title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: The gameplay of "Snake Eater" is similar to that of previous games in the "Metal Gear Solid" series. Snake, controlled by the player, must move undetected through a hostile, enemy-filled environment. Although Snake acquires various weapons (ranging from handguns to rocket-propelled grenades), the emphasis is on using stealth to avoid confrontations. Many objects and gadgets can be found along the way to aid in this, including motion detectors to track hostile soldiers, and the "Metal Gear" series' trademark cardboard box, which Snake can hide under to avoid visual detection.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Despite the fundamental similarities, "Snake Eater" introduces many new aspects of gameplay not present in previous "Metal Gear" games, including camouflage, a new hand-to-hand combat system called "close quarters combat" or "CQC", a stamina gauge, and an injury-and-treatment system.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Two-thirds of the game is set outdoors in a Soviet Union temperate forest, and using the environment to its fullest potential is often the key to success. Of the new features, particular emphasis is placed on camouflage and using the jungle environment itself (for example, climbing trees or hiding in tall grass) to avoid being seen by the enemy. The advanced radar from previous games has been removed in favor of a simple motion detector and sonar system more suitable for the game's setting.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: A percentage value called the "camouflage index" gauges Snake's exposure, on a scale from negative values (highly visible and attracting attention) up to 100% (completely invisible to the enemy). To minimize visibility, the player must switch between different camouflage uniforms and face paints to blend in with the environment; for example, wearing a bark-patterned uniform while leaning against a tree, or wearing striped face paint while hiding in tall grass. Other devices for camouflage, such as a fake gavial head to decrease chances of being detected in water, or a monkey mask, are also available.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: The basic close combat from previous installments has been heavily refined and expanded into the CQC system. When unarmed or using a one-handed weapon, Snake can grab opponents and put them in a chokehold, at which point a variety of actions can be performed, such as choking the enemy unconscious, throwing the guard to the ground, slitting the enemy's throat, or interrogating them at knifepoint to obtain information. The context, the pressure applied to the button, and movement of the analog stick determine the action performed.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: While previous games used only a simple life bar, "Snake Eater" keeps track of injuries over the entire body. For example, a long fall could fracture Snake's leg, slowing him down until the injury is properly treated with a splint and bandage. Unless these injuries are treated, Snake will not be able to fully recover his health for some time.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Besides the aforementioned features, there is also the need to rely upon native flora and fauna to survive. This is manifested in a stamina gauge which constantly depletes during gameplay. Failure to restore the gauge by eating has detrimental effects on gameplay, such as decreasing Snake's ability to aim his weapon and being heard by the enemy due to Snake's loud stomach grumbles. Food can be stored in the backpack until it is needed. However, some types of food rot over time, and consuming rotten foods may result in Snake developing a stomachache, causing the stamina gauge to deplete faster.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: The PlayStation 2 version of "Snake Eater" include a minigame titled "Snake vs. Monkey", in which Snake has to catch "Ape Escape"-style monkeys. In addition to containing tongue-in-cheek humor, bonus items usable in the main game can be unlocked by progressing through various stages.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Snake Eater" takes place in an alternate history of events, set within the Cold War during the 1960s. The game's story acts as a prequel to the "Metal Gear" series, exploring the origins of several events covered by previous games, as well as being the first chronological chapter in an overarching story of Big Boss.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: The protagonist of "Snake Eater", Naked Snake (David Hayter/Akio Ōtsuka), known as Big Boss in subsequent games, is a young former Green Beret assigned to the CIA unit FOX. During his mission, Snake is assisted by fellow FOX members over his radio: Major Zero (Jim Piddock/Banjō Ginga), commander of FOX and a former member of the British Special Air Service, who provides Snake with mission advice and battle tactics; Para-Medic (Heather Halley/Houko Kuwashima), who provides medical information, as well as advice on flora and fauna; and Sigint (James C. Mathis III/Keiji Fujiwara), who provides weapon and equipment information.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: The two primary antagonists of the game are Colonel Volgin (Neil Ross/Kenji Utsumi), an electricity-controlling GRU colonel and member of the extreme Brezhnev faction, who are attempting to overthrow Nikita Khrushchev to seize power for Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin, and The Boss (Lori Alan/Kikuko Inoue), former mentor to Naked Snake and co-founder of the FOX unit. The Cobra Unit, a Special Forces unit led by The Boss, is composed of The End (J. Grant Albrecht/Osamu Saka), a venerable expert sniper credited as the "father of modern sniping"; The Fear (Michael Bell/Kazumi Tanaka), who has supernatural flexibility and agility; The Fury (Richard Doyle/Masato Hirano), a disfigured former cosmonaut armed with a flamethrower and a jetpack; The Pain (Gregg Berger/Hisao Egawa), who can control hornets to both defend himself and attack his enemies; and The Sorrow (David Thomas/Yukitoshi Hori), the spirit of a deceased medium.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Other characters include Dr. Sokolov (Brian Cummings/Naoki Tatsuta), a rocket scientist whom Snake must rescue; rival scientist Aleksandr Granin (Jim Ward/Takeshi Aono); EVA (Suzetta Miñet/Misa Watanabe), Snake's love interest, American defector, and KGB agent sent to assist him, and a young Ocelot (Josh Keaton/Takumi Yamazaki), commander of the elite Ocelot Unit within Volgin's GRU.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: In 1964, CIA agent Naked Snake is sent to Tselinoyarsk, USSR. Aided by his superior Major Zero, medical advisor Para-Medic, and his former mentor The Boss, Snake is tasked with rescuing Soviet scientist Sokolov, a prominent weapons developer who defected two years ago until the Russians forced the United States government to return him. Zero informs Snake that following his return, the CIA received intel that Sokolov is placed in charge of a secret military project to create a nuclear-equipped tank called the Shagohod, which could end the Cold War. Although Snake locates the scientist, the mission falls apart when The Boss appears before him and announces her intention to defect to the USSR. While her special forces unit, the Cobras, recapture Sokolov for their new benefactor, Russian officer Colonel Volgin, the Boss defeats Snake in close combat, seriously injuring him and leaving him for dead. Volgin swiftly captures the Shagohod, which was being tested in the region, and uses a Davy Crockett nuclear shell supplied by The Boss to destroy its research facility and cover up the theft. The injured Snake is recovered via fulton extraction, moments after the nuclear blast.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: In the aftermath of the destruction, the Soviet Union accuses the United States for the attack, after detecting their aircraft over Tselinoyarsk. To avoid a war, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, who suspects Volgin's involvement, agrees to let U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson prove the U.S.' innocence. Snake, finding himself assigned by Zero to assist in this manner, is ordered to complete three objectives: stop Volgin's faction; destroy the Shagohod; and eliminate The Boss. Redeployed into Tselinoyarsk to fulfil these demands, Snake is first sent to meet with NSA agent ADAM, who defected to the Soviet Union to infiltrate Volgin's ranks with fellow agent EVA; Snake is instead met and assisted by EVA, who directs him to a lab where Sokolov was taken. Snake survives encounters with Ocelot and eliminates The Pain, one of the Cobras. He reaches the lab and meets Soviet scientist Granin, whose conceptualization of a bipedal tank has been shunned in favour of the Shagohod. Dejected, Granin reveals that Sokolov and the Shagohod are located in Volgin's military fortress Groznyj Grad. Snake eliminates the remaining Cobra members: The Fear, The End, and The Fury. At Groznyj Grad, Snake finds Sokolov but is captured. Having killed Granin, a suspicious Volgin beats Sokolov to death and tortures Snake, who loses an eye while protecting a disguised EVA from Ocelot after suspecting her of being a spy. Snake is imprisoned but escapes.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Snake returns to Groznyj Grad to destroy the Shagohod, but is confronted by Volgin, The Boss, and Ocelot, having uncovered EVA as the spy. Volgin informs Snake of the Philosophers, a secret organization of the most powerful figures in the United States, the Soviet Union, and China, who formed a pact to win World War II and create a new world order. The group jointly amassed $100 billion, the Philosopher's Legacy, to finance their research and operations. However, after the war, the organization began to infight and disintegrated, with the Legacy divided and hidden in banks across the world. Volgin had illegally inherited this money, and Snake learns the U.S. is attempting to retrieve it.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Snake defeats Volgin and destroys the hangar, but Volgin pursues in the Shagohod. Snake disables the Shagohod and Volgin is seemingly killed by a bolt of lightning. Snake and EVA flee to a lake, where a WIG is hidden. Before they escape, Snake confronts The Boss and defeats her in battle. The Boss gives him a microfilm of the Legacy before Snake reluctantly kills her. Snake and EVA escape to Alaska and spend the night together. EVA disappears before morning with the microfilm and leaves a tape revealing herself to be a Chinese spy sent to steal the Legacy for China. She also reveals that The Boss did not defect, but was ordered to infiltrate Volgin's ranks and find the Legacy to bring back to America. However, because of Volgin's nuclear attack, The Boss had to be seen as a traitor and allowed herself to die at the hands of Snake to prove the U.S.'s innocence.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: A demoralized Snake is awarded the title of Big Boss and given the Distinguished Service Cross by President Johnson. In Arlington National Cemetery, Snake adorns The Boss' unmarked gravestone and tearfully salutes her.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Ocelot telephones the KGB Chief Director to suggest that the KGB use the knowledge of the Virtuous and Operation Snake Eater missions to blackmail the United States during future negotiations. Ocelot then informs the director of the CIA that the microfilm stolen by EVA was a fake and that half of the Philosopher's Legacy is now in America's hands, with the other half held by the KGB, revealing himself as ADAM.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Initially, the game was supposed to be developed for the then-upcoming PlayStation 3, but due to the long wait for the console, the development was moved back for the PlayStation 2 instead. From the outset, the games director Hideo Kojima wished to drastically change the setting from previous games. He stated that the jungle setting is what both his development team, and the "Metal Gear" fans, wanted. However, he acknowledged that the elements of a jungle environment, such as the weather, landscape, and wildlife, were features that would present problems during the game's development. Whereas in previous installments the player started close to, or even within, the enemy base, Kojima wished for "Snake Eater" to be more realistic, with Snake starting miles from civilization and having to work his way to the enemy encampment.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Kojima asked Yoji Shinkawa to make Naked Snake similar to Solid Snake. However, unlike Solid Snake, Naked Snake was a rookie and thus acted more naive. Shinkawa stated he had no difficulties in designing Naked Snake as essentially a revised version of Solid Snake. As a result, Naked Snake is virtually identical to Solid Snake from the previous "Metal Gear Solid" games in terms of appearance. The love scene between Naked Snake and EVA was inspired by the film "The Pink Panther" (1963). Kojima and Shinkawa watched the movie but the former stated it might have come out differently from the original version. Since the game's trailers did not state that Naked Snake was Big Boss, Kojima often gave vague answers regarding the character's true identity. Originally, Naked Snake was planned to have been voiced by Kurt Russell by Kojima's request, but the actor refused.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: The Boss's looks were inspired by actress Charlotte Rampling. While in the finished game, she wears a pale-colored combat outfit, Kojima originally planned to have her in a blue sneaking suit similar to Solid Snake for the finale of the game, but this idea was ultimately cut. During the shooting of the final scene between The Boss and Naked Snake, Eriko Hirata (The Boss's motion capture actress), having read the script beforehand, was so moved by the scene that she broke down in tears. Although Raiden does not appear, he is parodied throughout the game by debuting character Raikov due to negative feedback the original Raiden had in "Sons of Liberty".


