title: Kirby and the Forgotten Land

text: HAL Laboratory had begun teasing a new "Kirby" game since 2020. General director Shinya Kumazaki described it as the "new phase" for the series and that it will "culminate the best aspects of "Kirby"". Game director Tatsuya Kamiyama explained how the team focused on making the game approachable even with change of perspective to 3D, while at the same time making it satisfying to play to the player. The 3D transition was described as very challenging, as HAL Laboratory struggled with several failed attempts to bring the "Kirby" series into 3D, extending back to the 2000s — during early development of what became "Kirby's Return to Dream Land". Kamiyama ultimately created a detailed pitch for a 3D "Kirby" game that presented solutions to the issues that HAL Laboratory had faced, including character design, gameplay and many other aspects, finally allowing for development to begin on a 3D title. Vanpool assisted in development of the game.


title: Kirby and the Forgotten Land

text: Early on, play testers at Nintendo felt that the wide 3D environments made gameplay too easy as players could simply step away from enemy attacks. They suggested that enemy density be increased, but HAL Laboratory declined, saying they did not want to "torment" Kirby or prevent players from peacefully exploring the game world. To mitigate issues with depth perception, the hit detection was altered so that an attack from Kirby will hit an enemy if it looks to have done so from the player's perspective, even if the attack did not actually connect.


title: Kirby and the Forgotten Land

text: A month before the September 2021 Nintendo Direct, the official "Kirby" website updated with placeholder text, further implying there was a new game coming soon. The game was first officially revealed in the Nintendo Direct on September 23, 2021, having been prematurely shown off on the Nintendo website six hours beforehand. A second, more in-depth trailer was shown on January 12, 2022, which announced more features of the game as well as the release date of March 25, 2022. A free-to-play demo was made available on March 3, 2022.


title: Kirby and the Forgotten Land

text: "Kirby and the Forgotten Land" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Critics hailed it as one of the best Kirby games ever made.


title: Kirby and the Forgotten Land

text: Several reviewers gave high praise to the exploration-based level design, citing the optional challenges, collectibles, and Treasure Road as elements that gave each level a substantial feel. The upgradable copy abilities and Mouthful Mode were also heavily praised for the gameplay variety they provided while remaining a part of the game's core design, making the combat and platforming consistently interesting as a result. Boss fights were also lauded for requiring the utilization of copy abilities, with several praising the increased difficulty of "Forgotten Land" in comparison to previous entries in the franchise. The game's visuals and level themes were similarly commended, with the post-apocalyptic aesthetic of the game being cited as creative. Local co-op was praised for being fun and seamless while accommodating younger players. The Waddle Dee Town hub was praised for encouraging player exploration and was deemed a substantially rewarding experience.


title: Kirby and the Forgotten Land

text: Minor criticism was directed towards the movement of Kirby for feeling limited and "sluggish", grounded environments, and the recurring mini-bosses that some found stale.


title: Kirby and the Forgotten Land

text: "Kirby and the Forgotten Land" launched at #1 in the UK, becoming both the series' first chart-topping debut and fourth best-selling "Kirby" game in the region. The game also launched at #1 in Japan with the series' best physical debut, at 380,060 copies sold in two days. The game sold 2.1 million units in two weeks.


title: Kirby and the Forgotten Land

text: "Kirby and the Forgotten Land" was one of ten games to receive an Excellence Award at Japan Game Awards 2022, and was also nominated for Nintendo Game of the Year at the Golden Joystick Awards. It won Best Family Game at The Game Awards 2022.


title: Medieval (film)

text: Medieval ("Jan Žižka" or "Warrior of God") is a 2022 English-language Czech historical drama film directed by Petr Jákl. It is about the life of Jan Žižka, a Bohemian military commander who never lost a battle. The film is set prior to the Hussite Wars (1419–1434), when Žižka was young. It tells the story of how Žižka became a famous military commander. With a budget of KČ500 million ($20.3 million), it is the most expensive Czech film ever made.


title: Medieval (film)

text: In the 14th century, Wenceslas IV is the king of Bohemia and Roman emperor at the same time. Wenceslas has received the throne after his father Charles IV, but his reign is not as successful, and the kingdom seems to fall apart under his weak rule.


title: Medieval (film)

text: The country is actually ruled by Henry III of Rosenberg, the most powerful nobleman in the country. The film follows Jan Žižka, a knight, mercenary, and future leader of the Hussite army who leads a mercenary group.


title: Medieval (film)

text: Žižka is tasked by lord Boresh to kidnap Rosenberg's fiancée Katherine which would force Rosenberg to keep his word and help Wenceslas IV to be crowned the emperor of Holy Roman Empire.


title: Medieval (film)

text: This gets Žižka involved with high politics and brings him into conflict not only with Rosenberg but also with Wenceslaus' brother King Sigismund who sends soldiers led by Žižka's mentor Torak to get Catherine back.


title: Medieval (film)

text: Torak and his men burn Žižka's home, kill his nephew and kidnap his brother Jaroslav to swap him for Katherine. Torak sets up a trap but Žižka uses the help of local peasants and great tactics to defeat Torak's men despite being outnumbered.


title: Medieval (film)

text: Žižka and his men manage to escape with Jaroslav and Katherine. They hide in a nearby cave but are ambushed by Torak and Žižka barely escapes losing his eye in a fight with Torak. Katherine nurses him from his injury. Torak is searching for Žižka while terrorizing local peasants. His men eventually manage to kidnap Katherine who meanwhile had fallen in love with Žižka.


title: Medieval (film)

text: Katherine is taken to Rosenberg's castle while Žižka and his men find mortally wounded Boresh. Boresh reveals that Sigismund kidnapped King Wenceslas. As he dies he notes that the world can't be changed for the better if kings can do such things. Žižka decides to save Katherine. He and his men get into the castle and Žižka faces Torak.


title: Medieval (film)

text: Torak gets the upper hand but Katherine throws herself off the castle wall to the river to save Žižka. Žižka jumps after her while pulling Torak with him. He kills Torak while underwater and brings Katherine to the riverbank. She gives him her ring after they kiss and she dies. Žižka brings her body to his men.


title: Medieval (film)

text: An epilogue states that Sigismund became king of Bohemia after his brother's death but the people revolted against him. Sigismund then orchestrated crusades to Bohemia while Žižka led outnumbered peasants. The film ends during the Hussite Wars with Žižka leading a Hussite army in Wagon fort facing a large army. It is shown that he is still keeping Katherine's ring.


title: Medieval (film)

text: In 2013, Petr Jákl announced that he was preparing to make a film about Jan Žižka. He estimated a possible budget of 85 million Czech koruna. During 2014, it was scheduled for a 2016 release. Work on the film started after Jákl finished Ghoul in 2015. American agency William Morris Endeavor has assisted with recruitment of actors for the film. Jákl stated that Žižka would most likely be played by a foreign actor.


title: Medieval (film)

text: In August 2016, the process of recruiting extras for battles was started. The first round of recruitment concluded in January 2017, with thousands of volunteers.


title: Medieval (film)

text: In July 2017, Jákl announced that shooting would start in Spring 2018, and that it would take place in South Bohemia and Central Bohemia. He also stated that Žižka would definitely not be played by a Czech actor, saying that his USA contacts were talking with the agents of some American actors. Cassian Elwes became the film's producer on 6 March 2018.


title: Medieval (film)

text: Ben Foster was announced to be cast as Jan Žižka on 24 August 2018. Shooting was scheduled to start on 17 September 2018. Michael Caine was announced on 7 September 2018 to be cast as the fictional character of Lord Boreš. Matthew Goode was cast in November as King Sigismund.


title: Medieval (film)

text: The film was officially announced on 13 September 2018. The main cast included Til Schweiger, Marek Vašut, and Sophie Lowe, among others. The final budget was announced as 500,000,000 CZK (23,000,000 USD). Shooting started on 17 September 2018, continuing near Prague until October 2018. Shooting then moved to various Czech castles such as Křivoklát Castle before concluding in December 2018. Shooting took place primarily in Central Bohemian and South Bohemia.


title: Medieval (film)

text: The film is based on the youth of the famous Hussite commander Jan Žižka, one of the most successful military leaders of his time, who had never lost a battle. Director Petr Jákl (who had been known to film audience especially thanks to the popular thriller "Kajínek" about a well-known Czech prison escapee) said he wanted to promote Czech Republic in the world and so this time he chose one of the biggest Czech national heroes as the main character for his film. Unlike other auteurs, he chose the early period of Žižka's life because he wanted the audience to see how his character was formed. At the same time it allowed him to make the film different from his predecessors (for example a well-known 1955 film "Jan Žižka" by Otakar Vávra) which focused on his glorious Hussite period. Jákl admitted that although he tried to be faithful to the facts, cooperating with the Czech historian Jaroslav Čechura, he did not consider them as important as the overall impression, especially as many facts of Žižka's early life are not known at all or are a matter of dispute among historians. Thus also a love story was added.


title: Medieval (film)

text: The film had its premiere on 5 September 2022 in Slovanský dům. It was attended by members of film cast and production such as Til Schweiger, Sophie Lowe and Petr Jákl. Michael Caine sent a video greeting. The film was released into cinemas on 8 September 2022.


