title: Von Neumann architecture

text: As of 1996, a database benchmark study found that three out of four CPU cycles were spent waiting for memory. Researchers expect that increasing the number of simultaneous instruction streams with multithreading or single-chip multiprocessing will make this bottleneck even worse. In the context of multi-core processors, additional overhead is required to maintain cache coherence between processors and threads.


title: Von Neumann architecture

text: Aside from the von Neumann bottleneck, program modifications can be quite harmful, either by accident or design. In some simple stored-program computer designs, a malfunctioning program can damage itself, other programs, or the operating system, possibly leading to a computer crash. Memory protection and other forms of access control can usually protect against both accidental and malicious program changes.


title: Jason Mewes

text: Jason Edward Mewes (born June 12, 1974) is an American actor, comedian, film producer, and podcaster. He is best known for playing Jay, the vocal half of the duo Jay and Silent Bob, in longtime friend Kevin Smith's films.


title: Jason Mewes

text: Mewes was born on June 12, 1974 in Highlands, New Jersey, and grew up in a working-class neighborhood. He never knew his father, and his mother was an ex-con and a drug addict. Relates Mewes: "She used to check into hotels and take TVs and sell them...I guess it really ain't funny, but it's weird because it was so fucked up...She used to steal mail. I used to drive around with her and she'd pull up and make me reach into mailboxes. It really wasn't pleasant." Although this exposure to drugs at first served to make him averse to them, he eventually began using them after graduating from Henry Hudson Regional High School.


title: Jason Mewes

text: His best friend was future filmmaker Kevin Smith, who described Mewes this way: "[Jason]'s the kind of dude you know for five minutes and he whips his cock out. I was like, somebody should put this dude in a movie. I just wanted to see if anybody outside our group of friends finds him as funny as I do."


title: Jason Mewes

text: While working toward a career in roofing, Mewes made his film debut in Smith's 1994 film "Clerks" as Jay. The film was a success, resulting in Mewes becoming closely identified with the role, which he also played in "Mallrats" (1995), "Chasing Amy" (1997), "Dogma" (1999), "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" (2001), and "Clerks II" (2006). He also supplied Jay's voice in the short-lived "". He, along with Kevin Smith, performed in the films "Scream 3" (2000) and "Bottoms Up" (2006); they also appeared on the Canadian television series "", in two episodes of a three-part story arc in which he and Smith film a new addition to Smith's View Askew films titled "Jay and Silent Bob Go Canadian, Eh?" at Degrassi Community School. They appear again on "Degrassi" (in a two-part episode), at the premiere of "Jay and Silent Bob go Canadian, Eh?" in Canada. Mewes, Smith, and "Degrassi" star Stacie Mistysyn made the cover of the January 29, 2005, issue of Canadian "TV Guide".


title: Jason Mewes

text: In 1998, he starred as "Gary Lamb – Ground Activist" in a series of Nike commercials directed by Smith. From 2010–2012, Mewes was cast as "Jimmy the Janitor" for 26 episodes of the Canadian television series "Todd and the Book of Pure Evil".


title: Jason Mewes

text: Mewes starred in the horror film "Breath of Hate" (2015), where he played a romantic love interest to a dysfunctional escort. Mewes co-starred in Smith's 2008 film "Zack and Miri Make a Porno", in which Mewes, in a scene near the end of the film, appears fully nude.


title: Jason Mewes

text: Mewes co-hosts a weekly podcast with Smith called "Jay & Silent Bob Get Old" in which Mewes discusses his former drug addiction issues.


title: Jason Mewes

text: Mewes co-produced the 2013 animated movie "Jay & Silent Bob's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie" with his wife Jordan Monsanto, which was based on the "Bluntman and Chronic" comic book that Smith wrote as a companion piece to 2001's "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back".


title: Jason Mewes

text: Mewes' directorial debut, "Madness in the Method", in which he also starred, premiered August 2, 2019, in the U.S.


title: Jason Mewes

text: Mewes married Jordan Monsanto in a civil ceremony on January 30, 2009, with a larger wedding planned later that May. Their daughter, Logan Lee, was born on April 1, 2015.


title: Jason Mewes

text: Mewes has openly talked about his struggles with substance abuse, which began in his early 20s. He first began using heroin shortly after appearing in "Mallrats" and was soon addicted; he was under the influence while filming "Chasing Amy" and "Dogma". Kevin Smith entered Mewes into the first of a series of drug rehabilitation clinics in 1997 after noticing Mewes would randomly fall asleep, which he initially attributed to narcolepsy. Mewes sobered up until about a week into the "Dogma" shoot, when he learned he could pass his urine tests by abstaining from drugs for three days beforehand and then using drugs the rest of the week. In another attempt to get clean, Mewes moved in with his mother, who gave him OxyContin to ease the withdrawal symptoms.


title: Jason Mewes

text: In 1999, Mewes was arrested in New Jersey for heroin possession. His probation sentence included community service, drug counseling, and regular court appearances in New Jersey. In late 2001, after he failed to make a court appearance, a warrant was issued for his arrest. Smith had taken Mewes in to live with him and his wife, Jennifer Schwalbach Smith, but evicted him after catching him using drugs again. During this period, Mewes stole Smith's ATM card, spent $1,100 of Smith's money, and had heroin shipped to the hotel where a press junket for "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" was being held. Smith had Mewes check into various rehab facilities, including Promises in Malibu, where his visit coincided with frequent costar Ben Affleck's stay for alcoholism. These attempts were unsuccessful for Mewes, whose problem was so severe that Smith was unable to give him a part in 2004's "Jersey Girl".


title: Jason Mewes

text: Mewes continued to use drugs, and has related that he decided to turn himself in and get help after waking up on Christmas morning in 2002 to find that he had started a fire after falling asleep near a lit candle while on heroin. Estranged from Smith, Mewes returned to New Jersey, and on April 1, 2003, he surrendered himself at a Freehold, New Jersey, court and pleaded guilty to probation violation charges. He was ordered to enter a six-month rehab program. In a July 2006 interview, he reported that he was sober, and harbored no urges to drink or use drugs. He relapsed in 2009 after having surgery.


title: Jason Mewes

text: To help Mewes maintain his sobriety, Smith created the "Jay & Silent Bob Get Old" podcast as a "weekly intervention" to let Mewes talk through his history of substance abuse. In a May 2014 Reddit Q&A thread with fans, Mewes stated that he had been sober since July 1, 2010.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The Capitol Hill Occupied Protest or the Capitol Hill Organized Protest (CHOP), originally Free Capitol Hill and later the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone (CHAZ), was an occupation protest and self-declared autonomous zone in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. The zone, originally covering two intersections at the corners of Cal Anderson Park and the roads leading up to them, was established on June 8, 2020, by George Floyd protesters after the Seattle Police Department (SPD) left its East Precinct building. The zone was cleared of occupants by police on July 1. Its formation was preceded by a week of tense interactions between protesters and police in riot gear which began on June 1 and escalated on June 7 after a man drove his vehicle toward a crowd near 11th Avenue and Pine Street and shot a protester who tried to stop him. Tear gas, flashbangs and pepper spray were used by police in the densely populated residential neighborhood. On June 7, the SPD reported that the crowd was throwing rocks, bottles, and fireworks, and were shining green lasers into officers' eyes. The next day, SPD boarded up its building and moved out of the East Precinct in an effort to de-escalate the situation.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The zone was a self-organized space, without official leadership. Protesters asserted three main demands:


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Participants created a block-long "Black Lives Matter" mural, provided free film screenings in the street, and performed live music. A "No Cop Co-op" was formed, with food, hand sanitizer and other supplies. Areas were set up for free speech and to facilitate discourse, and a community vegetable garden was constructed.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The CHOP became a focus of national attention when President Donald Trump tweeted his disapproval on June 10 and 11, calling the occupants "ugly Anarchists" and demanding that Governor Jay Inslee and Mayor Jenny Durkan "take back" the zone. Durkan described the area on June 11 as four blocks with a "block party" atmosphere; on June 14, "USA Today" reported a festive environment and compared the protest to a miniature version of Burning Man. "The New York Times" later contrasted Durkan's words with descriptions provided by local businesspeople, reporting "encampments overtaking the sidewalks ... roving bands of masked protesters smashing windows and looting [and] [y]oung white men wielding guns ... harangu[ing] customers." The "Star Tribune" reported on June 22 that at night, the atmosphere became charged as demonstrators marched and armed volunteer guards kept watch. SPD Chief Carmen Best said that the department wanted to reduce its footprint, later clarifying that officials intended to return officers to the precinct to respond quickly to calls.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 13, Black Lives Matter protesters negotiated with local officials about leaving the zone. The CHOP's size decreased four days later (when roadblocks were moved), and it continued to shrink after shootings in or near the zone on June 20, 21, and 23. Durkan responded that the SPD would return peacefully in the near future. On June 28, she met with protesters and informed them that the city planned to remove most barricades and limit the activist area to the East Precinct building and the street in front of it. That day, CHOP organizers expressed their intention to refocus on the area near the police station and away from the sprawling encampment at Cal Anderson Park after it became a political liability and they struggled to maintain security. In the early morning of June 29, a fourth shooting left a 16-year-old boy dead and a 14-year-old boy in critical condition with gunshot wounds. Calling the situation "dangerous and unacceptable", Best told reporters: "Enough is enough. We need to be able to get back into the area." On July 1, after Durkan issued an executive order, Seattle police cleared the area of protesters and reclaimed its East Precinct station. Protests continued in Seattle and at the CHOP site over the following days and months.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Capitol Hill is a densely populated residential district on a steep hill just east of Seattle's downtown business district, known for its prominent LGBT and counterculture communities and its vibrant nightlife. The Seattle Police Department had been protested against in the past. In 1965, during the civil rights movement after an unarmed black man was shot by an SPD officer, community leaders followed police in "freedom patrols" to observe (and record) their interactions with the Black community. Since 2012, the SPD had been under federal oversight after it had been found to use excessive force and biased policing.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Seattle had been the location of other mass protests, such as the 1999 WTO protests and Occupy Seattle. The city is home to several cultural institutions created by occupation protests, including the Northwest African American Museum, the Daybreak Star Cultural Center and El Centro de la Raza.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Protests over the murder of George Floyd and police brutality began in Seattle on May 29, 2020. Street clashes occurred in greater Seattle for nine days involving protesters, the Seattle Police Department, the Washington State Patrol and the Washington National Guard.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The zone's formation was preceded by a week of tense interactions in the Capitol Hill neighborhood beginning on June 1, when protesters and police in riot gear began facing off at a police barricade near the SPD's East Precinct building. The SPD used aggressive dispersal tactics, including blast balls, flashbangs and pepper spray. On June 5, Mayor Jenny Durkan and SPD Chief Carmen Best announced a 30-day ban on the use of tear gas.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: A group of public representatives (including four City Council-members, a King County Council-member, state Senator Joe Nguyen and state Representative Nicole Macri) joined demonstrators on June 6 on the front lines in response to citizen requests, when officers again used flashbangs and pepper spray to control the crowd.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 7, police installed sturdier barricades around the East Precinct and boarded up its windows. The situation intensified after 8 pm, when a demonstrator was shot while trying to slow down a vehicle speeding toward a crowd of 1,000 protesters on 11th Avenue and East Pine Street; the driver left the vehicle with a gun and walked towards the police line, where he was taken into custody without incident. It later became known that the shooter's brother worked at the East Precinct. After midnight on June 8, police reported that protesters were throwing bottles, rocks and fireworks. The SPD resumed the use of tear gas (despite the mayor's ban), and used pepper spray and flashbangs against protesters at 11th and Pine. Over 12,000 complaints were filed about police response to the demonstrations, and members of the Seattle City Council questioned how many weapons had been thrown at police.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Police boarded up and vacated the East Precinct during the afternoon of June 8, which Best described as an effort to "de-escalate the situation and rebuild trust". Protesters (initially suspicious of the SPD's motives) moved into the area, repositioned street barricades in a one-block radius around the station, and declared the area "Free Capitol Hill". It remained unclear days later who had decided to retreat from the East Precinct, since Chief Best did not admit responsibility. Durkan later attributed the decision to withdraw to an unnamed SPD on-scene commander. Over a year later, a "KUOW" report identified Assistant Chief Tom Mahaffey as the one who made the decision, revealing that he had done so without the knowledge of Best or Durkan.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The zone was initially centered around the East Precinct building, and barriers were set up on Pine Street for several blocks to stop incoming vehicles. The early territory reportedly encompassed five-and-a-half city blocks, including Cal Anderson Park (already active with demonstrators). It stretched north to East Denny Way, east to 12th Avenue (and part of 13th Avenue), south to East Pike, and west to Broadway. Protesters used blockades and fences to construct barricades at intersections. On June 9, one entrance to the zone was marked by a barrier reading "You Are Entering Free Capitol Hill". Other signs read, "You are now leaving the USA" and "Welcome to the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone". Signage on the police station was modified as protesters rebranded it the "Seattle People's Department".


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 16, after city officials agreed with protest organizers about a new footprint, the Seattle Department of Transportation (SDOT) installed concrete barriers wrapped in plywood in several areas along Pine Street and 10th and 12th Avenues (shrinking the area). The revised barrier spacing provided improved access for business deliveries, and the design offered space for decoration by artists affiliated with the protests. The new layout was posted on Durkan's blog: "The City is committed to maintaining space for community to come to together, protest and exercise their first amendment rights. Minor changes to the protest zone will implement safer and sturdier barriers to protect individuals in this area."


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: KIRO-FM reported that on June 17, a large tent encampment was set up on 11th Avenue between Pike and Pine Streets and half of Cal Anderson Park "turned into a huge tent encampment with a massive community garden." The zone's borders were not clearly defined, and shifted daily. Its size was reduced over time, with "The Seattle Times" reporting that the area had "shrunk considerably" by June 24. Demonstrators redirected their focus to the East Precinct on June 23, when "the Capitol Hill protest zone camp cleared parts of its Cal Anderson Park core."


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 30, police and other city employees removed a number of concrete barricades and concentrated others closer to the East Precinct. That day, notices were posted announcing a noon closure of Cal Anderson Park for cleaning and repairs; the garden and art created by protesters would be undisturbed. The remaining territory was cleared by Seattle police on July 1, and Cal Anderson Park was reportedly closed for repairs.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Protesters established the No Cop Co-op on June 9, offering free water, hand sanitizer, kebabs and snacks donated by the community. Stalls offered vegan curry, and others collected donations for the homeless. Organizers pitched tents next to the former precinct to hold the space. Two medical stations were established in the zone to provide basic health care, and the Seattle Department of Transportation provided portable toilets. The city provided waste removal, additional portable toilets and fire and rescue services, and the SPD said that it responded to 911 calls in the zone. The King County public health department provided COVID-19 testing in Cal Anderson Park for a period of time during the protests.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 11, "The Seattle Times" reported that restaurant owners in the area had an uptick in walk-up business and a corresponding reduction in delivery costs. "USA Today" reported three days later that most businesses in the zone had closed, "although a liquor store, ramen restaurant and taco joint are still doing brisk business." According to "The New York Times", "business crashed". Some activists lived in tents inside the zone. Outside the zone, urban camping is illegal in Seattle but the law was seldom enforced.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Vegetable gardens had materialized by June 11 in Cal Anderson Park, where activists began to grow a variety of foods from seedlings. The gardens were inaugurated with a basil plant introduced by Marcus Henderson, a resident of Seattle's Columbia City neighborhood. Activists expanded the gardens, which were "cultivated by and for BIPOC" and included signs heralding black agriculturalists and commemorating victims of police violence. Henderson established his gardening movement as Black Star Farmers, and after the dissipation of the CHOP launched a GoFundMe to continue the work. After the park was cleared on July 1, he called supporters of the garden to help him advocate to the city that they allow it to remain as the Black Lives Memorial Garden. The effort succeeded as perhaps the least controversial proposition for how to make use of the public space in Cal Anderson Park after the CHOP's closure. The gardens are still in their original location as of September 2022.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The intersection of 12th and Pine was converted into a square for teach-ins (where a microphone was used for organizing) and to encourage those with destructive intentions to leave the area. An area at 11th and Pine was set aside as the "Decolonization Conversation Café", a discussion area with daily topics. An outdoor cinema with a sound system and projector was set up on June 9 and screened films, including "13th" (a 2016 documentary by Ava DuVernay about racism and mass incarceration) and "Paris Is Burning", a 1990 documentary by Jennie Livingston.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The Marshall Law Band (a Seattle-based hip-hop fusion group) began performing for protesters during the week of June 1 - June 8 when protesters were confronting police at what was known as "the Western barricade" due to it being one block West of the entrance to the East Precinct. During this week, they played several hour sets with a sign of the protest demands near the stage every single night. The stage was close enough to the barricade that at times when relations between the protesters and cops got violent the band found themselves in the line of fire. They kept performing, even when there was tear gas in the air and rubber bullets being fired. The band continued playing regularly once the CHOP was established. In November 2020, Marshall Law Band released an album called "12th & Pine" about their experience as the "House band of the CHOP".


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: A block-long Black Lives Matter street mural, on East Pine Street between 10th and 11th Avenues, was painted on June 10 and 11. Individual letters of the mural were painted by local artists of color, and supplies were purchased with donations from demonstrators and passersby.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Visitors lit candles and left flowers at three shrines with photographs and notes expressing sentiments related to George Floyd and other victims of police brutality. Persons for whom shrines, murals, and/or vigils were created:


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Occupants of the zone favored consensus decision-making in the form of general assembly, with daily meetings and discussion groups an alternative to designated leaders. According to "City Journal" on June 10, former mayoral candidate Nikkita Oliver had a major role in the zone.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Observers described early zone activity on June 11 as a hybrid of other movements, with an atmosphere which was "part protest, part commune"; a cross between "a sit-in, a protest and summer festival"; or a blend of "Occupy Wall Street and a college cooperative dorm." According to a June 16 "Vox" article, CHOP had evolved into "a center of peaceful protest, free political speech, co-ops, and community gardens" after protesters recovered from their initial confusion over the police decision to leave the precinct.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Protesters held frequent town hall meetings to decide strategy and make plans. Seattle officials said that they saw no evidence of antifa groups organizing in the zone, but some small-business owners blamed antifa for violence and intimidating their patrons. SPD Chief Carmen Best said on June 15, "There is no cop-free zone in the city of Seattle", indicating that officers would go into the zone if there were threats to public safety. "I think that the picture has been painted in many areas that shows the city is under siege," she added. "That is not the case." On August 7, "The New York Times" described the zone as police abolition in practice, reporting that police generally did not respond to calls in the zone.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Misinformation about its governance circulated. Conservative social-media personality Andy Ngo shared a video on June 15 of Seattle-based hip hop artist Raz Simone handing a rifle from the trunk of his car to another protester on June 8 (the day the zone was established) after "rumors developed [within the Zone] that members of the right-wing group Proud Boys were going to move into the protest area to set fires and stir chaos." CNN later called Simone the zone's ""de facto" leader", which he denied. Unbeknownst to the public at the time, Raz was in contact with Seattle Fire Chief Harold Scoggins during his time in CHOP. Simone left the area around July 15.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The protest area had several names; the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone (CHAZ) was most common at the outset, along with "Free Capitol Hill". By its second week, the area was more often referred to as the Capitol Hill Organized Protest (CHOP).


