title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Just outside the Valley of the Shadow of Death he meets Faithful, also a former resident of the City of Destruction, who accompanies him to Vanity Fair, a place built by Beelzebub where every thing to a human's taste, delight, and lust is sold daily, where both are arrested and detained because of their disdain for the wares and business of the Fair. Faithful is put on trial and executed by burning at the stake as a martyr. A celestial chariot then takes Faithful to the Celestial City, martyrdom being a shortcut there. Hopeful, a resident of Vanity Fair, takes Faithful's place to be Christian's companion for the rest of the way.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Christian and Hopeful then come to a mining hill called Lucre. Its owner named Demas offers them all the silver of the mine but Christian sees through Demas's trickery and they avoid the mine. Afterward, a false pilgrim named By-Ends and his friends, who followed Christian and Hopeful only to take advantage of them, perish at the Hill Lucre, never to be seen or heard from again. On a rough, stony stretch of road, Christian and Hopeful leave the highway to travel on the easier By-Path Meadow, where a rainstorm forces them to spend the night. In the morning they are captured by Giant Despair, who is known for his savage cruelty, and his wife Diffidence; the pilgrims are taken to the Giant's Doubting Castle, where they are imprisoned, beaten and starved. The Giant and the Giantess want them to commit suicide, but they endure the ordeal until Christian realizes that a key he has, called Promise, will open all the doors and gates of Doubting Castle. Using the key and the Giant's weakness to sunlight, they escape.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: The Delectable Mountains form the next stage of Christian and Hopeful's journey, where the shepherds show them some of the wonders of the place also known as "Immanuel's Land". The pilgrims are shown sights that strengthen their faith and warn them against sinning, like the Hill Error or the Mountain Caution. On Mount Clear, they are able to see the Celestial City through the shepherd's "perspective glass", which serves as a telescope. (This device is given to Mercy in the Second Part at her request.) The shepherds tell the pilgrims to beware of the Flatterer and to avoid the Enchanted Ground. Soon they come to a crossroad and a man dressed in white comes to help them. Thinking he is a "shining one" (angel), the pilgrims follow the man, but soon get stuck in a net and realize their so-called angelic guide was the Flatterer. A true shining one comes and frees them from the net. The Angel punishes them for following the Flatterer and then puts them back on the right path. The pilgrims meet an Atheist, who tells them Heaven and God do not exist, but Christian and Hopeful remember the shepherds and pay no attention to the man. Christian and Hopeful come to a place where a man named Wanton Professor is chained by the ropes of seven demons who take him to a shortcut to the Lake of Fire (Hell). This reminds them of a man named Little Faith, who had been mugged by thieves that stole his spending money and resulted in him having a hard life, although the thieves did not take Little Faith's scroll or his jewels, which he kept safe through his journey.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: On the way, Christian and Hopeful meet a lad named Ignorance, who believes that he will be allowed into the Celestial City through his own good deeds rather than as a gift of God's grace. Christian and Hopeful meet up with him twice and try to persuade him to journey to the Celestial City in the right way. Ignorance persists in his own way that he thinks will lead him into Heaven. After getting over the River of Death on the ferry boat of Vain Hope without overcoming the hazards of wading across it, Ignorance appears before the gates of Celestial City without a passport, which he would have acquired had he gone into the King's Highway through the Wicket Gate. The Lord of the Celestial City orders the shining ones (angels) to take Ignorance to one of the byways of Hell and throw him in.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Christian and Hopeful, with deep discourse about the truth of their glorious salvation, manage to make it through the dangerous Enchanted Ground (a place where the air makes them sleepy and if they fall asleep, they never wake up) into the Land of Beulah, where they ready themselves to cross the dreaded River of Death on foot to Mount Zion and the Celestial City. Christian has a rough time of it because of his past sins wearing him down, but Hopeful helps him over, and they are welcomed into the Celestial City.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: The Second Part of "The Pilgrim's Progress" presents the pilgrimage of Christian's wife, Christiana, and their sons, and the maiden, Mercy. They visit the same stopping places that Christian visited, with the addition of Gaius' Inn between the Valley of the Shadow of Death and Vanity Fair, but they take a longer time in order to accommodate marriage and childbirth for the four sons and their wives. The hero of the story is Greatheart, a servant of the Interpreter, who is the pilgrims' guide to the Celestial City. He kills four giants called Giant Grim, Giant Maul, Giant Slay-Good, and Giant Despair and participates in the slaying of a monster called Legion that terrorizes the city of Vanity Fair.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: When Christiana's party leaves Gaius's Inn and Mr. Feeble-Mind lingers in order to be left behind, he is encouraged to accompany the party by Greatheart. Christiana, Matthew, Samuel, Joseph, James, Mercy, Greatheart, Old Mr. Honest, Mr. Feeble-Mind, Mr. Ready-To-Halt, Phoebe, Grace, and Martha come to Bypath-Meadow and, after much fight and difficulty, slay the cruel Giant Despair and the wicked Giantess Diffidence, and demolish Doubting Castle for Christian and Hopeful who were oppressed there. They free a pale man named Mr. Despondency and his daughter named Much-Afraid from the castle's dungeons.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: When the pilgrims end up in the Land of Beulah, they cross over the River of Death by appointment. As a matter of importance to Christians of Bunyan's persuasion reflected in the narrative of "The Pilgrim's Progress", the last words of the pilgrims as they cross over the River of Death are recorded. The four sons of Christian and their families do not cross but remain for the support of the church in that place.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Scholars have pointed out that Bunyan may have been influenced in the creation of places in "The Pilgrim's Progress" by his own surrounding environment. Albert Foster describes the natural features of Bedfordshire that apparently turn up in "The Pilgrim's Progress". Vera Brittain in her thoroughly researched biography of Bunyan, identifies seven locations that appear in the allegory. Other connections are suggested in books not directly associated with either John Bunyan or "The Pilgrim's Progress".


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: At least twenty-one natural or man-made geographical or topographical features from "The Pilgrim's Progress" have been identified—places and structures John Bunyan regularly would have seen as a child and, later, in his travels on foot or horseback. The entire journey from The City of Destruction to the Celestial City may have been based on Bunyan's own usual journey from Bedford, on the main road that runs less than a mile behind his cottage in Elstow, through Ampthill, Dunstable and St Albans, to London.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: In the same sequence as these subjects appear in "The Pilgrim's Progress", the geographical realities are as follows:


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: "The Pilgrim's Progress" was much more popular than its predecessors. Bunyan's plain style breathes life into the abstractions of the anthropomorphized temptations and abstractions that Christian encounters and with whom he converses on his course to Heaven. Samuel Johnson said that "this is the great merit of the book, that the most cultivated man cannot find anything to praise more highly, and the child knows nothing more amusing". Three years after its publication (1681), it was reprinted in colonial America, and was widely read in the Puritan colonies. The book was often divided into smaller parts or individual episodes that could be made into individual sermons, postcards, or wall charts. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Religious Tract Society produced the book into Sunday School prize editions and cheap abridgments. There were also Bunyan inspired jigsaw puzzles, and some followers crafted their landscapes in Bunyan theme parks.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Because of its English Protestant theology, "The Pilgrim's Progress" shares the then-popular English antipathy toward the Catholic Church. It was published over the years of the Popish Plot (1678–1681) and ten years before the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and it shows the influence of John Foxe's "Acts and Monuments". Bunyan presents a decrepit and harmless giant to confront Christian at the end of the Valley of the Shadow of Death that is explicitly named "Pope":Now I saw in my Dream, that at the end of this Valley lay blood, bones, ashes, and mangled bodies of men, even of Pilgrims that had gone this way formerly: And while I was musing what should be the reason, I espied a little before me a Cave, where two Giants, "Pope" and "Pagan", dwelt in old times, by whose Power and Tyranny the Men whose bones, blood ashes, &c. lay there, were cruelly put to death. But by this place "Christian" went without much danger, whereat I somewhat wondered; but I have learnt since, that "Pagan" has been dead many a day; and as for the other, though he be yet alive, he is by reason of age, and also of the many shrewd brushes that he met with in his younger dayes, grown so crazy and stiff in his joynts, that he can now do little more than sit in his Caves mouth, grinning at Pilgrims as they go by, and biting his nails, because he cannot come at them.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: When Christian and Faithful travel through Vanity Fair, Bunyan adds the editorial comment:But as in other "fairs", some one Commodity is as the chief of all the "fair", so the Ware of "Rome" and her Merchandize is greatly promoted in "this fair": Only our "English" Nation, with some others, have taken a dislike thereat.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: In the Second Part, while Christiana and her group of pilgrims led by Greatheart stay for some time in Vanity, the city is terrorized by a seven-headed beast which is driven away by Greatheart and other stalwarts. In his endnotes W.R. Owens notes about the woman that governs the beast: "This woman was believed by Protestants to represent Antichrist, the Church of Rome. In a posthumously published treatise, "Of Antichrist, and his Ruine" (1692), Bunyan gave an extended account of the rise and (shortly expected) fall of Antichrist."


