title: Romulus

text: The new city was filled with colonists, most of whom were young, unmarried men. While fugitives seeking asylum helped the population grow, single men greatly outnumbered women. With no intermarriage taking place between Rome and neighboring communities, the new city would eventually fail. Romulus sent envoys to neighboring towns, appealing to them to allow intermarriage with Roman citizens, but his overtures were rebuffed. Romulus formulated a plan to acquire women from other settlements. He announced a momentous festival and games, and invited the people of the neighboring cities to attend. Many did, in particular the Sabines, who came in droves. At a prearranged signal, the Romans began to snatch and carry off the marriageable women among their guests.


title: Romulus

text: The aggrieved cities prepared for war with Rome, and might have defeated Romulus had they been fully united. But impatient with the preparations of the Sabines, the Latin towns of Caenina, Crustumerium, and Antemnae took action without their allies. Caenina was the first to attack; its army was swiftly put to flight, and the town taken. After personally defeating and slaying the prince of Caenina in single combat, Romulus stripped him of his armour, becoming the first to claim the spolia opima, and vowed a temple to Jupiter Feretrius. Antemnae and Crustumerium were conquered in turn. Some of their people, chiefly the families of the abducted women, were allowed to settle at Rome.


title: Romulus

text: Following the defeat of the Latin towns, the Sabines, under the leadership of Titus Tatius, marshalled their forces and advanced upon Rome. They gained control of the citadel by bribing Tarpeia, the daughter of the Roman commander charged with its defense. Without the advantage of the citadel, the Romans were obliged to meet the Sabines on the battlefield. The Sabines advanced from the citadel, and fierce fighting ensued. The nearby Lacus Curtius is said to be named after Mettius Curtius, a Sabine warrior who plunged his horse into its muck to stymie his Roman pursuers as he retreated. At a critical juncture in the fighting, the Romans began to waver in the face of the Sabine advance. Romulus vowed a temple to Jupiter Stator, to keep his line from breaking. The bloodshed finally ended when the Sabine women interposed themselves between the two armies, pleading on the one hand with their fathers and brothers, and on the other with their husbands, to set aside their arms and come to terms. The leaders of each side met and made peace. They formed one community, to be jointly ruled by Romulus and Tatius.


title: Romulus

text: The two kings presided over the growing city of Rome for a number of years, before Tatius was slain in a riot at Lavinium, where he had gone to make a sacrifice. Shortly before, a group of envoys from Laurentum had complained of their treatment by Tatius' kinsmen, and he had decided the matter against the ambassadors. Romulus resisted calls to avenge the Sabine king's death, instead reaffirming the Roman alliance with Lavinium, and perhaps preventing his city from splintering along ethnic lines.


title: Romulus

text: In the years following the death of Tatius, Romulus is said to have conquered the city of Fidenae, which, alarmed by the rising power of Rome, had begun raiding Roman territory. The Romans lured the Fidenates into an ambush, and routed their army; as they retreated into their city, the Romans followed before the gates could be shut, and captured the town. The Etruscan city of Veii, nine miles up the Tiber from Rome, also raided Roman territory, foreshadowing that city's role as the chief rival to Roman power over the next three centuries. Romulus defeated Veii's army, but found the city too well defended to besiege, and instead ravaged the countryside.


title: Romulus

text: After a reign of thirty-seven years, Romulus is said to have disappeared in a whirlwind during a sudden and violent storm, as he was reviewing his troops on the Campus Martius. Livy says that Romulus was either murdered by the senators, torn apart out of jealousy, or was raised to heaven by Mars, god of war. Livy believes the last theory regarding the legendary king's death, as it allows the Romans to believe that the gods are on their side, a reason for them to continue expansion under Romulus' name.


title: Romulus

text: Romulus acquired a cult following, which later became assimilated with the cult of Quirinus, perhaps originally the indigenous god of the Sabine population. As the Sabines had not had a king of their own since the death of Titus Tatius, the next king of Rome, Numa Pompilius, was chosen from among the Sabines.


title: Romulus

text: Livy, Dionysius, and Plutarch rely on Quintus Fabius Pictor as a source. Other significant sources include Ovid's "Fasti", and Virgil's "Aeneid". Greek historians had traditionally claimed that Rome was founded by Greeks, a claim dating back to the logographer Hellanicus of Lesbos of 5th-century BC, who named Aeneas as its founder. Roman historians connect Romulus to Aeneas by ancestry and mention a previous settlement on the Palatine Hill, sometimes attributing it to Evander and his Greek colonists. To the Romans, Rome was the institutions and traditions they credit to their legendary founder, the first "Roman".


title: Romulus

text: The legend as a whole encapsulates Rome's ideas of itself, its origins and moral values. For modern scholarship, it remains one of the most complex and problematic of all foundation myths. Ancient historians had no doubt that Romulus gave his name to the city. Most modern historians believe his name is a back-formation from the name of the city. Roman historians dated the city's foundation to between 758 and 728 BC, and Plutarch reports the calculation of Varro's friend Tarutius that 771 BC was the birth year of Romulus and his twin. The tradition that gave Romulus a distant ancestor in the semi-divine Trojan prince Aeneas was further embellished, and Romulus was made the direct ancestor of Rome's first Imperial dynasty. It is unclear whether or not the tale of Romulus or that of the twins are original elements of the foundation myth, or whether both or either were added.


title: Romulus

text: Ennius (fl. 180s BC) refers to Romulus as a divinity in his own right, without reference to Quirinus. Roman mythographers identified the latter as an originally Sabine war-deity, and thus to be identified with Roman Mars. Lucilius lists Quirinus and Romulus as separate deities, and Varro accords them different temples. Images of Quirinus showed him as a bearded warrior wielding a spear as a god of war, the embodiment of Roman strength and a deified likeness of the city of Rome. He had a Flamen Maior called the Flamen Quirinalis, who oversaw his worship and rituals in the ordainment of Roman religion attributed to Romulus's royal successor, Numa Pompilius. There is however no evidence for the conflated Romulus-Quirinus before the 1st century BC.


title: Romulus

text: Ovid in "Metamorphoses" XIV (lines 805-828) gives a description of the deification of Romulus and his wife Hersilia, who are given the new names of Quirinus and Hora respectively. Mars, the father of Romulus, is given permission by Jupiter to bring his son up to Olympus to live with the Olympians.


title: Romulus

text: One theory regarding this tradition proposes the emergence of two mythical figures from an earlier, singular hero. While Romulus is a founding hero, Quirinus may have been a god of the harvest, and the Fornacalia a festival celebrating a staple crop (spelt). Through the traditional dates from the tales and the festivals, they are each associated with one another. A legend of the murder of such a founding hero, the burying of the hero's body in the fields (found in some accounts), and a festival associated with that hero, a god of the harvest, and a food staple is a pattern recognized by anthropologists. Called a ""dema" archetype", this pattern suggests that in a prior tradition, the god and the hero were in fact the same figure and later evolved into two.


title: Romulus

text: Modern scholarship approaches the various known stories of the myth as cumulative elaborations and later interpretations of Roman foundation myth. Particular versions and collations were presented by Roman historians as authoritative, an official history trimmed of contradictions and untidy variants to justify contemporary developments, genealogies and actions in relation to Roman morality. Other narratives appear to represent popular or folkloric tradition; some of these remain inscrutable in purpose and meaning. T.P. Wiseman sums up the whole issue as the mythography of an unusually problematic foundation and early history.


title: Romulus

text: The unsavoury elements of many of the myths concerning Romulus have led some scholars to describe them as "shameful" or "disreputable". In antiquity such stories became part of anti-Roman and anti-pagan propaganda. More recently, the historian Hermann Strasburger postulated that these were never part of authentic Roman tradition, but were invented and popularized by Rome's enemies, probably in Magna Graecia, during the latter part of the fourth century BC. This hypothesis is rejected by other scholars, such as Tim Cornell (1995), who notes that by this period, the story of Romulus and Remus had already assumed its standard form, and was widely accepted at Rome. Other elements of the Romulus mythos clearly resemble common elements of folk tale and legend, and thus strong evidence that the stories were both old and indigenous. Likewise, Momigliano finds Strasburger's argument well-developed, but entirely implausible; if the Romulus myths were an exercise in mockery, they were a signal failure.


title: Romulus

text: The episodes which make up the legend, most significantly that of the rape of the Sabine women, the tale of Tarpeia, and the death of Tatius have been a significant part of ancient Roman scholarship and the frequent subject of art, literature and philosophy since ancient times.


title: Romulus

text: In the late 16th century, the wealthy Magnani family from Bologna commissioned a series of artworks based on the Roman foundation myth. The artists contributing works included a sculpture of Hercules with the infant twins by Gabriele Fiorini, featuring the patron's own face. The most important works were an elaborate series of frescoes collectively known as "Histories of the Foundation of Rome" by the Brothers Carracci: Ludovico, Annibale, and Agostino.


title: Romulus

text: The subject for the 1788 Prix de Rome was the death of Tatius ("La mort de Tatius"). Garnier won the contest.


title: Pancake

text: A pancake (or hotcake, griddlecake, or flapjack) is a flat cake, often thin and round, prepared from a starch-based batter that may contain eggs, milk and butter and cooked on a hot surface such as a griddle or frying pan, often frying with oil or butter. It is a type of batter bread. Archaeological evidence suggests that pancakes were probably eaten in prehistoric societies.


title: Pancake

text: The pancake's shape and structure varies worldwide. In the United Kingdom, pancakes are often unleavened and resemble a crêpe. In North America, a leavening agent is used (typically baking powder) creating a thick fluffy pancake. A "crêpe" is a thin Breton pancake of French origin cooked on one or both sides in a special pan or crepe maker to achieve a lacelike network of fine bubbles. A well-known variation originating from southeast Europe is a "palačinke", a thin moist pancake fried on both sides and filled with jam, cream cheese, chocolate, or ground walnuts, but many other fillings—sweet or savoury—can also be used.


title: Pancake

text: Commercially prepared pancake mixes are available in some countries. Like waffles, commercially prepared frozen pancakes are available from companies like Eggo. When buttermilk is used in place of or in addition to milk, the pancake develops a tart flavor and becomes known as a buttermilk pancake, which is common in Scotland and the US. Buckwheat flour can be used in a pancake batter, making for a type of buckwheat pancake, a category that includes Blini, Kaletez, Ploye, and Memil-buchimgae. When potato is used as a major portion of the batter, the result is a "potato pancake".


title: Pancake

text: Pancakes may be served at any time of the day or year with a variety of toppings or fillings, but they have developed associations with particular times and toppings in different regions. In North America, they are typically considered a breakfast food and serve a similar function to waffles. In Britain and the Commonwealth, they are associated with Shrove Tuesday, commonly known as "Pancake Day", when, historically, perishable ingredients had to be used up before the fasting period of Lent.