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 13, a group of several dozen protest leaders agreed to change the name from CHAZ to CHOP. The name change was the result of a consensus to de-emphasize occupation and improve accuracy. According to "TechCrunch", participants decided to change the name to "the Capitol Hill Occupied Protest—then, noting the fact that Seattle itself is an 'occupation' of native land, change the O to Organized." During the second week of formation, a number of media outlets reported on the name change including "The Seattle Times" on June 14; "King5", "KUOW", "The Stranger", and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer on June 15; "Vox" on June 16; and "Crosscut" on June 17.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The number of demands was debated; some believed that the protests were the beginning of a larger revolution, and others said that police brutality should remain the immediate focus. The protesters settled on three main demands:


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: One early list (released June 9 in a "Medium" post attributed to "The Collective Black Voices at Free Capitol Hill") outlined 30 demands, beginning with the abolition of the Seattle Police Department, the armed forces, and prisons. The collective made other demands:


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Protesters accepted open carry of firearms as a provision of safety. Members of the self-described anti-fascist, anti-racist and pro-worker Puget Sound John Brown Gun Club (PSJBGC) were reported on June 9 as carrying rifles in the zone in response to rumors of an attack by the right-wing Proud Boys. Although the zone was in the restricted area subject to Durkan's May 30 emergency order prohibiting the use of weapons (including guns), her ban did not mandate enforcement. "The Washington Post" reported on June 12 that PSJBGC was on site with no visible weapons, and "USA Today" reported that day that "no one appeared armed with a gun". Reporters from a Tacoma-based Fox affiliate were chased out of the zone by occupants on June 9.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Area businesses hired private protection services, including Iconic Global, Homeland Patrol Division and Fortress Security, during the occupation. The services deployed men and women (some in uniform and others in plainclothes, armed with AR-15 style rifles and pepper spray) to patrol the zone on foot and in SUVs. Volunteers in the area formed an informal group to provide security, emphasizing de-escalation and preventing vandalism.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 15, KIRO-TV reported a break-in and fire at an auto shop near the zone to which the SPD did not respond; police chief Carmen Best later said that officers observed the building from a distance and saw no sign of a disturbance. On June 16, Seattle's KIRO-TV quoted an eight-year tenant of an apartment near the East Precinct: "We are just sitting ducks all day. Now every criminal in the city knows they can come into this area and they can do anything they want as long as it isn't life-threatening, and the police won't come in to do anything about it." Frustrated by blocked streets, criminal behavior and lawlessness, some residents moved out and others installed security cameras. A man who said he "100 percent" supported the protest told KOMO-TV, "I don't even feel safe anymore."


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 18, a volunteer medic intervened during a sexual assault in a tent in the occupied park area; the alleged perpetrator was arrested. NPR reported that day, "Nobody inside the protest zone thinks a police return would end peacefully. Small teams of armed anti-fascists are also present, self-proclaimed community defense forces who say they're ready to fight if needed but that de-escalation is preferred."


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The SPD police blotter page listed FBI-reported law-enforcement incidents in the area: 37 incidents in 2019, and 65 incidents through June 30, 2020. Crime in the area from June 2 to June 30 rose 525 percent over the same period in 2019. In addition to two homicides and two non-fatal shootings, the increase included narcotics use, violent crimes (such as rape, robbery, and assault) and increased gang activity.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Since the protest began, protesters were reportedly aware of the threat posed by the far-right groups Patriot Prayer (active in the Pacific Northwest) and the Proud Boys, a national neo-fascist hate group. On June 15, armed members of the Proud Boys appeared in the zone at a Capitol Hill rally. The group intended to confront what it called protesters' "authoritarian behavior", and video of the clashes went viral.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Proud Boys affiliate and brawler Tusitala "Tiny" Toese was filmed in the zone punching a man and breaking his cellphone on June 15. Toese has been known in the Pacific Northwest for fighting as a leader of Patriot Prayer and, after early 2019, as a chauvinist member of the Proud Boys. He has been called "the right-wing protester most frequently arrested in Portland." A Washington State resident, Toese is the subject of several reports by Portland's "Willamette Week". He had not been prosecuted for violent offenses (despite his confession and witness confirmations), leading to accusations that law enforcement enables his behavior. Toese was later arrested for violating probation, due to video evidence of assault in the CHOP.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 7, the day before the zone's founding, a man drove towards a crowd of protesters. He was intercepted by a protester, who reached into his car and tried to stop him before the driver shot him. The driver then stopped and immediately surrendered to the police. The victim, wounded in his upper right arm, was expected to fully recover within a year. The driver claimed self-defense and was charged with first-degree assault. Prosecutors said that the driver had provoked the incident.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: During the early morning of June 20, two people were shot in separate incidents at the edge of the protest zone. It was unclear if the shootings were connected to the protests. According to Carmen Best, police officers had wanted to reach the scene quicker but were prevented by protesters; however, an analysis by KUOW based on 911 transcripts, video recordings, and eyewitness testimony suggested that miscommunication between the SPD and the Seattle Fire Department slowed the emergency response.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Emergency dispatchers received the first reports of gunshots at 10th Avenue and East Pine Street at 2:19 a.m. A 19-year-old black man, Horace Lorenzo Anderson Jr., was transported to Harborview Medical Center by volunteer medics. With multiple gunshot wounds, he was pronounced dead at 2:53 a.m. A local rapper known as "Lil Mob", Anderson had graduated from high school the previous day. Anderson was publicly mourned by his teachers and mother in the days following his death. On July 20, Donnitta Sinclair Martin, Anderson Jr.’s mother, filed a wrongful death claim against the City of Seattle.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The second victim, 33-year-old, DeJuan Young, was found by a former nurse who determined with the help of a volunteer medic that he had two gunshot wounds. Young reported that he tried to leave after hearing the first shooting and was surrounded by a group of men, called a racist epithet, and shot at 11th and Pike. Transported to Harborview by 3:06 a.m., he was in critical condition the following day. KIRO-TV reported that Young was shot by different people one block from the site of Anderson's shooting. Young said "I was shot by, I'm not sure if they're Proud Boys or KKK, but the verbiage that they said was hold this 'N——' and shot me." He expressed concern that his case was not being investigated due to the perception that protesters had "asked for the police not to be there, so don't act like y'all need them now, but Young was outside the zone when he was shot. "I was in Seattle streets," he said. "So what's the excuse now?"


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Armed police eventually entered the zone in riot gear but were informed by protesters that "the victim left the premises". City Council member Lisa Herbold, chair of the public-safety committee, said that the suggestion that the crowd interfered with access to victims "defies belief". Although the SPD reviewed public-source and body-camera video, no suspects were arrested and a motive had not been determined. CHOP representatives alleged that the individuals involved had a history which apparently escalated because of "gang affiliations".


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Another shooting occurred on June 21, the third in the zone in less than 48 hours. After being transported in a private vehicle to Harborview Medical Center, a 17-year-old male was treated for a gunshot wound to the arm and released; he declined to speak to SPD detectives.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 22, Durkan said the violence was distracting from the message of thousands of peaceful protesters. "We cannot let acts of violence define this movement for change," she said, adding that the city "will not allow for gun violence to continue in the evenings around Capitol Hill." Durkan announced that officials were working with the community to end the zone. "It's time for people to go home," she said, "to restore order and eliminate the violence on Capitol Hill." At the same press conference, Best described "groups of individuals engaging in shootings, a rape, assault, burglary, arson and property destruction ... I cannot stand by, not another second, and watch another black man, or anyone really, die in our streets while people aggressively thwart the efforts of police and other first responders from rescuing them."


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: A fourth shooting near the zone, on June 23, left a man in his thirties with wounds which were not life-threatening. Although the SPD was reportedly investigating, the victim refused to provide information about the attack or a description of the shooter.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: The fifth shooting near the zone occurred in the early morning of June 29. A 16-year-old black male, Antonio Mays Jr., was killed and a 14-year-old male was in critical condition with gunshot wounds. Mays was a resident of San Diego, California and reportedly left home for Seattle a week earlier. On video, a series of 12 or 13 gunshots is heard at 2:54 a.m., just before a voice warns of "multiple vehicles", "multiple shooters" and a "stolen white Jeep" as protesters scrambled into position. After a five-minute lull, another 18 gunshots are heard as the "white Jeep" crashes into a barricade or a portable toilet. Some witnesses said they believed that shots were being fired from the vehicle, but no evidence has emerged to support this.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: During its investigation, the SPD discovered that the crime scene had been disturbed. Police made no arrests in any of the shootings since June 20. According to a volunteer medic who witnessed the incident, CHOP security forces shot at the SUV driven by the teenagers after it crashed into a concrete barrier.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Durkan called the zone an attempt to "de-escalate interactions between protesters and law enforcement", and Best said that her officers would look at approaches to "reduce [their] footprint" in the Capitol Hill neighborhood. City Council member Kshama Sawant spoke to occupants of Cal Anderson Park on June 8 and urged protesters to turn the precinct into a community center for restorative justice.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Assistant police chief Deanna Nollette said in a June 10 news conference, "We're trying to get a dialogue going so we can figure out a way to resolve this without unduly impacting the citizens and the businesses that are operating in that area." Nollette said that police had received reports of "armed individuals" passing barricades set up by protesters as checkpoints, "intimidat[ing] community members", and police "heard anecdotally" of residents and businesses being asked to pay a fee to operate in the area: "This is the crime of extortion." The following day, Best said that police had not received "any formal reports" of extortion and the Greater Seattle Business Association said that it "found no evidence of this occurring". "The New York Times" reported in August that during the zone's existence, some small business owners were intimidated by demonstrators with baseball bats, asked to pledge loyalty to the movement and choose between CHOP and the police, put on a list of "cop callers", harassed, or threatened with death by a mob. A group of small-business owners sued the city for abandoning them and forcing them to pay private security companies to protect them.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 11, the SPD announced its desire to reenter the abandoned East Precinct building and said that it still operated in the zone; according to Washington governor Jay Inslee, the zone was "unpermitted" but "largely peaceful". The next day, Best said: "Rapes, robberies and all sorts of violent acts have been occurring in the area and we have not been able to get to it." During the early morning of June 12, Isaiah Thomas Willoughby, 36, of Tacoma but formerly of Seattle, set a fire at the East Precinct building and walked away; community residents extinguished it before it spread beyond the building's external wall or to nearby tents. Later that day, Durkan visited the zone and told a "New York Times" reporter that she was unaware of any serious crime reported in the area. Most of the people interviewed by "Vox" had participated in the protests but did not feel safe walking in the area at night, especially in late June. One Capitol Hill resident noted a difference in perspective between outsiders and residents: "I feel a lot of the current 'it's not safe' stuff comes from either people who aren't living in the neighborhood itself or from affluent new arrivals, or from business owners."