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: ""The Pilgrim's Progress" has been translated into 200 languages," including Dutch in 1681, German in 1703, and Swedish in 1727, as well as over eighty African languages. In 1681, the first North American edition was issued. In addition, there were nine translations in Southeast Asia, twenty four translations in South Asia, and another eleven in Australasia and the Pacific. Beginning in the 1850s, illustrated versions of "The Pilgrim's Progress" in Chinese were printed in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Fuzhou and widely distributed by Protestant missionaries. Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the Christianity-inspired Taiping Rebellion, declared that the book was his favorite reading.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Henry Alfred Krishnapillai's magnum opus, "Ratchanya Yaathrigam" (The Journey of Salvation) is an adaptation of "The Pilgrim's Progress" in the Tamil language and is considered one of the finest Tamil literary works of the 19th century. "Paradeshi Mokshayathra" by Rev. K. Koshy/Rev. Joseph Peet (1844), and "Sanchariyude Prayanam" (1846) by Rev. C. Muller/Rev. P. Chandran are allegorical translations in Malayalam and are one of the earliest prose works in the language.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: In Turkish, translations of the book appeared in Greek script in 1879, and in Armenian script in 1881.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: The literal textual meaning of "The Pilgrim's Progress" was also adapted by young converts and missionaries to make sense in different cultural contexts. "For example, Kele Protestants in the Congo omitted the sections that explained original sin" since "this idea was incompatible with their cultural assumptions." "The Pilgrim's Progress" was also adapted to be relevant for non-Europeans, by tailoring the story to make sense of their own experiences. Heaven was often a place designed to resemble what they had gone through in life. For example, in the American Southern Black culture, Bunyan was changed to be a black protagonist who "was redeemed not only from sin but also slavery." Similarly, a version was written where the injustices which took place in South Africa were reformulated.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: There are collections of old foreign language versions of "The Pilgrim's Progress" at both Elstow's Moot Hall museum, and at the John Bunyan Museum in Mill Street Bedford.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: "The Third Part of the Pilgrim's Progress" was written by an anonymous author; beginning in 1693, it was published with Bunyan's authentic two parts. It continued to be republished with Bunyan's work until 1852. This third part presented the pilgrimage of Tender-Conscience and his companions.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: The book was the basis of a condensed radio adaptation, originally presented in 1942 and starring John Gielgud, which included, as background music, several excerpts from Ralph Vaughan Williams' orchestral works.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: The radio version was newly recorded by Hyperion Records in 1990, in a performance conducted by Matthew Best. It again starred Gielgud, and featured Richard Pasco and Ursula Howells.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: English composer Ernest Austin set the whole story as a huge narrative tone poem for solo organ, with optional 6-part choir and narrator, lasting approximately hours.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Under the name "The Similitude of a Dream", the progressive rock band of Neal Morse released a concept album based on "The Pilgrim's Progress" in November 2016. A sequel, entitled The Great Adventure, focusing on Christian's son Joseph, was released in January 2019. Both albums received critical acclaim.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: A number of illustrations created by Henry Melville appear in the Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books under the editorship of Letitia Elizabeth Landon. Each is accompanied by a poem, either by Bernard Barton or by Miss Landon herself. These plates are as follows:


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: "The Pilgrim's Progress" was a favourite subject among painters in 1840s America, including major figures of the Hudson River School and others associated with the National Academy of Design. Daniel Huntington, Jasper Cropsey, Frederic Edwin Church, Jesse Talbot, Edward Harrison May, and others completed canvases based on the work. Thomas Cole's "The Voyage of Life" was inspired by "The Pilgrim's Progress."


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: In 1850, Huntington, Cropsey, and Church contributed designs to a moving panorama based on "The Pilgrim's Progress", conceptualized by May and fellow artist Joseph Kyle, which debuted in New York and travelled all over the country. A second version of the panorama, organized by Kyle and artist Jacob Dallas, premiered in 1851. The second version exists today in the collections of the Saco Museum.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: In Wole Soyinka's novel "Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth" (2021), the third chapter is entitled 'Pilgrim's Progress'. In describes the travels of the character Dennis Tibidje. He encounters John Bunyan's book "Pilgrim's Progress" while detained as an illegal immigrant in New Jersey.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Charles Dickens' book "Oliver Twist" (1838) is subtitled 'The Parish Boy's Progress'. The titular character of "The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby" (1839) and his companion Smike start to read it but are interrupted.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: The title of William Makepeace Thackeray's 1847–48 novel "Vanity Fair" alludes to the location in Bunyan's work.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Mark Twain gave his 1869 travelogue, "The Innocents Abroad", the alternative title "The New Pilgrims' Progress". In Twain's later work "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", the titular character mentions "The Pilgrim's Progress" as he describes the works of literature in the Grangerfords' library. Twain uses this to satirize the Protestant Southern aristocracy.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story, "The Celestial Railroad", recreates Christian's journey in Hawthorne's time. Progressive thinkers have replaced the footpath by a railroad, and pilgrims may now travel under steam power. The journey is considerably faster, but somewhat more questionable. Hawthorne's novel "The Scarlet Letter" also makes reference to it, by way of the author John Bunyan with a metaphor comparing a main character's eyes with the fire depicted in the entrance to Hell in "The Pilgrim's Progress".


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: John Buchan was an admirer of Bunyan's, and "Pilgrim's Progress" features significantly in his third Richard Hannay novel, "Mr. Standfast", which also takes its title from one of Bunyan's characters.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Alan Moore, in his "League of Extraordinary Gentlemen", enlists "The Pilgrim's Progress" protagonist, Christian, as a member of the earliest version of this group, "Prospero's Men", having become wayward on his journey during his visit in Vanity Fair, stepping down an alleyway and found himself in London in the 1670s, and unable to return to his homeland. This group disbanded in 1690 after Prospero vanished into the Blazing World; however, some parts of the text seem to imply that Christian resigned from Prospero's League before its disbanding and that Christian travelled to the Blazing World before Prospero himself. The apparent implication is that; within the context of the League stories; the Celestial City Christian seeks and the Blazing World may in fact be one and the same.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: In Louisa May Alcott's "Little Women", the protagonist Jo and her sisters read it at the outset of the novel, and try to follow the good example of Bunyan's Christian. Throughout the novel, the main characters refer many times to "Pilgrim's Progress" and liken the events in their own lives to the experiences of the pilgrims. A number of chapter titles directly reference characters and places from "Pilgrim's Progress".


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: The cartoonist Winsor McCay drew an allegorical comic strip, entitled "A Pilgrim's Progress", in the "New York Evening Telegram". The strip ran from 26 June 1905 to 18 December 1910. In it, the protagonist Mr. Bunion is constantly frustrated in his attempts to improve his life by ridding himself of his burdensome valise, "Dull Care".


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: C. S. Lewis wrote a book inspired by "The Pilgrim's Progress", called "The Pilgrim's Regress", in which a character named John follows a vision to escape from The Landlord, a less friendly version of The Owner in "The Pilgrim's Regress". It is an allegory of C. S. Lewis' own journey from a religious childhood to a pagan adulthood in which he rediscovers his Christian God.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Henry Williamson's "The Patriot's Progress" references the title of "The Pilgrim's Progress" and the symbolic nature of John Bunyan's work. The protagonist of the semi-autobiographical novel is John Bullock, the quintessential English soldier during World War I.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: The character of Billy Pilgrim in Kurt Vonnegut's novel "Slaughterhouse-5: The Children's Crusade" is a clear homage to a similar journey to enlightenment experienced by Christian, although Billy's journey leads him to an existential acceptance of life and of a fatalist human condition. Vonnegut's parallel to "The Pilgrim's Progress" is deliberate and evident in Billy's surname.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Charlotte Brontë refers to "Pilgrim's Progress" in most of her novels, including "Jane Eyre", "Shirley", and "Villette". Her alterations to the quest-narrative have led to much critical interest, particular with the ending of "Jane Eyre".


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Walt Willis and Bob Shaw's classic science fiction fan novelette, "The Enchanted Duplicator", is explicitly modeled on "The Pilgrim's Progress" and has been repeatedly reprinted over the decades since its first appearance in 1954: in professional publications, in fanzines, and as a monograph.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Enid Blyton wrote "The Land of Far Beyond" (1942) as a children's version of "The Pilgrim's Progress".


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: John Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath" mentions "The Pilgrim's Progress" as one of an (anonymous) character's favorite books. Steinbeck's novel was itself an allegorical spiritual journey by Tom Joad through America during the Great Depression, and often made Christian allusions to sacrifice and redemption in a world of social injustice.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: The book was commonly referenced in African American slave narratives, such as "Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom" by Ellen and William Craft, to emphasize the moral and religious implications of slavery.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Hannah Hurnard's novel "Hinds' Feet on High Places" (1955) uses a similar allegorical structure to "The Pilgrim's Progress" and takes Bunyan's character Much-Afraid as its protagonist.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: In Lois McMaster Bujold's "The Borders of Infinity" (1989), Miles Vorkosigan uses half a page torn from "The Pilgrim's Progress" as a coded message to his fleet to rescue him and 9,000 others from a POW camp.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: Sir Walter Scott uses Bunyan's tale in chapter 32 of his novel "The Heart of Midlothian" (1818) to illustrate the relationship between Madge Wildfire and Jeanie Deans. Madge explains: "But it is all over now.—But we'll knock at the gate and then the keeper will admit Christiana, but Mercy will be left out—and then I'll stand at the door trembling and crying, and then Christiana—that's you, Jeanie,—will intercede for me. And then Mercy,—that's me, ye ken,—will faint[.]"


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: In Marguerite Young's novel, "Miss MacIntosh, My Darling", the titular character always carries a copy of "Pilgrim's Progress" with her. The structure of the novel is inspired by "Pilgrim's Progress" too, being composed largely of the narrator's seemingly omniscient reminiscences about other characters' inner lives and dreams.


title: The Pilgrim's Progress

text: In George Eliot's novel "Middlemarch", a lengthy quotation from the conclusion of the trial of Faithful in Vanity Fair serves as the epigraph to Chapter 85.


title: Roger Maris

text: Roger Eugene Maris (September 10, 1934 – December 14, 1985) was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He is best known for setting a new MLB single-season home run record with 61 home runs in 1961. The record remained unbroken until 1998 and remained the American League (AL) record until Aaron Judge broke it in 2022.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris played in the minor leagues from 1953 to 1956, and made his major league debut for the Cleveland Indians in 1957. He was traded to the Kansas City Athletics during the 1958 season, and to the New York Yankees after the 1959 season. Maris finished his playing career as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals in 1967 and 1968. Maris was an AL All-Star from 1959 through 1962, an AL Most Valuable Player in 1960 and 1961, and an AL Gold Glove Award winner in 1960. Maris appeared in seven World Series; he played for Yankees teams that won the World Series in 1961 and 1962 and for a Cardinals team that won the World Series in 1967.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris's home run record was controversial, as the previous single-season home run record (60, set by Babe Ruth in 1927) was set during a period when MLB teams played 154 games per season. Before Maris broke Ruth's record, the AL baseball season had been extended to 162 games. Maris hit his 61st home run in the last game of the season, which led to questions about the legitimacy of his record. In 1998, Mark McGwire set a new MLB record with 70 home runs; the same year Sammy Sosa also surpassed Maris' record with 66 home runs. In 2001, Barry Bonds surpassed that mark with 73 home runs, though all three players used performance-enhancing drugs.