title: Pancake

text: The Ancient Greeks made pancakes called τηγανίτης ("tēganitēs"), ταγηνίτης ("tagēnitēs") or ταγηνίας ("tagēnias"), all words deriving from τάγηνον ("tagēnon"), "frying pan". The earliest attested references to "tagenias" are in the works of the 5th-century BC poets Cratinus and Magnes. Tagenites were made with wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk, and were served for breakfast. Another kind of pancake was σταιτίτης ("staititēs"), from σταίτινος ("staitinos"), "of flour or dough of spelt", derived from σταῖς ("stais"), "flour of spelt". Athenaeus mentions, in his Deipnosophistae, "staititas" topped with honey, sesame, and cheese. The Middle English word "pancake" appears in English in the 15th century.


title: Pancake

text: The Ancient Romans called their fried concoctions "alia dulcia", Latin for "other sweets". These were much different from what are known as pancakes today.


title: Pancake

text: Pancakes in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia) are known as "injera" (sometimes transliterated as "enjera", "budenaa" (Oromo), or "canjeero" (Somali)). "Injera" is a yeast-risen flatbread with a unique, slightly spongy texture. Traditionally, it is made out of teff flour and is a national dish in Ethiopia and Eritrea. "Canjeero", also known as "lahooh" or "lahoh", is a similar kind of flatbread eaten in Somalia and Yemen.


title: Pancake

text: In Eritrea and Ethiopia, "injera" are usually served with one or more stews known as "wat" or with salads (especially, for instance, during periods of Ethiopian Orthodox fasting) or with other injera ("injera firfir"). The right hand is used to tear small pieces from the "injera" to use to pick up and eat the stews or salads. The "injera" under these stews soaks up juices and flavours and, after the stews and salads are finished, is also consumed. "Injera" thus acts simultaneously as food, eating utensil, and plate. When the "tablecloth" formed by the "injera" is finished, the meal is over.


title: Pancake

text: "Lahoh" is a pancake-like bread originating in Somalia, Djibouti and Yemen. It is often eaten along with honey, ghee and tea. During lunch, "lahoh" is sometimes consumed with curry, soup or stew.


title: Pancake

text: In Kenya, pancakes are eaten for breakfast as an alternative to bread. They are served plain with the sugar already added to the batter to sweeten them. Kenyan pancakes are similar to English pancakes and French crepes.


title: Pancake

text: A "pancake" in South Africa is a crêpe. In Afrikaans, it is known as a "pannekoek" (plural "pannekoeke") and, traditionally, is prepared on gas stoves and eaten on wet and cold days. "Pannekoeke" are usually served with cinnamon-flavoured sugar (and, sometimes, lemon juice) that is either allowed to dissolve into and soften them or, if their crispy texture is to be retained, eaten immediately. They are a staple at Dutch Reformed Church fêtes.


title: Pancake

text: In Uganda, pancakes are locally made with bananas (one of the staple foods of the country) and usually served as a breakfast or as a snack option.


title: Pancake

text: Chinese pancakes may be either savoury or sweet, and are generally made with dough rather than batter. The dough mostly consists of water, flour, and vegetable oil. The dish can be served as a side, usually alongside duck, or as a snack, topped with scallions along with hot and sour sauce.


title: Pancake

text: In Japan, "okonomiyaki" are made from flour, egg, cabbage and a choice of ingredients. "Oyaki" are pancakes often stuffed with anko, eggplant, or nozawana. "Dorayaki" are a sort of sandwich made from Western-style pancakes and anko. Sweet crepes are also very popular.


title: Pancake

text: The Japanese have also created a soufflé-style cooked-in rings-pancake, which is taller and fluffier than the American pancakes it is inspired by, and found in Singapore, Toronto, Australia, and the United Kingdom.


title: Pancake

text: In Korea, pancakes include savoury "buchimgae" (Korean pancakes) and "jeon" (egged and battered pan-fries, sometime pancakes), "bindae-tteok" (pan-friend mung bean cakes), as well as sweet "hotteok" (filled sweet pancake). These may be served during all times of the day as side dishes or just snacks. Variants of the dish use the batter of the pancake to make deep fried vegetables, meat, or fish.


title: Pancake

text: India has many styles of pancake. Variations range from their taste to the main ingredient used. All are made without the use of added raising agents.


title: Pancake

text: Pancakes prepared using a north Indian cooking style are known as "cheela". Sweet "cheela" are made using sugar or jaggery with a wheat flour-based batter. North Indian salty pancakes are made using batter prepared from gram flour or green gram paste ("moong daal") and are sometimes garnished with "paneer", a cottage-style cheese.


title: Pancake

text: "Dosa", "appam", "neer dosa" and "uttapam" are pancakes made in a south Indian cooking style. They are prepared by fermenting rice batter and split-skinned urad bean (black lentil) blended with water. "Meetha pooda" – sweet pancakes often eaten with pickles and chutney – are a common breakfast food item in the Punjab. Most of the "pitha" in Assam are types of pancakes served on occasions such as Bihu festivals. The Bengali semi-sweet pancake "pati-shapta" is stuffed with grated coconut or thickened milk.


title: Pancake

text: In Western India, the multi-grain "thalipeeth" is popular. In Goa, a traditional crêpe-like pancake known as "alebele" or "alle belle" is eaten at tea-time. It is usually filled with jaggery and coconut.


title: Pancake

text: In some regions of Middle India, thin green Cheelas are made with ginger or garlic leaves' paste, and rice flour batter. Other ingredients included are salt, cummin seeds, green chili, oil, curry leaves and coriander leaves.


title: Pancake

text: In Nepal, the Newar people have a savoury rice pancake called "chataamari" cooked with meat or eggs on top. This dish is also known as the "Newari Pizza", as it is served and eaten similarly to American pizza. Besides being served with meat or eggs, it can also be served plain.


title: Pancake

text: In Pakistani cuisine, "rishiki" is a pancake, slightly thicker than a crepe, which is made from whole wheat flour, water and eggs and usually served with honey. It is widely consumed in the far north and is a staple of Chitrali cuisine.


title: Pancake

text: Banana pancakes are a menu item in backpacker-oriented cafes in Southeast Asia. This has given rise to the term "Banana Pancake Trail" or "Banana Pancake Circuit", given to the growing routes travelled by backpackers across Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.


title: Pancake

text: Pancakes in Indonesia are called "panekuk". The Indonesian pancake "serabi" is made from rice flour and coconut milk. The dish is often served with "kinca", a thick, brown-colored coconut sugar syrup. Other toppings may include sugar, ground peanuts, sliced bananas, jackfruit, and other fruits, and chocolate. Other variations include cheddar cheese, corned beef, shredded chicken, and sausage.


title: Pancake

text: Other types of pancakes in Indonesia are "burgo", "dadar gulung", "kue ape", "kue apem", "kue cubit", "kue cucur", "kue leker", "kue terang bulan", "laklak", "martabak", "pannenkoek", "poffertjes", "roti canai", and "roti jala".


title: Pancake

text: The traditional Malay pancake in Malaysia and Singapore is called Pek Nga or "Lempeng Kelapa". Cooked very similarly to an American or Canadian –style pancake, albeit without a rising agent, it is a savoury pancake usually served during the breakfast hours with fish curry, coconut sticky rice, dried fish, "rendang", or "sambal".


title: Pancake

text: The traditional Burmese pancake is called bein mont, and is a traditional Burmese snack or "mont". The pancake is baked in a rice flour batter immersed in jaggery, coconut shavings and garnished with sesame seeds, peanuts and poppy seeds.


title: Pancake

text: In the Philippines, traditional dessert pancakes include "salukara", a rice pancake made from glutinous rice, eggs, and coconut milk. The batter is placed in a clay pot or pan lined with banana leaves or greased with oil (traditionally lard), and is baked over hot coals. "Salukara" is a subtype of "bibingka" (Philippine baked rice cakes). "Panyalam", a similar rice pancake from Mindanao, is deep-fried rather than baked.


title: Pancake

text: Traditional savory pancakes in the Philippines include "pudpod" (smoked fish flake pancakes) and "okoy" (a pancake made of battered shrimp, pumpkin, or sweet potatoes).


title: Pancake

text: The American style of pancakes is also a common offering in fast-food establishments in the Philippines, usually as a breakfast fare, as well as in specialty restaurants like IHOP and the local restaurant brand Pancake House. The inexpensive local counterpart, called "hotcakes", aside from being commonly prepared for breakfast, is also prepared as an afternoon snack, with street kiosks selling small hotcakes topped with the choice of margarine, sugar, or condensed milk and flavored syrups.


title: Pancake

text: In Vietnamese cuisine there is a variety of dishes that are called pancakes ("bánh xèo", "bánh khọt", which are sometimes called Vietnamese pancakes), as well as similar dishes such as "bánh căn" and "bánh khoái" in central Vietnam.


title: Pancake

text: In Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, pancakes are called "palatschinke", "palačinka" and "palacinka", respectively (plural: "palatschinken", "palačinky", and "palacinky"). "Kaiserschmarrn" is an Austrian pancake including raisins, almonds, apple jam or small pieces of apple, split into pieces, and sprinkled with powdered sugar. In Romania, they are called "clătită" (plural: "clătite"). In countries of former Yugoslavia, they are called "palačinka" (plural: "palačinke"). In these languages, the word derives from the Latin "placenta", meaning "cake". These pancakes are thin and filled with apricot, plum, lingonberry, apple or strawberry jam, chocolate sauce, or hazelnut spread. Eurokrem, Nutella, and Lino-Lada fillings are favourite among the younger population. A traditional version includes filling pancakes with cheese, pouring yoghurt over them, and then baking in an oven.


title: Pancake

text: Eastern-Slavic cuisines have a long tradition of pancake cooking and include a variety of pancake types. In Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, pancakes may be breakfast food, appetizers, main courses, or desserts.


title: Pancake

text: "Blini" () or "mlynci" () are thin pancakes, somewhat thicker than crêpes, made from wheat or buckwheat flour, butter, eggs, and milk, with yeast added to the batter. The preparation of blini/mlynci dates back to pagan traditions and feasts, which are reflected in today's "pancake week" celebrated in the winter before the Great Lent. In pre-Christian times, blini and mlynci were symbolically considered by early Slavic peoples as a symbol of the sun, due to their round form.