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Kojima commented that the outside environment was challenging to create. He explained that the reason previous games were primarily set indoors is that the current consoles were not powerful enough to portray a true jungle environment. In contrast with urban environments, the jungle does not have a flat surface. The protagonist in "Snake Eater" has to cross uneven terrain, including rocks, dirt mounds, and tree stumps. As a result, the collision engine used in previous installments could not be used, and a new one had to be built from scratch. Setting up the motion capture technology so players could walk over these mounds was a problem during development. Many fans wanted "Snake Eater" to use a 3D camera, but this was ultimately not implemented in the game. Kojima views "Metal Gear Solid", "Sons of Liberty" and "Snake Eater" as a trilogy, and wished to keep the camera the same as the previous two, to keep the feel of the three games the same, despite the shifting trend towards full 3D camera movement. Kojima designed the boss battles of "Snake Eater" to be totally different from those in previous "Metal Gear" games, or any other games. He said that the boss battle with sniper The End best represented free, open gameplay in the game. The battle takes place over a large area of dense jungle, and the player must search extensively for The End, who attacks over a long-range from an unknown position. This battle of attrition can last for hours and contrasts with other boss fights in which the enemy is right in front of the player and in view the whole time. In addition, the player can avoid this boss battle altogether by killing The End earlier in the game, or save and quit during the fight, wait a week, and reload the game to find The End has died of old age. Kojima commented that features like this do not appear in other games.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: The musical score of "Snake Eater" was composed by Harry Gregson-Williams and Norihiko Hibino, who provided material for both cutscenes and the game itself. Hibino wrote the game's opening theme, "Snake Eater", a distinctly Bond-like vocal track which also appears in the game proper, as performed by Cynthia Harrell. Composer and lyricist Rika Muranaka provided a song called "Don't Be Afraid" which is played during the ending of the game. The song is performed by Elisa Fiorillo.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: In a break from tradition, one of the ending themes of the game was not an in-house production, but Starsailor's "Way To Fall". Hideo Kojima later revealed in his blog that he originally wanted to use "Space Oddity" and "Ashes to Ashes" (by David Bowie) for the ending themes because of the space development theme of the game, but during the game's development that theme lost its significance. One of his colleagues then advised him to listen to Stellastarr, but Kojima misheard it as Starsailor. He liked the song "Way To Fall", and chose it as an ending theme.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Snake Eater" was a commercial success, selling units in Asia and America by December 2004, and 3.6 million copies worldwide by August 2005. This was considerably lower than "", which had sold 7 million copies. "Snake Eater" sales increased to over units by September 2005, and more than four million units sold worldwide . In Japan, "Subsistence" sold 133,339 copies and "Snake Eater 3D" sold 79,284 copies.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater" received "universal acclaim" according to review aggregator Metacritic. Gaming website "IGN" awarded a 9.6/10 and "Edge" rated it 8/10. "GameSpot", who granted it an 8.7/10, commented that the game is "richly cinematic" and "a great achievement." "GameSpy" hailed it as "probably the best "Metal Gear Solid" game yet", and "Eurogamer" called it "overwhelmingly superior to "MGS2: Sons of Liberty"" in their review.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Critics were pleased with the new protagonist, Naked Snake—who strongly resembles the series protagonist Solid Snake—after fans were disappointed by Raiden in "MGS2". Some critics, who found the lengthy dialogues and the multitude of plot twists in "Sons of Liberty" to be detrimental to the game experience found the storyline of "Snake Eater" a pleasing throwback to the original "Metal Gear Solid", with less of the "philosophical babble" present in "Sons of Liberty".


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Reviewers had mixed opinions about the game's camouflage system. "Edge" commented that "laying, camouflaged, in short grass inches away from a patrolling enemy is a gripping twist on stealth," while "GameSpy" criticized it as "just a number to monitor and not a terribly interesting one." Out of the variety of new features, "GameSpot" called it "the most important and best implemented." The game has also been criticized for its low frame rate, which has been reduced to 30 frames per second (compared to 60 frames per second in "Sons of Liberty").


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: The cut scenes of "Snake Eater" have been called "visually exciting and evocative, beautifully shot" by "Edge". However, they commented that the script "ranges from awkward to awful" and criticized David Hayter's performance as Snake, concluding that ""Snake Eater"'s speech is not up to the standard of other games, let alone cinema." "GameSpot" said that some of the humor "falls flat, as if lost in translation from Japanese" and "should appeal to... hardcore fans but... takes you out of the moment."


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Since its release in 2004, the game has received numerous awards. Notable ones include "best overall action game", "best overall story" and "best PS2 use of sound" in "IGN"s "Best of 2004" awards, and "best story", "best sound effects" and "best new character" in "GameSpot"s Game of the Year 2004 awards. It was a runner-up in GameSpot's "Best Action Adventure Game", "Best Graphics, Artistic" and "Best Original Music" categories.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Snake Eater"s theme song won the "Best Original Vocal Song - Pop" from the Game Audio Network Guild at the Game Developers Conference in August 2005, while the game itself won the award for "Best PS2 Game" at 2005's Game Convention in Germany. David Hayter, the voice of Snake, was nominated for the Interactive Achievement Award (now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards) for "Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance - Male", and "Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater" was nominated for "Console Action/Adventure Game of the Year".