title: Medieval (film)

text: The film was released for digital and streaming release on 31 October 2022. On 9 November 2022 the film was released on Netflix.


title: Medieval (film)

text: Paramount Home Entertainment acquired the home video distribution rights to the film, set for release on Blu-ray around December 6, 2022.


title: Medieval (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 41% based on 32 reviews, with average rating 5.0/10. Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." The film has a score of 58% based on 12 reviews on Czech website Kinobox.cz.


title: Medieval (film)

text: The film opened in the Czech Republic with 114,244 spectators during previews and 104,921 spectators during first weekend. It grossed 18,825,068 Kč as a result. It is the fourth best opening of the year.


title: Medieval (film)

text: Director of the film Petr Jákl mentioned on 21 April 2022 that the film will be accompanied by two video game adaptations. One would be released for PC and video game consoles while the other one for mobile phones. "Medieval" is an action-adventure game in development by Cypronia while mobile game "Medieval AR" is in development by More.is.More.


title: James Doohan

text: James Montgomery Doohan (; March 3, 1920 – July 20, 2005) was a Canadian actor, author and soldier, best known for his role as Montgomery "Scotty" Scott in the television and film series "Star Trek". Doohan's characterization of the Scottish Chief Engineer of the Starship "Enterprise" was one of the most recognizable elements in the "Star Trek" franchise, and inspired many fans to pursue careers in engineering and other technical fields. He also made contributions behind the scenes, such as the initial development of the Klingon and Vulcan languages.


title: James Doohan

text: Prior to his acting career, Doohan served in the 14th Field Artillery Regiment of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division. He also served as a pilot. He saw combat in Europe during World War II, including the D-Day invasion of Normandy, in which he was wounded, apparently by friendly fire. After the war, he had extensive experience performing in radio and television, which led to his role as Scotty. Following the cancellation of the original "" series, Doohan was typecast and had limited success in finding other roles; he returned to play the character in the and film continuations of the series, and made frequent appearances at "Star Trek" conventions.


title: James Doohan

text: Doohan was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, the youngest of four children of William Patrick Doohan and Sarah Frances (née Montgomery), who both immigrated from Bangor, Northern Ireland. His father, born in Belfast, was a pharmacist, veterinarian and dentist, and a member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland. William Doohan owned a chemist shop in Main Street in Bangor, beside Trinity Presbyterian Church, and reportedly invented an early form of high-octane gasoline in 1923. Doohan's 1996 autobiography recounted his father's serious alcoholism.


title: James Doohan

text: The family moved from Vancouver to Sarnia, Ontario. Doohan attended high school at Sarnia Collegiate Institute and Technical School, where he excelled in mathematics and science. He enrolled in the 102nd Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps in 1938.


title: James Doohan

text: In 1939 he enlisted with the Royal Canadian Artillery, 14th (Midland) Field Battery of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. From there, he was moved to the 13th Field Regiment of the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division in their 22nd Field Battery. By 1940 he was a Lieutenant and was sent to train in Britain prior to Operation Overlord. He first saw combat landing in the 2nd Wave in a Recce Party at Juno Beach on D-Day. The 13th Field Regiment was interspersed with the Regina Rifle Regiment landing at "Nan" Sector of Juno Beach. After shooting two snipers, Doohan led his men to higher ground through a field of anti-tank mines, where they took defensive positions for the night. Crossing between command posts at 23:30 that night, Doohan was hit by six rounds fired from a Bren gun by a nervous Canadian sentry: four in his leg, one in the chest, and one through his right middle finger. The bullet to his chest was stopped by a silver cigarette case given to him by his brother. His right middle finger had to be amputated, something he would conceal on-screen during most of his career as an actor, sometimes with a flesh-colored glove with a "faux finger."


title: James Doohan

text: Doohan graduated from Air Observation Pilot Course 40 with eleven other Canadian artillery officers and flew Taylorcraft Auster Mark V aircraft for 666 (AOP) Squadron, RCAF as a Royal Canadian Artillery officer in support of 1st Army Group Royal Canadian Artillery. All three Canadian (AOP) RCAF squadrons were crewed by artillery officer-pilots and accompanied by non-commissioned RCA and RCAF personnel serving as observers. Although he was never actually a member of the Royal Canadian Air Force, Doohan was once labelled the "craziest pilot in the Canadian Air Force". In the late spring of 1945, on Salisbury Plain north of RAF Andover, he slalomed a plane between telegraph poles "to prove it could be done", earning himself a serious reprimand. (Various accounts cite the plane as a Hurricane or a jet trainer; however, it was an Auster Mark IV.)


title: James Doohan

text: After the war, Doohan moved to London, Ontario, for further technical education. After hearing a radio drama and believing he could do better, he recorded his voice at the local radio station, and learned about a drama school in Toronto. There he won a two-year scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City, where his classmates included Leslie Nielsen, Tony Randall and Richard Boone.


title: James Doohan

text: In 1946, he had several roles for CBC radio, starting January 12. For several years, he shuttled between Toronto and New York as work demanded. He made his TV debut as a detective on the show "Martin Kane, Private Eye", and appeared in 54 episodes. He estimated he performed in over 4,000 radio programs and 450 television programs during this period, and earned a reputation for versatility.


title: James Doohan

text: In the mid-1950s, he appeared as forest ranger Timber Tom (the northern counterpart of Buffalo Bob) in the Canadian version of "Howdy Doody". Coincidentally, fellow "Star Trek" cast member William Shatner appeared simultaneously as Ranger Bill in the American version. Doohan and Shatner both appeared in the 1950s Canadian science fiction series "Space Command". Doohan also appeared in several episodes of "Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans" in 1957-58.


title: James Doohan

text: For GM Presents, he played the lead role in the CBC TV drama "Flight into Danger" (1956), then in "The Night they Killed Joe Howe" (1960). (Arthur Hailey rewrote the former into the novel "Runway Zero-Eight", then adapted to "Terror in the Sky". This story was later satirized in "Airplane!".)


title: James Doohan

text: Doohan's credits included "The Twilight Zone", Season 4, Episode 3 "Valley of the Shadow" (17 January 1961), "GE True", "Hazel", "Hazel's Highland Fling" as Gordon "Gordy" MacHeath. "The Outer Limits", "The Fugitive", "Bewitched", "Fantasy Island", "Magnum, P.I.", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." (Season 1, Episode 4 "The Shark Affair" (1964); Season 2, Episode 20 "The Bridge of Lions Affair, Part 1" (1966)) and "Bonanza". In the "Bonanza" episode "Gift of Water" (1962), he co-starred with actress Majel Barrett who would later play "Star Trek"s Nurse Christine Chapel. He played an assistant to the United States president in two episodes of "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea". He had an uncredited role in "The Satan Bug" (1965), appeared in the "Daniel Boone" episode "A Perilous Passage" (1970), appeared as a state trooper in Roger Vadim's film "Pretty Maids All in a Row" (1971, which was produced by "Star Trek" creator Gene Roddenberry), and played opposite Richard Harris in the movie "Man in the Wilderness" (1971).


title: James Doohan

text: Doohan developed a talent for accents as a child. Auditioning for the role of chief engineer of the USS "Enterprise", Doohan did several different accents. Producer Gene Roddenberry asked which he preferred, and Doohan replied, "If you want an engineer, in my experience the best engineers are Scotsmen." He chose the name "Montgomery Scott" after his grandfather. In later years, Doohan reenacted the casting process at Star Trek conventions, demonstrating a variety of possible voices and characters.


title: James Doohan

text: Doohan was quoted as saying, "Scotty is ninety-nine percent James Doohan and one percent accent." The character was originally conceived as semi-regular; but was elevated to be a regular supporting character. Doohan also provided voices for inanimate characters, including Sargon in "Return to Tomorrow", the M-5 in "The Ultimate Computer", the Mission Control Voice in "", and the Oracle in "For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky".


title: James Doohan

text: Doohan returned to the role of Scotty in the early 1970s for "". Walter Koenig (navigator Pavel Chekov) was not hired for this series due to budget limitations, so Doohan voiced a replacement character: alien navigator Arex. He also voiced most guest male roles, including that of Robert April, the first captain of the "Enterprise" and around 50 other roles, voicing as many as seven different characters in a single episode.


title: James Doohan

text: He rejoined the entire regular cast of "Star Trek" for the feature film "" (1979), for which he also devised the Vulcan and Klingon language dialogue. He continued in the role of Scotty for sequels "", "", "", "" and "". In 1992, he guest-starred in the "" episode "", playing an elderly Scotty reminiscing about his time on the "Enterprise". He and Walter Koenig appeared briefly with William Shatner in "Star Trek Generations", in a scene which transitioned the film series to the newer cast of the first of the later television series in the franchise.


title: James Doohan

text: Doohan hoped that "Star Trek" would benefit his acting career. After the series ended, however, he found himself typecast and had a hard time gaining other roles. After his dentist reminded him he would "always be Scotty", he supported his family with income from personal appearances. Unlike some other members of the cast, Doohan relished meeting fans and was always ready to entertain with a story or a song.