title: Pancake

text: Blintzes ( "blinchiki") are thin crêpes made without yeast. Filled blintzes are also referred to as "nalysnyky" (), "nalistniki" () or "nalesniki" (). A filling such as jam, fruits, quark, or cottage cheese, potato, cooked ground meat or chicken, and even chopped mushrooms, bean sprouts, cabbage, and onions, is rolled or enveloped into a pre-fried blintz and then the blintz is lightly re-fried, sautéed, or baked.


title: Pancake

text: Traditionally, Ashkenazi Jews who, prior to 1945, lived in what is today Poland, portions of the Czech Republic, Hungary, and other portions of the former Pale of Settlement also created blintzes, with the key difference of always using a kosher cheese filling with no rennet. The majority of recipes are sweet and are often served with berries or sour cream. These crepe-like dishes would often be served during Shavuot, and today the recipe still survives in places like Israel and New York. Latkes, potato pancakes with finely shredded or grated potato, can be eaten as part of the celebration of Hanukkah.


title: Pancake

text: Small thick pancakes are called "oladyi" () or "oladky" (). The batter may contain various additions, such as apple and raisins.


title: Pancake

text: "Æbleskiver" are traditional Danish pancakes made in a distinctive spherical shape. (The name literally means "apple slices" in Danish, although apples are not an ingredient.) "Æbleskiver" are cooked on the stove top by baking in a special cast iron pan with several hemispherical indentations. Batter is poured into the oiled indentations and as the "æbleskiver" begin to cook, they are turned with a knitting needle, skewer or fork to give the cakes their characteristic spherical shape. "Æbleskiver" are not sweet themselves but are traditionally served dipped in raspberry, strawberry, lingonberry or blackberry jam and sprinkled with powdered sugar.


title: Pancake

text: Finnish pancakes greatly resemble "plättar" (see the description in the Sweden section below) and are called "lettu", "lätty", "räiskäle" or "ohukainen". In Finland pancakes are usually eaten as dessert with whipped cream or pancake-jam, sugar or vanilla ice cream. Besides the plain "lettu", there is also a version with stinging nettle added ("nokkoslettu", pl. "nokkosletut"). In Finnish, "lettu" and "pannukakku" (literally "pancake") have different meanings, the latter having a structurally closer resemblance to a hotcake, and is baked in an oven instead of using a frying pan. "Ålandspannkaka", literally "pancake of Åland", is an extra thick variety of oven-made pancake that includes the addition of cardamom and either rice pudding or semolina porridge to the dough; it is only served in Åland and usually on its Autonomy Day. Besides the sweet "lettu", which is eaten as a dessert, there are savory spinach pancakes ("pinaattilettu", pl. "pinaattiletut"), which are eaten as a main course, typically with boiled potatoes and lingonberry jam. These are available ready-made from multiple brands.


title: Pancake

text: "Crêpes", popular in France, Belgium, Switzerland and Portugal, are made from flour, milk, and eggs. They are thin pancakes and are served with a sweet (fruit, ice cream, jam, chocolate spread, powdered sugar) or savoury filling (cheese, ham, seafood, spinach). In Francophone Europe, crêpes are often sold in special stands.


title: Pancake

text: In Italy there is a similar dish called "crespella" or "scrippella". In this country are also popular some traditional waffle cookies called pizzelle and in some part of Tuscany there are typical thin crispy pancakes named "brigidini", made with aniseed.


title: Pancake

text: In Brittany, a "galette" (or "galette bretonne") is a large thin pancake made of buckwheat flour, often cooked on one side only.


title: Pancake

text: Crêpes are popular in many South American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. They are consumed with sweet fillings (marmalade, dulce de leche) or with salty fillings (ground meat (Brazil), vegetables, tomato sauce, cheese).


title: Pancake

text: They have also become popular East Asian countries, including Japan, South Korea and China, and Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Thailand, where they are sold in crêpe stands and kiosks. They are often served with whipped cream and fruits, or non-sweet spreads such as vegetables.


title: Pancake

text: "Farinata" are popular in Mediterranean regions, including Nice. Also called "socca", these are pancakes made from chickpea flour and seasoned with black pepper. They are popular street food in Nice.


title: Pancake

text: German pancakes are known as "Pfannkuchen" (from the German "Pfanne" and "Kuchen" meaning "pan" and "cake") except in Berlin, Brandenburg and Saxony, where "Pfannkuchen" are Berliner pastries and pancakes are known as "Eierkuchen". They are generally thicker than French-style crêpes and usually served with sweet or, occasionally, savoury fillings. Usage of a leavening agent or yeast is uncommon. Fried apple rings covered by pancake dough and served with sugar and cinnamon are called "Apfelküchle". "Kaiserschmarrn", a thick but light caramelized pancake popular in Bavaria and regions of the former Austria-Hungary, is usually split into pieces, filled with fruits or nuts, sprinkled with powdered sugar and served with a fruit sauce. It is believed that this was first prepared for Kaiser Franz Joseph I of Austria.


title: Pancake

text: English pancakes have three key ingredients: plain flour, eggs, and milk, though Gervase Markham's 1615 version in "The English Huswife" used water instead of milk, and added sweet spices. The batter is runny and forms a thin layer on the bottom of the frying pan when the pan is tilted. It may form some bubbles during cooking, which results in a pale pancake with dark spots where the bubbles were, but the pancake does not rise. English pancakes are similar to French crêpes and Italian crespelle. They may be eaten as a sweet dessert with the traditional topping of lemon juice and sugar, drizzled with golden syrup, or wrapped around savoury stuffings and eaten as a main course. On Shrove Tuesday, it is custom to eat pancakes, and lemon juice and sugar may be added on top. Yorkshire pudding is made from a similar recipe, but baked instead of fried. This batter rises because the air beaten into the batter expands, without the need for baking powder; the result is eaten as part of the traditional roast beef dinner. Oatcakes are a savoury variety of pancake particularly associated with Staffordshire.


title: Pancake

text: A variation of pancake is the crumpet, made from a batter leavened with yeast (or with both yeast and baking powder) and fried in butter to produce a slightly raised flat cake. They are also eaten in the rest of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and certain areas of the Commonwealth.


title: Pancake

text: Pancakes (also called "Scotch pancakes" or "Scottish pancakes") are more like the American type. In parts of Scotland they are also referred to as "drop scones" or "dropped scones". They are made from flour, eggs, sugar, buttermilk or milk, salt, bicarbonate of soda and cream of tartar. Smaller than American or English pancakes at about in diameter, they are made by the traditional method of dropping batter onto a griddle (a "girdle" in Northumberland or in Scots). They can be served with jam and cream or just with butter. In Scotland pancakes are generally served at teatime.


title: Pancake

text: Welsh pancakes, known as "crempog", "ffroes" and other names, vary considerably. Generally, they are thick and layered on top of each other to form a tall mock-cake, but some are very much like American pancakes, others may be made with yeast (called "crempog furum") or oatmeal (although this is also true of American pancakes) and some are like Scotch pancakes. "Crumpets" and "pikelets" are sometimes considered a variety of pancake.


title: Pancake

text: Greek pancakes are called "tiganites" () and are popular across Greece and Cyprus. They are slightly thicker than crêpes and can be sweet or savoury. Their main ingredients are flour, olive oil or butter, milk and eggs. They are usually drizzled with honey and cinnamon and sometimes topped with cheese, nuts, fruits or vegetables. Various small shops in Cyprus called creperies sell crepes, either savoury or sweet varieties. Tiganites can be served for breakfast or dessert, and in some places like Corfu and Patras are customarily served in the feast days of Saint Spyridon and Saint Andrew. In Cyprus the pancake recipe is used for a similar dish such as Genoese cannelloni – ground meat with tomato sauce, cheese, and sometimes bechamel sauce – instead of the traditional cannelloni dried pasta sold at supermarkets.


title: Pancake

text: In Hungary, pancakes known as "palacsinta" (derived from the Latin "placenta") are made from flour, milk or soda water, sugar, and eggs. Sweet wine may be added to the batter. The filling is usually jam, sugared and ground walnuts or poppy seeds, sugared cottage cheese, sugared cocoa, or cinnamon powder, but meat and mushroom fillings are also used (see "Hortobágyi palacsinta"). "Gundel palacsinta" is a Hungarian pancake stuffed with walnuts, zest, raisins and rum that is served in chocolate sauce and is often flambéed. Hungarian pancakes are served as a main dish or as a dessert.


title: Pancake

text: Icelandic crepe-like pancakes are called "pönnukaka" (pl. "pönnukökur"), whereas smaller, thicker and denser pancakes resembling North American pancakes are called "lumma" or "skonsa". The pancakes are usually a bit browner than traditional Swedish ones. "Pönnukökur" are usually cooked on a special Icelandic pancake pan, which is made to get the pancake as thin as possible, which is traditionally never washed or rinsed, not even with water. "Pönnukökur" are traditionally served rolled up with sugar or folded with jam and whipped cream, but if eaten at a café they might contain ice cream instead. Pönnukökur are also a popular dessert in North America among people of Icelandic descent.


title: Pancake

text: In Iceland, North American-style pancakes are cut in half and used as sandwich bread, similar to Icelandic flatbread.


title: Pancake

text: In the Netherlands, pancakes are known as "pannenkoeken" and are mostly eaten at lunch and dinner time. Pancake restaurants are popular with families and serve many sweet, savoury, and stuffed varieties. Pannenkoeken are slightly thicker than crêpes and usually quite large, or so in diameter. The batter is egg-based and fillings include such items as sliced apples, cheese, ham, bacon, and candied ginger, alone or in combination.


title: Pancake

text: "Stroop", a thick molasses-like sugar beet-based syrup is also popular, particularly in a classic filling of bacon and stroop.


title: Pancake

text: "Poffertjes" are another Dutch quick bread, similar to American pancakes but sweeter and much smaller. Made in a specially dimpled copper or cast iron pan, they are flipped once with a fork. Unlike Dutch pancakes, the batter for poffertjes contains baking powder and therefore they have a softer interior than pancakes.


title: Pancake

text: A spekdik is a pancake-like food which is traditionally eaten in the provinces Groningen and Drenthe in the Netherlands around New Year. Unlike pancakes, a spekdik is cooked with a waffle iron. The main ingredients of a spekdik are syrup, eggs and rye-flour, and some varieties include bacon.


title: Pancake

text: In Poland, thin crêpe-style pancakes are called "naleśniki" (pronounced ). They are usually rolled and served with a variety of savoury or sweet fillings as a main dish or a dessert. Sweet fillings include fresh fruits (e.g. bilberries), jams (often apple jam), and soft white cheese with sugar. Savoury fillings include fried vegetables, fried chicken, minced meat, spinach, and a variety of added ingredients such as potatoes, mushrooms, cabbage or ham. Another Polish dish reassembling pancakes are "racuchy". They are smaller and thicker than "naleśniki" and can be stuffed with apple slices.


