title: Tteokbokki

text: Today, the typical "tteok-bokki" purchased and eaten at "bunsikjip" (snack bars) and "pojangmacha" (street stalls) are red and spicy, while the soy sauce-based, non-spicy version is referred to as "gungjung-tteok-bokki" (궁중떡볶이; "royal court tteok-bokki"). Rice "tteok" rose in popularity as the South Korean economy developed, and various versions of the dish have proliferated since. As it was once a working-class dish, wheat "tteok" was often substituted for rice "tteok".


title: Tteokbokki

text: Like other popular Korean dishes, "tteok-bokki" has seen numerous variations and fusions. Boiled eggs and pan-fried "mandu" (dumplings) were traditionally added to "tteok-bokki." Ingredients such as seafood, short ribs, instant noodles, chewy noodles are also common additions to the dish.


title: Tteokbokki

text: "Galbi-tteok-bokki" (갈비떡볶이; "short rib "tteok-bokki"") features short ribs as its secondary ingredient.


title: Tteokbokki

text: "Ra-bokki" (라볶이; "instant noodle "tteok-bokki"") and "jol-bokki" (쫄볶이; "chewy noodle "tteok-bokki"") are similar variants which add noodles to "tteok-bokki". "Ra-bokki" adds "ramyeon" (ramen) noodles, and "jjol-bokki" adds chewy "jjolmyeon" wheat noodles.


title: Tteokbokki

text: "Jeongol" (hot pot)-type "tteok-bokki" is called jeukseok-tteok-bokki (; "on-the-spot "tteok-bokki""), and is boiled on a table-top stove during the meal. A variety of additions, such as vegetables, "mandu" (dumplings), and "ramyeon" or "udong" noodles are available at "jeukseok-tteok-bokki" restaurants. As "jeukseok-tteok-bokki" is usually a meal rather than a snack, it is often paired with "bokkeum-bap" (fried rice).


title: Tteokbokki

text: Piquant, red gochujang-based "tteok-bokki" is one of Korea's most popular snacks. While both soup-style gungmul-tteok-bokki (; "soup "tteok-bokki"") and dry gireum-tteok-bokki (; "oil tteok-"bokki"") are commonly enjoyed, the former is considered the "de facto" standard style. In "gungmul-tteok-bokki", kelp-anchovy stock is often used to bring out the savory flavor. "Gochugaru" (chili powder) is often added for additional heat and color, while "mullyeot" (rice syrup) helps with sweetness and consistency. "Eomuk" (fish cakes), boiled eggs, and diagonally sliced scallions are common additions to the dish. In "gireum-tteok-bokki", the mixture of "gochugaru" (고춧가루; "Korean chili powder"), soy sauce, sugar or syrup, and sesame oil often replaces "gochujang" (chili paste). Soft "tteok" sticks are seasoned with the sauce mixture, then stir-fried in cooking oil with a handful of chopped scallions and served. Tongin Market in Jongno, Seoul is famous for its "gireum-tteok-bokki".


title: Tteokbokki

text: There are also many variations in "gochujang tteok-bokki", such as a version that is seasoned with perilla leaf.


title: Tteokbokki

text: Sweet and savory, brown soy sauce-based "tteok-bokki" is often referred to as gungjung-tteok-bokki (; "royal court "tteok-bokki""). Its history dates back to a royal court dish before the introduction of chili pepper to the Korean peninsula in the mid-Joseon era (17th & 18th centuries). The earliest record of "gungjung tteok-bokki" is found in an 1800s cookbook called "Siuijeonseo". Having a taste similar to "japchae" (stir-fried glass noodles and vegetables), it was enjoyed by the royals as a "banchan" and as a snack. Although traditional "tteok-bokki" was made with soup soy sauce, which is the traditional (and at the time, the only) type of soy sauce in pre-modern Korea, sweeter regular soy sauce has taken its place in modern times. Other traditional ingredients such as sirloin or short ribs, sesame oil, scallions, rock tripe, pine nuts, and toasted and ground sesame seeds are still commonly used in modern "gungjung-tteok-bokki". Other ingredients such as mung bean sprouts, carrots, onions, dried Korean zucchini, garlic, and shiitake mushrooms are also common. The dish is typically served with egg garnish.


title: Tteokbokki

text: "Gungmul" (soup) "tteok-bokki" that are not based on either soy sauce or gochujang have also gained in popularity. There are some well-known variations.


title: Tteokbokki

text: Cream sauce "tteok-bokki" uses a base inspired by carbonara. Cream sauce and bacon are used instead of "gochujang" and fish cakes.


title: Tteokbokki

text: "Rose tteok-bokki" named after rose pasta, as a variation. For this "tteok-bokki", cream sauce is added to the basic "tteok-bokki".


title: Tteokbokki

text: Cheese "tteok-bokki" is a variant in which the "tteok-bokki" is either topped or stuffed with cheese. It is sold in snack bars and can also easily be made at home. Depending on personal preference, it can be eaten with seasonings such as green tea powder, herb powder, sesame, or parsley.


title: Tteokbokki

text: Shanghainese 炒年糕, "chǎo nián gāo" is a stir-fried dish made with rice cake sliced into flat oval shapes, scallions, beef, pork, and cabbage.


title: Tteokbokki

text: "Gireum tteok-bokki" (; "oil "tteok-bokki"") is a variety of "tteok-bokki" that is stir-fried in oil and served with little or no sauce.


title: Tteokbokki

text: "Gyeran tteok-bokki" (계란떡볶이; "egg tteok-bokki") is another variation that features no sauce. Only "tteok" (rice cakes), eggs, vegetables, and seasonings (primarily salt) are used. It differs from "gireum tteok-bokki" in that it is not spicy.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: Dangerous Minds is a 1995 American drama film directed by John N. Smith and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer. It is based on the autobiography "My Posse Don't Do Homework" by retired U.S. Marine LouAnne Johnson, who in 1989 took up a teaching position at Carlmont High School in Belmont, California, where most of her students were African-American and Latino teenagers from East Palo Alto, a racially segregated and economically deprived city. Michelle Pfeiffer stars as Johnson. The critical consensus on Rotten Tomatoes calls it "rife with stereotypes". The film grossed $179.5 million and led to the creation of a short-lived television series.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: Louanne Johnson, a former Marine, applies for a teaching job in high school, and is surprised and pleased to be offered the position with immediate effect. Showing up the next day to begin teaching, however, she finds herself confronted with a classroom of tough, sullen teenagers, all from low-income working-class backgrounds, involved in gang warfare and drug pushing, flatly refusing to engage with anything.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: They immediately coin the nickname "White Bread" for Louanne, due to her race and apparent lack of authority, to which Louanne responds by returning the next day in a leather jacket and teaching them karate. The students show some interest in such activities, but withdraw when Louanne tries to teach the curriculum.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: Desperate to reach the students, Louanne devises classroom exercises that teach similar principles to the prescribed work but using themes and language that appeal to the students. She also tries to motivate them by giving them all an A grade from the beginning of the year and arguing that the only thing required of them is that they maintain it.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: In order to introduce them to poetry, Louanne uses the lyrics of Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man" to teach symbolism and metaphor; once this is achieved, she progresses on to Dylan Thomas's "Do not go gentle into that good night". Louanne rewards the students liberally, using candy bars, reward incentives, and a trip to a theme park. Her methods draw the attention of the school authorities, George Grandey and Carla Nichols, who try to force her to remain within the curriculum.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: A few particular students attract Louanne's interest for their personal problems. Raul Sanchero is a boy who is frequently involved in gang warfare and street crime. Louanne tries to encourage him to focus by paying a special visit to his family to congratulate him on his work and going to dinner with him as a way of instilling confidence and self-respect.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: Emilio Ramirez is her most troublesome personal "project", as he believes strongly in a sense of personal honor that prevents him from asking for help. When Louanne discovers that his life is in danger because of a personal grudge held by a recently released thug, she advises him to seek help from Principal Grandey. The next day, Emilio visits Grandey, but Grandey (not realizing that Emilio is in serious danger) instantly dismisses him because he neglected to knock on the door before entering his office.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: Feeling rejected, Emilio leaves the school and is subsequently killed by his rival. Heartbroken by her failure to protect Emilio and angry at the indifferent school system for contributing to his death, Louanne announces to the class her intention to leave the school at the end of the academic year. The students immediately break down, begging her not to leave. Overwhelmed by their unbridled display of emotion, she decides to stay.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: "Dangerous Minds" was one of the last films of producer Don Simpson. The school at which LouAnne Johnson taught, Carlmont High School in Belmont, California, was considered as a filming location, but Burlingame High School in Burlingame was used as the filming location for all the outside scenes, and some indoor scenes filmed at neighboring San Mateo High School. Most of the filming was done at Warner Hollywood Studios in Burbank, California.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: The amusement park scene was done in Santa Cruz, California, at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. Additional photography was also done in Pacoima, Monrovia, Glendale, and Sherman Oaks.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: "Dangerous Minds" was released in the United States on August 11, 1995. It grossed a total of $179.5 million worldwide.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval score of 33% and an average rating of 4.8/10 based on 43 reviews from critics. The website's "Critics Consensus" for the film reads, "Rife with stereotypes that undermine its good intentions, "Dangerous Minds" is too blind to see that the ones it hurts are the audience." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 47 out of 100 sampled from 18 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Dangerous Minds

text: Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" called it a "false and condescending film" that "steamrollers its way over some real talent". Although praising Pfeiffer's acting ability, Maslin said that the script limits her to a one-dimension role. Kenneth Turan's review for the "Los Angeles Times" said that Pfeiffer "is as believable as the film allows her to be", but the film trivializes the subject matter. Roger Ebert wrote in his review for the "Chicago Sun-Times" called the film "less than compelling" and said the true story had been watered down to appeal to white audiences, illustrated by the substitution of Dylan songs for rap songs. Though he said Pfeiffer's acting made the film "fairly entertaining", Terrence Rafferty of "The New Yorker" criticized the film's screenplay and the sentimental ending, which he said gives Pfeiffer's character an unnecessary halo. Peter Travers in "Rolling Stone" described the young cast as "outstanding" and praised Pfeiffer's performance, but he said the film "often unspools like a hokey update of Sidney Poitier's "To Sir With Love"". Kevin McManus also praised the acting, though he wrote in "The Washington Post" that the film "merits only a C", in part because the script's lack of subtlety and the saccharine lines given to the students. Edward Guthmann in the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote: "It's contrived, it's hokey, but in "Dangerous Minds", a Michelle Pfeiffer vehicle, it works surprisingly well… She's playing with a bag of clichés, but she's so plucky and likable, you overlook the hokum." "Time Out" wrote: "Actually it's quite a respectable piece of work, with an impressive tough-love performance from Pfeiffer, but Ronald Bass's hackneyed screenplay is all carrot and no stick."