title: James Doohan

text: Most of the roles Doohan subsequently played made at least oblique references to his "Star Trek" connection and engineering reputation. He was Commander Canarvin in the short-lived Saturday morning live-action kids' show "Jason of Star Command", and had a cameo in the made-for-TV movie "Knight Rider 2000" as "Jimmy Doohan, the guy who played Scotty on "Star Trek"". On the television series "Homeboys in Outer Space", he was Pippen, a pun on Scotty and basketball star Scottie Pippen. He played himself in an episode of "The Ben Stiller Show". He played Damon Warwick, father of James Warwick, on the daytime soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful". After learning about cold fusion from technical journals in 1989, he narrated the video "Cold Fusion: Fire from Water", about the physics behind cold fusion.


title: James Doohan

text: When the "Star Trek" franchise was revived, Doohan reprised his role of Scotty in seven "Star Trek" films. Many of Doohan's film appearances centred on the role of Scotty, such as a cameo in "National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1", where he plays a policeman doing repair work who tells his superior officer "I am giving it all she has got, Captain!" in the same accent he used in "Star Trek".


title: James Doohan

text: Although he continued to work with William Shatner in the "Star Trek" films, Doohan did not get along well with him and was once quoted as saying, "I like Captain Kirk, but I sure don't like Bill." He was the only former "Star Trek" co-star to decline to be interviewed by Shatner for Shatner's first "Star Trek: Memories" book about the show, nor did he consent to do so for Shatner's follow-up book, "Star Trek: Movie Memories", though Shatner mentioned in the latter that the icy relationship between the two started to thaw when both men were working on "Star Trek Generations" in 1993-94. At Doohan's final August 2004 convention appearance, Doohan and Shatner appeared to have mended their relationship.


title: James Doohan

text: Many fans told Doohan over the years that it was he who inspired them to choose engineering as a profession. Astronaut Neil Armstrong, an engineer before he participated in NASA's Apollo program, becoming the first man on the moon, personally told Doohan on stage at Doohan's last public appearance in 2004, "From one old engineer to another, thanks, mate."


title: James Doohan

text: In an interview for the first "Trekkies" film, Doohan related the story of a young fan who was contemplating suicide. Doohan says that he convinced her to attend his next convention appearance, and later learned that his encouragement and kind words had not only saved her life, but inspired her to go back to school and become an electronics engineer.


title: James Doohan

text: Doohan was married three times and had seven children, four of themincluding Christopherwith his first wife Janet Young, whom he divorced in 1964. His marriage to Anita Yagel in 1967–72 produced no children. In early 1974, he was introduced to 17-year-old fan Wende Braunberger at a theatre performance. They were married that same year, when they were 54 and 18, on October 12, 1974. "Star Trek" guest actor William Campbell served as best man. Doohan and Braunberger had three children: Eric, Thomas, and lastly, Sarah in April 2000, around his 80th birthday. In his later years, Doohan suffered a multitude of health problems partially from his lifestyle, which included prodigious alcohol consumption, and partially from injuries sustained during World War II. These included diabetes, liver cirrhosis, osteoarthritis, high blood pressure, and hearing loss. In July 2004, he announced that he was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease and would be withdrawing from public life.


title: James Doohan

text: His sons Montgomery and Christopher appeared in "" (1979). Christopher also appeared in the J. J. Abrams reboot "Star Trek" (2009). Simon Pegg, who played Scotty in the film, invited Chris and his family to the premiere. For "Star Trek Into Darkness" in 2012, fans campaigned for Christopher Doohan gaining him a credited cameo in the transporter room. Chris Doohan played Scotty in the award-winning web series "Star Trek Continues".


title: James Doohan

text: On July 20, 2005, at 5:30 in the morning, Doohan died at his home in Redmond, Washington, due to complications of pulmonary fibrosis, which was believed to be from exposure to noxious substances during World War II. His body was subsequently cremated.


title: James Doohan

text: A portion of his ashes, ¼ ounce (7 grams), was scheduled the following fall for a memorial flight to space with 308 others, including Project Mercury astronaut Gordon Cooper. Launch on the SpaceLoft XL rocket was delayed to April 28, 2007, when the rocket briefly entered outer space in a four-minute suborbital flight before parachuting to earth, as planned, with the ashes still inside. The ashes were subsequently launched on a Falcon 1 rocket, on August 3, 2008, into what was intended to be a low Earth orbit; however, the rocket failed two minutes after launch. Some of Doohan's ashes are hidden under the floor cladding of the International Space Station's Columbus module - after being smuggled aboard in 2008 by Richard Garriott. The rest of Doohan's ashes were scattered over Puget Sound in Washington. On May 22, 2012, a small urn containing some of Doohan's remains in ash form was flown into space aboard the Falcon 9 rocket as part of COTS Demo Flight 2.


title: James Doohan

text: Scotty's exploits as the "Enterprise"s redoubtable chief engineer inspired many students to pursue careers in engineering. Because of this, the Milwaukee School of Engineering presented Doohan with an honorary degree in engineering. Doohan was immortalized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on August 31, 2004. Despite his ill health, he was present at the ceremony, which was his final public appearance.


title: James Doohan

text: Montgomery Scott was claimed by Linlithgow, Scotland, in 2007 by a commemorative plaque from the West Lothian Council for Doohan's importance. His birthplace is also attributed to Aberdeen, where Doohan learned the doric accent, or Elgin. In the actual show, Scotty refers to himself as a one-time "Aberdeen pub-crawler", the only reference Doohan's character ever makes to a specific place in Scotland where he lived. However, Scotty's accent chosen by Doohan is not the relatively harsh Aberdonian accent; the specific accent Doohan used implies most of Scotty's formative years were spent at or near Edinburgh, something that is supported by original script notes.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada and a gherkin in Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand) is a usually small or miniature cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for some time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. Pickled cucumbers are often part of mixed pickles.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: It is often claimed that pickled cucumbers were first developed for workers building the Great Wall of China, though another hypothesis is that they were first made in the Tigris Valley of Mesopotamia, using cucumbers brought originally from India.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Pickled cucumbers are highly popular in the United States and are a delicacy in northern and eastern Europe. Pickled cucumbers are flavored differently in different regions of the world.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Brined pickles are prepared using the traditional process of natural fermentation in brine, making them grow sour. The salt concentration in the brine can vary between . Vinegar is not needed in the brine of naturally fermented pickled cucumbers.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: The fermentation process depends on the Lactobacillus bacteria that naturally occur on the skin of a growing cucumber. These may be removed during commercial harvesting and packing processes. Bacteria cultures can be reintroduced to the vegetables by adding already fermented foods such as yogurt or other fermented milk products, pieces of sourdough bread, or pickled vegetables such as sauerkraut.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Typically, small cucumbers are placed in a glass or ceramic vessel or a wooden barrel, together with various spices. Among those traditionally used in many recipes are garlic, horseradish, the whole dill stems with umbels and green seeds, white mustard seeds, grape, oak, cherry, blackcurrant and bay laurel leaves, dried allspice fruits, and—most importantly—salt. The container is then filled with cooled, boiled water and kept under a non-airtight cover (often cloth tied on with string or a rubber band) for several weeks, depending on taste and external temperature. Traditionally, stones (also sterilized by boiling) are placed on top of the cucumbers to keep them under the water. The cucumber's sourness depends on the amount of salt added (saltier cucumbers tend to be sourer).


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Since brined pickles are produced without vinegar, a film of bacteria forms on top of the brine. This does not indicate that the pickles have spoiled, and the film may be removed. They do not keep as long as cucumbers that are pickled with vinegar and usually must be refrigerated. Some commercial manufacturers add vinegar as a preservative.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Bread-and-butter pickles are a marinated variety of pickled cucumber in a solution of vinegar, sugar, and spices. They may be chilled as refrigerator pickles or canned. Their name and broad popularity in the United States are attributed to Omar and Cora Fanning, Illinois cucumber farmers who started selling sweet and sour pickles in the 1920s. They filed for the trademark "Fanning's Bread and Butter Pickles" in 1923 (though the recipe and similar recipes are probably much older). The story to the name is that the Fannings survived rough years by making the pickles with their surplus of undersized cucumbers and bartering them with their grocer for staples such as bread and butter. Their taste is often much sweeter than other types of pickle, due to the sweeter brine they are marinated in, but they differ from sweet pickles in that they are spiced with cilantro and other spices.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Gherkins, or baby pickles, are small cucumbers, typically those in length, often with bumpy skin, which are typically used for pickling. The word "gherkin" comes from early modern Dutch, "gurken" or "augurken" for "small pickled cucumber".