title: Pancake

text: Iberian pancakes are called "frixuelos" or "filloas" and are very popular in Portugal and the north-west of Spain. They are made from flour, milk, and eggs. They are thin and are usually served with a large amount of sugar or honey. They are a typical Carnival sweet dessert in Portugal, Galicia, Asturias and León.


title: Pancake

text: Nordic pancakes are similar to French-style crêpes. In some Nordic countries, they are served with jam or fruit, often lingonberry or strawberry jam as a dessert with a variety of savoury fillings. Traditional Swedish variations can be exotic. Besides the usual thin pancakes, called "pannkakor", which resemble the French crêpes and, often served with whipped cream and jam, are traditionally eaten for lunch on Thursdays with pea soup, the Swedish cuisine also has "plättar" — very small pancakes, which resemble tiny English pancakes, and are usually fried in a special pan called a "plättlagg", a sort of frying pan with indentations to allow for several (normally seven) to be made at once. Another type of pancake is the "ugnspannkaka" (oven pancake), which is very thick and resembles German pancakes and is baked in the oven. There is also a variant that includes fried pork in the batter, "fläskpannkaka" (pork pancake).


title: Pancake

text: Potato pancakes called "raggmunk" contain shredded raw potato, and may contain other vegetables (sometimes the pancake batter is omitted, producing "rårakor"). "Raggmunk" and "rårakor" are traditionally eaten with pork rinds and lingonberry jam. A special Swedish pancake is "saffron pancake" from Gotland, made with saffron and rice, baked in the oven. It is common to add lemon juice to the sugar for extra taste. The pancakes are often served after a soup. Another special "Swedish pancake" is the "äggakaka" (eggcake), also called "skånsk äggakaka" (Scanian eggcake), which is almost like an ordinary Swedish pancake but it is a lot thicker and also much more difficult to make due to the risk of burning it. It is made in a frying pan, is about thick, and is served with lingonberries and bacon. The Norwegian variety is commonly eaten for dinner, traditionally with bacon, jam (typically bilberry) or sugar.


title: Pancake

text: Guatemalan pancakes are called "panqueques". They are made with the same ingredients as American pancakes. The toppings are usually fruits and honey. They are a very popular breakfast meal in Guatemala. Depending on the region, the "panqueque" can be thin as a crêpe or as fluffy as a North American pancake.


title: Pancake

text: Mexican "hotcakes" are similar to American pancakes. Crêpes became popular toward the end of the 19th century after their introduction by the French sometime between the First French Intervention (1838) and the Second French Intervention in Mexico (1861–67). Hotcakes are often made with cornmeal, as well as, or instead of wheat flour. Hotcakes are popular breakfast items at restaurants throughout the country and are often sold by street vendors in cities and during the local celebrations of towns throughout the day. They are also sold during fairs; the vendors sell a single hotcake topped with different sauces such as condensed milk, fruit jam or a sweet goat milk spread called "cajeta".


title: Pancake

text: American and Canadian pancakes (sometimes called "hotcakes", "griddlecakes", or "flapjacks") are usually served at breakfast, in a stack of two or three, topped with real or artificial maple syrup and butter. They are often served with other items such as bacon, toast, eggs or sausage. Other popular topping alternatives include jam, peanut butter, nuts, fruit, honey, powdered sugar, whipped cream, cane syrup, cinnamon and sugar, and molasses. In addition, when a pancake is occasionally served as a dessert, toppings such as ice cream, chocolate syrup, and various fruits are often used.


title: Pancake

text: The thick batter contains eggs, flour, milk, and a leavening agent such as baking powder. The batter can have ingredients such as buttermilk, blueberries, strawberries, bananas, apples, chocolate chips, cheese, or sugar added. Spices such as cinnamon, vanilla and nutmeg can also be used. Yogurt may be used to give the pancakes a relatively moist consistency. Pancakes may be thick and are typically between in diameter.


title: Pancake

text: "Bannock" The European version (Scotland) was traditionally made of oatmeal. The bannock of native North Americans was made of corn, nut meal and plant bulb meal. Each region had its own variation of flour and fruit. Today, bannock is most often deep-fried, pan-fried and oven-baked.


title: Pancake

text: "Johnnycake" (also "jonnycake", "johnny cake", "journey cake" or "Johnny Bread") is a cornmeal flatbread that was an early American staple food, and is still eaten in the West Indies and Bermuda. The modern johnnycake is stereotypically identified with today's Rhode Island foods, though they are a cultural staple in all of the northern US. A modern johnnycake is fried cornmeal gruel, which is made from yellow or white cornmeal mixed with salt and hot water or milk, and frequently lightly sweetened.


title: Pancake

text: "Yaniqueques" or "yanikeke" are a Dominican Republic version of the johnnycake. They are a fried bread rather than a pancake, and are a popular beach food.


title: Pancake

text: Sourdough was used by prospectors and pioneers to make pancakes without having to buy yeast. Prospectors would carry a pot of sourdough to make pancakes and bread, as it could last indefinitely, needing only flour and water to replenish it. Sourdough pancakes are now a particular speciality in Alaska. They are also found in many American pancake houses and restaurants elsewhere in America.


title: Pancake

text: A "silver dollar pancake" refers to a pancake about in diameter, or just a bit bigger than the pre-1979 silver dollar coins in the United States. This is usually made by frying a small spoonful of the same batter as any other pancake. One serving usually consists of five to ten silver dollar pancakes.


title: Pancake

text: "German pancakes" or "Dutch baby pancakes" served in American pancake houses are bowl-shaped. They are eaten with lemons and powdered sugar, jam, or caramelized apples, as well as fritters. A David Eyre's pancake is a variation on the German pancake named for the American writer and editor David W. Eyre (1912–2008).


title: Pancake

text: "Toutons" are small, tall pancakes traditional in Newfoundland. They are usually served with dark molasses.


title: Pancake

text: In Australia and New Zealand, small pancakes (about in diameter) known as "pikelets" or "drop scones" are also eaten. They are traditionally served with jam or jam and whipped cream, or solely with butter, at afternoon tea, but can also be served at morning tea. They are made with milk, self-raising flour, eggs, and sometimes a small amount of icing sugar.


title: Pancake

text: In some circles in New Zealand, very thin, crêpe-like or English pancake-like pancakes (around in diameter) are served with butter, or butter and lemon, sugar, and then rolled up and eaten.


title: Pancake

text: American-style pancakes are also popular. They are eaten for breakfast or as a dessert, with lemon juice and sugar, butter and maple syrup, fruits (sometimes stewed) such as strawberries and cream, ice cream, or mascarpone.


title: Pancake

text: (), () or () are cassava (manioc) starch flour unleavened pancakes. They are slightly thicker than crêpes and can be eaten plain or with sweet or savoury toppings. Tapioca flour must be moistened and strained through a sieve to become a coarse flour. The heat of an ungreased hot griddle or pan makes the starchy grains fuse into a flatbread which resembles a grainy pancake. Popular toppings include molten butter and dried, shredded coconut.


title: Pancake

text: The exotic Brazilian pancake () is made from a mixture of coconut milk (, ) and (), a paste extracted from fermented cassava, most prominent in the cuisines of the Northern and Northeastern regions and relatively unknown elsewhere. The resulting product is significantly more watery, filling and strongly flavored than the unfermented , and care should be taken in rolling the pancakes if desired because it breaks very easily. Common toppings include molten butter and common sorts of savoury filling, but creative recipes might arise, such as fake lasagne.


title: Pancake

text: In Argentina and Uruguay pancakes are called "panqueques" and are usually sweet preparations filled with dulce de leche or whipped cream and strawberries. In savory preparations, pancakes are used to make cannelloni.


title: Pancake

text: In the US, Mexico and Canada, the franchised restaurant chain International House of Pancakes (IHOP) serves pancakes all day. The Original Pancake House is another chain of pancake restaurants across the US, and Walker Brothers is a series of pancake houses in the Chicago area that developed as a franchised spin-off of The Original Pancake House.


title: Pancake

text: The popularity of pancakes in Australia has spawned the Pancake Parlour and Pancakes on the Rocks franchised restaurants. In British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, the restaurant chain De Dutch serves Dutch and Flemish-style pannenkoeken.


title: Pancake

text: Pancake syndrome is an allergic reaction which some people have after eating pancakes in tropical regions where certain mites can contaminate the flour in pancakes.


title: Pancake

text: Pancakes are traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday, which is known as "Pancake Day" in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, and "Pancake Tuesday" in Ireland and Scotland. (Shrove Tuesday is better known in the United States, France, and other countries as Mardi Gras or Fat Tuesday.) Historically, pancakes were made on Shrove Tuesday so that the last of the fat or lard was used up before Lent. No meat products should be eaten during Lent.


title: Pancake

text: Charity and school events are organized on Pancake Day: in a "pancake race" each participant carries a pancake in a frying pan. All runners must toss their pancakes as they run and catch them in the frying pan. This event is said to have originated in Olney, England in 1445 when a housewife was still busy frying pancakes to eat before the Lenten fast when she heard the bells of St Peter and St Paul's Church calling her to the Shriving Service. Eager to get to church, she ran out of her house still holding the frying pan complete with pancake, tossing it to prevent it from burning, and still wearing her apron and headscarf. Every Shrove Tuesday since 1950, the towns of Olney and Liberal, Kansas have competed in the International Pancake Race. Only local women may compete; they race, and their times are compared to determine the international winner. In Olney the main women's race is augmented by races for local schoolchildren and for men.


title: Pancake

text: The Rehab UK Parliamentary Pancake Race takes place every Shrove Tuesday, with teams from the British lower house (the House of Commons), the upper house (the House of Lords), and the Fourth Estate, contending for the title of Parliamentary Pancake Race Champions. The fun relay race is to raise awareness of the work of the national brain injury charity, Rehab UK, and the needs of people with acquired brain injury.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Dhoom 3 () is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film written and directed by Vijay Krishna Acharya and produced by Aditya Chopra, who co-wrote the story. It stars Aamir Khan, Abhishek Bachchan, Katrina Kaif, Uday Chopra, Jackie Shroff and Tabrett Bethell. It is the final installment of the "Dhoom" series and the sequel to "Dhoom" (2004) and "Dhoom 2" (2006).


title: Dhoom 3

text: The film sees Abhishek Bachchan and Uday Chopra reprise their roles as protagonists Jai and Ali. Aamir Khan plays the antagonist. Tabrett Bethell and Andrew Bicknell are also featured in supporting roles. "Dhoom 3" was released on 20 December 2013, as the first Indian film to be released in the IMAX motion picture film format with Dolby Atmos surround sound.


