title: CHiPs

text: Production made use of freeways in the Los Angeles area that had been recently completed but were not yet opened to the public. For Season 1, the intersection of Interstate 210 and California State Route 2 in La Canada Flintridge was used often (along with a short stretch of Highway 2). For Season 2, a section of Interstate 210 five miles to the west in La Crescenta, California, was used, until it too was opened to the public. For Seasons 3 - 5, the filming location was moved another 10 miles to the west, to the intersection of the Interstate 210 and California State Route 118 in Sylmar, California. When that section of freeway was finally opened, production shifted again to a short stub of a highway in Long Beach, California, as well as a long stretch of Pershing Drive, near Los Angeles International Airport. The only time production moved out of Los Angeles was for the episode "Drive, Lady, Drive" and used the Riverside International Raceway in Moreno Valley for the racing scenes.


title: CHiPs

text: Motor officers in "CHiPs" rode Kawasaki Z1-P & Z900-C2 in seasons 1 & 2 and KZ1000-C1 from season 3 onwards.


title: CHiPs

text: Despite the Ford Motor Company's credit as a vehicle provider for four of the series' six seasons, cars and trucks were supplied by several manufacturers. All of the police cars were Dodge models (´74 and ´78 Dodge Monaco), as they were actual CHP cruisers bought at police auction for the show. In the third-season episode, "Hot Wheels" (Episode 8) the show featured AMC Matador police cars in a one-off appearance.


title: CHiPs

text: Although doubles were used for far-off shots and various stunt or action sequences, Wilcox and Estrada did a great deal of their own motorcycle riding and performed many smaller stunts themselves. Although Wilcox emerged relatively injury-free, Estrada suffered various injuries several times throughout the run of the series. In several early first-season episodes, a huge bruise or scab can be seen on his arm after he was flung from one of the motorcycles and skidded along the ground. His worst accident came when he was seriously injured in a motorcycle accident while filming a season three episode in August 1979, fracturing several ribs and breaking both wrists. The accident and Estrada's subsequent hospitalization was incorporated into the series' storyline.


title: CHiPs

text: Prior to being cast in "CHiPs", Estrada had no experience with motorcycles, so he underwent an intensive eight-week course, learning how to ride. In 2007, it was revealed that he did not hold a motorcycle license at the time "CHiPs" was in production, and only qualified for a license after three attempts, while preparing for an appearance on the reality television show "Back to the Grind".


title: CHiPs

text: During the original run of the series, syndicated reruns of older episodes was retitled "CHiPs Patrol" to avoid confusion. Later syndicated reruns after the show went out of production reverted to the original title.


title: CHiPs

text: "CHiPs" episodes were usually a combination of light comedy and drama. A typical episode would start with Ponch and Jon on routine patrol or being assigned to an interesting beat, such as Malibu or the Sunset Strip. In roll call briefing, Sgt. Getraer would alert his officers to be on the lookout for a particular criminal operation, such as people staging accidents as part of an insurance scam, or punks breaking into cars. A few interesting, unrelated vignettes often transpired during "routine" traffic enforcement.


title: CHiPs

text: A light-hearted subplot would also be included, such as Harlan trying to hide a stray dog from Getraer at the office. A more serious theme, such as Ponch trying to keep a kid from his old neighborhood out of a potential life of crime, might also be included. After a few failed attempts to apprehend the gang that had been menacing L.A.'s freeways, the episode would invariably culminate in Ponch and Jon leading a chase of the suspects (often assisted by other members of their division), climaxing with a spectacular series of stunt vehicle crashes.


title: CHiPs

text: The show then typically featured a "dénouement" of Ponch and Jon participating in a new activity (such as jet skiing or skydiving), designed to showcase the pair's glamorous Southern California lifestyle. Often, Ponch would attempt to impress a woman he had met during the episode with his athletic prowess or disco dancing, only to fail and provide Jon, Getraer, and others with many laughs. As the preliminary end credits would start, the image would freeze multiple times, showing various characters laughing or otherwise enjoying the social scene.


title: CHiPs

text: NBC aired reruns of the series weekdays at 3PM EST between April 26, 1982 – September 10, 1982. The show aired on MeTV from December 19, 2016 to May 26, 2017. The show currently airs on Charge!.


title: CHiPs

text: In the United Kingdom, the series was broadcast by ITV but was not screened nationally. The series started in January 1979 in the London region, but began with season two (the first episode shown was episode 2x02 "The Volunteers") by February most other ITV regions originally screened in the Saturday teatime slot around 17:35 but moved to the Sunday teatime slot in 1980. By 1981, as with many imported programmes of the era, the series was being broadcast at different times during the weekend throughout the year by the different ITV regions. The series shared its Saturday teatime slot with other series such as "The A-Team", "Knight Rider", "Magnum, P.I." and "Whiz Kids".


title: CHiPs

text: During 1984, most ITV stations continued with the Saturday teatime slot except for Anglia Television, Scottish Television (STV) and Television South West (TSW), who broadcast episodes during the weekend mornings or Sunday afternoons. By early 1985, the series was being broadcast during Saturday mornings by Anglia, Central, Grampian, Granada, STV and Tyne Tees. In other regions it had a Saturday lunchtime slot of 13:20 where, from September 1985, it rotated the slot with episodes of "Airwolf".


title: CHiPs

text: Most ITV areas completed the series by 1986, while LWT, TVS and TSW finished series six in 1987 after starting in 1985. A few companies repeated the series in 1987. It was previously shown on Bravo between 2002 to 2004. Repeated on Forces TV until the 30th of June 2022 which is when Forces TV closed down.


title: CHiPs

text: The entire series was shown in New Zealand on TVNZ from 1978. In Australia, from the same year, the Seven Network broadcast the series in its entirety, one episode per week usually in the prime 7.30PM timeslot.


title: CHiPs

text: Warner Home Video released the first two seasons of "CHiPs" on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 between 2007 and 2008. On March 3, 2015 (over six years later), the third season was released on DVD in Region 1. The fourth season was released in Region 1 on March 15, 2016.


title: CHiPs

text: CHiPs '99 is a 1998 American made-for-television crime drama film and a sequel to the series. It was directed by Jon Cassar. Several cast members from the original series make a return. Original cast with promotions were Jon Baker as a Captain and Joe Getraer as the CHP Commissioner. Other original cast members were Officer Frank Poncherello returning from a 15-year hiatus from the CHP, Officer Barry Baricza and Arthur (Artie) "Grossie" Grossman as a Detective. Bruce Penhall also returns as newly promoted Sergeant Bruce Nelson.


title: CHiPs

text: A film remake was released on March 24, 2017, with Dax Shepard co-producing with Andrew Panay, writing, directing and starring as Officer Jon Baker, Michael Peña as Frank "Ponch" Poncherello and Vincent D’Onofrio as the film's villain.


title: CHiPs

text: A series of 8 inch and 3 inch action figures was released by Mego in the late 1970s. Due to the materials used to construct the figures, many of them have discolored (typically turning green) or started to decompose over the years, making good conditioned examples quite hard to find on the collectors market. There was also a series of six die-cast model vehicles produced by Imperial Toys.


title: CHiPs

text: In the UK, as was common with many popular US series of the era, a series of tie-in annuals were produced by World International Publishing Ltd, containing stories, photos, puzzles and features on the stars. There are four annuals in total, one each for 1980–83. . A comic strip adaptation was drawn by Jim Baikie for "Look-In" magazine.


title: CHiPs

text: In 2006, a limited edition soundtrack was released on CD by Turner Classic Movies' music division via Film Score Monthly, featuring the original recordings of the main theme by John Parker (Parker's theme replaced an unused composition by Mike Post and Pete Carpenter, who scored the pilot) and in-episode musical scores from many episodes of the second season, as composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri, the series' primary (and from seasons three to five sole) composer until the final season. Silvestri also arranged the theme as heard from season two onwards, and it is this version that is heard herethe soundtrack album also includes the "Trick or Treat" score composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton, his only work for the series. In 2008, music from the third season was released; an album of music from the fourth season followed in 2010.


title: Rachael MacFarlane

text: Rachael Ann MacFarlane Laudiero (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress and singer. Her voice credits include Hayley Smith on the animated television show "American Dad!", Supreme Leader Numbuh 362 in the television series "", and Kate Lockwell in the video game "Starcraft II". She is the younger sister of Seth MacFarlane.


title: Rachael MacFarlane

text: In addition to voice acting, MacFarlane has also been involved in other aspects of animation, such as being a production manager for "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy" and "Welcome to Eltingville" and she wrote an episode of "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy", titled "Educating Grim".


title: Rachael MacFarlane

text: MacFarlane was born in Kent, Connecticut. Her parents, Ronald Milton MacFarlane (born 1946) and Ann Perry Sager (1947–2010), were born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Her brother is filmmaker, animator, and actor Seth MacFarlane (born 1973). She and her older brother are of English, Scottish, and Irish descent. MacFarlane's parents met in 1970, when they both lived and worked in Boston, Massachusetts, and married later that year. The couple moved to Kent in 1972, where Ann began working in the Admissions Office at South Kent School. She later worked in the College Guidance and Admissions Offices at the Kent School, a selective college preparatory school where Ronald also was a teacher.


title: Rachael MacFarlane

text: MacFarlane went to Boston Conservatory but did not graduate before moving to Los Angeles to begin a career in voice acting.


title: Rachael MacFarlane

text: MacFarlane first started voicing characters on Hanna-Barbera shows including "Johnny Bravo" and "Dexter's Laboratory". Then after her work with Hanna-Barbera ended, MacFarlane began voicing many characters on Cartoon Network.


title: Rachael MacFarlane

text: In addition to voice acting, Rachael has also been involved in other aspects of animation, such as being a production manager for "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy" and "Welcome to Eltingville", and wrote an episode of "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy", titled "Educating Grim" – where she also met her husband. Seth MacFarlane asked her to help him with his new pilot for the Fox Broadcasting Company, which would become "Family Guy". Rachael MacFarlane worked on the show providing incidental voices, and her brother told her she was good at it and asked her to stay, prompting her to move from New York City to Los Angeles. This launched her career as a voice actress; she remained an incidental cast member on "Family Guy" for several years and began getting other voice-over work on her own, working for both The Walt Disney Company and Cartoon Network. In 2005, her brother Seth cast her in his second major prime time animated show, "American Dad!", where she voices Hayley Smith, protagonist Stan Smith’s rebellious teenage daughter.


title: Rachael MacFarlane

text: MacFarlane also continues to contribute to "Family Guy", on a regular basis. In September 2012, she released her first album "Hayley Sings", which is a jazz vocal tribute to Hayley Smith, her character on "American Dad!".


title: Rachael MacFarlane

text: On July 16, 2010, MacFarlane's mother, Ann Perry Sager, died of cancer. Her death was reported by Larry King on his show "Larry King Live", who acknowledged a conversation he had with her during an interview with her son in May 2010.


title: Rachael MacFarlane

text: MacFarlane has noted her similarities to Hayley Smith on "American Dad!", revealing "We both share the same political views".