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Cornichons are tart French pickles made from gherkins pickled in vinegar and tarragon. They traditionally accompany pâtés and cold cuts. Sweet gherkins, which contain sugar in the pickling brine, are also a popular variety.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: The term "gherkin" is also used in the name "West Indian gherkin" for "Cucumis anguria", a closely related species. West Indian gherkins are also sometimes used as pickles.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: A "kosher" dill pickle is not necessarily kosher in the sense that it has been prepared in accordance with Jewish dietary law. Instead, it is a pickle made in the traditional manner of Jewish New York City pickle makers, with a generous addition of garlic and dill to natural salt brine.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: In New York terminology, a "full-sour" kosher dill has fully fermented, while a "half-sour," given a shorter stay in the brine, is still crisp and bright green. Elsewhere, these pickles may sometimes be termed "old" and "new" dills.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Dill pickles (not necessarily described as "kosher") have been served in New York City since at least 1899.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: In Hungary, while regular vinegar-pickled cucumbers () are made during most of the year, during the summer "kovászos uborka" ("leavened pickles") are made without the use of vinegar. Cucumbers are placed in a glass vessel along with spices (usually dill and garlic), water, and salt. Additionally, a slice or two of bread are placed at the top and bottom of the solution, and the container is left to sit in the sun for a few days so the yeast in the bread can help cause a fermentation process.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: The Polish- or German-style pickled cucumber (; ), was developed in the northern parts of central and eastern Europe. It has been exported worldwide and is found in the cuisines of many countries, including the United States, where immigrants introduced it. It is sour, similar to the kosher dill, but tends to be seasoned differently.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Traditionally, pickles were preserved in wooden barrels but are now sold in glass jars. A cucumber only pickled for a few days is different in taste (less sour) than one pickled for a longer time and is called "ogórek małosolny", which means "low-salt cucumber." This distinction is similar to the one between half- and full-sour types of kosher dills (see above).


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Another kind of pickled cucumber popular in Poland is "ogórek konserwowy/korniszon" ("preserved cucumber"), which is rather sweet and vinegary in taste due to the different composition of the preserving solution.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Lime pickles are soaked in pickling lime (not to be confused with the citrus fruit) rather than in a salt brine. This is done more to enhance texture (by making them crisper) rather than as a preservative. The lime is then rinsed off the pickles. Vinegar and sugar are often added after the 24-hour soak in lime, along with pickling spices. If the rinse is incomplete, the acids will end up too weak to preserve the vegetable, compromising food safety.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: The crisping effect of lime is caused by its calcium content. A safer and more convenient alternative is calcium chloride, which is neutral and requires no rinsing.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Kool-Aid pickles, or "koolickles," enjoyed by children in parts of the Southern United States, are created by soaking dill pickles in a mixture of Kool-Aid and pickle brine.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Like pickled vegetables such as sauerkraut, sour pickled cucumbers (technically a fruit) are low in calories. They also contain a moderate amount of vitamin K, specifically in the form of K. A 30-gram sour pickled cucumber offers 12–16 µg, or approximately 15–20% of the Recommended Daily Allowance, of vitamin K. It also offers of food energy, most of which comes from carbohydrate. However, most sour pickled cucumbers are also high in sodium; one pickled cucumber can contain 350–500 mg, or 15–20% of the American recommended daily limit of 2400 mg.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Sweet pickled cucumbers, including bread-and-butter pickles, are higher in calories due to their sugar content; a similar 30-gram portion may contain . Sweet pickled cucumbers also tend to contain significantly less sodium than sour pickles.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Pickles are being researched for their ability to act as vegetables with high probiotic content. Probiotics are typically associated with dairy products, but lactobacilli species such as "L. plantarum" and "L. brevis" has been shown to add to the nutritional value of pickles.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: During the Victorian era, pickles were considered a luxury food, meaning households that served pickles were wealthy enough to have servants or staff who could prepare pickles. Middle- and upper-class households often served pickles in pickle castors, a glass container in an embellished silver holder. The pickles were served with coordinated silver tongs.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. This usually takes the form of a "pickle spear," a pickled cucumber cut lengthwise into quarters or sixths. Pickles may be used as a condiment on a hamburger or other sandwich (usually in slice form) or a sausage or hot dog in chopped form as pickle relish.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Soured cucumbers are commonly used in various dishes—for example, pickle-stuffed meatloaf, potato salad, or chicken salad—or consumed alone as an appetizer.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Pickles are sometimes served alone as festival foods, often on a stick. This is also done in Japan, where it is referred to as .


title: Pickled cucumber

text: Dill pickles can be fried, typically deep-fried with a breading or batter surrounding the spear or slice. This is a popular dish in the southern US and a rising trend elsewhere in the US.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: In Russia and Ukraine, pickles are used in rassolnik: a traditional soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley, pork or beef kidneys, and various herbs. The dish is known to have existed as far back as the 15th century when it was called "kalya".


title: Pickled cucumber

text: In southern England, large gherkins pickled in vinegar are served as an accompaniment to fish and chips and are sold from big jars on the counter at a fish and chip shop, along with pickled onions. In the Cockney dialect of London, this type of gherkin is called a "wally."


title: Pickled cucumber

text: The term "pickle" is derived from the Dutch word "pekel", meaning "brine". In the United States and Canada, the word "pickle" alone used as a noun refers to a pickled cucumber (other types of pickled vegetables will be described using the adjective "pickled," such as "pickled onion," "pickled beets," etc.). In the UK "pickle" generally refers to a style of sweet, vinegary chutneys, such as Branston pickle, commonly served with a ploughman's lunch.


title: Pickled cucumber

text: The term traditionally used in British English to refer to a pickled cucumber, "gherkin", is also of Dutch origin, derived from the word "gurken" or "augurken", meaning "cucumber".


title: Quit India Movement

text: The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Kranti Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8th August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.


title: Quit India Movement

text: After the failure of the Cripps Mission to secure Indian support for the British war effort, Gandhi made a call to "Do or Die" in his Quit India movement delivered in Bombay on 8 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank Maidan.


title: Quit India Movement

text: The All India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "An Orderly British Withdrawal" from India. Even though it was at war, the British were prepared to act. Almost the entire leadership of the Indian National Congress was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi's speech. Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses. The British had the support of the Viceroy's Council, of the All India Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, the princely states, the Indian Imperial Police, the British Indian Army, and the Indian Civil Service. Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support the Quit India Movement. Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose, who was in exile and supporting the Axis Powers. The only outside support came from the Americans, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands.


title: Quit India Movement

text: Sporadic small-scale violence took place around the country and the British arrested tens of thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.


title: Quit India Movement

text: In 1992, the Reserve Bank of India issued a 1 rupee commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the Quit India Movement.


title: Quit India Movement

text: In 1939, Indian nationalists were angry that British Governor-General of India, Lord Linlithgow, brought India into the war without consultation with them. The Muslim League supported the war, but Congress was divided.


title: Quit India Movement

text: At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had passed a resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee in September 1939, conditionally supporting the fight against fascism, but were rebuffed when they asked for independence in return.


title: Quit India Movement

text: Gandhi had not supported this initiative, as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war (he was a committed believer in non-violent resistance, used in the Indian Independence Movement and proposed even against Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Hideki Tojo). However, at the height of the Battle of Britain, Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort, stating he did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain. However, opinions remained divided. The long-term British policy of limiting investment in India and using the country as a market and source of revenue had left the Indian Army relatively weak and poorly armed and trained and forced the British to become net contributors to India's budget, while taxes were sharply increased and the general level of prices doubled: although many Indian businesses benefited from increased war production, in general business "felt rebuffed by the government" and in particular the refusal of the British Raj to give Indians a greater role in organising and mobilising the economy for wartime production.


title: Quit India Movement

text: After the onset of the war, only a group led by Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action. Bose organised the "Indian Legion" in Germany, reorganised the Indian National Army with Japanese assistance, and soliciting help from the Axis Powers, conducted a guerrilla war against the British authorities.


title: Quit India Movement

text: In March 1942, faced with an dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps, the Leader of the House of Commons, in what came to be known as the Cripps mission. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return for devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature. The talks failed, as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self-government and of the powers to be relinquished, essentially making an offer of limited dominion-status that was unacceptable to the Indian movement.


title: Quit India Movement

text: In 1939, with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain, India became a party to the war by being a constituent component of the British Empire. Following this declaration, the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939, passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans. At the same time, the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war unless it was consulted first. Responding to this declaration, the Viceroy issued a statement on 17 October wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven with the intention of strengthening peace in the world. He also stated that after the war, the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935, in accordance with the desires of the Indians.


title: Quit India Movement

text: Gandhi's reaction to this statement was; "the old policy of divide and rule is to continue. Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone." According to the instructions issued by High Command, the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately. Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions. The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for the leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He called the date i.e. 22 December 1939 ' The Day of Deliverance'. Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day, however, it was futile. At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940, Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate electorate, Pakistan.


title: Quit India Movement

text: In the meanwhile, crucial political events took place in England. Chamberlain was succeeded by Churchill as prime minister and the Conservatives, who assumed power in England, did not have a sympathetic stance towards the claims made by the Congress. In order to pacify the Indians in the circumstance of the worsening war situation, the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands made by the Indians. On 8 August, the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred to as the "August Offer". However, Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League.


title: Quit India Movement

text: In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress, at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha, Gandhi revealed his plan to launch individual civil disobedience. Once again, the weapon of satyagraha found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British. It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British. Vinoba Bhave, a follower of Gandhi, was selected by him to initiate the movement. Anti-war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country, with the satyagrahis earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the government in its war endeavours. The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis. On 3 December 1941, the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis. In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for appraising their program. Subsequently, the movement was withdrawn.