title: Roger Maris

text: Roger Eugene Maris was born on September 10, 1934, in Hibbing, Minnesota; in 1955, his father changed the surname from Maras to Maris. Roger's parents, Rudolph S. "Rudy" Maras and Ann Corrine "Connie" (née Perkovich) were born in Minnesota, and were of Croatian heritage. Maris' brother Rudolph, who was a year older, developed polio at age 18 in 1951. Maris' parents had a turbulent marriage and divorced in 1960. His father died in Fargo in 1992 at age 81.


title: Roger Maris

text: The Maris family moved to Grand Forks, North Dakota, in 1938, and to Fargo, North Dakota, in 1946. Maris entered Fargo Central High School in 1948. In 1950, Maris, a Catholic, transferred to Bishop Shanley High School in Fargo, and graduated from there in June 1952. Maris played both baseball and football for the Shanley Deacons. In football, Maris set a national high school record, which still stands, for most return touchdowns in a game, with four (two kickoff returns, one punt return, and one interception return). In that 1951 game, he also scored a fifth touchdown on a 32-yard run from scrimmage. He met his future wife, Patricia, in the tenth grade at a high school basketball game.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris started playing for the Indians' minor league organization at Fargo (the Fargo-Moorhead Twins) in 1953. He was named rookie of the year in the Northern League, then moved on to Keokuk, Iowa, the next season. In four minor league seasons from 1953 to 1956, Maris hit .303 with 78 home runs. In game two of the 1956 Junior World Series, Maris, playing for the Indianapolis Indians of the American Association (Triple-A league), set a record by driving in seven runs. With all five teams for which Maris played in the minors, the clubs' win-loss records improved from the prior season.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris made his major league debut on April 16, 1957, with the Cleveland Indians. Two days later, he hit the first home run of his career, a grand slam off Tigers pitcher Jack Crimian at Briggs Stadium in Detroit. He finished his rookie season with 14 home runs. On June 15, 1958, after playing in 51 games and hitting nine home runs for the Indians, he was traded to the Kansas City Athletics with Dick Tomanek and Preston Ward for Vic Power and Woodie Held.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris played in 99 games and hit 19 home runs for Kansas City in 1958. In 1959, he played in 122 games and hit 16 home runs; he missed 45 games during the second half of the season as a result of an appendix operation. He was selected to play in the second of two All-Star Games held that year. In the late 1950s, Kansas City frequently traded their best young players to the New York Yankees—a practice which led them to be referred to as the Yankees' "major league farm team"—and Maris was no exception. In a seven-player deal in December 1959, he was sent to the Yankees with Kent Hadley and Joe DeMaestri in exchange for Marv Throneberry, Norm Siebern, Hank Bauer, and Don Larsen.


title: Roger Maris

text: In 1960, Maris hit a single, double, and two home runs in his first game as a Yankee. He was named to the AL All-Star roster again and played in both games. He finished the season leading the AL in slugging percentage (.581), runs batted in (112), and extra base hits (64). He also hit 39 home runs and had a .283 batting average. He won the American League's Most Valuable Player award and was recognized as an outstanding defensive outfielder with a Gold Glove Award. The Yankees won the American League pennant, the first of five consecutive pennants, but lost a seven-game World Series to the Pittsburgh Pirates culminating in Bill Mazeroski's dramatic walk-off home run.


title: Roger Maris

text: In 1961, the AL expanded from eight to ten teams. In the expansion draft, the newly created Los Angeles Angels and Washington Senators were restricted to drafting players from AL rosters. The perceived result was that American League team rosters had become watered down, as players who would otherwise have been playing at AAA, if not lower, were now in the AL. The Yankees, however, were left mainly intact. In order to maintain a balanced schedule, AL owners extended the season from 154 games to 162 games in 1961. (The National League expanded its season to 162 games in 1962.) On January 23, 1961, an Associated Press reporter asked Maris whether the schedule changes might threaten Babe Ruth's single-season home run record; Maris replied, "Nobody will touch it ... Look up the records and you'll see that it's a rare year when anybody hits 50 homers, let alone 60."


title: Roger Maris

text: Yankee home runs began to come at a record pace. One famous photograph lined up six 1961 Yankees, including Mantle, Maris, Yogi Berra and Bill Skowron, under the nickname "Murderers Row", because they hit a combined 165 home runs the previous season (the title "Murderers Row", originally coined in 1918, had most famously been used to refer to the 1927 Yankees). As mid-season approached, it seemed quite possible that either Maris or Mantle, or perhaps both, would break Ruth's 34-year-old home run record. Sportswriters began to play the "M&M Boys" against each other, inventing a rivalry where none existed, as Berra would tell multiple interviewers. More and more, the Yankees became "Mickey Mantle's team" and Maris was ostracized as an "outsider" and "not a true Yankee." Mantle, however, was felled by a hip infection causing hospitalization late in the season, leaving Maris as the single remaining player with the opportunity to break Ruth's home run record.


title: Roger Maris

text: In the middle of the season, baseball commissioner Ford Frick (a friend of Ruth) announced at a press conference that unless Ruth's record was broken in the first 154 games of the season, the new record should be shown separately in the "record books", with some "distinctive mark" next to it indicating it had been done in a 162-game season. The asterisk as such a mark was immediately suggested by New York Daily News sportswriter Dick Young. In spite of its formality, Frick's so-called ruling was merely a suggestion: Major League Baseball had no direct control over any record books until many years later. As he closed in on Ruth's record, Maris received death threats and NYPD detective Kieran Burke was assigned to watch over him.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris had 59 home runs after the Yankees' 154th game and therefore failed to beat Ruth's 60 home runs within the original season length. Maris hit his 61st home run on October 1, 1961, in the fourth inning of the last game of the season, at Yankee Stadium in front of 23,154 fans. Boston Red Sox pitcher Tracy Stallard gave up the record home run, which was caught by fan Sal Durante in the right field bleachers. Maris was awarded the 1961 Hickok Belt as the top professional athlete of the year and won the American League's MVP Award for the second straight year. It is said, however, that the stress of pursuing the record was so great for Maris that his hair occasionally fell out in clumps during the season. Within a few years the asterisk controversy died down and all prominent baseball record keepers listed Maris as the single-season record holder. Incidentally, it was later found that the Yankees that year stole signs from the bench that year, specifically having the help of pitcher Bob Turley and his distinct whistle; Tony Kubek noted that the stealing was so good that Turley wasnt allowed off the bench even when he got hurt, and he estimated that Mickey Mantle hit 50 home runs due to Turley. When Maris went up to the plate for that famous home run, Maris heard the sign relayed to him and hit it out for a home run (coincidentally, the third base coach of the Yankees in Frank Crosetti was a teammate of Ruth).


title: Roger Maris

text: In 1962, Maris made his fourth consecutive All-Star team appearance and his seventh and final All-Star game appearance. He made a game-saving play in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 of the 1962 World Series against the San Francisco Giants. With the Yankees leading 1–0 and Matty Alou on first, Willie Mays doubled toward the right-field line. Maris cut off the ball and made a strong throw to prevent Alou from scoring the tying run; the play set up Willie McCovey's series-ending line drive to second baseman Bobby Richardson, capping what would prove to be the final World Series title for the Yankees until 1977.


title: Roger Maris

text: In 1963, Maris played in only 90 games, hitting 23 home runs. Maris was injured in game two of the 1963 World Series, in which the Yankees were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers in four games.


title: Roger Maris

text: In 1964, he rebounded, appearing in 141 games, batting .281 with 26 home runs. Maris hit a home run in Game 6 of the 1964 World Series, in which the Yankees lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. In 1965, his physical problems returned, and he had off-season surgery to remove a bone chip in his hand. In 1966, the Yankees' and Maris's fortunes continued to decline as he played most of the season with a misdiagnosed broken bone in his hand. On December 8, 1966, he was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals for Charley Smith.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris played his final two seasons with the Cardinals, helping the team to win the 1967 and 1968 pennants and the 1967 World Series. In the 1967 World Series, he hit .385, with a home run and seven RBI. It was the best World Series performance of Maris' career.


title: Roger Maris

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, Maris and his brother owned and operated Maris Distributing, the Budweiser beer distributorship in Gainesville, Florida (and Ocala, Florida), where he moved after retiring from baseball after the 1968 season. Gussie Busch, who owned both the Cardinals and Anheuser-Busch, got Maris started into the beer business. Maris also coached baseball at Gainesville's Oak Hall High School, which named its baseball field after him in 1990.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1983. In response, Maris organized the annual Roger Maris Celebrity Golf Tournament to raise money for cancer research and treatment. Maris died of the disease at age 51 on December 14, 1985, at M.D. Anderson Hospital in Houston, Texas. He was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Fargo, North Dakota.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris and Mantle starred in a 1962 film, "Safe at Home!", playing themselves. That year, Maris, Mantle, and Yankee teammate Yogi Berra also made appearances in the film "That Touch of Mink", starring Cary Grant and Doris Day.


title: Roger Maris

text: In 1980, Maris, Mantle, Whitey Ford, Elston Howard, and other former Yankee players made appearances in the film "It's My Turn", starring Michael Douglas and Jill Clayburgh.


title: Roger Maris

text: Also in 1980, Maris appeared on the November 11 episode of the variety show "Hee Haw" along with Barbara Mandrell and Sonny Curtis.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris' wife, Pat, appeared as herself on October 2, 1961, episode of the game show "To Tell the Truth". She received three of the four possible votes.


title: Roger Maris

text: Despite the statements made by Commissioner Frick in 1961, no asterisk was subsequently used beside Maris's home run record in any record books. The "Guinness Book of World Records" did, however, differentiate the Maris home run record and the Ruth home run record as distinct and separate for a number of years. Speaking at the 1980 All-Star Game, he said, "They acted as though I was doing something wrong, poisoning the record books or something. Do you know what I have to show for 61 home runs? Nothing. Exactly nothing."