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Halo 5: Guardians is a 2015 first-person shooter game developed by 343 Industries, published by Microsoft Studios, and released worldwide for the Xbox One on October 27, 2015. The plot follows two fireteams of human supersoldiers: Blue Team, led by Master Chief, and Fireteam Osiris, led by Spartan Locke. When the former goes absent without leave to track down the artificial intelligence construct Cortana, Master Chief's loyalty is called into question and Fireteam Osiris is sent to retrieve him.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: 343 Industries started to plan concepts and objectives for "Halo 5" shortly after the release of its predecessor, "Halo 4". In late 2012, the team set out goals for the game, including larger campaign and multiplayer areas. Like "Halo 4", it uses motion capture for character animation. It features new abilities and character designs, but does not feature any offline capabilities or local networking. It has a game engine that scales its resolution to maintain a frame rate of 60 frames per second. Unlike the first four mainline games, this is the first mainline game to receive a "Teen" rating from the ESRB.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Microsoft announced the game at E3 2013. The game and its related hardware grossed over in its first twenty-four hours and in its first week, outselling the opening sales of "Halo 4", which then held the best-selling record for the franchise. It is also the best-selling Xbox One game globally. Despite this, it had the lowest opening sales of any "Halo" game in Japan and the UK. Upon release, "Halo 5" received positive reviews from critics, with praise directed at its gameplay, visuals, level design and multiplayer modes. However, the game's single-player campaign met divided responses, with criticism directed at its story, writing, and ending. A sequel, "Halo Infinite", was released on December 8, 2021.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5: Guardians" is a first-person shooter, with players experiencing most gameplay through the eyes of a playable character. The camera switches to a third-person view for some cinematics and gameplay sequences.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: The game preserves many of the core features of the "Halo" franchise's gameplay experience. Players step into the MJOLNIR powered armor of a Spartan and control that character's actions. MJOLNIR armor provides deflector shields, which diminish whilst protecting the wearer from weapons fire but recharge after a short recovery. Spartans may only carry two personal weapons at a time, but may swap them out at any time for any other weapon they find (including those dropped by slain enemies) and may also carry and fire a crew-served weapon (discarded when the player switches back to a personal weapon). Spartans may also throw grenades and use their weapons for pistol-whipping. Finally, some of the vehicles and their mounted weapons are available for use.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: New to the series are "Spartan Abilities", replacing the Armor Abilities of previous games. In-universe, the characters' MJOLNIR armor has been upgraded with various thrusters that allow them increased mobility options in all three axes of movement. They are context-dependent and can be used for attack, defense and evasion. Additionally, all "Halo 5" firearms can be zoomed in by utilizing smart-link, a capability restricted to specific weapons in previous games.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Previous games in the franchise have featured brief gameplay segments where the player character is accompanied by non-player character (NPC) companions in the form of United Nations Space Command (UNSC) Marines, non-human allies like the Arbiter, and other Spartans. In the campaign, "Halo 5" also equips the player with a persistent fireteam of NPC Spartans, who are present at all times and can receive limited orders using the Xbox controller. During cooperative play, other players assume control of these Spartans; each Spartan has different gameplay attributes. If any Spartan, player-controlled or not, takes too much damage, they enter an incapacitated state, and a teammate must rush over and revive them before they die.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Unlike previous first-person shooters in the "Halo" franchise, "Halo 5: Guardians" does not feature any offline multiplayer capabilities, like split-screen cooperative campaign and multiplayer modes; it also does not have any local networking options. Microsoft Studios corporate vice president Phil Spencer commented on the lack of split-screen, stating "We see the robustness of what Xbox Live is today and where people are playing across Xbox Live—you at your house, me at our house. We know that's the vast majority of the co-op play. With "Halo 5", the team really wanted to focus on making that experience great, both visually on the screen that you're looking at, and all the systems in place."


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5: Guardians" takes place in the year 2558, and is set eight months after the events of "Halo 4". The game follows the Spartan fireteams Blue and Osiris. Blue Team is led by Master Chief Petty Officer John-117 (Steve Downes) and is composed of the Spartan-II teammates he fought alongside in the timeframe before "Halo: Combat Evolved": Petty Officer Second Class Linda-058 (Brittany Uomoleale), an elite sniper; Petty Officer Second Class Kelly-087 (Michelle Lukes), a scout known for her incredible speed and John's closest friend; and Lieutenant Junior Grade Frederic-104 (Travis Willingham), who is Blue Team's highest-ranking officer and hand-to-hand combat specialist, but defers to Master Chief. The members of Blue Team are all Spartan-IIs, augmented super soldiers who were abducted and trained as children; they are among the last Spartan-IIs left alive. Fireteam Osiris comprises Spartan-IVs, a newer generation of Spartans who joined the program as adult members of the military. Fireteam Osiris is led by Jameson Locke (Mike Colter), a former assassin and acquisitions agent of the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) and skilled tracker. The other members of Fireteam Osiris are: Holly Tanaka (Cynthia McWilliams), a combat technician and engineer in the UNSC Army and a survivor of a Covenant attack on her world; Olympia Vale (Laura Bailey), a political liaison and signals intelligence agent with ONI who can speak many of the Covenant's dialects, most notably Sangheili; and Edward Buck (Nathan Fillion), a veteran former Orbital Drop Shock Trooper with over 180 combat missions of experience, who was a main character and leader of squad Alpha-Nine in "".


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Supporting characters include "Infinity"s commanding officer, Captain Thomas Lasky (Darren O'Hare); Spartan Commander Sarah Palmer (Jennifer Hale), head of operations for all Spartan IV teams on board "Infinity"; Roland, "Infinity"s shipboard AI, and Dr. Catherine Halsey (Jen Taylor), a scientist who created the SPARTAN-II program. Other returning characters include the Arbiter Thel 'Vadam (Keith David), now leading the Sangheili species as the Swords of Sanghelios against a Covenant remnant faction, led by Jul 'Mdama (Travis Willingham). Cortana (Jen Taylor), Master Chief's former AI companion who was presumed dead after the events of "Halo 4", also returns.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Fireteam Osiris is deployed to the planet of Kamchatka, occupied by Jul 'Mdama's splinter Covenant faction, to retrieve the rogue Dr. Halsey and her intel amidst a battle between Covenant forces and the Prometheans. Halsey claims to have information on a series of devastating attacks on several human worlds. While the team is successful in retrieving Halsey and eliminating the Covenant faction's leader Jul 'Mdama, Halsey informs them that a new threat is about to emerge.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Elsewhere, the Master Chief leads Blue Team on a mission to secure a derelict ONI research station known as Argent Moon. The arrival of Jul 'Mdama's Covenant fleet forces Blue Team to scuttle the station instead. During the sabotage, the Chief receives a cryptic message from Cortana, directing him to the planet Meridian. John is ordered to return to "Infinity" upon destroying Argent Moon, but he and Blue Team disobey orders and set out after Cortana, forcing Captain Lasky to list the rogue Spartans as AWOL. This causes consternation aboard "Infinity", as Halsey believes that Cortana's survival through the use of Forerunner technology makes her unpredictable and untrustworthy.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Lasky tasks Fireteam Osiris with finding and capturing Blue Team. Osiris is deployed to Meridian to pursue Blue Team, where they find a human colony under attack by Promethean forces. During their pursuit, they encounter the Warden Eternal, a Promethean serving as Cortana's enforcer. After temporarily defeating the Warden, Osiris catches up to Blue Team, ordering them to stand down and return to "Infinity". Chief bests Locke in hand-to-hand combat and flees with the rest of Blue Team as they board a Guardian, one of several colossal Forerunner constructs built as enforcers of entire worlds. Osiris barely escape the colony's collapse as the Guardian activates and disappears. The Guardian emerges on the Forerunner planet Genesis, where John and Cortana reunite. Cortana says that her terminal rampancy was cured by the same Forerunner technology that had saved her.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Osiris is deployed to the Sangheili homeworld of Sanghelios, where they plan to use a dormant Guardian that resides there to travel to Blue Team's location. However, the planet is engulfed in a civil war; the remaining forces of Jul 'Mdama's Covenant have chosen to make their last stand there. To hurry their mission along, Osiris joins forces with the Arbiter and help him strike a crucial blow at Jul's Covenant. Osiris boards a Guardian with the help of Commander Palmer while the Arbiter finishes off the last troops of the Covenant faction.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: On Genesis, Osiris encounters the planet's caretaker, the artificial intelligence 031 Exuberant Witness, who allies with them to stop Cortana. Osiris catches up to Blue Team, who reveals that Cortana is planning on using the Guardians to achieve galactic peace through forcible disarmament. Master Chief, aware of the massive devastation that Cortana's plan will cause, attempts to convince Cortana to stand down. She refuses and confines Blue Team in a Forerunner prison in order to prevent them from interfering with her plan. Osiris manages to transfer control of Genesis back to Exuberant, who wrests the prison from Cortana as she leaves the planet via a Guardian.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Artificial intelligences across the galaxy begin swearing allegiance to Cortana and her plans. Cortana locates "Infinity" and prepares to disable it, but Lasky has the ship's AI Roland, who is still loyal to "Infinity", engage slipspace away from Earth and commit to random jumps until they can develop a way to combat Cortana. With Blue Team recovered, Osiris returns to Sanghelios to reunite the SPARTAN-IIs with an injured Commander Palmer, Thel 'Vadam, and Halsey. If the player completes the game on Legendary, an extra cutscene shows Halo Installation 07 powering up while Cortana hums, before cutting to black.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: 343 Industries general manager Bonnie Ross recalled that after "Halo 4", the team spent a lot of time discussing where they wanted to take the "Halo" series, reflecting on feedback from fans about what they did and did not like. In late 2012, game leads Tim Longo, David Berger, and Chris Lee laid out the studio's vision for the next game from a creative and technical standpoint, setting key goals to focus on: utilizing the Xbox One's hardware and Microsoft's cloud infrastructure for larger campaign and multiplayer spaces, deeper player investment systems, and a frame rate of 60 frames per second (FPS).