title: Quit India Movement

text: The Cripps' Mission of March (1942) and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi's call for The Quit India Movement. In order to end the deadlock on 22 March 1942, the British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain's war efforts. A draft declaration of the British Government was presented, which included terms like the establishment of Dominion, the establishment of a Constituent Assembly, and right of the provinces to make separate constitutions. However, these were to be only after the cessation of the Second World War. According to Congress, this declaration offered India an only promise that was to be fulfilled in the future. Commenting on this Gandhi said, "It is a post-dated cheque on a crashing bank." Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and the realisation of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend India.


title: Quit India Movement

text: The Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha (14 July 1942) adopted a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government. The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands. It was passed at Bombay


title: Quit India Movement

text: However, it proved to be controversial within the party. A prominent Congress national leader, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, quit the Congress over this decision, and so did some local and regional level organisers. Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were apprehensive and critical of the call, but backed it and stuck with Gandhi's leadership until the end. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement, as did many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jayaprakash Narayan.


title: Quit India Movement

text: Allama Mashriqi (head of the Khaksar Tehrik) was called by Jawaharlal Nehru to join the Quit India Movement. Mashriqi was apprehensive of its outcome and did not agree with the Congress Working Committee's resolution. On 28 July 1942, Allama Mashriqi sent the following telegram to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mohandas Gandhi, C. Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad and Pattabhi Sitaramayya. He also sent a copy to Bulusu Sambamurti (former Speaker of the Madras Assembly). The telegram was published in the press, and stated:


title: Quit India Movement

text: Several political groups active during the Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India Movement. These included the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha and princely states as below:


title: Quit India Movement

text: Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army... to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost. But later after requests and persuasions and realising the importance of the bigger role of Indian independence he chose to join the Indian independence movement.


title: Quit India Movement

text: Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,Syama Prasad Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal, (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to quit India. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he wrote: “Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being”. In this way he managed to gain insights of the British government and effectively give information of the independence leaders. Mukherjee reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha, would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this: “The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defence and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister. The Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states: "Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation ... "


title: Quit India Movement

text: The movement had less support in the princely states, as the princes were strongly opposed and funded the opposition.


title: Quit India Movement

text: The Indian nationalists had very little international support. They knew that the United States strongly supported Indian independence, in principle, and believed the U.S. was an ally. However, after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard, the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort. The poorly run American operation annoyed the Indians.


title: Quit India Movement

text: At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to galvanise rebellion was limited. The movement had a local impact in some areas. especially at Satara in Maharashtra, Talcher in Odisha, and Midnapore. In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore, the local populace were successful in establishing parallel government Tamluk National Government, which continued to function, until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944. A minor uprising took place in Ballia, now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh. People overthrew the district administration, broke open the jail, released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule. It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district. Of special importance in Saurashtra (in western Gujarat) was the role of the region's 'baharvatiya' tradition (i.e. going outside the law) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there. In Adas village in Kaira district, six people died and many more wounded in police shooting incident.


title: Quit India Movement

text: In rural west Bengal, the Quit India Movement was fuelled by peasants' resentment against the new war taxes and the forced rice exports. There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great famine of 1943 suspended the movement.


title: Quit India Movement

text: One of the important achievements of the movement was keeping the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India-Burma border, responded by imprisoning Gandhi. All the members of the Party's Working Committee (national leadership) were imprisoned as well. Due to the arrest of major leaders, a young and until then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag; later the Congress party was banned. These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population. Despite lack of direct leadership, large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent in large groups and strikes were called. Not all demonstrations were peaceful, at some places bombs exploded, government buildings were set on fire, electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed.


title: Quit India Movement

text: The British swiftly responded with mass detentions. Over 100,000 arrests were made, mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging. Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations, distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments. The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India, possibly to South Africa or Yemen but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the revolt.


title: Quit India Movement

text: The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years. Gandhi's wife Kasturba Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi's health was failing, despite this Gandhi went on a 21-day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance. Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944, he kept up the resistance, demanding the release of the Congress leadership.


title: Quit India Movement

text: By early 1944, India was mostly peaceful again, while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated. A sense that the movement had couldn't gain enough success depressed many nationalists, while Jinnah and the Muslim League, as well as Congress opponents such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to gain political mileage, criticising Gandhi and the Congress Party.


title: Myst

text: Myst is a graphic adventure/puzzle video game designed by the Miller brothers, Robyn and Rand. It was developed by Cyan, Inc., published by Broderbund, and initially released for the Macintosh in 1993. In the game, the player's character travels via a special book to the island of Myst. From there, solving puzzles allows the player to travel to four other worlds which reveal the backstory of the game's characters, one of which the player must eventually choose to aid.


title: Myst

text: The Miller brothers got their start in video game development by creating titles for children. They conceived of "Myst" as their first game for adults, receiving funding from Japanese publisher Sunsoft. Development began in 1991 and was Cyan's biggest undertaking to date. Technical constraints of the time influenced the design of the game and the production of its graphics, which were state-of-the-art but mostly relied on static images. Robyn Miller composed 40 minutes of synthesized music for the soundtrack.


title: Myst

text: "Myst" was a surprise hit. Critics lauded the ability of the game to immerse players in its fictional world; it has since been considered one of the best video games ever made. Selling more than six million copies, "Myst" became the best-selling PC game until "The Sims" exceeded its sales in 2002. "Myst" helped drive adoption of the new CD-ROM format, spawned a multimedia franchise, and inspired clones, parodies, and new genres of video games. Multiple remakes and ports of the game to other platforms have been released, as well as spin-off novels and other media.


title: Myst

text: "Myst"s gameplay consists of a first-person journey through an interactive world. Players can interact with specific objects on some screens by clicking or dragging them. The player moves by clicking on locations shown on the screen; the scene then crossfades into another frame, and the player can explore the new area. "Myst" has an optional "Zip" feature to assist in rapidly crossing areas already explored; when a lightning bolt cursor appears, players can click and skip several frames to another location. While this provides a rapid method of travel, it can also cause players to miss important items and clues. Some items can be carried by the player and read, including journal pages which provide backstory. Players can only carry a single page at a time, and pages return to their original locations when dropped.


title: Myst

text: To complete the game, the player must fully explore the island of Myst. There, the player discovers and follows clues to be transported via "linking books" to several "Ages", each of which is a self-contained mini-world. Each of the Ages—named Selenitic, Stoneship, Mechanical, and Channelwood—requires the user to solve a series of logical, interrelated puzzles to complete its exploration. Each Age must be explored to solve the game's primary puzzle on Myst.


title: Myst

text: Apart from its predominantly nonverbal storytelling, "Myst"s gameplay is unusual among adventuring computer games in several ways. The player is provided with very little backstory at the beginning of the game, and no obvious goals or objectives are laid out. This means that players must simply begin to explore. There are no obvious enemies, no physical violence, no time limit to complete the game, and no threat of dying at any point. The game unfolds at its own pace and is solved through a combination of patience, observation, and logical thinking.


title: Myst

text: Players assume the role of an unnamed person who stumbles across an unusual book titled "Myst". The player reads the book and discovers a detailed description of an island world called Myst. Placing their hand on the last page, the player is whisked away to the world described and is left with no choice but to explore the island. Myst contains a library where two additional books can be found, colored red and blue. These books are traps that hold Sirrus and Achenar, the sons of Atrus, who once lived on Myst island with his wife Catherine. Atrus writes special "linking books" that transport people to the worlds, or "Ages", that the books describe. From the panels of their books, Sirrus and Achenar tell the player that Atrus is dead; each brother blames the other for the death of their father, as well as the destruction of much of Atrus' library. Both plead for help to escape. The books are missing several pages, rendering the sons' messages unclear and riddled with static.


title: Myst

text: As the player continues to explore the island, books linking to more Ages are discovered hidden behind complex mechanisms and puzzles. The player must visit each Age, find the red and blue pages hidden there, and return to Myst Island. These pages can then be placed in the corresponding books. As the player adds more pages to these books, the brothers can be seen and heard more clearly. After collecting four pages, the brothers can talk clearly enough to tell the player where the fifth and final missing page for their book is hidden; if the player can complete either book, that brother will be set free. The clearer dialog also allows the player to more accurately judge each brother's personality. The player is left with a choice to help Sirrus, Achenar, or neither.


title: Myst

text: Sirrus and Achenar beg the player not to touch the green book that is stored in the same location as their final pages, claiming it to be another trap book like their own. In truth, it leads to D'ni, where Atrus is imprisoned. When the book is opened, Atrus asks the player to bring him a final page that is hidden on Myst Island; without it, he cannot bring his sons to justice. The game has several endings, depending on the player's actions. Giving either Sirrus or Achenar the final page of their book causes the player to switch places with the son, leaving the player trapped inside the Prison book. Linking to D'ni without the page Atrus asks for leaves the player and Atrus trapped on D'ni. Linking to D'ni with the page allows Atrus to complete his Myst book and return to the island. Upon returning to the library, the player finds the red and blue books gone, and burn marks on the shelves where they used to be.