title: Dangerous Minds

text: The soundtrack and its lead single "Gangsta's Paradise" enjoyed major success and received nominations for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Soundtrack Album. Coolio won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for his vocals.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: At the MTV Movie Awards 1996, "Dangerous Minds" was nominated in four categories: Best Movie, Best Female Performance (Michelle Pfeiffer), Most Desirable Female (Michelle Pfeiffer) and Best Movie Song (Coolio).


title: Dangerous Minds

text: The music video for "Gangsta's Paradise", featuring Michelle Pfeiffer, won the MTV Music Video Award for Best Rap Video and the MTV Music Video Award for Best Video from a Film.


title: Dangerous Minds

text: The commercial success of the film prompted the creation of a spin-off television series, "Dangerous Minds", featuring Annie Potts in the role of LouAnne Johnson. The series premiered on ABC on September 30, 1996, and ended on March 15, 1997, after one season of seventeen episodes.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Dolby Atmos is a surround sound technology developed by Dolby Laboratories. It expands on existing surround sound systems by adding height channels, allowing sounds to be interpreted as three-dimensional objects with neither horizontal, nor vertical limitation. Following the release of Atmos for the cinema market, a variety of consumer technologies have been released under the Atmos brand, using in-ceiling and up-firing speakers.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: The first Dolby Atmos installation was in the El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles, for the premiere of "Brave" in June 2012. Throughout 2012, it saw a limited release of about 25 installations worldwide, with an increase to 300 locations in 2013. As of October 2022, there were over 10,000 Dolby Atmos enabled cinema screens, installed, or committed to.<ref name="dolby/170507"></ref> Dolby Atmos has also been adapted to a home theater format and is the audio component of Dolby Cinema. Most electronic devices since 2016, as well as smartphones after 2017, have been enabled for Dolby Atmos recording and mixing. The full set of technical specifications for Dolby Digital Plus with Dolby Atmos are standardized and published in ETSI TS 103 420.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: In 2016 "Power" was the first television show natively mixed and broadcast in Atmos for its third season, though in the same year, "Game of Thrones" up-mixed their previous 5.1 presentations for the Blu-ray reissue. R.E.M.'s 1992 album "Automatic for the People" was the first major music release with its 25th anniversary reissue in 2017.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Dolby Atmos technology allows up to 128 audio tracks plus associated spatial audio description metadata (location or pan automation data, data about the sound's movement, type, intensity, speed and volume) to be distributed to theaters for optimal, dynamic rendering to loudspeakers based on the theater capabilities. Each audio track can be assigned to an audio channel, the conventional format for distribution, or to an audio "object." Dolby Atmos in theaters has a 9.1 "bed" channels for ambience stems or center dialogue, leaving 118 tracks for objects. Atmos for home in films has only 1 bed channel in LFE and usually 11 dynamic objects. In Atmos games ISF ("Intermediate Spatial format") is used, that supports 32 total active objects (for 7.1.4 bed 20 additional dynamic objects can be active). Each object specifies its apparent source location in the theater, as a set of three-dimensional rectangular coordinates relative to the defined audio channel locations and theater boundaries.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Dolby Atmos home theaters can be built upon conventional 5.1 and 7.1 layouts. For Dolby Atmos, the nomenclature differs slightly by an additional number at the end, that represents the amount of overhead or Dolby Atmos enabled speakers: a 7.1.4 Dolby Atmos system is a conventional 7.1 layout with four overhead or Dolby Atmos enabled speakers. The simplest Dolby Atmos setup is 3.1.2, the most professional one is 24.1.10.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Dolby Atmos content is authored using compatible digital audio workstation software (Dolby supplies a plug-in for Pro Tools) or a suitably equipped large format audio mixing console such as AMS Neve's DFC or Harrison's MPC5.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: The Dolby Atmos sound system consists of a compatible speaker system, a TV or an AV media player and an AV receiver (or preprocessor), that has a Dolby Atmos object audio renderer. During playback, each theater's Dolby Atmos system renders the audio objects in real time based on the known locations of the loudspeakers present in the target theater, such that each audio object is heard as originating from its designated set of coordinates. By way of contrast, conventional multichannel technology essentially burns all the source audio tracks into a fixed number of channels during post-production. This has conventionally forced the re-recording mixer to make assumptions about the playback environment that may not apply very well to a particular theater. The addition of audio objects allows the mixer to be more creative, to bring more sounds off the screen, and be confident of the results.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: The first-generation cinema hardware, the "Dolby Atmos Cinema Processor," supports up to 128 discrete audio tracks and up to 64 unique speaker feeds.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: The technology was initially created for commercial cinema applications, and was later adapted to home cinema. In addition to playing back a standard 5.1 or 7.1 mix using loudspeakers grouped into arrays, the Dolby Atmos system can also give each loudspeaker its own unique feed based on its exact location, thereby enabling many new front, surround, and even ceiling-mounted height channels for the precise panning of select sounds such as a helicopter or rain.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: At the end of June 2014, Dolby Labs' hardware partners announced that Dolby Atmos would soon be coming to home theaters. Dolby Atmos enabled movies are available with Kaleidescape's movie players. A first public demo was performed at CEDIA Expo 2014 on a Trinnov Audio Altitude 32 processor.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Manufacturers such as Denon, Marantz, Onkyo, Pioneer, and Yamaha announced products that brought Dolby Atmos into home theaters. Products offered range from premium home cinema receivers and preamplifiers to mid-range home-theater-in-a-box (HTiB) packages. On June 4, 2018, Apple announced that tvOS 12 for AppleTV 4K would support Dolby Atmos when released in Fall 2018.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: You can turn your home theater into Atmos enabled one by adding more speakers to your 5.1 or 7.1 setup. For doing so, you may either install at least two ceiling speakers, or place at least two up-firing Dolby Atmos enabled speakers atop your front/rear speakers. Nowadays there is an option to buy an Atmos enabled soundbar.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Despite being placed just a bit higher than ear-level, Dolby Atmos enabled speakers can reproduce overhead sound with the help of up-firing elements. They send sound waves into the ceiling, which reflects the waves down towards the listener. It contributes to the immersion of a listener into believing the reality of what is happening. This technology works best in a room that is 7.5-12 feet (2.3-3.7 metres) high.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: You can also mix overhead speakers with Dolby Atmos enabled ones. However, adding any new speakers (except for subwoofer and the central ones) must go in pairs to guarantee a balanced soundstage.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: For best home performance Dolby recommends having 4 or more Dolby Atmos enabled speakers that are 5 feet (1.5 metres) away from the listener or using 4 or more overhead speakers with wide dispersion patterns (±45 degrees).


title: Dolby Atmos

text: The first movie to be released on Blu-ray with Dolby Atmos was "". The first video game to use Dolby Atmos was "Star Wars: Battlefront" with a special agreement between EA and Dolby Laboratories. This game uses HDMI bit streaming from the PC to deliver Atmos audio to consumer Audio-Visual Receivers. "Overwatch" and "Battlefield 1" for PC also have Atmos audio. On the Xbox One, "Crackdown 3" and "Gears of War 4" support Atmos.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Dolby Atmos for Music, an audio-only iteration of the format was adopted by streaming music services Tidal (uses E-AC3) and Amazon Music in December 2019.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Sennheiser launched a new soundbar with built-in Dolby Atmos technology named AMBEO soundbar at the 2019 CES in Las Vegas. The soundbar utilizes analysis of a room's reflective characteristics to enable a single-unit 5.1.4 setup.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: On May 17, 2021, Apple Music announced the addition of spatial audio with support for Dolby Atmos and lossless audio. The feature started rolling out to Apple Music users using Apple devices on June 7, 2021. Dolby Atmos is now fully supported on Android with Windows support coming in the future.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Streaming services like Netflix, Disney+, Vudu, Apple TV+, Amazon Prime Video and HBO Max (only for movies starting with "Wonder Woman 1984") used Dolby Atmos.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Because of limited bandwidth and lack of processing power, Atmos in home theaters is different from cinemas. A spatially-coded sub-stream is added to Dolby TrueHD or Dolby Digital Plus or is present as metadata in Dolby MAT 2.0, LPCM like format. This sub-stream is an efficient representation of the full, original object-based mix. This is not a matrix-encoded channel, but a spatially-encoded digital signal with panning metadata. Atmos in home theaters can support 24.1.10 channels and uses the spatially-encoded object audio sub-stream to mix the audio presentation to match the installed speaker configuration. There are programs from Dolby that handle 128 objects (including 118 dynamic object and 10 beds) for MacOS and Windows.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: In order to reduce the bit-rate, nearby objects and speakers are clustered together to form aggregate objects, which are then dynamically panned in the process that Dolby calls spatial coding. The sound of the original objects may be spread over multiple aggregate objects to maintain the power and position of the original objects. The spatial resolution (and hence the strength of the clustering) can be controlled by the filmmakers when they use the Dolby Atmos Production Suite tools. Dolby Digital Plus has also been updated with Atmos extensions.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Dolby Atmos also has headphone implementations for PCs, the Xbox One, the Xbox Series X/S, and mobile phones. They work by using audio processing algorithms to convert the Atmos object metadata into a binaural 360° output using the usual two headphone speakers. This technique is an improvement on the previous Dolby Headphone technology, allowing infinite channels of sound to be processed into a virtual surround experience.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Windows 10 Version 1703 Creators Update added platform-level support for spatial sound processing including both Windows Sonic for Headphones and Dolby Atmos for Headphones. Dolby Atmos for headphones requires a license to function which can be purchased or redeemed inside the Dolby Access app. Some branded headphones designed explicitly to deliver better audio quality exist, but users can use their normal headphones or earphones so long as the decoding device uses Atmos, or the audio track itself has been previously downmixed.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: With the release of third-generation AirPods in October 2021, Apple added support for Dolby Atmos, branded "Spatial Audio", to all AirPods (including earlier hardware generations), AirPods Pro, AirPods Max, and most headphones marketed under the Beats brand.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Dolby Atmos has smartphone implementations for devices including but not limited to the iPhone XS/XR and later (when running iOS 13 or later) and almost all Samsung smartphones and tablets released after the Samsung Galaxy S10. Other smartphones and tablets with Dolby Atmos include the Razer Phone and Razer Phone 2, the ZTE Axon 7, many Samsung phones (Samsung Galaxy S8/S8+, S9/S9+, S10 series, S20 series, S21 series, S22 Series, Fold, Z Series, Note 8, Note 9, Note 10, J4+, J6, J8, Tab, A10, A10s, A20, A30, A50, A50s, A51, A52, A52s, A53 5G, A71, A72, A73 5G, M20, M30, M30s, M40, A72, A02s, A03s and M02), Sony Xperia 1, Lenovo K4 Note, Lenovo Vibe K5 Note, Lenovo K8 Note, Huawei P20, Huawei P30, Poco F3, Realme XT, Realme X2 Pro, Realme 6 Pro, Realme X7 Max, Realme Pad, Nokia 6, OnePlus 7, OnePlus 7T, OnePlus 8 and OnePlus 8T, Moto g82. Implementations in phone use both the binaural headphone technology and the dual loudspeaker virtual surround sound implementation similar to that used in Dolby Atmos TVs and Soundbars.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Dolby's first implementation of Atmos in an automobile will be the Lucid Air sedan from Lucid Motors.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Dolby Atmos is very flexible and can be played back on almost any speaker setup. At the same time Dolby Atmos enabled theater will make the best out of channel-based content. AV receiver adapts channel-based sound to your setup, using the whole system, including overhead speakers to make it sound as real as possible.