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 (E3), Microsoft announced a new, then-untitled addition to the "Halo" series, along with a trailer appearing to depict a post-"Halo 4" Master Chief. After E3, Phil Spencer said the previously-announced "Reclaimer Trilogy" had been expanded into a longer series of games, explaining that the developers "[didn't] want to limit the Reclaimer story within a trilogy". Ross confirmed the game's title and 2015 release date in a May 2014 blog post. The game is exclusive to the Xbox One.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "" gave players exclusive access to the "Halo 5: Guardians" multiplayer beta, which began December 29, 2014, and ran through January 18, 2015. In response to the negative coverage of "The Master Chief Collection"s broken launch, O'Connor announced that "Guardians" would not be broken at launch.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: The game uses motion capture to animate characters, following its use in "Halo 4". To record the performances, it used a 5,000-square-foot stage and fifty cameras, along with a 3D tracking system called OptiTrack.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: On the departure from the Xbox 360 hardware, Ross noted that the Xbox One allows 343 Industries to broaden the game's scope, as its matchmaking and four-player online campaign co-op modes utilize the console's dedicated server support. Franchise development director Frank O'Connor explained that "Halo 4" pushed its game engine to the limit, such that moving on to the Xbox One called for the development of a new engine.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: To maintain a frame rate of 60 FPS, "Halo 5"s engine uses a "progressive resolution system", which automatically lowers the resolution at which the game is rendered during graphically-intensive scenes, which are then upscaled back to the game's native resolution of 1080p. Art lead Justin Dinges explained that "some sections of a mission might be relatively quiet and achieving 60fps is straightforward, but there are many situations where we dial the intensity up to 11. At those times, we need to maintain 60fps and give players the total experience from both a design and artistic perspective". To achieve this, 343 Industries made extensive use of Havok.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Eager to take advantage of the hardware, the art team built fully animated cacti that responded to gunfire, blanketing the campaign maps with the succulents. Ultimately, they proved to be the largest single technical problem in the game and had to be removed.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: To support the drop-in/drop-out co-op, 343 Industries built a dynamic AI system for the fireteam companions to assist the player when a session is played alone.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Narrative designer Morgan Lockhart described the co-op nature of the campaign as the most difficult element of the game. Speaking about Cortana's fate in "Halo 4", O'Connor stated that "Halo 4"s story was focused on the effect that Cortana's sacrifice and loss would have on the Master Chief. He also noted that this effect would be reflected in "Halo 5: Guardians", with a story that explores how the Master Chief copes with loss and past memories.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Creative director Tim Longo explained that one of the main goals for "Halo 5: Guardians" was to expand the universe. To achieve this the studio created new main characters for Fireteam Osiris and introduced characters from the expanded fiction with Blue Team. Early in development, the team decided that Spartan Locke would be used to present the player with a different perspective on the Master Chief. The aim was to create a deliberate contrast between the two main characters. In developing the characters of Fireteam Osiris, 343 Industries initially considered making the team Fireteam Majestic, using the same characters from the "Halo 4" episodic series Spartan Ops. When Longo joined as creative director and the rest of the story developed, the developers decided that Majestic was the wrong team to use and set out to create a new fireteam with different characters.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: The unnamed fireteam comprised three Spartans: "Smith", "Jones", and "Brown". Initially, none of these characters' traits—not even their genders—were determined. The narrative team decided Smith (later Locke) would be a former ONI agent, a cross of James Bond and Lara Croft. Brian Reed recalled that at one point they had added Fireteam Majestic member Thorne, as well as Spartan leader Palmer, and a still-unnamed Jones, who would be an expert in alien languages. Spartan Jones turned into Spartan Vesper, and her character matured from a child prodigy to someone more serious, if innocent.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Once part of the story became set on the planet Meridian, the narrative team decided that one of the Spartans should have grown up outside the UNSC and survived the destruction of her home planet to act as a conduit for understanding Meridian; this character, now known as Spartan Song, replaced Palmer. When Thorne's actor, Ethan Peck, was unavailable due to scheduling conflicts, 343 Industries decided to replace his character on the team roster rather than recast the role. Other suggestions included an entirely new Spartan or a member of Blue Team, but the developers decided on fan favorite Buck after Nathan Fillion became available. Spartan Smith became Spartan Locke, Vesper and Song became Vale and Tanaka, and Fireteam Osiris took shape after more than two years of changes.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 4"s art director, Kenneth Scott, stepped down from his role in January 2014. He was succeeded by Nicolas "Sparth" Bouvier, a concept artist who joined Microsoft in 2009. Bouvier described the early stages of developing artistic concepts as akin to sculpting from marble: "[we] start with a very loose idea that has trickled down from the writers or studio creative director and begin chipping away at the problem." Concept artist Kory Lynn Hubbell recalled that the game's art had to be justified. "If there's no plausible story behind something, it shouldn't be there," he said, recalling that an original plan for a fountain on the mining world of Meridian was changed to a holographic tree, to reflect the desire to simulate nature in the barren landscape.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: 343's artist and designers focused on differentiating the members of each Spartan fireteam through their design. As Locke's mission is to find Master Chief, Bouvier recalled "he reflects that visually. The design of his armor is very nonintrusive. He doesn't have any bright tones. He's gray and dark to amplify the very nondisruptive nature of his armor." In comparison, Vale's armor was sleeker to reflect her agility, and painted magenta to imply nervousness and aggression.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Sataro Tojima was the audio director for "Halo 5: Guardians", with Japanese composer Kazuma Jinnouchi composing the original score. The music was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London and the choir was recorded at the Rudolfinum in Prague. Jinnouchi wanted to reintroduce the original "Halo" theme in "Halo 5: Guardians", so he composed his own interpretation of the piece. A larger emphasis has been placed on the use of a choir in "Halo 5: Guardians" music than "Halo 4"s.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: For the first time in "Halo"s multiplayer, teammates can make voiced callouts. Jul's Covenant faction have conversations. The audio team worked closely with the AI and narrative departments when developing the Blue Team and Team Osiris in the campaign.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Executive producer, Josh Holmes stated that the development team wanted to provide much gameplay variety and support different play styles in multiplayer. On launch, the game will include over twenty multiplayer maps, and the team plans to provide an additional fifteen maps as free downloadable content by June 2016. 343 Industries chose to make additional maps freely available as they did not want to divide the player base.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: In "Halo 5: Guardians" Arena mode, 343 Industries decided to exclude a loadout system so they could encourage the concept of a level playing field that was present in earlier "Halo" games. The mode was inspired by older multiplayer shooters such as "Quake".


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Warzone, one of the new multiplayer modes, was originally conceived in 2012 with a small demo set up as a four-versus-four player match with AI controlled enemies defending an objective. Initially, the studio wanted to implement such a mode with "Halo 4" on the Xbox 360 but they were unable to achieve their vision.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: A multiplayer beta for "Halo 5: Guardians" launched on December 29, 2014 and ran for three weeks. The beta was a sample of "Halo 5: Guardians" Arena gameplay, featuring three modes, seven maps and eleven weapons. The development team wanted to launch a beta as early as possible so that players could test and give feedback on new gameplay elements. This player feedback was used to make refinements to gameplay and adjustments to maps. The beta used dedicated servers.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "The Sprint" is a series about the development of "Halo 5", which debuted in Xbox One's Halo Channel and was later uploaded to YouTube. The first season was about the development of "Halo 5"s multiplayer; the second season focused on the development of the Warzone game mode, and additional tweaks for the presentation at E3 2015. The third season showed the development of the game's score and the use of motion capture.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: During "The Walking Dead"s fifth-season finale, two different live-action advertisements aired, revealing the October 27, 2015, release date of "Halo 5: Guardians". In its June 2015 cover story featuring the title, "Game Informer" revealed that the campaign would feature four-player cooperative gameplay, and that its story would center on Blue Team, led by Master Chief, and Fireteam Osiris, led by Spartan Locke. The magazine also revealed that Fireteam Osiris would include Holly Tanaka, a new character named Olympia Vale, and fan favorite Edward Buck from "Halo 3: ODST".


