title: IOS jailbreaking

text: While Apple technically does not support jailbreaking as a violation of its EULA, jailbreaking communities have generally not been legally threatened by Apple. At least two prominent jailbreakers have been given positions at Apple, albeit in at least one case a temporary one. Apple has also regularly (though possibly somewhat jokingly) thanked jailbreak communities for detecting security holes in iOS release notes.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: Apple's support article concerning jailbreaking claims that they "may deny service for an iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch that has installed any unauthorized software." Therefore, anyone who is jailbroken, warranty or not, may or may not get support from Apple considering assistance with jailbreaking.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In 2010, Electronic Frontiers Australia said that it is unclear whether jailbreaking is legal in Australia, and that anti-circumvention laws may apply. These laws had been strengthened by the Copyright Amendment Act 2006.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In November 2012, Canada amended its Copyright Act with new provisions prohibiting tampering with DRM protection, with exceptions including software interoperability. Jailbreaking a device to run alternative software is a form of circumventing digital locks for the purpose of software interoperability.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: There had been several efforts from 2008–2011 to amend the Copyright Act (Bill C-60, Bill C-61, and Bill C-32) to prohibit tampering with digital locks, along with initial proposals for C-11 that were more restrictive, but those bills were set aside. In 2011, Michael Geist, a Canadian copyright scholar, cited iPhone jailbreaking as a non-copyright-related activity that overly-broad Copyright Act amendments could prohibit.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: India's copyright law permits circumventing DRM for non-copyright-infringing purposes. Parliament introduced a bill including this DRM provision in 2010 and passed it in 2012 as Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2012. India is not a signatory to the WIPO Copyright Treaty that requires laws against DRM circumvention, but being listed on the US Special 301 Report "Priority Watch List" applied pressure to develop stricter copyright laws in line with the WIPO treaty.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: New Zealand's copyright law allows the use of technological protection measure (TPM) circumvention methods as long as the use is for legal, non-copyright-infringing purposes. This law was added to the Copyright Act 1994 as part of the Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: Jailbreaking might be legal in Singapore if done to provide interoperability and not circumvent copyright, but that has not been tested in court.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: The law Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 makes circumventing DRM protection measures legal for the purpose of interoperability but not copyright infringement. Jailbreaking may be a form of circumvention covered by that law, but this has not been tested in court. Competition laws may also be relevant.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: The main law that affects the legality of iOS jailbreaking in the United States is the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which says "no person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under" the DMCA, since this may apply to jailbreaking. Every three years, the law allows the public to propose exemptions for legitimate reasons for circumvention, which last three years if approved. In 2010 and 2012, the U.S. Copyright Office approved exemptions that allowed smartphone users to jailbreak their devices legally, and in 2015 the Copyright Office approved an expanded exemption that also covers other all-purpose mobile computing devices, such as tablets. It is still possible Apple may employ technical countermeasures to prevent jailbreaking or prevent jailbroken phones from functioning. It is unclear whether it is legal to traffic in the tools used to make jailbreaking easy.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In 2007, Tim Wu, a professor at Columbia Law School, argued that jailbreaking "Apple's superphone is legal, ethical, and just plain fun." Wu cited an explicit exemption issued by the Library of Congress in 2006 for personal carrier unlocking, which notes that locks "are used by wireless carriers to limit the ability of subscribers to switch to other carriers, a business decision that has nothing whatsoever to do with the interests protected by copyright" and thus do not implicate the DMCA. Wu did not claim that this exemption applies to those who help others unlock a device or "traffic" in software to do so.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In 2010, in response to a request by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the U.S. Copyright Office explicitly recognized an exemption to the DMCA to permit jailbreaking in order to allow iPhone owners to use their phones with applications that are not available from Apple's store, and to unlock their iPhones for use with unapproved carriers. Apple had previously filed comments opposing this exemption and indicated that it had considered jailbreaking to be a violation of copyright (and by implication prosecutable under the DMCA). Apple's request to define copyright law to include jailbreaking as a violation was denied as part of the 2009 DMCA rulemaking. In their ruling, the Library of Congress affirmed on July 26, 2010, that jailbreaking is exempt from DMCA rules with respect to circumventing digital locks. DMCA exemptions must be reviewed and renewed every three years or else they expire.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: On October 28, 2012, the US Copyright Office released a new exemption ruling. The jailbreaking of smartphones continued to be legal "where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of [lawfully obtained software] applications with computer programs on the telephone handset." However, the U.S. Copyright office refused to extend this exemption to tablets, such as iPads, arguing that the term "tablets" is broad and ill-defined, and an exemption to this class of devices could have unintended side effects. The Copyright Office also renewed the 2010 exemption for unofficially unlocking phones to use them on unapproved carriers, but restricted this exemption to phones purchased before January 26, 2013. In 2015, these exemptions were extended to include other devices, including tablets.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: BigBoss (previously TheBigBoss.org) is a software repository and blog for jailbreaking. It publishes news on the topic and allows developers to host tweaks and other extensions. It was one of the first repositories to exist for the Cydia package manager, launched in April 2008 by Sleepers Repository. It comes preinstalled with all copies of Cydia.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: While the majority of the packages are for older iOS versions, it still receives a steady flow of new packages. While it was originally founded by pseudonymous developer and namesake, BigBoss, it is currently run by 0ptimo, who maintains it and ensures its reliability.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In addition to the news and software hosting website, BigBoss also distributed many utilities that ran on jailbroken devices. These included SBSettings, BossPrefs, BossPaper, Categories, and Flashlight.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: On March 8, 2009, Cydia Store launched, allowing users to purchase software products from the repository. Previously, it had only consisted of free software.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In July 2014, the website was hacked, leaking the entire database and collection of packages (including paid products).


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In November 2017, other significant early Cydia Store repositories, ModMy and ZodTTD, shut down, making BigBoss one of the last original repositories standing.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In December 2018, the Cydia Store shut down, meaning that no new packages could be purchased. Packages that have been previously paid for can still be installed, and free packages can still be installed. New repositories have been creating and using their own payment systems.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: The first iPhone worm, iKee, appeared in early November 2009, created by a 21-year-old Australian student in the town of Wollongong. He told Australian media that he created the worm to raise awareness of security issues: jailbreaking allows users to install an SSH service, which those users can leave in the default insecure state. In the same month, F-Secure reported on a new malicious worm compromising bank transactions from jailbroken phones in the Netherlands, similarly affecting devices where the owner had installed SSH without changing the default password.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In 2010 blogger John Gruber, who is close to Apple, said that users misunderstood some jailbreak exploits and that they were more serious than they appear. He commented that "it's odd how the press is mostly covering this as 'jailbreaking now more convenient' rather than 'remote code exploit now in the wild'", pointing out that the exploit allowed the creator of a malicious website to take control of iPhones accessing it. Restoring a device with iTunes removes a jailbreak. However, doing so generally updates the device to the latest, and possibly non-jailbreakable, version, due to Apple's use of SHSH blobs. There are many applications that aim to prevent this, by restoring the devices to the same version they are currently running whilst removing the jailbreaks. Examples are, Succession, Semi-Restore and Cydia Eraser.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In 2012, Forbes staff analyzed a UCSB study on 1,407 free programs available from Apple and a third-party source. Of the 1,407 free apps investigated, 825 were downloaded from Apple's App Store using the website App Tracker, and 526 from BigBoss (Cydia's default repository). 21% of official apps tested leaked device ID and 4% leaked location. Unofficial apps leaked 4% and 0.2% respectively. 0.2% of apps from Cydia leaked photos and browsing history, while the App Store leaked none. Unauthorized apps tended to respect privacy better than official ones. Also, a program available in Cydia called PrivaCy allows user to control the upload of usage statistics to remote servers.


title: IOS jailbreaking

text: In recent years, due to the technical complexity and often rarity of legitimate jailbreaking software (especially untethered jailbreaks) there has been an increase in websites offering fake iOS jailbreaks. These websites often ask for payment or make heavy use of advertising, but have no actual jailbreak to offer. Others install a fake, lookalike version of the Cydia package manager. In some cases, users have been asked to download free-to-play apps or fill out surveys to complete a (non-existent) jailbreak.


title: Expedia Group

text: Expedia Group, Inc. is an American online travel shopping company for consumer and small business travel. Its websites, which are primarily travel fare aggregators and travel metasearch engines, include Expedia.com, Vrbo (previously HomeAway), Hotels.com, Hotwire.com, Orbitz, Travelocity, trivago and CarRentals.com.


title: Expedia Group

text: According to Rich Barton, the company's first CEO, the word "Expedia" is derived from a combination of "exploration" and "speed".


title: Expedia Group

text: Founded as a division of Microsoft in October 1996, Expedia was spun off into a public company in 1999.


title: Expedia Group

text: In 2001, IAC/InterActiveCorp (known at the time as USA Networks Inc) bought a controlling interest in the company for an estimated $1.5 billion.


title: Expedia Group

text: In 2003, it was fully purchased by IAC/InterActiveCorp and became part of IAC Travel. Rich Barton resigned as CEO and was replaced by Erik Blachford.


title: Expedia Group

text: In December 2004, IAC announced plans to spin off IAC Travel into Expedia. Dara Khosrowshahi was announced as the new CEO.


title: Expedia Group

text: In August 2005, IAC spun off Expedia Inc., which owned its travel group of businesses, including Expedia, Expedia Corporate Travel (now Egencia), TripAdvisor, Classic Vacations, eLong, Hotels.com, and Hotwire.com.


title: Expedia Group

text: In December 2011, Expedia, Inc. spun out TripAdvisor Media Group, retaining its portfolio of travel transaction brands.


title: Expedia Group

text: On December 21, 2012, Expedia bought a majority stake in travel metasearch engine Trivago in a combined cash and stock deal worth €477 million (approximately $630 million).


title: Expedia Group

text: In September 2014, Expedia Inc. partnered with Citigroup and created the Expedia+ card whose members can earn bonus points and earn benefits and priority customer service through the website.


title: Expedia Group

text: In January 2015, Expedia acquired Travelocity from Sabre Corp for $280 million. Expedia previously partnered with Travelocity to provide the technology platform for Travelocity's US and Canada points of sale.


