title: Idealism

text: The 2nd edition (1787) contained a "Refutation of Idealism" to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section "Paralogisms of Pure Reason" is an implicit critique of Descartes's idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object (Descartes' "cogito ergo sum") purely from "the spontaneity of thought". Kant focused on ideas drawn from British philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley and Hume but distinguished his transcendental or critical idealism from previous varieties;


title: Idealism

text: Kant distinguished between things as they appear to an observer and things in themselves, "that is, things considered without regard to whether and how they may be given to us". We cannot approach the "noumenon", the "thing in Itself" () without our own mental world. He added that the mind is not a blank slate, "tabula rasa" but rather comes equipped with categories for organising our sense impressions.


title: Idealism

text: In the first volume of his "Parerga and Paralipomena", Schopenhauer wrote his "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what comprise the ideal. Schopenhauer emphasized that we are restricted to our own consciousness. The world that appears is only a representation or mental picture of objects. We directly and immediately know only representations. All objects that are external to the mind are known indirectly through the mediation of our mind. He offered a history of the concept of the "ideal" as "ideational" or "existing in the mind as an image".


title: Idealism

text: Charles Bernard Renouvier was the first Frenchman after Nicolas Malebranche to formulate a complete idealistic system, and had a vast influence on the development of French thought. His system is based on Immanuel Kant's, as his chosen term "néo-criticisme" indicates; but it is a transformation rather than a continuation of Kantianism.


title: Idealism

text: Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the "source" of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." The famous "thing-in-itself" was called a product of philosophical habit, which seeks to introduce a grammatical subject: because wherever there is cognition, there must be a "thing" that is cognized and allegedly it must be added to ontology as a being (whereas, to Nietzsche, only the world as ever changing appearances can be assumed). Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant's critique of the latter "(see above)".


title: Idealism

text: Objective idealism asserts that the reality of experiencing combines and transcends the realities of the object experienced and of the mind of the observer. Proponents include Thomas Hill Green, Josiah Royce, Benedetto Croce and Charles Sanders Peirce.


title: Idealism

text: Schelling (1775–1854) claimed that the Fichte's "I" needs the Not-I, because there is no subject without object, and vice versa. So there is no difference between the subjective and the objective, that is, the ideal and the real. This is Schelling's "absolute identity": the ideas or mental images in the mind are identical to the extended objects which are external to the mind.


title: Idealism

text: Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy "absolute" idealism in contrast to the "subjective idealism" of Berkeley and the "transcendental idealism" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a dialectical philosophy of history as Hegel's idealism was. The exercise of reason and intellect enables the philosopher to know ultimate historical reality, the phenomenological constitution of self-determination, the dialectical development of self-awareness and personality in the realm of History.


title: Idealism

text: In his "Science of Logic" (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative "infinity", on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are less self-determining—than spiritual things like morally responsible people, ethical communities and God. So any doctrine, such as materialism, that asserts that finite qualities or natural objects are fully real is mistaken.


title: Idealism

text: Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the "subject" (any human observer) to be able to know any observed "object" (any external entity, possibly even another human) at all. Under Hegel's concept of "subject-object identity," subject and object both have Spirit (Hegel's ersatz, redefined, nonsupernatural "God") as their "conceptual" (not metaphysical) inner reality—and in that sense are identical. But until Spirit's "self-realization" occurs and Spirit graduates from Spirit to "Absolute" Spirit status, subject (a human mind) mistakenly thinks every "object" it observes is something "alien," meaning something separate or apart from "subject." In Hegel's words, "The object is revealed to it [to "subject"] by [as] something alien, and it does not recognize itself." Self-realization occurs when Hegel (part of Spirit's nonsupernatural Mind, which is the collective mind of all humans) arrives on the scene and realizes that every "object" is "himself", because both subject and object are essentially Spirit. When self-realization occurs and Spirit becomes "Absolute" Spirit, the "finite" (man, human) becomes the "infinite" ("God," divine), replacing the imaginary or "picture-thinking" supernatural God of theism: man becomes God. Tucker puts it this way: "Hegelianism . . . is a religion of self-worship whose fundamental theme is given in Hegel's image of the man who aspires to be God himself, who demands 'something more, namely infinity.'" The picture Hegel presents is "a picture of a self-glorifying humanity striving compulsively, and at the end successfully, to rise to divinity."


title: Idealism

text: Kierkegaard criticized Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierkegaard asserts that for God reality can be a system but it cannot be so for any human individual because both reality and humans are incomplete and all philosophical systems imply completeness. For Hegel, a logical system is possible but an existential system is not: "What is rational is actual; and what is actual is rational". Hegel's absolute idealism blurs the distinction between existence and thought: our mortal nature places limits on our understanding of reality;


title: Idealism

text: A major concern of Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit" (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his "Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences" (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of "mutual recognition." However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned statement, is that Hegel, in the "Philosophy of Right", believed the best solution was to surrender one's individuality to the customs of the State, identifying right and wrong in view of the prevailing bourgeois morality. Individual human will ought, at the State's highest level of development, to properly coincide with the will of the State. Climacus rejects Hegel's suppression of individuality by pointing out it is impossible to create a valid set of rules or system in any society which can adequately describe existence for any one individual. Submitting one's will to the State denies personal freedom, choice, and responsibility.


title: Idealism

text: In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the "logical structure" that Hegel thinks we can know. Kierkegaard disputes this assertion, because it eliminates the clear distinction between ontology and epistemology. Existence and thought are not identical and one cannot possibly think existence. Thought is always a form of abstraction, and thus not only is pure existence impossible to think, but all forms in existence are unthinkable; thought depends on language, which merely abstracts from experience, thus separating us from lived experience and the living essence of all beings. In addition, because we are finite beings, we cannot possibly know or understand anything that is universal or infinite such as God, so we cannot know God exists, since that which transcends time simultaneously transcends human understanding.


title: Idealism

text: Bradley saw reality as a monistic whole apprehended through "feeling", a state in which there is no distinction between the perception and the thing perceived. Like Berkeley, Bradley thought that nothing can be known to exist unless it is known by a mind.


title: Idealism

text: Bradley was the apparent target of G.E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or not, according to Moore. The 1903 article "The Refutation of Idealism" is one of the first demonstrations of Moore's commitment to analysis. He examines each of the three terms in the Berkeleian aphorism "esse est percipi", "to be is to be perceived", finding that it must mean that the object and the subject are "necessarily" connected so that "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow" are identical - "to be yellow" is "to be experienced as yellow". But it also seems there is a difference between "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow" and "that "esse" is held to be "percipi", solely because what is experienced is held to be identical with the experience of it". Though far from a complete refutation, this was the first strong statement by analytic philosophy against its idealist predecessors, or at any rate against the type of idealism represented by Berkeley.


title: Idealism

text: Actual idealism is a form of idealism developed by Giovanni Gentile that grew into a "grounded" idealism contrasting Kant and Hegel. The idea is a version of Occam's razor; the simpler explanations are always correct. Actual idealism is the idea that reality is the ongoing act of thinking, or in Italian "pensiero pensante". Any action done by humans is classified as human thought because the action was done due to predisposed thought. He further believes that thoughts are the only concept that truly exist since reality is defined through the act of thinking. This idea was derived from Gentile's paper, "The Theory of Mind As Pure Act".


title: Idealism

text: Since thoughts are actions, any conjectured idea can be enacted. This idea not only affects the individual's life, but everyone around them, which in turn affects the state since the people are the state. Therefore, thoughts of each person are subsumed within the state. The state is a composition of many minds that come together to change the country for better or worse.


title: Idealism

text: Gentile theorizes that thoughts can only be conjectured within the bounds of known reality; abstract thinking does not exist. Thoughts cannot be formed outside our known reality because we are the reality that halt ourselves from thinking externally. With accordance to "The Act of Thought of Pure Thought", our actions comprise our thoughts, our thoughts create perception, perceptions define reality, thus we think within our created reality.


title: Idealism

text: The present act of thought is reality but the past is not reality; it is history. The reason being, past can be rewritten through present knowledge and perspective of the event. The reality that is currently constructed can be completely changed through language (e.g. bias (omission, source, tone)). The unreliability of the recorded reality can skew the original concept and make the past remark unreliable.


title: Idealism

text: Actual idealism is regarded as a liberal and tolerant doctrine since it acknowledges that every being picturizes reality, in which their ideas remained hatched, differently. Even though, reality is a figment of thought.


title: Idealism

text: Even though core concept of the theory is famous for its simplification, its application is regarded as extremely ambiguous. Over the years, philosophers have interpreted it numerously different ways: Holmes took it as metaphysics of the thinking act; Betti as a form of hermeneutics; Harris as a metaphysics of democracy; Fogu as a modernist philosophy of history.


title: Idealism

text: Giovanni Gentile was a key supporter of fascism, regarded by many as the "philosopher of fascism". Gentile's philosophy was the key to understating fascism as it was believed by many who supported and loved it. They believed, if priori synthesis of subject and object is true, there is no difference between the individuals in society; they're all one. Which means that they have equal right, roles, and jobs. In fascist state, submission is given to one leader because individuals act as one body. In Gentile's view, far more can be accomplished when individuals are under a corporate body than a collection of autonomous individuals.


title: Idealism

text: Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimate mental reality or "Absolute". Leibniz' form of idealism, known as Panpsychism, views "monads" as the true atoms of the universe and as entities having perception. The monads are "substantial forms of being, "elemental, individual, subject to their own laws, non-interacting, each reflecting the entire universe. Monads are centers of force, which is substance while space, matter and motion are phenomenal and their form and existence is dependent on the simple and immaterial monads. There is a pre-established harmony by God, the central monad, between the world in the minds of the monads and the external world of objects. Leibniz's cosmology embraced traditional Christian theism. The English psychologist and philosopher James Ward inspired by Leibniz had also defended a form of pluralistic idealism. According to Ward the universe is composed of "psychic monads" of different levels, interacting for mutual self-betterment.