title: Dolby Atmos

text: Many brands support Dolby Atmos technology. To include Dolby Atmos technology in your product, a brand has to become a member of Licensed Manufactures - Dolby Professional


title: Adam in Islam

text: Adam () is believed to have been the first human being on Earth and the first prophet (, "nabī") of Islam. Adam's role as the father of the human race is looked upon by Muslims with reverence. Muslims also refer to his wife, Hawā (, Eve), as the "mother of mankind". Muslims see Adam as the first Muslim, as the Quran states that all the Prophets preached the same faith of Islam (, Submission to God).


title: Adam in Islam

text: According to Islamic belief, Adam was created from the material of the earth and brought to life by God. God placed Adam in a paradisical Garden. After Adam erred by eating from the forbidden tree, he was sent down to Earth, but he was forgiven after uttering a specific prayer taught to him by God. This story is seen as both a literal even among Muslims as well as an allegory for human relationship towards God. Islam doesn't necessarily adhere to young earth Creationism, and it is commonly held that sentient life on earth predates Adam.


title: Adam in Islam

text: The Quran and Hadith give some account of the creation and fall of Adam. Synthesizing the Quran with Sunni interpretations can produce the following account. God created Adam, according to the Quran, from mud or clay and breathed his spirit ("rūḥī") into him. Hadith add that he was named Adam after the clay he was made out of, or the skin ("adim") of the earth. Some exegetes report that God sent the Angel of Death to gather dust from the earth. The various skin-colors of people are due to the different colors of soil used in creating Adam. The soil also contributed to the idea that there are good people and bad people and everything in between in the world. A Hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari narrated by Abu Hurairah states that Adam was created 60 cubits tall (about 30 meters), and that people in Paradise will look like Adam.


title: Adam in Islam

text: According to the Quran, when God informed the angels that he was going to put a successor on Earth, they questioned why God would set wherein a human who would cause blood shed and damage. God then teaches Adam "the names of all things" and assembles the angels in front of Adam so as to show them that the angels know only "save what Thou Hast taught us", but Adam could tell all names. God commands the angels to prostrate before Adam wherein all amongst them obeyed except for Iblis (Satan), who claimed: "I am better than him. You created me of fire while him you created of mud." His disobedience of God's command followed by attributing injustice to God, caused him to fall out of God's favor:"And behold, We said to the angels: "Bow down to Adam" and they bowed down. Not so Iblis: he refused and was haughty: He was/became of those who reject faith." (2:34)


title: Adam in Islam

text: Adam and his unnamed wife (tradition identify her with "Hawā"), in Garden Eden. In Sunni traditions, based on biblical reports ("Israʼiliyyat"), it is said that, when Adam was sleeping, God took a rib from him and from it he created Eve. While the creation of Adam and Eve is referred to in the Quran, the exact method of creation is not specified. God tells them that they are free to enjoy of its fruits except not to come near the "tree of immortality", but the devil ("shaiṭān") was able to convince them to taste it: "He said, "Your Lord has forbidden this tree to you only to prevent you from becoming angels or immortals."" (7:21) Whereupon God sends Adam and his wife to earth, there they are condemned to "live and die", but is willing to forgive them. When Adam was cast out of Garden Eden, Adam turned towards God and begged for forgiveness. Therefore, there isn't a doctrine of Original sin in Islamic theology ("Kalām") and Adam's sin is not carried by all of his children.


title: Adam in Islam

text: In the "Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ" (Prophetic tales) Adam and Eve were cast down far apart, so that they had to search for each other and eventually met each other at Mount Arafat. Hadith say that once Adam was on earth, God (sometimes Gabriel at service of God) taught him how to plant seeds and bake bread. This was to become the way of all of Adam's children. Adam proceeded to live for about 1000 years, though this has been a topic of debate. Humankind would have learned everything from Adam. He was the first to learn to plant, harvest, and bake as well as the first to be told how to repent and how to properly bury someone. It is also said by some scholars that God also revealed the various food restrictions and the alphabet to Adam. He was made the first prophet and it is said that he was taught 21 scrolls and was able to write them himself.


title: Adam in Islam

text: Muslim scholars can be divided into two groups regarding Adam's impeccability ("‘iṣmah"): One argues that Adam only became a prophet after he was cast out of paradise. They adhere to the doctrine that "‘iṣmah" only applies to prophets after they were sent to a mission. But since there have been no population to whom Adam could have been send, he could not have been a prophet and therefore "‘iṣmah" didn't apply until he left paradise. These arguments are, however, rejected by those who argue that prophethood doesn't start with preaching God's word and thus "‘iṣmah" begins before the prophetic mission. According to the second point of view, Adam was predestined by God to eat from the forbidden tree, because God planned to set Adam and his progeny on earth from the beginning and thus installed Adam's fall. By that Adam wouldn't have truly disobeyed, but acted in accordance with God's will to his best ability. For that reason, many Muslim exegetes do not regard Adam and Eve's expulsion from paradise as punishment for disobedience or a result from abused free will on their part, but as part of God's wisdom ("ḥikma") and plan for humanity to experience the full range of his attributes, his love, forgiveness, and power to his creation. By their former abode in paradise, they can hope for return during their life-time.


title: Adam in Islam

text: Some Muslim scholars view Adam as an image for his descendants: Humans sin, become aware of it, repent ("Tawba"), and find back to God. Adam embodies humanity and his fall shows humans how to act, when they sinned. Unlike Iblis (Satan), Adam asked for forgiveness for his transgression.


title: Adam in Islam

text: The story of angels prostrating before Adam gave rise to various debates about whether humans or angels rank higher. Angels bowing down before Adam is mentioned as evidence for human's superiority over the angels. Others hold that the prostration does not imply such a thing, but was merely a command or test for the angels. A position, especially found among Mu'tazilites and some Asharites, holds that angels are superior due to their lack of urges and desires. Maturidism generally does not think any of these creatures is superior to the other, and that angels' and prophets' obedience derive from their virtues and insights to God's action, but not as their original purity.


title: Adam in Islam

text: In the Quranic version of Adam's fall, Satan tempted them with the promise to become immortal angels. Al-Qushayri comments on 7:20, that Adam's fall is for his wish to be like an angel, while angels' fall is because when they desired to be like human. Adam desired an angelic state of no passion and avoiding the fate of death, while Harut and Marut desired the freedom of choice and to rejoice in extravagance.


title: Adam in Islam

text: It is evident from the Quran that Adam was the father of contemporary humanity, but if were has been sentient life before is debated. According to some views, God created thirty times an Adam every 1000 years. After the downfall of each humanity, God left the world uninhabited for 50.000 years, then 50.000 inhabited, and then a new Adam created. The majority of scholars, however, rejects this opinion, however, they agree that the jinn and animals have lived on earth before. According to the Majallat Al Azhar, nowhere within Islamic texts it is prescribed how long humans existed and every Muslim is free to think that is right, and that the notion of a young earth derives from biblical reports ("Israʼiliyyat").


title: Adam in Islam

text: Though it is up for debate, it has been said that Eve went through 120 pregnancies with Adam and each of these consisted of a set of twins: a boy and a girl. In some other traditions, their first child was a girl, born alone, called ʿAnāq. According to several sources, God took all of Adam's progeny from his back while they were still in heaven. He asked each of them "am I not your lord?" as read in and they all replied yes. For this reason, it is believed that all humans are born with an innate knowledge of God. The most famous of Adam's children are Cain and Abel. Both the brothers were asked to offer up individual sacrifices to God. God accepted Abel's sacrifice because of Abel's righteousness and Cain, out of jealousy, threw a rock at Abel, leading to the first murder in human history: the murder of Abel by Cain. As Adam grieved his son, he would preach to his other children about God and faith in Him. When Adam's death grew near, he appointed his son Seth as his successor.


title: Adam in Islam

text: Islamic scholar Sayyid Mumtaz Ali, while commenting on whether Adam was first or Eve, says that "the fact that Adam was created first is nothing but childish. To begin with, we are tempted to assert that this is so because it was not acceptable to God that a woman is left without a companion for even a second. Therefore, it is for her sake that he created Adam first. But as a matter of fact, the belief that Adam was created first and then came Eve is part of the Christian and Jewish faith. This is not at all part of the Islamic creed. There is no mention in the Quran about who was created first, Adam or Eve."


title: Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel

text: The uniforms and insignia of the "Schutzstaffel" served to distinguish the Nazi paramilitary ranks of the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) between 1925 and 1945 from the ranks of the "Wehrmacht" (the regular German armed forces from 1935), the German state, and the Nazi Party.


text: While different uniforms existed for the SS over time, the all black SS uniform adopted in 1932 is the most well known. The black-white-red colour scheme was characteristic of the German Empire, and was later adopted by the Nazi Party. Further, black was popular with fascist movements: a black uniform was introduced by the blackshirts in Italy before the creation of the SS. There was a traditional reason, as well: just as the Prussian kings' and emperors' life-guard cavalry ("Leibhusaren") had worn black uniforms with skull-and-crossbones badges, so would the "Führer"s bodyguard unit. These SS uniforms were tailored to project authority and foster fear. During the war, the German clothing factory that eventually became the international menswear powerhouse Hugo Boss produced thousands of SS and other uniforms.


text: Once the war began, the black uniform was seldom worn. The combat units of the "SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT)" and the later "Waffen-SS" wore a variation of the field-grey (grey-green) ("feldgrau") army uniform with SS insignia. The majority of SS personnel wore a variation of the "Waffen-SS" uniform or the grey-green SS service tunic. Branches with personnel that normally would wear civilian attire in the Reich (such as the Gestapo and Kripo) were issued grey-green SS uniforms in occupied territory to avoid being mistaken for civilians.