title: Expedia Group

text: In July 2015, Expedia and Marc Benioff, CEO of Salesforce.com participated in an investment of $11M in Wingz.


title: Expedia Group

text: In March 2017, Chelsea Clinton was named to the board of Expedia. In her newly named position, Ms. Clinton will get $45,000 a year in cash, plus $250,000 a year in stock vesting over three years.


title: Expedia Group

text: On Dec. 4, 2019, Mark Okerstrom and Alan Pickerill resigned as CEO and CFO, respectively. At that time, Expedia Group's chairman, Barry Diller, took over day-to-day operations, while the Chief Strategy Officer, Eric Hart, became acting CFO.


title: Expedia Group

text: In February, 2020, Expedia announced it was cutting 3,000 jobs, roughly 12% of the workforce, citing a "disappointing 2019." Diller, in his role as acting CEO, stated the company had become "sclerotic and bloated" and that employees were "all life and no work."


title: Expedia Group

text: Expedia's revenue dwindled from $12 billion in 2019 to $5.2 billion in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Expedia Group

text: According to the Travel Market Report, from January to December 2020 the U.S. Department of Transportation received 14,604 complaints about Expedia and other online travel agencies (OTAs) from customers trying to get refunds for cancelled flights. As the source notes: "On social media, customers complained of excessively long call times and being unable to get through to a representative, leading to travelers being unable to make any changes to their travel plans or start refunds. Some people said they could not get a hold of someone for as much as 24 hours and one person said they called over 30 times."


title: Expedia Group

text: On 1 March 2021, Najafi Companies acquired the website, brand and employees of Classic Vacations from Expedia Group. The transfer of the ownership of Classic Vacations will be complete by April 2, 2021.


title: Expedia Group

text: On 2 November 2021, American Express Global Business Travel completed the acquisition of Egencia from Expedia Group


title: Expedia Group

text: Expedia's first acquisition was Travelscape for US$89.75 million and VacationSpot.com for US$80 million on March 17, 2000. It subsequently acquired Classic Custom Vacations in March 2002 for $78 million. The company has made four divestments, in which parts of the company are sold to another company. On December 31, 2000, Technology Crossover Ventures acquired a 7% minority stake in Expedia for $50 million. IAC acquired a 65% majority stake in the company on February 5, 2002, for $1.372 billion, and a year later, on August 8, 2003, USA Interactive acquired Expedia for $3.636 billion. Expedia was ultimately spun off as a separate entity with a value of $7.981 billion. The company made the most acquisitions in 2002 when it acquired three companies: Classic Custom Vacations, Metropolitan Travel, and Newtrade Technologies.


title: Expedia Group

text: In January 2015, Expedia acquired the online travel agency Travelocity from the tech firm Sabre Corporation for $280 million.


title: Expedia Group

text: On January 18, 2011, Travelscape, a subsidiary of Expedia Inc. based in Las Vegas, was ordered to pay $6.3 million in back sales taxes to South Carolina by the state's supreme court. Travelscape argued that South Carolina's efforts to tax online retailers located out-of-state violate the Dormant Commerce Clause. In a unanimous ruling, the court determined that the company has a presence in the state sufficient to be required to collect sales tax. While Travelscape does not have physical facilities in South Carolina, the court determined that frequent sales trips made by its employees and the fact that the company furnished hotel rooms in the state establish its presence for tax purposes.


title: Expedia Group

text: On April 2, 2015, Expedia announced that it would move its headquarters to the Interbay neighborhood of Seattle by the end of 2018, purchasing the Amgen campus on the Elliott Bay waterfront for $228.9 million and investing an additional $900 million on renovation. As part of the move, Expedia is proposing an expansion of office space at the campus to to accommodate employees, designed by ZGF Architects.


title: Expedia Group

text: The move was later delayed to 2019, citing some logistical hurdles including the commute from the Eastside to Seattle as well as traffic congestion near the campus. Incentives for employees to seek alternative forms of transportation were also announced, with the company exploring company shuttle services from park and rides in Redmond.


title: Expedia Group

text: In addition to the campus, Expedia gained ownership of the Helix bridge, now named Expedia Group Bridge, and a plot of land now used as a transportation hub for Expedia employees.


title: Expedia Group

text: On 12 February 2020, the United Nations published a database of all business enterprises involved in certain specified activities related to the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Golan Heights. Expedia Group has been listed on the database in light of its involvement in activities related to "the provision of services and utilities supporting the maintenance and existence of settlements". The international community considers Israeli settlements built on land occupied by Israel to be in violation of international law.


title: Expedia Group

text: Expedia was involved in a number of lawsuits including class action lawsuits during the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular for refusing refunds for flights canceled over the coronavirus outbreak.


title: Expedia Group

text: In August 2016, Buckeye Tree Lodge and Sequoia Village Inn, LLC filed a class-action lawsuit in California accusing the company and its partners of "brazen deceit" by coordinating with internet search engines and social media institutions to return false results on lodging entities in favor of those affiliated with their websites, in violation of the Lanham Act. The lawsuit was settled in April 2021, after the company promised not to engage in false advertising.


title: Terminal velocity

text: Terminal velocity is the maximum velocity (speed) attainable by an object as it falls through a fluid (air is the most common example). It occurs when the sum of the drag force ("F") and the buoyancy is equal to the downward force of gravity ("F") acting on the object. Since the net force on the object is zero, the object has zero acceleration.


title: Terminal velocity

text: In fluid dynamics an object is moving at its terminal velocity if its speed is constant due to the restraining force exerted by the fluid through which it is moving.


title: Terminal velocity

text: As the speed of an object increases, so does the drag force acting on it, which also depends on the substance it is passing through (for example air or water). At some speed, the drag or force of resistance will equal the gravitational pull on the object (buoyancy is considered below). At this point the object stops accelerating and continues falling at a constant speed called the terminal velocity (also called settling velocity). An object moving downward faster than the terminal velocity (for example because it was thrown downwards, it fell from a thinner part of the atmosphere, or it changed shape) will slow down until it reaches the terminal velocity. Drag depends on the projected area, here represented by the object's cross-section or silhouette in a horizontal plane. An object with a large projected area relative to its mass, such as a parachute, has a lower terminal velocity than one with a small projected area relative to its mass, such as a dart. In general, for the same shape and material, the terminal velocity of an object increases with size. This is because the downward force (weight) is proportional to the cube of the linear dimension, but the air resistance is approximately proportional to the cross-section area which increases only as the square of the linear dimension. For very small objects such as dust and mist, the terminal velocity is easily overcome by convection currents which prevent them from reaching the ground and hence they stay suspended in the air for indefinite periods. Air pollution and fog are examples of convection currents.


title: Terminal velocity

text: Based on wind resistance, for example, the terminal speed of a skydiver in a belly-to-earth (i.e., face down) free fall position is about . This speed is the asymptotic limiting value of the speed, and the forces acting on the body balance each other more and more closely as the terminal speed is approached. In this example, a speed of 50% of terminal speed is reached after only about 3 seconds, while it takes 8 seconds to reach 90%, 15 seconds to reach 99% and so on.


title: Terminal velocity

text: Higher speeds can be attained if the skydiver pulls in their limbs (see also freeflying). In this case, the terminal speed increases to about , which is almost the terminal speed of the peregrine falcon diving down on its prey. The same terminal speed is reached for a typical .30-06 bullet dropping downwards—when it is returning to the ground having been fired upwards, or dropped from a tower—according to a 1920 U.S. Army Ordnance study.


title: Terminal velocity

text: Buoyancy effects, due to the upward force on the object by the surrounding fluid, can be taken into account using Archimedes' principle: the mass formula_3 has to be reduced by the displaced fluid mass formula_9, with formula_10 the volume of the object. So instead of formula_3 use the reduced mass formula_12 in this and subsequent formulas.


title: Terminal velocity

text: The terminal speed of an object changes due to the properties of the fluid, the mass of the object and its projected cross-sectional surface area.


title: Terminal velocity

text: Air density increases with decreasing altitude, at about 1% per (see barometric formula). For objects falling through the atmosphere, for every of fall, the terminal speed decreases 1%. After reaching the local terminal velocity, while continuing the fall, speed "decreases" to change with the local terminal speed.


title: Terminal velocity

text: Using mathematical terms, defining down to be positive, the net force acting on an object falling near the surface of Earth is (according to the drag equation):


title: Terminal velocity

text: For very slow motion of the fluid, the inertia forces of the fluid are negligible (assumption of massless fluid) in comparison to other forces. Such flows are called creeping or Stokes flows and the condition to be satisfied for the flows to be creeping flows is the Reynolds number, formula_15. The equation of motion for creeping flow (simplified Navier–Stokes equation) is given by


title: Terminal velocity

text: where the Reynolds number, formula_21. The expression for the drag force given by equation () is called Stokes' law.


title: Terminal velocity

text: When the value of formula_5 is substituted in the equation (), we obtain the expression for terminal speed of a spherical object moving under creeping flow conditions:


title: Terminal velocity

text: The creeping flow results can be applied in order to study the settling of sediments near the ocean bottom and the fall of moisture drops in the atmosphere. The principle is also applied in the falling sphere viscometer, an experimental device used to measure the viscosity of highly viscous fluids, for example oil, paraffin, tar etc.