title: Idealism

text: Personalism is the view that the minds that underlie reality are the minds of persons. Borden Parker Bowne, a philosopher at Boston University, a founder and popularizer of personal idealism, presented it as a substantive reality of persons, the only reality, as known directly in self-consciousness. Reality is a society of interacting persons dependent on the Supreme Person of God. Other proponents include George Holmes Howison and J. M. E. McTaggart.


title: Idealism

text: Howison's personal idealism was also called "California Personalism" by others to distinguish it from the "Boston Personalism" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "benignant love" is to undermine every profound human venture, including science, morality, and philosophy. Personalistic idealists Borden Parker Bowne and Edgar S. Brightman and realistic (in some senses of the term, though he remained influenced by neoplatonism) personal theist Saint Thomas Aquinas address a core issue, namely that of dependence upon an infinite personal God.


title: Idealism

text: Howison, in his book "The Limits of Evolution and Other Essays Illustrating the Metaphysical Theory of Personal Idealism", created a democratic notion of personal idealism that extended all the way to God, who was no more the ultimate monarch but the ultimate democrat in eternal relation to other eternal persons. J. M. E. McTaggart's idealist atheism and Thomas Davidson's apeirotheism resemble Howisons personal idealism.


title: Idealism

text: J. M. E. McTaggart argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In "The Unreality of Time" he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. "The Nature of Existence" (1927) contained his arguments that space, time, and matter cannot possibly be real. In his "Studies in Hegelian Cosmology" (Cambridge, 1901, p196) he declared that metaphysics are not relevant to social and political action. McTaggart "thought that Hegel was wrong in supposing that metaphysics could show that the state is more than a means to the good of the individuals who compose it". For McTaggart "philosophy can give us very little, if any, guidance in action... Why should a Hegelian citizen be surprised that his belief as to the organic nature of the Absolute does not help him in deciding how to vote? Would a Hegelian engineer be reasonable in expecting that his belief that all matter is spirit should help him in planning a bridge?


title: Idealism

text: Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called "apeirotheism", a "form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism" which he defined as "a theory of Gods infinite in number." The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance which cannot exist apart from the body because it is not a substance but an essence, and "nous", rational thought, reflection and understanding. Although a perennial source of controversy, Aristotle arguably views the latter as both eternal and immaterial in nature, as exemplified in his theology of unmoved movers. Identifying Aristotle's God with rational thought, Davidson argued, contrary to Aristotle, that just as the soul cannot exist apart from the body, God cannot exist apart from the world.


title: Idealism

text: Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In "The Grammar of Science", Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists." This book influenced Einstein's regard for the importance of the observer in scientific measurements. In § 5 of that book, Pearson asserted that "...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind..." Also, "...the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world."


title: Idealism

text: Arthur Eddington, a British astrophysicist of the early 20th century, wrote in his book "The Nature of the Physical World" that "The stuff of the world is mind-stuff":


title: Idealism

text: Ian Barbour in his book "Issues in Science and Religion" (1966), p. 133, cites Arthur Eddington's "The Nature of the Physical World" (1928) for a text that argues The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principles provides a scientific basis for "the defense of the idea of human freedom" and his "Science and the Unseen World" (1929) for support of philosophical idealism "the thesis that reality is basically mental".


title: Idealism

text: Sir James Jeans wrote: "The stream of knowledge is heading towards a non-mechanical reality; the Universe begins to look more like a great thought than like a great machine. Mind no longer appears to be an accidental intruder into the realm of matter... we ought rather hail it as the creator and governor of the realm of matter."


title: Idealism

text: Jeans, in an interview published in "The Observer" (London), when asked the question: "Do you believe that life on this planet is the result of some sort of accident, or do you believe that it is a part of some great scheme?" replied:


title: Idealism

text: The chemist Ernest Lester Smith wrote a book "Intelligence Came First" (1975) in which he claimed that consciousness is a fact of nature and that the cosmos is grounded in and pervaded by mind and intelligence.


title: Idealism

text: Bernard d'Espagnat, a French theoretical physicist best known for his work on the nature of reality, wrote a paper titled "The Quantum Theory and Reality". According to the paper:


title: Idealism

text: In a "Guardian" article entitled "Quantum Weirdness: What We Call 'Reality' is Just a State of Mind", d'Espagnat wrote:


title: Idealism

text: He further writes that his research in quantum physics has led him to conclude that an "ultimate reality" exists, which is not embedded in space or time.


title: Idealism

text: There are various philosophers working in contemporary Western philosophy of mind who have recently defended an idealist stance. These include:


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: Ocimum tenuiflorum, commonly known as holy basil, tulsi or tulasi, is an aromatic perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and widespread as a cultivated plant throughout the Southeast Asian tropics.


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: "Tulsi" is cultivated for religious and traditional medicine purposes, and also for its essential oil. It is widely used as a herbal tea, commonly used in Ayurveda, and has a place within the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism, in which devotees perform worship involving holy basil plants or leaves.


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: The variety of "Ocimum tenuiflorum" used in Thai cuisine is referred to as Thai holy basil ( "kaphrao") and is the key herb in phat kaphrao, a stir-fry dish; it is not the same as Thai basil, which is a variety of "Ocimum basilicum". In Cambodia, it is known as "mreah-prov" ().


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: Holy basil is an erect, many-branched subshrub, tall with hairy stems. Leaves are green or purple; they are simple, petioled, with an ovate blade up to long, which usually has a slightly toothed margin; they are strongly scented and have a decussate phyllotaxy. The purplish flowers are placed in close whorls on elongated racemes.


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: The three main morphotypes cultivated in India and Nepal are "Ram tulsi" (the most common type, with broad bright green leaves that are slightly sweet), the less common purplish green-leaved (Krishna or "Shyam tulsi") and the common wild "vana tulsi" (e.g., "Ocimum gratissimum").


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: DNA barcodes of various biogeographical isolates of tulsi from the Indian subcontinent are now available. In a large-scale phylogeographical study of this species conducted using chloroplast genome sequences, a group of researchers from Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, have found that this plant originates from North-Central India.


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: Some of the phytochemical constituents of "tulsi" are oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool, and β-caryophyllene (about 8%).


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: "Tulsi "essential oil consists mostly of eugenol (~70%) β-elemene (~11.0%), β-caryophyllene (~8%), and germacrene (~2%), with the balance being made up of various trace compounds, mostly terpenes.


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: The genome of the tulsi plant has been sequenced and reported as a draft, estimated to be 612 mega bases, with results showing genes for biosynthesis of anthocyanins in "Shyama Tulsi", ursolic acid and eugenol in "Rama Tulsi". The predicted proteins and other annotations are available from caps.ncbs.res.in/Ote.


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: "Tulsi" (Sanskrit: Surasa) has been used in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices for its supposed treatment of diseases.


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: The essential oil may have nematicidal properties against "Tylenchulus semipenetrans", "Meloidogyne javanica", "Anguina tritici", and "Heterodera cajani".


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: Water disinfection using "O. tenuiflorum" extracts was tested by Bhattacharjee et al 2013 and Sadul et al 2009. Both found an alcoholic extract to be more effective than aqueous or leaf juice. Sundaramurthi et al 2012 finds the result to be safe to drink, and additionally to be antimicrobial. A constituent analysis by Sadul found alkaloids, steroids, and tannins in the aqueous, and alkaloids and steroids only in the alcoholic extract.


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: "Tulsi" is a sacred plant for Hindus, particularly the Vaishnavite sect. It is worshipped as the avatar of Lakshmi, and may be planted in courtyards of Hindu houses or Hanuman temples. The ritual lighting of lamps each evening during "Kartik" includes the worship of the "tulsi" plant. Vaishnavas followers of Vishnu are known as "those who bear the" tulsi" around the neck".


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: "Tulsi Vivah" is a ceremonial festival performed between Prabodhini Ekadashi (the 11th or 12th lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of Kartik) and Kartik Purnima (the full moon of the month).