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: On the multiplayer side, it was revealed that there would be a new map called Fathom and that there would be changes to Empire, a map playable in the beta. A new mode that would combine all of the sandbox (later revealed as Warzone at E3 2015) was hinted at, and it was revealed that the game would feature 20 maps at launch and that 15 downloadable maps would be added later for free.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5" was also marketed in sports events: Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC wore jerseys with the game's ads; and Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Jamie McMurray drove in the NASCAR competition in "Halo 5"-themed cars.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: The game's mainstream marketing received some criticism for being different from the game's plot. Phil Hornshaw of Digital Trends wrote that "Halo 5"s marketing "suggests an emotional conflict between the questionably-loyal Chief and the 'traitor-hunting' Osiris leader, Locke, but those moments are barely in the game".


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: On March 22, 2015, Microsoft launched "Hunt the Truth", an audioplay similar to radio series such as "This American Life". The first season followed the investigations of fictional journalist and war photographer Benjamin Giraud (voiced by Keegan-Michael Key), who investigates the Master Chief's background. Giraud discovers that the official story of Master Chief's origins are false, and attempts to expose the coverup.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: The first season was highly successful, drawing an audience of 6.7 million listeners on iTunes and winning "Hunt the Truth"s ad agency a Clio Award. A second season of the podcast began September 22, 2015, focusing upon the view point of ONI Agent Maya Sankar (Janina Gavankar), returning undercover as FERO, to investigate unidentified attacks on human colonies.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Microsoft began their E3 2015 press conference with gameplay from the campaign of "Halo 5: Guardians". This gameplay was from a mission known as "The Battle of Sunaion" and featured Fireteam Osiris. A new multiplayer mode known as "Warzone" was also shown off at E3.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5" is the first main installment in the "Halo" franchise to receive a T for Teen rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) besides "Halo Wars", instead of the M for Mature rating. Microsoft Xbox division executive Aaron Greenberg felt that the M ratings on previous installments were surprising, "given the style of the game and the lack of real graphic violence and things like that", but that the "Teen" rating would theoretically enable "Halo 5" to reach a broader audience of younger players who would have otherwise been unable to obtain the game.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: The game shipped in three different retail configurations: a standard edition, limited edition, and collector's edition. The limited edition came with a REQ bundle, dossiers on the game's characters, the "Fall of Reach" film, a statue of a Guardian, and a "steelbook" metal case. The collector's edition contained the REQ bundle, dossiers, Guardian statue, and "Fall of Reach", plus a commemorative statue of Master Chief and Agent Locke. The collector's edition comes with a digital code rather than a physical disc; fan feedback led Microsoft to offer a free trade-in program so collector's edition buyers could have the disc instead.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5" was supported by post-release content updates. 343 head Josh Holmes explained that the studio did not want to segregate the player base by distributing maps as paid downloadable content, a goal he felt was "really important to having a great multiplayer ecosystem".


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5: Forge", a free version of "Halo 5"s map editing tool, containing functional multiplayer, was released for Windows 10 on September 8, 2016.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: In 2014, Microsoft announced the "Halo Championship Series", its own tournament. Prior to "Halo 5: Guardians"s release, Microsoft announced a competition with a prize pool, and a focus on developing the game with competition in mind. A portion of the proceeds from REQ packs bought with real currency contributes to prize pools; by November 4 REQ proceeds had added to the pool, which climbed to by November 19. At The Game Awards in early December, Microsoft announced a prize pool, buoyed by sales of a special REQ pack. By February 19, the total prize pool exceeded . The Halo World Championship began on December 6, 2015, with the finals running March 18–20, 2016.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: After the Halo World Championship, Microsoft announced the Halo Pro League in partnership with Electronic Sports League as a way to grow "Halo" esports.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5: Guardians" received an aggregated score of 84 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 101 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: Arthur Gies, writing for "Polygon", wrote that 343 Industries had much to prove with "Halo 5" after "Halo 4"s online population "evaporated", "The Master Chief Collection"s woes, and Microsoft's need for a strong title to sell more Xbox One units. "343's response to that quagmire," Gies wrote, "[is] to return to the fundamentals of what made the series great in the first place. The studio has brought "Halo"s mechanics kicking and screaming into the modern era, while providing the most bombastic, co-op-driven campaign in "Halo" history." "GameSpot"s Mike Mahardy agreed that 343 had produced some of the best iterations of the game series' facets with "Halo 5". IGN's Brian Albert opined that 343 Industries had created an even bigger game than previous entries, with "the strongest combat "Halo" has ever seen". "Destructoid"s Chris Carter felt that "Halo 5" failed to grab him in the same way as previous games had, "but those of you who are still content with Master Chief and his wacky adventures across the galaxy will likely walk away satisfied." More critically, the reviewers of "GamesTM" felt that "Halo 5" was "sheepish and safe" and represented a series low.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5"s overall gameplay and multiplayer were well received. "GameSpot" praised "Halo 5"s multiplayer experience for being in the "best shape "Halo"s multiplayer has ever taken", and in particular, noting the game's return to "universal" weapon loadouts and obtaining stronger weapons spawning on-map, rather than unlocking weapons as in "Halo 4". The Warzone mode was considered to be one of the "best new ideas" in both the "Halo" franchise and the genre, praising its MOBA-like mechanics and vast environments, explaining that "as with the rest of "Halo 5", there is momentum here—but this is a force that shifts from side to side with each match. Warzone isn't so much about consistency—it's about adaptability. And the team that can roll with the punches, and punch back at the right moments, will have the upper hand." Albert praised the campaign for challenging enemies and environments dense with secret pathways and hidden weapons. "This kind of design makes "Halo 5"'s campaign ripe for replaying, and well suited for the [...] co-op it's clearly made for", he wrote.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: The game's artificial intelligence (AI) received mixed impressions. Chris Carter found the squad controls rudimentary, but found the team chatter and their assistance welcome. "GamesTM" pointed out flaws in enemies by criticizing overpowered bosses and saying that "the number of things that can kill you instantly—even on Normal difficulty—is exasperatingly high". Reviewers like Carter and "GamesTM" complained of ally teammates failing to revive players, even in instances such as when they were standing right next to the player.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5"s campaign and story received mixed to negative reviews. Timothy J. Seppala of "Engadget" felt it was the first time in years that the campaign felt like a step backward compared to its predecessor; "instead of addressing what it got wrong with ["Halo 4"] and doubling down on what it did right, the team fundamentally altered how a "Halo" campaign works to horrendous results." "Time"s Matt Peckham felt that in comparison to the setup in "Halo 5"s marketing and the "Hunt the Truth" series, which suggested a novel direction for the series, "What happens in "Halo 5"s story, by contrast, feels disappointingly by the numbers." GameSpot's Mike Mahardy felt that while the plot had promise, the campaign did not effectively capitalize on its opportunities: "Cutscenes fade to black before they feel finished. Character motivations shift on a whim." "Forbes" Paul Thier and GamesRadar's David Houghton complained that players did not suitably impact the story's progression, and that the game's cliffhanger ended the plot at the conclusion of the first act. Though he also found fault with parts of "Halo 5"s campaign, Albert praised Cortana's threat as "less black and white" in motives than previous antagonists, and the background chatter contributing to learning more about each character.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: First-week global sales of "Halo 5" software and hardware totaled more than , making it the fastest-selling Xbox One exclusive. "Halo 5" made the biggest sales record in Xbox history, and was also the best-selling digital title. Within its first five days of release, "Halo 5" was the best-selling game of October in the United States, according to NPD Group, which tracks physical sales from retailers. In November, "Halo 5" was the eighth best selling game according to NPD's figures.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: "Halo 5: Guardians" was the eleventh bestselling retail game during its first week of release in Japan, with 7,455 physical copies. being sold. In the United Kingdom, "Halo 5" debuted on the top of the sales charts as measured by Chart-Track, besting the week's other new release, "Assassin's Creed Syndicate". It outsold previous "Halo" release "The Master Chief Collection" by 50% in its first week. The following week sales decreased 78 percent, and "Halo 5" was displaced from the top of the charts by "". The game was the tenth best selling title of 2015 in Australia.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: On June 9, 2016, Frank O'Connor said that the game managed to sell 5 million copies in the first 3 months of its release. "Halo 5: Guardians" is the lowest selling "Halo" title of the franchise, in the UK.


title: Halo 5: Guardians

text: In a Q&A session, in May 2017, between Michael Pachter and his audience, the gaming analyst recounted his conversation with Microsoft regarding the success of "Halo 5". Contrary to popular belief, the analyst says that Microsoft told him that the title sold “on par” with the previous four mainline "Halo" titles, suggesting that "Halo 5" had sold at least 10 million units.


title: Synchronicity

text: Synchronicity () is a concept first introduced by analytical psychologist Carl G. Jung "to describe circumstances that appear meaningfully related yet lack a causal connection." In contemporary research, synchronicity experiences refer to one's subjective experience that coincidences between events in one's mind and the outside world may be causally unrelated to each other yet have some other unknown connection. Jung held that this was a healthy, even necessary, function of the human mind that can become harmful within psychosis.


title: Synchronicity

text: Jung developed the theory of synchronicity as a hypothetical noncausal principle serving as the intersubjective or philosophically objective connection between these seemingly meaningful coincidences. Mainstream science generally regards that any such hypothetical principle either does not exist or falls outside the bounds of science. After first coining the term in the late 1920s or early 30s, Jung further developed the concept in collaboration with physicist and Nobel laureate Wolfgang Pauli through long correspondences and in their eventual 1952 work "The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche" () which comprises one paper from each of the two thinkers. Their work together culminated in what is now called the Pauli–Jung conjecture.