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 16, an agreement was reached between CHOP representatives and the city to "rezone" the occupied area to allow better street access for businesses and local services. The next day, KING-TV reported that some residents were uneasy with the occupation near their homes: "What you want from a home is a stress-free environment. You want to be able to sleep well, you want to feel comfortable and we just don't feel comfortable right now." The station reported receiving anonymous emails from other residents expressing "real concerns". On June 18, black protesters reportedly expressed unease about the zone and its use of Black Lives Matter slogans. According to NPR, "Black activists say there must be follow-through to make sure their communities remain the priority in a majority-white protest movement whose camp has taken on the feel of a neighborhood block party that's periodically interrupted by chants of 'Black Lives Matter!


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 22, Durkan and Best said in a press conference that police would reoccupy the East Precinct "peacefully and in the near future"; no specific timeline was given. CNN quoted ""de facto" CHOP leader" hip-hop artist Raz Simone two days later as saying that "a lot of people are going to leave; a lot of people already left" the zone.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: That day, Durkan proposed a police hiring freeze and a $20 million cut to the SPD budget (about a 5% reduction for the rest of 2020) to compensate for a revenue shortfall and unforeseen expenses due to the pandemic. During a public-comment period, community members said that the budget cut should be larger and SPD funds should be redirected to housing and healthcare. Twelve businesses, residents and property owners filed a class-action lawsuit in federal court against the city, which they said had deprived them of due process by permitting the zone. Saying that they did not want "to undermine CHOP participants' message or present a counter-message", the plaintiffs alleged that their legal rights were "overrun" by the city's "unprecedented decision to abandon and close off an entire city neighborhood" and isolate them from city services. They sought compensation for property damage and lost business and property rights, and restoration of full public access. Community Roots Housing, a public development authority which owns 13 properties near the zone, called for its shutdown on June 30: "These residents have become victims of an occupation better characterized today by its violence, chaos and killings than anything else ... Forcing us to choose between anarchy and police brutality is a false dichotomy. Compassion and law-enforcement should not be mutually exclusive."


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: At 5:28 a.m. on July 1, Durkan issued an executive order that "gathering in this area [is] an unlawful assembly requiring immediate action from city agencies, including the Police Department." More than 100 police officers, with help from the FBI, moved into the area and tweeted a warning that anyone remaining or returning would be subject to arrest. Forty-four people were arrested by the end of the day, and another 25 were arrested overnight. The SPD posted a YouTube video depicting violent incidents in the Capitol Hill area. Police maintained roadblocks in the area and restricted access to local residents, workers and business owners; some of the latter alleged that the police presence discouraged customers.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On June 9, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz said that the zone was "endangering people's lives". President Trump demanded the following day that Inslee and Durkan "take back" the zone, saying that if they did not do it, he would do it for them. Inslee condemned Trump's involvement in the situation, telling him to "stay out of Washington state's business". On Twitter, Trump criticized Inslee and Durkan and called the protesters "domestic terrorists", and Durkan told the president to "go back to [his] bunker", referring to his having been evacuated to the Presidential Emergency Operations Center during protests the previous month. Durkan said on June 11 that Trump wanted to construct a narrative about domestic terrorists with a radical agenda to fit his law-and-order initiatives, and that lawfully exercising the First Amendment right to demand more of society was patriotism, not terrorism.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: "USA Today" called the zone a "protest haven", the World Socialist Web Site described the zone as an "anarchistic commune", and "The Nation" called it "an anti-capitalist vision of community sovereignty without police." Conservative commentator Guy Benson called the occupation of Capitol Hill "communist cosplay". Rosette Royale, writing for "Rolling Stone", called the zone "a peaceful realm where people build nearly everything on the fly, as they strive to create a world where the notion that black lives matter shifts from being a slogan to an ever-present reality." Tobias Hoonhout, writing for "National Review", contrasted the mainstream media coverage of the zone, which he deemed sympathetic, to the negative coverage of the 2016 Malheur National Wildlife Refuge occupation. Gregory J. Wallance, writing for "The Hill", called the zone "a cautionary tale for police defunding".


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Fox News's website posted photographs purportedly from the zone on June 12, include a man with an assault rifle from an earlier Seattle protest and smashed windows from other parts of Seattle. The website posted an article about protests in Seattle whose accompanying photo, of a burning city, had been taken in Saint Paul, Minnesota, the previous month. According to "The Washington Post", "Fox's coverage contributed to the appearance of armed unrest". The manipulated and misleading photos were removed, with Fox News saying that it "regret[ted] these errors". Monty Python alumnus John Cleese tweeted on June 15, after a Fox News anchorwoman read a Reddit post on-air indicating purported "signs of rebellion" within the zone, that the post was a joke referring to a scene in "Monty Python and the Holy Grail".


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Activists in other cities sought to replicate the autonomous zone in their communities; police stopped protesters in Portland, Oregon, and Asheville, North Carolina. Governor of Tennessee Bill Lee condemned attempts to create an autonomous area in Nashville on June 12, warning protesters in the state that "autonomous zones and violence will not be tolerated." In Philadelphia, a group established an encampment which was compared to the Seattle occupation; however, the group's focus was on protesting Philadelphia's anti-homelessness laws. In what CNN called "an apparent reference to the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone (CHAZ) in Seattle," protesters spray-painted "BHAZ" (Black House Autonomous Zone) on June 22 on the pillars of St. John's Episcopal Church, across the street from Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C. The next day, Trump tweeted: "There will never be an 'Autonomous Zone' in Washington, D.C., as long as I'm your President. If they try they will be met with serious force!" Twitter cited Trump's tweet for violating the company's policy against abusive behavior: "specifically the presence of a threat of harm against an identifiable group."


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: "Politico" reported that CHOP "was a recurring theme throughout" debate by the U.S. House Judiciary Committee of the Democratic-sponsored police reform bill, on June 17. Representative Debbie Lesko proposed an amendment to cut off federal police grants to any municipality which permits an autonomous zone. Pramila Jayapal, whose district includes the CHOP, blamed Fox News and "right-wing media pundits" for spreading misinformation. The bill was passed by a majority-Democratic vote.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On July 1, referring to the expulsion of protesters from the zone that day by police, U.S. Attorney General William Barr praised Best "for her courage and leadership in restoring the rule of law in Seattle." White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany said, "I am pleased to inform everyone that Seattle has been liberated ... Anarchy is anti-American, law and order is essential, peace in our streets will be secured." The next day, Trump said: "I'm glad to see, in Seattle, they took care of the problem, because as they know, we were going in to take. We were ready to go in and they knew that too. And they went in and they did what they had to do."


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: Street protests continued after the zone was cleared. The SPD reported vandalism in the Capitol Hill area during the night of July 19; fireworks were thrown into the East Precinct, starting a small fire which was rapidly extinguished. Donnitta Sinclair Martin, the mother of Lorenzo Anderson, filed a wrongful death claim against the city that the police and fire department had failed to protect or provide medical assistance for her son and city decisions had created a dangerous environment.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: A group of 150 people returned to the Capitol Hill neighborhood late at night on July 23 and vandalized several businesses, including a shop owned by a relative of a police officer who fatally shot Charleena Lyles (a pregnant black woman) at home in 2017. On July 25, several thousand protesters gathered in the Capitol Hill neighborhood for demonstrations in solidarity with Portland, Oregon. Tensions had escalated in Portland in early July after the Trump administration deployed federal forces against the wishes of local officials, sparking controversy and regenerating the protests. The Department of Homeland Security deployed an undisclosed number of federal agents in Seattle on July 23, without notifying local officials, adding to resident unease. An initially peaceful march during the early afternoon of July 25 by the Youth Liberation Front was designated a riot by the SPD after several businesses were destroyed, fires were started in five construction trailers near a future juvenile detention center, and the vehicles of several center employees were vandalized. Forty-seven people were arrested, and 21 police officers were injured. According to "Crosscut", many protesters had participated in the understanding that the march's central issues (police brutality and federal overreach) were connected.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: "The New York Times" reported on August 7 that weeks after the protests, several blocks remained boarded up and many business owners were afraid to speak out about their experiences. Carmen Best resigned as the chief of police three days later, after the Seattle City Council voted to downsize the department by up to 100 out of its 1,400 officers. On Monday, August 24, following a night of protest against the police shooting of Jacob Blake in Wisconsin, Desmond David-Pitts, 19, of Alaska, helped set a fire against the sally-port door of the East Precinct, while others attempted to bar the door so police could not escape. There was no significant damage but they soon erected temporary cement barrier walls which were later replaced by a tall security fence, to prevent further access to the building. Public hearings about the fate of the zone's public art and community garden began in August, and were expected to continue for several months.