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

text: Every evening, Bengali Hindus place earthen lamps in front of tulsi plants. During the Kati Bihu festival celebrated in Assam, people light earthen lamps ("diya") at the foot of the household tulsi plants and pray.


title: 2006 FIFA World Cup squads

text: This article lists the confirmed national football squads for the 2006 FIFA World Cup tournament held in Germany, between 9 June and 9 July 2006. Before announcing their final squad, several teams named a provisional squad of 23 to 33 players, but each country's final squad of 23 players had to be submitted by 15 May 2006. Replacement of injured players was permitted until 24 hours before the team's first World Cup game. Players marked (c) were named as captain for their national squad. Number of caps counts until the start of the World Cup, including all pre-tournament friendlies. Club information is that used by FIFA. Players for whom this information changed during or prior to the tournament are indicated by footnotes.


title: 2006 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Serhiy Fedorov was injured prior to the start of the tournament. His replacement, Vyacheslav Shevchuk, was also injured shortly after filling in. Oleksandr Yatsenko was then called up, and sat on the bench for the last two matches.


title: 2006 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The squads for Italy and Saudi Arabia were made up entirely of players from their respective domestic leagues. Saudi Arabia were the only team with no players from European clubs. The Ivory Coast squad was made up entirely of players employed by foreign clubs, and 22 out of the 23 players were registered in Europe. Although Turkey, Scotland, and Russia failed to qualify for the finals, their domestic leagues were represented by 12, 11, and 10 players respectively. In total, domestic leagues from 48 countries had players at the 2006 World Cup.


title: Humid continental climate

text: A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freezing cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) winters. Precipitation is usually distributed throughout the year but often do have dry seasons. The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows: the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below or depending on the isotherm, and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above . In addition, the location in question must not be semi-arid or arid. The cooler "Dfb", "Dwb", and "Dsb" subtypes are also known as hemiboreal climates.


title: Humid continental climate

text: Humid continental climates are generally found between latitudes 30° N and 60° N, within the central and northeastern portions of North America, Europe, and Asia. They are rare and isolated in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the larger ocean area at that latitude, smaller land mass, and the consequent greater maritime moderation. In the Northern Hemisphere, some of the humid continental climates, typically in Hokkaido, Northern Honshu, Sakhalin island, northeastern mainland Europe, Scandinavia, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland are closer to the sea and is heavily maritime-influenced and comparable to oceanic climates, with relatively cool summers and winters being just below the freezing mark (too cold for such a classification). More extreme and inland humid continental climates found in northeast China, southern Siberia, the Korean Peninsula (except for the southern region in South Korea) and the Canadian Prairies, where temperatures in the winter resemble those of subarctic climates but have warmer and longer summers. In east-central China, southern South Korea, the Great Lakes region of the American Midwest, New England, and southern parts of Central Canada the climate combines hotter summer maxima and colder winters than the marine-based variety and are less extreme than the most inland variety, with similarities to the adjacent humid subtropical climate but with colder winters which preclude such classifications.


title: Humid continental climate

text: Using the Köppen climate classification, a climate is classified as humid continental when the temperature of the coldest month is below or and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above . These temperatures were not arbitrary. In Europe, the average temperature isotherm (line of equal temperature) was near the southern extent of winter snowpack. In the United States, it is more common to use the isotherm instead. The average temperature was found to be roughly the minimum temperature necessary for tree reproduction and growth. Wide temperature ranges are common within this climate zone.


title: Humid continental climate

text: Within North America, moisture within this climate regime is supplied by the Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico and adjacent western subtropical Atlantic. Precipitation is relatively well distributed year-round in many areas with this climate ("f"), while others may see a marked reduction in wintry precipitation, which increases the chances of a wintertime drought ("w"). Snowfall occurs in all areas with a humid continental climate and in many such places is more common than rain during the height of winter. In places with sufficient wintertime precipitation, the snow cover is often deep. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms, and in North America and Asia an occasional tropical system. Though humidity levels are often high in locations with humid continental climates, the "humid" designation means that the climate is not dry enough to be classified as semi-arid or arid.


title: Humid continental climate

text: By definition, forests thrive within this climate. Biomes within this climate regime include temperate woodlands, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous or evergreen forests, coniferous forests, and coniferous swamps. Within wetter areas, maple, spruce, pine, fir, and oak can be found. Fall foliage is noted during the autumn of deciduous forests.


title: Humid continental climate

text: A hot summer version of a continental climate features an average temperature of at least in its warmest month. Since these regimes are limited to the Northern Hemisphere, the warmest month is usually July or August. High temperatures in the warmest month tend to be in the high 20s or low 30s °C (80s or low 90s °F), while average January afternoon temperatures are near or well below freezing. Frost free periods normally last 4–7 months within this climate regime.


title: Humid continental climate

text: Within North America, this climate includes small areas of central and southeast Canada (including Essex County, the core area of the Golden Horseshoe and Greater Montreal) and portions of the central and eastern United States from 100°W eastward to the Atlantic. Precipitation increases further eastward in this zone and is less seasonally uniform in the west. The western states of the central United States (namely Montana, Wyoming, parts of southern Idaho, most of Lincoln County in Eastern Washington, parts of Colorado, parts of Utah, western Nebraska, and parts of western North and South Dakota) have thermal regimes which fit the "Dfa" climate type, but are quite dry, and are generally grouped with the steppe ("BSk") climates. In the eastern United States Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Ohio, New York, Delaware and Massachusetts have some part of their state in this climate zone.


title: Humid continental climate

text: In the Eastern Hemisphere, this climate regime is found within interior Eurasia, east-central Asia, and parts of India. Within Europe, the "Dfa" climate type is present near the Black Sea in southern Ukraine, the Southern Federal District of Russia, southern Moldova, Serbia, parts of southern Romania, and Bulgaria, but tends to be drier and can be even semi-arid in these places. In East Asia, this climate exhibits a monsoonal tendency with much higher precipitation in summer than in winter, and due to the effects of the strong Siberian High much colder winter temperatures than similar latitudes around the world, however with lower snowfall, the exception being western Japan with its heavy snowfall. Tōhoku, between Tokyo and Hokkaidō and Western coast of Japan also has a climate with Köppen classification "Dfa", but is wetter even than that part of North America with this climate type. A variant which has dry winters and hence relatively lower snowfall with monsoonal type summer rainfall is to be found in northern China including Manchuria and parts of North China, and over much of the Korean Peninsula; it has the Köppen classification "Dwa". Much of central Asia, northwestern China, and southern Mongolia has a thermal regime similar to that of the "Dfa" climate type, but these regions receive so little precipitation that they are more often classified as steppes ("BSk") or deserts ("BWk").


title: Humid continental climate

text: "Dsa" climates are rare; they are generally restricted to elevated areas adjacent to Mediterranean climate regions with a "Csa" climate well inland to ensure hot summers and cold winters. They are generally found in the highly elevated areas of south-eastern Turkey (Hakkâri), north-western Iran and parts of Central Asia.


title: Humid continental climate

text: This climate zone does not exist at all in the southern hemisphere, where the only landmass that enters the upper-middle latitudes, South America, tapers too much to have any place that gets the combination of snowy winters and hot summers. Marine influences preclude "Dfa", "Dwa", and "Dsa" climates in the southern hemisphere.


title: Humid continental climate

text: Also known as Hemiboreal climate, areas featuring this subtype of the continental climate have an average temperature in the warmest month below . Summer high temperatures in this zone typically average between during the daytime and the average temperatures in the coldest month are generally well or far below the (or ) isotherm. Frost-free periods typically last 3–5 months. Heat spells lasting over a week are rare.


title: Humid continental climate

text: The warm summer version of the humid continental climate covers a much larger area than the hot subtype. In North America, the climate zone covers from about 42°N to 50°N latitude mostly east of 100°W, including parts of Southern Ontario, the southern half of Quebec, The Maritimes, and Newfoundland, as well as the northern United States from eastern North Dakota east to Maine. However, it can be found as far north as 54°N, and further west in the Canadian Prairie Provinces and below 40°N in the high Appalachians. In Europe, this subtype reaches its most northerly latitude in Bodø at the 67°N.


title: Humid continental climate

text: High-altitude locations such as Aspen, Colorado and Los Alamos, New Mexico in the western United States exhibit local "Dfb" climates. The south-central and southwestern Prairie Provinces also fits the "Dfb" criteria from a thermal profile, but because of semi-arid precipitation portions of it are grouped into the "BSk" category.


title: Humid continental climate

text: In Europe, it is found in much of Central Europe: Germany (in the east and southeast part of the country), Austria (generally below ), Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary (generally above ), Croatia (mostly Slavonia region), in much of Eastern Europe: Ukraine (the whole country except the Black Sea coast), Belarus, Russia (mostly central part of European Russia), south and central parts of Scandinavia not bathed by the Atlantic Ocean or North Sea: Sweden (historical regions of Svealand and Götaland), Denmark, Finland (south end, including the three largest cities), Norway (most populated area), all Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and also in parts of: Romania (generally above ), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey and in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland, (generally above ). It has little warming or precipitation effects from the northern Atlantic. The cool summer subtype is marked by mild summers, long cold winters and less precipitation than the hot summer subtype; however, short periods of extreme heat are not uncommon. Northern Japan has a similar climate.


title: Humid continental climate

text: In the Southern Hemisphere, it exists in well-defined areas only in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, in the Snowy Mountains of Australia in Kiandra, New South Wales and the Andes Mountains of Argentina and Chile.


title: Humid continental climate

text: Since climate regimes tend to be dominated by vegetation of one region with relatively homogenous ecology, those that project climate change remap their results in the form of climate regimes as an alternative way to explain expected changes.


title: Uppsala

text: Uppsala (, , ; archaically spelled "Upsala") is the county seat of Uppsala County and the fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. It had 177,074 inhabitants in 2019.


title: Uppsala

text: Located north of the capital Stockholm it is also the seat of Uppsala Municipality. Since 1164, Uppsala has been the ecclesiastical centre of Sweden, being the seat of the Archbishop of the Church of Sweden. Uppsala is home to Scandinavia's largest cathedral – Uppsala Cathedral, which was the frequent site of the coronation of the Swedish monarch until the late 19th century.


title: Uppsala

text: Uppsala Castle, built by King Gustav Vasa, served as one of the royal residences of the Swedish monarchs, and was expanded several times over its history, making Uppsala the secondary capital of Sweden during its greatest extent. Today it serves as the residence of the Governor of Uppsala County.


title: Uppsala

text: Founded in 1477, Uppsala University is the oldest centre of higher education in Scandinavia. Among the many scholars associated with the city are Anders Celsius, inventor of the centigrade temperature scale that now bears his name, and Carl Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy.


title: Uppsala

text: Other Uppsala residents include filmmaker Ingmar Bergman, diplomat Dag Hammarskjöld, chemists Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Svante Arrhenius, actress Viveca Lindfors, and singer Malena Ernman.