title: Synchronicity

text: During his career, Jung furnished several different definitions of synchronicity, defining it as "a hypothetical factor equal in rank to causality as a principle of explanation", "an acausal connecting principle", "acausal parallelism", and as the "meaningful coincidence of two or more events where something other than the probability of chance is involved". In Pauli's words, synchronicities were "corrections to chance fluctuations by meaningful and purposeful coincidences of causally unconnected events", though he had also proposed to move the concept away from coincidence towards instead a "correspondence", "connection", or "constellation" of discrete factors.


title: Synchronicity

text: Jung and Pauli's view was that, just as causal connections can provide a meaningful understanding of the psyche and the world, so too may acausal connections.


title: Synchronicity

text: A 2016 study found that two thirds of therapists surveyed agreed that synchronicity experiences could be useful for therapy. Analytical psychologists likewise hold that individuals must come to understand the compensatory meaning of these experiences in order to "enhance consciousness rather than merely build up superstitiousness". However, clients who disclose synchronicity experiences in a clinical setting often report not being listened to, accepted, or understood. Furthermore, the experiencing of an overabundance of meaningful coincidences is characteristic of the earliest stages of schizophrenic delusion. M. K. Johansen and M. Osman write that "prevalent among many scientists, particularly psychologists studying coincidences, is [the view] that the occurrence of coincidences, as psychologically experienced, is induced by noisy chance occurrences out in the world which are then misconstrued via irrational cognitive biases into unfounded, possibly even paranormal, beliefs in the mind." One study has shown that both counselors and psychoanalysts were less likely than psychologists to agree that chance coincidence was an adequate explanation for synchronicity, while more likely than psychologists to agree that a need for unconscious material to be expressed could be an explanation for synchronicity experiences in the clinical setting.


title: Synchronicity

text: Jung used the concept of synchronicity in arguing for the existence of the paranormal. This idea was similarly explored by writer Arthur Koestler in his 1972 work "The Roots of Coincidence" and was also taken up by the New Age movement. Unlike magical thinking, which believes causally unrelated events to have some paranormal causal connection, the synchronicity principle supposes that events may truly be causally unrelated yet have some unknown noncausal connection.


title: Synchronicity

text: The objection from a scientific standpoint, however, is that this is neither testable nor falsifiable and therefore does not fall within the realm of empirical study. Scientific scepticism regards it as pseudoscience. Jung stated that synchronicity events are nothing but chance occurrences from a statistical point of view, but are meaningful in that they may seem to validate paranormal ideas. However, no empirical studies of synchronicity experiences based on observable mental states and scientific data were conducted by Jung in order to draw his conclusions, though some studies have since been done in this area .


title: Synchronicity

text: While a given observer may subjectively experience a coincidence as meaningful, this alone cannot prove any objective meaning to the coincidence. Various statistical laws, such as Littlewood's law and the law of truly large numbers, show how unexpected occurrences can be more likely to encounter than people otherwise assume. These serve to explain coincidences such as synchronicity experiences as chance events which have been misinterpreted by confirmation biases, spurious correlations, or underestimated probability.


title: Synchronicity

text: Synchronicity arose with Jung's use of the ancient Chinese oracle "I Ching". It has 64 hexagrams, each built from two trigrams or bagua. A divination is made by seemingly random numerical happenings for which the "I Ching" text gives detailed situational analysis. Richard Wilhelm, translator of Chinese, provided Jung with validation. Jung met Wilhelm in Darmstadt where Hermann von Keyserling hosted "Gesellshaft fur Freie Philosophie". In 1923 Wilhelm was in Zurich, as was Jung, attending the psychology club, where Wilhelm promulgated the "I Ching". Finally,


title: Synchronicity

text: Jung coined the term "synchronicity" as part of a lecture in May 1930, or as early as 1928, at first for use in discussing Chinese religious and philosophical concepts. His first public articulation of the term came in 1930 at the memorial address for Richard Wilhelm where Jung stated:


title: Synchronicity

text: The "I Ching" is one of the five classics of Confucianism. By selecting a passage according to the traditional chance operations such as tossing coins and counting out yarrow stalks, the text is supposed to give insights into a person's inner states. Jung characterised this as the belief in synchronicity, and himself believed the text to give apt readings in his own experiences. He would later also recommend this practice to certain of his patients. Jung argued that synchronicity could be found diffused throughout Chinese philosophy more broadly and in various Taoist concepts. Jung also drew heavily from German philosophers Gottfried Leibniz, whose own exposure to "I Ching" divination in the 17th century proved to be a major step towards the theory of synchronicity, Arthur Schopenhauer, who Jung placed alongside Leibniz as the two philosophers most influential to his formulation of the concept, and Johannes Kepler. He points to Schopenhauer, especially, as providing an early conception of synchronicity in the quote:


title: Synchronicity

text: As with Paul Kammerer's theory of seriality developed in the late 1910s, Jung looked to hidden structures of nature for an explanation of coincidences. In 1932, physicist Wolfgang Pauli and Jung began what would become a long-spanning correspondence in which they discussed and collaborated on various topics surrounding synchronicity, contemporary science, and what is now known as the Pauli effect. Jung also built heavily upon the idea of numinosity, a concept originating in the work of German religious scholar Rudolf Otto, which describes the feeling of "gravitas" found in religious experiences, and which perhaps brought greatest criticism upon Jung's theory. Jung also drew from parapsychologist J. B. Rhine whose work in the 1930s had at the time to validate certain claims about extrasensory perception. It was not until a 1951 Eranos conference lecture, after having gradually developed the concept for over two decades, that Jung gave his first major outline of synchronicity. The following year, Jung and Pauli published their 1952 work "The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche" (), which contained Jung's central monograph on the subject, "Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle".


title: Synchronicity

text: Other notable influences and precursors to synchronicity can be found in: the theological concept of correspondences, sympathetic magic, astrology, and alchemy.


title: Synchronicity

text: The Pauli–Jung conjecture is a collaboration in metatheory between physicist Wolfgang Pauli and analytical psychologist Carl Jung, centered on the concept of . It was mainly developed between the years 1946 and 1954, four years before Pauli's death, and speculates on a perspective within the disciplines of both collaborators. Pauli additionally drew on various elements of quantum theory such as complementarity, nonlocality, and the observer effect in his contributions to the project. Jung and Pauli thereby "offered the radical and brilliant idea that the currency of these correlations is not (quantitative) statistics, as in quantum physics, but (qualitative) meaning."


title: Synchronicity

text: Contemporary physicist T. Filk writes that quantum entanglement, being "a particular type of acausal quantum correlations", was plausibly taken by Pauli as "a model for the relationship between mind and matter in the framework [...] he proposed together with Jung." Specifically, quantum entanglement may be the physical phenomenon which most closely represents the concept of synchronicity.


title: Synchronicity

text: In analytical psychology, the recognition of seemingly-meaningful coincidences is a mechanism by which unconscious material is brought to the attention of the conscious mind. A harmful or developmental outcome can then result only from the individual's response to such material. Jung proposed that the concept could have psychiatric use in mitigating the negative effects of over-rationalisation and proclivities towards mind–body dualism.


title: Synchronicity

text: Analytical psychology considers modern modes of thought to rest upon the pre-modern and primordial structures of the psyche. Causal connections thus form the basis of modern worldviews, and connections which lacks causal reasoning are seen as . This chance-based interpretation, however, is incongruent with the primordial mind which instead interprets this category as . The primordial framework in fact places emphasis on these connections, just as the modern framework emphasizes causal ones. In this regard, causality, like synchronicity, is a human interpretation imposed onto external phenomena. Primordial modes of thought are however, according to Jung, necessary constituents of the modern psyche that inevitably protrude into modern life—providing the basis for meaningful interpretation of the world by way of meaning-based connections. Just as the principles of psychological causality provide meaningful understanding of causal connections, so too the principle of synchronicity attempts to provide meaningful understanding of acasual connections. Jung placed synchronicity as one of three main conceptual elements in understanding the psyche:


title: Synchronicity

text: Jung felt synchronicity to be a principle that had explanatory power towards his concepts of archetypes and the collective unconscious. It described a governing dynamic which underlies the whole of human experience and history—social, emotional, psychological, and spiritual. The emergence of the synchronistic paradigm was a significant move away from Cartesian dualism towards an underlying philosophy of double-aspect theory. Some argue this shift was essential in bringing theoretical coherence to Jung's earlier work.


title: Synchronicity

text: Jung held that there was both a philosophical and scientific basis for synchronicity. He identified the complementary nature of causality and acausality with Eastern sciences and protoscientific disciplines, stating "the East bases much of its science on this irregularity and considers coincidences as the reliable basis of the world rather than causality. Synchronism is the prejudice of the East; causality is the modern prejudice of the West" (see also: universal causation). Contemporary scholar L. K. Kerr writes:


title: Synchronicity

text: It is also pointed out that, since Jung took into consideration only the narrow definition of causality—only the efficient cause—his notion of "acausality" is also narrow and so is not applicable to final and formal causes as understood in Aristotelian or Thomist systems. Either the final causality is inherent in synchronicity, as it leads to individuation; or synchronicity can be a kind of replacement for final causality. However, such finalism or teleology is considered to be outside the domain of modern science.


title: Synchronicity

text: Jung's theory, and philosophical worldview implicated by it, includes not only mainstream science thoughts but also esoteric ones and ones that are against mainstream.