text: SS uniforms used a variety of insignia, the most standard of which were collar patches, to denote rank, and shoulder knots (which acted as shoulder boards), to denote both rank and position, along with sleeve cuff titles and "sleeve diamond" patches, to indicate membership in specific branches of the SS.


text: The SS can trace its origins to several early "Freikorps" and Nazi Party formations, among them the Erhardt Naval Brigade, "Der Stahlhelm", and most significantly the "Sturmabteilung" (SA), of which the SS was originally a subordinate organization.


text: The very first SA uniforms and insignia were paramilitary uniforms fashioned by early Nazis which incorporated parts from World War I uniforms to include such features used by other "Freikorps" formation such as high boots, daggers, and the kepi hat. The 8-man "Stabswache" ("staff guard"), Hitler's bodyguard, soon renamed the "Stosstrupp" ("shock troop"), also adopted in May 1923 the "Totenkopf" (death's head) and oak leaf as a means of insignia, both of which were already deeply rooted in European military history.


text: In 1924, while the Nazi Party was legally banned following the Beer Hall Putsch, "Frontbann" (underground SA) leader Gerhard Roßbach located a large store of war-surplus brown denim shirts in Austria, originally intended for tropical uniforms. When the SA (which included the nascent SS) was re-founded in 1925 following Hitler's release from prison, these brown shirts were issued as uniforms.


text: In 1925, Hitler ordered the formation of a new bodyguard unit, the "Schutzkommando" (protection command). It was formed by Julius Schreck and included old "Stoßtrupp" members, Emil Maurice and Erhard Heiden. The only insignia was the swastika armband, usually homemade, except for the handful of men constituting the "Stosstrupp's" successor, the "Schutzkommando", who continued the use of the "Totenkopf" pinned to cap or collar. That same year, the "Schutzkommando" was expanded to a national level. It was renamed successively the "Sturmstaffel" (storm squadron), and finally the "Schutzstaffel" (protection squadron), abbreviated to SS (on 9 November). In the following year adopted its first recognizable rank insignia system, with the rank and file of the SS, like the rest of the SA, still wearing a variety of brown shirts or paramilitary uniforms.


text: The early rank system of 1926 consisted of a swastika armband worn with yellow ("gold") and white ("silver") stripes, with the number of stripes determining the rank of the bearer. Thus, the early SS used a ranking system that could be derived from that of their superordinate SA. This is why the SS also used the system that represented the function of the SS leader with the help of stripes on the armband ("Dienststellungs-Armbinde"). All strips (gold and silver) had a uniform height of 1 cm. What all armbands had in common was that they also had 1 black ribbed stripe on each edge.


text: Under the above system, basic SS troopers were organized into 10-man "Staffeln," each under the authority of a "Staffelführer". SS districts, known as "SS-Gaus", were under the authority of a "Gauführer" while all SS district leaders answered to a national leader of the SS called the "Reichsführer", at this time Josef Berchtold. In line with the "Führerprinzip" ("leader principle") of the Nazi Party's ideology, the word "Führer" was incorporated into all ranks except those for basic SS troopers.


text: By 1927, the "Sturmabteilung" had greatly increased its numbers and had standardized the "brown shirt" uniform, which would thereafter be permanently associated with that group: shirt, tie, breeches, boots, and cylindrical kepi, all brown. The SS was at this time a small unit within the SA and wore the same brown SA uniform, with the addition of a black tie and a black cap with a "Totenkopf" skull and bones symbol to distinguished themselves.


text: By this time, with influences from the "Stahlhelm", the SA leadership adopted its first collar insignia and also added a new SA rank of "Standartenführer" ("standard leader") in charge of regiment-sized "Standarten" (incorporating the company sized "Staffeln"); the SS at this time adopted the same rank as well.


text: The 1927 ranks had no insignia for SA/SS troopers (still known by the title ""Mann"") and the previous rank of "Staffelführer" had become shortened to simply "Führer" ("leader"). The higher SS ranks of "Standartenführer", "Gauführer", and "Reichsführer" like their SA counterparts now used a system of oak leaves displayed on both collars of the brown SA shirt. One oak leaf signified a "Standartenführer", two a "Gauführer", and three oak leaves were worn by "Reichsführer-SS" Berchtold and his successor Erhard Heiden, who reported directly to the "Oberste SA-Führer".


text: Over the course of the next year, the burgeoning SA saw the emergence of new units and ranks, and for the first time a comprehensive system of rank insignia. A basic squad unit, the 10-man "Schar", was grouped into platoon-sized "Truppen", and these into company-sized "Stürme" which in turn made up battalion-sized "Sturmbanne." New ranks went with the new formations: "Scharführer", with one pip worn on the left collar patch, "Truppführer", two pips, "Sturmführer", three pips, and "Sturmbannführer", four pips. On the right collar of SA uniforms was worn a patch with two numbers indicating "Standarte" and "Sturmbann" affiliation. Because the SS numbered fewer than a thousand men, it did not adopt the "Sturmbann" unit at this time, and right-hand SS collar patches displayed the number of the "Standarte" only.


text: At the higher end of the organization, in 1928 the SA "Gau-Stürme" were restructured into regional "Gruppen," each commanded by a leader with a new general-officer rank, "Gruppenführer"; its insignia was the three oak leaf collar patch. At this time the former rank of "Gauführer" was renamed "Oberführer" ("senior leader").


text: The collar patches of the SA were color-coded: each "Gruppe" had its own distinctive color. The SS was considered to be a "Gruppe" unto itself; its color, naturally, was black, and "Reichsführer-SS" Heiden held the rank of "Gruppenfuhrer" and wore its three-oakleaf insignia.


text: In 1929, under new "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler, the SS codified its first uniform regulations: the signature black color was extended to breeches, boots, armband edges, and belt and crossbelt; the shirt collar was edged in black-and-white twist cord except for those of senior leaders, which were trimmed in silver.


text: The ability to produce and issue complete uniforms came about due both to the centralization of the "Reichszeugmeisterei" (RZM; "national quartermaster office") under NSDAP Treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz, and to Himmler's expansion and reorganization of the fast-growing SS (from 280 members to 52,000 between 1929 and 1932) into several brigade-sized "Brigaden" throughout Germany, each comprising three to five regiment-sized "Standarten". Within the "Standarten" now existed two to three battalion-sized "Sturmbanne" ("storm units"), and beneath this level were the "Stürme", "Truppen", and "Scharen".


text: ("Standarte") would be worn opposite the badge of rank while the higher SS leaders would continue to wear oakleaf insignia on both collars. Collar tabs below the rank of "Sturmführer" were edged in black-and-white twist cord; those of "Sturm" and "Sturmbann" leaders used black-and-silver while those of senior leaders were edged in solid silver cord.


text: In addition to the collar unit insignia, the SS now created a cuffband system which was worn on the lower left sleeve. These cuffbands were black and displayed the bearer's "Sturm" number together with color-coded edges indicating the "Sturmbann", which in conjunction with the collar insignia showed regiment, battalion and company affiliation. Leaders above the company level did not at this time use the cuffband system.


text: The holder of the title of "Reichsführer" was still considered an "SA-Gruppenführer", with "Reichsführer" itself not yet an actual rank. In addition, for a brief period in 1929, the rank of "Standartenführer" was divided into two separate grades, known as "Standartenführer (I)" and "Standartenführer (II)"; the insignia of one oak leaf was used for both positions. This situation was another reflection of the SS' rapid expansion: "Oberführers" now commanded the three newly created "SS-Oberführerbereiche", east, west and south; and so a senior "Standartenführer" was promoted to command each "SS-Brigade".


text: Hitler's personal guard, known at this stage by the original SS name of "Stabswache" (later to be known as the "Leibstandarte" Adolf Hitler), was also expressing its independence and increasing its size under the leadership of Sepp Dietrich.


text: The Stennes Revolt of August 1930, in which members of the SA attacked the Berlin party "Gau" headquarters which was defended by the SS, had profound consequences for the SA and its relationship to its subordinate organization. In an open letter to Berlin SS leader Kurt Daluege, Adolf Hitler proclaimed "SS Mann, deine Ehre heißt Treue!" ("SS soldier, your honour is called loyalty!"). Subsequently, "Meine Ehre heißt Treue" ("My honour is called loyalty") was adopted by the SS as its motto. More significantly, Hitler cashiered SA head Franz Pfeffer von Salomon and assumed the position of "Oberste SA-Führer" personally, and simultaneously promoted both Himmler and Daluege to the new rank of "SS-Obergruppenführer". Daluege was the SS leader of Northern Germany while Himmler controlled southern SS units out of Munich while serving as the National Leader for the SS; this move had the effect of rendering the loyal SS practically independent of the suspect SA, since Himmler and Daluege now outranked all SA commanders.


text: Another result of the Stennes Revolt was Hitler's recall of his old "Putsch" comrade Ernst Röhm from South America to take over the day-to-day running of the SA with the title of "SA-Stabschef". While Hitler thought that this would bind the SA more firmly to him, Röhm had other ambitions, including the conversion of the paramilitary "Sturmabteilung" into an army. With his expansions, promotions, and changes to the SA, a revision of the SA rank system was required although the uniforms and titles essentially stayed the same. The first major change was the addition of new ranks modeled on the original titles created in 1928 but with the addition of "senior" and "head" designators ("ober" and "haupt"): these were "Oberscharführer", "Obertruppführer" and "Sturmhauptführer". The new rank insignia were created by adding a silver stripe to the collar pips of the next-lower rank.


text: A 1930 change to the SS uniform was the addition of a single narrow shoulder strap worn on the right side. There were four grades of shoulder strap: until 1933 a black-and-white pattern was worn by SS troopers, an epaulette of parallel silver cords by "Sturm" and "Sturmbann" leaders, a twisted pattern in silver cord by "standarten-", "ober-" and "Gruppenführers", and a braided silver shoulderboard by the two "Obergruppenführers".


text: By 1931, Himmler was secure (or independent) enough to reorganize the SS, formerly one "SA-Gruppe", into five "SS-Gruppen" divided into several "Brigaden" led by officers with the new rank of "Brigadeführer"; its insignia was the two oakleaves of an "Oberführer" with a pip.


text: In 1932, the SS introduced its best known uniform, the black ensemble designed by Karl Diebitsch and graphic designer and SS-member Walter Heck. The shirt remained brown as a nod to the SA, of which the SS was still nominally a part, but all else was black from high boots to the new military-style peaked cap, aside from the red armband. SS men were also issued black wool greatcoats for inclement weather, which similarly carried the armband, epaulette and collar patches. Around this time a belt buckle featuring the motto "Meine Ehre heißt Treue" ("My Honour Is Loyalty") in its design was produced by the Overhoff firm to replace the SA buckle.