title: Uppsala

text: Uppsala was originally the name of a place a few kilometres north of the current city, now known as Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala). Today's Uppsala was then called "Östra Aros" (Eastern Aros, to differentiate it from Western Aros). (Old) Uppsala was, according to medieval writer Adam of Bremen, the main pagan centre of Sweden, and the Temple at Uppsala contained magnificent idols of the Norse gods. The Kungsängen plains along the river south of Uppsala have been identified as a possible match for Fyrisvellir, the site of the Battle of Fyrisvellir in the 980s.


title: Uppsala

text: The present-day Uppsala was at that time a port town of Gamla Uppsala. In 1160, King Eric Jedvardsson was attacked and killed outside the church of Östra Aros, and later became venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. In 1274, Östra Aros overtook Gamla Uppsala as the main regional centre, and when the cathedral of Gamla Uppsala burnt down, the archbishopric and the relics of Saint Eric were moved to Östra Aros, where the present-day Uppsala Cathedral was erected; it was inaugurated in 1435. The cathedral is built in the Gothic style and is one of the largest in northern Europe, with towers reaching .


title: Uppsala

text: The city is the site of the oldest university in Scandinavia, founded in 1477, and is where Carl Linnaeus, one of the renowned scholars of Uppsala University, lived for many years; both his house and garden can still be visited. Uppsala is also the site of the 16th-century Uppsala Castle. The city was severely damaged by a fire in 1702.


title: Uppsala

text: Historical and cultural treasures were also lost, as in many Swedish cities, from demolitions during the 1960s and 1970s, but many historic buildings remain, especially in the western part of the city. The arms bearing the lion can be traced to 1737 and have been modernised several times, most recently in 1986. The meaning of the lion is uncertain, but is likely connected to the royal lion, also depicted on the Coat of Arms of Sweden.


title: Uppsala

text: In ecclesiastical terms, the place has always belonged to Uppsala parish, from 1961 called Uppsala cathedral parish. The incorporated parts of Uppsala belong to Gamla Uppsala parish, Helga Trefaldighets parish and Vaksala parish. After parish break-up in 1974, parts of the town are located in Gottsunda parish. After further building expansion, some are also in Denmark-Funbo parish, before 2010 in Denmark parish.


title: Uppsala

text: Until 1971, the town was part of the district court for Uppsala City Hall Court and has been part of the Uppsala Court since 1971.


title: Uppsala

text: Situated on the fertile Uppsala flatlands of muddy soil, the city features the small Fyris River (Fyrisån) flowing through the landscape surrounded by lush vegetation. Parallel to the river runs the glacial ridge of Uppsalaåsen at an elevation around , the site of Uppsala's castle, from which large parts of the town can be seen. The central park "Stadsskogen" (literally "City Forest") stretches from the south far into town, with opportunities for recreation for many residential areas within walking distance.


title: Uppsala

text: Only some or 40 minutes by train from the capital, many Uppsala residents work in Stockholm. The train to Stockholm-Arlanda Airport takes only 17 minutes, rendering the city easily accessible by air.


title: Uppsala

text: The commercial centre of Uppsala is quite compact. The city has a distinct town and gown divide with clergy, royalty, and academia historically residing in the Fjärdingen neighbourhood on the river's western shore, somewhat separated from the rest of the city, and the ensemble of cathedral, castle and university buildings has remained mostly undisturbed to this day. While some historic buildings remain on the periphery of the central core, retail commercial activity is geographically focused on a small number of blocks around the pedestrianized streets and main square on the eastern side of the river, an area that was subject to a large-scale metamorphosis during the economically booming years in the 1960s in particular. During recent decades, a significant part of retail commercial activity has shifted to shopping malls and stores situated in the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, the built-up areas have expanded greatly, and some suburbanization has taken place.


title: Uppsala

text: Uppsala lies immediately south of the 60th parallel north and has a humid continental climate (Dfb), with cold winters and warm summers. Due to its northerly location, Uppsala experiences over 18 hours of visible sunshine during the summer solstice, and under 6 hours of sunshine during the winter solstice. Despite Uppsala's northerly location, the winter is not as cold as other cities at similar latitudes, mainly due to the Gulf Stream. For example, in January Uppsala has a daily mean of −2.7 °C (27.1 °F). In Canada, at the same latitude, Fort Smith experiences a daily mean of −22.4 °C (−8.3 °F).


title: Uppsala

text: With respect to record temperatures, the difference between the highest and lowest is relatively large. Uppsala’s highest recorded temperature was , recorded on 9 July 1933. On the same day Ultuna, which lies a few kilometres south of the centre of Uppsala, recorded a temperature of . This is the highest temperature ever recorded in the Scandinavian Peninsula, although the same temperature was recorded in Målilla, Sweden, 14 years later. Uppsala’s lowest temperature was recorded on 24 January 1875, when the temperature dropped to . The second-lowest temperature recorded is , which makes the record one of the hardest to beat, due to the fact that temperatures in Uppsala nowadays rarely goes below . The difference between the two records is .


title: Uppsala

text: The warmest month ever recorded is July 2018, with a daily mean of 22.0 °C (70.5 °F). Since 2002 Uppsala has experienced 6 months where the daily mean was 20 °C (68 °F) or warmer, the most recent in July 2018 when the daily mean was 22.0 °C (68.9 °F). The coldest month ever recorded is January 1814, when the daily mean was −14.9 °C (5.2 °F). Between January 1814 and January 1987, Uppsala experienced 23 months that were colder than −10 °C (14 °F). Since February 1987, the coldest month recorded is −8.6 °C (16.5 °F). The warmest year ever recorded was 2014, with an average temperature of 8.1 °C (46.6 °F). The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F). Since 1991, Uppsala has recorded 15 years with an average temperature of 7 °C (44.6 °F) or warmer. The coldest year ever recorded was 1867, with an average temperature of 2.5 °C (36.5 °F). 1987 was the last year Uppsala recorded a year with an average temperature below 5 °C (41 °F).


title: Uppsala

text: The climate table below presents weather data from 1981–2010. According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during 1981–2010 as compared with the 1951–1980 series. This increase is on an annual basis around 0.9 °C. Warming is most pronounced during the winter and spring. January, February, and March have had the most pronouncing increase in temperature, with each month increasing 1.5 °C or more. The only month that did not get warmer is June, which got 0.3 °C colder. During the 20th century, Uppsala has warmed drastically, especially the winter. If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C. March is the month with the biggest increase, where the temperature has increased more than 3 °C since the latter parts of the 19th century.


title: Uppsala

text: Winter normally arrives in late November, and lasts until the middle of March when spring arrives. Summer usually arrives in the middle of May, and lasts until late September when autumn arrives. Precipitation is most common between June and November, in all these months it falls 50 mm (2.0 in) or more on average. August receives most precipitation with 74 mm (2.9 in). Between January and May precipitation levels fall a bit, with all months receiving less than 40 mm (1.6 in) on average. Annual precipitation is 576 mm (22.6 in). Rainfall can occur all year round, although it is less common in January and February. Snowfall mainly occurs between November and March. Snowfall in October and April can happen from time to time, but not every year. During the night between 30 April and 1 May 2014 it fell approximately 15 cm (5.9 in) of snow in Uppsala, the first recorded snowfall in May since 1981. Uppsala has an annual average snow cover around 100 days.


title: Uppsala

text: Uppsala has economic development in many sectors. Today Uppsala is well established in medical research and recognised for its leading position in biotechnology.


title: Uppsala

text: The Fyris river (Fyrisån) neatly divides the city into two different parts: the historic quarter to the west of the river and the modern administrative, residential and commercial city centre to the east. Most of the historical sights and university buildings are in the western part, with a medieval street layout, river views and parks and dominated by the cathedral.


title: Uppsala

text: The most outstanding building in Uppsala is the "Domkyrka" (Uppsala Cathedral), Scandinavia's largest church building ( high). Together with Uppsala Castle it has dominated Uppsala's skyline since its construction in the 13th century and can be seen from a long distance outside the city, other tall buildings being rare.


title: Uppsala

text: Facing the west end of the cathedral is the "Gustavianum", built in 1625 to be the main building of the University, and served as such through most of the 19th century. It contains the Museum of Nordic Antiquities, the Victoria Museum (of Egyptian antiquities) and the University's cultural history collections. It also houses a perfectly preserved 17th-century anatomical theatre (used in its time for public dissections). Next to Gustavianum is the 18th century Archbishop's Palace, the official residence of the Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala and the primate of the Church of Sweden.


title: Uppsala

text: Across the street from the Gustavianum in the University Park stands the University Hall, erected in 1879–86 in Italian renaissance style. The Uppsala University Coin Cabinet is located in the university main building.


title: Uppsala

text: Not far from the University stands the Uppsala University Library ("Carolina Rediviva"), the largest library in Sweden, with over 5 million volumes and some 60,000 manuscripts. The building was built in 1820–41.


title: Uppsala

text: On a circa 35-metre high hill to the southwest of the University Library stands "Uppsala Castle". Its construction was initiated in 1549 by King Gustav Vasa, founder of the Vasa royal dynasty. Today the castle holds several museums, among them the regional art museum, and is the residence of the Uppsala County Governor ("landshövding").


title: Uppsala

text: There are several botanical museums in Uppsala related to the world-famous 18th century botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus; the Botanic Garden next to the castle, the Linnaean Garden in the city centre, and Linnaeus Hammarby, Linnaeus' summer house in the countryside village of Danmarks Hammarby south of the city.


title: Uppsala

text: Trains depart Uppsala Central Station in three directions. There are trains to the south , Arlanda, Stockholm and Linköping, to the northwest, Dalarna and Sala, and to the north Gävle, Sundsvall, Östersund and to the northern half of Sweden as well as sleeper trains to Narvik in Norway.