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Snake Eater" was developed as a prequel to the entire "Metal Gear" series, and was followed by several direct sequels: "", "", "", and "". In 2011, Kojima revealed that he floated the idea of a "Metal Gear Solid 5" set during the World War II invasion of Normandy, showing The Boss and Cobra Unit's assistance in the fight. However, the team was hesitant about such a big project and Kojima later felt that "simply dropping "MGS5" on the younger staff members was a bit heavy." Although the ending of "Metal Gear Solid 3" reveals Naked Snake was given the Big Boss title, Kojima stated "he's not really the Big Boss yet". With "", he wanted to explain how Naked Snake became the man who appeared in the original "Metal Gear" games as Solid Snake's enemy.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: The game has since been listed on several "Best of ..." lists by video-gaming publications. In 2009, "IGN" placed "Subsistence" at number 3 on its "The Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time" list. "GamePro" listed "Snake Eater" and "Subsistence" at 8th place on its list of "The 36 Best PS2 Games" in 2010. That same year, "IGN" ranked "Snake Eater" 2nd on its list of the "Top 100 PlayStation 2 Games", and said that it had "the best story in the franchise." In 2013, "GamesRadar" placed the game at number 22 on its "The 100 Best Games of All Time" list. That same year, the game's story was ranked 10th place on "GamesRadar"s list of "The Best Videogame Stories Ever". In 2015, the game placed 2nd on USgamer's "The 15 Best Games Since 2000" list.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Snake Eater" was first released in North America; the Japanese release was held back for almost a month after that. The Japanese version featured several additional downloadable camouflage patterns that were not available for the North American version, some which were only downloadable through data from "Metal Gear Solid 3"-related soundtrack CDs. A limited "premium package" edition of "Snake Eater" was released alongside the standard version in Japan. The premium package comes with a DVD featuring all the promotional trailers shown before the game's release (including a proof of concept video shown internally within Konami), two booklets and a painted 1/144-scale model of the Shagohod. A special limited edition CD was given away to those who pre-ordered the Japanese version of "Snake Eater", which included several tracks from the game's soundtrack, as well as computer screensavers and additional camouflage for the main game. The pre-order package allowed cell phone users to access a special site featuring image and music downloads.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: For the European release, Konami added several new features, including the "European Extreme" difficulty setting, a "demo theater" which allows players to view all cutscenes at any point after viewing them once during the main game, and a Duel Mode, where players can replay boss battles from the main game, in addition to extra facepaints based on European flags and two new "Snake vs. Monkey" levels. Most of the downloadable camo patterns that were available for the Japanese version were also released for the European version, with only a few exceptions.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence" was released in Japan on December 22, 2005, later in North America on March 14, 2006, in Europe on October 6, 2006, and in Australia on October 13, 2006. "Subsistence" continues the "Metal Gear Solid" series tradition of follow-up expanded versions. While previous releases, such as "" and "" included skill challenge missions and/or side story missions, "Subsistence" eschews the extra single-player missions to include ports of the MSX2 version of the original "Metal Gear" and its sequel "" (with the latter being officially localized for the first time), a brand-new competitive online mode, and a fully 3D, user-controlled camera in the main portion of the game. Because of all the additional content that was added, the "Subsistence" edition was split into two discs: the first disc contains the main game only (including the cutscenes viewer), while the second disc features the online multiplayer mode and all the other supplemental content.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Subsistence"'s online multiplayer component, titled "Metal Gear Online", consists of five tournament-style game modes, each with a capacity of up to eight players. This mode pits players, each playing as a generic soldier against each other in deathmatch battles and variations of capture the flag, using stages, items, maneuvers, and units (such as the KGB, GRU or Ocelot Unit) from the main game. Depending on server settings, each round the highest-scoring player in each unit automatically assumes the role of one of the main characters (or Reiko Hinomoto from "Rumble Roses"), along with unique abilities and/or items. For example, the highest-scoring player on the GRU team would assume the role of Major Raikov, leader of the GRU, next round. Konami's Metal Gear Online service for the PlayStation 2 closed in Japan on December 26, 2006, followed by in North America on April 2, 2007, and in Europe on October 30, 2007, although a fan community has revived it by emulating the servers. As noted above, the online mode, after one of the players unlocks an animal codename, also allowed for the player to play as either Reiko Hinomoto or Rowdy Reiko from "Rumble Roses" (depending on if the player in question was in the red team or the blue team, respectively). According to "Metal Gear" series creator Hideo Kojima, he added the characters into the game as secret characters in part due to opportunity: Kojima had earlier been offered a deal with "Rumble Roses" producer Akari Uchida to make a crossover between "Metal Gear" and "Rumble Roses". However, the "Metal Gear" development team at the time refused to work with them. Kojima eventually accepted the offer when trying to decide on secret characters for the online mode for "Subsistence" to tie up loose ends. He also admitted that he originally considered offering Tomonobu Itagaki, at the time the producer of the Tecmo fighting game series "Dead or Alive", the opportunity of using one of his characters as a secret character.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: In addition to the older games and the online mode, "Subsistence" includes many of the features that were introduced in the Japanese and European releases. It includes the downloadable extra camouflage and facepaint designs and "Snake vs. Monkey" stages previously exclusive to the European release, the European Extreme difficulty level, parody cutscenes and trailers from the official website, and connectivity with "Metal Gear Acid 2". The Japanese version also includes a URL for a hidden website that allows the download of OtaClock, a PC and Mac clock program that features "Metal Gear Solid" series recurring character Otacon. This website is now publicly available.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Limited Edition" copies of "Subsistence" also include "Existence", the game's cutscenes edited into a three-and-a-half-hour feature film with additional scenes and remastered sound. The North American "Limited Edition" package was only available to consumers who pre-ordered it before the game's release. The three-disc edition is the standard release of "Subsistence" in Europe to make up for its later release in the region.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: A bonus documentary DVD video titled "Metal Gear Saga Vol. 1" was bundled with pre-orders for "Subsistence" in North America and with the European Platinum reissue of "Snake Eater" released in Germany on March 23, 2006. The disc includes a five-part, 30-minute featurette about the entire "Metal Gear" series interspersed with an interview of Hideo Kojima, as well as trailers for various current "Metal Gear" games.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Subsistence" received marginally higher review scores than the original "Snake Eater", averaging 94% on Metacritic. Reviewers commented that the introduction of the 3D camera removed the "only grade-A problem" and makes the gameplay feel "less restrictive and more natural." The online mode is considered "impressive for a PS2 game", though "["Snake Eater"]s distinctive gameplay conventions do not entirely lend themselves to the online action-gaming experience." "Subsistence" received "IGN"s award for "best online game" for the PlayStation 2 in December 2006.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: In July 2007, Konami re-released all the mainline "Metal Gear Solid" games from the PlayStation and PlayStation 2, along with the PSP game "Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops", individually and as part of a limited edition box set in Japan commemorating the 20th anniversary of the original "Metal Gear". This edition of "Metal Gear Solid 3" features the first disc from the "Subsistence" version and a new second disc containing ports of the MSX2 games "Metal Gear" and "Solid Snake", lacking "Metal Gear Online" (due to the discontinuation of its servers), as well as all the other content that was present in "Subsistence"'s original second disc (Snake vs. Monkey, Duel Mode and Secret Theater). A similar box set was released for the North American market in March 2008, titled "Metal Gear Solid: The Essential Collection", which includes the first disc of "Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence" along with the original "Metal Gear Solid" and "Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance", but lacks the second disc with the MSX2 games from the Japanese 20th Anniversary edition.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater - HD Edition" was released on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles in late 2011. It was released as part of the "Metal Gear Solid HD Collection", as well as a digital download on PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade. The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions run in a resolution of 720p and aim for a target framerate of 60 frames per second, compared to the PlayStation 2 version's maximum of 30 FPS. The aspect ratio has also been increased from the original's presentation to a wider resolution, giving players a wider view of their surroundings. The "HD Edition" features some of the content from the "Subsistence" version, such as the third-person camera and demo theater, but lacks the online multiplayer mode and the "Snake vs. Monkey" minigame (due to this version also being released on the Xbox 360). The original "Metal Gear" games are also included in this version, both accessible from the main menu. A PlayStation Vita version of the "Metal Gear Solid HD Collection" released in June 2012, which features "Metal Gear Solid 2" and "3"; this version of "Metal Gear Solid 3" features limited touch controls to take advantage of the Vita's touchscreen, and compared to the PlayStation 2 version, the framerate is a more consistent 30 FPS, with less screen tearing.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010, Konami displayed a technical demo for the Nintendo 3DS entitled "Metal Gear Solid 3D: Snake Eater – The Naked Sample". The demo's subtitle "The Naked Sample" was meant to convey its purpose as just a sample of the 3DS hardware, with no plans to bring a game into production at that point. Series producer Hideo Kojima stated at the time that if a "Metal Gear" game for the 3DS was actually made they would consider some elements from the PlayStation Portable title "", including the game's cooperative gameplay system. Later in 2010, Konami announced a full "Metal Gear" title for release on the 3DS, which was revealed at Nintendo World 2011 to be "Metal Gear Solid: Snake Eater 3D". It was released on February 21, 2012, in North America and March 8, 2012, worldwide.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: Due to the limited interface of the 3DS, as well as to take advantage of the touchscreen, "3D" has unique controls when compared to other games in the "Metal Gear" series. While the game has been heavily criticized for these control changes, use of the Circle Pad Pro peripheral has been cited for alleviating many of the control issues of the 3DS. This is done by restoring camera movement to the second analog stick, adding ZL and ZR buttons for aiming and attacking, and allowing the face buttons to be used in a manner more in line with all other releases in the "Metal Gear" series.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: "3D" also has certain optional in-game differences that affect play, such as the concise over the shoulder third-person view and the addition of crouch-walking. Firing in this third-person view substitutes an open cross-hair for the standard down-the-barrel sighting of the standard FPS view. This method of aiming can seem less precise but does allow for a greater margin of error in accuracy. "3D" makes use of the 3DS console's gyroscope, which is used to maintain balance when walking across a bridge or standing on tree branches. The camouflage system has also been updated, allowing the player to make use of the 3DS' camera to make a custom camouflage pattern. The port features numerous graphical improvements over the initial PlayStation 2 version including better character models and the addition of normal mapping. Despite this, the framerate has been criticized for falling far below the other versions of "Snake Eater". "Snake Eater 3D" has met with positive reviews, averaging 78/100 at Metacritic based on 46 reviews.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: A novelization of "Metal Gear Solid: Snake Eater", written by Satoshi Hase, was published by Kadokawa Shoten in Japan on January 25, 2014.


title: Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

text: KPE, the parlor entertainment subsidiary of Konami, announced a pachislot adaptation of "Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater". It runs on a new type of cabinet known as the "Big Boss", which features a 32-inch LCD monitor in full HD covering its front surface. Scenes from the original video game have been redone in updated CGI to showcase the cabinet's high-end video capabilities. The machine was officially distributed on October 17, 2016, to various parlors nationwide in Japan.


title: Primer (film)

text: Primer is a 2004 American independent psychological science fiction film about the accidental discovery of time travel. The film was written, directed, produced, edited and scored by Shane Carruth, who also stars with David Sullivan.


title: Primer (film)

text: "Primer" is of note for its extremely low budget, experimental plot structure, philosophical implications, and complex technical dialogue, which Carruth, a college graduate with a degree in mathematics and a former engineer, chose not to simplify for the sake of the audience. The film collected the Grand Jury Prize at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival, before securing a limited release in the United States, and has since gained a cult following.


title: Primer (film)

text: Two engineers, Aaron and Abe, supplement their day jobs with entrepreneurial tech projects, working out of Aaron's garage. During one such research effort, involving electromagnetic reduction of objects' weight, the two men accidentally discover an 'A-to-B' causal loop side-effect: objects left in the weight-reducing field exhibit temporal anomalies, proceeding normally (from time 'A,' when the field was activated, to time 'B,' when the field is powered off), then backwards (from 'B' back to 'A') in a continuously repeating sequence, such that objects can leave the field in the present, or at some previous point.


title: Primer (film)

text: Abe refines this proof-of-concept and builds a stable time-apparatus ("the box"), sized to accommodate a human subject. Abe uses this box to travel six hours into his own past—as part of this process, Abe sits incommunicado in a hotel room, so as not to interact or interfere with the outside world, after which he enters the box then waits inside the box for six hours (thus going back in time six hours). Once he exits the box, Abe travels across town, explains the proceedings to Aaron, and brings Aaron back to the self-storage facility housing the box. At the facility, they watch the earlier version of Abe enter the box.


title: Primer (film)

text: Abe and Aaron repeat Abe's six-hour experiment multiple times over multiple days, making profitable same-day stock trades armed with foreknowledge of the market's performance. The duo's divergent personalitiesAbe cautious and controlling, Aaron impulsive and meddlesomeput subtle strain on their collaboration and friendship. Additionally, the time travel is taxing on Abe and Aaron's bodies; effectively their days become 36 hours long when including the extra time afforded by the box. As the film progresses, the two men begin to notice alarming side effects of time travel which take the form of earbleeds. Later, they notice their handwriting progressively worsening.


title: Primer (film)

text: The tension between Abe and Aaron comes to a head after a late-night encounter with Thomas Granger (father to Abe's girlfriend, Rachel), who appears inexplicably unshaven and exists in overlap with his original suburban self. Granger falls into a comatose state after being pursued by Aaron; Aaron theorizes that, at some unknown point in the future, Granger entered the "box", with timeline-altering consequences. Abe concludes that time travel is simply too dangerous and enters a secret second box (the "failsafe box," built before the experiment began and kept continuously running), traveling back four days to prevent the experiment's launch.