text: Two new junior positions were introduced: "Sturmmann" and "Rottenführer". By this time, Himmler had also increased scrutiny on SS membership with a particular focus on proof of "Aryan" ancestry, and created a "candidate" position known as "SS-Anwärter", which prospective SS members were required to hold for at least six months before formally joining the SS as an "SS-Mann". With membership continuing to increase, Röhm invented two new officer ranks: "Obersturmführer" and "Obersturmbannführer".


text: In 1933, after Hitler had become Chancellor, the SS began to make more of a distinction between 'officers' and 'enlisted men;' an SS man could now only be promoted to "Sturmführer" with Himmler's approval, based upon the "Reichsführer"’s personal review of the candidate's application. Himmler always detested the army's class distinctions. It was forbidden for SS men to follow the army custom of addressing superior officers by prefixing "Herr" to their rank, and "Kamerad" was an approved form of address under most circumstances.


text: Also in 1933, the runes insignia was introduced which would eventually become known as the symbol for the entire SS. The first use of the SS runes was as a unit insignia limited only to members of the "Leibstandarte" Adolf Hitler which had replaced the Army Chancellery Guard to become Hitler's main protectors. It was at this time that the "Leibstandarte" moved from being a "paramilitary" formation armed with pistols and truncheons to "military", equipped with rifles, bayonets, and steel helmets. The adaptation of this particular unit insignia was largely the work of Sepp Dietrich who on 4 November 1933, declared the unit an independent formation and, although a part of the SS, answerable to Hitler alone. Dietrich even went so far as to forbid entrance of Himmler into the Berlin "Leibstandarte" barracks and, for a brief few months in 1933, ordered his Leibstandarte soldiers to wear the black uniform without a swastika armband in order to differentiate the bodyguard unit from the rank and file of the "Allgemeine-SS" ("General SS") units throughout Germany.


text: At the same time Dietrich and his "Leibstandarte" adopted the SS runes as their unit insignia, the full-time SS headquarters and command staffs began using a blank collar patch, without a unit number, to differentiate themselves from the "rank and file" SS units in Germany which were still using regiment "Standarten" numbers as their unit insignia. Thus, by the end of 1933, there were three unit collar insignia patches in existence: the SS runes used by the "Leibstandarte", the blank collar patch used by the SS headquarters and command staff, and the numbered SS unit insignia worn by regular SS companies throughout Germany.


text: In 1934, with the rise of the "SS-Verfügungstruppe" (SS-VT), the SS runes unit insignia was expanded to these other formations of the then fledgling military arm of the SS (later to become known as the Waffen-SS). To separate these new military formations from the main "Leibstandarte" regiment under Dietrich, the SS runes worn by the "Verfügungstruppe" displayed a small number corresponding to the particular SS-VT regiment of the bearer. In all, there were three possible numbers:


text: In addition to the expansion of the collar unit insignia system, the SS by 1934 had also greatly expanded the system of sleeve cuffbands which were now a standard part of the black uniform, worn on the lower left sleeve. Within the "Allgemeine-SS" companies, cuffbands were worn in conjunction with a unit collar patch to denote regiment, battalion, and company affiliation. While the unit collar patch displayed the wearer's "Standarte" (regiment) number, the number denoted on the cuffband indicated the "Sturm", or company, while collared piping along the cuffband further denoted in which battalion ("Sturmbann") a member served.


text: For those personnel serving above the regiment level, a bare cuffband was worn or a cuffband bearing a Roman numeral could be displayed. The Roman numeral cuffband indicated membership on the staff of the "SS-Brigade" so numbered, which by the end of 1934 had become known as an "SS-Abschnitt". For the even higher levels, such as Himmler or the senior "SS-Gruppe" leaders (later known by the title "SS-Oberabschnitt Führer") a solid silver cuffband was worn.


text: Within the early military SS, which included the "Leibstandarte" and the formations of the "SS-Verfügungstruppe", a series of cuffbands were introduced which bore the name of the regiment to which the bearer was assigned. The most coveted of these was the "Adolf Hitler" cuffband, carrying the "Führer"’s name in Sütterlin script, which was worn solely by members of the "Leibstandarte".


text: An event which significantly altered the SS rank and insignia structure was the Night of the Long Knives which occurred from 30 June to 2 July 1934. As a result of SS participation in the purge and execution of the SA leadership, the SS was declared an independent formation of the Nazi Party that answered only to Hitler. Several of the rank titles were renamed to completely separate the SS from its SA origins.


text: The most significant rank change was the creation of an actual rank of "Reichsführer-SS" to denote the commander of the SS. The new rank was the equivalent of a field marshal in the army. Prior to 1934, Himmler had been regarded simply as an "SS-Obergruppenführer". "Reichsführer" was merely a title and not a rank prior to 1934, though Himmler preferred to use his title more than his rank. In addition to Himmler’s new rank, several of the original SS rank titles were renamed (although retained the same insignia), bringing about the final nomenclature of SS ranks which would be used until the SS was disbanded at the end of World War II.


text: The change in SS rank titles applied mainly to the non-commissioned officer ranks as well as the ranks of "Sturmführer" and "Sturmhauptführer" which received new names. The titles of the remaining ranks remained unchanged.


text: In the wake of the ""Röhm-Putsch"", the SS officially took over the concentration camps from the SA and police. Soon thereafter, camp guards began wearing the "Totenkopf" ("skull") on the right collar patch, to distinguish themselves from the numbered "Allgemeine-SS Standarten". This was inconsistent in the early days; some guards instead wore tabs with the initial of their camp (e. g. "D" for Dachau), and some wore blank tabs. About 1935, the black uniform proving impractical for daily service wear, the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps adopted a working uniform in "earth-brown" ("erdbraun"), which was identical in cut to the black tunic except for shoulderboards on both sides. In March 1936, the camp "service" was formally established as the third branch of the SS, the "Totenkopfverbände" or Death's Head units


text: At about this same time, for similar reasons, the military SS formations (the "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" and the "SS-Verfügungstruppe") adopted a service uniform in what was termed "earth-grey" ("erdgrau"). This also was based on the black uniform, but without the red swastika armband, its place on the left sleeve being taken by an eagle-and-swastika patch, and worn with trousers and shoes or calf-high jackboots. In June 1938 this uniform was authorized for full-time "Allgemeine-SS" cadres as well; the LSSAH and SS-VT then adopted army-pattern shoulderboards to distinguish themselves from the general SS and emphasize their military role.


text: In February 1934, the "Ehrenwinkel für Alte Kämpfer" ("honor chevron for old campaigners") was introduced for all SS men who had joined the Nazi Party or a Party-affiliated organization prior to January 30, 1933; after the "Anschluss", it was also authorized for Austrians who had joined the DNSAP prior to 18 February 1938. It took the form of a silver lace chevron worn on the right sleeve. During this period, the principal SS insignia also underwent design changes. The ancient jawless "Danziger" style of "Totenkopf" was gradually replaced by the 'classic' SS skull, a naturalistic design with grinning jaws; the old form was taken up by the army's newly formed "Panzerwaffe". Additionally, in March 1936, Hitler approved a new art deco eagle with staggered wingtips for the SS, which was worn through the end of the war as a cap badge and on the sleeve.


text: By the end of 1938, the SS had also adopted a new insignia feature of sleeve diamonds worn on the bottom of the left sleeve. Between 1939 and 1940, the SS expanded its cuffband and sleeve diamond system into a vast array of over 30 cuffbands and more than 12 sleeve diamonds.


text: When World War II began in 1939, the "Allgemeine-SS" grey service uniforms took on a more military appearance with the somewhat "ad-hoc" adoption of "Wehrmacht"-style shoulderboards, except for SS generals, who, until 1942, continued to wear the narrow braided silver SS shoulderboards to denote general rank. It was also at this time that the rank of "SS-Oberführer" lost its status as a general officer rank and was instead now regarded as more of a senior colonel position. The black uniform was increasingly seldom seen, eventually being worn only by part-time "Allgemeine-SS" reservists. The last ceremonial event at which the black uniforms were worn "en masse" was the Berlin victory parade following the fall of France in June 1940. In 1942, Himmler ordered most all of the black uniforms recalled and stripped of insignia. They were sent east for use by the native auxiliary police units and sent west to be used by Germanic-SS units such as the ones in the Netherlands and Denmark. In 1937, the LSSAH and SS-VT had adopted a closed-collar "feldgrau" (grey-green) field uniform for combat wear, which with the outbreak of war became the standard uniform of what would soon be the Waffen-SS. This "feldanzug" was very similar to the Model 1936 Army field uniform; however, the SS version had a somewhat wider collar in "feldgrau" (field-grey) rather than "Heer" bottle-green, the lower pockets were of the SS angled slash type, and the second button was placed lower to permit the collar optionally to be worn open with a necktie like the service-dress uniforms. The "Totenkopf" branch, which was designated the reserve for the Waffen-SS, also adopted this uniform. "Waffen-SS Panzer" troops wore a double-breasted black uniform similar to the army model, but somewhat different in cut; the SS also made extensive use of camouflage clothing as the war progressed. The full-time "Allgemeine-SS" cadres, especially Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) personnel, continued to wear the earth-grey service-dress uniform.


text: A unique situation developed during World War II with regards to SS ranks held by those who had served in "Allgemeine-SS" positions from before the outbreak of war and now wished to serve with the Waffen-SS. With such persons being SS members already, it was expected that they would join the Waffen-SS in order to serve in combat; some members in fact had no choice and were drafted for combat service due to their "Allgemeine-SS" billet being done away with or, in situations involving disciplinary actions, transferred into combat as the result of a hearing before an SS and police court; Wilhelm Höttl was one such example.


text: As a result of "Allgemeine-SS" members transferring into the Waffen-SS, SS members held two separate ranks – one in the "Allgemeine-SS" and another in the Waffen-SS. Waffen-SS officers could also hold a regular or reserve commission, with most "Allgemeine-SS" members being appointed to the Waffen-SS reserves (the intent was to easily be able to place such members on inactive duty once the war had ended).


text: The security forces of the SS, such as SD troops that were part of the "Einsatzgruppen", were also all considered part of the "Allgemeine-SS", even though many of these persons (especially in the field) wore uniforms nearly identical to the Waffen-SS; to further the confusion, many agents of the security police (SiPo) in such "field" roles wore Waffen-SS uniform even though they were not "ex officio" members of any branch of the SS. By 1943, the SS had made a determined effort that most field personnel (including concentration camp staffs) were granted Waffen-SS ranks and, in 1944, any "Allgemeine-SS" who served in an area that commanded SS combat troops, was granted a Waffen-SS commission.