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris's single-season MLB home run record was broken by Mark McGwire, who hit 70 in 1998. Barry Bonds set a new MLB record with 73 home runs in 2001. Maris's home run mark was also surpassed by McGwire in 1999 (with 65) and by Sammy Sosa (with 66 in 1998, 63 in 1999, and 64 in 2001). McGwire, Sosa, and Bonds have all been linked to performance-enhancing drugs. Maris remained the AL record-holder for most home runs in a season until Aaron Judge hit his 62nd home run on October 4, 2022, in the Yankees' 161st game of the year.


title: Roger Maris

text: A Roger Eugene Maris plaque dedication and No. 9 retirement ceremony in Monument Park at Yankee Stadium was held on July 22, 1984 (Old-Timers' Day). The inscribed plaque, subtitled "Against All Odds", calls Maris "A great player and author of one of the most remarkable chapters in the history of major league baseball." Maris participated in the ceremony, wearing a Yankee #9 uniform. Elston Howard (No. 32), a teammate of Maris, was honored along with Maris.


title: Roger Maris

text: The Roger Maris Museum, which opened in 1984 at the West Acres Shopping Center in Fargo, and the Roger Maris Cancer Center at Sanford Hospital in Fargo are both named after Maris.


title: Roger Maris

text: The United States Postal Service issued a "Roger Maris, 61 in 61" commemorative stamp on September 17, 1999, as part of the Celebrate the Century series. This places him in rarer company than even being elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame, as only 30 baseball players have been given their own commemorative U.S. postage stamp as of 2022.


title: Roger Maris

text: In 2005, in light of accusations of steroid use against the three players who had, by then, hit more than 61 home runs in a season (McGwire, Sosa and Bonds), the North Dakota Senate wrote to MLB to express the opinion that Roger Maris's 61 home runs should be recognized as the single-season record.


title: Roger Maris

text: As of 2010, Newman Signs Inc., which holds the naming rights to Newman Outdoor Field in Fargo, continued to use billboard signage to declare Maris as the "Legitimate Home Run King".


title: Roger Maris

text: On September 24, 2011, at Yankee Stadium, the Yankees celebrated the 50th anniversary of Maris's single-season home run record.


title: Roger Maris

text: Maris was considered for election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame via voting of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BWAA) from 1974 to 1988. To date, Maris has not been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.


title: Roger Maris

text: In 1977, sportswriter Greg Hansen criticized baseball writers in the "St. Petersburg Independent" for excluding Maris from the Hall of Fame after Maris received only 72 votes in that year's voting. Hansen noted that there were many outfielders in the Hall of Fame who had never won two MVP awards, and that no one else had ever hit 61 home runs in a season. "To show you what an injustice this is to the man, Maris finished just a notch ahead of "Harvey Kuenn", for crying out loud." Hansen wrote that Maris had resented the media's intrusion on his privacy; he said that Maris's tense relationship with the media had affected the voting. Hansen also wrote that Maris had told him after the voting that he knew he would never get inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: "I'll leave the Hall of Fame to the geniuses that vote on it. I will never get in. I have always known that. I will not argue with you about why or why not I should be elected."


title: Roger Maris

text: In 2010, the Baseball Hall of Fame established a Golden Era Committee (replacing the Veterans Committee) to vote on the possible Hall of Fame induction of previously overlooked players along with retired umpires, managers and executives who made the greatest contributions to baseball between 1947 and 1972.


title: Roger Maris

text: Beginning in December 2011, this committee voted every three years on ten candidates from the era selected by the Baseball Writers' Association of America's (BBWAA) Historical Overview Committee. Maris did not appear on the first Golden Era Committee ballot in 2011 or on the second one in 2014 (one former player was voted to the Hall of Fame in 2011 and no one was voted in by the committee in 2014).


title: Roger Maris

text: In August 2011, George Vecsey of "The New York Times" called Maris "a terrific player for a few brief years". Vecsey wrote that while Maris had two seasons where he played at Hall of Fame caliber, and while Maris played in an era that was not influenced by performance-enhancing substances, he did not believe that Maris's career statistics were worthy of induction.


title: Roger Maris

text: In July 2016, four new committees were established. The Golden Days Era Committee (1950–1969) was scheduled to meet and vote for the first time in December 2020 for the 2021 Hall of Fame induction. Maris is the 24th former player on the Hall of Fame rated list of 85 eligible candidates for the Golden Days Committee Ballot. In August 2020, the Hall of Fame rescheduled The Golden Days Committee winter meeting in 2020 to December 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The committee's ballot consists of ten candidates compiled by the BBWAA's Historical Overview Committee. Maris was named one of the ten finalists, but ultimately was not part of the chosen class, which consisted of Minnie Miñoso, Tony Oliva, Jim Kaat, and Gil Hodges.


title: Kim Deal

text: Kimberley Ann Deal (born June 10, 1961) is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. She was the bassist and the co-vocalist in the alternative rock band Pixies, before forming the Breeders in 1989.


title: Kim Deal

text: Deal joined Pixies in January 1986, adopting the stage name Mrs. John Murphy for the albums "Come on Pilgrim" and "Surfer Rosa". Following "Doolittle" and the Pixies' hiatus, she formed the Breeders with Tanya Donelly, Josephine Wiggs, and Britt Walford. Following the band's debut album "Pod", her twin sister Kelley Deal joined, replacing Tanya Donelly.


title: Kim Deal

text: Pixies broke up in early 1993, and Deal returned her focus to the Breeders, who released the platinum-selling album "Last Splash" in 1993, with the single "Cannonball". In 1994, the Breeders went into hiatus after Deal's sister Kelley entered drug rehabilitation. During the band's hiatus, Deal adopted the stage name Tammy Ampersand and formed the short-lived rock band the Amps, recording a single album, "Pacer", in 1995. After her own stint in drug rehabilitation, Deal eventually reformed the Breeders with a new line-up for two more albums, "Title TK" in 2002 and "Mountain Battles" in 2008. During that time, she would also return to Pixies when the band reunited in 2004. In 2013, Deal announced she was leaving Pixies to concentrate on making new material with the Breeders, after the band's most famous line-up (Wiggs and Jim Macpherson had rejoined the band for the first time since 1995) had reunited for a new series of tours celebrating the 20th anniversary of the band's hit album "Last Splash".


title: Kim Deal

text: In 2018, the Breeders released their fifth album "All Nerve", the first album to reunite the Deals, Wiggs, and Macpherson since the release of 1993's "Last Splash".


title: Kim Deal

text: Deal was born in Dayton, Ohio, United States. Her father was a laser physicist who worked at the nearby Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Kim and her identical twin sister Kelley were introduced to music at a young age; the two sang to a "two-track, quarter-inch, tape" when they were "four or five" years old, and grew up listening to hard rock bands such as AC/DC and Led Zeppelin. When Deal was 11, she learned Roger Miller's "King of the Road" on the acoustic guitar. In high school, at Wayne High School in Huber Heights, she was a cheerleader and often got into conflicts with authority. "We were popular girls," Kelley explained. "We got good grades and played sports." Still, growing up in Dayton was "like living in Russia", according to Deal. A friend of Kelley's living in California used to send them cassettes of artists like James Blood Ulmer, The Undertones, Elvis Costello, Sex Pistols and Siouxsie and the Banshees. "These tapes were our most treasured possession, the only link with civilization."


title: Kim Deal

text: As a teenager, she formed a folk rock band with her sister. She then became a prolific songwriter, as she found it easier to write songs than cover them. Deal later commented on her songwriting output: "I got like a hundred songs when I was like 16, 17 ... The music is pretty good, but the lyrics are just like, OH MY GOD. We were just trying to figure out how blue rhymes with you. When I was writing them, they didn't have anything to do with who I was." The Deals bought microphones, an eight-track tape recorder, a mixer, speakers, and amps for a bedroom studio. According to Kelley, they "had the whole thing set up by the time we were 17." They later bought a drum machine "so it would feel like we were more in a band."


title: Kim Deal

text: Following high school, Deal went to seven different colleges, including Ohio State University, but did not graduate from any of them. She eventually received an associate degree in medical technology from Kettering College of Medical Arts and took several jobs in cellular biology, including working in a hospital laboratory and a biochemical lab.


title: Kim Deal

text: Deal became the bassist and backing vocalist for the Pixies in January 1986, after answering an advertisement in the "Boston Phoenix" that read, "Band seeks bassist into Hüsker Dü and Peter, Paul and Mary. Please – no chops." Deal was the only person to call them, even though her main instrument was guitar. She borrowed her sister Kelley's bass guitar to use in the band. To complete the lineup, she suggested they hire David Lovering as drummer, a friend of her husband, whom she met at her wedding reception. For the release of the band's first recording "Come on Pilgrim" (1987), Deal used the nom de disque "Mrs. John Murphy" in the liner notes. She chose the name as an ironic feminist joke, after conversing with a lady who wished to be called only by her husband's name as a form of respect.


title: Kim Deal

text: For "Surfer Rosa" (1988), Deal sang lead vocals on the album's only single, "Gigantic", which she co-wrote with Black Francis. "Doolittle" followed a year later, with Deal contributing the song "Silver" and appearing on slide guitar. By this time, however, tensions began to develop between her and Francis, with bickering and standoffs between the two marring the album's recording sessions. This led to increased stress between the band members. Deal commented that during the sessions, it "went from just all fun to work". Exhaustion from releasing three records in two years and constant touring contributed to the friction, particularly between Francis and Deal.


title: Kim Deal

text: The tension and exhaustion culminated at the end of the US "Fuck or Fight" tour, where they were too tired to attend the end-of-tour party. The band soon announced a hiatus.


title: Kim Deal

text: During a 1988 post-"Surfer Rosa" tour of Europe with Throwing Muses as part of the Pixies, Deal began to write new material. As neither band had plans for the short term, Deal discussed possible side-projects with Throwing Muses guitarist Tanya Donnelly. After rejecting the idea of creating a dance album together, the pair decided to form a new band. Deal named the band the Breeders, after the folk band she formed with Kelley as a teenager, and they recruited Carrie Bradley, violinist and vocalist in Ed's Redeeming Qualities, to record a short demo tape.