title: Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

text: On December 16, 2020, an expected third "sweep" of the park was met with resistance by the community. People created makeshift barriers and thwarted SPD's attempts to enter the park. While a federal court considered a temporary restraining order preventing the city from raiding the park, protesters took advantage of the turnout to occupy a private building owned by a real estate developer across the street from the northern end of the park.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: Waiting for the Barbarians is a 2019 action drama film directed by Ciro Guerra in his English-language directorial debut. The film is based on the 1980 novel of the same name by J. M. Coetzee. It stars Mark Rylance, Johnny Depp, Robert Pattinson, Gana Bayarsaikhan, and Greta Scacchi.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: The film premiered at the Venice Film Festival on September 6, 2019. It was released on August 7, 2020, by Samuel Goldwyn Films. It received a lukewarm critical response.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: The Magistrate (Mark Rylance) manages an outpost on the desert frontiers of an unnamed Empire. His careful management has kept the peace for many years and there are only minor misunderstandings. All that changes with the arrival of Colonel Joll (Johnny Depp), who is acting as part of a mysterious plan set in motion by the centre of the empire. The Magistrate tries his best, but Colonel Joll remains antagonistic. Colonel Joll insists on interrogating an innocent man and his nephew for sheep rustling. Colonel Joll is determined to follow his process for getting the truth, which requires brutal torture. The Magistrate does not understand Joll, or his methods, or his goals. Colonel Joll then forces the tortured nephew to escort him and a detachment of soldiers to his tribe, where numerous women and elderly men are taken into custody as "prisoners of war".


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: Colonel Joll departs the next day, which prompts the Magistrate to release the prisoners immediately and send them home. A few months later, a former prisoner with two broken ankles (Gana Bayarsaikhan) is seen panhandling in the streets. The Magistrate gives her food and shelter, and attempts to heal her broken ankles. Some of the soldiers mistake this act of kindness for an act of lust, believing that the Magistrate intends to keep the girl as a concubine. The Magistrate learns of all the tortures and hardships the girl has gone through, including the death of her father. He asks her to stay at the fort, but promises to return her to her people if she does not wish to stay. The girl chooses the latter.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: After a long and arduous journey through the desert, the Magistrate approaches the nomads in the mountains hoping to restore relations with them, but the nomads are upset and only the Magistrate's reputation and the knowledge that he helped one of their own keeps the tribesmen from butchering him and his escorts. The Magistrate returns to find Officer Mandel (Robert Pattinson), Colonel Joll's underling, has been assigned to command the fort. Officer Mandel immediately takes the Magistrate into custody, accuses him of treachery, and strips him of his office.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: The Magistrate is eventually released, but when he tries to help "prisoners of war" being mistreated by Mandel's soldiers, the soldiers beat and abuse him. He is then brought in for questioning and accused of consorting with the enemy for helping the nomad girl. The Magistrate is publicly shamed and has his home and possessions confiscated, while Colonel Joll departs with a large force to wipe out the mountain nomads. The Magistrate, now disheveled, poor, homeless, and ostracized by his countrymen, is taken in by one of his former servants (Greta Scacchi), who feeds and clothes him.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: One morning, a horse carrying the corpse of one of Colonel Joll's men walks into the fort. Officer Mandel walks away in fear and quickly resigns his command. The local imperial colonists feel betrayed and abandoned, fearing that the barbarians will take revenge on them without any soldiers to man the fort. As Officer Mandel and his men depart, the Magistrate takes advantage of the chaos to move back into his original home. Soon enough, Colonel Joll returns with only a handful of survivors. The Magistrate goes to see a pensive and defeated Colonel Joll sitting in his carriage, seeming completely detached from reality while his soldiers hastily gather provisions and horses. As the colonists angrily pelt them with stones, the Colonel and his men depart the fort later that evening.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: The Magistrate returns to a town bereft of young men, where boys play-pretend to stand guard around scarecrows dressed as soldiers by the gates of the fort. The movie closes with a shadow approaching the Magistrate standing alone in the courtyard, and a cloud of dust on the horizon - dust thrown up by an army of apparently nomadic warriors headed towards the fort.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: It was announced in October 2016 that filmmaker Ciro Guerra was working on an adaptation of the novel "Waiting for the Barbarians", which would see him make his English language debut. Mark Rylance was announced to star in the film.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: In May 2018, Johnny Depp was stated to have contacted Guerra in regard to appearing in the film. Robert Pattinson was revealed as being cast in the film as well. Depp confirmed in October he would star in the film, and revealed filming was to begin at the end of the month in Morocco, later pinpointed as being October 29. Production concluded on December 14, 2018.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: "Waiting for the Barbarians" had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 6, 2019. Samuel Goldwyn Films acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film, and released it on August 7, 2020.


title: Waiting for the Barbarians (film)

text: "Waiting for the Barbarians" holds approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews with an average of . The website's critics consensus reads: "Admirable in theory but disappointing in execution, "Waiting for the Barbarians" struggles to turn strong performances and worthy themes into affecting drama." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 52 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Irma Grese

text: Irma Ilse Ida Grese (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a Nazi concentration camp guard at Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, and served as warden of the women's section of Bergen-Belsen. She was a volunteer member of the SS.


title: Irma Grese

text: Grese was convicted of crimes involving the ill-treatment and murder of prisoners committed at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and sentenced to death at the Belsen trial. Executed at 22 years of age, Grese was the youngest woman to die judicially under British law in the 20th century. Auschwitz inmates nicknamed her the "Hyena of Auschwitz" ().


title: Irma Grese

text: Irma Elisabeth Ilse Ida Grese was born to Berta Grese and Alfred Grese, both dairy workers, on 7 October 1923. Irma was the third of five children (three girls and two boys). In 1936, her mother died by suicide after drinking hydrochloric acid following the discovery of Alfred’s affair with a local pub owner's daughter. Historian Peter Vronsky speculated that Alfred Grese joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and remarried in 1939.


title: Irma Grese

text: Irma's sister Helene said at Irma's trial that in primary school, when "girls were quarreling and fighting, [Irma] never had the courage to fight, but ... ran away." In 1938, at the age of 15, Grese left school. She worked on a farm for six months, then in a shop, then at a hospital run by the SS for two years.


title: Irma Grese

text: By her teenage years, Grese, like her sisters, wanted to join the League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel), the branch of the Hitler Youth for girls, but her father forbade it. Before her 18th birthday, she moved to the SS Female Helpers' training base, which was located near Ravensbrück, the all-female concentration camp. After her training, she volunteered to work at Ravensbrück.


title: Irma Grese

text: Grese was soon promoted to a guard position at Auschwitz-Birkenau. In 1942, she became an Aufseherin (guard or overseer) at Ravensbrück, and transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau in March 1943; due to her transfer, Grese had a falling out with her father the same year, as he had been vehemently opposed to her joining the SS entourage. He expelled her from his house.


title: Irma Grese

text: In 1944, she was promoted to "Rapportführerin" (), the second-highest rank possible for female concentration camp-wardens. Grese participated in prisoner selections for the gas chambers at Auschwitz. She is also known to have fondled and raped prisoners.


title: Irma Grese

text: In early 1945, Grese accompanied a prisoner evacuation transport from Auschwitz to Ravensbrück. In March, she went to Bergen-Belsen, along with a large number of prisoners from Ravensbrück. Grese was captured by the British Army on 17 April 1945, with other SS personnel who did not flee.


title: Irma Grese

text: Grese was among the 45 people accused of war crimes at the Belsen Trial which were held in Lüneburg, Lower Saxony. She was tried over the first period of the trials (17 September – 17 November 1945) and was represented by Major L. Cranfield. The trials were conducted under British military law, based on charges derived from the Geneva Convention of 1929 regarding the treatment of prisoners. The accusations against her centred on her ill-treatment and murder of those imprisoned at the camps.


title: Irma Grese

text: Survivors provided detailed testimony of cruelties; they also claimed that she beat some women using a plaited whip. Under direct examination, Irma Grese testified about her background:


title: Irma Grese

text: I was born on 7 October 1923. In 1938 I left the elementary school and worked for six months on agricultural jobs at a farm, after which I worked in a shop in Lychen for six months. When I was 15 I went to a hospital in Hohenlychen, where I stayed for two years. I tried to become a nurse but the Labor Exchange would not allow that and sent me to work in a dairy in Fürstenberg. In July 1942, I tried again to become a nurse, but the Labour Exchange sent me to Ravensbrück Concentration Camp, although I protested against it. I stayed there until March 1943, when I went to Birkenau Camp in Auschwitz. I remained in Auschwitz until January 1945.


title: Irma Grese

text: During the trial, the press labelled Grese as "the Beautiful Beast" alongside former SS-Hauptsturmführer Josef Kramer ("the Beast of Belsen"), the former commandant at Birkenau. After a nine-week trial, Grese was sentenced to death by hanging. Although the charges against some of the other female warders (a total of 16 were charged) were as serious as those against Grese, she was one of only three female guards to be sentenced to death.


title: Irma Grese

text: Grese and two other concentration camp workers, Johanna Bormann and Elisabeth Volkenrath, were convicted, along with eight men, for crimes committed at Auschwitz and Belsen, and sentenced to death. As the verdicts were read, Grese was the only prisoner to remain defiant. Her subsequent appeal was rejected.


title: Irma Grese

text: According to Wendy Adele-Marie Sarti, the night before her execution, Grese sang Nazi songs until the early hours of the morning with Johanna Bormann. On 13 December 1945, in Hamelin Prison, Grese was led to the gallows. The women were executed individually by long-drop hanging and then the men in pairs. British Army Regimental Sergeant-Major Richard Anthony O'Neill assisted the executioner, Albert Pierrepoint:We climbed the stairs to the cells where the condemned were waiting. A German officer at the door leading to the corridor flung open the door and we filed past the row of faces and into the execution chamber. The officers stood at attention. Brigadier Paton-Walsh stood with his wristwatch raised. He gave me the signal, and a sigh of released breath was audible in the chamber, I walked into the corridor. 'Irma Grese', I called. The German guards quickly closed all grilles on twelve of the inspection holes and opened one door. Irma Grese stepped out. The cell was far too small for me to go inside, and I had to pinion her in the corridor. 'Follow me,' I said in English, and O'Neil [sic] repeated the order in German. At 9.34 a.m. she walked into the execution chamber, gazed for a moment at the officials standing round it, then walked on to the centre of the trap, where I had made a chalk mark. She stood on this mark very firmly, and as I placed the white cap over her head she said in her languid voice, 'Schnell'. [English translation: 'Quickly'].


title: Irma Grese

text: The drop crashed down, and the doctor followed me into the pit and pronounced her dead. After twenty minutes the body was taken down and placed in a coffin ready for burial.


title: Irma Grese

text: Grese has been portrayed as a minor character in two films: "Pierrepoint" (2005), which portrays her execution following the Belsen war crimes trial; and "Out of the Ashes" (2003). Both films feature additional female guards in much smaller roles. Grese was briefly portrayed in a nonspeaking reenactment in "" (2005).