title: Dhoom 3

text: The film grossed worldwide in just ten days, to become the highest-grossing Indian film of all time at that time, before becoming the first Indian film to cross . It also became the 14th highest grossing Indian film of all time. The film was screened during the 2014 International Film Festival of India in the "Celebrating Dance in Indian Cinema" section. It received generally positive reviews from critics. The film marked the final film appearance of Uday Chopra.


title: Dhoom 3

text: In the year 1990, "The Great Indian Circus" owned by Iqbal Haroon Khan (Jackie Shroff) in Chicago, Illinois gets closed when he is unable to repay his loan. Sahir, his little son, pleads that the two would soon turn the corner. But Iqbal gets rejected and commits suicide in front of the heartless bank leader Anderson. Twenty-three years later, Sahir (Aamir Khan) robs various branches of the Western Bank of Chicago as revenge for what the bank did to his father. Despite all efforts of law enforcement, the robbery isn't foiled, and he successfully gets away. Officer Victoria (Tabrett Bethell) calls ACP Jai Dixit (Abhishek Bachchan) and his partner, Sub-Inspector Ali Akbar Fateh Khan (Uday Chopra), for help in solving the case. Jai baits Sahir into robbing again by making it known he's on the case and that the thief's an amateur. On the other hand, Sahir starts the Great Indian Circus again, which was closed due to Iqbal's death. That is where he appoints Aaliya Hussain (Katrina Kaif), a new acrobat in his circus. Sahir poses as an informant for Jai, and manages to gather information on the bank while giving Jai a lead to follow. Eventually, Sahir robs the bank and escapes, but Jai and Ali follow him. Jai, while hanging on a helicopter ladder, manages to shoot Sahir on the left shoulder before he disappears.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Sahir has a big premiere of The Great Indian Circus, with his female lead acrobat, Aaliya, involving a trick with him disappearing in one place and showing up in another. The show is a success, but afterwards, Jai, Ali, and the police surround him, knowing he's the thief. Jai says the proof will be the gunshot wound, but when Sahir is examined, there is no evidence anywhere on his body. It is then revealed that Sahir has an autistic twin brother, Samar, who helps him pull off the tricks and robberies, and was the one who sustained the wounds from Jai's gunshot.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Jai is fired from the case, but is encouraged by Ali to prove Sahir's guilt by going rogue. Jai eventually finds out about Samar, and sets about finding a way to corner Sahir. Samar, being mentally challenged, is kept in seclusion by Sahir. However, he allows Samar outdoors once a week, and Jai manages to befriend him during this time in order to perform his plan. Samar has fallen in love with Aaliya after performing with her in the circus, but cannot express it. This leads to a rift between the brothers. Jai tries to take advantage of this, but Sahir finds out and thwarts Jai's plan to stop them. When Sahir comes in the disguise of Samar, Jai reveals his true identity and, assuming him to be Samar, tells him to surrender since he can give them justice. When Sahir reveals himself, he ties Jai to the track of a roller coaster. He switches the roller coaster on, but Ali arrives in time to save him from being crushed. He decides the only way to catch the brothers is in the act of robbing. Sahir and Samar pull off their final bank heist, and escape. However, the following day, Jai manages to corner them as they make their way out of town. Samar is hesitant to run when Aaliya shows up, begging him to stop. Sahir surrenders to Jai, asking him to spare Samar. Jai agrees, but right after, Sahir attempts to jump off the dam. Samar grabs Sahir's hand, refusing to let him go. Sahir begs Samar otherwise, saying he can live freely with Aaliya. But Samar says that both of them are born together and should die together. Soon Samar loses his grip, and the two of them fall into the abyss, but smiling at each other. Western Bank of Chicago is shut down as a result of the heists, while Aaliya is shown having taken over The Great Indian Circus and still performing for it.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Prior to principal photography, the film enjoyed widespread media coverage due to the tremendous box office successes of previous instalments "Dhoom 2" and "Dhoom", thereby creating anticipation amongst audience and media. On 2 January 2011, the producer of the previous "Dhoom" films Aditya Chopra, confirmed that the third instalment of the "Dhoom" series would begin principal photography by the end of 2011. Initially, the producers and the lead actor Aamir wanted to release the film on Christmas of 2012, but the plan was scrapped in favour of an early release date in 2013, mainly due to a forecast that a Christmas release would force a rushed post-production schedule, which was considered unfavorable given the high degree of technicality required for the film. Around was spent just on the production side of "Dhoom 3".


title: Dhoom 3

text: Reportedly, Chopra wanted to make the film in 3D after observing the successes of previous Bollywood films released in this format. However, actor Aamir Khan opined that the 3D technology needed expertise and was unsure of the outcome of its utilisation by the director. , YRF Studios had not announced the production of the film in 3D.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Aamir Khan was signed on to play the lead antagonist, while Abhishek Bachchan and Uday Chopra were confirmed to reprise their roles as Jai Dixit and Ali Akbar respectively. Deepika Padukone was signed as the lead heroine, starring opposite Khan but was replaced by Katrina Kaif after Padukone backed out. Khan learned ballet, aerobatics and the French technique of parkour, a method of movement focused on negotiating obstacles with speed and efficiency, while Kaif took paragliding training and singing lessons. Bachchan reportedly lost nine kilos of weight to prepare for his role in the film. Rimi Sen, who played ACP Jai Dixit's (character played by Abhishek Bachchan) wife in the previous two instalments of the series, was not approached to play her character Sweety. However, she stated that she would not have reprised the role even if she were offered.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Unlike the first two "Dhoom" films directed by Sanjay Gadhvi, Vijay Krishna Acharya, the writer of all three instalments of "Dhoom", was roped in to direct "Dhoom 3". Olliver Keller was signed to direct the stunt scenes.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Aamir Khan stated in an interview that his role in "Dhoom 3" is the toughest role so far in his life. The action scenes were directed by Conrad Palmisano and Sham Kaushal. In an interview with IANS, Abhishek Bachchan expressed how every character of "Dhoom 3" is significant: "..."Dhoom" is my film and I am the hero. Nobody can take that away from me. You can be the biggest or the smallest star but "Dhoom" is about Jai and Ali. It is as simple as that. If the characters of Jai and Ali are not there in "Dhoom", the film won't be there."


title: Dhoom 3

text: On 23 September 2013, three months before the actual release of the film, DNA and other media news publications revealed that Aamir Khan could play a double role in "Dhoom 3", but they did not confirm it. The dual role was only confirmed at the release of the film. This made "Dhoom 3" the first and currently the only film in the series in which the antagonist has a double role. However, this was not the first time the series featured a double role, since Bipasha Basu had a double role in "Dhoom 2" as Shonali and Monali, but they did not share the same screen space, unlike Khan's characters.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Filming was scheduled to commence from November 2011, with scenes involving Abhishek Bachchan and Uday Chopra being shot first, but the former was off on a paternity leave, so shooting was postponed to January 2012. The schedule was then pushed to June because of lead actor Aamir's prior commitments with his TV show "Satyamev Jayate"; in June, the filming schedule was further postponed for a month because Khan wanted to prepare himself for his role of a gymnast. Khan also wanted to concentrate on the marketing and promotion of his 2012 film "Talaash". Without any further delays, filming commenced with Jackie Shroff and Siddharth Nigam, the child actor playing childhood Aamir Khan, on 8 June 2012 at Yash Raj Studios, Mumbai.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Aamir Khan joined the crew in July 2012, filming for five days at Yash Raj Studios and further continued to shoot in Chicago and other parts of the United States. Khan, Abhishek Bachchan, Uday Chopra flew to the US on 4 August 2012 to complete a three-month schedule. On arrival in India in December 2012, Bachchan stated that fifty percent of filming was complete and would again resume in Mumbai.


title: Dhoom 3

text: In the second week of March 2013, it was reported that the crew had departed to Zurich and Ticino, Switzerland to film the climax. The shooting of the film finally wrapped up on 14 September 2013 at a suburban studio in Mumbai.


title: Dhoom 3

text: The climactic scene in "Dhoom 3" was shot at the famous arch dam, Contra Dam (commonly known as the Verzasca Dam) in Ticino, Switzerland. It is the same dam that became a popular bungee jumping venue after a James Bond stuntman jumped off it in the opening scene of the 1995 film "GoldenEye".


title: Dhoom 3

text: It was announced that the composer of "Dhoom" and "Dhoom 2"; Pritam, would return once again to compose the music of the third instalment. Earlier reports suggested that Shefali Alvares had been roped to sing the "Dhoom" title track, but this turned out to be a rumour. Aamir said in a statement that the title track "Dhoom Machale Dhoom" is dedicated to Sachin Tendulkar who was then playing his 200th and final test match at the Wankhede Stadium.


title: Dhoom 3

text: In November 2013, Aditya Chopra sent out a message to movie exhibitors all over the country to "Go digital or miss "Dhoom 3"." In detailed statements, he claimed, "Release of movies through digital and UFO digital cinema prevents piracy as the prints are water-marked and finger-printed and can be traced back. It is believed that usually films are copied for piracy when the reels are being transported to theatres in the country and abroad. Digital cinema curbs piracy as the 'en route' content leakage is eliminated. It also makes sense economically as a producer saves a lot of print costs. Apart from that, encrypting the content protects the copyrights of the producers and distributors. Digital prints prevent duplication of prints and help by diverting funds back to the cinemas."


title: Dhoom 3

text: IMAX Corporation and Yash Raj Films announced that "Dhoom:3" would be the first Indian local language production to be released in the IMAX format. The film was digitally remastered in the IMAX format with proprietary IMAX DMR (Digital Re-mastering) technology and was released in IMAX theatres across India and selective global locations. "Dhoom 3" was released with cinema sound technology Dolby Atmos. The film received a native Atmos mix at YRF Studios. "Dhoom 3" was given a 12A certificate by the British Board of Film Certification for Moderate Violence 12 December 2013, for Moderate violence. The film was released across 4500 screens in India (inclusive of Tamil and Telugu versions) along with 750 screens overseas. "Dhoom 3" had a release on 250 screens in West Bengal. The maximum ticket price of the IMAX version of "Dhoom 3" was Rs 900 (US$15) in India. Cinépolis Pune set a unique record by hosting 54 shows of "Dhoom 3" on 20 December 2013. "Dhoom 3" was also released in non-traditional overseas markets like Egypt, Peru, Germany and Malaysia. Dhoom 3 was slated to release in China on 25 July 2014. This was to be the widest release ever for an Indian film in China, with 2000 screens across 400 cities.