title: Terminal velocity

text: When the buoyancy effects are taken into account, an object falling through a fluid under its own weight can reach a terminal velocity (settling velocity) if the net force acting on the object becomes zero. When the terminal velocity is reached the weight of the object is exactly balanced by the upward buoyancy force and drag force. That is


title: Terminal velocity

text: Substitution of equations (–) in equation () and solving for terminal velocity, formula_2 to yield the following expression


title: Terminal velocity

text: In equation (), it is assumed that the object is denser than the fluid. If not, the sign of the drag force should be made negative since the object will be moving upwards, against gravity. Examples are bubbles formed at the bottom of a champagne glass and helium balloons. The terminal velocity in such cases will have a negative value, corresponding to the rate of rising up.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: Mary Anne Trump (; ; May 10, 1912 – August 7, 2000) was a Scottish-American domestic worker. She was the wife of real-estate developer Fred Trump. The couple were the parents of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: Born in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, Mary Trump immigrated to the United States in 1930 and became a naturalized citizen in March 1942. She raised five children with her husband and lived in the New York area.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: Mary Anne MacLeod was born in a pebbledashed croft house owned by her father since 1895 in the village of Tong, on the Isle of Lewis. Raised in a Scottish Gaelic-speaking household, Mary was the youngest of ten children born to Malcolm (1866–1954) and Mary MacLeod ("" Smith; 1867–1963). Her father was a crofter, fisherman and compulsory officer at Mary's school. English was her second language, which she learned at the school she attended until secondary school.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: Her paternal grandparents were Alexander MacLeod and Ann MacLeod; her maternal grandparents were Donald Smith and Mary MacAulay. They were from the locations of Vatisker and South Lochs, respectively. Donald died at sea aged 34 when his sailing ship sank, a common fate for men in the region which was dependent on fishing. Some of the family's generations had been forced off their land as part of the Highland Clearances. According to one genealogical account, displaced families in Mary's village lived in "human wretchedness" while nearby farmable land was used as game reserves. Local historians have said properties at the time were "indescribably filthy", and that families in the area lived austere lives as fishers, farmers and peat diggers. The outbreak of weakened the area's economy and male population further.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: With several siblings having already established themselves there, MacLeod may have first visited the United States for a short stay in December 1929. She was issued immigration visa number 26698 at Glasgow on February 17, 1930. On May 2, MacLeod left Glasgow on board the RMS "Transylvania" arriving in New York City on May 11 (one day after her 18th birthday). She declared she intended to become a U.S. citizen and would be staying permanently in America. She was one of tens of thousands of young Scots who left for the United States or Canada during this period, Scotland having suffered badly the consequences of the Clearances and World War I. The alien passenger list of the "Transylvania" lists her occupation as a domestic worker.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: Arriving in the U.S. with $50 (equivalent to $887 in 2022), MacLeod lived with her older sister Christina Matheson on Long Island and worked as a domestic servant for at least four years. One of these jobs appears to have been as a nanny for a well-to-do family in a New York suburb, but the position was eliminated due to economic difficulties caused by the Great Depression. As a 2016 account in Scottish newspaper "The National" put it, she "started life in America as a dirt-poor servant escaping the even worse poverty of her native land." Having obtained a U.S. Re-entry Permit—only granted to immigrants intending to stay and gain citizenship—she returned to Scotland on the SS "Cameronia" on September 12, 1934. She was recorded as living in New York by April 1935 in the 1940 U.S. Census.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: Though the 1940 census form filed by Mary Anne and her husband, Fred Trump, stated that she was a naturalized citizen, she did not actually become one until March 10, 1942. However, there is no evidence that she violated any immigration laws prior to her naturalization, as she frequently traveled internationally and was afterwards able to re-enter the U.S. MacLeod returned to her home area in Scotland often during the course of her life and spoke Gaelic when she did.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: In the mid-1930s, while MacLeod was living with her sister in Queens, she met Fred Trump—already a property developer and builder—at a party; on a subsequent visit to Scotland, she told her family that she had met her future husband. They married at the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church on January 11, 1936, with George Arthur Buttrick officiating. The wedding reception for 25 guests was held at the Carlyle Hotel in Manhattan. They honeymooned in Atlantic City, New Jersey. On April 5, 1937, she gave birth to their first child, Maryanne, followed by Fred Jr. (1938–1981), Elizabeth (born 1942), Donald (born 1946), and Robert (1948–2020). The final birth led to an emergency hysterectomy, which she barely survived.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: The family lived in Jamaica, Queens, and later specifically in Jamaica Estates. At first, the couple lived in the house of MacLeod's mother-in-law; however, by 1940, the couple, having moved out, had begun an upwardly mobile existence, having taken on a Scottish domestic servant for their own household. MacLeod generally worked as a housewife within the family, but sometimes helped with her husband's real estate business, such as collecting coins from laundry machines in family-owned apartment buildings.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: MacLeod raised her children in the Presbyterian faith of her upbringing; on January 20, 2017, incoming U.S. President Donald Trump took his inaugural oath of office using a copy of the Revised Standard Version Bible given to him by his mother in 1955 when he graduated from a Presbyterian Sunday school. MacLeod drove a Rolls-Royce that bore the vanity plates "MMT", the initials of her name, Mary MacLeod Trump.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: MacLeod also acted as a volunteer in a hospital and was involved in school activities and charities, including the betterment of those with cerebral palsy and efforts to improve the lives of intellectually disabled adults. The Trumps were active in the Salvation Army, the Boy Scouts of America, and the LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired, among other charities.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: MacLeod had a significant role at the Women's Auxiliary of Jamaica Hospital and likewise at the Jamaica Day Nursery. She and her husband donated time, effort, services, and several medical buildings around New York; a 228-bed nursing home pavilion at Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, where she spent years volunteering, is named after her. MacLeod also belonged to several social clubs.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: As a parent, MacLeod was more reserved than her husband. Friends of the children observed fewer interactions with her than with him. In appearance, MacLeod was slight of build but was known for an elaborate hairstyle, labeled in one account a "dynamic orange swirl", similar to the hairstyle her son Donald would later become known for.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: As she grew older, Trump suffered from severe osteoporosis. On October 31, 1991, at 79, she was mugged while shopping on Union Turnpike near her home. She resisted the mugger's attempt to steal her purse, which contained $14, and was then knocked to the ground and beaten. She sustained broken ribs, facial bruises, several fractures, a brain hemorrhage, and permanent damage to her sight and hearing. A bread-truck driver named Lawrence Herbert apprehended Paul LoCasto, her 16-year-old assailant, for which he was later rewarded by Donald Trump with a check that kept him from losing his home to foreclosure. Paul LoCasto later pleaded guilty to robbery and assault, and was sentenced to three to nine years in prison.


title: Mary Anne MacLeod Trump

text: Mary Anne's husband, Fred Trump, died at age 93 in June 1999 after falling ill with pneumonia. She died one year later on August 7, 2000, at Long Island Jewish Medical Center in New Hyde Park, New York, at age 88. Services were held at Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan and she was buried alongside her husband and son (Fred Jr.) at Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens. The death notice in her Scottish hometown newspaper, the "Stornoway Gazette", read: "Peacefully in New York on August 7, Mary Ann Trump, aged 88 years. Daughter of the late Malcolm and Mary MacLeod, 5 Tong. Much missed."


title: Floor Jansen

text: Floor Jansen (; born 21 February 1981) is a Dutch singer and songwriter. She is the lead vocalist of Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish.


title: Floor Jansen

text: Jansen first became known as a member of symphonic metal band After Forever, standing as their lead vocalist from 1997, when she joined at age 16, to their disbanding in 2009. When After Forever disbanded, she formed ReVamp and has released two albums with them. In 2012 following the departure of their lead vocalist Anette Olzon, Nightwish brought in Jansen as a touring member until the end of their Imaginaerum World Tour. In 2013, they announced Jansen was now their full-time lead vocalist; she subsequently disbanded ReVamp to focus on Nightwish. In 2018, she and Pagan's Mind guitarist Jørn Viggo Lofstad premiered their hard rock duo Northward.


title: Floor Jansen

text: A frequent collaborator of Arjen Anthony Lucassen, Jansen is a member of his progressive metal supergroup Star One, and sang in the Ayreon albums "", "01011001", and "The Source", as well as the live album "Ayreon Universe – The Best of Ayreon Live". She also sang lead vocals in several songs of the MaYan album "Quarterpast" and in Avalon's "Angels of the Apocalypse". She is the older sister of fellow singer Irene Jansen, who also worked with Ayreon.


title: Floor Jansen

text: Jansen was sixteen when she joined Apocalypse (later known as After Forever) in 1997. Three years later the band released its first album, "Prison of Desire". She co-wrote the band's words and music with Mark Jansen (no relation) until he left in 2002, after which she was the band's sole composer. Before becoming a full-time musician, she worked as a singing teacher.


title: Floor Jansen

text: Because of the burnout that After Forever bandmate Sander Gommans underwent, the band took a year off starting in January 2008 but ultimately decided to call it quits in February 2009. Jansen posted on her website that she was writing music with Jørn Viggo Lofstad (Pagan's Mind, Jørn Lande) for a new musical project, but the two did not publish as Northward until ten years later.


title: Floor Jansen

text: On 17 October 2009, Jansen announced via MySpace that the name of her new band was ReVamp. ReVamp's first album was produced with After Forever keyboardist Joost van den Broek, bass player Jaap Melman (formerly of Dreadlock Pussy) and guitarist Waldemar Sorychta (Grip Inc., Voodoocult, Eyes of Eden and Despair) as songwriters and producers. The final line-up of ReVamp featured keyboardist Ruben Wijga, bass player Jaap Melman, guitarists Jord Otto and Arjan Rijnen and drummer Matthias Landes.


title: Floor Jansen

text: In August 2011, Van Canto announced on Facebook, that ReVamp would no longer participate in their "Out of the Dark" tour, as Jansen suffered a burnout herself.


title: Floor Jansen

text: In late 2011, Jansen joined her former bandmate Mark Jansen in his band Mayan's Latin American tour, performing in São Paulo. In 2012, Jansen joined Adrenaline Mob on stage in Bochum and Weert. ReVamp's second album, "Wild Card," was released in 2013.


title: Floor Jansen

text: ReVamp announced its breakup in September 2016, citing Floor Jansen's inability to participate fully in both ReVamp and Nightwish.


title: Floor Jansen

text: After Nightwish's previous lead vocalist Anette Olzon parted ways with the band, Jansen acted as Nightwish's live lead vocalist for the remainder of the "Imaginaerum World Tour" in 2012. Her first show with the band was in Seattle in October. When commenting on the experience, she said:


title: Floor Jansen

text: On 9 October 2013, Nightwish announced Jansen as Olzon's permanent replacement in the band. In 2015, Nightwish released their first studio album featuring Jansen as the lead vocalist, which was "Endless Forms Most Beautiful". Along with the album the band announced a world tour. Out of this came the live album "Vehicle of Spirit"


title: Floor Jansen

text: In 2018, Nightwish announced their "Decades" world tour, commemorating all of their works as a band. The second studio album with Jansen as lead vocalist, "", was released on 10 April 2020. After several cancellations and reschedulings due to COVID-19 concerns, Nightwish is currently touring for this album.