text: Another uniform insignia change occurred in April 1942 with the creation of the rank "SS-Oberstgruppenführer". This necessitated an insignia change for SS generals and all SS generals at this time began wearing "Wehrmacht"-style gold shoulder boards; "Oberführers" wore the shoulderboards of an army "Oberst" ("colonel") just as "Standartenführers" did. The sole exception was Heinrich Himmler who continued to wear the silver braided shoulderboard with oak leaves of his rank as "Reichsführer-SS". At the same time the collar patches for general officers were revised; the 1942 pattern used three oakleaves, rather straighter than the old style, with zero to three pips indicating rank from "Brigadeführer" through "Oberstgruppenführer".


text: SS uniform suppliers could not keep up with wartime demand and, as a result, the Waffen-SS and "Totenkopfverbande" (SS-TV) frequently wore uniforms drawn from army stocks, with the addition of SS insignia. By the middle of World War II, a wide variety of uniforms could be observed, even within the same unit.


text: Waffen-SS and SS-TV members during this period wore army-style shoulderboards with SS collar patches; edging of enlisted collar tabs was discontinued in 1940 while SS officers' collar patches continued to be trimmed in silver. Enlisted shoulderboards were made of black fabric as opposed to army dark green or field-grey (grey-green), and officers had a black underlay; all shoulderboards were piped in "waffenfarbe" (branch-colour). Junior leaders ("Sturmmann" and "Rottenführer") wore sleeve chevrons corresponding to army insignia ("Gefreiter" and "Obergefreiter"), but with black backing; SS non-commissioned officers wore army-style silver-grey braid around the collar.


text: By 1943, a special staff non-commissioned officer position, known as "Stabsscharführer" had been adopted by the Waffen-SS. This position, equivalent to an army "Hauptfeldwebel", was denoted by a special sleeve insignia and was not an actual rank, but rather a title for the head SS non-commissioned officer of a particular combat unit. The rank of "Sturmscharführer" was also unique to the Waffen-SS as a type of Regimental Sergeant Major.


text: The staffs of concentration camps had by now standardized the skull collar patch, whereas between 1934 and 1938 the "Totenkopf" as well as various camp specific collar patches, displaying Germanic letters, had been used as unit insignia. Other unit insignia collar patches included a "Standarte"-number patch for most of the "Allgemeine-SS", a blank collar patch worn by SS main office staffs and "Sicherheitsdienst" (and some SiPo) personnel, the sig-runes Waffen-SS patch (adopted after 1943 as the standard unit collar patch for most of the SS), and a numbered skull patch which was used by personnel serving in field units of the "Totenkopfverbände"; the three senior "Totenkopfstandarten", formed into the "Totenkopf" division, would retain these collar patches throughout the war, but the remaining "TK-Standarten" were redesignated "SS-Regimenter" and switched to sig-runes in February 1941. As the war went on, the Waffen-SS recruited heavily among conquered populations, creating 'ethnic' brigades and divisions. These formations wore, in place of the sig-runes, distinctive unit collar patches identifying them as "Freiwillige" (foreign volunteers). In the last days of World War II, the SS also created a twin swastika collar patch which was used by the "auxiliary SS" which were non-SS members conscripted to serve in concentration camp positions.


text: SS generals of the Waffen-SS were typically addressed by both their SS rank title and a corresponding general's rank associated with the Wehrmacht. All such general ranks were followed by the phrase "der Waffen-SS" to distinguish the SS General from their counterparts in the branches of the German military. Thus, a typical title was "Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS".


text: In 1936, the regular German police, previously agencies of the "Länder" or states, were nationalized and placed under Himmler, who was named "Chef der Deutschen Polizei" (Chief of German Police). The ordinary uniformed police were called the "Ordnungspolizei" ("order police"). Known as the "Orpo", the "Ordnungspolizei" maintained a separate system of "Orpo" ranks, insignia, and uniforms. It was also possible for SS members to hold dual status in both the "Orpo" and the SS, and SS generals were referred to simultaneously by both rank titles. For instance, an "Obergruppenführer" in the SS who was also a police general would be referred to as "Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei" ("Obergruppenführer" and General of the Police). In late 1939, "Orpo" personnel were formed into a combat division, recognizable by its use of police insignia; in 1942, this formation was absorbed into the Waffen-SS to become the 4. "SS-Polizei-Panzergrenadier division".


text: Germanic-SS uniforms were modified versions of the original black "Allgemeine-SS" uniforms and were used strictly by the Germanic-SS in occupied countries. These units were provided with surplus black uniforms upon which were displayed country specific insignia. This led to a wide variety of insignia and rank titles depending on the country of origin, although standardized throughout the entire Germanic-SS were the rank insignia pips and oak leaves used by the SS proper. The Germanic-SS effectively ceased to exist in late 1944, after which time most of its members were folded into the foreign legions of the Waffen-SS.


text: As with the SS titles, recruits of non-Germanic countries had the title ""Waffen"" prefixed to their rank. For instance, an "Unterscharführer" in the foreign legions would be referred to as Waffen-"Unterscharführer" whereas a regular SS member would be addressed as "SS-Unterscharführer". This helped to indicate non-native recruits, or to separate Germanic individuals in the divisions composed primarily of non-Germanics.


text: SS officers had the option of purchasing formal-dress and mess-dress uniforms. The formal uniform was not unlike US or UK dinner-dress uniforms, cut like a civilian tailcoat without the tails, and worn with white or black bowtie and waistcoat.


text: For use in hot weather climates like Southern Europe and North Africa, a tropical uniform of tan cotton was developed. Insignia was similar to that of standard SS-uniforms but in tan thread on black backing. Waffen-SS troops were pioneering among the German forces in the use of camouflage clothing and wore it extensively during the war. Usually, the camouflage patterns were worn on overall parkas, reversible smocks or helmet covers, with camouflaged tunics being introduced later during the war. Uniforms were manufactured in hundreds of licensed factories, with some workers being prisoners-of-war performing forced labor. Many were produced in Nazi concentration camps.


text: In addition to the rank titles used by the SS, the following titles were frequently interchanged when addressing SS personnel in certain positions of authority.


text: In addition, any SS member who also served in the Gestapo or Kripo held a unique criminal investigator rank, one of the more common of which was "Kriminalrat", a police investigator's rank denoting professional detectives. Arthur Nebe, a career policeman, went by the title of "Kriminalrat" for most of the 1930s, only using an SS rank when engaged in non-"Kripo" activities. The Gestapo also maintained an entire array of ranks, which might be used interchangeably with SS rank if the agent also belonged to the SS (many did not).