title: Uppsala

text: While Uppsala has no civilian airport of its own, Arlanda Airport is located about 30 km south of Uppsala. Ärna Airport north of Uppsala is a military airport.


title: Uppsala

text: The largest arena in Uppsala is Fyrishov and is Sweden's fourth most visited, specialized in swimming, sports events, meetings and recreation. The facility includes areas for indoor sports, summer sport and a generous waterpark with waterslides, 50-meter pool, training pool, relaxation area and a large outdoor swimming pool. Accommodation is offered at the Fyrishov cabin area, and at the resort restaurants a good lunch or dinner can be enjoyed. Fyrishov AB's business also includes the operation of Gottsundabadet in which there is a 25-metre pool, a 10-metre children's pool and gym. The entire facility is open all year round and a large number of meetings and various events are held here annually.


title: Uppsala

text: In addition to activities within the arena Fyrishov AB runs Tävlingsstaden Uppsala in a collaboration between the sports organizers, Fyrishov AB, Uppsala, Uppsala Tourism and hotel business. Co-founded in 2006 by Fyrishov AB under the name SM-town Uppsala in 2007 but was expanded to include international events and competitions at high national level. The project aims to develop Uppsala, a leading sports town in Sweden. In 2009 there were 24 SM-competitions and major national and international competitions in Uppsala.


title: Uppsala

text: At Fyrishov the city's basketball team Uppsala Basket also plays, former KFUM Uppsala, their home games in the Swedish basketball league. There are also athletic club Uppsala, Uppsala, fencing club, Uppsala Judo Club, Sweden's oldest judo club, Uppsala volleyball companion, Upsala weightlifting club and Upsala Simsällskap, one of the world's oldest swimmingclubs. The sport that draws the most audience is floorball. Uppsala's two teams in the Swedish Super League, Storvreta IBK and IK Sirius IBK, have Fyrishov as their home.


title: Uppsala

text: One of the most classical sports events, the Swedish bandy final, took place at Studenternas IP 1991–2012. After being played indoors in Stockholm 2013–2017, from 2018 it is again played in Uppsala. It usually attracts a spectator crowd of more than 20,000.


title: Uppsala

text: Once every year, the Uppsala Union of Science and Engineering Students arrange a river rafting in the Fyris river with rafts built from styrofoam.


title: Uppsala

text: In the History Channel's Canadian-Irish TV series "Vikings", Uppsala is visited by Ragnar Lothbrok and his entourage to worship the Aesir gods and offer a human sacrifice to appease them. In that visit Lothbrok meets Uppsala's King Horik. The episode was criticised for its poorly researched depiction of Uppsala, which was shown as being located in a mountaineous region, as well as of its heathen temple, which in the series was built in the style of a medieval Christian stave church.


title: Uppsala

text: The literary series Pelle Svanslös (Pelle No Tail) which follows the adventures of a cat with no tail and his friends created by author Gösta Knutsson takes place in Uppsala.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: The game is centered around turn-based combat where the player, who takes on the role of a "Master", summons and commands powerful familiars known as "Servants" to battle enemies. The story narrative is presented in a visual novel format, and each Servant has their own scenario which the player can explore. Servants are obtained through the gacha mechanic. , the game grossed worldwide, making it the seventh highest-grossing mobile game of all time.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: "Fate/Grand Order" is a turn-based role-playing game with some visual novel elements. The player takes the role of a "Master" and commands a group of individuals called "Servants", who are typically historical, literary, and mythological figures from various cultures. The player commands a party composed of up to 6 Servants in each battle, 3 active members, and 3 reserve members. In each turn, the player is given a set of 5 Command Cards and may use up to 3 of them in a turn to attack. Each Servant has 5 cards the player may use; the cards for all the Servants on the field are shuffled and dealt to the player each turn. The cards have three types: Buster (a heavy attack), Arts (a medium attack that charges a gauge for the Servant's "Noble Phantasm"), and Quick (a light attack that generates Critical Stars that increase the probability of critical hits next turn). If three similar cards are used in one turn, they create a "Chain" which gives a bonus based on the cards' properties. If three cards all corresponding to the same servant are selected, then a "Brave Chain" will ensue, resulting in an extra, more powerful, the attack being added to the end. Each Servant also has skills that can be used before drawing Command Cards; each skill gives effects in the battle, as well as a special command card called "Noble Phantasm" that appears when the gauge is full. The "Master" also has a separate set of skills and special abilities called "Command Spells." Command Spells have a variety of effects and recharge based on real-world time.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: Servants are obtained via a gacha mechanic. Saint Quartz, an in-game currency earned both by playing the game and via real money in-app purchases, is used to summon new Servants and acquire "Craft Essences" which give additional effects when equipped to a servant. This summoning is random, with some servants available commonly, and others rarely. Another currency is "Friend Points", which are more easily acquired, but only can acquire common Servants with them. If multiple copies of the same Servant are acquired, that servant's "Noble Phantasm" can be increased.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: The differences between mobile and Arcade versions are commonly the characters' appearances: The mobile version uses 2D sprites, while the Arcade version uses 3D models.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: In 2015, the Chaldea Security Organization draws on experts of both the magical and mundane fields to observe the future of mankind for possible extinction events. Humanity's survival seems assured for the next century—until the verdict suddenly changes, and now eradication of the species awaits at the end of 2016. The cause is unknown, but appears to be linked with the Japanese town of Fuyuki and the events of 2004 during the Fifth Holy Grail War. In response, Chaldea harnesses an experimental means of time travel, the Rayshift technology. With it, Ritsuka Fujimaru (a young man or woman, depending on the player's choice of gender) who was newly recruited to the organization, and a mysterious girl named Mash Kyrielight, can travel back to 2004 and discover how to save humanity. A grand order to fight fate has been declared—an order to change the past and restore the future. Following the events in Fuyuki, Ritsuka Fujimaru and Mash Kyrielight must restore the Foundation of Humanity by retrieving powerful Holy Grails. The Grails, which are capable of granting any wish, are also able to sustain abnormalities called Singularities that threaten humanity's existence. The protagonists utilize Rayshift technology to travel back in time to said periods, ranging from Orleans to Okeanos and even the ancient civilization of Babylonia. Along the way, Ritsuka encounters the main antagonist and mastermind behind the plan to eradicate humanity: the Mage-King Solomon. He proclaims that Chaldea's attempt to save humanity will not matter if they fail to obtain every single Holy Grail, before leaving. After obtaining all 7 Holy Grails, Fujimaru and their Servant advance into Ars Paulina, the throne where Solomon once sat. In the final battle against Solomon and his legion of 72 Demon Gods, both Ritsuka and Mash are unable to defeat any of the Demon Pillars as they regenerate immediately. When all hope seems lost, the Servants that assisted Fujimaru on their quest through every Singularity appear, allowing Chaldea to break through and defeat Solomon, who is revealed to be the Demon God Goetia, a beast that possessed Solomon's corpse and wishes to eradicate humanity in order to travel back to the dawn of humankind. Goetia is swiftly dispatched, but not before Mash utilizes her Noble Phantasm to deflect Goetia's Noble Phantasm to protect Fujimaru in exchange for her life. Just as hope was lost, Romani appeared and revealed that he himself is actually the real Solomon, the Grand Caster who wished to be human after the fifth holy grail war. Using his only Noble Phantasm to erase himself from existence and weaken Goetia, he then said his goodbyes to Ritsuka and in order for them to defeat Goetia once and for all. Upon the final Singularity being restored to order, Mash is revived via the power of Beast IV, who is revealed to be Fou, a dog-like creature that has journeyed alongside Fujimaru and their party through the entirety of the game. Upon completion of the Singularities, Ritsuka Fujimaru is awarded the rank of Cause, by the Mages Association.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: In the aftermath of the Singularity crisis, Chaldea is under heavy suspicion from various organizations including the U.N. and the Mages Association due to their role in rayshifting in various eras. Upon the suspicion, the group detected a new singularity separate from the ones came before it. Dubbed as Sub-Singularities, Ritsuka is again tasked with handling Singularity Subspecies and solving an even deeper mysteries over their existence.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: Following the completion of the Sub-Singularities, Chaldea would find itself under new management under Goredolf Musik. It turned out that Goredolf was just a scapegoat in a hostile takeover by a mysterious organization, conspiring with an unknown entity known as the Foreign God, to destroy Chaldea and the current human history, reverting the planet back to the Age of Gods. Now on the run, Ritsuka, Mash and the surviving members of Chaldea survived aboard the autonomous vessel "Shadow Border". In order to save humanity, the group now travels to different timelines called "Lostbelts"; alternate versions of history that differ drastically from the main human history and were "pruned away" from the primary timeline after having been deemed a dead end. The seven Lostbelts are each represented by a Crypter, former human masters and their servants, each of whom are in competition against one another as well as the Chaldean survivors for the ultimate fate of human history. For Ritsuka Fujimaru, they must make some grave decisions and sacrifices that either will make them a savior ... or a destroyer.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: The game was first drafted by Kinoko Nasu under the working title "Fate Online Project Reboot", which was meant to be a massively multiplayer online game using designs, drafts and concepts later collected in the "Fate/complete material IV Extra material" book. But the planned game was cancelled and shelved during planning stages. It later became a novel, "Fate/Apocrypha", which integrated some concepts of the planned game. Later on in 2014, Aniplex proposed Nasu to revisit the cancelled game project, announcing a collaboration with the game studio Delightworks to rework the concept into a mobile RPG game.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: The game was published by Aniplex and was released in Japan on 29 July 2015, on Android devices, with a subsequent release on 12 August for iOS devices. Maaya Sakamoto performed three theme songs for the game: , and . Aside from its gameplay and own storyline, the game also features events for players to obtain new items and servants, such as summoning campaigns for limited Servants/Craft Essences, specific Servant-based events, real-world annual events, and collaborations with other Type-Moon works such as "Kara no Kyoukai" and "Fate/Zero".