title: Floor Jansen

text: Jansen performed her first solo concert in January 2020. Due to the restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, the final shows of the tour had to be postponed, and finally took place in summer 2021. On 2 August 2021, Jansen had confirmed in an interview that she is working on a solo album. The album has been aimed for a 2023 release. Jansen released her first single "Fire" on 25 March 2022. Her second solo single, "Storm", was released on 27 May 2022. Her third solo single, "Me Without You", was released on 8 September 2022.


title: Floor Jansen

text: Three albums by the Dutch composer and multi-instrumentalist Arjen Anthony Lucassen's project Ayreon include guest vocals from Jansen: she sang backing vocals on "My House on Mars" from the album "", played the character of Forever, referred to as Ω, (Coincidentally, Jansen used the Ω symbol as an emblem for her band Revamp, and she has the symbol tattooed on her wrist) on seven songs from the album "01011001", and was featured as a character named The Biologist on the album "The Source". She is also a member of Lucassen's heavy metal supergroup Star One, and was featured on the studio albums "Space Metal" and "Victims of the Modern Age". She was also featured in the 2018 live album "Ayreon Universe – The Best of Ayreon Live".


title: Floor Jansen

text: On 9 December 2013, she was also announced as the main vocalist, playing the lead role, for the second full-length album of former Stratovarius guitarist Timo Tolkki's metal opera act Avalon. The album, "Angels of the Apocalypse", was released on 16 May 2014. She has also been a guest for the metal band Nightmare.


title: Floor Jansen

text: On 22 February 2018, Northward, a hard rock project by Jansen and Pagan's Mind guitarist Jørn Viggo Lofstad, was unveiled. The two created the project in 2007, writing an entire album worth of music in 2008 but being unable to record previously due to their busy schedules; they ultimately reunited in 2017 to finally record the album, which was released on 19 October 2018 under their signed label Nuclear Blast. The album features a duet between Jansen and her sister Irene.


title: Floor Jansen

text: In 2019, Jansen participated in the Dutch reality TV show "Beste Zangers". In the last episode she partnered with classical singer Henk Poort to perform "The Phantom of the Opera", which was later released as a single. It reached number one on the Dutch single charts, and allowed Jansen to go on a sold-out solo tour in the Netherlands. She also won the Popprijs 2019, a prestigious Dutch award for the artist or band with an important contribution to Dutch pop music in the past year. Among her other performances for "Beste Zangers" was a solo version of "Shallow", and a separate acoustic duet version of the same song with Tim Akkerman. In 2022, she performed in the German version of "Beste Zangers": "Sing meinem Song - Das Tauschkonzert".


title: Floor Jansen

text: As a child, she wanted to be a biologist; coincidentally, she played the character "The Biologist" in the Ayreon album "The Source".


title: Floor Jansen

text: On 18 September 2016, it was announced, that Jansen and her husband Hannes Van Dahl, the drummer of Sabaton, were expecting their first child. On 15 March 2017, Jansen announced via Instagram that she had given birth to a girl.


title: Floor Jansen

text: In 2018, a new species of beetle was discovered by scientist Andreas Weigel. It was named after Jansen, dubbing it "Tmesisternus floorjansenae". This makes Floor Jansen the second Nightwish member to be a namesake for a newly discovered species, as a new kind of fungus gnat was discovered back in 2017 by Finnish biologist Jukka Salmela, who named the species after Tuomas Holopainen. Jansen herself announced the news on Facebook.


title: Floor Jansen

text: In 2020 a new species of brittle star, "Ophiomitrella floorae" of late Maastrichtian age (c. 66.7 Ma) was named after Floor Jansen.


title: Floor Jansen

text: On 26 October 2022, Jansen announced that she was diagnosed with breast cancer, and went to undergo surgery for it the following day. Two days following the announcement, Jansen confirmed that the surgery went well. On 18 November, Jansen announced that she was now cancer free.


title: Floor Jansen

text: Jansen can sing from classical to belting and raspy vocals like screaming and death growls. She is a soprano with a range of more than three octaves (C3 to F6).


title: Floor Jansen

text: Jansen started studying music at the Dutch Rock Academy in 1999, entering the Conservatorium Tilburg three years later. She studied musical theatre and a year of opera. When After Forever split up, she started teaching performing in her own course called "Wanna be a Star?!"


title: Corey Harrison

text: Richard Corey "Big Hoss" Harrison (born April 27, 1983) is an American businessman and reality television personality, known as a cast member of the History TV series "Pawn Stars", which documents his work at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas, which he co-owns with his father, Rick Harrison.


title: Corey Harrison

text: Richard Corey Harrison, born on April 27, 1983, is the son of Rick Harrison and the grandson of Richard Benjamin Harrison, who co-own the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas. He has two brothers, Adam Harrison and Jake Harrison.


title: Corey Harrison

text: Harrison, who is known by the nickname "Big Hoss", began working at the shop at the age of nine. He eventually became the manager of the shop's day-to-day operations and 30 of its employees. He made the most purchases of anyone in the shop, and is being groomed by Rick to inherit the shop one day. Plots of "Pawn Stars" often feature Harrison coming into conflict with his father and grandfather over his knowledge of the shop's inventory, his responsibilities as a manager, and his overall judgment in sales, in particular his purchase of expensive items. In Season 7, Harrison tells his father and grandfather that he will take a job at another business if he is not given a 10% partnership in the shop. He remains with the shop after he is given a raise and a 5% partnership, with the possibility of a greater stake in the business in the future. Harrison appeared as himself, alongside his dad Rick and Chumlee in "iLost My Head in Vegas", the November 3, 2012, episode of the American TV series "iCarly".


title: Corey Harrison

text: Harrison's first wife was his high school sweetheart, Charlene, whom he married in 2009. They divorced in 2015. On May 26, 2017, Harrison married his second wife, Korina "Kiki" Harrison. Their divorce was finalized in September 2018. Harrison cited as the reason for the divorce their competitive work schedules, though the end of their marriage was an amicable one. In October 2018, their son, Richard Benjamin Harrison, was born.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: The Shannara Chronicles is an American fantasy drama television series created by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. It is an adaptation of "The Sword of Shannara" trilogy of fantasy novels by Terry Brooks. It follows three heroes as they protect an ancient tree to stop the escape of banished demons. The series was filmed in the Auckland Film Studios and on location elsewhere in New Zealand.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: The first season of "The Shannara Chronicles" premiered on MTV in the United States on January 5, 2016, and consisted of 10 episodes. MTV originally greenlit a second season in April 2016; however, in May 2017, it was announced that the series would relocate to Spike (now Paramount Network). The second season premiered on October 11, 2017, and concluded November 22, 2017. On January 16, 2018, it was announced that the series had been cancelled after two seasons and that the producers were shopping the series to other networks. The series was later considered officially concluded.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: Season one of "The Shannara Chronicles" roughly follows the storylines set out in the novel "The Elfstones of Shannara", (the second book of the shannara trilogy) set in the fictional Four Lands. As the series opens, demons start to return after having been banished from this world to a place known as the Forbidding—locked by an ancient tree called the Ellcrys. The series chronicles the journey of Wil, Amberle, and Eretria who, with the guidance of the last druid Allanon, must go on a quest to protect the Ellcrys from dying and releasing all the banished demons back into the Four Lands.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: Sonar Entertainment and Farah Films acquired the TV rights to the Shannara universe in 2012. In December 2013, it was announced that a series based on the books was being produced for MTV and had been given a straight-to-series, 10-episode order. On April 20, 2016, MTV greenlit a second season of "The Shannara Chronicles".


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: The series is produced by Dan Farah, Jon Favreau, Miles Millar, Al Gough, Jonathan Liebesman, and author Terry Brooks. Brooks has stated in an interview that he is happy with the way his story has been adapted. Much like the television adaptation of "A Song of Ice and Fire", the series will not be a direct adaptation following the narrative order of the books, but will feature a mix of the books' stories. The first book of the series to be adapted is "The Elfstones of Shannara", the second book in the trilogy, with some elements of the other novels being gradually adapted to the show.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: In December 2014, it was announced that Manu Bennett would star as Allanon and in January 2015 Ivana Baquero, Austin Butler, Poppy Drayton, Emelia Burns and John Rhys-Davies joined the show. Malese Jow, Vanessa Morgan, Gentry White, Desmond Chiam and Caroline Chikezie joined the cast as series regulars in season two.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: Filming for the 10-episode first season wrapped in New Zealand at Auckland Film Studios in June 2015, and the first trailer debuted on July 10, 2015. Filming for the second season, which also consists of 10 episodes, began January 31, 2017, in New Zealand.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: The opening theme song, "Until We Go Down", from the EP "Up in Flames", is performed by Ruelle. Other songs featured in the show's first season include "Midnight" by Coldplay, "You Are a Memory" by Message to Bears, "Wave" by Beck and "Run Boy Run" by Woodkid.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: During "The Shannara Chronicles" panel at San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2015, a teaser trailer was revealed, giving audiences a first look at the sets and characters. A television version of the trailer was shown during the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: "The Shannara Chronicles" premiered on MTV in the United States on January 5, 2016, with a two-hour series premiere. New episodes were broadcast every Tuesday at 10 pm ET. The third and fourth episodes were released online after the first two episodes aired on January 5, 2016, prior to their original broadcast schedule.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: The series was simulcast on MTV in Canada. The two-hour pilot also aired on Bell Media sister network CTV on Wednesday, January 6, 2016. The series has also been licensed to a number of different countries, including the United Kingdom (airing on 5STAR), Australia (Syfy) and New Zealand (Sky TV).