title: Primer (film)

text: Cumulative competing interference wreaks havoc upon the timeline. Future-Abe sedates Original-Abe (so he will never conduct the initial time travel experiment) and meets Original-Aaron at a park bench (so as to dissuade him), but finds that Future-Aaron has gotten there first (armed with pre-recordings of the past conversations, and an unobtrusive earpiece), having brought a disassembled "third failsafe box" four days back with his own body. Future-Abe faints at this revelation, overcome by shock and fatigue.


title: Primer (film)

text: The two men briefly and tentatively reconcile. They jointly travel back in time, experiencing and reshaping an event where Abe's girlfriend Rachel was nearly killed by a gun-wielding party crasher. After many repetitions, Aaron, forearmed with knowledge of the party's events, stops the gunman, becoming a local hero. Abe and Aaron ultimately part ways; Aaron considers a new life in foreign countries where he can tamper more broadly for personal gain, while Abe states his intent to remain in town and dissuade/sabotage the original "box" experiment. Abe warns Aaron to leave and never return.


title: Primer (film)

text: Multiple "box-aware" versions of Aaron circulateat least one Future-Aaron has shared his knowledge with Original-Aaron, via discussions, voice-recordings, and an unsuccessful physical altercation. Future-Abe watches over Original-Abe, going to painstaking extremes to keep him unaware of the future. An Aaron directs French-speaking workers in the construction of a warehouse-sized box.


title: Primer (film)

text: Carruth cast himself as Aaron after having trouble finding actors who could "break ... the habit of filling each line with so much drama". Most of the other actors are either friends or family members.


title: Primer (film)

text: Although one of the more fantastical elements of science fiction is central to the film, Carruth's goal was to portray scientific discovery in a down-to-earth and realistic manner. He notes that many of the greatest breakthrough scientific discoveries in history have occurred by accident, in locations no more glamorous than Aaron's garage.


title: Primer (film)

text: Whether it involved the history of the number zero or the invention of the transistor, two things stood out to me. First is that the discovery that turns out to be the most valuable is usually dismissed as a side-effect. Second is that prototypes almost never include neon lights and chrome. I wanted to see a story play out that was more in line with the way real innovation takes place than I had seen on film before.


title: Primer (film)

text: Carruth has said he intended the central theme of the film to be the breakdown of Abe and Aaron's relationship, as a result of their inability to cope with the power afforded them by this technological advancement:


title: Primer (film)

text: First thing, I saw these guys as scientifically accomplished but ethically, morons. They never had any reasons before to have ethical questions. So when they're hit with this device they're blindsided by it. The first thing they do is make money with it. They're not talking about the ethics of altering your former self.


title: Primer (film)

text: While writing the script, Carruth studied physics to help him make Abe and Aaron's technical dialogue sound authentic. He took the unusual step of eschewing contrived exposition and tried instead to portray the shorthand phrases and jargon used by working scientists. This philosophy carried over into production design. The time machine itself is a plain gray box, with a distinctive electronic "hum" created by overlaying the sounds of a mechanical grinder and a car engine, rather than by using a processed digital effect. Carruth also set the story in unglamorous industrial parks and suburban tract homes.


title: Primer (film)

text: Carruth chose to deliberately obfuscate the film's plot to mirror the complexity and confusion created by time travel. As he said in a 2004 interview: "This machine and Abe and Aaron's experience are inherently complicated so it needed to be that way in order for the audience to be where Abe and Aaron are, which was always my hope."


title: Primer (film)

text: Principal photography took place over five weeks, on the outskirts of Dallas, Texas. The film was produced on a budget of only US$7,000, and a skeleton crew of five. Carruth acted as writer, director, producer, cinematographer, editor, and music composer. He also stars in the film as Aaron, and many of the other characters are played by his friends and family. The small budget required conservative use of the Super 16mm filmstock: the carefully limited number of takes resulted in an extremely low shooting ratio of 2:1. Every shot in the film was meticulously storyboarded on 35 mm stills. Carruth created a distinctive flat, overexposed look for the film by using fluorescent lighting, non-neutral color temperatures, high-speed film stock, and filters.


title: Primer (film)

text: After shooting, Carruth took two years to fully post-produce "Primer". He has since said that this experience was so arduous that he almost abandoned the film on several occasions.


title: Primer (film)

text: The entire film score was created by Carruth. On October 8, 2004, the "Primer" score was released on Amazon and iTunes.


title: Primer (film)

text: Carruth secured a North American distribution deal with THINKFilm after the company's head of theatrical distribution, Mark Urman, saw the film at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival. Although he and Carruth made a "handshake agreement" during the festival, Urman reported that the actual negotiation of the deal was the longest he had ever been involved with, in part due to Carruth's specific demands over how much control over the film he would retain. The film went on to take $545,436 at the box office.


title: Primer (film)

text: "Primer" received positive reception from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 72% approval rating based on 129 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The consensus reads, "Dense, obtuse, but stimulating, "Primer" is a film ready for viewers ready for a cerebral challenge." The site also listed "Primer" as one of the best science fiction films "for the thinking man". On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 68 out of 100 based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Primer (film)

text: Many reviewers were impressed by the film's originality. Dennis Lim of "The Village Voice" said that it was "the freshest thing the genre has seen since "", while in "The New York Times", A. O. Scott wrote that Carruth had "the skill, the guile and the seriousness to turn a creaky philosophical gimmick into a dense and troubling moral puzzle". Scott also enjoyed the film's realistic depiction of scientists at work, saying that Carruth had an "impressive feel for the odd, quiet rhythms of small-scale research and development".


title: Primer (film)

text: There was also praise for Carruth's ability to maintain high production values on a minuscule budget, with Roger Ebert declaring: "The movie never looks cheap, because every shot looks as it must look." Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" commented that "aspects of "Primer" are so low-rent as to evoke guffaws", but added that "the homemade feel is part of the point". Similarly, "Wired" wrote, ""Primer" shuns big-budget special effects with director Shane Carruth opting for a low budget but high intensity film about two engineers, Aaron and Abe, who accidentally discover the secrets to time travel in their garage. When it was released "Primer" was noted for its originality – the film takes on complex topics like quantum physics and doesn't dumb them down for the viewer, instead using real jargon and terms that real-life researchers would – and for its commitment to a lo-fi aesthetic. Much of the film is set in garages and car parks, and then with the exception of the two lead roles, every other character is played by a friend or family member of the cast."


title: Primer (film)

text: The film's experimental plot and dense dialogue were controversially received. "Esquire"'s Mike D'Angelo claimed that "anybody who claims he fully understands what's going on in "Primer" after seeing it just once is either a savant or a liar". Scott Tobias writes for "The A.V. Club": "The banter is heavy on technical jargon and almost perversely short on exposition; were it not for the presence of voiceover narration, the film would be close to incomprehensible." For the "Los Angeles Times", Carina Chocano writes: "sticklers for linear storytelling are bound to be frustrated by narrative threads that start promisingly, then just sort of fall off the spool". Some reviewers were entirely put off by the film's obfuscated narrative. Kirk Honeycutt of "The Hollywood Reporter" complained that "Primer" "nearly gets lost in a miasma of technical jargon and scientific conjecture".


title: Primer (film)

text: ""Primer" is hopelessly confusing and grows more and more byzantine as it unravels," Chuck Klosterman writes in an essay on time travel films five years later. "I've watched it seven or eight times and I still don't know what happened." He nonetheless says it is "the finest movie about time travel I've ever seen" because of its realism:


title: Primer (film)

text: Ultimately, Klosterman says, the lesson of "Primer" regarding time travel is that "it's too important to use only for money, but too dangerous to use for anything else".


title: Primer (film)

text: The film has been selected to be part of "The A.V. Club" New Cult Canon. Donald Clarke, film critic with "The Irish Times", included "Primer" at No. 20 on his list of the top twenty films of the decade (2000–2010). It was ranked number two in Popular Mechanics' list of, "The 30 Best Time Travel Movies". Science fiction author Greg Egan described it as "an ingenious, tautly constructed time-travel story".


title: Good Charlotte

text: Good Charlotte is an American rock band from Waldorf, Maryland that formed in 1996. Since 2005, the band's lineup has consisted of twin brothers Joel Madden (lead vocals) and Benji Madden (guitar and vocals), Paul Thomas (bass), Billy Martin (guitar and keyboards), and Dean Butterworth (drums and percussion).


title: Good Charlotte

text: The band released their self-titled debut album in 2000 to mostly positive reviews. In 2002, they achieved breakthrough success with their second album, "The Young and the Hopeless". Featuring the hit singles "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous", "The Anthem" and "Girls & Boys", "The Young and the Hopeless" sold 3.5 million copies in the US and was certified triple platinum by the RIAA, for a total of almost 5 million copies sold worldwide. The band followed up with "The Chronicles of Life and Death" in 2004; a darker album, both musically and lyrically. Backed by the singles "Predictable" and "I Just Wanna Live", "The Chronicles of Life and Death" continued the band's success, and the album was certified platinum by the RIAA, selling over one million copies in the US alone. In 2007, they released the dance-punk inspired album "Good Morning Revival" before going back to their pop punk-roots with the album "Cardiology" in 2010. After a four-year-long hiatus, the band announced its comeback on November 3, 2015. The band released "Youth Authority" to positive reviews in 2016, and in 2018 they released their latest album, "Generation Rx". In addition, they released two compilations: "Greatest Remixes" in 2008 and "Greatest Hits" in 2010.