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: On 1 January 2017, a sub-sequel to the main storyline was announced with the same title containing a subtitle named "Epic of Remnant". On 16 April 2017, Aniplex of America announced "Fate/Grand Order" would be released in the United States with a Summer 2017 release window. Director and Creative Producer Yosuke Shiokawa explained that while the game was intended to be released only in Japan, the team took notice of the large number of overseas players accessing the game and made a decision to make it accessible to other regions as well. Since the game's release to North American servers, it has followed behind Japanese servers by almost exactly 2 years, the same gap between launches in the two regions.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: On 26 December 2017, the official website and the Twitter page of the game teased the game's sequel by changing it into a "hijacked account and site". The sequel's subtitle, "Cosmos in the Lostbelt", was announced on 1 January 2018. The sequel was officially released as an expansion to the main game on the Japanese server starting in Spring 2018. On 20 April 2018, it was announced that the North American server was made officially accessible in Australia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: On 15 December 2021, Delightworks announced that it would spin off its entire game division, including the "Grand Order" development team, to a new company. It was established under the name Lasengle on 28 December 2021. As part of the deal, its shares were then acquired by Aniplex on 1 February 2022.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: On 2 August 2022, the North American server was made officially accessible to United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, The Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, Poland, Switzerland, Ireland, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, and New Zealand.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: As of October 2018, the game is available in five languages across ten countries, having received a total of 32million downloads worldwide, including over 4million downloads for the English version, and 7 million in September 2019, surpassing "Fortnite" and "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds".


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: The game is very popular in Japan, its first market, and reports indicate that the level is comparable to the success of "Pokémon Go". In Japan, the game had crossed 13million downloads by May 2018, and 14million downloads as of August 2018. "FGO" is also gaining traction in other parts of the world such as in the U.S. and Canada where it already surpassed 1 million downloads after its June 2017 Android release there.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: "Fate/Grand Order" grossed over during 2015 to 2016. In 2017, the game grossed () in Japan between January and 3 October, and () in China. Worldwide, the game grossed in 2017, making it the year's sixth highest-grossing mobile game. In 2018, it grossed at least (), including in Japan (where it was the year's second highest-grossing mobile game) along with overseas during the first half of the year. It was the year's top mobile game in terms of worldwide consumer spending. In China, its income accounted for the majority of its Chinese operator Bilibili's annual income in 2017.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: In 2018, "Fate/Grand Order" drew widespread media attention due to reports of a 31-year old Japanese man identified only as Daigo, claiming to have spent $70,000 to purchase the game's currency, called Saint Quartz, which is used to summon Servants. Daigo kept on spending cash in-game in his desire to get high-level characters and ended up spending more to strengthen them once they were acquired. In an interview, the gamer said, "Some people spend $18 on a movie and feel moved. I've spent $70,000 on "FGO". But it moves me." This incident highlighted the popularity of "FGO". According to "The Wall Street Journal", the game was partly responsible for Sony's soaring operating profit. As of March 2018, the app contributed an average of $2.5 million every day.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: "Fate/Grand Order" grossed in 2017, making it the year's sixth highest-grossing mobile game. In 2018, "Fate/Grand Order" grossed , making it the year's seventh highest-grossing free-to-play game. In 2019, the game grossed . By 13 March 2019, the game had grossed more than $3 billion worldwide. Total revenue crossed $4 billion by the end of 2019. It was the world's top-grossing mobile game during the 2020 New Year period, ahead of fellow JRPG title "Monster Strike". , the game grossed worldwide, making it the seventh highest-grossing mobile game of all time.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: The game illustrations have been described as overly sexualized. In late 2010s some illustrations from the game have been subject to censorship in China to remove cleavage. In September 2021, Chinese service provider bilibili removed all art and most data for many Chinese-themed characters within the game that were deemed historically incorrect. For the English release, lightening of the skin tone of Emiya Alter has also raised some criticism among the fans.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: "Fate/Grand Order" has been criticized for having a stingy drop rate on its rare servants, with it being extremely expensive to reliably acquire them.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: An animated television film special titled aired on 31 December 2016. It was an adaptation of the game's prologue. The film, produced by the studio Lay-duce, was directed by Hitoshi Nanba and stars the voice actors Nobunaga Shimazaki, Rie Takahashi, and Ayako Kawasumi in the roles of the main characters who were projected into the past to try to prevent the approaching extinction of humanity. Aniplex of America has licensed the special in North America. MVM Films released the film in the UK. It was followed by an animation short titled on 31 December 2017. It was directed by Hitoshi Nanba and Takurō Tsukada, with scripts by Kinoko Nasu, and music by Ryo Kawasaki. Aniplex of America licensed the second special in North American territories.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: A special animation short produced by Ufotable titled was announced at the "Fate/Grand Order Guest Talk Stage in Akihabara Festival 2017" and aired on 31 December 2017. The animation is based on a 4-panel comedy manga "Fate/School Life" by Eiichirō Mashin who also provided the scripts, directed by Takahiro Miura, produced by Toshiyuki Kanezawa, with character design by Masato Nagamori, and music by Go Shiina.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: A two-part anime film adaptation, titled was produced by Production I.G and Signal.MD, adapting the 6th chapter of the game. Ukyō Kodachi wrote the first films' scripts, and Keita Haga and Hideyuki Fukasawa composed the films' scores. Kei Suezawa directed the first film at Signal.MD while Kazuto Arai directed the second film at Production I.G. Both films feature animation character designs by Mieko Hosoi, Kazuchika Kise and Nakaya Onsen, who adapted Takashi Takeuchi's original designs. The first of two films, subtitled "Wandering; Airgetlám", was slated to premiere on 15 August 2020, but was delayed to 5 December 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Maaya Sakamoto performed the song as the first film's theme. After the premiere of the first film, it was announced that the second film, subtitled "Paladin: Agateram", was set to premiere on 8 May 2021, but was delayed to 15 May 2021 due to emergency COVID-19 procedures. A theatrical film adaptation of the final chapter of the first part of the game by CloverWorks, "", was released in theaters on 30 July 2021. The main staff from the "Babylonia" anime adaptation returned to helm the film, with Kinoko Nasu credited for the original script.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: Three manga adaptations were released. The first manga series, "-mortalis:stella-" was written by Shiramine, serialized in Ichijinsha's "Monthly Comic Zero Sum" magazine. Two tankobon volumes have been released so far. Kodansha USA licensed the manga in English. The second manga series, "-turas réalta-" is written by Takashi Kawabuchi and serialized through Kodansha's "Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine" since 9 August 2017. Kodansha published the first "tankōbon" volume on 9 January 2018. As of 9 December 2020, nine volumes have been released.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: A 4-panel comedy manga titled was written and illustrated by Riyo and released online on 13 April 2015. The manga covers the basics of the game in a more comedic tone than the main series. It was followed by two sequels: on 17 December 2015 and on 3 August 2017. Kadokawa Shoten released a compilation of the chapters of the first two series on one tankobon volume on 2 August 2017. Aniplex of America officially translated all of the first manga's chapters into English.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: An arcade version of the game titled was released by Sega, on 26 July 2018. Within the first month of the arcade version's release on 26 July 2018, Sega sold 10million cards for the arcade game, grossing () in card sales revenue by August 2018. As of September 2018, the arcade version has more than 300,000 players in Japan. Combined, the mobile and arcade versions of the game have grossed a total revenue of approximately between August 2015 and December 2018.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: A virtual reality game titled "Fate/Grand Order VR feat. Mash Kyrielight" was released for PlayStation VR, and allowed the player to interact with Mash. A mobile rhythm game, titled "Fate/Grand Order: Waltz in the Moonlight/Lostroom" was released by Aniplex on 13 August 2020 as a limited download game for the franchise's 5th anniversary and was available for Japanese players only. The game gained controversy when third-party app store Qooapp was forced to remove the game alongside other versions of "Fate/Grand Order" by Aniplex's request, due to the illegal download count of the limited app. After the removal, Aniplex made the game available once again for a 24-hour period on 25 August 2020.


title: Fate/Grand Order

text: A stage play titled "Fate/Grand Order The Stage: Domain of the Holy Round Table Camelot Replica; Agateram" was also released. It is based on the Camelot singularity, and played from 14 to 17 July 2017 at the Zepp Blue Theater in Roppongi, Tokyo. A second stage play, "Fate/Grand Order The Stage: Order VII: The Absolute Frontline in the War Against the Demonic Beasts: Babylonia", based on the Babylonia singularity, played from 11 to 14 January 2019 at Sankei Hall Breeze in Osaka, then from 19 to 27 January 2019 at Nippon Seinenkan Hall in Tokyo.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Daniel Ray Ainge ( ; born March 17, 1959) is an American former professional basketball player, coach, and former professional baseball player who serves as an executive for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Danny Ainge

text: A three-sport star in high school, he was named to All-America teams in football, basketball, and baseball. At Brigham Young University, he was named national basketball college player of the year and won the John R. Wooden Award for the most outstanding male college basketball player. While in college, Ainge also played parts of three seasons with the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB), mostly as a second baseman. He was then drafted into the NBA by the Celtics. Ainge played in the NBA for 14 seasons, playing for the Celtics, Portland Trail Blazers, Sacramento Kings, and Phoenix Suns, primarily as a shooting guard. He went on to coach the Suns for three seasons before joining management of the Celtics, with whom Ainge has three NBA championships to his credit (two as a player, one as a team executive). During his playing career he appeared in the 1988 All-Star Game, and was the NBA Executive of the Year in 2008. Ainge served as the Celtics' president of basketball operations from 2003 until his retirement in 2021, when he was succeeded by incumbent head coach Brad Stevens (whom he had hired in 2014).