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Aliko Dangote (born 10 April 1957) is a Nigerian billionaire business magnate. Dangote is the founder and current chairman and CEO of the Dangote Group, the largest industrial conglomerate in West Africa. According to "Bloomberg Billionaires Index", Dangote's net worth is estimated at US$19.1 billion as of 29 November 2022, making him the richest person in Africa, the richest black person, and the 75th richest person in the world.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Dangote was born in Kano, Kano State into a wealthy Hausa Muslim family. Dangote's mother, Mariya Sanusi Dantata, was the daughter of businessman Sanusi Dantata. Aliko Dangote's father, Mohammed Dangote, was a business associate of Sanusi Dantata. Through his mother, Dangote is the great-grandson of Alhassan Dantata, the richest West African at the time of his death in 1955.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Dangote was educated at the Sheikh Ali Kumasi Madrasa, followed by Capital High School, Kano. In 1978, he graduated from the Government College, Birnin Kudu. He received a bachelor's degree in business studies and administration from Al-Azhar University, Cairo.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: The Dangote Group was established as a small trading firm in 1977, the same year Dangote relocated to Lagos to expand the company. Dangote received a $500,000 loan from his uncle to begin trading in commodities including bagged cement as well as agricultural goods like rice and sugar. In the 1990s, he approached the Central Bank of Nigeria with the idea that it would be cheaper for the bank to allow his transport company to manage their fleet of staff buses, a proposal that was also approved.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Today, the Dangote Group is one of the largest conglomerates in Africa, with international operations in Benin, Ghana, Zambia and Togo. The Dangote Group has moved from being a trading company to be the largest industrial group in Nigeria, encompassing divisions like Dangote Sugar Refinery, Dangote Cement, and Dangote Flour. Dangote Group dominates the sugar market in Nigeria, with its refinery business is the main supplier (70 percent of the market) to the country's soft drink companies, breweries and confectioners. The company employs more than 11,000 people in West Africa.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: In July 2012, Dangote approached the Nigerian Ports Authority to lease an abandoned piece of land at the Apapa Port, which was approved. He later built facilities for his sugar company there. It is the largest refinery in Africa and the third largest in the world, producing 800,000 tonnes of sugar annually. The Dangote Group owns salt factories and flour mills and is a major importer of rice, fish, pasta, cement, and fertiliser. The company exports cotton, cashew nuts, cocoa, sesame seeds, and ginger to several countries. Additionally, it has major investments in real estate, banking, transport, textiles, oil, and gas.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: In February 2022, Dangote announced the completion of Peugeot assembling facility in Nigeria following his partnership with Stellantis Group, the parent company of Peugeot, the Kano and Kaduna state government. The new automobile company, Dangote Peugeot Automobiles Nigeria Limited (DPAN) factory which is based in Kaduna commenced operations with the roll-out of Peugeot 301, Peugeot 5008, 3008, 508 and Land Trek."


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Dangote became Nigeria's first billionaire in 2007. Dangote reportedly added $9.2 billion to his personal wealth in 2013, according to the "Bloomberg Billionaires Index", making him the thirtieth-richest person in the world at the time, and the richest person in Africa. In 2015, the HSBC leaks revealed that Dangote was a HSBC client and that he had assets in a tax haven in the British Virgin Islands.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: As of June 2022, Dangote is the wealthiest person in Africa, with an estimated net worth of US$20 billion.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Dangote had a prominent role in the financing of President Olusegun Obasanjo's re-election bid in 2003, to which he gave over N200 million (US$2 million). He contributed N50 million (US$500 thousand) to the National Mosque under the aegis of "Friends of Obasanjo and Atiku". Dangote also contributed N200 million to the Presidential Library. These highly controversial gifts to members of the ruling PDP party have generated significant concerns despite highly publicized anti-corruption drives during Obasanjo's second term.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: In 2011, Dangote was appointed by President Goodluck Jonathan to serve as a member of his economic management team. In 2017, rumors circulated that Dangote was considering a run for President of Nigeria in the 2019 election. Dangote declined to run and asserted that he does not intend to run for elected office. Instead, Dangote went on to serve on a special advisory committee for Muhammadu Buhari's reelection campaign.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: In 2014, the Nigerian government said Dangote had donated 150 million naira (US$750,000) to halt the spread of Ebola. In 2016, Dangote pledged $10 million to support Nigerians affected by the Boko Haram insurgency. In March 2020, he donated 200 million naira (US$500,000) towards the fight against the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Aliko Dangote, as well as Femi Otedola, promised to give the Super Eagles of Nigeria US$75,000 for every goal scored in the Africans Cup of Nations (AFCON) 2019. He is also an avid enthusiast of Arsenal F.C. in England and has shown interest in buying it. He also donated money to the Nigeria sport ministry to renovate the national stadium, Abuja.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Dangote lives in Lagos, Nigeria. He has been married and divorced twice. He has three daughters – Mariya, Halima, Fatimah. Aliko's brother, Sani Dangote, died on 14 November 2021 after battling colon cancer.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Dangote is known for his simple and austere lifestyle: He reportedly works 12 hours a day beginning at 5 AM and goes to the gym six times a week.


title: Aliko Dangote

text: Dangote sits on the board of the Corporate Council on Africa, and is a member of the steering committee of the United Nations Secretary-General's Global Education First Initiative, the Clinton Global Initiative and the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum. He was named co-chair of the US-Africa Business Center, in September 2016, by the US Chamber of Commerce. In April 2017, he joined the board of directors of the Clinton Health Access Initiative. He is also on the board of One Campaign. Dangote was appointed the founding Chairman of the Nigeria End Malaria Council by President Buhari in August 2022. He is also a member of the Global End Malaria Council, along with other leaders including Bill Gates, Ray Chambers, and former President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.


title: Shades of gray

text: Variations of gray or grey include achromatic grayscale shades, which lie exactly between white and black, and nearby colors with low colorfulness. A selection of a number of these various colors is shown below.


title: Shades of gray

text: Below is a chart showing the computer web color grays. An "achromatic gray" is a gray color in which the red, green, and blue codes are exactly equal. The web colors "gray", "gainsboro", "light gray", "dark gray", and "dim gray" are all achromatic colors. A "chromatic gray" is a gray color in which the red, green, and blue codes are not exactly equal, but are close to each other, which is what makes it a shade of gray.


title: Shades of gray

text: The colors white and black are not usually thought of as shades of gray, but they can be thought of as shades of achromatic gray, as both contain equal amounts of red, blue and green. White is at the extreme upper end of the achromatic value scale and black is at the extreme lower end of the achromatic value scale, with all the colors normally considered tones of achromatic gray colors in between. Since achromatic colors have no hue, the hue code (h code) is left blank for achromatic colors (usually marked as a dash).


title: Shades of gray

text: White is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness. White is the lightest possible color.


title: Shades of gray

text: Achromatic grays are colors in which the RGB (red, green, and blue) values are exactly equal. Since achromatic grays have no hue, the hue code (the h in the hsv values of the color) is indicated with a dash. Achromatic grays are the axis of the color sphere, with white at the north pole and black at the south pole of the color sphere. The various tones of achromatic gray are along the axis of the color sphere from white at the top of the axis to black at the bottom of the axis.


title: Shades of gray

text: This tone of gray (HTML gray) is universally used as the standard for gray because it is that tone of gray which is halfway between white and black.


title: Shades of gray

text: Prior to standardization as a web color, "Gainsboro" was included as one of the X11 color names. It was, however, absent from the original 1987 version of the list, but present in Paul Raveling's version which added, amongst other things, "[l]ight and off-white colors, copied from several Sinclair Paints color samples".


title: Shades of gray

text: This is supposed to be a metallic color; however, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a flat computer screen.


title: Shades of gray

text: At right is displayed the color "medium gray", or "gray" in the X11 color names, which is lighter than the HTML/CSS gray shown below. The coordinates in the X11 were set at 190 to avoid gray being displayed as white on 2-bit grayscale displays.


title: Shades of gray

text: See the chart Color names that clash between X11 and HTML/CSS in the X11 color names article to see those colors which are different in HTML/CSS and X11.


title: Shades of gray

text: "Spanish gray" is the color that is called "gris" (gray in Spanish) in the "Guía de coloraciones" ("Guide to colorations") by Rosa Gallego and


title: Shades of gray

text: Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.


title: Shades of gray

text: "Davy's gray" is a dark gray color, made from powdered slate, iron oxide and carbon black named for Henry Davy.