title: Good Charlotte

text: After watching a Beastie Boys show in 1995, twin brothers Joel and Benji Madden formed Good Charlotte in Waldorf, Maryland, with Joel on vocals and Benji on guitar. Following the brothers' graduation in 1997, instead of going to college they worked full-time on the band. The Madden brothers focused on getting the band signed, reading books and magazines that would aid them in achieving this goal. They made promotional packages which they sent to record labels. Joel Madden learned that the girl he took to homecoming was a sister of bassist Paul Thomas. Thomas met the brothers and was unimpressed with their performance skills. Soon afterwards, the brothers recruited their fellow high-school pupil Aaron Escolopio as a drummer and began playing clubs in the D.C. metro area. The Madden brothers moved to Annapolis, Maryland where they performed acoustic shows. The band named themselves Good Charlotte after the children's book, "Good Charlotte: Girls of the Good Day Orphanage", by Carol Beach York.


title: Good Charlotte

text: Guitarist Billy Martin went to one of these shows at the insistence of Jimi HaHa of Jimmie's Chicken Shack. Martin became friends with the Madden brothers and let them move in with him after they were evicted from their apartment. Martin joined Good Charlotte after the trio learned they had a shared interest in the Australian rock band Silverchair and the break up of Martin's band Overflow. They wrote new songs and recorded and performed demos. The band began building a fan base by performing at the HFStival in 1998, and serving as support slots for Blink-182, Lit and Bad Religion. In 1999, Good Charlotte opened for Save Ferris in Philadelphia. After the performance, they left a demo of "Little Things" that soon got airplay on local radio station Y100. Benji Madden was certain of the song's potential hit status with its high-school theme and the reality of its lyrics.


title: Good Charlotte

text: A Sony Music employee passed the band's demo to regional promotion manager Mike Martinovich, who was impressed by the group's writing ability and the autobiographical nature of the songs. He contacted talent manager Steve Feinberg, who flew to Annapolis to watch the group perform and later began working with them. Around the same time, WHFS also began playing the demo. As the track became a hit in the area, record labels began showing interest in Good Charlotte. By the end of 1999, the band went on an east-coast tour with Lit. Representatives from several major labels attended the New York City show of the tour.


title: Good Charlotte

text: Starting in 2000, the group became a full-time touring act with support slots for Lit, Goldfinger, Sum 41, and Mest. Following a showcase in New York City, the group met with people in the music industry. David Massey, executive vice president of A&R at major label Epic Records, signed the band to the label in May.


title: Good Charlotte

text: Good Charlotte's debut studio album "Good Charlotte" was released on September 26, 2000 through Epic and Daylight Records. The Japanese edition included "The Click", a cover of Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "If You Leave" and a live acoustic version of "The Motivation Proclamation" as bonus tracks. Sales did not meet the label's expectations, and the group were nearly dropped from the label. In October and November, the group went on a US tour with Fenix TX, followed by a US tour with MxPx until the end of the year.


title: Good Charlotte

text: In December, the group appeared at HFSmas, the winter version of HFStival. On March 1, 2001, "Little Things" was released as a single in Australia. The CD version included "The Click" and "Thank You Mom" as B-sides. Despite the lack of success for "Little Things", the group's label allowed them to make another video, which was for "The Motivation Proclamation". It was directed by Webb and features the band members on the ground, waking up one-by-one and starting to perform. Scenes from "Undergrads" were played on a TV. Between March and May, the group supported MxPx on their headlining US tour. In April, the video for "The Motivation Proclamation" was receiving airplay from video outlets. While on the MxPx tour, the album was consistently selling 3,000 copies per week. As a result, the group wanted to make a live music video. At the end of May, the group performed at HFStival. During their set, a music video was filmed for "Festival Song", directed by Marc Webb. The video ended up being a mini-documentary on the day. Members of Mest, New Found Glory, and Linkin Park appear in the video.


title: Good Charlotte

text: 2002's "The Young and the Hopeless" sold 4.9 million copies and thrust the band into mainstream popularity. The band's breakthrough single, titled "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous", topped both pop and rock charts around the globe. Singles that were released from the album include "The Anthem", "Girls & Boys", "The Young & the Hopeless", and "Hold On". The band cited Rancid, Social Distortion, and The Clash as influences for the album.


title: Good Charlotte

text: "The Young and the Hopeless" debuted at number seven on the "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 117,000 copies. By August 2003, the album had sold over 2 million copies, and by October 2004, 3 million. At that time, the album was still charting on the "Billboard" 200, 2 years after its release. The album's singles lifted the band from modern rock to top 40 radio stations, with all three major singles crossing over to the format. Each had major success in MTV's "Total Request Live". As of 2011, it had sold over 3.5 million copies in the US. The album reached number 18 and 104 on the "Billboard" 200 year-end charts in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The album charted at number 6 in New Zealand, number 7 in Sweden, number 9 in Australia, number 15 in the UK, number 20 in Austria, number 24 in Japan, number 46 in Switzerland, number 52 in France, and number 57 in the Netherlands.


title: Good Charlotte

text: Around this time, The Used were aware that Good Charlotte were in need of a drummer, and introduced them to Chris Wilson. Shortly after this, he became the group's drummer. In July, the group filmed a video for "Lifestyles of the Rich & Famous". Directed by Bill Fishman, it features appearances from 'NSYNC vocalist Chris Kirkpatrick, Tenacious D guitarist Kyle Gass and Minutemen bassist Mike Watt. In the video, the group perform inside a mansion, before police surround the mansion. The band is subsequently arrested and appear before a courtroom. The song was released to modern rock radio on August 13, and released as a CD single on September 9. It featured "Cemetery", "The Click" and an acoustic version of "Lifestyles of the Rich & Famous" as B-sides. "The Young and the Hopeless" was released on October 1 through Epic and Daylight Records. The group supported No Doubt on their arena tour for a few shows in early October. In October and November, the group went on a headlining US tour.


title: Good Charlotte

text: Between September and November, the group embarked on a headlining US arena tour. The first half was supported by Mest and Something Corporate, while the remaining half was supported by Eve 6 and Goldfinger. At the start of the tour, "Hold On" was released to alternative rock radio. In October, the group filmed a music video for "Hold On" with director Samuel Bayer. The video premiered on November 12 on "Total Request Live". For the video, the group collaborated with the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. It features people with deceased relatives and people who have attempted suicide. In December, the group went on a UK tour with Sugarcult and Mest. In January 2004, the group went on a tour of Japan. "Hold On" and "The Young & the Hopeless" were released as a joint single on January 13. A music video was made for "The Young & the Hopeless", directed by Sam Erickson and the Madden brothers. The video was filmed on a sound stage in Indianapolis, Indiana and the set was filled with a variety of trophies and ribbons, which the band destroy towards the end of the video. In September, the album was reissued as a two-CD package with "Good Charlotte".


title: Good Charlotte

text: "The Chronicles of Life and Death" was made available for streaming on October 1 through MTV's The Leak. Initially planned for release in September, "The Chronicles of Life and Death" was officially released on October 5 through Epic and Daylight Records. It was released in two different editions: Life (with "Falling Away" as a bonus track) and Death (with "Meet My Maker" as a bonus track), both with different artwork created by Martin. The art for the Life resembles a first-edition book, while the art for the Death version resembles a 100-year-old book. The album booklet is done in the style of a storybook with the song lyrics detailing a story accompanied by illustrations. The album sold nearly 200,000 copies in its first week and reached number three on the "Billboard" 200, making it the band's highest-charting album in the United States. The group debuted material from the album during a show in New York. Alkaline Trio drummer Derek Grant temporarily substituted for drummer Chris Wilson during the show as Wilson was reportedly receiving therapy. Grant subsequently played with the group for a few more promotional events, which included an appearance on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" and in-store performances.


title: Good Charlotte

text: In October and November, the group went on a co-headlining US tour with Sum 41. They were supported by Lola Ray and Hazen Street. "I Just Wanna Live" was released as a CD single in Australia on January 17, 2005, with live versions of "S.O.S." and "The World Is Black" as B-sides. The song's music video, directed by Brett Simon, features the group performing in a dive bar before the members return to their day jobs. Eventually, someone from the music industry signs the band, known as the Food Group, who are dressed as an array of food items. In February 2005, the band appeared at MTV Asia's tsunami-relief event for the tsunami in Southeast Asia, before touring Australia. The group embarked on a tour of Europe and the UK in March with support from The Explosion. In early April, a music video was filmed for "We Believe" with director Sam Erickson at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles, California. The video features the group performing in an abandoned theatre overlapped with war imagery and people suffering.


title: Good Charlotte

text: In May and June, the group went on a co-headlining US tour with Simple Plan, dubbed the Noise to the World tour. They were supported by Relient K. A few dates into the tour, Wilson left the group citing to health concerns. He was replaced by Dean Butterworth. The group met him through John Feldmann of Goldfinger. "The Chronicles of Life and Death" was released as a CD single in Australia on June 3 with live versions of "The Chronicles of Life and Death" and "Mountain", and a remix of "I Just Wanna Live" as B-sides. "We Believe" was released as a single on August 15. In October, the band appeared at the Bridge School Benefit and on November 13 the album was released on the DualDisc format. It included a making-of documentary and live performances. Later, in March 2007, Butterworth was confirmed as the band's permanent drummer. Benji Madden has claimed in interviews that he feels this record was not as successful as the previous record due to it being "too selfish."


title: Good Charlotte

text: "Good Morning Revival" is the fourth album by Good Charlotte and the follow-up to 2004's "The Chronicles of Life and Death". It was officially released in March 2007, with the precise date varying by country. "Good Morning Revival" debuted in the top 10 of thirteen countries worldwide including the U.S., giving the band some of its highest international chart positions thus far, and went on to sell 4.5 million copies. At midnight, on January 23, 2007, the record was made available for pre-order on iTunes. When pre-ordered, the single "The River" could be downloaded immediately, while the rest of the album was queued to be downloaded on the release date. Pre-ordering on iTunes also provided the exclusive bonus acoustic version of the song. This album was suggested a different sound for the group apart from the group's pop punk roots.