title: Dhoom 3

text: The title logo of the film was released in a video that credited the main roles of the film. The score for the video constituted paced beats and electric guitars and was released on Christmas 2012 through Yash Raj Film's official YouTube channel, confirming the film for a Christmas 2013 release. The first working as well as promotional poster was also released nearly a year prior. In August 2013, YRF released a motion poster of the film on YouTube, revealing the first look. It featured Aamir Khan with a hidden visage standing inside a tall building, looking at helicopters in the air through a glass window. A voiceover reveals that the Chicago police force is searching for a fugitive biker who vanished before he could be caught. The satellite rights of "Dhoom 3" were sold at a record price of .


title: Dhoom 3

text: The first teaser of "Dhoom 3" was released on 5 September 2013 at 12 noon IST. The teaser achieved 6 million views on YouTube within 6 days, subsequently receiving 12 million views in 20 days. The film's teaser was also attached with the film "Shuddh Desi Romance". On 25 October, Yash Raj Films launched a game based on the film for Windows Phones. Developed by 99Games Online (a subsidiary of Robosoft mobile games), the 3D game was set against the backdrop of Chicago and opens with a heist by the character played by Aamir Khan. Within 20 days of its launch, the game witnessed over 1 million downloads on the Windows Phone Marketplace and Nokia Store. The Android, iOS and Blackberry 10 version of the game was launched on 19 November 2013. "Dhoom: 3 The Game" crossed five million downloads across all platforms in less than seven weeks of its launch on 19 November 2013. "Dhoom:3" mobile game surpassed 10 million downloads within three months since its release.


title: Dhoom 3

text: The theatrical trailer was released in IMAX format on 30 October 2013 as well as on YouTube. PVR Cinemas began advance booking for selected shows of the film same day the trailer had released, witnessing sales of just under until 17 December 2013.


title: Dhoom 3

text: Aamir Khan also promoted "Dhoom 3" on the sets of "Kaun Banega Crorepati". The publicity campaign included tie-ins with over 17 leading brands including Mattel (manufacture of limited edit action figures, model cars and bikes), Gulf Oil, CEAT, Bombay Dyeing, Archies for stationery and the LINE social messaging application, along with 183 other brands. A marketing pact was also made with BMW Motorrad, which has revealed that its S1000RR and K1300R sport bikes would feature in the film. A special screening of "Dhoom 3" was held at Yash Raj Studios on 19 December 2013. A special screening of "Dhoom 3" that was attended by Raj Thackeray was organised on 22 December 2013.


title: Dhoom 3

text: After the film's performance at the box office, Amul paid a tribute to the film in one of its creative advertisement campaign posters. The poster features the words ""Dhoom Tea"" in the same typography style as the film's logo is with a caption ""Chased everyday"". "The Dhoom Anthem" featuring Saba Azad was released by Yashraj Films on 26 December 2013. A Spanish version of "Dhoom Machale" song sung by Mia Mont was released by Yashraj Films on 4 January 2014. In June 2014, "99GamesOnline" launched the sequel to 'Dhoom: 3 The Game' mobile game, title as "Dhoom:3 Jet Speed".


title: Dhoom 3

text: Dhoom 3 grossed over worldwide in its first three days, including its Tamil and Telugu versions. The film grossed worldwide in just ten days, to become the highest-grossing Indian film of all time. On 6 January 2014, Yash Raj Films issued a statement that "Dhoom 3" is officially the first Indian film to earn worldwide. The film's final worldwide gross was 589.2 crore (US$101 million), including 372 crore (US$64 million) in India and US$35.6 million (217.2 crore) overseas.


title: Dhoom 3

text: According to several trade publications, "Dhoom 3" opened to an overwhelming response at the domestic box office. Box Office India stated that the film had an extraordinary opening, recording 75% occupancy in multiplexes and 90–100% occupancy in single screens.


title: Dhoom 3

text: The opening day collection stood at from the Hindi version, while the dubbed Tamil and Telugu versions together earned . The total opening day collection of the film broke the records of highest non-holiday opening and highest single day previously held by "Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani" and "Krrish 3" respectively. On the second day of its release, it went on to collect , setting new records in several circuits. "Dhoom 3" (Hindi) nett. grossed on its third day to take Hindi version total to about in the first weekend and further in Tamil and Telugu which took the all language figure to , making it the fastest film to reach in India. The film grossed on its first Monday, on the first Tuesday, on first Wednesday and on first Thursday, taking the first week total to nearly for its Hindi version. The film set new first week records in all circuits and became the highest grossing film in the East Punjab circuit at the end of its first week. "Dhoom 3" grossed from its Tamil and Telugu versions to take its all language total to in first week.


title: Dhoom 3

text: The film collected on second Friday, on second Saturday, on second Sunday, on second Monday, on second Tuesday, on second Wednesday and on second Thursday to take its Hindi-version total to in two weeks. "Dhoom 3" set a new record for second week collections with , beating four-year-long record of of 3 Idiots.


title: Dhoom 3

text: The film collected around on its third weekend and on its third Monday to take its Hindi version total to in 18 days. "Dhoom 3" set new records in all territories across the globe apart from Mumbai, the biggest circuit. It grossed around in its third week taking the three-week Hindi version total to around . The Hindi version had a theatrical run for 9 weeks with a final domestic nett of . "Dhoom 3" earned about from its Tamil and Telugu versions. Of its collections, nett was from single screens in India. "Dhoom 3" broke all records of "3 Idiots" in domestic market, except Mumbai territory.


title: Dhoom 3

text: "Dhoom 3" grossed US$10.32 million in its first weekend, setting new records for an Indian film in almost all territories. "Dhoom 3" grossed total in overseas markets. "Dhoom 3" became the highest-grossing Indian film ever in the US/Canada, UK, Gulf, Australia and New Zealand. The film grossed over £2 million () in the United Kingdom in 11 days, and went on to gross £2,708,046 () to become highest-grossing Hindi film in the UK. It also became the UK's highest-grossing foreign-language film of 2013, highest-grossing foreign-language Indian film of all time, and tenth highest-grossing foreign-language film of all time. The film collected $3,423,508 (204.9 million) in its first weekend in the United States and Canada. Dhoom 3 collected US$20.5 million internationally in ten days. Dhoom 3 eventually grossed US$28 million in international markets in its lifetime overseas theatrical run and surpassed the record of 3 Idiots to become the highest grossing Bollywood film in international markets.


title: Dhoom 3

text: "Dhoom 3" also set a new opening record in Pakistan, beating the previous record held by Pakistani film "Waar". "Dhoom 3" eventually became the highest grossing Bollywood film in Pakistan with overall gross of US$1.95 million (INR 121 million, PKR 245 million). "Dhoom 3" became the first film to gross Rs 60 million at the box office in Nepal, as the local filmmakers of Nepal had to delay the release of their own films for three weeks due to the strong performance of "Dhoom 3" there. Dhoom 3 had the biggest opening ever for any Indian film in Turkey, when it released there in June 2014.


title: Dhoom 3

text: The film was released in China on 25 July 2014, 8 months after the release of the film in India and other overseas markets. "Dhoom 3" reportedly had the widest release in China for a Bollywood film in more than three decades. The film opened in 2,000 screens in 400 Chinese cities, upon release it entered the Chinese top 10 charts at number 9 and grossed $1.35 million for the three-day weekend, beating the local Chinese romance "No Zuo No Die".


title: Dhoom 3

text: Domestically, "Dhoom 3" received mixed reviews from critics. Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and said, "On the whole, "DHOOM-3" is one solid entertainer loaded with attitude and star power that will leave fans of the series salivating for more." The "Daily Bhaskar" also rated it 4.5 out of 5 stars. While praising the performance of Khan, the newspaper wrote "The whole film rests on Khan's shoulders, and it won't be an overestimation to say that he is strong enough to hold the three hours all by himself." Mohar Basu of "Koimoi" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and stated that it is "spectacular and majestic". Srijana Mitra Das of the "Times of India" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars. Especially praising the actors' performances, she wrote, ""Dhoom 3" makes you laugh, gasp – even sniffle". Aparna Mudi of Zee News gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and remarked ""Dhoom 3" manages to deliver a typically Bollywood revenge saga in a modern way." Sarita A Tanwar of "Daily News and Analysis" also gave it 4 stars and commented, "Welcome to the world of jaw-dropping action and stunts never seen before on Hindi screen. "Dhoom 3" redefines the word 'entertainment' in the grandest way possible." Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV", on the other hand, gave it 3 out of 5 stars and noted that ""Dhoom: 3" is a high-voltage action flick that relies squarely on known methods of the genre". Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com gave it 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, ""Dhoom 3" continues the tradition of extravagance in adventure and expenditure by roping in the fastidious Aamir Khan as its latest star antagonist". Rachit Gupta of "Filmfare" rated it 3 out of 5 stars; though he labelled it a "slick looking film", he felt "the force driving them, the story, teeters on abysmal points". Anupama Chopra of the "Hindustan Times" gave the film 3 stars and wrote, "The third installment...is bigger and more plot-heavy than the first two." The Indo-Asian News Service review, syndicated by "Business Standard", also gave it 3 stars, writing, ""Dhoom 3" is an intriguing piece of work... slender supple smart and subtle...and yet helmed by a central performance that screams for attention."


title: Dhoom 3

text: "Dhoom 3" also received negative reviews as well. Rajeev Masand of "CNN-IBN" gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated ""Dhoom 3" is let down by a convenient script and its inability to deliver solid entertainment". He described the film as a "sloppily scripted sandwich of hammy acting and cheesy dialogue" that lacked the "thrills" of the previous films. Raja Sen of "Rediff" gave it 1.5 out of 5 stars. Criticizing the villain's motivations and the "yawn-worthy chase scenes" that were "both pointless and badly edited", he deemed "Dhoom 3" "a children's film made for children who've never seen a film". Shubhra Gupta of "Indian Express" gave the film 2 stars out of 5. Although he praised the "superb cinematography, great-looking sets, expansive foreign locations", he found the film to be "a victim of both a crying lack of imagination and franchise fatigue". Gupta also felt that Khan lacked the "sexy-badness" required for the villain, and noted Kaif's minimal role. Rohit Khilnani of "India Today" heavily criticised "Dhoom 3" and gave it 2 stars out of 5, calling it "full of loopholes, over-the-top acting and an overdose of action that doesn't fit well all the time". He found that the film's only redeeming factor was that it was "a visual treat" due to its exotic locales and special effects. Rafay Mahmood of "The Express Tribune" rated the film as 1.5 out of 5, noting the "overdose of one-liners", lack of "a properly connected cause-and-effect chain", and the "over-the-top action sequences" that "build-up to nothing dramatically significant". He, in particular, criticised the actors' performances. Mahmood called Kaif "eye candy" with little dialogue, and felt Khan gave "perhaps the worst performance of his career".