title: Shades of gray

text: Off-grays are colors that are very close to achromatic grays, but whose red, green, and blue color codes are not exactly equal.


title: Shades of gray

text: The color "battleship gray" is displayed in the adjacent image. It is so called because the color is the shade of gray from the specular micaceous hematite paint used for rustproofing iron and steel battleships.


title: Shades of gray

text: The for battleship gray are identical to old silver, first recorded as a color name in English in 1905.


title: Shades of gray

text: "Gunmetal" is a shade of gray that has a bluish purple tinge. It describes the color of several metals used in industrial applications, such as tarnished gunmetal, or parkerized steel.


title: Shades of gray

text: "Stone gray" is a color represented in the list of RAL classic colors from RAL colour standard. This is the main color on the Indian 500-rupee note.


title: Shades of gray

text: This color is identical with color sample No. 203 (identified as "gray blue") at the following website: http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-g.htm—The ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names (1955), a website for stamp collectors to evaluate the colors of their stamps.


title: Shades of gray

text: Poet George Sterling once wrote a poem calling San Francisco the "cool grey city of love" The phrase "cool grey" as applied to San Francisco refers to the frequent fogs from the Pacific Ocean that envelop the city.


title: Shades of gray

text: "Cadet gray" is a slightly bluish shade of gray. The first recorded use of "cadet grey" as a color name in English was in 1912.


title: Shades of gray

text: Before 1912, the word "cadet gray" was used as a name for a type of military issue uniforms. Most famously, it was the color of the uniforms of the Confederate Army. In 1815, it had earlier become the color of the uniforms of the United States Military Academy (West Point).


title: Shades of gray

text: "Glaucous" (from the Latin "glaucus", meaning "bluish-gray", from the Greek "glaukos") is used to describe the pale gray or blue appearance of the surfaces of some plants, as well as in the names of birds, such as the glaucous gull ("Larus hyperboreus"), glaucous-winged gull ("Larus glaucescens"), glaucous macaw ("Anodorhynchus glaucus"), and glaucous tanager ("Thraupis glaucocolpa").


title: Shades of gray

text: "Slate gray" is a gray color with a slight azure tinge that is a representation of the average color of the material slate.


title: Shades of gray

text: "Gray-green" (also known as "grayish-green", "greenish-gray", "emerald-gray", or "green-gray") is a greenish-gray color.


title: Shades of gray

text: "Marengo" is a shade of gray (black with gray tinge) or blue colors. Sometimes the color is described as the color of a wet asphalt.


title: Shades of gray

text: "Warm grays" are colors that are noticeably brownish, pinkish grays, or reddish purple grays. The color brown is itself a dark shade of orange. Brown colors also include dark shades of rose, red, and amber. Pink colors include light tones of rose, red, and orange. These tones of pink become warm grays when they are mixed with gray.


title: Shades of gray

text: "Cinereous" is a color, ashy gray in appearance, either consisting of or resembling ashes, or a gray color tinged with coppery brown. It is derived from the Latin "cinereous", from "cinis" (ashes).


title: Shades of gray

text: The color displayed at right matches the color sample called "taupe" referenced below in the 1930 book "A Dictionary of Color", the world standard for color terms before the invention of computers. However, the word "taupe" may often be used to refer to lighter shades of taupe today, and therefore another name for this color is "dark taupe".


title: Boman Irani

text: Boman Irani (born 2 December 1959) is an Indian actor, photographer and voice artist who works predominantly in Hindi cinema he has also worked in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. He has acted in more than a 100 films in his career.


title: Boman Irani

text: Irani was born on 2 December 1959, in Bombay (now Mumbai) to an Irani Zoroastrian family. His father died 6 months before Irani was born (May 1959). Irani was dyslexic, as well as having ADHD and a lisp, which he eventually overcame.


title: Boman Irani

text: His mother (b. 18 November 1926, d. 9 June 2021) often encouraged him to repeatedly watch movies at the Alexander Cinema—where he would go daily after school—to observe their cinematography and art. He finished his secondary schooling at St. Mary's School, after which he undertook a 2-year waiter course at Mithibai College in Mumbai.


title: Boman Irani

text: Following his polytechnic diploma course, he joined the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower where he worked as a waiter and in room service for two years. With a promotion, he became a waiter at the hotel's rooftop French restaurant, Rendezvous


title: Boman Irani

text: Until he was 32 years old, Irani also managed the bakery and namkeen shop that belonged to his mother—who took over from Irani's father after his passing—where he used to make and sell potato chips and tea. Located on Mumbai's Grant Road between Novelty Cinema and Apsara Cinema, this shop was also where Irani first met his mother-in-law.


title: Boman Irani

text: While working at the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, using the tips that he received, Irani bought a camera and took sports pictures (school cricket and football matches), selling them for 20 to 30 rupees, which he continued till well after marriage. His epiphany came when he saved money for seven years to take his family for their first ever vacation to Ooty, but they ended up in a desolate run-down hotel called Shawham Palace. Irani decided to take control of his life, and instead of living the petty existence of a photographer selling small photos, he would start to dream and live big and provide more for his family. Irani calls it his "zero number bulb moment".


title: Boman Irani

text: Irani continued to be a photographer, but now at the age of 32, went 6 months prior to the world boxing championships at Mumbai to meet Adajania, then-president of the Olympic Boxing Association of India, and requested to become the official photographer of the World Cup. When Adajania told him there was no need for him, Irani offered to work at his office for 6 months for free in return for a ring-side badge to cover the event. He continued to try to convince Adajania, and covered a state boxing match in a different manner than other photographers. Adajania was impressed by his photos and his passion and appointed Irani as the official photographer.


title: Boman Irani

text: Meanwhile, he became the photographer for the Norwegian boxing team and photographed specific photos that they needed of Ole Klemetsen. When asked about his charges, Irani asked for the international rate. Irani took the required photos with his K-1000.


title: Boman Irani

text: With acting having been a passion for Irani during his school and college days, he trained under acting coach Hansraj Siddhia from 1981 to 1983.


title: Boman Irani

text: Irani's mentor was Alyque Padamsee—the veteran theatre actor best known for his role as Mohammad Ali Jinnah in "Gandhi"—whom he was introduced to by Shiamak Davar. Irani's earliest theatrical appearance was in "Roshni", in which he played a cameo at the Regional Theatre in Versova. He followed this up with serials like "Family Ties" and "Mahatma vs Gandhi", playing Gandhi after the role was turned down by Darshan Jariwala. His most illustrious play to date would be "I Am Not Bajirao" which ran for 10 years.


title: Boman Irani

text: Irani moved to on-screen acting in 2000. He started out in a number of advertisements such as Fanta, Ambuja Cements, Ceat and Krack Jack biscuits (as Mr. Jack of the Krack and Jack duo).


title: Boman Irani

text: His small but significant role in "Darna Mana Hai" earned him acclaim. The film was declared a hit, and he was one of the most remembered segments of the film along with Saif Ali Khan. Irani gained attention for his role in the 2003 comedy "Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.". His role as J. Asthana earned him a Filmfare Award nomination for Best Comedian. He later appeared in "Lage Raho Munna Bhai" for which he received several IIFA award nominations and in "3 Idiots" opposite Aamir khan which earned him a Filmfare Award and a Star Screen Award for Best Actor in a Villainous Role.


title: Boman Irani

text: Irani hosted the IIFA Awards, including in 2008 with actor Ritesh Deshmukh in Bangkok; 2009 in Macau; 2010 in Colombo; and 2011 in Toronto. He also hosted the quiz show "Bollywood Ka Boss". He has been on "Kaun Banega Crorepati" with Sanjay Dutt, and has featured in OneTouch Glucose Meters TV commercials in 2015 with Simone Singh.


title: Boman Irani

text: He launched his production house Irani Movietone in January 2019. Irani is about to make his directorial debut in 2022. In the same year, Irani appeared as Dr Balraj Kapoor in the series "Masoom".


title: Boman Irani

text: Boman Irani has been a brand ambassador of P Mark Oil by Puri Oil (Mills), Exotica, Kent RO, Ahead NGO, and Saffola. Currently, he is also on the Board of Advisors of India's International Movement to Unite Nations (I.I.M.U.N.).


title: Boman Irani

text: In 2020, Irani began a masterclass named Spiral Bound with the aim of uniting amateur and professional screenwriters. Screenwriter Alexander Dinelaris conducted the first workshop of Spiral Bound. The masterclass continued in on as online sessions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Guest speakers included playwright Anosh Irani and directors Raju Hirani, Ram Madhvani, and Shakun Batra


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Annette "Leslie" Jones (born September 7, 1967) is an American comedian and actress who was a cast member and writer on "Saturday Night Live" from 2014 to 2019 and currently the host of "Supermarket Sweep". Jones has been a featured performer at the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal and the Aspen Comedy Festival. In 2010, her one-hour comedy special, "Problem Child", was broadcast on Showtime. Jones starred in "Ghostbusters" (2016) as Patty Tolan. In 2017 and 2018, Jones was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her work on "Saturday Night Live".