title: Good Charlotte

text: The first single from the album, "The River", featuring Avenged Sevenfold's lead singer M. Shadows and guitarist Synyster Gates, appeared online on January 4, 2007, and was released as the first single from the album in North America. The music video for "The River" was added to UK music channels Kerrang! and Scuzz on April 13, 2007, making it the second single released from the album in the UK. The song charted at No. 108. "Keep Your Hands off My Girl" was released as the first single in the UK and Australia. "Keep Your Hands Off My Girl" charted on the UK Singles Chart at No. 36 the first week of release through download sales and then climbed to No. 23 when released in stores. The second single released in North America was "Dance Floor Anthem", with which the band had scored a surprise hit, making it onto 11 different Billboard charts and peaking at No. 2 in Australia. The "Keep Your Hands Off My Girl" video was certified gold by MTV International in December 2007. It was played 3,000 times on over four continents during the first half of 2007. On January 1, 2008, Good Charlotte was featured on Tila Tequila's New Year's Eve Masquerade on MTV, as the band was the second performance of the new year and performed its hit "Dance Floor Anthem".


title: Good Charlotte

text: The band made multiple U.S. and international TV appearances in support of the album. First, Good Charlotte appeared on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on April 9, 2007, the Outdoor Stage on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on April 11, and on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" on April 27. Joel and Benji Madden, Good Charlotte's lead singer and guitarist respectively, co-hosted the Australian MTV Video Music Awards with Fergie on April 29, 2007 where the band also won the "Viewers Choice Australia" award for "Keep Your Hands Off My Girl". In August 2007, the band embarked on Justin Timberlake's FutureSex/LoveShow tour, as Timberlake's opening act. Good Charlotte supported Timberlake throughout his second leg North American dates. The band was present for the show of August 16, 2007 in Madison Square Garden, which was taped for a HBO broadcast.


title: Good Charlotte

text: On November 25, 2008, "Greatest Remixes" was released. This compilation album includes 15 songs from previous Good Charlotte albums remixed by other artists such as Metro Station, Junior Sanchez, William Beckett from The Academy Is..., Patrick Stump from Fall Out Boy, and The White Tie Affair featuring Mat Devine of Kill Hannah.


title: Good Charlotte

text: Describing the sound to MTV news, Joel Madden said it would sound a lot like Blink-182. Joel Madden went on to say in the same MTV interview that "There's nothing dance-y on the record, though, at all, which is different from our last one," further implying a movement away from the sound of "Good Morning Revival". On December 3, 2008, "Kerrang!" magazine announced that Good Charlotte would be releasing its fifth studio album, "Cardiology" in 2009. The title of which, according to Joel, comes from the lyrical content of the album, which he explained is "all connected to the heart". Madden also added that the band had already written 20 songs for the new album, and are said to be heading back to their pop-punk roots. On January 24, 2010 Good Charlotte announced that the band had finished the album, but were going to completely scrap it and record with a different producer, Don Gilmore, who also produced the band's first and fourth records, "Good Charlotte" and "Good Morning Revival".


title: Good Charlotte

text: The band released its first single "Like It's Her Birthday" featuring Tonight Alive from the new album on August 24, 2010. The band posted the song online August 5, 2010, and wrote on its website that if the video of the song received more than 100,000 views, the band would post another song from the album. The video reached 100,000 views on August 15, 2010 and the band released "Counting the Days" as a video on its YouTube channel and announced that it will be the second single from the album. The music video for "Like It's Her Birthday" has cameos from The Maine's lead singer John O'Callaghan and guitarist Kennedy Brock and Boys Like Girls' lead singer Martin Johnson, and guitarist Paul DiGiovanni.


title: Good Charlotte

text: On November 5, 2010, Good Charlotte's former label, Sony Music, released a "Greatest Hits" compilation for Australia, spanning 16 singles from the band's four studio albums released on that label. The compilation was later released in the US on January 6, 2011, and in Japan on February 16, 2011.


title: Good Charlotte

text: On September 13, 2010, it was announced that Good Charlotte will be headlining the 2011 Kerrang! Relentless Tour, with supporting acts Four Year Strong, Framing Hanley, and The Wonder Years. On March 3, 2011, Good Charlotte went on tour with This Century and Forever The Sickest Kids throughout North America, playing multiple shows at small high schools across the country. In June 2011 Good Charlotte set out on a U.S. tour co-headlining with Yellowcard and opening act Runner Runner. In June 2011 on an interview with Punkvideosrock.com Billy and Paul stated they were in the process of planning tours for the next 5 years.


title: Good Charlotte

text: On September 1, 2011, Good Charlotte announced a hiatus via interview with "Rolling Stone", but The Madden Brothers released a free mix tape in October 2011, "Before — Volume One". and their debut album "Greetings From California" was released in September 2014, which featured Good Charlotte drummer Dean Butterworth as session performer.


title: Good Charlotte

text: On June 2, 2015, Good Charlotte was featured in Waka Flocka's song "Game On", a song from the soundtrack to Pixels movie.


title: Good Charlotte

text: On November 3, 2015, the band announced an official end to the hiatus through "Alternative Press" and on November 5 the band released a single, "Makeshift Love". A music video for "Makeshift Love" featuring Mikey Way and John Feldmann, including a cameo of the band Waterparks, was released on November 13, 2015. The band performed its first show since its reformation on November 19, 2015, at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, California. The band supported All Time Low on the UK and Ireland leg of the Back to the Future Hearts tour in 2016.


title: Good Charlotte

text: The group released their sixth studio album, "Youth Authority", on July 15, 2016, with guest appearances from Kellin Quinn of Sleeping with Sirens and Simon Neil of Biffy Clyro. The album release date was announced on March 30, 2016, with the album title and art following several days later. Discussing the album title, Joel Madden said "Youth Authority" was the concept that "there's a kid out there right now who has a guitar, or a microphone, or a laptop, with a dream that is going to beat the odds." He said the album felt like the "GC of the past" with "a new energy to it."


title: Good Charlotte

text: On December 8, 2017, the band released a three-song EP, "A GC Christmas, Pt. 1", which included a cover of Wham!'s "Last Christmas", a full-band version of their previously unreleased song, "Christmas by the Phone", and an alternate version of "Let the World Be Still", originally by their side project, The Madden Brothers.


title: Good Charlotte

text: On May 24, 2018, the band announced a new album set for September 14, 2018 called "Generation Rx". This coincided with the release of a new single called "Actual Pain". They have also announced a tour for 2019 to promote the album. The opioid epidemic inspired the album's title "Generation Rx": Rx is often used as an abbreviation for medical prescriptions in the US. The album initially had the working title "Cold Song", but was changed after the band realised pain was a running theme throughout the album. "Generation Rx" talks about several issues: the opioid epidemic, struggles with mental health, difficulty with self-esteem, and the effect of organized religion on other peoples' lives. According to Joel Madden, the album was "all about that inner struggle, and ... the emotional experience we're all going through that gets us to a place where we want to kill the pain that's in all of us." The band played a surprise guest set on the final Vans Warped Tour on July 29, 2018.


title: Good Charlotte

text: On April 2, 2020, Benji and Joel Madden did a Good Charlotte performance livestream via Veeps, a live streaming company owned by Joel Madden, with all proceeds going to "charitable efforts in our community in the COVID-19 pandemic". On September 25, 2020, Billy Martin did a guitar play through livestream on the 20th anniversary of the band's debut album. On December 18, 2020, after a week of previous teasing, Good Charlotte released a single called "Last December", which was the band's first new music in two years.


title: Good Charlotte

text: Good Charlotte has been mainly described as a pop punk band. The band also has been described as alternative rock, emo, punk rock, pop rock, skate punk, and emo pop. According to writer Bruce Britt, Good Charlotte combine "the hard-charging fury of skate-punk, the melodiousness of pop, and the spooky, mascara-smeared sensibilities of '80s goth". According to program director Robert Benjamin, Benji Madden told him Good Charlotte "wanted to be a combination of the Backstreet Boys and Minor Threat". Benji was a fan of punk band Social Distortion whereas his brother Joel was interested in bands like The Smiths and The Cure. Good Charlotte cite Beastie Boys, Minor Threat, the Clash, the Sex Pistols, Rancid, and Green Day as their influences.


title: Good Charlotte

text: Billy Martin is a vegetarian and won PETA's vegetarian of the year in 2012. In the past, the band actively supported PETA's animal rights campaigns. Members of the group recorded a track, "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous", on PETA's "Liberation" CD and appeared at PETA's 25th Anniversary Gala and Humanitarian Awards Show. Group members have also demonstrated against KFC's treatment of chickens.


title: Good Charlotte

text: In 2012 and 2013, band members heavily promoted Kentucky Fried Chicken in a series of Australian television commercials, leading to accusations of hypocrisy.


title: Queen regnant

text: A queen regnant (plural: queens regnant) is a female monarch, equivalent in rank and title to a king, who reigns "suo jure" (in her own right) over a realm known as a "kingdom"; as opposed to a queen consort, who is the wife of a reigning king; or a queen regent, who is the guardian of a child monarch and rules "pro tempore" in the child's stead, be it in sharing power or in ruling alone. She is sometimes called a woman king. A princess regnant is a female monarch who reigns "suo jure" over a "principality"; an empress regnant is a female monarch who reigns "suo jure" over an "empire".


title: Queen regnant

text: A queen regnant possesses and exercises sovereign powers, whereas a queen consort or queen regent shares her spouse's and/or child's rank and titles but does not share the sovereignty of her spouse or child. The husband of a queen regnant traditionally does not share the queen regnant's rank, title, or sovereignty. However, the concept of a king consort or prince consort is not unheard of in both contemporary and classical periods.


title: Queen regnant

text: A queen dowager or empress dowager is the widow of a king or emperor; a queen mother is a queen dowager who is also the mother of a reigning sovereign.


title: Queen regnant

text: The oldest attested queen regnant was the sumerian Kubaba from the later mid-3rd millenium BC and the Pharaoh Sobekneferu from the 18th/17th century BC.


title: Queen regnant

text: In Ancient Africa, Ancient Persia, Asian and Pacific cultures, and in some European countries, female monarchs have been given the title "king" or its equivalent, such as "pharaoh", when gender is irrelevant to the office, or else have used the masculine form of the word in languages that have grammatical gender as a way to classify nouns. The Byzantine Empress Irene sometimes titled herself "basileus" (βασιλεύς), 'emperor', rather than "basilissa" (βασίλισσα), 'empress', and Mary of Hungary was crowned as "Rex Hungariae", "King of Hungary" in 1382.