title: Dhoom 3

text: Meanwhile, the film garnered praise from foreign film critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 72% based on reviews from 18 critics, with a rating average of 6.91/10.


title: Dhoom 3

text: David Chute of "Variety" liked the camera work, action, stunts and Aamir's performance: "Acharya's camera seems to be dancing – and swooning – along with the performers... High-flying acrobatics and a standout Aamir Khan performance dominate the third entry in Bollywood's biggest action franchise." According to Bill Stamets of "Chicago Sun-Times", ""Dhoom:3" is crowd-pleasing populist fare" that "entertains as a spectacle of chases, bank capers, magic acts and song-and-dance numbers". A number of critics noted that "Dhoom 3" has several similarities with Christopher Nolan's films "The Prestige" and "The Dark Knight".


title: Dhoom 3

text: The film has garnered the inaugural Telstra People's Choice Award at the 2014 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.


title: Bread (band)

text: Bread was an American soft rock band from Los Angeles, California. They had 13 songs chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100 between 1970 and 1977.


title: Bread (band)

text: The band was fronted by David Gates (vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, violin, viola, percussion), with Jimmy Griffin (vocals, guitar, keyboards, percussion) and Robb Royer (bass guitar, guitar, flute, keyboards, percussion, recorder, backing vocals). On their first album session musicians Ron Edgar played drums and Jim Gordon played drums, percussion, and piano. Mike Botts became their permanent drummer when he joined in the summer of 1969, and Larry Knechtel replaced Royer in 1971, playing keyboards, bass guitar, guitar, and harmonica.


title: Bread (band)

text: David Gates was from Tulsa, Oklahoma. He released a song in the late 1950s entitled "Jo-Baby"/"Lovin' at Night". Gates knew Leon Russell and both played in bar bands around the Tulsa area. Both Gates and Russell headed for California to check out the music scene there. Before forming Bread, Gates had worked with Royer's previous band, the Pleasure Fair, who recorded one album for the UNI Records label with Gates producing and arranging. Royer then introduced Gates to his songwriting partner, Griffin, and the trio joined together in 1968 and signed with Elektra Records in January 1969. Gates later explained the genesis of the band's name:


title: Bread (band)

text: A bread truck came along right at the time we were trying to think of a name. We had been saying, "How about bush, telephone pole? Ah, bread truck, bread." It began with a B, like the Beatles and the Bee Gees. Bread also had a kind of universal appeal. It could be taken a number of ways. Of course, for the entire first year people called us the Breads.


title: Bread (band)

text: The group's first single, "Dismal Day", was released in June 1969 but did not chart. Their debut album, "Bread", was released in September 1969 and peaked at No. 127 on the "Billboard" 200. The songwriting on the album was split evenly between Gates and the team of Griffin-Royer. Session musicians Jim Gordon and Ron Edgar accompanied the band on drums for the album.


title: Bread (band)

text: On July 25, 1969, Bread appeared in concert for the first time, with Gordon on drums, at the Aquarius Theater in Hollywood, opening for the Flying Burrito Brothers. When Gordon's schedule conflicted and he proved unavailable for future outings, they brought in Mike Botts as their permanent drummer. Botts, whom Gates had previously worked with in Botts's group The Travelers 3 as a producer, appeared on their second album, "On the Waters" (released in July 1970 and peaking at No. 12 on the Billboard 200). This time their efforts quickly established Bread as a major act with the "Billboard" Hot 100 No. 1 hit "Make It with You" in 1970. "Make It with You" would be Bread's only No. 1 on the Hot 100.


title: Bread (band)

text: For their next single, Bread released a re-recorded version of "It Don't Matter To Me", a Gates song from their first album. This single was a hit as well, reaching No. 10. Bread began touring and recording their third album, titled "Manna" (March 1971), which peaked at #21 and included "Let Your Love Go" (which preceded the album's release and made No. 28) and the Top 5 hit single, "If". As with the first album, songwriting credits were split evenly between Gates and Griffin-Royer.


title: Bread (band)

text: Royer, after conflicts with other members of the band, left the group in the summer of 1971 after three albums, although he would continue to write with Griffin. He was replaced by Larry Knechtel, a leading Los Angeles session musician who played piano and harpsichord on The Beach Boys "Pet Sounds" album and on Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge Over Troubled Water" single in 1970.


title: Bread (band)

text: In January 1972 Bread released "Baby I'm-a Want You", their most successful album, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard 200. The title song was established as a hit in late 1971 before the album was released, also hitting No. 3. Follow-up singles "Everything I Own" and "Diary" also went Top 20.


title: Bread (band)

text: The next album, "Guitar Man", was released ten months later and went to No. 18. The album produced three Top 20 singles, "The Guitar Man" (#11), "Sweet Surrender" (#15), and "Aubrey" (#15), with the first two going to No. 1 on "Billboard"'s adult contemporary chart.


title: Bread (band)

text: By 1973, fatigue from constant recording and touring had set in despite the band's success, and personal relationships began to show strain, especially between Gates and Griffin. All eleven of Bread's charting singles between 1970 and 1973 had been written and sung by Gates. Elektra Records had invariably selected Gates' songs for the A-sides of the singles, while Griffin felt that the singles should have been split between the two of them. There was also some dissatisfaction with the songs planned for a sixth album. When all their equipment and instruments were stolen prior to a scheduled concert at the Salt Palace in Salt Lake City in May 1973, Bread decided to disband.


title: Bread (band)

text: Gates and Griffin returned to their solo careers with mixed results. "The Best of Bread" compilation album from March 1973 was a huge success, peaking at No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200 and staying on the chart for over two years. The follow-up, "The Best of Bread, Volume 2", was released in May 1974 and went to No. 32.


title: Bread (band)

text: The reunion of the group in 1976 came about after Elektra Records expressed interest in another Bread album. Gates, Griffin, Botts and Knechtel returned to the studio that year and recorded "Lost Without Your Love", released in January 1977. The title track, again written and sung by Gates, was the band's last Top 10 hit, peaking at No. 9 on the singles chart. This comeback record reached No. 26 on the "Billboard" 200 and was Bread's seventh consecutive album (including the two best ofs) to be RIAA-certified gold. In March 1977, Elektra released a second single, "Hooked On You". It was less successful on the pop chart (peaking at No. 60) but it reached No. 2 on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart.


title: Bread (band)

text: The four members of Bread (along with session guitarist Dean Parks) toured throughout the spring of 1977 to support their comeback album. After a short break, they commenced the tour's third leg that summer without Griffin, whom Gates failed to invite after further rising tensions and Griffin's worsening substance abuse troubles. They ended the year with no further plans to record as a group.


title: Bread (band)

text: In 1978, Gates enjoyed success as a solo artist with the hit singles "Goodbye Girl" (#15; from the movie "The Goodbye Girl") and "Took the Last Train" (#30). He then continued to tour with Botts and Knechtel as "David Gates & Bread", making TV appearances, including a guest shot on "The Hardy Boys Mysteries" which aired in November 1978. The group's 1978 touring line-up once again included Dean Parks for their June tour of the UK and Europe. By their fall dates back in the US, Parks had left and the stage lineup had expanded to include Warren Ham (ex-Bloodrock; woodwinds, keyboards, backing vocals), Bill Ham (guitars) and David Miner (bass). This led to a legal dispute with Griffin over use of the band's name, of which Griffin was co-owner. In the dispute, Griffin again complained that Gates' songs were given preference as singles over his. The resulting litigation, which resulted in the Bread name being retired altogether by late 1978, was not settled until 1984.


title: Bread (band)

text: After leaving Bread in 1971, Royer stuck mostly to songwriting (still teaming up with Griffin on occasion). As with Griffin, he eventually kicked his drug problems and his success was mostly in writing for artists in the country music field in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1994, Royer, Griffin and Knechtel re-united under the name "Toast". Knechtel had continued to be an in-demand session player, backing up such artists as Elvis Costello. In September 1994, after being out of the spotlight for thirteen years, Gates released a new solo album, "Love Is Always Seventeen".


title: Bread (band)

text: In 1996, having settled their differences, the original members Gates, Griffin, Botts and Knechtel reunited Bread for a final and successful "25th Anniversary" tour of the United States, South Africa, Europe and Asia. This time out, the group was accompanied by Randy Flowers (guitars), Scott Chambers (bass) and a string section to help them capture the sound of the records. This tour was extended into 1997, which would be the last year the members of Bread would ever perform together. Gates and the others then resumed their individual careers. Bread was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2006.


title: Bread (band)

text: In 2005, both Griffin and Botts died from cancer at the age of 61. In August 2009, Knechtel died of a heart attack at the age of 69, leaving Gates and Royer as the only surviving members of Bread. Royer continues to be involved in music, initially working out of his Nashfilms studio in Tennessee before relocating to the Virgin Islands in 2013. Gates contents himself with retirement at his home in Washington with his wife Jo Rita. In 2010, Royer released a Jimmy Griffin tribute album consisting of songs written by both himself and Griffin.


title: Bread (band)

text: During March 2014, the first biography of the band appeared, written by UK author Malcolm C. Searles, titled "Bread: A Sweet Surrender" (originally called "Manna from Heaven: The Musical Rise & Fall of Bread").


title: Bread (band)

text: It was written with the assistance of many surviving family members and musical colleagues of the band, along with exclusive interviews with founding member Robb Royer. A paperback/soft-cover edition appeared during 2017.


title: Bread (band)

text: The following year Royer published his own memoirs, "The View from Contessa", featuring tales from his own varied career, initially available as an eBook via Amazon.


title: Brian Chesky

text: Brian Joseph Chesky (born August 29, 1981) is an American businessman and industrial designer. He is the co-founder and CEO of the peer-to-peer lodging service Airbnb. Chesky was named one of "Time" "100 Most Influential People of 2015".


title: Brian Chesky

text: Brian Chesky was born on August 29, 1981, in Niskayuna, New York, the son of Deborah and Robert H. Chesky; His father is of Polish descent and his mother of Italian origin. Chesky's parents were both social workers. He has a younger sister, Allison. As a child, Chesky was interested in art, drawing replicas of paintings, and design, redesigning shoes and toys. He later became interested in landscape architecture and design.


title: Brian Chesky

text: In 1999, Chesky started attending the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). He received his Bachelor of Fine Arts in industrial design in 2004. During his time at RISD, Chesky met Joe Gebbia, who would later be one of the co-founders of Airbnb.


title: Brian Chesky

text: After attending college, Chesky worked as an industrial designer and strategist at 3DID, Inc. in Los Angeles. In 2007, he moved to San Francisco where he shared an apartment with Gebbia. In October 2007, the Industrial Designers Society of America was hosting a conference in San Francisco and all hotel rooms were booked. The pair could not afford rent for the month and decided to rent their apartment for money. They purchased three air mattresses and marketed this idea as "Airbed and Breakfast", with three guests staying the first night.