title: Kim Deal

text: The Breeders' demo was sent to 4AD head Ivo Watts-Russell, who immediately signed them to the label. The Breeders allowed Deal to become more active in songwriting, and their debut album, "Pod" (1990), containing mostly Deal-written songs, was recorded in Edinburgh, Scotland by Steve Albini. "Pod", and especially Deal's contribution, was praised by contemporaries; Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain later named the album one of his favorites and remarked: "I wish Kim was allowed to write more songs for the Pixies."


title: Kim Deal

text: Deal returned to the U.S. after finishing recording "Pod" in Edinburgh, but was then fired from the Pixies. Regardless, she flew out to Los Angeles to meet with the band and the other members changed their mind and the four of them began recording the band's next album, "Bossanova" (1990).


title: Kim Deal

text: The band's final studio album was "Trompe le Monde" (1991). The recording sessions were fractious, as the band were hardly ever together during the process.


title: Kim Deal

text: She rarely sang on the band's songs during this time; one of the few tracks she sang on was a cover of Neil Young's "I've Been Waiting for You". () However, Deal did sing on "Trompe le Monde", on songs such as "Alec Eiffel", but did not write any material for the album.


title: Kim Deal

text: A year after the Pixies' breakup, Deal's identical twin sister Kelley joined the Breeders on lead guitar and the band released its second album, "Last Splash", to critical acclaim and considerable commercial success. The record went platinum within a year of its release.


title: Kim Deal

text: At the height of the Breeders' popularity in the early-mid 1990s, the band scored a number of hit music videos featured heavily on MTV, including "Cannonball", "Safari", "Divine Hammer", and "Saints." The band also released the vinyl-only "Head to Toe" 10" EP during the summer of 1994, when they appeared on the main stage of Lollapalooza. Although the band went into stasis in 1994 when Kelley Deal entered rehab for a heroin addiction, they never officially split up, and in 2002 released "Title TK" (TK is a copyediting mark meaning "to come" and is often used when editing drafts to indicate missing information).


title: Kim Deal

text: After a few gigs where Deal went by the moniker Tammy Ampersand, The Amps released their single LP, "Pacer". The record had an enthusiastic reception from reviewers, but was commercially unsuccessful.


title: Kim Deal

text: She also produced music for other groups, most notably fellow Dayton band Guided by Voices (one of the songs on "Pacer", "I Am Decided", was written by the band's lead singer, Robert Pollard).


title: Kim Deal

text: Deal has contributed her voice to numerous projects, including This Mortal Coil's 1991 version of Chris Bell's "You and Your Sister" (a duet with Tanya Donnelly); the 1995 Sonic Youth single "Little Trouble Girl"; and The For Carnation's "Tales (Live from the Crypt)" in 2000.


title: Kim Deal

text: In 2004, Deal returned to a newly reunited Pixies and toured North America with them. The song "Bam Thwok" was also released that year. One notable performance included a live taping for the public television program "Austin City Limits" in October 2004. The Pixies also played the Coachella Festival in 2004 and headlined Lollapalooza in 2005 at Chicago's Grant Park. The Pixies also toured the UK to critical acclaim including a headline appearance at the Reading and Leeds Festivals.


title: Kim Deal

text: In 2003, Deal moved back to her hometown of Dayton to care for her mother who was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. In early April 2008, the Breeders released their fourth full-length studio album, "Mountain Battles". In April 2009, the Breeders released their third EP, "Fate to Fatal". On June 14, 2013, it was announced that Deal had left the Pixies. She has since posted new solo music on her website.


title: Kim Deal

text: In December 2012, Kim Deal played a solo set at the All Tomorrow's Parties "Nightmare Before Christmas" festival in the UK, debuting several new songs. At the same time, she released her first solo single, "Walking with a Killer", and continued to issue further solo releases throughout 2013 and 2014.


title: Kim Deal

text: In April 2013, 4AD released "LSXX", a 20th anniversary edition of the Breeders album "Last Splash". Deal reunited with Kelley Deal, Josephine Wiggs, and Jim Macpherson for a "Last Splash" anniversary tour of North America, Europe, and Australia. In August 2014, it was reported that the same line up were working on new material.


title: Kim Deal

text: A new single, "Wait in the Car", was released on October 3, 2017. On March 2, 2018, the reunited lineup released "All Nerve", their first studio album in ten years, to widespread critical acclaim. In the following months, the Breeders also collaborated on multiple tracks of Courtney Barnett's May 2018 album "Tell Me How You Really Feel", with Kim and Kelley singing backing vocals on the singles "Nameless, Faceless" and "Crippling Self-Doubt and a General Lack of Confidence".


title: Kim Deal

text: Kim Deal generally plays four-string solid-body bass guitars and always uses a pick, particularly the "green Dunlops with the little turtle on them", although since the Pixies' reunion she has also been using custom green Dunlops with "KIM" written on them. She prefers having old strings on a bass.


title: Kim Deal

text: When playing acoustic guitars for rhythm, Kim Deal prefers distorting their sound through Marshall amps, particularly liking the resulting low end. She also pointed out that it almost does not depend on the acoustic guitar used.


title: Kim Deal

text: Kim Deal uses the "All Wave" philosophy of recording, using no computers, no digital recording, no auto-tuning, nor any other mainstays of contemporary production. The philosophy carries through the entire production and mastering process, including mixing, editing, sequencing, post-production and the exceptional step of an all-analog direct-metal master for the vinyl LP. This process was used on the Breeders' "Title TK", the "Off You" EP, and "Mountain Battles".


title: Kim Deal

text: Deal commissioned the All Wave logo in an effort to identify recordings that follow this method of recording, and possibly start a movement.


title: Lymphocyte

text: A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the name "lymphocyte". Lymphocytes make up between 18% and 42% of circulating white blood cells.


title: Lymphocyte

text: The three major types of lymphocyte are T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Lymphocytes can be identified by their large nucleus.


title: Lymphocyte

text: T cells (thymus cells) and B cells (bone marrow- or bursa-derived cells) are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific "non-self" antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation. Once they have identified an invader, the cells generate specific responses that are tailored maximally to eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. In response to pathogens some T cells, called "T helper cells", produce cytokines that direct the immune response, while other T cells, called "cytotoxic T cells", produce toxic granules that contain powerful enzymes which induce the death of pathogen-infected cells. Following activation, B cells and T cells leave a lasting legacy of the antigens they have encountered, in the form of "memory cells". Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells will "remember" each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong and rapid response if the same pathogen is detected again; this is known as acquired immunity.


title: Lymphocyte

text: NK cells are a part of the innate immune system and play a major role in defending the host from tumors and virally infected cells. NK cells modulate the functions of other cells, including macrophages and T cells, and distinguish infected cells and tumors from normal and uninfected cells by recognizing changes of a surface molecule called MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class I. NK cells are activated in response to a family of cytokines called interferons. Activated NK cells release cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules which then destroy the altered cells. They are named "natural killer cells" because they do not require prior activation in order to kill cells which are missing MHC class I.


title: Lymphocyte

text: The X lymphocyte is a reported cell type expressing both a B-cell receptor and T-cell receptor and is hypothesized to be implicated in type 1 diabetes. Its existence as a cell type has been challenged by two studies. However, the authors of original article pointed to the fact that the two studies have detected X cells by imaging microscopy and FACS as described. Additional studies are obviously required to determine the nature and properties of X cells (also called dual expressers).


title: Lymphocyte

text: Mammalian stem cells differentiate into several kinds of blood cell within the bone marrow. This process is called haematopoiesis. All lymphocytes originate, during this process, from a common lymphoid progenitor before differentiating into their distinct lymphocyte types. The differentiation of lymphocytes follows various pathways in a hierarchical fashion as well as in a more plastic fashion. The formation of lymphocytes is known as lymphopoiesis. In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricius, a lymphoid organ where they were first discovered by Chang and Glick, (B for bursa) and not from bone marrow as commonly believed. T cells migrate to the blood stream and mature in a distinct primary organ, called the thymus. Following maturation, the lymphocytes enter the circulation and peripheral lymphoid organs (e.g. the spleen and lymph nodes) where they survey for invading pathogens and/or tumor cells.


title: Lymphocyte

text: The lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity (i.e. B and T cells) differentiate further after exposure to an antigen; they form effector and memory lymphocytes. Effector lymphocytes function to eliminate the antigen, either by releasing antibodies (in the case of B cells), cytotoxic granules (cytotoxic T cells) or by signaling to other cells of the immune system (helper T cells). Memory T cells remain in the peripheral tissues and circulation for an extended time ready to respond to the same antigen upon future exposure; they live weeks to several years, which is very long compared to other leukocytes.


title: Lymphocyte

text: Microscopically, in a Wright's stained peripheral blood smear, a normal lymphocyte has a large, dark-staining nucleus with little to no eosinophilic cytoplasm. In normal situations, the coarse, dense nucleus of a lymphocyte is approximately the size of a red blood cell (about 7 μm in diameter). Some lymphocytes show a clear perinuclear zone (or halo) around the nucleus or could exhibit a small clear zone to one side of the nucleus. Polyribosomes are a prominent feature in the lymphocytes and can be viewed with an electron microscope. The ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, allowing the generation of large quantities of cytokines and immunoglobulins by these cells.


title: Lymphocyte

text: It is impossible to distinguish between T cells and B cells in a peripheral blood smear. Normally, flow cytometry testing is used for specific lymphocyte population counts. This can be used to determine the percentage of lymphocytes that contain a particular combination of specific cell surface proteins, such as immunoglobulins or cluster of differentiation (CD) markers or that produce particular proteins (for example, cytokines using intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS)). In order to study the function of a lymphocyte by virtue of the proteins it generates, other scientific techniques like the ELISPOT or secretion assay techniques can be used.


title: Lymphocyte

text: In the circulatory system, they move from lymph node to lymph node. This contrasts with macrophages, which are rather stationary in the nodes.