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Jones was born on September 7, 1967, in Memphis, Tennessee. She had a younger brother, Rodney Keith Jones (1971–2009). Her father was in the United States Army, and her family relocated frequently. Her family moved to Los Angeles, when her father took a job at Stevie Wonder's radio station, KJLH, as an electronics engineer. Jones attended high school in Lynwood, California, where she also played basketball; her father suggested that she play the sport because she is six feet tall.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Jones attended Chapman University on a basketball scholarship. While initially unsure of what she wanted to study, Jones worked as a disc jockey at the student radio station, KNAB, and contemplated playing professional basketball overseas. When her coach, Brian Berger, left Chapman in 1986 for the head-coaching job at Colorado State University, Jones followed. Once at Colorado State, Jones contemplated pursuing a pre-law degree, but changed her major several times, including for a time to accounting and computer science, before deciding to major in communications.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Jones began doing stand-up comedy in college in 1987, when a friend signed her up for a "Funniest Person on Campus" contest. After winning the contest, Jones left school for Los Angeles. She performed at comedy clubs while working day jobs at Roscoe's House of Chicken and Waffles and UPS to make ends meet. Comedians Mother Love and Dave Chappelle encouraged her to move to New York City to hone her craft for two years, where she appeared on BET's "ComicView" before returning to Los Angeles. She performed at The Comedy Store in West Hollywood, but received unfavorable reviews of her shows there. She then went out on tour, opening for Jamie Foxx where she was booed by his audience. Feeling as though she lacked experience, Jones stopped performing for three years. Fearing that she would only ever be known in African American circles, around 2010 she began to stop playing so-called "black clubs" One night, Chris Rock saw her perform and gave her name to several of "the biggest managers in comedy" all of whom "didn't get it". Rock would eventually help Jones get a job at "Saturday Night Live".


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: In December 2013, "Saturday Night Live" held a casting call to add at least one African-American woman to the show, and Jones auditioned. Prior to being asked to audition, Jones had criticized the show, saying that the show, and especially cast member Kenan Thompson, was "not funny". Sasheer Zamata was added as a featured player, while Jones and LaKendra Tookes were hired as writers. Jones appeared during the Weekend Update segment of the May 3, 2014 episode hosted by Andrew Garfield, where her jokes about her current dating problems and her potential effectiveness as a breeding slave sparked controversy.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Jones appeared in the first and third episodes of the 40th season, hosted by Chris Pratt and Bill Hader, respectively. On October 20, 2014, Jones was promoted to the cast as a featured player, and made her official debut on the October 25, 2014 episode hosted by Jim Carrey. She became, at age 47, the oldest person to join the show as a cast member (surpassing Michael McKean and George Coe, who were 46 when they joined the show in 1994 and 1975, respectively). Jones' addition marked the first time in "SNL" history that the show's cast included more than one African-American woman; moreover, the 40th season was the first to have five concurrent African-American cast members, beating the previous record of three. Jones subsequently returned for Seasons 41, 42 (where she was promoted to Repertory Status), 43, and 44.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: In 2017 and 2018, Jones was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her work on "SNL."


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: In 2014, Jones appeared in Chris Rock's directorial film, "Top Five"; Rock has said a follow-up is in the works, telling "Complex Magazine", "Some people really shine in "Top Five". You might want to see a little more Leslie Jones."


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: In 2015, Jones appeared in the Judd Apatow and Amy Schumer project, "Trainwreck"; reportedly Apatow and Schumer wrote a part specifically for Jones after seeing her turn in "Top Five".


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: In 2016, she starred in the reboot "Ghostbusters" as Patty Tolan, alongside Melissa McCarthy, Kristen Wiig, and Kate McKinnon.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Jones appeared in "Coming 2 America" alongside Tracy Morgan, Rick Ross, and KiKi Layne. The film is a sequel to "Coming to America", starring Eddie Murphy.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: She has been a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the Actors Branch since 2017.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: During the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Jones regularly live-tweeted events and posted videos of her reactions. Enthusiasm for Jones' commentary grew, with articles appearing like "The Huffington Post"s "Watching Leslie Jones Watch The Olympics Is Better Than The Actual Olympics". Television producer Mike Shoemaker, one of Jones' Twitter followers, posted on Twitter that his friend Jim Bell, NBC's executive producer of the network's Olympics coverage, should add Jones to NBC's team of commentators covering the Games; Bell responded on Twitter the next day asking Jones to join NBC in Rio de Janeiro. She accepted and flew to Rio de Janeiro, covering swimming, track and field, gymnastics, and beach volleyball for NBC.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Jones reprised her duties at the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea, and live-tweeted again for the postponed 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. She live-tweeted for the final time for the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. She released a message on Twitter stating that this would be the last Olympics that she would live-tweet, claiming broadcaster NBC is pressuring her to stop.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Jones and fellow comedian Adam DeVine appeared in a 2016 ad campaign for Allstate Insurance, created by Leo Burnett Worldwide.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Jones has cited as her comedic influences Eddie Murphy, Richard Pryor, Carol Burnett, Lucille Ball, John Ritter, and Whoopi Goldberg.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: After the release of "Ghostbusters" in July 2016, Jones became the subject of racist and misogynistic attacks over Twitter. The social media platform responded by taking action against several users, resulting in the permanent banning of user and Breitbart editor Milo Yiannopoulos, who had described Jones as "barely literate".


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: After continuing to receive racist comments, Jones temporarily left Twitter on July 18, 2016. She appeared later in the week on "Late Night with Seth Meyers", where she discussed the ordeal and her meeting with Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey. In response to Yiannopoulos' claim that he was targeted for being a "gay conservative", she argued that "hate speech and freedom of speech are two different things."


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: A month later, Jones was again subjected to online harassment. Her personal website was hacked, with its contents being replaced with photos of her passport and driver's license. The site was also changed to display alleged nude pictures of her, as well as a video tribute to Harambe, the Cincinnati Zoo gorilla killed in May 2016 (a reference to the racially charged gorilla remarks hurled at Jones in the earlier attack). Her team took the website down soon after it was hacked.


title: Leslie Jones (comedian)

text: Both incidents resulted in outpourings of support for Jones from fans and celebrities alike, via the hashtag #LoveForLeslieJ which trended on both Twitter and Instagram. Those who voiced support include Paul Feig, Gabourey Sidibe, Ellen DeGeneres, Sara Benincasa, Ava DuVernay, Hillary Clinton, Corey Taylor, Katy Perry, Octavia Spencer, Anna Kendrick, Lena Dunham, and Loni Love. Jones responded to the hacks on the October 22, 2016 episode of "Saturday Night Live".


title: Mountbatten family

text: The Mountbatten family is a British dynasty that originated as an English branch of the German princely Battenberg family. The name was adopted on 14 July 1917, three days before the British royal family changed its name to “Windsor”, by members of the Battenberg family residing in the United Kingdom, due to rising anti-German sentiment among the British public during World War I. The name is a direct Anglicisation of the German , or Batten mountain, a small town in Hesse. The titles of count and later prince of Battenberg had been granted in the mid-19th century to a morganatic branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, itself a cadet branch of the House of Hesse.


title: Mountbatten family

text: The family includes the Marquesses of Milford Haven (and formerly the Marquesses of Carisbrooke), as well as the Earls Mountbatten of Burma. The late Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, consort of Queen Elizabeth II, adopted the surname of Mountbatten from his mother's family in 1947, being a member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg by patrilineal descent. Lady Louise Mountbatten became Queen Consort of Sweden, after having married Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden.


title: Mountbatten family

text: The Mountbatten family are a branch of the German house of Battenberg. The Battenberg family was a morganatic branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, rulers of the Grand Duchy of Hesse in Germany. The first member of the House of Battenberg was Julia Hauke, whose brother-in-law Grand Duke Louis III of Hesse created her "Countess of Battenberg" with the style "Illustrious Highness" (HIllH) in 1851, on the occasion of her morganatic marriage to Grand Duke Louis' brother Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine. Julia was elevated in her title to "Princess of Battenberg" with the style "Serene Highness" (HSH) in 1858.


title: Mountbatten family

text: Two of Alexander and Julia's sons, Prince Henry of Battenberg and Prince Louis of Battenberg, became associated with the British Royal Family. Prince Henry married The Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria. Prince Louis married Victoria's granddaughter, Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, and became the First Sea Lord of the Royal Navy. Due to anti-German feelings prevalent in Britain during World War I, Prince Louis, his children, and his nephews (the living sons of Prince Henry), renounced their German titles and changed their name to the more English sounding Mountbatten. (They rejected an alternative translation, "Battenhill".) Their cousin George V compensated the princes with British peerages. Prince Louis became the 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, while Prince Alexander, Prince Henry's eldest son, became the 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke.


title: Mountbatten family

text: The marquessate of Milford Haven was created in 1917 for Prince Louis of Battenberg, the former First Sea Lord, and a relation to the British Royal family. He was at the same time made Earl of Medina and Viscount Alderney, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Princess Alice of Battenberg never took the name Mountbatten as she married Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark in 1903; her son, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, took the name upon becoming a naturalised British citizen.


title: Mountbatten family

text: The heir apparent to the marquessate is the present holder's son Henry Mountbatten, Earl of Medina (b. 1991)


title: Mountbatten family

text: The 1st Marquess's youngest daughter, Lady Louise Mountbatten, married the crown prince of Sweden in 1923. On his accession in 1950 as Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, Louise became Queen consort of Sweden.


title: Mountbatten family

text: Earl Mountbatten of Burma is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, created in 1947 for Rear Admiral Louis Mountbatten, 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, youngest son of the 1st Marquess of Milford Haven and the last Viceroy of India. The letters patent creating the title specified the following special remainder to his daughters. The subsidiary titles of the Earldom are Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, of Romsey in the County of Southampton, created 1946, and Baron Romsey, of Romsey in the County of Southampton, created in 1947. Both of these titles, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, have the same special remainder as the Earldom.


title: Mountbatten family

text: The heir apparent to the earldom is the present holder's son, Nicholas Knatchbull, Lord Brabourne (born 1981).


title: Mountbatten family

text: Marquess of Carisbrooke was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, created in 1917 for Prince Alexander of Battenberg, eldest son of Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom and Prince Henry of Battenberg. He was made Viscount Launceston, in the County of Cornwall, and Earl of Berkhampsted at the same time, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The titles became extinct upon Lord Carisbrooke's death in 1960, as he had no sons.