title: Danny Ainge

text: Born and raised in Eugene, Oregon, Ainge was a multi-sport star at North Eugene High School. He led the Highlanders' basketball team to consecutive AAA state titles in 1976 and 1977, earning all-state honors both years, and was considered one of the top football recruits in Oregon at wide receiver. As a junior, he was named to the 1977 "Parade" High School All-America team, and is the only one to be a high school first team All-American in football, basketball, and baseball.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Ainge played college basketball at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. He hit one of the best-known shots in the 1981 NCAA tournament, against Notre Dame in Atlanta in the Sweet Sixteen, when his coast-to-coast drive and lay-up with two seconds remaining gave the Cougars a one-point win. Ainge concluded his senior year by winning the Eastman Award, as well as the John R. Wooden Award—given to the best collegiate player in the nation. During his four-year career at BYU, Ainge was an All-American, a two-time First Team Academic All-American, the WAC Player of the Year and a four-time All-WAC selection. He concluded his college career having scored in double figures in 112 consecutive games, an NCAA record at that time.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Ainge was selected in baseball's 1977 amateur draft by the Toronto Blue Jays. He made it to the major leagues with the Blue Jays in while still in college. Mostly a second baseman, he played third base and outfield positions as well, hitting .220 in his baseball career with two home runs and 146 hits in 211 games. He is the second-youngest player in Blue Jays history to hit a home run, at 20 years and 77 days, surpassed only by Vladimir Guerrero, Jr.


title: Danny Ainge

text: After three years with the Blue Jays, Ainge decided to pursue a career in basketball and was chosen in the 1981 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics, who had to buy out Ainge's contract from the Blue Jays after a legal battle.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Ainge is among the 13 athletes who have played in both the National Basketball Association and Major League Baseball, along with Frank Baumholtz, Hank Biasatti, Gene Conley, Chuck Connors, Dave DeBusschere, Dick Groat, Steve Hamilton,


title: Danny Ainge

text: Not everything went well for Ainge in NBA basketball at first. He had a terrible first day of practice, "shooting 0–2,547", Larry Bird wrote in his autobiography "Drive: The Story of My Life." Celtics head coach Bill Fitch gave Ainge a rough time, saying his batting average was better than his shooting percentage on the basketball court. But Ainge became an important player for the Celtics teams that won NBA titles in 1984 and 1986.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Ainge played sparingly during his rookie season (1981–82), but broke into the starting lineup in his second year, averaging 9.9 points per game. However, new coach K.C. Jones moved Ainge back to the bench in his third season (1983–84), starting Gerald Henderson instead. Ainge remained an important role player off the bench, helping the Celtics defeat the rival Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA Finals that year. The Celtics traded Henderson to Seattle in the off-season, returning Ainge to the starting guard position opposite Dennis Johnson. Ainge responded by averaging 12.9 points and 5.3 assists per game in 1984–85. He remained a starter for the Celtics for most of the next five seasons. The Celtics won the championship again in 1985–86; that team is widely considered to be one of the greatest in NBA history. In 1986–87, Ainge finished second in the NBA in free throw shooting (89.7%) and third in 3-point shooting (44.3%). The following year, he made 148 3-pointers, shattering the previous NBA single-season record of 92 held by Darrell Griffith of the Utah Jazz. Ainge made his only appearance in the NBA All-Star Game that year, scoring 12 points.


title: Danny Ainge

text: In 1989, Ainge was traded to the Sacramento Kings, along with Brad Lohaus, for young center Joe Kleine (whom the Celtics saw as a possible successor to the aging Robert Parish) and Ed Pinckney. Now a featured player on a team with no superstars, Ainge averaged 20.3 points and 6.7 assists per game in that half-season with the Kings. He scored 45 points for the Kings in a loss to the Golden State Warriors, matching a career high that he had set just a few months prior against the Philadelphia 76ers while still playing for the Celtics at that time.


title: Danny Ainge

text: In 1990, Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers for Byron Irvin and draft picks. Being a native of Oregon, he was considered a hometown favorite by Blazers fans. He helped the Blazers reach the 1992 NBA Finals, only to succumb to the Chicago Bulls in six games. On June 5, he scored nine points in the extra period to tie an all-time NBA record for most points in an overtime during a finals game.


title: Danny Ainge

text: After the 1991–92 season, Ainge became a free agent. He had stated in media interviews that he ideally wanted to stay in Portland and would contact Blazers management before seriously entertaining offers from other teams. On July 1, 1992, however, Ainge signed a contract with the Phoenix Suns on his first day of free agency. Ainge averaged 11.8 points per game as the Suns went 62–20 that year and reached the NBA finals, where they lost to Michael Jordan's Bulls in six games.


title: Danny Ainge

text: On January 18, 1994, he became the second man ever to hit 900 three-point shots in NBA history (he made 1,002 three-pointers for his career), and he scored 11,964 points for an average of 11.5 points per game, 2,768 rebounds for an average of 2.7, and 4,199 assists, an average of four per game, over 1,042 NBA games.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Ainge retired after the 1994–95 season. At the time of his retirement, he had the highest personal winning percentage in NBA history among players with at least 1,000 career games, edging out Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 69.0% to 68.8%. Ainge was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1999.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Throughout his playing career, Ainge was known as a brash, hard-nosed player who often infuriated opponents. In a 1983 playoff game against the Atlanta Hawks, he called Tree Rollins a "sissy", whereupon Rollins elbowed Ainge in the face. Ainge tackled Rollins and the two began wrestling. Rollins bit Ainge's middle finger so hard that it required two stitches to keep the tendon together. Ainge was ejected from the contest for starting the fight. The incident prompted the headline "Tree Bites Man" on the April 25, 1983, "Boston Herald". While playing for the Phoenix Suns in the 1993 season, Ainge got into a tussle with Michael Jordan at midcourt; both were given a technical foul. In a 1994 postseason game, Ainge rifled an inbounding pass at the head of Houston Rockets guard Mario Elie, striking him in the face, snapping his neck back.


title: Danny Ainge

text: He became head coach of the Phoenix Suns in 1996. His resignation from the Suns coaching job in 1999 was a sudden one; he cited a need to spend more time with his family. He was replaced by assistant coach Scott Skiles. Ainge also served as a commentator for the "NBA on TNT".


title: Danny Ainge

text: In 2003, he was hired as the executive director of Basketball Operations for the Celtics. Ainge has often been controversial in his role as a Celtics executive, trading popular players such as three-time All-Star Antoine Walker (earning himself the nickname "Trader Danny") and having personality conflicts with then-head coach Jim O'Brien (which eventually led to O'Brien's departure to the Philadelphia 76ers). However, Ainge kept the support of both the Celtics' ownership group and—perhaps most importantly—legendary former head coach Red Auerbach, who was employed by the team as a "senior assistant" until his death in October 2006.


title: Danny Ainge

text: The 2006–07 Celtics finished with a 24–58 record, second-worst in the team's history. Following the season, Paul Pierce, team captain and face of the franchise, expressed frustration with the team's failures. He requested a trade to a contender if management were unable to acquire veteran talent of Pierce's caliber.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Ainge responded with two bold moves that changed the franchise's fortunes almost overnight: the 2007 trades for the Minnesota Timberwolves' Kevin Garnett and the Seattle SuperSonics' Ray Allen immediately returned the Celtics to the ranks of the NBA's elite franchises for the first time since the early 1990s. Together with Pierce, they formed a new "Big Three" and led the Celtics to the NBA's best record (66–16) during the 2007–08 season. It was the most dramatic single-season improvement in league history (42 wins more than the previous year), and it earned Ainge the NBA Executive of the Year Award.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Boston faced the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2008 NBA Finals, renewing the long rivalry between the two teams. The Celtics won the series in six games, giving the franchise its 17th NBA championship. Danny Ainge held the trophy for the first time since winning in 1986. In October 2008, after the Celtics' championship season, he was promoted to President of Basketball Operations.


title: Danny Ainge

text: On May 3, 2010, Ainge was fined $25K for tossing a towel to distract then Cleveland Cavaliers forward JJ Hickson shooting a free throw during game 2 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals.


title: Danny Ainge

text: In 2013, Ainge traded Garnett and Pierce, along with Jason Terry and D.J. White, to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for five players plus the Nets' first-round picks in 2014, 2016 and 2018. Boston also received the rights to swap picks with Brooklyn in 2017. It is widely considered one of the most lopsided trades in league history, in favor of the Celtics.


title: Danny Ainge

text: On August 22, 2017, Ainge made another blockbuster deal, trading All-Star point guard Isaiah Thomas, as well as Jae Crowder, Ante Žižić and the rights to the Nets' 2018 first-round draft pick, to the Cleveland Cavaliers for All-Star Kyrie Irving. Eight days later, the deal also included a 2020 second round pick from the Miami Heat as compensation relating to a prior injury to Thomas.


title: Danny Ainge

text: On June 2, 2021, Ainge announced his retirement and named head coach Brad Stevens as his replacement in president of basketball operations role.


title: Danny Ainge

text: On December 15, 2021, Ainge was hired as the CEO of basketball operations and alternate governor of the Utah Jazz.