title: Queen regnant

text: Among the Davidic Monarchs of the Kingdom of Judah, there is mentioned a single queen regnant, Athaliah, though the Hebrew Bible regards her negatively as a usurper. The much later Hasmonean Queen Salome Alexandra (Shlom Tzion) was highly popular.


title: Queen regnant

text: Accession of a queen regnant occurs as a nation's order of succession permits. Methods of succession to kingdoms, tribal chiefships, and such include nomination (the reigning monarch or a council names an heir), primogeniture (in which the children of a monarch or chief have preference in order of birth from eldest to youngest), and ultimogeniture (in which the children have preference in the reverse order of birth from youngest to eldest). The scope of succession may be matrilineal, patrilineal, or both; or, rarely, open to general election when necessary. The right of succession may be open to men and women, or limited to men only or to women only.


title: Queen regnant

text: The most typical succession in European monarchies from the Late Middle Ages until the late 20th century was male-preference primogeniture: the order of succession ranked the sons of the monarch in order of their birth, followed by the daughters. Historically, many realms, like France, Holy Roman Empire forbade succession by women or through a female line in accordance with the Salic law, and nine countries still do, such countries being Japan, Morocco, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Brunei, Liechtenstein, Bhutan. No queen regnant ever ruled France, for example. Only one woman, Maria Theresa, ruled Austria. As noted in the list below of widely-known ruling queens, many reigned in European monarchies.


title: Queen regnant

text: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Luxembourg and the UK amended their laws of succession to absolute primogeniture (in which the children of a monarch or chief have preference in order of birth from eldest to youngest regardless of gender). In some cases, the change does not take effect during the lifetimes of people already in the line of succession at the time the law was passed.


title: Queen regnant

text: In 2011, the United Kingdom and the 15 other Commonwealth realms agreed to remove the rule of male-preference primogeniture. Once the necessary legislation was passed, this means that had Prince William had a daughter first, a younger son would not have become heir apparent.


title: Queen regnant

text: In 2015, Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in world history. In 2016, she became the longest currently serving head of state and longest currently reigning monarch until her death on 8 September 2022.


title: Queen regnant

text: Because there is no feminine equivalent to king and emperor in East Asian languages, different titles are used for female monarchs and female consorts. The titles of female monarchs in East Asia are translated directly as "female king" or "female emperor" and the titles of female consorts in East Asia are translated directly as "king's consort" or "emperor's consort". So, the titles of female monarchs in East Asia are the same as those of male monarchs, just indicating that they are women.


title: Queen regnant

text: In China, the term "nǚhuángdì" (女皇帝, "female emperor"), abbreviated as "nǚhuáng" (女皇), has been used for three empresses regnant to assume the title of "huángdì": Daughter of Xiaoming, Chen Shuozhen and Wu Zetian, because the title "huánghòu" (皇后, "emperor's consort") means only an empress consort. The term "nǚwáng" (女王, "female king") was also used for queens regnant of Sumpa and it is different from the title "wánghòu" (王后, "king's consort") which means a queen consort.


title: Queen regnant

text: In Korea, the term "yeowang" (여왕, "female king") was developed to refer to three queens regnant of Silla: Seondeok, Jindeok and Jinseong, because the title "wangbi" (왕비, "king's consort") means only a queen consort. The term "yeoje" (여제, "female emperor") was also used for Yi Hae-won, the titular empress regnant of Korean Empire because the title "hwanghu" (황후, "emperor's consort") means only an empress consort.


title: Queen regnant

text: Although Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia, it used the royal titles of East Asia. The title as a queen regnant of Trưng Trắc was "Nữ vương" ("female king") and the title as an empress regnant of Lý Chiêu Hoàng was "Nữ hoàng" ("female emperor"), and they are different from the titles of female consorts.


title: Queen regnant

text: In Japan, the title used for two queens regnant of Yamatai: Himiko and Toyo was "joō" (女王, "female king") and it is different from the title "ōhi" (王妃, "king's consort") which means only a queen consort. The term "josei tennō" (女性天皇, "female emperor") has been used for empresses regnant of Japan because the title "kōgō" (皇后, "emperor's consort") means only an empress consort.


title: Queen regnant

text: Although the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan is currently barred to women following the Imperial Household Law (Emperor Naruhito has a daughter, Princess Aiko. She cannot accede to the Chrysanthemum Throne), this has not always been the case; throughout Japanese history, there have been eight empresses regnant. The Japanese imperial succession debate became a significant political issue during the early 2000s, as no male children had been born to the Imperial House of Japan since 1965. Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi pledged to present parliament with a bill to allow women to ascend the Imperial Throne, but he withdrew this after the birth of Prince Hisahito (Naruhito's nephew) in 2006.


title: Has Fallen

text: Has Fallen is an American action thriller film series starring Gerard Butler as United States Secret Service agent Mike Banning. The series includes the films "Olympus Has Fallen" (2013), "London Has Fallen" (2016), and "Angel Has Fallen" (2019). The films also star Aaron Eckhart as U.S. President Benjamin Asher, and Morgan Freeman as the Speaker of the House (and eventual President) Allan Trumbull. The films have received generally mixed critical reception and have grossed a combined total of $523 million worldwide.


title: Has Fallen

text: The film series will continue, as Butler has signed on for three more feature films. With plans to expand into a franchise, producers have various foreign, local-language, TV spin-offs in development.


title: Has Fallen

text: After a failed attempt to save First Lady Margaret Asher, disgraced Secret Service agent Mike Banning must take action after a North Korean terrorist group seize control of the White House. Banning uses his inside knowledge to rescue President Benjamin Asher from his kidnappers.


title: Has Fallen

text: During the funeral of the British Prime Minister in London, the city is attacked by a large army of Islamic terrorists, killing five world leaders, damaging major landmarks and generating into mass panic, masterminded by Pakistani arms dealer and terrorist leader Aamir Barkawi. When President Benjamin Asher gets kidnapped by the terrorists, Secret Service agent Mike Banning must once again save President Asher.


title: Has Fallen

text: Mike Banning is framed for the attempt to assassinate President Allan Trumbull by a rogue private military company and must race against time to clear his name while uncovering the real threat.


title: Has Fallen

text: In November 2019, Alan Siegel announced that three additional "Has Fallen" films are in development. In November 2020, the fourth film, titled "Night Has Fallen", was given the greenlight with Butler confirmed to reprise his role as Mike Banning in addition to serving as producer. Waugh will return to the series as director, with a script he co-wrote with Kamen. The project will be a joint-venture production between G-BASE, Eclectic Pictures, Campbell Grobman Films, and Millennium Media. Alan Siegel, Heidi Jo Markel, Les Weldon, Jeffrey Greenstein, Jonathan Yunger, and Yariv Lerner will also serve as producers.


title: Has Fallen

text: Following the release of "Night Has Fallen", at least two more movies will follow. In addition to the movies, Millennium Media has plans to expand the film series into a franchise with the addition of television spin-offs being considered.


title: Has Fallen

text: In November 2019, it was announced that multiple television series spin-offs were being developed. Because of the film series' popularity in other territories, it was announced that plans include various television series to debut in foreign countries, with the idea being that each show's local mother tongues will be the spoken languages. Siegel stated that the intent for TV show installments, would be to expand the franchise and add additional characters to appear in future films. In November of the following year, the studio confirmed development for a television series is on-going.


title: Has Fallen

text: In November 2021, Head of Millennium Media Jeffrey Greenstein confirmed that a "Has Fallen" television series is in development and a priority for the studio.


title: Potato chip

text: A potato chip (American English; often just chip) or crisp (British and Irish English) is a thin slice of potato that has been either deep fried, baked, or air fried until crunchy. They are commonly served as a snack, side dish, or appetizer. The basic chips are cooked and salted; additional varieties are manufactured using various flavorings and ingredients including herbs, spices, cheeses, other natural flavors, artificial flavors, and additives.


title: Potato chip

text: Potato chips form a large part of the snack food and convenience food market in Western countries. The global potato chip market generated total revenue of US$16.49 billion in 2005. This accounted for 35.5% of the total savory snacks market in that year ($46.1 billion).


title: Potato chip

text: The earliest known recipe for something similar to today's potato chips is in William Kitchiner's book "The Cook's Oracle" published in 1817, which was a bestseller in the United Kingdom and the United States. The 1822 edition's recipe for "Potatoes fried in Slices or Shavings" reads "peel large potatoes... cut them in shavings round and round, as you would peel a lemon; dry them well in a clean cloth, and fry them in lard or dripping". An 1825 British book about French cookery calls them "Pommes de Terre frites" (second recipe) and calls for thin slices of potato fried in "clarified butter or goose dripping", drained and sprinkled with salt. Early recipes for potato chips in the US are found in Mary Randolph's "Virginia House-Wife" (1824) and in N.K.M. Lee's "Cook's Own Book" (1832), both of which explicitly cite Kitchiner.


title: Potato chip

text: A legend associates the creation of potato chips with Saratoga Springs, New York, decades later than the first recorded recipe. By the late nineteenth century, a popular version of the story attributed the dish to George Crum, a cook at Moon's Lake House who was trying to appease an unhappy customer on August 24, 1853. The customer kept sending back his French-fried potatoes, complaining that they were too thick, too "soggy", or not salted enough. Frustrated, Crum sliced several potatoes extremely thin, fried them to a crisp, and seasoned them with extra salt. To his surprise, the customer loved them. They soon came to be called "Saratoga Chips", a name that persisted into the mid-twentieth century. A version of this story was popularized in a 1973 national advertising campaign by St. Regis Paper Company which manufactured packaging for chips, claiming that Crum's customer was Cornelius Vanderbilt. Crum was already renowned as a chef at the time, and he owned a lakeside restaurant by 1860 which he called Crum's House. The "Saratoga Chips" brand name still exists today.


title: Potato chip

text: In the 20th century, potato chips spread beyond chef-cooked restaurant fare and began to be mass-produced for home consumption. The Dayton, Ohio-based Mikesell's Potato Chip Company, founded in 1910, identifies as the "oldest potato chip company in the United States". New Hampshire-based Granite State Potato Chip Factory, founded in 1905 and in operation until 2007, was one of America's first potato chip manufacturers.