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: On January 16, 2018, it was announced that the series had been cancelled after two seasons. Producers later announced that the series is being shopped to other networks. The series was later considered officially concluded.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: "The Shannara Chronicles" has received mixed reviews, receiving a 52/100 score on Metacritic, based on 15 reviews and a 54% for season 1 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads: ""The Shannara Chronicles" wears its influences heavily on its sleeve and needs to find surer footing before it can tap its true potential, but it still might suffice for viewers in search of a teen-friendly "Game of Thrones"." The second season received a 100% approval rating based on five reviews.


title: The Shannara Chronicles

text: Neil Genzlinger of "The New York Times" wrote: "So give this reasonably absorbing series a little credit, even though it often seems to be merely reworking various fantasy formulas. It moves quickly and does a nice job of weaving together two story lines involving an elfin world that is threatened when a giant tree, known as the Ellcrys, begins to die." Maureen Ryan of "Variety" wrote: "Sure, "Shannara", which harks back to the golden age of syndicated genre fare, is a standard quest journey in which there are trolls, gnomes, living trees and magic books, and characters say things like, 'If Allanon is here, there are dark days ahead.' But there's conviction in the show's execution."


title: Long Island iced tea

text: A Long Island iced tea or Long Island ice tea is a type of cocktail typically made with vodka, tequila, light rum, triple sec, gin, and a splash of cola, which gives the drink the same amber hue as iced tea.


title: Long Island iced tea

text: The drink has a much higher alcohol concentration (approximately 22 percent) than most highball drinks due to the relatively small amount of mixer.


title: Long Island iced tea

text: There are two competing origin stories for the Long Island iced tea, one from Long Island, Tennessee and one from Long Island, New York.


title: Long Island iced tea

text: Robert "Rosebud" Butt claims to have invented the Long Island iced tea as an entry in a contest to create a new mixed drink with triple sec in 1972 while he worked at the Oak Beach Inn on Long Island, New York.


title: Long Island iced tea

text: A slightly different drink is claimed to have been invented in the 1920s during Prohibition in the United States by an "Old Man Bishop" in a local community named Long Island in Kingsport, Tennessee. The drink was then tweaked by Ransom Bishop, Old Man Bishop's son, by adding cola, lemon, and lime. Old Man's version included whiskey, maple syrup, varied quantities of the five liquors, and no triple sec, rather than the modern one with cola and five equal portions of the five liquors. It was prepared in the following way:


title: Long Island iced tea

text: While some sources say there was a recipe for Long Island iced tea in the 1961 edition of "Betty Crocker's New Picture Cook Book", no such recipe can actually be found there.


title: Long Island iced tea

text: The cocktail has been criticized for its large number of ingredients, making it cumbersome to prepare in busy bars. It is considered a favorite of university students in the United States and it has thus garnered negative connotations as "an act of mixological atrocity favored by college students and wastrels", in the words of one food critic.


title: Long Island iced tea

text: The drink is a polarizing choice between bartenders, with some favoring the drink and others disliking it. However, the variety of spirits needed to prepare the drink also mean that one can prepare many other types of cocktails if they have the ingredients for a Long Island already.


title: Long Island iced tea

text: The cocktail's flavor has been described as "bright and refreshing". It is easy to drink, making it "dangerously boozy".


title: Long Island iced tea

text: The International Bartenders Association (IBA)'s recipe calls for equal parts vodka, tequila, white rum, cointreau, gin, 2 parts lemon juice, syrup topped with cola. After stirring gently, the drink may also be garnished with a lemon slice. Robert Butt's recipe uses sour mix instead of lemon juice and simple syrup, and he has stated that only a small amount of Coke is used, to give color. A more complex recipe published by "The New York Times" differs from the IBA recipe in that it uses maple syrup instead of simple syrup, uses both lemon and lime juice, and adds salt.


title: Long Island iced tea

text: However, there are many similar cocktails due to the popularity of the cocktail and the large number of ingredients that can be substituted with alternatives. Some variations include:


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me is a 1999 American spy comedy film directed by Jay Roach. It is the second installment in the "Austin Powers" film series, after "International Man of Mystery". It stars franchise co-producer and writer Mike Myers as Austin Powers, Dr. Evil and Fat Bastard. The film also stars Heather Graham, Michael York, Robert Wagner, Seth Green, and Elizabeth Hurley. The film's title is a play on the James Bond film "The Spy Who Loved Me" (1977). The film centers on Dr. Evil returning again from cryostasis to strike at Powers from the past, using a time machine to remove Powers' charisma ("mojo") and deprive him of whatever qualities made him an effective secret agent so he can no longer interfere with Evil's plans.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: The most commercially successful movie in the Austin Powers series, the film grossed around $312 million in worldwide ticket sales, taking more money during its opening weekend than the entire box office proceeds of its predecessor. It was nominated at the 72nd Academy Awards for Best Makeup (Michèle Burke and Mike Smithson). It is followed by "Austin Powers in Goldmember" (2002).


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: In 1999, British spy Austin Powers enjoys his honeymoon with his wife, Vanessa Kensington. Vanessa, in actuality a fembot controlled by Dr. Evil, attacks Powers, then self-destructs. Austin grieves briefly before realizing he is single again and can have sex without commitment. A NATO monitoring facility observes Dr. Evil's return from space; he then confronts his son Scott and starts a brawl on "The Jerry Springer Show". At Dr. Evil's lair in Seattle, he is presented with a one-eighth-size clone of himself, whom he names Mini-Me.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: Number 2 reveals their company purchased Starbucks, but Dr. Evil nonetheless unveils a plan to time travel back to the 1960s and steal Austin's mojo, the source of his sexual appeal. Dr. Evil and Mini-Me travel to 1969, meeting a younger Number 2 and Frau Farbissina. An obese "Scottish Guard", Fat Bastard, extracts Austin's mojo from his frozen body at the Ministry of Defence (MOD). British intelligence warns Austin that one of Dr. Evil's agents is after him, and during a photo shoot Ivana Humpalot seduces him, but at the last moment claims he is too sexy to kill. They have sex, but he discovers he has lost his mojo and is impotent.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: The MOD sends Austin to 1969 using a time-travelling Volkswagen New Beetle. Austin arrives to a party in his London pad, and with the assistance of CIA agent Felicity Shagwell escapes an assassination attempt by Dr. Evil's operatives. Austin and Felicity are pursued by Mustafa, another of Dr. Evil's henchmen; when caught he reveals the existence of Dr. Evil's volcano lair. Before he can divulge its location, Mini-Me causes him to fall from a cliff.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: Examining photographs from the crime scene, Austin identifies Fat Bastard as the perpetrator of the theft of his mojo. Fat Bastard presents Austin's mojo to Dr. Evil, who drinks some of it and has sex with Frau Farbissina. This results in awkwardness when Farbissina reveals she is pregnant immediately before Scott arrives through the time portal. Dr. Evil announces his latest plan — to hold the world ransom by threatening to destroy cities using a laser located on the Moon. Austin and Felicity get to know each other, but when Felicity propositions him for sex, he turns her down because of his lost mojo.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: Under MOD instructions to implant a homing device into Fat Bastard, Felicity has sex with him, enabling her to plant the device in his anus. Fat Bastard forces it out of his bowels into a toilet, but a stool sample reveals traces of a vegetable that only grows on one Caribbean island. Austin and Felicity arrive on the island but are apprehended. They are put in a cell with a guard who is overcome when Felicity exposes her breasts. Dr. Evil and Mini-Me leave for the Moon to install the laser, pursued by Austin and Felicity on Apollo 11. At Dr. Evil's moon base, Austin battles Mini-Me, eventually flushing him into space. As Austin confronts Dr. Evil, Dr. Evil gives him a choice: save the world or Felicity, who is locked in a chamber with poison gas.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: Felicity tells Austin to save the world and he succeeds, but Felicity dies. Before Austin can kill him, Dr. Evil suggests Austin use the time machine to save both Felicity and the world. Austin travels ten minutes into the past, meeting up with himself and saving the world and Felicity. Dr. Evil initiates the self-destruct mechanism of the moon base and escapes after throwing Austin's mojo into the air. Both Austins fail to catch it and it is destroyed. Felicity points out that all the things Austin has done show that he never lost his mojo. They escape through the time portal to 1999.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: At Austin's pad, Fat Bastard attempts to assassinate Austin, but Felicity disarms him. Felicity and Austin throw a party. In 1969, Dr. Evil recovers Mini-Me from space and vows revenge. On "The Jerry Springer Show", Scott learns he is the love child of Dr. Evil and Frau Farbissina. Austin returns to his pad to discover Felicity with the past Austin, who claims that since he and Austin are the same person, it is not cheating.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: There were two variations of the posters; one of them asterisked out the middle of the offending word "shag". Other posters had named the film as "Austin Powers 2". According to the "Collins English Dictionary", the use of the word "shag" in the film's title helped to increase the word's acceptability, reducing its shock value and giving it a more jocular, relaxed connotation.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: Singapore considered changing the title to "The Spy Who Shioked Me" ("shiok" derives from the Malay word, "syok", which means, "to feel good").


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: "The Spy who Shagged Me" was a hit at the box office, landing the top position in its opening weekend grossing $54.9 million, more than the entire gross of its predecessor (the first sequel to achieve this), setting a record for a June opening and the biggest opening ever for a comedy. The film grossed $312 million worldwide.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 52% based on 90 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Provides lots of laughs with Myers at the helm; as funny or funnier than the original." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: The movie's soundtrack contains the 1999 hit "Beautiful Stranger" by Madonna. The song won a Grammy Award in 2000. Mike Myers appears as Austin Powers in the video, directed by Brett Ratner. Another single "Word Up!" by Mel B, was released on June 28, 1999. It peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: Dr. Evil also sings a parody of Will Smith's popular 1997 cover of the Grover Washington Jr. classic "Just the Two of Us", referring in this case to his clone Mini-Me. The film's soundtrack had a rating of three stars at AllMusic.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: Another single "American Woman" by Lenny Kravitz, was released as a single and was later included in the 1999 reissue of Kravitz's album "5". The cover reached the top 20 in Australia, Finland, Italy, New Zealand, and Spain, as well as number 26 in Canada and number 49 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Kravitz's version is slower and softer than the original, without the signature guitar solo; he later said to Randy Bachman that the reason why he skipped the lead guitar part was "I couldn't get the sound. I couldn't get the tone." The music video (directed by Paul Hunter) featured actress Heather Graham (who starred in "The Spy Who Shagged Me"); the original political themes of the song were largely replaced by sex appeal. In 1999, Kravitz and his band were joined by The Guess Who for a live performance of "American Woman" at the MuchMusic Video Awards. It was also used as the theme song of the Madusa monster truck in monster jam events.