title: Synchronicity

text: Jung's use of the concept in arguing for the existence of paranormal phenomena has been widely considered pseudoscientific by modern scientific scepticism. Furthermore, his collaborator Wolfgang Pauli objected to his dubious experiments of the concept involving astrology—which Jung believed to be supported by the laboratory experiments behind the uncertainty principle's formulation. Jung similarly turned to the works of parapsychologist Joseph B. Rhine to support a connection between synchronicity and the paranormal. In his book "", Jung wrote:


title: Synchronicity

text: How are we to recognize acausal combinations of events, since it is obviously impossible to examine all chance happenings for their causality? The answer to this is that acausal events may be expected most readily where, on closer reflection, a causal connection appears to be inconceivable.…


title: Synchronicity

text: It is impossible, with our present resources, to explain ESP [extrasensory perception], or the fact of meaningful coincidence, as a phenomenon of energy. This makes an end of the causal explanation as well, for "effect" cannot be understood as anything except a phenomenon of energy. Therefore it cannot be a question of cause and effect, but of a falling together in time, a kind of simultaneity. Because of this quality of simultaneity, I have picked on the term "synchronicity" to designate a hypothetical factor equal in rank to causality as a principle of explanation.


title: Synchronicity

text: Roderick Main, in the introduction to his 1997 book "Jung on Synchronicity and the Paranormal", wrote:


title: Synchronicity

text: Since their inception, Jung's theories of synchronicity have been highly controversial and have never had widespread scientific approval. Scientific scepticism regards them as pseudoscience. Likewise, mainstream science does not support paranormal explanations of coincidences. A contemporary study by R. G. Sacco states that:


title: Synchronicity

text: Despite this, synchronicity experiences and the synchronicity principle continue to be studied within philosophy, cognitive science, and analytical psychology. Synchronicity is widely challenged by the sufficiency of probability theory in explaining the occurrence of coincidences, the relationship between synchronicity experiences and cognitive biases, and doubts about the theory's psychiatric or scientific usefulness.


title: Synchronicity

text: Psychologist Fritz Levi, a contemporary of Jung, criticised the theory in his 1952 review, published in the periodical ("New Swiss Observations"). Levi saw Jung's theory as vague in determinability of synchronistic events, saying that Jung never specifically explained his rejection of "magic causality" to which such an acausal principle as synchronicity would be related. He also questioned the theory's usefulness.


title: Synchronicity

text: Robert Todd Carroll, author of "The Skeptic's Dictionary" in 2003, argues that synchronicity experiences are better explained as apophenia—the tendency for humans to find significance or meaning where none exists. He states that over a person's lifetime one can be expected to encounter several seemingly-unpredictable coincidences and that there is no need for Jung's metaphysical explanation of these occurrences.


title: Synchronicity

text: French writer Émile Deschamps claims in his memoirs that, in 1805, he was treated to some plum pudding by a stranger named Monsieur de Fontgibu. Ten years later, the writer encountered plum pudding on the menu of a Paris restaurant and wanted to order some, but the waiter told him that the last dish had already been served to another customer, who turned out to be de Fontgibu. Many years later, in 1832, Deschamps was at a dinner and once again ordered plum pudding. He recalled the earlier incident and told his friends that only de Fontgibu was missing to make the setting complete—and in the same instant, the now-senile de Fontgibu entered the room, having got the wrong address.


title: Synchronicity

text: After describing some examples, Jung wrote: "When coincidences pile up in this way, one cannot help being impressed by them – for the greater the number of terms in such a series, or the more unusual its character, the more improbable it becomes."


title: Synchronicity

text: In his book "Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory" (1966), George Gamow writes about Wolfgang Pauli, who was apparently considered a person particularly associated with synchronicity events. Gamow whimsically refers to the "Pauli effect", a mysterious phenomenon which is not understood on a purely materialistic basis, and probably never will be. The following anecdote is told:


title: Synchronicity

text: Philip K. Dick makes reference to "Pauli's synchronicity" in his 1963 science-fiction novel, "The Game-Players of Titan", in reference to pre-cognitive psionic abilities being interfered with by other psionic abilities such as psychokinesis: "an acausal connective event".


title: Synchronicity

text: In 1983 The Police released an album titled "Synchronicity". A song from the album "Synchronicity II" simultaneously describes the story of a man experiencing a mental breakdown and a lurking monster emerging from a Scottish lake.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The Blue Mosque in Istanbul, also known by its official name, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (), is an Ottoman-era historical imperial mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. A functioning mosque, it also attracts large numbers of tourist visitors. It was constructed between 1609 and 1616 during the rule of Ahmed I. Its Külliye contains Ahmed's tomb, a madrasah and a hospice. Hand-painted blue tiles adorn the mosque’s interior walls, and at night the mosque is bathed in blue as lights frame the mosque’s five main domes, six minarets and eight secondary domes. It sits next to the Hagia Sophia, the principal mosque of Istanbul until the Blue Mosque's construction and another popular tourist site. The Blue Mosque was included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list in 1985 under the name of "Historic Areas of Istanbul".


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: After the Peace of Zsitvatorok and the crushing loss in the 1603–18 war with Persia, Sultan Ahmed I decided to build a large mosque in Istanbul to reassert Ottoman power. It would be the first imperial mosque for more than forty years. While his predecessors had paid for their mosques with the spoils of war, Ahmed I procured funds from the Treasury, because he had not gained remarkable victories. The construction was started in 1609 and completed in 1616.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: Having been paid from the public treasury rather than from the sultan's war booty, as was done normally, it caused the anger of the ulama, the Muslim jurists. The mosque was built on the site of the palace of the Byzantine emperors, in front of the basilica Hagia Sophia (at that time, the primary imperial mosque in Istanbul) and the hippodrome, a site of significant symbolic meaning as it dominated the city skyline from the south. Big parts of the south shore of the mosque rest on the foundations, the vaults of the old Grand Palace.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The Blue Mosque has five main domes, six minarets, and eight secondary domes. The design is the culmination of two centuries of Ottoman mosque development. It incorporates many Byzantine elements of the neighboring Hagia Sophia with traditional Islamic architecture and is considered to be the last great mosque of the classical period. The architect, Sedefkâr Mehmed Ağa, synthesized the ideas of his master Sinan, aiming for overwhelming size, majesty and splendor. The upper area is decorated with approximately 20,000 hand-painted glazed ceramic in 60 different tulip patterns. The lower stories are illuminated by 200 stained glass windows. The mosque is preceded by a forecourt with a large fountain and special area for ablution. An iron chain hangs in the court entrance on the western side. Only the Sultan was allowed to ride into the mosque horseback, and he would need to lower his head to not hit the chain, a symbolic gesture ensuring the humility of the ruler before Allah.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: By way of his works he left a decided mark on Istanbul. The square on which the Blue Mosque is situated became known as Sultanahmet. This mosque can be considered the culmination of his career. Mehmed Agha, who was the last student of Mimar Sinan, had completed his mission by adding his brighter, colorful architectural style to that of his master teacher.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: At its lower levels and at every pier, the interior of the mosque is lined with more than 20,000 handmade İznik style ceramic tiles, made at İznik (the ancient Nicaea) in more than fifty different tulip designs. The tiles at lower levels are traditional in design, while at gallery level their design becomes flamboyant with representations of flowers, fruit and cypresses. The tiles were made under the supervision of the İznik master. The price to be paid for each tile was fixed by the sultan's decree, while tile prices in general increased over time. As a result, the quality of the tiles used in the building decreased gradually.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The upper levels of the interior are dominated by blue paint. More than 200 stained glass windows with intricate designs admit natural light, today assisted by chandeliers. On the chandeliers, ostrich eggs are found that were meant to avoid cobwebs inside the mosque by repelling spiders. The decorations include verses from the Qur'an, many of them made by Seyyid Kasim Gubari, regarded as the greatest calligrapher of his time. The floors are covered with carpets, which are donated by the faithful and are regularly replaced as they wear out. The many spacious windows confer a spacious impression. The casements at floor level are decorated with opus sectile. Each exedra has five windows, some of which are blind. Each semi-dome has 14 windows and the central dome 28 (four of which are blind). The coloured glass for the windows was a gift of the Signoria of Venice to the sultan.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The most important element in the interior of the mosque is the mihrab, which is made of finely carved and sculptured marble, with a stalactite niche and a double inscriptive panel above it. It is surrounded by many windows. The adjacent walls are sheathed in ceramic tiles. To the right of the mihrab is the richly decorated "minber", or pulpit, where the imam stands when he is delivering his sermon at the time of noon prayer on Fridays or on holy days. The mosque has been designed so that even when it is at its most crowded, everyone in the mosque can see and hear the imam.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The royal kiosk is situated at the south-east corner. It comprises a platform, a loggia and two small retiring rooms. It gives access to the royal loge in the south-east upper gallery of the mosque. These retiring rooms became the headquarters of the Grand Vizier during the suppression of the rebellious Janissary Corps in 1826. The royal loge ("hünkâr mahfil") is supported by ten marble columns. It has its own mihrab, which used to be decorated with a jade rose and gilt and with one hundred Qurans on an inlaid and gilded lecterns.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The many lamps inside the mosque were once covered with gold and gems. Among the glass bowls one could find ostrich eggs and crystal balls. All these decorations have been removed or pillaged for museums.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The great tablets on the walls are inscribed with the names of the caliphs and verses from the Quran. They were originally by the great 17th-century calligrapher Seyyid Kasim Gubari of Diyarbakır but have been repeatedly restored.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: It was first announced that the mosque would undertake a series of renovations back in 2016. Numerous renovation works had been completed throughout Istanbul and the restoration of the Blue Mosque was to be the final project. Renovations were expected to take place over three and a half years and be completed by 2020.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The façade of the spacious forecourt was built in the same manner as the façade of the Süleymaniye Mosque, except for the addition of the turrets on the corner domes. The court is about as large as the mosque itself and is surrounded by a continuous vaulted arcade ("revak"). It has ablution facilities on both sides. The central hexagonal fountain is small relative to the courtyard. The monumental but narrow gateway to the courtyard stands out architecturally from the arcade. Its semi-dome has a fine stalactite structure, crowned by a small ribbed dome on a tall tholobate. Its historical elementary school (Sıbyan Mektebi) is used as "Mosque Information Centre" which is adjacent to its outer wall on the side of Hagia Sophia. This is where they provide visitors with a free orientational presentation on the Blue Mosque and Islam in general.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: A heavy iron chain hangs in the upper part of the court entrance on the western side. Only the sultan was allowed to enter the court of the mosque on horseback. The chain was put there, so that the sultan had to lower his head every single time he entered the court to avoid being hit. This was a symbolic gesture, to ensure the humility of the ruler in the face of the divine.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The Blue Mosque is one of the five mosques in Turkey that has six minarets (one in the modern Sabancı Mosque in Adana, the Muğdat Mosque in Mersin, Çamlıca Mosque in Üsküdar and the Green mosque in Arnavutköy). According to folklore, an architect misheard the Sultan's request for "altın minareler" (gold minarets) as "altı minare" (six minarets), a feature then-unique to the mosque of the Ka'aba in Mecca. When criticized for his presumption, the Sultan then ordered a seventh minaret to be built at the Mecca mosque.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: Four minarets stand at the corners of the Blue Mosque. Each of these fluted, pencil-shaped minarets has three balconies (Called şerefe) with stalactite corbels, while the two others at the end of the forecourt only have two balconies. Before, the muezzin or prayer caller had to climb a narrow spiral staircase five times a day to announce the call to prayer.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: Pope Benedict XVI visited the Blue Mosque on 30 November 2006 during his visit to Turkey. It was only the second papal visit in history to a Muslim place of worship. Having removed his shoes, the Pope paused for a full two minutes, eyes closed in silent meditation, standing side by side with Mustafa Çağrıcı, the Mufti of Istanbul, and Emrullah Hatipoğlu, the Imam of the Blue Mosque.