title: Myst

text: In 1988, brothers Rand and Robyn Miller were living apart in the United States. Robyn was taking a year off from university, writing and trying to establish state residency. Rand was a computer programmer for a bank. Rand approached his brother with the idea of making an interactive storybook using HyperCard. The brothers were not big video game players themselves, although they were familiar with "Dungeons & Dragons", and had played "Zork". In his parents' basement—Robyn did not own a computer himself—Robyn began drawing pictures and creating a nonlinear story that would eventually become their first game, "The Manhole". "The Manhole" and the games that followed—"Cosmic Osmo" and "Spelunx"—were specifically aimed at children and shared the same aesthetics: black-and-white graphics, point-and-click gameplay, a first-person point of view, and explorable worlds. Robyn recalled that the games were more about exploration than narrative: "In the projects we did for children, we didn't really tell stories ... They were just these worlds that you would explore."


title: Myst

text: Around 1990, the brothers decided to create a game that would appeal to adults. Among their goals were believable characters, a non-linear story, and for the player as protagonist to make ethical choices. The Millers pitched the game to Activision under the title "The Gray Summons"; Robyn recalled that Activision told them to stick to children's games. At the time of the rejection, they were not doing well financially—"we were eating rice and beans and government cheese and that [was] our diet." Facing the end of their game-producing career, Japanese developer Sunsoft approached the Millers to create an adult-oriented game. Like with "The Gray Summons", the Millers wanted their game to have a non-linear story with believable characters and an ethical choice. They also wanted to produce a game with far more impressive graphics than their previous efforts—at one point they considered making the game entirely hand-drawn. Finally, they knew their story would be a mystery.


title: Myst

text: Development of "Myst" began in 1991. The game's creative team consisted of brothers Rand and Robyn, with help from sound designer Chris Brandkamp, 3D artist and animator Chuck Carter, Richard Watson, Bonnie McDowall, and Ryan Miller, who together made up Cyan, Inc. "Myst" was the largest and most time-consuming collaboration Cyan had attempted at that point. Cyan took inspiration from games like "Zork", "Star Wars" mythic universe, portals to other worlds like in C. S. Lewis' "The Chronicles of Narnia", and the mysterious islands of old literature like the works of Jules Verne. The game's name, as well as the overall solitary and mysterious atmosphere of the island, was inspired by the book "The Mysterious Island" by Verne.


title: Myst

text: Sunsoft was not interested in the PC market and was focused on the video game console market instead. At the time, consoles had no hard drives and small memory buffers, meaning the game had to be designed around these technical constraints. To solve this issue, they compartmentalized parts of the game's environments into the different Ages. The Millers decided that most people did not like puzzles. Thus, a good puzzle would feel familiar and part of the world—not like a puzzle, but something for players to figure out like a circuit breaker in their house, using observation and common sense. Cyan did not have fans to please, and did not know exactly who the game would appeal to; Robyn felt like they did not have to second-guess their choices and could "explore the world as we were designing" and build a game for themselves. In a 2016 interview, Rand Miller stated that they strived to design the puzzles in "Myst" and their subsequent games by trying to balance three aspects: the puzzles themselves, the environment, and the story. Rand also stated they wanted to make sure that clues to the solutions to puzzles were apparent and presented to the player in a manner for these connections to be made: "once the player finds the solution, if they blame us, then we haven't done a good job. But if they blame themselves, then we have."


title: Myst

text: The Millers prepared a seven-page game proposal for Sunsoft from their ideas, mostly consisting of maps of the islands they had envisioned. Cyan proposed "Myst" to Sunsoft for $265,000—more than double what they thought it would cost to develop the game, but ultimately less than the game's final cost. Sunsoft had asked the brothers if their game would be as good as the upcoming "The 7th Guest", another CD-ROM video game that had been shown in public preview demonstrations; the Millers assured them it would. After getting the go-ahead, Cyan playtested the entire game in a role-played "Dungeons and Dragons" form to identify any large issues before entering full production.


title: Myst

text: "Myst" was not only the largest collaboration Cyan had attempted at the time but also took the longest to develop. According to Rand Miller, the brothers spent months solely designing the look and puzzles of the Ages, which were influenced by earlier whimsical "worlds" made for children. Much of the early development time was spent devising puzzles and the Ages, and the story was secondary. "We were place designers ... and the maps kind of fueled the story," Rand said. The plot evolved in tandem with the changing environment, developing new story details with each new building in the world. The climactic ending with Atrus was a later development in the game's story after Cyan realized they wanted to create a more complicated ending. In retrospect, Robyn felt that "Myst" did not quite provoke the emotional reaction and ethical quandary they set out to create.


title: Myst

text: The game was created on Macintosh computers, principally the Macintosh Quadra 700, using the HyperCard software. One of the first major discoveries Cyan had was how effective 3D rendering software was compared to hand-drawn figures that they had used on their previous titles, making it easy to create the worlds of "Myst". Additionally, 3D rendering allowed them to use color, something lacking from their previous titles. Robyn generally focused on rendering out the environment using StrataVision 3D, with some additional modeling in Macromedia MacroModel, while Rand would place those images into HyperCard to link them up and test the puzzle aspects. Overall, "Myst" contains 2,500 frames, one for each possible area the player can explore. Final images for the game were then edited and enhanced using Photoshop 1.0.


title: Myst

text: In addition to the indoor settings, "Myst" featured exterior environments for each Age. At first, the developers had no idea how they would actually create the physical terrain for the Ages. Eventually, they created grayscale heightmaps, extruding them to create changes in elevation. From this basic terrain, textures were painted onto a colormap which was wrapped around the landscapes. Objects such as trees were added to complete the design. Rand noted that attention to detail allowed "Myst" to deal with the limitations of CD-ROM drives and graphics, stating "A lot can be done with texture ... Like finding an interesting texture you can map into the tapestry on the wall, spending a little extra time to actually put the bumps on the tapestry, putting screws in things. These are the things you don't necessarily notice, but if they weren't there, would flag to your subconscious that this is fake."


title: Myst

text: When Cyan began development, developing believable characters was a major hurdle. The brothers were limited to one-way communication with the player, and at any point, a player could choose to walk away and "break the spell" of the game. Displaying video in the game was initially infeasible. Designing around the limits, the designers created the trap books, which were location-specific, one-way communication devices. The release of QuickTime halfway through development of the game solved the video issue.


title: Myst

text: The original HyperCard Macintosh version of "Myst" had each Age as a unique HyperCard stack. Navigation was handled by the internal button system and HyperTalk scripts, with image and QuickTime movie display passed off to various plugins; essentially, "Myst" functions as a series of separate multimedia slides linked together by commands. The main technical constraint that impacted "Myst" was slow CD-ROM drive read speeds—few consumers had anything faster than single-speed drives, limiting the speed of streaming data off the disc. Cyan had to go to great lengths to make sure all the game elements loaded as quickly as possible. Images were stored as 8-bit PICT resources with custom color palettes and QuickTime still image compression. Animated elements such as movies and object animations were encoded as QuickTime movies with Cinepak compression; in total, there were more than 66 minutes of Quicktime animation. This careful processing made the finished graphics look like truecolor images despite their low bit depth; the stills were reduced in size from 500 KB to around 80 KB. The Millers tried to allocate files on the physical location of the spiral track on the CD in a manner as to reduce the seek time for images and movies that were closely related as to reduce any apparent in-game delay as the player transitions from scene to scene.


title: Myst

text: Cyan playtested the game with two people sitting in front of the game, finding that they would converse with each other and vocalize their likes and dislikes compared to one person silently playing. Rand and Robyn sat behind the testers taking notes, and could make on-the-fly changes and fixes. Cyan wanted the interface of the game to be invisible, and to craft a game that a wide audience would enjoy. Early on they had decided that there would be no inventory, enemies, or ways to die; eventually, they included a save system as a concession to the fact that it would take most players months to complete the game. Among the problems testers discovered with the story was that "Myst" initially had no inciting incident. In response, Cyan added a note from Atrus to Catherine that clued players in to the existence of a chamber by the dock that played a message from Atrus and explained the game's objectives.


title: Myst

text: Chris Brandkamp produced most of the ambient and incidental sounds in the game. To make sure the sounds fit, Brandkamp had to wait until the game's visuals were placed in context. Sound effects were drawn from unlikely sources; the noise of a fire in a boiler was created by driving slowly over stones in a driveway because recordings of actual fire did not sound like fire burning. The chimes of a large clock tower were simulated using a wrench, then transposed to a lower pitch. For the bubbles, which he recalled as "the most hateful sound", was created from the bubbles in the toilet using various tubes blown.


title: Myst

text: At first, "Myst" had no music, because the Millers did not want music to interfere with the gameplay. After a few tests, they realized that the background music did not adversely affect the game, alluding to "Super Mario Bros." In fact, "seemed to really help the mood of certain places that you were at in the game." Robyn Miller ended up composing 40 minutes of synthesized music that was used in the game and later published as "Myst: The Soundtrack". Mixing and effects were done on an E-mu Proteus MPS synthesizer. The soundtrack was recorded over the course of two weeks' evenings. Initially, Cyan released the soundtrack via a mail-order service, but before the release of "Myst"s sequel, "Riven", Virgin Records acquired the rights to release the soundtrack, and the CD was re-released on April 21, 1998.