title: Lymphocyte

text: A lymphocyte count is usually part of a peripheral complete blood cell count and is expressed as the percentage of lymphocytes to the total number of white blood cells counted.


title: Lymphocyte

text: A general increase in the number of lymphocytes is known as lymphocytosis, whereas a decrease is known as lymphocytopenia.


title: Lymphocyte

text: An increase in lymphocyte concentration is usually a sign of a viral infection (in some rare case, leukemias are found through an abnormally raised lymphocyte count in an otherwise normal person). A high lymphocyte count with a low neutrophil count might be caused by lymphoma. Pertussis toxin (PTx) of "Bordetella pertussis", formerly known as lymphocytosis-promoting factor, causes a decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes, which can lead to a condition known as lymphocytosis, with a complete lymphocyte count of over 4000 per μl in adults or over 8000 per μl in children. This is unique in that many bacterial infections illustrate neutrophil-predominance instead.


title: Lymphocyte

text: A low normal to low absolute lymphocyte concentration is associated with increased rates of infection after surgery or trauma.


title: Lymphocyte

text: One basis for low T cell lymphocytes occurs when the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and destroys T cells (specifically, the CD4 subgroup of T lymphocytes, which become helper T cells). Without the key defense that these T cells provide, the body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections that otherwise would not affect healthy people. The extent of HIV progression is typically determined by measuring the percentage of CD4 T cells in the patient's blood – HIV ultimately progresses to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The effects of other viruses or lymphocyte disorders can also often be estimated by counting the numbers of lymphocytes present in the blood.


title: Lymphocyte

text: In some cancers, such as melanoma and colorectal cancer, lymphocytes can migrate into and attack the tumor. This can sometimes lead to regression of the primary tumor.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Andrea Louise Martin (born January 15, 1947) is an American-Canadian actress, singer, and comedian, best known for her work in the television series "SCTV" and "Great News". She has appeared in films such as "Black Christmas" (1974), "Wag the Dog" (1997), "Hedwig and the Angry Inch" (2001), "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" (2002), "My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2" (2016), and "Little Italy" (2018). She has also lent her voice to the animated films "Anastasia" (1997), "The Rugrats Movie" (1998), and "" (2001).


title: Andrea Martin

text: Martin has been equally prolific in the world of theater, winning Tony Awards for both "My Favorite Year" and the 2013 revival of "Pippin". Martin also appeared on Broadway in "Candide", "Oklahoma!", "Fiddler on the Roof", "Young Frankenstein", "Exit the King", and "Act One". She has received five nominations for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical, more than any other actress in the award's history. She received her first nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the 2016 revival of "Noises Off".


title: Andrea Martin

text: Andrea Martin was born in 1947 in Portland, Maine, the eldest of three children of Sybil A. ("née" Manoogian) and John Papazian Martin (; 1917–2010). Her paternal grandparents were Armenian immigrants from Van, present-day Turkey who escaped the Armenian Genocide. Her maternal grandmother immigrated to the U.S. at the age of 15. Her grandfather, an amateur thespian, changed the family's name from Papazian to Martin. Her maternal grandparents, who were from Constantinople, started the Armenian School at the Chestnut Street Church. Andrea's father owned Martin's Foods, a grocery-store chain. She has mentioned that although her grandparents "did not know what assimilation was," her parents worked very hard to assimilate into the U.S. As such, Martin only started connecting with her ancestral identity later in life.


title: Andrea Martin

text: When she was 2 years old, her mother's leg had broken, so she would often read to her daughter. She and her mother would often take turns reading Shakespeare, "Paul Revere's Ride", and Edgar Allan Poe’s "The Raven". She took piano lessons when she was 8, reciting a poem about a kitten at the rotunda of the Portland Art Museum and played the piano there. Martin transferred from Nathan Clifford School to St. Joseph’s Academy before entering high school. She graduated from Deering High School in 1965, where she was a member of the Dramatic Club and won Miss Deering High 1965.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Soon after graduating from Emerson College, Martin won a role in a touring company of "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown". After frequent visits to Toronto, she relocated from New York City to Toronto in 1970 and immediately found steady work in television, film, and theater.


title: Andrea Martin

text: In 1972, Martin played the character Robin in a Toronto production of "Godspell", with a company that included future stars Gilda Radner, Martin Short, Eugene Levy, and Victor Garber, and musical director Paul Shaffer. Two of her early film roles were in horror films, 1973's "Cannibal Girls", for which she won the Sitges Film Festival Award for Best Actress, and in 1974, as the bookish sorority sister Phyllis in "Black Christmas", a Canadian slasher.


title: Andrea Martin

text: In 1976, she joined then-unknowns John Candy, Dave Thomas, Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara, Harold Ramis, and Joe Flaherty on the Canadian sketch comedy television series, "SCTV", which was set at fictional television station "Second City Television", or SCTV, in Melonville. Martin most notably portrayed leopard print-wearing station manager Edith Prickley, whose dealings with the staff, including president/owner Guy Caballero, clueless newscaster Earl Camembert, and washed-up actor Johnny LaRue, helped to provide much of the show's humor. Other notable characters Martin played included incomprehensible European immigrant Pirini Scleroso, organ saleswoman Edna Boil, feminist TV show host Libby Wolfson, and children's entertainer Mrs. Falbo. Her talent for impersonation was key in her humorous portrayals of Barbra Streisand, Ethel Merman, Arlene Francis, Pauline Kael, Sally Field, Sophia Loren, Beverly Sills, Lynn Redgrave, Linda Lavin, Bernadette Peters, Liza Minnelli, Connie Francis, Mother Teresa, Joni Mitchell, Alice B. Toklas, Patti Smith, Brenda Vaccaro, and Indira Gandhi. In 1981, Martin was Emmy-nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Variety Show for her work in "SCTV".


title: Andrea Martin

text: Her 1970s stage work eventually included the Toronto branch of the improvisational comedy troupe The Second City, a group which produced almost the entire cast of "SCTV". In 1992, she made her Broadway debut in the musical "My Favorite Year", for which she won the Tony Award, Theatre World Award, and Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Her additional Broadway credits include "Candide" (1997) and "Oklahoma!" (2002), and the Broadway premiere of "Young Frankenstein" (2007), all of which brought her Tony Award nominations for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Martin starred alongside Geoffrey Rush and Susan Sarandon in the Broadway revival of "Exit the King". For her performance as Juliette, she was nominated for a Drama Desk and an Outer Critics Circle Award. She wrote and performed in the critically acclaimed one-woman show "Nude, Nude, Totally Nude" in Los Angeles and New York City, receiving a 1996 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One Person Show.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Her other theater credits include the leads in "The Rose Tattoo" and "Betty's Summer Vacation", for which she won the Elliot Norton Award for Best Actress, both produced at the Huntington Theatre in Boston. During the winter of 2012–2013, she played Berthe, Pippin's grandmother, in the American Repertory Theater production of "Pippin" in Cambridge, Massachusetts, singing the classic song "No Time At All". The show transferred to Broadway at the Music Box Theatre and opened in April 2013. For "Pippin" Martin won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical, the Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical and the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. Martin's last performance as Berthe in the Broadway production of "Pippin" was on September 22, 2013. She appeared on Broadway in the new play written and directed by James Lapine, "Act One", for which she received the Outer Critics Circle Award.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Martin played Wanda Falbo the Word Fairy in a series of short segments on "Sesame Street", debuting in 1989. The character was based on Mrs. Falbo, one of Martin's "SCTV" characters. She also appeared on "Kate & Allie" as the executive producer of a low-rated cable channel, which was spun-off into her own CBS series, "Roxie". Martin is known to "Star Trek" fans as one of two actresses to play Ishka, Quark's iconoclastic mother on "". For her role, she was made up to appear as an older woman, although in reality, Martin is less than three years older than Armin Shimerman, who played Quark.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Martin has won two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program in 1982 and 1983. She has done considerable voice work in animated film and television productions such as "Anastasia", "", "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy", "Rugrats" as Aunt Miriam, "" as Muriel - Floyd's wife, "The Simpsons" (as Apu's mother), "Recess" as Lunchlady Harriet, the 1999 version of "The Woody Woodpecker Show", "Earthworm Jim", "Kim Possible", "The Buzz On Maggie", "SpongeBob SquarePants", and "Brother Bear 2". She also appeared in the 1993 television adaptation of "Gypsy" starring Bette Midler.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Her screen credits include "All Over the Guy", in which she played Dr. Ellen Wyckoff—Dan Bucatinsky's therapist mother, "Club Paradise", "Wag the Dog", "All I Want for Christmas", "Worth Winning", "Hedwig and the Angry Inch", "Stepping Out", "The Producers", and "My Big Fat Greek Wedding", in which she portrayed Aunt Voula, a role she reprised in the small-screen adaptation, "My Big Fat Greek Life", and the 2016 sequel, "My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2". In 2006, she played a major role in the remake of "Black Christmas". She played Helaine in the 2009 breakout independent film "Breaking Upwards". In the episode titled "Pupil", she played an emergency room patient on the Showtime series, "Nurse Jackie", which was aired July 27, 2009. In 2012, she provided the voice of Penny in the "American Dad!" episode "Stan's Best Friend" and appeared in an episode of "30 Rock" titled "My Whole Life Is Thunder." Martin appeared in "Night at the Museum 3" and Hulu's original series, "Difficult People", starring Billy Eichner and Julie Klausner, and produced by Amy Poehler. It premiered August 5, 2015. She played Prudy Pingleton on "Hairspray Live!", which aired on December 7, 2016.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Martin recently performed as Dotty Otley in the limited-run Roundabout Theatre Company revival of "Noises Off", directed by Jeremy Herrin. Martin was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Martin tours throughout Canada and the United States in her one-woman show, "Andrea Martin: Final Days, Everything Must Go!" with her musical director Seth Rudetsky.


title: Andrea Martin

text: In 2018, Martin, along with fellow Canadians Seth Rogen and Leonard Cohen, was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Martin was set to perform on Broadway opposite Nathan Lane beginning March 2019 in the world premiere of Taylor Mac's new comedy "," directed by George C. Wolfe. On March 4, 2019, Martin was announced to be withdrawing from the production, having broken four ribs in an accident during rehearsal.