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: The soundtrack sold over one million copies in the United States and was certified Platinum. A second soundtrack was also released, entitled "More Music From the Motion Picture".


title: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

text: In addition, a score album featuring cues from both George S. Clinton scores (tracks 1–7 from the first film, track 8 an arrangement of Quincy Jones's "Soul Bossa Nova," and tracks 9–16 from the second) was released.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: Watcher is a type of biblical angel. The word occurs in both plural and singular forms in the Book of Daniel (4th–2nd century BC), where reference is made to the holiness of the beings. The apocryphal Books of Enoch (2nd–1st centuries BC) refer to both good and bad Watchers, with a primary focus on the rebellious ones.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In the Book of Daniel 4:13, 17, 23 (ESV) there are three references to the class of "watcher, holy one" (watcher, Aramaic '; holy one, Aramaic ). The term is introduced by Nebuchadnezzar who says he saw "a watcher, a holy one come down (singular verb) from heaven." He describes how in his dream the watcher says that Nebuchadnezzar will eat grass and be mad and that this punishment is "by the decree of the watchers, the demand by the word of the holy ones" ... "the living may know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men." After hearing the king's dream, Daniel considers for an hour and then responds:


title: Watcher (angel)

text: Lutheran Protestant reformer Johann Wigand viewed the "watcher" in Nebuchadnezzar's dream as either God himself, or the Son of God. He promoted Trinitarian thinking by linking verse 17 ("This matter is by the decree of the watchers") with verse 24 ("this is the decree of the most High").


title: Watcher (angel)

text: Scholars view these "watchers, holy ones" as perhaps showing an influence of Babylonian religion, that is an attempt by the author of this section of Daniel to present Nebuchadnezzar's Babylonian gods recognizing the power of the god of Israel as "Most High". The Greek Septuagint version differs from the Aramaic Masoretic Text: for example, the Aramaic text is ambiguous about who is telling the story of verse 14, whether it is Nebuchadnezzar, or the watcher in his dream.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In the Books of Enoch, the first Book of Enoch devotes much of its attention to the fall of the watchers. The Second Book of Enoch addresses the watchers (Gk. "egrḗgoroi") who are in fifth heaven where the fall took place. The Third Book of Enoch gives attention to the unfallen watchers.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: The use of the term "watchers" is common in the Book of Enoch. The "Book of the Watchers" (1 Enoch 6–36) occurs in the Aramaic fragments with the phrase "irin we-qadishin", "Watchers and Holy Ones", a reference to Aramaic Daniel. The Aramaic "irin" "watchers" is rendered as "angel" (Greek "angelos", Coptic "malah") in the Greek and Ethiopian translations, although the usual Aramaic term for angel "malakha" does not occur in Aramaic Enoch.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: Some have attempted to date this section of 1 Enoch to around the 2nd–1st century BC and they believe this book is based on one interpretation of the Sons of God passage in Genesis 6, according to which angels mated with human females, giving rise to a race of hybrids known as the Nephilim. The term "irin" is primarily applied to disobedient watchers who numbered a total of 200, and of whom their leaders are named; but equally Aramaic "iri" ("watcher" singular) is also applied to the obedient archangels who chain them, such as Raphael (1 Enoch 22:6).


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In the Book of Enoch, the watchers (Aramaic עִירִין, "iyrin") are angels dispatched to Earth to watch over the humans. They soon begin to lust for human women and, at the prodding of their leader Samyaza, defect en masse to illicitly instruct humanity and procreate among them. The offspring of these unions are the Nephilim, savage giants who pillage the earth and endanger humanity.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: Samyaza and his associates further taught their human charges arts and technologies such as weaponry, cosmetics, mirrors, sorcery, and other techniques that would otherwise be discovered gradually over time by humans, not foisted upon them all at once. Eventually God allows a Great Flood to rid the earth of the Nephilim, but first sends Uriel to warn Noah so as not to eradicate the human race. The watchers are bound "in the valleys of the Earth" until Judgment Day (Jude verse 6 says, "And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day.").


title: Watcher (angel)

text: The book of Enoch also lists leaders of the 200 fallen angels who married and commenced in unnatural union with human women, and who taught forbidden knowledge. Some are also listed in Book of Raziel (Sefer Raziel HaMalakh), the Zohar, and Jubilees.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: The account of the Book of Enoch has been associated with the passage in Genesis 6:1-4, which speaks of Sons of God instead of Watchers:


title: Watcher (angel)

text: The Jewish pseudepigraphon Second Book of Enoch ("Slavonic Enoch") refers to the "Grigori", who are the same as the Watchers of 1 Enoch. The Slavic word "Grigori" used in the book is a transcription of the Greek word ἐγρήγοροι "egrḗgoroi", meaning "wakeful". The Hebrew equivalent is ערים, meaning "waking", "awake".


title: Watcher (angel)

text: Chapter 18 presents the Grigori as countless soldiers of human appearance, "their size being greater than that of great giants". They are located in the fifth heaven and identified as "the Grigori, who with their prince Satanail rejected the Lord of light". One version of 2 Enoch adds that their number was 200 myriads (2 million). Furthermore, some "went down on to earth from the Lord's throne" and there married women and "befouled the earth with their deeds", resulting in confinement underground. The number of those who descended to earth is generally put at three, but Andrei A. Orlov, while quoting the text as saying three, remarks in a footnote that some manuscripts put them at 200 or even 200 myriads.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: Chapter 29, referring to the second day of creation, before the creation of human beings, says that "one from out the order of angels" or, according to other versions of 2 Enoch, "one of the order of archangels" or "one of the ranks of the archangels" "conceived an impossible thought, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he might become equal in rank to [the Lord's] power. And [the Lord] threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless." Although in this chapter the name "Satanail" is mentioned only in a heading added in one manuscript, this chapter too is often understood to refer to Satanail and his angels, the Grigori.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: The "Mercer Dictionary of the Bible" makes a distinction between the Grigori and the fallen angels by stating that in fifth heaven, Enoch sees "the giants whose brothers were the fallen angels."


title: Watcher (angel)

text: The longer recension of 2 Enoch 18:3 identifies the prisoners of second heaven as the angels of Satanail.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: According to "PrEv" 1.10.1-2 of Philo of Byblos, Sanchuniathon mentioned "some living beings who had no perception, out of whom intelligent beings came into existence, and they were called "Zophasemin" (Heb. "șōpē-šāmayim", that is, 'Watchers of Heaven'). And they were formed like the shape of an egg."


title: Watcher (angel)

text: A reference to the "fall of the watchers from heaven" is found in Hebrew in the Damascus Document 2:18 echoing 1 Enoch 13:10.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: According to Jonathan Ben-Dov of the University of Haifa, the myth of the watchers began in Lebanon when Aramaic writers tried to interpret the imagery on Mesopotamian stone monuments without being able to read their Akkadian text.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: Amar Annus from the University of Tartu argues that the Watchers were intended as polemical representations of the Mesopotamian Apkallu, who gave wisdom to man before the flood (which is portrayed as a corrupting influence in Enochian literature).


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In Kevin Smith's 1999 religious satire "Dogma", the character Bartleby (played by Ben Affleck) is mentioned to have formerly been a Watcher.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In Darren Aronofsky's 2014 biblical epic "Noah", there are a large number of Watchers and they are depicted as having been cast out of Heaven after deciding to help mankind.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In Traci Harding's book "The Cosmic Logos" the Grigori are a group of fallen spiritual beings who watched over and assisted human spiritual evolution thus gaining the title "the Watchers".


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In the "Supernatural" season 10 episode "Angel Heart" mentions the Grigori with one, Tamiel (under the name "Peter Holloway") appearing as the main enemy of the episode. At one point in this episode, a picture is shown that is implied to be a painting of a grigori—it is, in fact, a classic depiction of the archangel Michael besting Satan.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In the popular "The Black Tapes" podcast, Grigori are mentioned in Episode 105 titled "The Devil You Know".


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In his Sigma Force novel "The Bone Labyrinth" (2015), James Rollins describes Atlantis' creators as Watchers, a superior hybrid species of early humans and neanderthals who disseminated knowledge and possibly interbred with people throughout the world. They also created the protected, hidden city of Atlantis, located in Ecuador.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In Lauren Kate's book "Fallen" a group called 'The Watchers' studied angels who consorted with mortal women, but more closely, Daniel Grigori the sixth archangel.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In Darynda Jones' "Charley Davidson" series, Sean Foster is identified as nephilim, "part human, part angel ... descended from the union of a grigori and a human." ("Eleventh Grave in Moonlight", 2017)


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In Ichiei Ishibumi's Japanese light novel series, "High School DxD", the Grigori is an organisation of fallen angels, the leaders of which are some of the Watchers named in the Book of Enoch. Three of them play important roles in the story Azazel is the Governor General of Grigori and becomes a major supporting character, Kokabiel is the main antagonist of Volume 3 and Baraqiel is the estranged father of Akeno Himejima, one of the main characters.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In , many members of the Grigori are shown throughout the game as the main antagonists. To name a few: Azazel, Armaros, Arakiel, Baraqiel, and Semyaza.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In the English localization of "Drakengard," the overarching antagonists are semi-divine beings called "the Watchers." Though the game sometimes refers to them as "daemons," in the original Japanese text they are simply called angels. The English localization for the prequel, "Drakengard 3", calls them angels as well.


title: Watcher (angel)

text: In the original Dragon’s Dogma, the dragon is attributed the name Grigori by a separate antagonist. The dragon never refers to itself as such.


title: Ménage à trois

text: A () is a domestic arrangement and committed relationship with three people in polyamorous romantic or sexual relations with each other, and often dwelling together; typically a traditional marriage between a man and woman along with another individual. The phrase is a loan from French meaning "household of three". Contemporary arrangements are sometimes identified as a throuple, thruple, or triad.