text: Adolf Hitler, as the "Führer" of Germany, was considered SS member #1; Emil Maurice (one of the founders of the SS) was member #2. Based on the seniority system of SS membership numbers, this made Hitler senior in the SS to all other members. The SS membership number system was also a means to denote the 'old guard' of the SS, and to hold a number below 50,000 was considered a special place of honor since it denoted SS membership before the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. Numbers below 500 were considered the original cadre of the SS, while any number below fifty denoted an original founder and, in most cases, a personal associate of Hitler.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Mumbai Indians are a franchise cricket team based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, that competes in the Indian Premier League and is the most successful team of the tournament with 5 titles. Founded in 2008, the team is owned by India's biggest conglomerate, Reliance Industries, through its 100% subsidiary IndiaWin Sports. Since its establishment, the team has played its home matches in the 33,108-capacity Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In 2017, the Mumbai Indians became the first franchise to cross the $100 million mark in brand value among the IPL franchises. The brand value of Mumbai Indians, in 2019, is estimated to be around ₹809 crore (roughly $115 million), the highest among all the IPL franchises for the fourth consecutive year.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Mumbai Indians won the 2011 Champions League Twenty20 after beating Royal Challengers Bangalore by 31 runs in the final. The team won the double by winning its first IPL title, in 2013, by defeating Chennai Super Kings by 23 runs in the final, and then defeated the Rajasthan Royals by 33 runs to win its second Champions League Twenty20 title later that year. They won their second IPL title on 24 May 2015 by defeating the Chennai Super Kings by 41 runs in the final and became the third team to win more than one IPL title. On 21 May 2017, they won their third IPL title by defeating the Rising Pune Supergiant by 1 run in a thrilling final, thus becoming the first team to win three IPL titles. While playing the tournament, they won their 100th T20, becoming the first team to do so. In 2019, they repeated the same feat as they won a record breaking fourth IPL title, by beating CSK by just 1 run on 12 May 2019 in the IPL Final. They became the first team to win the IPL title for the fifth time, by beating Delhi Capitals by 5 wickets on 10 November 2020 in the IPL Final.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Mumbai Indians are currently captained by Rohit Sharma. Mahela Jayawardene was appointed as head coach of Mumbai Indians before the 2017 season. Sharma is the leading run scorer of the team while Lasith Malinga is the leading wicket taker of the team.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced in September 2007 the establishment of the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008. In January 2008, the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city-based franchises. The Mumbai franchise was sold to the Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) for $111.9 million, making it the most expensive team to be sold in the league. RIL, owned by Mukesh Ambani acquired the rights to the franchise for a period of 10 years.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: The Indian Premier League named four players as icon players for their respective city franchises which made the players unavailable to play for any team other than their city team. Sachin Tendulkar was named Mumbai's icon player. The icon player was also entitled to earn 15% more than the next-best paid player in their team. At first player auctions for the inaugural IPL season conducted in February 2008, the Mumbai franchise bought several star international cricketers such as Sanath Jayasuriya, Harbhajan Singh, Shaun Pollock, Lasith Malinga and Robin Uthappa. The franchise named Sachin Tendulkar as the captain of the team and appointed former India cricketer Lalchand Rajput as the head coach. However, Tendulkar was injured before the start of the 2008 season due to which Harbhajan Singh took over as the captain in the initial stage of the season. The team got off to a bad start in the season losing their first four games by some comprehensive margins. Their first match was a five-wicket defeat to the Royal Challengers Bangalore on 20 April 2008 at the Wankhede. Their stand-in captain, Harbhajan, was suspended from the tournament for reportedly slapping Sreesanth during Mumbai's league match against Kings XI Punjab. After Harbhajan's suspension, Shaun Pollock assumed the leadership duties until Tendulkar's return on 24 May. Under Pollock's captaincy, Mumbai won six out of their next six games which left them needing to win two more out of the remaining four matches to qualify for the semi-finals. Mumbai suffered three last-over defeats in the next three games, including two off the last ball, before winning their last league match. They finished fifth in the points table with 7 wins and 7 losses, missing out on a semi-final spot by just one point.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: The 2009 season was played in South Africa as it coincided with multi-phase 2009 Indian general elections due to which the Government of India refused to commit the Indian paramilitary forces to provide security for the IPL. Before the start of the season, Mumbai Indians traded Robin Uthappa for Zaheer Khan with Royal Challengers Bangalore, and Ashish Nehra for Shikhar Dhawan with the Delhi Daredevils. Shaun Pollock retired after the first season and became the head coach of the team. Lasith Malinga, who missed the previous season due to an injury, returned to the team. At the player auction, Mumbai bought South African batsman JP Duminy to strengthen their batting department. After winning their opening match against the Chennai Super Kings, Mumbai struggled to put up consistent performances during the season. They relied heavily on Duminy and Tendulkar's batting, and Malinga's bowling along with minimal contributions from other players. With only five wins from 14 matches, Mumbai finished on seventh place in the league table.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: At the 2010 players auction, Mumbai Indians bought Trinidadian all-rounder Kieron Pollard for $750,000 following a secret tiebreaker. After the auction, they signed up ten uncapped Indian players out of whom seven were former ICL players. Former India cricketer Robin Singh was named as the head coach of the team as Pollock took up the role of bowling coach. Mumbai had to shift their home venue to Brabourne Stadium for the season since the Wankhede was undergoing renovation to host some matches of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup. Mumbai won seven of their first eight games to take the top spot in the points table. Their success was mainly due to the efforts of Tendulkar, Malinga, Harbhajan, Ambati Rayudu and Saurabh Tiwary. They won three of the remaining six league games and finished with 20 points from 14 games at the top of the points table. They beat the Royal Challengers Bangalore by 35 runs in the semi-final, thanks to Pollard's all-round efforts (33* from 13 balls, and 3/17). At the final, they were defeated by the Chennai Super Kings by 22 runs. The Mumbai team management was criticised for the "strategic errors" during the final such as sending Abhishek Nayar and Harbhajan at batting positions 3 and 4 respectively while Duminy and Pollard were sent at 7 and 8. Mumbai skipper Sachin Tendulkar, who scored 618 runs at an average of 47.53 and strike rate of 132.6, won the Orange Cap for scoring most runs in the season. Mumbai qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 where they were eliminated in the group stage with two wins and two defeats in four matches.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In 2011, with the addition of two new teams to the IPL, the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their 2010 squad, and the rest of the international players would be auctioned. Mumbai Indians retained Tendulkar, Harbhajan, Pollard and Malinga for a sum of $4.5 million. This retention left the franchise with the power of spending $4.5 million at the auction where they purchased Indian batsman Rohit Sharma for $2 million, former Australian all-rounder Andrew Symonds for $850,000, and pacer Munaf Patel for $700,000. Mumbai won eight of their first ten league games following which they suffered a loss of form that led to three consecutive defeats and a last-ball win in their last league match. They finished third on the points table with 18 points from 14 games and qualified for the Eliminator. The Eliminator was played at the Wankhede where Mumbai faced the Kolkata Knight Riders. After winning the toss and electing to bowl first, Mumbai restricted Kolkata to 147 in 20 overs and chased down the target for the loss of six wickets with four balls to spare. Munaf Patel won the Man of the Match for his bowling figures of 3/27. With this win, Mumbai qualified for the Qualifying final against Royal Challengers Bangalore, the winner of which would play the Super Kings in the final. Mumbai skipper Tendulkar won the toss once again and put their opposition into bat who set Mumbai a target of 186. Mumbai kept losing wickets at regular intervals from the start of their innings and could score only 142/8, falling short by 43 runs. The top two leading wicket-takers of the season were Mumbai Indians pacers Lasith Malinga and Munaf Patel with 28 and 22 wickets respectively.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Mumbai qualified for the 2011 Champions League Twenty20 held in India. Before the start of the tournament, six first-choice Indian players in the Mumbai squad including Tendulkar, Sharma and Patel were ruled out of the tournament due to injuries and two more Indian players were ruled out based on medical reports. This left their 14-member squad with only six Indian players, while the tournament allowed a maximum of four overseas players and minimum of seven local players in the playing eleven. An exception was made for the Mumbai Indians which permitted them to field five overseas players during the tournament. Harbhajan was named the stand-in captain in the absence of Tendulkar. Mumbai was placed in Group A alongside Chennai Super Kings, New South Wales Blues, Cape Cobras and Trinidad & Tobago. Mumbai had two wins, one defeat and one no result in the group stage which gave them second place on the group points table with five points. They qualified for the semi-final and Mumbai batsman Suryakumar Yadav returned to the squad after recovering from his injury. This led to the withdrawal of the concession given by the Champions League for the Mumbai Indians to field five overseas players. Mumbai faced Somerset County Cricket Club in the semi-final at Chennai. Batting first, Mumbai made 160/5 in 20 overs. Somerset's chase was dented by Malinga who picked four wickets for 20 (all bowled) to help Mumbai restrict Somerset to 150 and win the match by 10 runs. The final was also played in Chennai where Mumbai met Royal Challengers Bangalore. Mumbai batted first and managed only 139 in 20 overs. Bangalore started strongly in the run-chase putting 38 for the first wicket before Malinga broke the partnership. Harbhajan then picked up the key wickets of Chris Gayle and Virat Kohli triggering a batting collapse and eventually Bangalore were bowled out for 108, giving Mumbai a 31-run victory and their first-ever title. Harbhajan was named player of the match and Malinga won the man of the tournament award. Andrew Symonds retired from all forms of cricket in early 2012.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Before the start of the 2012 season, the Mumbai Indians traded Dinesh Karthik from Kings XI Punjab and Pragyan Ojha from the Deccan Chargers for undisclosed sums. At the auction, the franchise bought five players including R. P. Singh, Thisara Perera (both for $600,000) and Mitchell Johnson. Tendulkar stepped down from captaincy hours before the season's first game following which Harbhajan was appointed as the captain. In the first half of the league stage, Mumbai had four wins and four defeats, including three losses at home. Mumbai did not have a fixed opening combination, with Tendulkar missing out four matches due to an injury and other opening batsmen failing to show consistency. Johnson was ruled out of the rest of the season in late April with an injury and Dwayne Smith was named his replacement in the squad. Mumbai fared better in the second half of the league stage, winning six of their eight matches. They finished third on the points table with 20 points from 16 matches and qualified for the Eliminator against the fourth-placed Chennai Super Kings at Bangalore. Mumbai won the toss and put Chennai in to bat first. After losing two wickets inside the first two overs, Chennai managed to put up 187/5 in 20 overs mainly because of their captain MS Dhoni's unbeaten 20-ball 51. Mumbai's chase had started solidly with the score reading 47/0 in the fifth over, before they started losing wickets at regular intervals to end at 149/9 and lose the match by 38 runs. They gained direct qualification to the 2012 Champions League Twenty20 in South Africa, along with the three IPL teams that finished at the top that season. Mumbai, placed in Group B, was winless in the tournament with three defeats and one no result.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: The 2013 IPL saw Anil Kumble being appointed as the chief mentor, after he quit a similar position from Royal Challengers Bangalore. With a slump in batting form of Ricky Ponting, he was eventually dropped from the playing eleven and Rohit Sharma took lead of the team. Having the experienced advice of the likes of Anil Kumble, Jonty Rhodes and Sachin Tendulkar, the team emerged victorious in IPL 2013.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In the year 2013, Mumbai Indians started off by losing against the Royal Challengers Bangalore because of the efforts of Chris Gayle and pace bowler Vinay Kumar, but they were able to make a comeback in that match because of Dinesh Karthik due to which Mumbai lost by just one run. In the second match against the Chennai Super Kings, the openers went off but because of the efforts of Dinesh Karthik and Kieron Pollard, Mumbai had put a defendable score on the board. The Mumbai Indians bowlers started off well by dismissing Murali Vijay and the match went off till the last over, with the Super Kings needing 16 off the last over with MS Dhoni on strike and Munaf Patel to bowl; Patel dismissed Dhoni on the first ball and Mumbai won the match comfortably by 9 runs. In their third match against the Delhi Daredevils, Mumbai once again lost their openers Ricky Ponting and Sachin Tendulkar and this time it was again Dinesh Karthik who brought the match in Mumbai's grasp, but this time it was not Kieron Pollard but it was Rohit Sharma with him which helped the Mumbai Indians reach the formidable score of 209/5. At one stage, it looked that David Warner would snatch the game away from Mumbai but the Mumbai Indians bowlers got rid of David Warner by dismissing him and then the Delhi Daredevils collapsed due to which Mumbai Indians won comfortably by 44 runs. In the next match against the Pune Warriors India, Mumbai got off to a flying start with a 54-run opening stand between the so-called Pon-dulkar (Ricky Ponting and Sachin Tendulkar) and then it was followed by Rohit Sharma due to which Mumbai scored 183/3 and won the match comfortably by 41 runs. In the next match against the Rajasthan Royals, Mumbai was bundled out for just 92, giving the Rajasthan Royals an 83-run victory due to which Ricky Ponting stepped down as the captain and retired from all forms of cricket. With Rohit Sharma in good batting form, he was made the captain. Under his captaincy, the Mumbai Indians improved a lot and won their first IPL title.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: They continued their winning streak in the Champions League Twenty20. But in the Champions League, too, they had quite a slow start which saw them having to win their final match of the league stage against the Perth Scorchers by a margin; they did it by the combined efforts of Nathan Coulter-Nile, Dwayne Smith and skipper Rohit Sharma. In the final, Glenn Maxwell scored a quickfire 14-ball 37. Mumbai posted 202/6 and won the match comfortably by 33 runs.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In 2014, Mumbai Indians didn't start off well, losing 5 of their matches in the UAE leg against Kolkata Knight Riders, Royal Challengers Bangalore, Chennai Super Kings and Delhi Daredevils by big margins, but did well in their 5th match against Sunrisers Hyderabad, but consequently lost the matches against respective opponents.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In the Indian leg, they made a comeback by beating Kings XI Punjab who were at the top of the table at that time. After that, they were inconsistent with their performance. They won against Royal Challengers Bangalore but lost against Chennai Super Kings. They won against the Sunrisers Hyderabad and again lost against Kolkata Knight Riders. But after losing against the Kolkata Knight Riders, they won against Kings XI Punjab and the Delhi Daredevils respectively.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In the match against Kings XI Punjab, Lendl Simmons scored a hundred due to which they won comfortably by seven wickets.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: With one game left to play, they were fifth in the table with 12 points. In the last league-stage match of the season against Rajasthan Royals who were fourth in the league table with 14 points, they needed to win by a big margin so as to leapfrog the opponent into the fourth spot and claim the play-offs spot too. Rajasthan Royals set the target of 190 runs but Mumbai Indians had to reach the target in 14.3 overs in order to improve the net run rate and claim the fourth position in the table, but they just managed a tie with the Rajasthan Royals in 14.3 overs. So, the Mumbai Indians needed a boundary off the next ball to push Rajasthan Royals below and claim that fourth spot, and Aditya Tare hit a six to a full toss bowled by James Faulkner. Due to that six, they reached the play-offs of IPL but lost against the Chennai Super Kings in the eliminator which ended their IPL 2014 campaign.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: The Mumbai Indians qualified in the qualifier round of the CLT20 2014. Due to injury to their skipper Rohit Sharma, Kieron Pollard was named as their captain.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In the first match, they faced the FBT20 2014 champions Lahore Lions but they lost against them with Lahore Lions winning by 6 wickets in 18.4 overs. In the second match, they faced the Southern Express, who had a slow start and lost wickets regularly but managed to score 161/6 in 20 overs. The Mumbai Indians started off with an excellent opening partnership of 139 runs in just 14 overs but lost their first wicket on the 4th ball of the 15th over, but skipper Kieron Pollard ended things off in a blistering way, scoring 20 runs from just 7 balls. But in the last match against the Northern Knights, they just managed 132 runs which the Northern Knights won comfortably by 6 wickets with 16 balls to spare. In this way, Mumbai's CLT20 2014 campaign ended.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Mumbai Indians won their second IPL title in 2015 after they defeated Chennai Super Kings by 41 runs. They started the season with 4 IPL defeats mainly due to their bowling. They lost Aaron Finch and Corey Anderson due to injury for the rest of the season, which meant Lendl Simmons got a chance back into the team and with the help of 6 half-centuries, gave the team solid starts throughout the season. He was the top scorer for Mumbai with 540 runs and joint second (with Ajinkya Rahane) in total for the season behind David Warner. The introduction of another strike bowler Mitchell McClenaghan in the team provided good support to Lasith Malinga upfront. Mumbai went on to win 9 out of their last 10 matches to win the title, thanks to solid batting performances from Simmons, Rohit Sharma, Ambati Rayudu and Kieron Pollard and good bowling from Malinga, McClenaghan and Harbhajan Singh.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In the Vivo IPL 2016 Auction, Mumbai Indians bought Tim Southee, Nathu Singh, Jos Buttler, Jitesh Sharma, KP Kamath, Krunal Pandya and Deepak Punia. They finished the season in the fifth spot in the points table.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In IPL 2017, the Mumbai Indians finished at the top of the points table, winning 10 out of 14 matches. They went on to win the trophy after beating Rising Pune Supergiant in a nail-biting finish.This was their 3rd IPL title and with it they became the most successful team in the history of IPL.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In 2019, Mumbai Indians and Chennai Super Kings played in the final of Vivo IPL 2019 where Mumbai defeated Chennai by 1 run to become champions for the record 4th time. The final of IPL 2019 had a thriller end which saw Chennai Super Kings needing 2 runs off the last delivery, where Mumbai Indians bowler Lasith Malinga took a wicket on the last delivery and won the match for Mumbai Indians. Mumbai Indians defeated Chennai Super Kings by 1 run to lift the IPL trophy for the record fourth time. Mumbai Indians became the only team to have four IPL trophies, and the most successful team ever.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Hardik Pandya scored 91 runs off just 34 balls against Kolkata Knight Riders and made the fastest 50 off just 17 balls in that match.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Alzarri Joseph recorded the best bowling figures – 6/12 in the IPL history in the match against Sunrisers Hyderabad which was also his IPL debut.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In IPL auction 2020, Mumbai Indians added 6 new names to their squad that are Chris Lynn (₹20 million), Nathan Coulter-Nile (₹80 million), Saurabh Tiwary (₹5 million), Mohsin Khan (₹2 million), Digvijay Deshmukh (₹2 million), and Balwant Rai Singh (₹2 million).