title: Andrea Martin

text: Martin divides her time between Los Angeles and Toronto. On December 8, 2017, on "The Marilyn Denis Show", Martin announced that after 47 years in Canada, she had become a Canadian citizen. She was previously married to Bob Dolman and had two sons with him, Joe and Jack. She has a grandchild via her eldest son. Through her marriage to Dolman, she was the sister-in-law of actor/comedian Martin Short, who married Dolman’s sister Nancy.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Michael Patrick Smith, (born 19 January 1942), known professionally as Michael Crawford, is an English tenor, actor and comedian.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford is best known for playing both the hapless Frank Spencer in the sitcom "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em" and the title role in the musical "The Phantom of the Opera". His acclaimed performance in the latter earned him both the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical and Tony Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical. He has received international critical acclaim and won numerous awards during his acting career, which has included many film and television performances as well as stage work on both London's West End and on Broadway.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford has also published the autobiography "Parcel Arrived Safely: Tied With String". Since 1987, he has served as the leader and public face for the British social cause organization the Sick Children's Trust.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford was brought up by his mother, Doris Agnes Mary Pike, and her parents, Montague Pike and his wife, Edith (née Keefe or O'Keefe), in what Crawford described as a "close-knit Roman Catholic family". His maternal grandmother was born in County Londonderry, Ireland (now Northern Ireland), and lived to be 99 years old. His mother's first husband, Arthur Dumbell "Smudge" Smith, who was not his biological father, was killed, aged 22, on 6 September 1940 during the Battle of Britain, less than a year after they married. Sixteen months after Smith's death, Crawford was born, the result of a short-lived relationship, and given his mother's surname, which was that of her first husband.


title: Michael Crawford

text: During his early years, Crawford divided his time between the army camp in Wiltshire, where he and his mother lived during the war, and the Isle of Sheppey in Kent. The isle was where his mother had grown up and where Crawford would later live with his mother and maternal grandparents. He attended St Michael's, a Catholic school in Bexleyheath which was run by nuns whom Crawford later described as not being shy in their use of corporal punishment. At the end of the Second World War, his mother remarried, this time to a grocer, Lionel Dennis "Den" Ingram. The couple moved to London, where Crawford attended Oakfield Preparatory School, Dulwich, where he was known as Michael Ingram. His mother's second marriage was abusive, according to Crawford.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford made his first stage appearance in the role of Sammy the Little Sweep in his school production of Benjamin Britten's "Let's Make an Opera", conducted by Donald Mitchell, which was then transferred to Brixton Town Hall in London. He auditioned, unsuccessfully, for the role of Miles in Britten's "The Turn of the Screw" - the role being given to another boy soprano, David Hemmings; but it appears that Crawford's audition sufficiently impressed Britten as in 1955 he hired him to play Sammy, alternating with David Hemmings, in another production of "Let's Make an Opera", this time at the Scala Theatre in London. He also participated in the recording of that opera (as Michael Ingram, singing the role of Gay Brook) made that same year, conducted by the composer.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In 1958 he was hired by the English Opera Group to create the role of Jaffet in another Britten opera, "Noye's Fludde", based on the story of Noah and the Great Flood. Crawford remembers that it was while working in this production that he realised he seriously wanted to become an actor. It was in between performances of "Let's Make an Opera" and "Noye's Fludde" that he was advised to change his name, "to avoid confusion with a television newsman called Michael Ingram[s] who was registered with British Equity".


title: Michael Crawford

text: He went on to perform in a wide repertoire. Among his stage work, he performed in André Birabeau's French comedy "Head of the Family", Neil Simon's "Come Blow Your Horn", Bernard Kops's "Change for the Angel", Francis Swann's "Out of the Frying Pan", Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar", "Coriolanus", and "Twelfth Night", Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest", "The Striplings", "The Move After Checkmate" and others. At the same time, he appeared in hundreds of BBC radio broadcasts and early BBC soap-operas, such as "Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School", "Emergency - Ward 10", "Probation Officer", and "Two Living, One Dead". He appeared as the cabin boy John Drake in the television series "Sir Francis Drake", a 26-part adventure series made by ITC starring Terence Morgan and Jean Kent. He made his film debut in 1958 with leading roles in two children's films, "Blow Your Own Trumpet" and "Soapbox Derby", for The Children's Film Foundation in Britain.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In 1961 Michael Crawford appeared in an episode of "" called "The Villa" in which he played a character experimenting with strobe lights. Crawford appears in the only surviving episode of the 1960 British crime series "Police Surgeon" alongside Ian Hendry. This series would spawn the much better-known "The Avengers".


title: Michael Crawford

text: At age nineteen, he was approached to play an American, Junior Sailen, in the film "The War Lover" (1962), which starred Steve McQueen. To prepare for the role, he would spend hours listening to Woody Woodbury, a famous American comedian of the time, to try to perfect an American accent. After "The War Lover", Crawford briefly returned to the stage and, after playing the lead role in the 1963 British film "Two Left Feet", was offered a role in the British television series, "Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life", as the Mod-style, tough-talking, motorbike-riding Byron. It was this character that attracted film director Richard Lester to hire him for the role of Colin in "The Knack ...and How to Get It" in 1965. The film was a huge success in the UK.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Lester also cast him in the film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's musical "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum", and "How I Won the War", which starred Roy Kinnear and John Lennon (during the filming of which he lived in London with Lennon and his first wife Cynthia, and Gabrielle Lewis). Crawford starred in "The Jokers" (directed by Michael Winner) with Oliver Reed in 1967.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In 1967, he made his Broadway début in Peter Shaffer's "Black Comedy" with Lynn Redgrave (making her début as well) in which he demonstrated his aptitude and daring for extreme physical comedy, such as walking into walls and falling down staircases. While working in the show, he was noticed by Gene Kelly and was called to Hollywood to audition for him for a part in the film adaptation of the musical "Hello, Dolly!". He was cast and shared top billing with Barbra Streisand and Walter Matthau. Despite becoming one of the highest-grossing films of 1969, it failed to recoup its $25 million budget at the box office. It went on to win three Academy Awards, was nominated for a further four (including Best Picture), and is now considered to be one of the greatest musical films ever.


title: Michael Crawford

text: His later films fared less successfully, although "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", in which he played the White Rabbit, enjoyed moderate success in the UK. After performing in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", and with offers of work greatly reduced and much of his salary from "Hello, Dolly!" lost, reportedly due to underhanded investments by his agent, Crawford faced a brief period of unemployment, in which he helped his wife stuff cushions (for their upholstery business) and took a job as an office clerk in an electric company to pass the time between. During this difficult time, his marriage fell apart and divorce followed in 1975.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford's acting career took off again after he appeared on the London stage in the farce "No Sex Please, We're British", in which he played the part of frantic chief cashier Brian Runnicles. His performance led to an invitation to star in a BBC television comedy series about a childlike and eternally haphazard man who causes disaster everywhere he goes. Crawford was not the first choice for the role of Frank Spencer in "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em". Originally, the part had been offered to comedy actor Ronnie Barker but after he and Norman Wisdom had turned it down, Crawford took on the challenge, adopting a similar characterisation to that which he used when playing Brian Runnicles. Cast alongside him was actress Michele Dotrice in the role of Frank's long-suffering wife, Betty, and the series premiered in 1973.


title: Michael Crawford

text: "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em" soon became one of the BBC's most popular television series. Initially, only two series were produced, from 1973 to 1975, while the show's creators felt that it should stop while at its peak. There was a brief hiatus until popular demand saw it revived for a final series in 1978. The immense popularity that followed the sitcom was due perhaps to the unusual amount of physical comedy involved. Crawford said he had always been a fan of comedians such as Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and Laurel and Hardy, as well as the great sight gags employed in the days of silent film, and saw "Some Mothers" as the ideal opportunity to use such humour himself. He performed all of his own stunts during the show's run, and never used a double.


title: Michael Crawford

text: While he was playing in "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em", Crawford was approached to star in the musical "Billy" (based on the novel "Billy Liar"), which opened in 1974 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London. This was his first leading man role on the West End stage and helped to cement his career as both a singer and showman. The part was demanding, requiring proficiency in both song and dance, and in preparation for the role, Crawford began taking both more seriously, studying singing under the tutelage of vocal coach Ian Adam and spending hours perfecting his dancing capabilities with choreographer Onna White.


title: Michael Crawford

text: "Billy" gave the many fans of Crawford's portrayal of Frank Spencer an opportunity to see him in a broadly similar role on the stage, and was a considerable hit (904 West End performances). After the closing of "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em", Crawford continued to perform in plays and musicals, starring in "Flowers for Algernon" (1979) in the role of Charley Gordon, based on the book of the same title. He pursued another role on a very short-lived ITV sitcom, "Chalk and Cheese", as the slovenly, uncouth Dave Finn. The show did not go over well with his fans: the popularity of Crawford's portrayal of Frank Spencer, and the similar Billy Fisher character, had left him somewhat typecast, to the extent that they could not accept his very different role as Dave Finn. Crawford abandoned the show during its first series and returned to theatre work.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford starred in the 1981 Disney comedy/adventure film "Condorman", playing an eccentric American comic book writer and illustrator named Woody Wilkins who is asked by his friend at the CIA to help a Russian woman to defect while acting out the fantasy of bringing his comic book creation, Condorman, to life. Critics panned the film. On their television show, critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert featured the film in their round-up of the year's worst films pointing out the less-than-special effects such as the visible harness and cable used to suspend Condorman in the air and the obvious bluescreen effect. The film performed poorly at the box office but years later gained a cult following among Disney fans.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Also in 1981, Crawford starred in the original London production of Cy Coleman's "Barnum" (1981) as the illustrious American showman P.T. Barnum. He trained at the "Big Apple Circus School" in New York City to prepare for the ambitious stunts, learning to walk the tight-rope, juggle and slide down a rope from the rafters of the theatre. After further training for the second opening of "Barnum", he was awarded a British Amateur Gymnastics Association badge and certificate as a qualified coach.