title: Ménage à trois

text: This relationship type has elements of bisexuality involved, but usually at least one of the participants is heterosexual. Because this term is sometimes interchangeably used for a threesome, which solely refers to a sexual experience involving three people, it can sometimes be misrepresented as some type of perversion or casual encounter. However, the "ménage à trois" is a specific type of committed relationship, in which vows are often made. It doesn't apply to all polyamorous relationships with three individuals, since polyamory can have many different forms.


title: Ménage à trois

text: The topic sometimes overlaps seemingly opposing concepts such as Christian feminism and Lesbian feminism. These ideas were explored by film maker Angel Robinson in her film "Professor Marston and the Wonder Women" through the love story of historical couple William Moulton Marston and Elizabeth Holloway Marston with their research assistant Olive Byrne.


title: Ménage à trois

text: Both the term and way of life have become a topic of discussion in areas associated with Christendom and Romance languages.


title: Ménage à trois

text: This relationship type is very much rooted in the traditional marriage ideas of the Abrahamic faiths, Christian views on marriage are prevalent in literature and media discussing this topic.


title: Ménage à trois

text: The patriarchs Abraham and Sarah had an arrangement similar to a ménage à trois with Sarah's handmaiden Hagar. Interpretations of this vary, for example Judaism and Islam treat it much more like a polygamous situation, whereas Christian sources sometimes discuss the love triangle aspect of it, which are not directly analogous with a ménage à trois. Similarly when Jacob married Leah and Rachel, the polygamy and love triangle angles are far more well researched than as a ménage à trois.


title: Ménage à trois

text: Sappho's writings influenced the early Christian church, and the topic of lesbianism within the ménage à trois framework of Christian couples began to be explored in post-Renaissance literature within Christian media.


title: Ménage à trois

text: Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna, regent of Russia from 1740 to 1741, was involved simultaneously in affairs with the Saxon ambassador Count Moritz zu Lynar and her lady-in-waiting Mengden. The regent's relationship with Mengden caused much disgust in Russia, and many believed her preoccupation with her relationships with Lynar and Mengden at the expense of governing made her a danger to the state. She was later overthrown in a coup.


title: Ménage à trois

text: In his youth, thirteen years her junior, the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a of the French noblewoman Françoise-Louise de Warens, who would become his first lover. He lived with her at her estate on and off since his teenage years, and in 1732, after he reached the age of 20, she initiated a sexual relationship with him while also being open about her sexual involvement with the steward of her house.


title: Ménage à trois

text: The German intellectual Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer, her husband Mattheus Rodde and the French philosopher Charles de Villers also had a "ménage à trois" from 1794 until her husband's death in 1810.


title: Ménage à trois

text: Sir William Hamilton (British ambassador to Naples), his wife Emma Hamilton, and her lover, the naval hero Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson, were in a "ménage à trois" from 1799 until Nelson's death in 1805.


title: Ménage à trois

text: At the age of 16, in 1813, the future author of "Frankenstein", Mary Godwin, eloped with her to-be husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and engaged in a "ménage" with Claire Clairmont, future lover of Lord Byron, with whom the Shelleys would later have an extensive relationship.


title: Ménage à trois

text: The political philosopher Friedrich Engels lived in a "ménage à trois" with his mistress Mary Burns and her sister Lizzie.


title: Ménage à trois

text: The Italian surrealist artist Leonor Fini (1907-1996) sustained a "ménage à trois" until her death with an Italian Count Stanislao Lepri and Polish writer Konstanty Jelenski in Paris. The relationship is believed to have impacted Fini's work as she depicts gender neutral individuals or figures where traditional gender roles are reversed with a passive male and dominant female, such as 'Woman Seated on Naked Man (1942)'.


title: Ménage à trois

text: The Belgian artist/illustrator Félicien Rops (1833–1898) maintained a remarkable ménage à trois with two sisters, Aurélie and Léontine Dulac, who ran a successful fashion house in Paris "Maison Dulac" They each bore a child with him (one died at an early age) and they lived together for over 25 years, until his death.


title: Ménage à trois

text: The author E. Nesbit lived with her husband Hubert Bland and his mistress Alice Hoatson, and raised their children as her own.


title: Ménage à trois

text: In 1913, psychoanalyst Carl Jung began a relationship with a young patient, Toni Wolff, which lasted for some decades. Deirdre Bair, in her biography of Carl Jung, describes his wife Emma Jung as bearing up nobly as her husband insisted that Toni Wolff become part of their household, saying that Wolff was "his other wife".


title: Ménage à trois

text: The Russian and Soviet poet Vladimir Mayakovsky lived with Lilya Brik, who was considered his muse, and her husband Osip Brik, an "avant garde" writer and critic.


title: Ménage à trois

text: Robert Graves and his wife Nancy Nicholson for some years attempted a triadic relationship called "The Trinity" with Laura Riding, a woman that Graves met and fell in love with in 1926. This triangle became the "Holy Circle" with the addition of Irish poet Geoffrey Phibbs, who himself was still married to Irish artist Norah McGuinness.


title: Ménage à trois

text: As recounted by Arthur Koestler in "The Invisible Writing", a conspicuous fixture of the intellectual life of 1930s Budapest was a threesome—a husband, his wife and the wife's lover—who were writers and literary critics and had the habit of every day spending many hours, the three of them together, at one of the Hungarian capital's well known cafes. As noted by Koestler, their relationship was so open and had lasted so many years that it was no longer the subject of gossip.


title: Ménage à trois

text: The writer Aldous Huxley and his first wife Maria engaged in a "ménage" with Mary Hutchinson, a friend of Clive Bell.


title: Ménage à trois

text: From 1939, Erwin Schrödinger, his wife, Annemarie Bertel, and his mistress, Hilde March, had a "ménage à trois".


title: Ménage à trois

text: In 1963 the actress Hattie Jacques lived with her husband John Le Mesurier and her lover John Schofield.


title: Ménage à trois

text: Wonder Woman is based on two women that were in a real life ménage à trois, as featured in "Professor Marston and the Wonder Women", the creator of the comic William Moulton Marston and his legal wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston had a polyamorous life partner, Olive Byrne.


title: Rennet

text: Rennet () is a complex set of enzymes produced in the stomachs of ruminant mammals. Chymosin, its key component, is a protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk. In addition to chymosin, rennet contains other enzymes, such as pepsin and a lipase.


title: Rennet

text: Rennet has traditionally been used to separate milk into solid curds and liquid whey, used in the production of cheeses. Rennet from calves has become less common for this use, to the point that less than 5% of cheese in the United States is made using animal rennet today. Most cheese is now made using chymosin derived from bacterial sources.


title: Rennet

text: One of the main actions of rennet is its protease chymosin cleaving the kappa casein chain. Casein is the main protein of milk. Cleavage causes casein to stick to other cleaved casein molecules and form a network. It can cluster better in the presence of calcium and phosphate. This is why those chemicals are occasionally added to supplement pre-existing quantities in the cheese making process, especially in calcium phosphate-poor goat milk. The solid truncated casein protein network traps other components of milk, such as fats and minerals, to create cheese.


title: Rennet

text: Calf rennet is extracted from the inner mucosa of the fourth stomach chamber (the abomasum) of young, nursing calves as part of livestock butchering. These stomachs are a byproduct of veal production. Rennet extracted from older calves (grass-fed or grain-fed) contains less or no chymosin, but a high level of pepsin and can only be used for special types of milk and cheeses. As each ruminant produces a special kind of rennet to digest the milk of its own species, milk-specific rennets are available, such as kid goat rennet for goat's milk and lamb rennet for sheep's milk.


title: Rennet

text: Dried and cleaned stomachs of young calves are sliced into small pieces and then put into salt water or whey, together with some vinegar or wine to lower the pH of the solution. After some time (overnight or several days), the solution is filtered. The crude rennet that remains in the filtered solution can then be used to coagulate milk. About 1 gram of this solution can normally coagulate 2 to 4 litres of milk.


title: Rennet

text: Deep-frozen stomachs are milled and put into an enzyme-extracting solution. The crude rennet extract is then activated by adding acid; the enzymes in the stomach are produced in an inactive form and are activated by the stomach acid. The acid is then neutralized and the rennet extract is filtered in several stages and concentrated until reaching a typical potency of about 1:15,000; meaning 1 g of extract can coagulate 15 kg of milk.


title: Rennet

text: One kg of rennet extract has about 0.7 g of active enzymes – the rest is water and salt and sometimes sodium benzoate (E211),


title: Rennet

text: Because of the limited availability of mammalian stomachs for rennet production, cheese makers have sought other ways to coagulate milk since at least Roman times. The many sources of enzymes that can be a substitute for animal rennet range from plants and fungi to microbial sources. Cheeses produced from any of these varieties of rennet are suitable for lactovegetarians. Fermentation-produced chymosin is used more often in industrial cheesemaking in North America and Europe today because it is less expensive than animal rennet.


title: Rennet

text: Many plants have coagulating properties. Homer suggests in the "Iliad" that the Greeks used an extract of fig juice to coagulate milk. Other examples include several species of Galium, dried caper leaves, nettles, thistles, mallow, "Withania coagulans" (also known as Paneer Booti, Ashwagandh and the Indian Cheesemaker), and ground ivy. Some traditional cheese production in the Mediterranean uses enzymes from thistle or "Cynara" (artichokes and cardoons). Phytic acid, derived from unfermented soybeans, or fermentation-produced chymosin (FPC) may also be used.


title: Rennet

text: Vegetable rennet might be used in the production of kosher and halal cheeses, but nearly all kosher cheeses are produced with either microbial rennet or FPC. Commercial so-called vegetable rennets usually contain an extract from the mold "Rhizomucor miehei" described below.


title: Rennet

text: Some molds such as "Rhizomucor miehei" are able to produce proteolytic enzymes. These molds are produced in a fermenter and then specially concentrated and purified to avoid contamination with unpleasant byproducts of the mold growth.