title: Potato chip

text: In an idea originated by the Smiths Potato Crisps Company Ltd, formed in 1920, Frank Smith packaged a twist of salt with his chips in greaseproof paper bags, which were sold around London. The potato chip remained otherwise unseasoned until an important scientific development in the 1950s. After English biochemists Archer Martin and Richard Synge received a Nobel Prize for inventing partition chromatography in 1952, food scientists began to develop flavors via a gas chromatograph. After some trial and error, in 1954, Joe "Spud" Murphy, the owner of the Irish crisps company Tayto, and his employee Seamus Burke, produced the world's first seasoned chips: Cheese & Onion. Companies worldwide sought to buy the rights to Tayto's technique. Walkers of Leicester, England produced Cheese & Onion the same year. Golden Wonder (Smith’s main competitor at the time) would also produce Cheese & Onion, and Smith’s countered with Salt & Vinegar (tested first by their north-east England subsidiary Tudor) which launched nationally in 1967, starting a two-decade-long flavour war.


title: Potato chip

text: The first flavored chips in the United States, barbecue flavor, were being manufactured and sold by 1954. In 1958, Herr's was the first company to introduce barbecue-flavored potato chips in Pennsylvania.


title: Potato chip

text: Chips sold in markets were usually sold in tins or scooped out of storefront glass bins and delivered by horse and wagon. Early potato chip bags were wax paper with the ends ironed or stapled together. At first, potato chips were packaged in barrels or tins, which left chips at the bottom stale and crumbled.


title: Potato chip

text: In the 1920s, Laura Scudder, an entrepreneur in Monterey Park, California, started having her workers take home sheets of wax paper to iron into the form of bags, which were filled with chips at her factory the next day. This pioneering method reduced crumbling and kept the chips fresh and crisp longer. This innovation, along with the invention of cellophane, allowed potato chips to become a mass-market product. Today, chips are packaged in plastic bags, with nitrogen gas blown in prior to sealing to lengthen shelf life, and provide protection against crushing.


title: Potato chip

text: Chips were long made in a batch process, where the potato slices are rinsed with cold water to release starch, fried at a low temperature of , and continuously raked to prevent them from sticking together.


title: Potato chip

text: Industrial advances resulted in a shift to production by a continuous process, running the chips through a vat of hot oil and drying them in a conveyor process.


title: Potato chip

text: Some small producers continued to use a batch process, notably in Maui. In 1980, inspired by the Maui Chip, an entrepreneur started Cape Cod Potato Chips to produce thicker, batch-cooked "Hawaiian style" potato chips, which came to be known as kettle-style (US) or hand-cooked (UK) chips and became a premium, "gourmet" item. Kettle chips are thicker and the surface starch is not rinsed off, resulting in a style of chip called "hard-bite".


title: Potato chip

text: Little consistency exists in the English-speaking world for the name of this food. North American English uses "chips", though Canadians may also call French fries, especially thick ones, "chips" as well. "Crisps" may be used for thin fried slices made from potato paste. An example of this type of snack is Pringles, which chooses to market their product as "potato crisps" even in the United States.


title: Potato chip

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, "crisps" are potato chips which are eaten at room temperature, whilst "chips" are similar to french fries (as in "fish and chips") and are served hot. In Australia, some parts of South Africa, New Zealand, India, and the West Indies, especially in Barbados, both forms of potato product are simply known as "chips", as are the larger "home-style" variety. In the north of New Zealand, they are sometimes affectionately known as "chippies"; however, they are marketed as "chips" throughout the country. In Australia and New Zealand, a distinction is sometimes made between "hot chips" (fried potatoes) and "chips" or "potato chips". In Bangladesh, they are generally known as "chip" or "chips", and much less frequently as "crisps" (pronounced "kirisp") and locally, "alu bhaja" (for their similarity to the fried potato dish, "bhajji").


title: Potato chip

text: In German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany: ""Kartoffelchips"", often shortened to "Chips"; Switzerland: ""Pommes Chips"") and in countries of the former Yugoslavia, fried thin potato slices are known as "chips" (locally pronounced very similarly to the English pronunciation), with a clear distinction from French fries. In Brazil, "home-style" potato chips are known as ("Portuguese potatoes") if their sides are relatively smooth and ("Prussian potatoes") if their sides show a wafer biscuit-like pattern, whilst American-like industrial uniform potato chips made from a fried potato purée-based dough are known as "batata chips" ("potato chips"), or just .


title: Potato chip

text: Most potato chips contain high levels of sodium, from salt. This has been linked to health issues such as high blood pressure. However, researchers at Queen Mary University of London in 2004 have noted that a small "bag of ready-salted crisps" contains less salt than a serving of many breakfast cereals, including "every brand of cornflakes on sale in the UK."


title: Potato chip

text: Some potato chip companies have responded to the long-standing concerns by investing in research and development to modify existing recipes and create health-conscious products. PepsiCo research shows that about 80% of salt on chips is not sensed by the tongue before being swallowed. Frito-Lay spent $414 million in 2009 on product development, including development of salt crystals that would reduce the salt content of Lay's potato chips without adversely affecting flavor.


title: Potato chip

text: Unsalted chips are available, e.g. the longstanding British brand Salt 'n' Shake, whose chips are not seasoned, but instead include a small salt sachet in the bag for seasoning to taste. Many other popular brands in the United States, such as Frito-Lay, also offer such a product.


title: Potato chip

text: One health scare related to potato chips focused on acrylamide, which is produced when potatoes are fried or baked at high temperatures. This discovery in 2002 led to international health concerns. Subsequent research has however found that it is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food cause cancer in humans; Cancer Research UK categorizes the idea that burnt food causes cancer as a "myth".


title: Potato chip

text: In August 2008, California Attorney General Jerry Brown announced a settlement with Frito-Lay, Kettle Foods, and Lance Inc., the makers of Cape Cod Potato Chips, for violating the state's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act. The state had alleged in 2005 that potato chips from these companies failed to document that they contained high levels of acrylamide, which is listed by California since the 1990s as a carcinogen. These companies paid fines and agreed to reduce acrylamide levels to be under 275 parts per billion. Many potato chip manufacturers attempt to remove burned and thus potentially acrylamide-rich chips before the packaging process. Large scanners are used to eliminate chips worst affected by heat.


title: Potato chip

text: Another type of potato chip, notably the Pringles and Lay's Stax brands, is made by extruding or pressing a dough made from dehydrated potato flour into the desired shape before frying. This makes chips that are uniform in size and shape, which allows them to be stacked and packaged in rigid cardboard or plastic canisters. Pringles are officially branded as "potato crisps" in the US. Pringles may be termed "potato chips" in Britain, to distinguish them from traditional "crisps". Munchos, another brand that uses the term "potato crisps", has deep air pockets in its chips that give it a curved shape, though the chips themselves resemble regular bagged chips.


title: Potato chip

text: An additional variant of potato chips exists in the form of "potato sticks", also called "shoestring potatoes". These are made as extremely thin (2 to 3 mm) versions of the popular French fry but are fried in the manner of regular salted potato chips. A hickory-smoke-flavored version is popular in Canada, going by the vending machine name "Hickory Sticks". Potato sticks are typically packaged in rigid containers, although some manufacturers use flexible pouches, similar to potato chip bags. Potato sticks were originally packed in hermetically sealed steel cans. In the 1960s, manufacturers switched to the less expensive composite canister (similar to the Pringles container). Reckitt Benckiser was a market leader in this category under the Durkee Potato Stix and French's Potato Sticks names but exited the business in 2008. In 2014, French's reentered the market. A larger variant (about 1 cm thick) made with dehydrated potatoes is marketed as Andy Capp's Pub Fries, using the theme of a long-running British comic strip, which are baked and sold in a variety of flavors. Walkers make a similar product (using the Smiths brand) called "Chipsticks" which are sold in ready-salted and salt and vinegar flavors.


title: Potato chip

text: Some companies have also marketed baked potato chips as an alternative with lower fat content. Additionally, some varieties of fat-free chips have been made using artificial, and indigestible, fat substitutes. These became well known in the media when an ingredient many contained, Olestra, was linked in some individuals to abdominal discomfort and loose stools.


title: Potato chip

text: Many other products might be called "crisps" in Britain, but would not be classed as "potato chips" because they are not made with potato or are not chipped (for example, Wotsits, Quavers, Skips, Hula Hoops, and Monster Munch).


title: Potato chip

text: Sweet potato chips are eaten in Korea, New Zealand, and Japan; parsnip, beetroot, and carrot crisps are available in the United Kingdom. India is famous for a large number of localized 'chips shops', selling not only potato chips, but also other varieties such as plantain chips, tapioca chips, yam chips, and even carrot chips. Plantain chips, also known as chifles or tostones, are also sold in the Western Hemisphere from Canada to Chile. In the Philippines, banana chips can be found sold at local stores. In Kenya, chips are made from arrowroot and cassava. In the United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, and Australia, a new variety of Pringles made from rice has been released and marketed as lower in fat than its potato counterparts.


title: Chemical castration

text: Chemical castration is castration via anaphrodisiac drugs, whether to reduce libido and sexual activity, to treat cancer, or otherwise. Unlike surgical castration, where the gonads are removed through an incision in the body, chemical castration does not remove organs, nor is it a form of sterilization. Chemical castration is generally reversible when treatment is discontinued, although permanent effects in body chemistry can sometimes be seen, as in the case of bone density loss increasing with length of use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA).


title: Chemical castration

text: In May 2016, "The New York Times" reported that a number of countries use chemical castration on sex offenders, often in return for reduced sentences.


title: Chemical castration

text: When used on males, these drugs can reduce sex drive, sexual fantasies, and capacity for sexual arousal. Life-threatening side effects are rare, but some users show increases in body fat and reduced bone density, which increase long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, respectively. Males may also experience gynecomastia (development of larger-than-normal mammary glands in males); full development is less common unless chemical castration is combined with feminizing oestrogen therapy.