title: Brian Chesky

text: In February 2008, Harvard graduate and technical architect Nathan Blecharczyk became the third co-founder of Airbnb. Each co-founder assumed a role within the new company, with Chesky becoming the leader and chief executive officer. To receive funding, Chesky and his co-founders created special-edition cereals called "Obama O's" and "Cap'n McCains", based on presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain. Impressed by the cereal boxes, Y Combinator accepted Airbnb into its seed funding program. In its first year, the company began internationalizing and opened several offices in Europe. In 2011, Chesky wrote a letter on behalf of the company for its handling of a resident complaint about tenant vandalism by announcing a 24-hour hotline, additional staff support and a guarantee for theft or vandalism. In 2015, Chesky announced that Airbnb was an official sponsor of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He said that more than 120,000 people had stayed in Airbnb homes during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. As of December 2020, Airbnb went public at a $100 billion valuation.


title: Brian Chesky

text: Chesky told Kara Swisher's "Recode Decode" podcast that he has a "standing regular checkin" phone call with former U.S. President Barack Obama.


title: Brian Chesky

text: On June 11, 2016, Chesky joined Warren Buffett and Bill Gates' 'The Giving Pledge', a group of billionaires who have committed to give the majority of their wealth away.


title: Brian Chesky

text: In May 2022, The Obama Foundation announced a $100 million gift from Airbnb co-founder and CEO Brian Chesky. The gift was to launch a new scholarship program for students pursuing careers in public services. The Voyager Scholarship aka The Obama-Chesky Scholarship for Public Service aims to support students in their junior and senior years of college with up to 50,000 in financial aid, a $10,000 stipend and free Airbnb housing to pursue a summer work-travel experience between their junior and senior years of college; a $2,000 travel credit every year for 10 years following graduation; an annual summit; and a network of mentors.


title: Brian Chesky

text: In 2015, Chesky was included on the "Forbes" list of America's Richest Entrepreneurs Under 40. Chesky was recognized on "Times" magazine's 100 Most Influential People for 2015.


title: Brian Chesky

text: In June 2022, he was featured among the 100 Most Powerful People in Global Hospitality by the International Hospitality Institute.


title: 79th Golden Globe Awards

text: The 79th Golden Globe Awards honored the best in film and American television of 2021, as chosen by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA). The ceremony took place privately on January 9, 2022. The nominees were announced on December 13, 2021, by rapper Snoop Dogg and HFPA president Helen Hoehne.


title: 79th Golden Globe Awards

text: For the first time since 2008, there was no traditional, televised ceremony. In support of boycotts of the HFPA by various media companies, actors, and other creatives over its lack of action to increase the membership diversity of the organization, the Golden Globes' regular broadcaster NBC declined to televise the 79th Golden Globe Awards. The HFPA ultimately chose to hold the presentation privately, with attendance limited to the organization's beneficiaries, and results announced via press release and highlighted on the Golden Globe Awards' social media pages.


title: 79th Golden Globe Awards

text: The films "Belfast" and "The Power of the Dog" were tied for the most nominations, at seven each. The latter tied with Steven Spielberg's "West Side Story" and HBO's drama "Succession" with the most awards of the night, with three each. These included the awards for Best Drama Film, Best Musical or Comedy Film and Best Drama Series, respectively. Michaela Jaé Rodriguez made history as the first transgender person to win an acting award at the Golden Globes, winning Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her role as Blanca Rodriguez-Evangelista in "Pose". Rachel Zegler also made history as the first actress of Colombian descent and first Latina to win Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for her performance as María Vasquez in "West Side Story", as well as becoming the youngest winner in that category at 20 years old. Zegler also made history as one of the first people born in the 21st century to win a Golden Globe, alongside Billie Eilish (20 years old) who won Best Original Song for "No Time to Die", theme song to the film of the same name. For his performance as Oh Il-nam in Netflix's "Squid Game", O Yeong-su became the first South Korean actor to win an acting award, winning for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.


title: 79th Golden Globe Awards

text: On May 10, 2021, NBC announced that it would not televise the ceremony, in support of a boycott of the HFPA by multiple media companies over what it criticized as insufficient efforts to increase the membership diversity of the organization. NBC added that it would be open to televising the ceremony in 2023 if the HFPA were successful in its efforts to reform its organization. Following these events, the HFPA released a timeline for its reforms, which would see the process completed by the week of August 2, 2021. On October 1, 2021, the HFPA released a list of 21 new members that it had recruited under these reforms.


title: 79th Golden Globe Awards

text: The HFPA then announced on October 15 that it still planned to hold the 79th Golden Globe Awards on January 9, 2022, with or without a telecast. It was then reported that the HFPA would not require its normal submission process and screening requirements for the year. NBC ultimately aired "Sunday Night Football" as usual on the night of the ceremony, with the 2021 NFL season having extended the regular season to 17 game, 18-week season for the first time.


title: 79th Golden Globe Awards

text: Details of the ceremony remained unclear when the HFPA announced the nominations on December 13, including whether the nominees would continue to boycott the ceremony. Following the announcement of nominations, "The New York Times" wrote that the HFPA's choices represented improvement on its goal to diversify itself, but it along with many other publications doubted its effectiveness. In support of the boycott, many studios chose not to acknowledge Golden Globes nominations in their "For Your Consideration" marketing.


title: 79th Golden Globe Awards

text: On January 6, the HFPA announced that the ceremony would be held privately, with the winners announced via its social media platforms and press releases. It marked the first time since the 36th Golden Globe Awards in 1979 that there was no telecast, and the 65th Golden Globe Awards in 2008 that there was no traditional ceremony. The HFPA stated that the 90-minute event would primarily highlight the organization's philanthropic efforts, and be interspersed with the award presentations. After reportedly being unable to secure celebrities to serve as presenters, attendance was limited to those associated with the HFPA's beneficiaries, and no nominees, guests, or credentialed media were in attendance. The ceremony was held under strict COVID-19 protocol due to the Omicron variant's widespread surge in Los Angeles.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: The sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" began airing February 24, 2014. Like the fifth season, the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". For the first time in the show's history, the season premiere was split into two episodes; the fourteen queens were split into two groups and the seven queens in each group competed against each other before being united as one group for the third episode.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: Santino Rice and Michelle Visage returned as judges. Two new pit crew members, Miles Moody and Simon Sherry-Wood, joined Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The winner of this season won a prize package that included a supply from Colorevolution Cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. This was also the first season where Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions, Inc. were not sponsors for the show, more specifically for the Untucked episodes. The Interior Illusions Lounge was renamed to the Silver Lounge or FormDecor Lounge. The theme song played during the runway segment every episode was "Sissy That Walk" while the song playing during the credits is "Dance With U", both from the album "Born Naked".


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: The winner of the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" was Bianca Del Rio, with Adore Delano and Courtney Act being the runners-up, and BenDeLaCreme being crowned season 6's Miss Congeniality.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: After use of the term "Shemale" in the "Female or She-male?" challenge of led to complaints over transphobic slang specifically from the season contestants Gia Gunn and Courtney Act, as well as previous contestants Carmen Carrera, Willam Belli, and Kylie Sonique Love. Logo temporarily removed the episode from all platforms and stopped using "You've got she-mail" as the video message intro. Episode 4 was eventually put back up on streaming services with the "Female or She-male?" mini-challenge segment removed.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: In this season the theme song for the series remains unchanged from the original season, only being condensed to a shorter length to allow for more show time. As in previous seasons, while RuPaul enters walking the runway before the judging each episode his song "Cover Girl" plays; an instrumental version of the song continues to play while he introduces the judges and celebrity guests. The main musical change-up of the season comes during the runway while each contestant struts, modeling their looks. As in each previous season, the song changes to promote more album and/or single sales for RuPaul. The song this season played during the segment is "Sissy That Walk", from RuPaul's album "Born Naked". Also from the album "Dance with U" plays at the end of each episode while the remaining queens dance on the runway, exiting the stage.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: "Born Naked" essentially serves as a soundtrack for the season. Its release coincided with the season premiere, primarily for promotional reasons. However, in the time just after Logo's release of the season 6 "Meet the Queens" interviews, which announced and introduced the season's cast, an album entitled "The CoverGurlz" was released digitally presented by RuPaul, meant to promote the upcoming season. The single "Oh No She Better Don't" was also released during the season.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: RuPaul Presents: The CoverGurlz is a 2014 compilation album by entertainer RuPaul, featuring the season 6 cast of his show "RuPaul's Drag Race". The album was released on January 28, 2014. The album was only released digitally to iTunes and Amazon.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: Although previous winners and top-three contestants have been given the chance to collaborate with RuPaul either on a song or by performing in one of the artist's music videos, respectively, this album marks the first time in RuPaul's Drag Race history that an album has been produced which features every contestant from the season.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: The compilation consists of 14 covers of songs previously released by RuPaul, performed by all of the "RuPaul's Drag Race" season 6 contestants. It features tracks originally from RuPaul's albums "Champion" and "Glamazon", as well as his extended play "SuperGlam DQ", and the 2013 non-album single "Lick It Lollipop". The album also features an outtake from "Champion" entitled "Let's Turn the Night", reproduced with new vocals by Jason Carter and Miles Davis Moody of the "RuPaul's Drag Race" . April Carrión's cover of "Sexy Drag Queen" also features Jipsta from the original version of the song.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: As promotion for both the season's contestants and the, then, upcoming season, each contestant is also featured in a short music video for their cover ending with a montage of clips from their respective audition tapes. World of Wonder also produced a music video for the pit crew's song "Let's Turn the Night", which also promoted RuPaul's, then, recently released fragrance "Glamazon", released as part of a limited edition make-up line with Colorevolution Cosmetics.


title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6)

text: Before the compilation's release, RuPaul confirmed on Twitter that a new album, in which each of the Season 6 contestants covered a song from his catalog, would be coming out.


title: Angel investor

text: An angel investor (also known as a business angel, informal investor, angel funder, private investor, or seed investor) is an individual who provides capital for a business or businesses start-up, usually in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity. Angel investors usually give support to start-ups at the initial moments (where risks of the start-ups failing are relatively high) and when most investors are not prepared to back them. In a survey of 150 founders conducted by Wilbur Labs, about 70% of entrepreneurs will face potential business failure, and nearly 66% will face this potential failure within 25 months of launching their company. A small but increasing number of angel investors invest online through equity crowdfunding or organize themselves into angel groups or angel networks to share investment capital, as well as to provide advice to their portfolio companies. Over the last 50 years, the number of angel investors has greatly increased.