

text: In March 1997, Yanni became one of the few Western artists permitted to perform and record at the Taj Mahal in India. Yanni followed in May 1997 with performances at the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, becoming the first Western artist in modern times permitted to perform at the historic site. Live broadcasts of the two concerts were seen by 100 million television viewers throughout the world. The two events formed the live album and video, "Tribute," released in November 1997.


title: Yanni

text: After negotiating the demands of gaining permission to perform at the Taj Mahal and Forbidden City in 1997, breaking up with Linda Evans in early 1998, and completing a long world tour later in 1998, Yanni halted his music career. Yanni later related that he had become depressed, and returned to Greece to live with his parents for three months before traveling the world. He didn't do an interview for two years, later explaining, "I traveled. I wanted to see other people's ideas of life, get out of the American dream."


title: Yanni

text: In 2000, after the two-year hiatus, Yanni released "If I Could Tell You," his first studio album in seven years. The album sold 55,000 copies in its first week and landed at No. 20 on the "Billboard" charts, his highest debut to date. Yanni described the album as more of an even-tempered "listening" album, less dramatic than the live concert albums "Live at the Acropolis" or "Tribute." He explained that he himself created all the album's sounds, including apparent vocalizations, through the manipulation of sound in his studio.


title: Yanni

text: The music in Yanni's 2003 album "Ethnicity" represented many of the world's cultures, Yanni saying it uses ethnicity to reflect the color and beauty of a multicultural society. The album was released near the publication date of Yanni's autobiography, "Yanni in Words." On October 23, 2003, Yanni performed a keyboard instrumental version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" before Game 5 of the 2003 World Series.


title: Yanni

text: For the first time in his career, Yanni brought vocalists to the forefront in the Ric Wake collaboration "Yanni Voices," the artist's first studio album in six years. PBS broadcast video of a November 2008 "Voices" Acapulco concert weeks before the album's March 24, 2009 release by Walt Disney Records' Disney Pearl Imprint, the album release preceding a tour produced by Pearl's Buena Vista Concerts division.


title: Yanni

text: The album "Mexicanisimo," released in November of Mexico's bicentennial year 2010, was a tribute to that country through Yanni's collaborative interpretation of its folk music. It involved collaboration with singer-songwriter Pepe Aguilar and singer-actress Lucero.


title: Yanni

text: The "Truth of Touch" album was released in February 2011, Yanni's first studio album of new material since "Ethnicity" eight years earlier. "Truth of Touch's" varied content reflected contemporary instrumental, electronic, and cinematic influences, and crossed over into popular, new age, and world music. Though Yanni said that "Truth of Touch" was started by experimenting with new sound designs, Allmusic's James Christopher Monger said that the album shows Yanni returning to his instrumental roots, and should appeal to fans of his music from the mid-1990s. Three of fifteen tracks on the predominantly instrumental album included vocals from respective "Yanni Voices" vocalists.