title: Rennet

text: The traditional view is that these coagulants result in bitterness and low yield in cheese, especially when aged for a long time. Over the years, microbial coagulants have improved a lot, largely due to the characterization and purification of secondary enzymes responsible for bitter peptide formation/non-specific proteolytic breakdown in cheese aged for long periods. Consequently, it has become possible to produce several high-quality cheeses with microbial rennet.


title: Rennet

text: It is also suitable for the elaboration of vegan cheese, provided no animal-based ingredients are used in its production.


title: Rennet

text: Because of the above imperfections of microbial and animal rennets, many producers sought other replacements of rennet. With genetic engineering it became possible to isolate rennet genes from animals and introduce them into certain bacteria, fungi, or yeasts to make them produce recombinant chymosin during fermentation. The genetically modified microorganism is killed after fermentation and chymosin isolated from the fermentation broth, so that the fermentation-produced chymosin (FPC) used by cheese producers does not contain a GMO or any GMO DNA. FPC is identical to chymosin made by an animal, but is produced in a more efficient way. FPC products have been on the market since 1990 and, because the quantity needed per unit of milk can be standardized, are commercially viable alternatives to crude animal or plant rennets, as well as generally preferred to them in industrial production.


title: Rennet

text: Originally created by biotechnology company Pfizer, FPC was the first artificially-produced enzyme to be registered and allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration. In 1999, about 60% of US hard cheeses were made with FPC, and it has up to 80% of the global market share for rennet. By 2017, FPC takes up 90% of the global market share for rennet.


title: Rennet

text: The most widely used FPC is produced either by the fungus "Aspergillus niger" and commercialized under the trademark CHY-MAX by the Danish company Chr. Hansen, or produced by "Kluyveromyces lactis" and commercialized under the trademark Maxiren by the Dutch company DSM.


title: Rennet

text: FPC is chymosin B, so it is purer than animal rennet, which contains a multitude of proteins. FPC provides several benefits to the cheese producer compared with animal or microbial rennet: higher production yield, better curd texture, and reduced bitterness.


title: Rennet

text: Cheeses produced with FPC can be certified kosher and halal, and are suitable for vegetarians if no animal-based alimentation was used during the chymosin production in the fermenter.


title: Rennet

text: Many soft cheeses are produced without use of rennet, by coagulating milk with acid, such as citric acid or vinegar, or the lactic acid produced by soured milk. Cream cheese, paneer, rubing, and other are traditionally made this way.


title: Rennet

text: Vegan alternatives to cheese are manufactured without using animal milk but instead use soy, wheat, rice or cashew. These can be coagulated with acid using sources such as vinegar or lemon juice.


title: Rennet

text: In Yazidism, the Earth is believed to have coagulated and formed when rennet flowed from the White Spring of the celestial Lalish in heaven into the Primeval Ocean.


title: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram

text: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram (born 5 July 1978) is an Indian actor and film producer who works in Telugu cinema. He is the son of actor-politician Nandamuri Harikrishna. Ram is best known for his roles in action films such as "Athanokkade", "Hare Ram" and "118". Ram is the chairperson of the production company N. T. R. Arts, named after his paternal grandfather NTR.


title: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram

text: He also owns "Advitha Creative Studios", a video effects company, which provided special effects for movies such as "Legend", "Nannaku Prematho" and "Krishnashtami".


title: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram

text: Kalyan Ram was born in Hyderabad, Telangana, to Nandamuri Harikrishna and his first wife, Lakshmi Kumari. He is the grandson of N. T. Rama Rao. His half-brother, N. T. Rama Rao Jr., is also an actor. Ram was schooled at St. Pauls, Hyderabad and KCP Siddardha Adarsh Residential School, Vijayawada. He obtained his engineering degree in Coimbatore and completed masters in Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Though he desired to join the film industry immediately after engineering, he pursued masters on the insistence of Harikrishna who wanted him to be first person in their family to study masters.


title: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram

text: In 1989 Ram acted with his uncle Nandamuri Balakrishna in the film Bala Gopaludu as a child artist. Later,he started his acting career in 2003 with "Toli Choopulone" followed by "Abhimanyu", which were both commercial failures. In 2005, he established his own banner N.T.R. Arts under the name of his grandfather N. T. Rama Rao known as 'NTR'. He then produced "Athanokkade", which introduced Surender Reddy as a director, and it was a critical and commercial success. His next films "Asadhyudu", "Vijayadasami" and "Lakshmi Kalyanam" bombed at the box office. However, his 2008 release "Hare Ram" became a critical and commercial success. His 2009 release "Jayeebhava" and 2010 release "Kalyanram Kathi" emerged as commercial failures. In 2013, Ram produced and starred in "Om 3D" which was touted as India's first 3D action film and was released in late summer 2013. Despite the hype, the film ended up as a commercial failure.


title: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram

text: In 2015, Ram starred in "Pataas" which turned out to be a blockbuster with positive reviews. For the first time, he produced a film without himself as the lead, titled "Kick 2" under N.T.R. Arts. It stars Ravi Teja as a lead, and is directed by Surender Reddy, which turned out to be a flop at the box office. Ram's later release for 2015 featuring him as the lead was "Sher" opposite actress Sonal Chauhan. It was directed by Mallikarjun and was produced by Vijayalakshmi Pictures.


title: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram

text: In 2016, Ram produced and starred in Puri Jagannadh's "Ism" as an undercover journalist. In 2018, he acted the lead role in the film "MLA" and "Naa Nuvve". In 2019, he played the role of his father Nandamuri Harikrishna in the films "" and "". He then proceeded to star in K. V. Guhan's "118" along with Shalini Pandey and Nivetha Thomas. The film became a critical and commercial success.


title: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram

text: Ram's next release was the 2020 film "Entha Manchivaadavuraa" directed by Satish Vegesna of "Sathamanam Bhavati" fame. It is an official remake of the Gujarati-language film "Oxygen".


title: Ruth Madoff

text: Ruth Madoff ( ; Alpern; born May 18, 1941) is the widow of Bernie Madoff, the convicted American financial fraudster who served a prison sentence for a criminal financial scheme until his death in April 2021. After her husband's arrest for his fraud, she and her husband attempted suicide in 2008. While she had $70 million in assets in her name, after her husband was imprisoned, she was stripped of all of her money other than $1–2 million, by the government and by the trustee for her husband's firm, Irving Picard.


title: Ruth Madoff

text: Madoff was born in Queens, New York, to Saul (an accountant who died in 1999, at age 95) and Sara (Presser) Alpern (died in 1996, at age 92), and raised in middle class Laurelton, Queens, in a practicing Jewish family. She has one sister, Joan Roman. A graduate of Far Rockaway High School and a 1961 graduate of Queens College with a degree in Psychology, she graduated from New York University with a Master of Science degree in nutrition in 1992.


title: Ruth Madoff

text: On November 28, 1959, at age 18, she married Bernie Madoff, whom she had met while attending Far Rockaway High School. He was three years older than Ruth.


title: Ruth Madoff

text: They had two sons, Mark (1964–2010), a 1986 graduate of the University of Michigan; and Andrew (1966–2014), a 1988 graduate of University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. Both of her sons predeceased her: Mark, by suicide, in 2010, and Andrew, from lymphoma, in 2014. On the morning of December 11, 2010 — exactly two years after his father's arrest — Mark was found dead in his New York City apartment. The city medical examiner ruled the cause of death as suicide by hanging.


title: Ruth Madoff

text: She worked for some time as her husband's bookkeeper. A "Vanity Fair" article stated that, during the time when she was a bookkeeper, employees in the London office stated "Ruthie runs all the books". She was a director of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities.


title: Ruth Madoff

text: Ruth stated during an interview that she and her husband were so upset after his financial fraud was exposed that they had attempted suicide together, with both taking "a bunch of pills" (Ambien, and perhaps Klonopin) in a suicide pact on Christmas Eve 2008, just after her husband had been arrested by federal authorities. However, they woke up the following day.


title: Ruth Madoff

text: When Ruth Madoff's husband was sentenced in 2009, victim Marcia FitzMaurice said in a court statement: "Your wife, rightfully so, has been vilified and shunned by her friends in the community." After her husband was sent to prison, Ruth Madoff sought to avoid being recognized in public, even dyeing her hair red as she tried to avoid people recognizing who she was.


title: Ruth Madoff

text: According to a March 13, 2009, filing by Madoff, he and his wife were worth up to $138 million, plus an estimated $700 million for the value of his business interest in Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC. Other major assets included securities ($45 million); cash ($17 million); half-interest in BLM Air Charter ($12 million); a 2006 Leopard yacht ($7 million); jewelry ($2.6 million); a Manhattan apartment ($7 million); a Montauk home ($3 million); a Palm Beach home ($11 million); a Cap d'Antibes, France, property ($1 million); furniture, household goods, and art ($9.9 million), and a restored 1969 Rybovich sportfishing yacht ($800,000).


title: Ruth Madoff

text: Since her husband’s incarceration, most of the Madoff family assets have been seized by the government, including the couple's Upper East Side penthouse in New York City.


title: Ruth Madoff

text: In June 2009, shortly before Bernie Madoff was sentenced, prosecutors reached an agreement allowing Ruth Madoff to keep $2.5 million, while taking and selling the Madoffs' other assets. The settlement, however, did not preclude others, such as the court-appointed trustee Irving Picard of BakerHostetler who was liquidating her husband's firm, from seeking to recover funds from her, for example as a wrongful transferee of funds transferred to her. Bernie Madoff’s lawyer had asked the government to allow his wife to keep $70 million in assets that were in her name, as he forfeited all rights to assets totaling $170 million.


title: Ruth Madoff

text: In May 2019, 77-year-old Ruth Madoff agreed to pay $594,000 ($250,000 in cash, and $344,000 of trusts for two of her grandchildren), and to surrender her remaining assets when she dies, to settle claims by the court-appointed trustee Picard liquidating her husband's firm for former customers. Picard had sued Ruth Madoff for $44.8 million, saying she had lived a "life of splendor" on the gains from the fraud committed by her husband, but settled for less, given her limited assets. Picard said that the settlement was not evidence she knew of or participated in the fraud. She is required to provide reports to Picard about her expenditures often, as to any purchase over $100, to ensure she does not have any hidden bank accounts.