title: Blue Mosque, Istanbul

text: The pope “thanked divine Providence for this” and said, “May all believers identify themselves with the one God and bear witness to true brotherhood.” The pontiff noted that Turkey “will be a bridge of friendship and collaboration between East and West”, and he thanked the Turkish people “for the cordiality and sympathy” they showed him throughout his stay, saying, “he felt loved and understood.”


title: Abhay Deol

text: Abhay Singh Deol (born 15 March 1976) is an Indian actor and producer who is known for his work in Hindi films alongside one Kannada and one Tamil film. Born in the Deol family, he made his on-screen debut in 2005 with Imtiaz Ali's romantic comedy "Socha Na Tha".


title: Abhay Deol

text: After the modest success of his debut, Deol was praised for his performances in films such as "Manorama Six Feet Under" (2007) and "Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!" (2008). His breakthrough role came in 2009 with the starring role as Dev in Anurag Kashyap's black comedy "Dev.D", a modern-day adaptation of "Devdas". Following the success of the film, Deol gained wider recognition.


title: Abhay Deol

text: After mainly appearing in independent films early in his career, he starred in Zoya Akhtar's "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara", a road trip film that went to become one of the highest-grossing films in Bollywood. His performance was well-received and earned him his first nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. Deol has since appeared in independent films including the drama "Road, Movie" (2010) and the war film "Chakravyuh" (2012), while simultaneously working in commercially successful films including the romantic drama "Raanjhanaa" (2013), and the romantic comedy "Happy Bhag Jayegi" (2016). He made his debut in Tamil language film "Hero".


title: Abhay Deol

text: Deol is noted for his portrayal of complex characters on screen, and is vociferous in his support for parallel cinema in India. Deol owns a production company, Forbidden Films which he established in 2009. In addition to his acting career, he is also an active philanthropist and supports various NGOs.


title: Abhay Deol

text: Deol was born into a Hindu Jatt family to Ajit Singh Deol and Usha Deol. He is the nephew of actor Dharmendra, and the cousin of Sunny Deol, Bobby Deol, Esha Deol and Ahana Deol. Abhay Deol stated in an interview with "Rediff" that he is into acting not because of his father, but because he was involved in theatre since school. "At 18, I decided to take the plunge. It took me 10 years because I didn't want to leave my education to get into films."


title: Abhay Deol

text: Deol made his film debut in the 2005 Imtiaz Ali's "Socha Na Tha", a romantic comedy where he starred opposite Ayesha Takia. The film garnered mostly positive reviews from critics and was an average grosser at the box-office. Deol's performance in the film was well received. His second film role was 2006's romantic drama "Ahista Ahista" opposite Soha Ali Khan. Deol's first 2007 release was the ensemble comedy drama "Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd." which emerged as a box-office success. Deol had two more releases in the year, the crime film "Ek Chalis Ki Last Local" and the thriller "Manorama Six Feet Under". The latter won the Best Film at the Mahindra Indo-American Arts Council Film Festival in New York City, and Deol won the Best Actor Award.


title: Abhay Deol

text: Deol's sole release of 2008 was dark comedy film "Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!". Directed by Dibakar Banerjee, the film had Deol portray a compulsive thief, Lovinder Singh a.k.a. Lucky, and the film's plot follows his exploits. "Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!" was met with critical acclaim, but suffered heavily because of the timing of its release, a day after the 2008 Mumbai attacks, leading to widespread fear of crowded places.


title: Abhay Deol

text: Deol's breakthrough role came in 2009 when he portrayed the titular character in Anurag Kashyap's 2009 neo-noir film "Dev.D", a modern-day adaptation of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's classic Bengali romance novel "Devdas". The idea behind the film was conceived by Kashyap during a conversation with Deol where the latter spoke about a man frequenting a Los Angeles strip club like a "modern day Devdas". "Dev.D." received widespread attention for its distinct visual style, experimental soundtrack, and innovative narrative structure which was unprecedented for any Bollywood film. In a 4 out of 5 star review for "The Times of India", Nikhat Kazmi deemed Deol's performance in the film as a "class act". Deol appeared alongside Tannishtha Chatterjee in "Road, Movie". Deol made a cameo appearance for an Item number in the movie "Tera Kya Hoga Johnny" in 2010. In 2009, Deol launched a production company Forbidden Films, with "Junction" being the film to be picked up by the banner.


title: Abhay Deol

text: In 2010, he portrayed Arjun Burman, an investment banker opposite Sonam Kapoor's eponymous lead in the ensemble romantic comedy "Aisha", which also starred Ira Dubey, Cyrus Sahukar, Amrita Puri, Anand Tiwari, Arunoday Singh and Lisa Haydon. In 2011, Deol starred in Zoya Akhtar's ensemble comedy-drama road film "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara" alongside Hrithik Roshan, Farhan Akhtar, Katrina Kaif and Kalki Koechlin. The story follows 3 friends, who have been inseparable since childhood, had him play the role of Kabir, an architect. They set off to Spain on a bachelor trip for Kabir who is set to be married to Natasha, an interior designer played by Koechlin. He trained to be a deep-sea diver for the film which was filmed in Spain. The film opened to high critical acclaim and grossed worldwide, surpassing "Dhoom 2" in the worldwide gross, becoming the ninth-highest worldwide-grosser of all time for a Bollywood film, at the time of its release. "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara" won Best Film among other awards, and Deol received a nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the film.


title: Abhay Deol

text: Deol had two releases in 2012, both of which were political thrillers– Dibakar Banerjee's "Shanghai" and Prakash Jha's "Chakravyuh". In the latter, Deol starred alongside Arjun Rampal as a police informer, but later gets involved in a Naxalite movement. The film received mixed reviews from film critics. "Shanghai" co-starring Emraan Hashmi and Kalki Koechlin was based on the French novel "Z" by Vassilis Vassilikos. The film opened to positive reviews and Deol's performance as a bureaucrat/IAS officer garnered much acclaim. Raja Sen of "Rediff.com" applauded Deol writing, "he wears his inscrutability thickly and delivers a strong performance". The film was a surprise hit and went on to gross over in India. In 2014, Deol hosted few episodes of Channel V's crime television series "".


title: Abhay Deol

text: In 2021 Deol was seen in series "" as Major Suraj Singh, a character inspired from Major Shaitan Singh, Disney Channel original film "Spin", hailed as Disney's first film centered around an Indian-American family, wherein he played the role of Arvind Kumar, the father of the protagonist Rhea Kumar, a teenage girl who learns that she has a passion for creating DJ mixes and crime comedy film "Velle".