title: Myst

text: "Myst" was an immense commercial success. Along with "The 7th Guest", it was widely regarded as a killer application that accelerated the sales of CD-ROM drives. Rand Miller recalled thinking before the game's release that selling 100,000 copies would be "mind-blowing". Broderbund sold 200,000 copies of the Macintosh version in six months after its September 1993 debut; such sales would have been enough to make it a best-selling PC game, and were extraordinary in the much smaller Macintosh market. Although requiring a CD drive further reduced the potential market, the difficulty of software piracy for CD-ROM software before CD burners became popular also helped sales. The game sold 500,000 copies in its first year.


title: Myst

text: Broderbund began porting "Myst" to Windows immediately after the Macintosh version's debut. This required the development of a new game engine, Mohawk, because HyperCard was not available in Windows. In March 1994, "Myst" was released for Windows, a much larger market. The game sold more than 500,000 copies in 1994, and more than one million copies of the game were sold by spring 1995; even a strategy guide written in three weeks sold 300,000 copies. Unusually for a video game, sales continued to increase: 850,000 copies in the United States in 1996, and 870,000 in 1997. U.S. sales decreased to 540,000 copies in 1998, but the growing popularity in Europe of multimedia PCs increased sales there. Unlike other early CD-ROM games, "Myst" did not depend on full motion video which was of poor quality at the time, so its graphics remained appealing long after release. By April 1998, "Myst" had sold 3.82 million units and earned $141.7 million in revenue in the United States. This led PC Data to declare it the country's best-selling computer game for the period between January 1993 and April 1998. "Myst" sold more than 6.3 million units worldwide by 2000, including more than 4.3 million in the United States; the figures exclude bundled software sales with multimedia upgrade kits.


title: Myst

text: "Myst" was the bestselling PC game throughout the 1990s until "The Sims" exceeded its sales in 2002, and was the top-selling game in the US for a total of 52 months between March 1994 and April 1999.


title: Myst

text: "Myst" was generally praised by critics. "Computer Gaming World" assured its readers that the game was not like other CD-ROM games that were "high on glitz and low on substance ... "Myst" is everything it's touted to be and is, quite simply, the best [Macintosh] CD-ROM game". It praised the game's open-world nature, lack of death, and "straightforward and simple" storyline. The magazine stated that the "mesmerizing" and "stunning" graphics and sound were "not the star of the show ... the substance of the game is every bit as good as its packaging", and concluded that "Myst" "is bound to set a new standard". In April 1994, the magazine called it an "artistic masterwork". Jeff Koke reviewed "Myst" in "Pyramid" #8 (July/August 1994), and stated that "It is the first adventure game in which I left feeling as though I had visited a real place."


title: Myst

text: "Wired" and "The New York Times" were among the publications that pointed to "Myst" as evidence that video games could, in fact, evolve into an art form. "Entertainment Weekly" reported that some players considered "Myst"s "virtual morality" a religious experience. Aarhus University professor Søren Pold pointed to "Myst" as an excellent example of how stories can be told using objects rather than people. Laura Evenson, writing for the "San Francisco Chronicle", pointed to adult-oriented games like "Myst" as evidence the video game industry was emerging from its "adolescent" phase.


title: Myst

text: GameSpot's Jeff Sengstack wrote that ""Myst" is an immersive experience that draws you in and won't let you go." Writing about "Myst"s reception, Greg M. Smith noted that "Myst" had become a hit and was regarded as incredibly immersive despite most closely resembling "the hoary technology of the slideshow (with accompanying music and effects)". Smith concluded that ""Myst"s primary brilliance lies in the way it provides narrative justification for the very things that are most annoying" about the technological constraints imposed on the game; for instance, "Macworld" praised "Myst"s designers for overcoming the occasionally debilitating slowness of CD drives to deliver a consistent experience throughout the game. The publication went on to declare "Myst" the best game of 1994, stating that "Myst" removed the "most annoying parts of adventure games—vocabularies that [you] don't understand, people you can't talk to, wrong moves that get you killed and make you start over. You try to unravel the enigma of the island by exploring the island, but there's no time pressure to distract you, no arbitrary punishments put in your way".


title: Myst

text: Some aspects of the game still received criticism. Several publications did not agree with the positive reception of the story. Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com noted that while its lack of interaction and continual plot suited the game, "Myst"s helped end the adventure game genre. "Edge" stated the main flaw with the game was that the game engine was nowhere near as sophisticated as the graphics. Heidi Fournier of "Adventure Gamers" noted a few critics complained about the difficulty and lack of context of the puzzles, while others believed these elements added to the gameplay. (The game is so difficult that Broderbund included a blank pad of paper for taking notes. The Miller brothers estimate that half or less of players left the starting island.) Similarly, critics were split on whether the lack of a plot the player could actually change was a good or bad element. In 1996 "Next Generation" called "Myst" "gaming's bleakest hour", saying the static graphics and purely trial-and-error puzzles epitomized poor game design. The magazine said its commercial success, which they owed chiefly to its popularity among non-gamers as a CD-ROM showcase, had led to many other games emulating its negative aspects. In a 2000 retrospective review, IGN declared that "Myst" had not aged well and that playing it "was like watching hit TV shows from the 70s. 'People watched that?,' you wonder in horror."


title: Myst

text: "Myst" was named Best Adventure/Fantasy Role-Playing Game at the 1994 Codie awards, and received an honorable mention in "Electronic Entertainment"s 1993 "Breakthrough Game" category, which ultimately went to "The 7th Guest". That magazine's editors wrote, "One of the best-looking, best-sounding games ever, the Macintosh version of "Myst" sets new standards for the effective use of CD-ROM." "Myst" was also a runner-up for "Computer Gaming World"s 1993 "Adventure Game of the Year" award, but lost to "" and "Day of the Tentacle" (tie). In 1996, the magazine ranked "Myst" 11th on its list of the most innovative computer games.


title: Myst

text: Reviews for the game's console ports generally reflected each critic's attitude towards the original game, as critics agreed that the ports for 3DO, Saturn, and PlayStation are virtually identical to the PC original. For example, Sushi-X of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave the 3DO version a 5 out of 10, remarking "The graphics and sounds are decent but the game never really appealed to me on the PC", while his co-reviewer Danyon Carpenter gave it a 7 out of 10 and assessed that "This game was all the rage when it debuted on the PC, and that excitement should follow through on the 3DO." In one of the more enthusiastic reviews for "Myst", "GamePro" gave the 3DO version a perfect 5 out of 5 in all four categories (graphics, sound, control, and funfactor), concluding, "Beautiful and enchanting, "Myst" will thrill you and make you think at the same time." The Jaguar CD version was largely ignored by reviewers, but "GamePro" commented that apart from the Jaguar CD's lack of a mouse peripheral and occasionally longer load times, this version too is identical to the PC original.


title: Myst

text: However, the 3DS version received negative reviews even from critics who felt that "Myst"s popularity was merited, citing graphics and audio well below the 3DS's capabilities and the use of awkward circle pad controls in lieu of the 3DS's touchscreen.


title: Myst

text: "Myst"s achievements led to a number of games which sought to copy its success, referred to as ""Myst" clones". Its success baffled some, who wondered how a game that was seen as "little more than 'an interactive slide show'" turned out to be a hit. As early as December 1994, "Newsweek" compared "Myst" to "an art film, destined to gather critical acclaim and then dust on the shelves".


title: Myst

text: Some developers of adventure games concurrent to "Myst"s release were critical of its success, due to the number of subsequent video games that copied "Myst"s style compared to traditional adventure games. These games diluted the market with poorly-received clones and were perceived as contributing to the decline of the genre. Others criticized "Myst" as the "ultimate anti-arcade game", as it was much more relaxed and casual than anything that was released since 1972, as "there were no lives, no dying, no score, and no time limit. No physical agility or reflexes were required. The only pressure was that which you imposed upon yourself to solve the puzzles and complete the storyline." However, "Myst", along with other published works using the CD-ROM format, had created a new way of thinking about presentation in video games due to the nature of the CD-ROM: whereas most games before could be viewed as "games of emergence", in which game elements combined in novel and surprising ways to the player, "Myst" demonstrated one of the first "games of progression" where the player is guided through predefined sets of encounters. This helped to provide alternative experiences atypical of usual video games, and subsequently helped to validate the arthouse approach used in many indie video games developed in the 2000s.


title: Myst

text: "Myst"s success led to several sequels. "Riven" was released in 1997 and continues "Myst"s storyline, with Atrus asking the player to help him rescue his wife Catherine. Presto Studios and Ubisoft developed and published "" in 2001, "" was developed and published entirely by Ubisoft and released in 2004. The latest game in the franchise is "", developed by Cyan Worlds and released in 2005. In addition to the main games, Cyan developed "". The multiplayer component of "Uru" was initially canceled, but GameTap eventually revived it as "". After "Uru Live" was cancelled, the game was released as an open source title. The Miller brothers collaborated with David Wingrove to produce several novels based on the "Myst" universe, which were published by Hyperion. The novels, entitled "Myst: The Book of Atrus", "Myst: The Book of Ti'ana", and "Myst: The Book of D'ni", fill in the games' backstory and were packaged together as "The Myst Reader". By 2003, the "Myst" franchise had sold over twelve million copies worldwide, with "Myst" representing more than six million copies in the figure.