title: Danny Ainge

text: In 1996, Danny Ainge made his acting debut in "Space Jam", playing himself. While only a brief appearance, Ainge was dubbed "The Bad Shot Guy" after catching and shooting the ball at the same time while Charles Barkley roamed the court after having his skills stolen by the Monstars.


title: Danny Ainge

text: While a player with the Suns, Ainge opened a national chain of hat stores which he has since sold. He has volunteered his time at a number of charitable organizations and has held a number of jobs since retiring.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Ainge and his wife, Michelle, reside in Wellesley, Massachusetts; they have six children (Ashlee, Austin, Tanner, Taylor, Cooper and Crew). Austin Ainge is director of player personnel for the Boston Celtics and like his father, played basketball at BYU. Tanner Ainge is a Utah County Commissioner, businessman, and lawyer.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Ainge's nephew, Erik Ainge, was the starting quarterback on the football team at the University of Tennessee and was selected by the New York Jets in the 5th round of the 2008 NFL Draft. Another nephew, Jake Toolson, played the shooting guard position for BYU and recently signed an Exhibit-10 contract with the Utah Jazz.


title: Danny Ainge

text: Ainge and his family are active members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in which Ainge served as a bishop.


title: Danny Ainge

text: and another in 2019. He has ADHD according to a personality test he took when Doc Rivers was coaching the Celtics.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: Stephenson 2-18 (abbreviated to St2-18), also known as Stephenson 2 DFK 1 or RSGC2-18, is an enigmatic red supergiant (RSG) or possible extreme red hypergiant (RHG) star in the constellation of Scutum. It lies near the open cluster Stephenson 2, which is located about away from Earth in the Scutum–Centaurus Arm of the Milky Way galaxy, and is assumed to be one of a group of stars at a similar distance, although some sources consider it to be an unrelated or foreground red supergiant. It is among the largest known stars, one of the most luminous red supergiants, and one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: Stephenson 2-18 has an estimated radius of around , which would correspond to a volume nearly 10 billion times that of the Sun. Taking this estimate as correct, it would take nearly 9 hours to travel around its surface at the speed of light, compared to 14.5 seconds for the Sun. If placed at the center of Earth's Solar System, its photosphere would engulf the orbit of Saturn.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: The open cluster Stephenson 2 was discovered by American astronomer Charles Bruce Stephenson in 1990 in the data obtained by a deep infrared survey. The cluster is also known as RSGC2, one of several massive open clusters in Scutum, each containing multiple red supergiants.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: The brightest star in the region of the cluster was given the identifier "1" in the first analysis of cluster member properties. However, it was not considered to be a member of Stephenson 2 due to its outlying position, abnormally high brightness, and slightly atypical proper motion, instead being categorized as an unrelated red supergiant.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: In a later study, the same star was given the number 18 and assigned to an outlying group of stars called Stephenson 2 SW, assumed to be at a similar distance to the core cluster. The designation St2-18 (short for Stephenson 2-18) is often used for the star, following the numbering from Deguchi (2010). To avoid confusion from using the same number for different stars and different numbers for the same star, designations from Davies (2007) are often given a prefix of DFK or D, for example Stephenson 2 DFK 1.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: In 2012, Stephenson 2-18, along with 56 other red supergiants, was observed in a study regarding the maser emissions from red supergiants across the galaxy. The study derived the properties of those red supergiants using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) and the DUSTY model. Stephenson 2-18 was among the red supergiants mentioned.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: That same year, it was observed yet again for a study regarding the types of masers on red supergiant stars in clusters.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: During 2013, in a study regarding the red supergiants in Stephenson 2, Stephenson 2-18 (referred to as D1) was observed.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: It was also noted in Humphreys et al. (2020), albeit mistakenly referred to as RSGC1-01, another large and luminous red supergiant in the constellation of Scutum.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: When the cluster was originally discovered in 1990, Stephenson 2, and therefore Stephenson 2-18, was originally estimated to have a distance of around , much further than the cluster is thought to reside today. This greater distance was calculated by the assumption that the cluster stars were all M-type supergiants, then calculating the distance modulus based on their typical absolute magnitudes.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: In 2001, Nakaya et al. estimated the distance of the stars in the cluster to be 1.5 kiloparsecs (4,900 light-years), which is significantly closer than any other distance estimate given for the star and the cluster. Alternatively, a study around a similar timeframe gave a further distance of roughly 5.9 kiloparsecs (19,000 light-years). A study in 2007 determined a kinematic distance of kiloparsecs ( light-years) from comparison with the cluster's radial velocity, considerably closer than the original distance of 30 kiloparsecs (98,000 light-years) quoted by Stephenson (1990). However, because of Stephenson 2-18's doubtful membership, its distance was not directly estimated. This value was later adopted in a recent study of the cluster.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: A similar kinematic distance of 5.5 kiloparsecs (18,000 light-years) was reported in a 2010 study, derived from the average radial velocity of four of the cluster's members (96 kilometers per second) and from an association with a clump of stars near Stephenson 2, Stephenson 2 SW, locating it near the Scutum–Centaurus Arm of the Milky Way. This value was later adopted in a 2012 study, which used the aforementioned distance to calculate the star's luminosity, however noted that the uncertainty in the distance was greater than 50%. Despite this, it is also stated that distances to massive star clusters will be improved in the future.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: Verheyen et al. (2013) used the average radial velocity of the cluster (+109.3 ± 0.7 kilometers per second) to derive a kinematic distance of roughly 6 kiloparsecs (20,000 light-years) for the cluster. However, Stephenson 2-18's radial velocity is calculated to be only 89 kilometers per second and therefore, the study states that the star is a field red supergiant not associated with the cluster.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: St2-18 shows the traits and properties of a highly luminous red supergiant, with a spectral type of M6, which is unusual for a supergiant star. This makes it one of the most extreme stars in the Milky Way. It occupies the top right corner of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, a region characterized for exceptionally large and luminous low-temperature stars.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: Stephenson 2-18 is usually classified as a red supergiant, partly due to its broad line profile. However, its significant infrared excess has led the authors of Davies (2007) to state that the star might be a red hypergiant, like VY Canis Majoris. It is also stated that Stephenson 2-18 is on the brink of ejecting its outer layers and evolving into a luminous blue variable (LBV) or Wolf–Rayet star (WR star).


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: One calculation for finding the bolometric luminosity by fitting the Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) using the DUSTY model gives the star a luminosity of nearly .


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: An alternate but older calculation from 2010, still assuming membership of the Stephenson 2 cluster at but based on 12 and flux densities, gives a much lower and relatively modest luminosity of .


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: A newer calculation, based on SED integration (based on published fluxes) and assuming a distance of , gives a bolometric luminosity of . However, it has been noted that its SED is somewhat peculiar, with fluxes that couldn't fit with the accepted range of appropriate temperatures for an RSG as well as a standard reddening law. This would suggest a higher extinction, which would make it be even more luminous. Because of this unusually high luminosity, the star's membership to the Stephenson 2 cluster has been considered doubtful.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: As stated in Negueruela et al. (2012), the stellar association is spread over a large area, with Stephenson 2 blending into the surrounding area.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: An effective temperature of was calculated in a 2012 study by SED integration using the DUSTY model, which would make it much cooler than the coolest red supergiants predicted by stellar evolutionary theory (typically around ).


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: In 2007, Davies et al. estimated Stephenson 2-18's spectral type at M5 or M6, unusual and very late for even a red supergiant star, based on its CO-bandhead absorption.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: Negueruela et al. (2013) identified Stephenson 2-18's spectral type to be around M6, based on its spectrum and certain spectral features, such as titanium oxide (TiO) spectral lines.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: A radius of was derived from a bolometric luminosity of nearly and an estimated effective temperature of , which is considerably larger than theoretical models of the largest red supergiants predicted by stellar evolutionary theory (around ). Assuming this value is correct, this would make it larger than other famous red supergiants, such as Antares A, Betelgeuse, VY Canis Majoris and UY Scuti.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: Stephenson 2-18 has been estimated to have a mass loss rate of roughly per year, which is among the highest known for any red supergiant star.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: It is possible that Stephenson 2-18 underwent an extreme mass loss episode recently, due to its significant infrared excess.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: In 2013, an article describing the red supergiants in Stephenson 2 stated that Stephenson 2-18 (referred to as D1) and D2 (another member of Stephenson 2) have maser emissions, indicating that they have the highest mass loss in the cluster. Only the stars with the highest bolometric luminosities in the cluster seem to present maser emissions. Stephenson 2-18 displays strong silicate emission, especially at wavelengths of 10 μm and 18 μm. Water masers were detected in the star as well.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: It has been debated for a while if this star is actually part of its supposed cluster. Due to its radial velocity being below the other cluster stars but with some spectrum-derived indications showing signs of membership, some sources state that the star is unlikely to be a foreground giant; however, more recent papers considered the star an unlikely member due to its extreme and inconsistent properties.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: Using radial velocities determined from SiO maser emission and IR CO absorption, a study of red supergiant masers in massive clusters considered Stephenson 2-18 as a field red supergiant, unrelated to Stephenson 2. This is due to its lower radial velocity that is significantly different compared to other stars from Stephenson 2. Despite this, Stephenson 2-18's membership cannot be ruled out yet.


title: Stephenson 2-18

text: Another possibility is that Stephenson 2-18 is actually a member, because its radial velocity is offset by an expanding optically thick envelope. The velocity difference between this star’s radial velocity and Stephenson 2 itself (20 kilometers per second) is a typical outflow speed for red supergiants. Another study says that Stephenson 2-18 is part of a cluster related to Stephenson 2, Stephenson 2 SW, which is assumed to be at the same distance as the core cluster itself. This proposed cluster contains several other massive stars and red supergiants, including Stephenson 2 DFK 49.