title: Michael Crawford

text: "Barnum" opened on 11 June 1981 at the London Palladium, where it ran for 655 performances. Crawford and Deborah Grant headed the cast. It was well-received, becoming a favourite of Margaret Thatcher as well as the Queen Mother. Crawford earned his first Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical on the London stage. After the initial production of the show, he worked extensively with Torvill and Dean, and can be seen rinkside with them as they received their "perfect six" marks in the 1983 world championships for their 'Barnum' routine.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In 1984 a revival of "Barnum" opened in Manchester at the Opera House, ending the tour at the Victoria Palace in the West End. In 1986 this production, with a new cast, though still headed by Crawford, was recorded for television and broadcast by the BBC. Crawford's "Barnum" is one of the longest runs by a leading actor.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In 1984, at the final preview of "Starlight Express", Crawford happened to run into the show's creator, Andrew Lloyd Webber. Lloyd Webber had met Crawford socially several times and remembered him from his work in "Flowers for Algernon". He informed Crawford that he was working on a new project based on a Gaston Leroux novel and wanted to know whether he was interested. Crawford said he was, but the show was still in the early planning stages, and nothing had been decided. Several months passed, during which Lloyd Webber had already created a pitch video featuring his then-wife Sarah Brightman as the female lead Christine, and British rocker Steve Harley as the Phantom, singing the title song in the manner of a contemporary new wave video. Crawford was turned off by that, supposing the songwriter had chosen to do a "rock opera"-inspired spectacle in lieu of a more traditional operatic musical.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Since casting Harley, however, Lloyd Webber had also begun to regret his artistic choices (as stated in the 'Behind the Mask' documentary that he and Cameron MackIntosh agreed that Harley wasn't an actor, nor a large theatre presence, all of which by this point Crawford had vast experience in). As production continued on the show, the bulk of the score was revealing itself to be far more classical and operatic, entirely unsuited to Harley's rough, contemporary voice. Wanting instead a performer with a more classic, melodic voice, as described in the original book, he began yet another search for the perfect actor to play his Phantom. Crawford's landing of the role was due in large part to the coincidence that Sarah Brightman had taken lessons with the same vocal coach as Crawford. She and her husband had arrived early for her lesson, and it was while waiting that they chanced to hear Crawford practising the aria "Care Selve", from the opera "Atalanta" by Handel. Intrigued, Lloyd Webber asked Ian Adam who his student was. Soon after, Crawford was called in for an audition and was hired virtually on the spot.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Many critics were sceptical; Crawford was still largely pigeonholed as the hapless Frank Spencer, and questions were asked about Crawford's ability to manage such a vocally and dramatically demanding role. In 1986, he began his performance in London at Her Majesty's Theatre, continuing on to Broadway in 1988, and then Los Angeles in 1989. He played the role for two and a half years and over 1,300 performances, winning an Olivier Award (Best Actor in a Musical), a Tony Award (Best Performance by an Actor in a Lead Role, Musical), a New York Drama Desk Award, and a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for Distinguished Achievement in Theatre (Lead Performance).


title: Michael Crawford

text: During the run of "Phantom" in Los Angeles, Crawford was asked to perform "The Music of the Night" at the Inaugural Gala for President George H. W. Bush in Washington, D.C., on 19 January 1989. At the gala, Crawford was presented with a birthday cake (it was his 47th birthday). On 29 April 1990, after three and a half years and over 1,300 performances later, Crawford left the show for the final time. He admits to having been saddened at his departure, and, during the final Lair scene, altered the Phantom's line to "Christine... I "loved" you", acknowledging that this was his final performance.


title: Michael Crawford

text: At the request of Liz Kirschner, wife of film producer David Kirschner, he obtained the role of Cornelius in 20th Century Fox's animated film "Once Upon a Forest", which was produced by her husband.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In 1995, Crawford created the high-profile starring role in "EFX", the US$70 million production which officially opened the 1,700-seat MGM Grand Theatre in Las Vegas. The Atlantic Theater label released the companion album to EFX. Early into the run, Crawford suffered an accident during a performance (which involved him sliding from a wire hanger from the back of the theatre all the way to the stage and then jumping down to the stage itself) and left the show to recover from his injury, which resulted in an early hip replacement operation.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In the late 1990s, Michael began a long-term relationship with Natasha MacAller, an American dancer and chef.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford had a short comeback to Broadway as the Count von Krolock in the short-lived musical "Dance of the Vampires" (2002–03). He originated the role of Count Fosco in Lloyd Webber's "The Woman in White", which opened at the Palace Theatre, London in September 2004. However, he was forced to leave the show three months later because of ill health caused by dehydration resulting from the enormous fat-suit he wore during the performance. He spent several months recuperating and was thus unable to reprise the role on Broadway. He learned he was suffering from the post-viral condition myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), which debilitated him for six years.


title: Michael Crawford

text: He later moved to New Zealand briefly, both to be near his daughter and her family in Australia and to convalesce from his illness.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In 2006, Crawford attended the Gala Performance of the stage version of "The Phantom of the Opera" on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre to celebrate the show's becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history (surpassing the run of "Cats"). He was delighted with it, stating this was the first time he had been an audience member of any of the shows he had done.


title: Michael Crawford

text: On 23 October 2010, Crawford attended the celebratory 10,000th performance of "The Phantom of the Opera" in London alongside composer Andrew Lloyd Webber. Crawford spoke of his own memories of the first performance 24 years ago, and was then presented, along with Lloyd Webber, with a special cake to commemorate the landmark achievement.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Beginning with previews in February 2011, Crawford originated the part of the Wizard in the new Andrew Lloyd Webber/Tim Rice musical version of "The Wizard of Oz" at the London Palladium, which had its official opening on 1 March 2011. He stated on "This Morning: Sunday", on 14 August 2011, that he had signed on for a further six months in the show. He left the production on 5 February 2012; the same day as co-star Danielle Hope played her final performance as Dorothy. From 14 February, Russell Grant took over the role.


title: Michael Crawford

text: On 2 October 2011 Crawford made a special appearance during the finale of "The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall" — a fully staged production of the musical at the famous London venue – marking 25 years since the show received its world premiere. Although reunited with Sarah Brightman, he did no real singing as he had just finished performing in a matinee of "The Wizard of Oz" at the London Palladium.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In February 2016 the BBC announced that Crawford and Dotrice would be reprising their roles in a one-off special of "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em", to be broadcast as part of the Sport Relief charity fundraiser event. The special aired on 18 March 2016.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford starred in the new West End musical "The Go-Between" which premiered on 27 May 2016 at Apollo Theatre. He appeared in the 60th anniversary performance of Britten's "Noye's Fludde" in London in 2018, performing the Voice of God, and recalled in a BBC Radio 3 interview Benjamin Britten's valuable support in his early career.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford has performed many concert tours in the US, Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand, beginning with "The Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber" in 1992. In 1998, Crawford began "Michael Crawford: Live In Concert" tour around the United States. One performance, done at the Cerritos Arts Center in Los Angeles, was filmed and broadcast on PBS for their annual fundraiser.


title: Michael Crawford

text: In 2006, he made a small concert tour of Australia and New Zealand, as well as a one-night benefit to open the LaSalle Bank Theatre in Chicago. He has also done various Michael Crawford International Fan Association (MCIFA) exclusive concerts around the US. The MCIFA makes contributions to many charities.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Since the late 1980s, Crawford has affiliated himself with various charities, particularly for the good of children. He is a patron of the Lighthouse Foundation in Australia, and has also been President of the Sick Children's Trust since 1987.


title: Michael Crawford

text: Crawford was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1988 and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for charitable and philanthropic services, particularly to children's charities.


title: The Seekers

text: The Seekers were an Australian folk-influenced pop quartet, originally formed in Melbourne in 1962. They were the first Australian pop music group to achieve major chart and sales success in the United Kingdom and the United States. They were especially popular during the 1960s with their best-known configuration of Judith Durham on vocals, piano and tambourine; Athol Guy on double bass and vocals; Keith Potger on twelve-string guitar, banjo and vocals; and Bruce Woodley on guitar, mandolin, banjo and vocals.


title: The Seekers

text: The group had Top 10 hits in the 1960s with "I'll Never Find Another You", "A World of Our Own", "Morningtown Ride", "Someday, One Day", "Georgy Girl" and "The Carnival Is Over". Australian music historian Ian McFarlane described their style as "concentrated on a bright, uptempo sound, although they were too pop to be considered strictly folk and too folk to be rock".


title: The Seekers

text: In 1967, they were named as joint "Australians of the Year" – the only group thus honoured. In July 1968, Durham left to pursue a solo career and the group disbanded. Keith Potger formed a new group in the UK, the New Seekers, which had a hit single in 1971 with "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing".


title: The Seekers

text: In 1995, the Seekers were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. "I'll Never Find Another You" was added to the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's Sounds of Australia registry in 2011. Woodley's and Dobe Newton's song "I Am Australian", which was recorded by the Seekers as well as Durham with Russell Hitchcock and Mandawuy Yunupingu, has become an unofficial Australian anthem. With "I'll Never Find Another You" and "Georgy Girl", the group also achieved success in the United States, but not nearly at the same level as in the rest of the world. The Seekers have sold over 50 million records worldwide.


title: The Seekers

text: The Seekers were individually honoured as Officers of the Order of Australia in the Queen's Birthday Honours of June 2014.


title: The Seekers

text: The Seekers were formed in 1962 in Melbourne by Athol Guy on double bass, Keith Potger on twelve-string guitar and Bruce Woodley on guitar. Guy, Potger and Woodley had all attended Melbourne Boys High School in Victoria. In the late 1950s, Potger led the Trinamics, a rock 'n' roll group, Guy led the Ramblers and, with Woodley, they decided to form a doo-wop music group, the Escorts. The Escorts had Ken Ray as the lead singer and in 1962 they became "The Seekers". Ray left the group to get married. His place was taken by Judith Durham, an established traditional jazz singer who added a distinctive female lead voice. She had earlier recorded an extended play disc on W&G Records with the Melbourne group Frank Traynor's Jazz Preachers.