title: Myst

text: "Myst" became a cultural touchstone of the day; the game was so popular the Miller brothers appeared in advertisements for The Gap. Actor Matt Damon wanted "The Bourne Conspiracy" video game to be a puzzle game like "Myst", refusing to lend his voice talent to the game when it was turned into a shooter instead. "Myst" has also been used for educational and scientific purposes; Becta recognized a primary school teacher, Tim Rylands, who had made literacy gains using "Myst" as a teaching tool, and researchers have used the game for studies examining the effect of video games on aggression. A parody computer game, "Pyst", was released in 1996; the game is a satirical free roam of Myst island which had been apparently vandalized by frustrated visitors. Starring John Goodman, the parody cost far more to develop than the original. "Myst" was added to the collection of video games of the Museum of Modern Art in 2013, where it is displayed as a video presentation.


title: Myst

text: In retrospective, "Myst" is considered to be a precursor to casual games that gained popularity with browser platforms and mobile devices which typically do not require players to act quickly, as well as a preliminary example of a walking simulator that allow players to explore and discover the game's narrative at their own pace. Cyan's sequels to "Myst" also indirectly served to popularize escape the room games, which provide similar puzzle-solving experiences but in a much more confined space.


title: Myst

text: Disney approached Cyan Worlds about constructing a theme park inspired by "Myst", which included scouting an island area within Disney's Florida properties that Rand Miller felt was perfect for the "Myst" setting. The television streaming service Hulu had obtained the rights to create a television series around "Myst" in May 2015. The series would explore the origin of the main island featured in "Myst". The Hulu series was to be produced by Legendary Television, which had acquired the television rights from Cyan for the series in late 2014. The show was to have been produced by Matt Tolmach and written by Evan Daugherty. Rand Miller stated in a September 2016 interview that with the show, "we're farther along now than we've been in a long time", but timelines remain uncertain.


title: Myst

text: In June 2019, Village Roadshow Pictures announced they had acquired the rights to make "Myst" films, television programs, and other programming, leaving the fate of the Legendary Television vehicle in doubt. Ashley Edward Miller was announced as the showrunner and writer for the show's pilot.


title: Myst

text: "Myst"s success led to the game being ported to multiple platforms, including the Saturn, PlayStation, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Android, iPhone, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, Jaguar CD, AmigaOS, CD-i, and 3DO consoles. There was also a version developed and even previewed for the Sega CD, but it was never released by Sunsoft.


title: Myst

text: "Myst: Masterpiece Edition" was an updated version of the original "Myst", released in May 2000. It featured several improvements over the original game's multimedia: the images were re-rendered in 24-bit truecolor instead of the original "Myst"s 256 colors (8-bit); the score was re-mastered, and sound effects were enhanced.


title: Myst

text: "realMyst: Interactive 3D Edition" was a remake of "Myst" released in November 2000 for Windows PCs, and in January 2002 for Mac. Unlike "Myst" and the "Masterpiece Edition", the gameplay of "realMyst" featured free-roaming, real-time 3D graphics instead of point-and-click pre-rendered stills. Weather effects like thunderstorms, sunsets, and sunrises were added to the Ages, and minor additions were made to keep the game in sync with the story of the "Myst" novels and sequels. The game also added a new sixth Age called Rime, which is featured in an extended ending, as well as the addition of Ti'ana's grave on Myst island. "realMyst" was developed by Cyan, Inc. and Sunsoft, and published by Ubisoft. While the new interactivity of the game was praised, "realMyst" ran poorly on most computers of the time. Robyn Miller expressed frustration with realMyst, saying: "I only saw realMyst after it was released. As a remake, it was a lapse of reason and directionless; overt merchandising of the original Myst. It definitely wasn't how we originally envisioned Myst, as was promoted."


title: Myst

text: Carla Harker reviewed the PC version of the game for "Next Generation", rating it one star out of five, and stated that "With only graphics to stand on, "realMYST" is beautiful, but there's no real substance here."


title: Myst

text: "realMyst: Masterpiece Edition", a visually enhanced revision running on the Unity engine that also includes the graphics of the original "Myst" game, was released on Windows and macOS on February 7, 2014. The remake was updated to version 2.0 on January 28, 2015, receiving a significant graphical overhaul in which several bugs were fixed and the detail of many models and textures was upgraded.


title: Myst

text: On May 18, 2012, the PlayStation Network released a port for "Myst" in the form of a PSone classic for the PlayStation 3 and PSP.


title: Myst

text: In November 2005, Midway Games announced that they would be developing a remake of "Myst" for the PlayStation Portable. The remake would include additional content that was not featured in the original "Myst", including the Rime age that was earlier seen in "realMyst". The game was released in Japan and Europe in 2006, and the US version was released in 2008.


title: Myst

text: A version of "Myst" for the Nintendo DS was also released in December 2007. The version features re-mastered video and audio, using source code specifically re-written for the Nintendo DS. The remake features Rime as a playable Age, with an all-new graphics set. This version of the game was released in Europe on December 7, 2007, courtesy of Midway. It was released in North America on May 13, 2008, originally published by Navarre and later reissued by Storm City Games. The version was heavily panned by the gaming press, with an aggregate score of 43/100 on Metacritic. This version was again later re-released for Nintendo 3DS, published by Funbox Media in Europe, and Maximum Family Games in North America and Australia. The game later appeared in digital format via the Nintendo eShop in North America on November 15, 2012, and in Europe on September 5, 2013.


title: Myst

text: In February 2005, Cyan and Mean Hamster Software released "Myst" for the Microsoft Windows Mobile platform; "Riven" was ported shortly after. In August 2008, Cyan announced that the company was developing a version of "Myst" for Apple's iOS. The game was made available to download from the iTunes App Store on May 2, 2009. The original download size was 727 MB, which was considered very large by iPhone standards. An updated version of "realMyst" was released for iPad 2 and above, with improved graphics over the original PC release, on June 14, 2012. A version for Android devices based on the "realMyst" version was released on January 26, 2017, produced and published by Noodlecake, and a similar port for "Riven" was released on April 26, 2017.


title: Myst

text: Cyan announced a new remake of "Myst" for high-definition screens and virtual reality, with the game's worlds fully created in free-roam 3D environments, using Unreal Engine 4, along with features like puzzle randomization, in September 2020. "Myst" for the Oculus Quest and Oculus Quest 2 was released on December 10, 2020.


title: Myst

text: The VR version but adapted for "flatscreen" monitors was released on August 26, 2021, for Windows, macOS, Xbox Series X/S and Xbox One.


title: Stomach

text: The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach is involved in the gastric phase of digestion, following chewing. It performs a chemical breakdown by means of enzymes and hydrochloric acid.


title: Stomach

text: In humans and many other animals, the stomach is located between the oesophagus and the small intestine. The stomach secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid to aid in food digestion. The pyloric sphincter controls the passage of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum, where peristalsis takes over to move this through the rest of intestines.


title: Stomach

text: In the human digestive system, the stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. A large double fold of visceral peritoneum called the greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach. Two sphincters keep the contents of the stomach contained; the lower oesophageal sphincter (found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach, and the pyloric sphincter at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum.


title: Stomach

text: The stomach is surrounded by parasympathetic (stimulant) and sympathetic (inhibitor) plexuses (networks of blood vessels and nerves in the anterior gastric, posterior, superior and inferior, celiac and myenteric), which regulate both the secretory activity of the stomach and the motor (motion) activity of its muscles.


title: Stomach

text: Because it is a distensible organ, it normally expands to hold about one litre of food. The stomach of a newborn human baby will only be able to retain about 30 millilitres. The maximum stomach volume in adults is between 2 and 4 litres.


title: Stomach

text: The cardia is defined as the region following the "z-line" of the gastroesophageal junction, the point at which the epithelium changes from stratified squamous to columnar. Near the cardia is the lower oesophageal sphincter. Research has shown that the cardia is not an anatomically distinct region of the stomach but a region of the oesophageal lining damaged by reflux.


title: Stomach

text: The stomach bed refers to the structures upon which the stomach rests in mammals. These include the tail of the pancreas, splenic artery, left kidney, left suprarenal gland, transverse colon and its mesocolon, and the left crus of diaphragm, and the left colic flexure. The term was introduced around 1896 by Philip Polson of the Catholic University School of Medicine, Dublin. However this was brought into disrepute by surgeon anatomist J Massey.


title: Stomach

text: The lesser curvature of the human stomach is supplied by the right gastric artery inferiorly and the left gastric artery superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the right gastroepiploic artery inferiorly and the left gastroepiploic artery superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, is supplied by the short gastric arteries, which arise from the splenic artery.


title: Stomach

text: Like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, the human stomach walls consist of a mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, subserosa and serosa.