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In 2020, the matches were played in the UAE due to the rising cases of COVID-19 in India. Though with a strong team, Mumbai Indians was underrated due to their records in the UAE and due to a superstition of winning titles in odd years. But Mumbai Indians broke all those talks, went on to be the season's most successful team and clinched their fifth title.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Before the 2021 Auction, Mumbai Indians released Mitchell McClenaghan, Sherfane Rutherford, Digvijay Deshmukh, Prince Balwant Rai Singh, James Pattinson and Nathan Coulter-Nile.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In the 2021 Auction, Mumbai Indians got back Nathan Coulter-Nile (₹50 million), Adam Milne (₹32 million), Piyush Chawla (₹24 million), Marco Jansen (₹2 million), James Neesham (₹5 million), Arjun Tendulkar (₹2 million), and Yudhvir Singh Charak (₹2 million).


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In the initial matches, Mumbai Indians struggled on the slow pitch of Chennai which was one of the neutral venues for IPL 2021. They lost 3 games out of the first 5 they played. The main reason was their failure of the lower middle order. Mumbai Indians won their next 2 games and the middle order showing some improvement made crucial contributions to seal the win. They eventually ended the season at number 5 spot.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In 2022 two new teams were introduced.Aheadad of 2022 IPL mega auctions the team retained 4 playser that is Rohit Sharma, Jasprit Bumra Kieron Pollard and Surya Kumar Yadav. They left Hardik Pandya who was one of their core player for a long time. In the mega auctions they purchased backed Ishan Kishan for a hefty sum of ₹15.25 which is the second highest bid for an indian player till date.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: They begun the season with a poor note of losing their first 8 matches which is the worst in the history of tournament. They ended the tournament with 4 wins out 14 matches making the 15th season as their worst by finishing at the bottom of the points table


title: Mumbai Indians

text: IPL seasons. In the third season, in 2010, they played all seven home games at the Brabourne Stadium while the Wankhede Stadium underwent renovation to host group matches and the final of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup. Mumbai Indians won six out of the seven matches at the Brabourne Stadium that season.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Mumbai Indians now play their home games at Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. The stadium is named after former BCCI President S. K. Wankhede. The stadium is owned by the Mumbai Cricket Association and has a seating capacity of 33,108.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: The motto of the team is "Duniya Hila Denge Hum...", which translates to "We will rock the world". The first anthem of Mumbai Indians was based on this motto, wherein the Bollywood actor Hrithik Roshan was enlisted for a promotional video campaign.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: The team logo is the Sudarshan Chakra (or Razor) as initially the name of the team was supposed to be "Mumbai Razors" before Sachin Tendulkar suggested to keep it Mumbai Indians.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: The team's primary colour is blue with golden stripes on either sides of the jersey. The team colours was almost the same in 2008 and 2009, with Idea as the principal sponsor, except for the colour shade and additional sponsors. In 2010, a new kit with golden stripes was unveiled. In 2011, kit used in 2010 is being used with Hero Honda as the main sponsor. The 2011 jersey also has three gold stripes going towards the back on the side of the jersey for the new players in the team. The kit manufacturer was Adidas from the start of IPL in 2008 till 2014. In 2015, Performax, an in-house brand of Reliance Trends, replaced Adidas as the kit manufacturer.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: During the player auction in 2008, the Mumbai Indians successfully bid for seven players, including two members of the Indian Twenty-20 World Cup winning side, Harbhajan Singh and Robin Uthappa. Sanath Jayasuriya, Lasith Malinga, Luke Ronchi, Dilhara Fernando and Shaun Pollock were other cricketers who were successfully bid for by the franchise.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: Outside of the player auction, the franchise also signed up Ajinkya Rahane and Abhishek Nayar (from Mumbai), Yogesh Takawale (WK-Batsman from Maharashtra) and Pinal Shah (WK-Batsman from Baroda). Saurabh Tiwary and Manish Pandey, the members of the U-19 World Cup winning team were the random picks drafted in during the second auction. Dominic Thornely was also signed by the Mumbai Indians for a sum of $30,000. South African fast bowler André Nel was signed on in the place of Dwayne Bravo who left the tournament early.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In the 2009 player auction, the Mumbai Indians signed up South African player, JP Duminy for $950,000. He was the third most expensive pick after Kevin Pietersen and Andrew Flintoff (both signed up for $1.55 million by Royal Challengers Bangalore and Chennai Super Kings respectively). In addition, Kyle Mills and Mohammad Ashraful for $150,000 and $75,000 respectively were bought by MI management. The team also signed Graham Napier and Ryan McLaren at the pre-auction signings.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In the IPL 2010, Mumbai Indians bought West Indian all-rounder Kieron Pollard for $750,000 ($2,750,000) after a silent tie-breaker with Chennai Super Kings, Royal Challengers Bangalore and the Kolkata Knight Riders, after he impressed the teams with his performances at KFC Twenty20 Big Bash and Champions League Twenty20.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: In 2011, as two new teams were added to the IPL, the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their squad, only three of whom can be Indian players, and the rest of the international players would be put in the mega-auction. The Mumbai franchise, keen to have the same set of core players, retained captain Sachin Tendulkar, vice-captain Harbhajan Singh, all-rounder Kieron Pollard and fast bowler Lasith Malinga for a total of $4.5 million. The retention left them with the power of spending only $4.5 million at the mega-auction. At the auction, they purchased Rohit Sharma as one of the costliest players in the auction along with Munaf Patel, Andrew Symonds, Aiden Blizzard, a hard-hitting Australian batsman and James Franklin, an all-rounder from New Zealand.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: At the 2012 IPL player auction, Mumbai Indians bought South Africans Richard Levi and Robin Peterson for $50,000 and $100,000 respectively, Australian fast bowler Mitchell Johnson for $300,000, Indian fast bowler R. P. Singh for $600,000 and Sri Lankan all-rounder Thisara Perera for $650,000.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: After the auctions, Mumbai Indians managed to get South African explosive opener Richard Levi, who shot into limelight after hitting the fastest century in T20 international cricket and hitting a record 13 sixes, after a bidding war with Pune Warriors India. Richard Levi was brought in as a replacement for Andrew Symonds, who retired from all forms of the game citing family reasons. Sachin Tendulkar stepped down as Mumbai Indians captain ahead of the IPL 2012 season-opener against Chennai.


title: Mumbai Indians

text: At the 2013 IPL player auction, former Australian captain Ricky Ponting was purchased by Mumbai Indians for $400,000 and he became the new captain for sixth edition of IPL. Also at the auction, Glenn Maxwell was purchased by Mumbai Indians. Also, Phillip Hughes, Nathan Coulter-Nile, and Jacob Oram were purchased by MI Management.