title: Abhay Deol

text: Deol has been described by the Indian media as an actor who continuously understands how to play complex characters. He appeared on several magazine covers including the "Man's World" and the "Time Out Mumbai", with titles such as "The New Face of Indian Cinema". In 2009, Deol was included in the list of "Zoom"'s "50 Most Desirable Hotties", being placed seventh. Deol learned the Israeli martial art Krav Maga. He has expressed feminist views on social media and has also been vocal about minority and migrant rights in India.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Volkswagen Touareg (German pronunciation: ) is a car produced by German automaker Volkswagen Group since 2002 at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant. A five-seater mid-size luxury crossover SUV, the vehicle was named after the nomadic Tuareg people, inhabitants of the Saharan interior in North Africa. As of its first generation, the Touareg was developed together with the Porsche Cayenne and the Audi Q7, and , the Touareg was developed together with the Audi Q8, the Bentley Bentayga and the Lamborghini Urus. The vehicles were developed as unibody SUVs with independent suspension. The initial generation (2002–2010) offered five-, six-, eight-, ten- and twelve-cylinder engine choices.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Volkswagen Touareg (internally designated "Typ 7L") was developed as a joint venture project by Porsche and the Volkswagen Group, involving the Audi and Volkswagen brands. At the time of Typ 7L development and for the first several years of production, Porsche was independently owned and not yet a part of the Volkswagen group. The sports car market fluctuates and Porsche CEO Wendelin Wiedeking was looking to expand into new segments; this included marketing its first four-door vehicle. A team in Weissach, Germany, of over 300, led by Klaus-Gerhard Wolpert, developed the Volkswagen Group PL71 platform. Now it is shared between the Touareg, the Audi Q7, and the Porsche Cayenne. However, there are styling, equipment, performance, and technical differences between them. The Touareg and Cayenne both seat five, while the Q7's stretched wheelbase accommodates a third row for seven passengers.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Volkswagen Touareg is built at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant in Bratislava, Slovakia, alongside the Audi Q7. The Cayenne is assembled by Porsche in Leipzig, Germany, at a facility built for Cayenne production.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: Due to the demand and the exchange rates of euros against the US dollar, as well as different pricing and environmental policies in the US, the V6 and V8 engine variants make up most of Volkswagen's American Touareg offering. Compared to other Volkswagen-branded vehicles sold in the US, which are aimed at the mass market, Touaregs came in more upscale trims and placed in competition with other luxury crossover SUVs.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Touareg comes as standard with a 4motion four-wheel drive system. It has an automatic progressively locking centre differential (with manual override), and a "low range" setting that can be activated with in-cabin controls. The Touareg featured an optional 4-wheel active air suspension, which can raise the ride height on command, and a locking rear differential to increase off-road capability. A rare option was a front locking differential. Its load level ground clearance is at , Off Road Level is at , and extra clearance of .


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The 6.0-litre double overhead camshaft (DOHC), 48-valve W12 engine version was initially intended to be a limited-edition model, with just 500 units planned to be produced; around 330 were slated for sale in Saudi Arabia, with the remainder sold in Europe. Some of those W12 Touaregs were sold in China, but the number of sold is unknown. No sales in the United States were made. Eventually, the W12 model became an ordinary model without any production restrictions. It is estimated to reach in 5.9 seconds.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The V10 TDI was offered in the United States for a limited time in 2004, but emissions regulations forced it off the market for a temporary period.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The V10 TDI returned to the U.S. market as 2006 model year vehicle in five states. Later US models went on sale in 2006, which was compliant with 50 states emission with Ultra-low sulphur diesel and particulate filter. Stricter California Air Resources Board (CARB) emissions standards resulted in the V10 TDI being reduced to only 43 state emissions in 2008 before being cancelled again in the United States. The V10 engine was replaced by a V6 TDI engine that met the CARB minimum emission requirements for the 2009 model year.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Touareg's first facelift was unveiled at the 2006 Paris Motor Show, with its North American debut at the 2007 New York Auto Show as a 2008 model. It now features the shield grille styling shared with other vehicles in the Volkswagen range. The updated Touareg has more than 2300 redesigned parts and boasts some new technological features:


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The 2007 Touareg, alongside an already lengthy options list, could be equipped with a driving dynamics package, a rollover sensor, a 620 watt Dynaudio sound system, and redesigned comfort seats. All diesel versions now have the diesel particulate filter standard.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: In the US and Canada, the face-lifted Touareg was marketed as the Touareg 2 for the 2008–2010 model years, reverting to simply Touareg in 2011.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Touareg R50 is the third Volkswagen after the Golf and Passat to be given the 'R' treatment by Volkswagen Individual GmbH. The R50 global launch was at the 2007 Australian International Motor Show.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The "R50" naming comes from the engine displacement: 5.0 L. The R50 was offered with a 5.0-litre V10 diesel engine that produces and of torque, pushing the car from 0 to in 6.7 seconds.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The R50 came standard with 21-inch "Omanyt" wheels, sport-tuned air suspension, decorative 'engine spin' finish interior trim inlays, and an optional four-zone Climatronic climate control system.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The 2007 version of the V6 TDI has and of torque. With this engine, the Touareg can reach from a standstill in 8.3 seconds.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The V6 TDI Clean Diesel featuring Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system, replaced the V10 TDI in US and Canada. The Touareg contains a tank in the rear of the vehicle underneath the spare tyre which stores the AdBlue solution. It is estimated that this tank will need to be replenished every . The Touareg does not include NOX storage catalyst found in Jetta Clean Diesel TDI due to its heavy weight.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Touareg BlueTDI was unveiled at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show. The production version of the V6 TDI Clean Diesel was unveiled at the 2008 LA Auto Show.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: Sander Kuiken, Technical development diesel application, Volkswagen AG was one of the engineers that worked on the AdBlue system created by Volkswagen, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz. Kuiken talked about the difference between the VW Touareg diesel and gasoline vehicles.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Touareg "Lux Limited" is a version of the V6 TDI Clean Diesel (225PS), V6 FSI, V8 FSI for the US market. It features 20-inch alloy wheels ("Mountain" type) with size 275 all-season tires and a choice of 4 body colours (Sapphire Blue, Black Magic Pearl, Campanella White and Galapagos Gray). It also came equipped with full body colour aerodynamics body kit, dual power front seats, full Cricket two tone leather interior, touch screen navigation with streaming Bluetooth audio, 320 watt 11-speaker audio system and adaptive high intensity discharge headlamps.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Touareg V6 TSI Hybrid is a prototype hybrid vehicle featuring a V6 petrol engine with a 'Twin Vortices Series' (TVS) supercharger rated at at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 3,000 rpm, an electric motor rated at and of torque and an eight-speed automatic transmission. It has combined ratings of and of torque. The electric-motor is powered by a 240-cell, 288 V, 6 Ah nickel metal-hydride battery array. The 4motion four-wheel drive system utilised a lighter Torsen centre differential from the Audi Q7 to save weight. The electric motor has the top speed of . Start-stop system supports regenerative braking, coasting. Power steering, air conditioning were changed to be powered by battery.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: Planned production version included special E-switch that the driver can activate for pure electric driving, coasting speed.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: US models include 3.6 V6, 4.2 V8, BlueMotion 3.0 VR6 TDI. Canada models include 3.6 V6, BlueMotion 3.0 V6 TDI.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: In Canada and the US, ads showed the Touareg being capable of feats that other Volkswagen cars could not accomplish, such as going right through a snowbank while a New Beetle got stuck.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: A 2007 Volkswagen Touareg V10 TDI pulled a Boeing 747 as part of an advertising campaign, which holds the world record for the heaviest load towed by a passenger car.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: In 2007 Día de los Innocents, Volkswagen Spain's website showed a fake Touareg Cabrio convertible. The site was registered to VW's Spanish division.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: As part of the Touareg 2 launch campaign coinciding with the premier of "The Bourne Ultimatum" movie, Volkswagen launched an interactive stunt simulator that allowed fans to play out their own stunts online. Users can maneuvers any of six different VW models through different explosions, while altering vehicle speeds, props, sound effects and camera angles to make that perfect scene.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The second generation (Typ "7P") Touareg was revealed on February 10, 2010 in Munich, and later at the 2010 Beijing International Auto Show.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The new Touareg features a world first in automotive headlight technology: the "Dynamic Light Assist" glare-free high beam. Unlike an adaptive high beam system, the Dynamic Light Assist system continually and gradually adjusts not only the range of the high-beam, but also its pattern. The beam pattern changes its direction continually so that vehicles in front are not being illuminated, while the area surrounding them is being constantly illuminated at high beam intensity.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, and later at the 2010 New York International Auto Show and 2010 Guangzhou Auto Show.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Touareg Exclusive is a version of the Touareg that features seats with a two-tone leather combination "Nappa" upholstery in 2 colour combinations (Pepper Beige–Titan Black, Dark Burgundy–Titan Black), heated front seats with electric 12-way settings, electro-pneumatically adjustable backrest side bolsters and head restraints with longitudinal and height adjustment; leather door inserts, a black headliner and sill panel strips in stainless steel with exclusive lettering, decorative elements made from real wood in "Olive Silk Gloss", 19-inch "Salamanca" alloy wheels in Sterling Silver (no-cost optional 19-inch Girona wheel, optional 20-inch "Tarragona" wheel), Chrome & Style package and roof rails in anodised silver.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Race Touareg 3 is a race car built for the 2011 Dakar Rally, replacing the Race Touareg 2. It includes a 2.5-litre twin-turbocharged TDI engine rated at , a 5-speed sequential gearbox with a ZF-Sachs three-plate ceramic clutch, a steel space-frame chassis and BF Goodrich 235/85 R16 tyres.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Race Touareg 3 Qatar is a concept car based on the Race Touareg 3, but adapted for street use. It includes BBS 18-inch gold wheels, Serpentino Grey Metallic safety cage, Recaro racing bucket seats, Matt Carbon interior trim, "Black" and "Pure Grey" Nubuk leather upholstery at seat side supports and the door trim panels, Titan Black Nappa leather-upholstered centre seat panels, two-tone seams and silver piping on the seat covers and safety-related items painted in Tornado Red.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Touareg Gold Edition is based on the Touareg with a 4.2 V8 FSI engine. It includes custom designed 22-inch wheels, roof rails, protective guard strips and window frames, mirror caps and parts of the air intake frame, "Magic Morning" body colour, 24-carat gold accents and switches, "Luna" interior trim colour, Luna Alcantara roofliner and Nappa leather seats, natural brown leather dashboard with Magnolia seams and floor mats in Natural brown with leather inserts in "Luna".


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Touareg X is a limited (1000 units) version of the 2014 Touareg TDI Clean Diesel Lux (240PS) with 4MOTION all-wheel-drive system for the US market, commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Volkswagen Touareg. It includes unique 19-inch 'Moab' aluminum-alloy wheels, Moonlight Blue Pearl body colour, LED taillight , Touareg X-specific badging, Vienna leather seating surfaces in Black Anthracite, a complementing black headliner, a panoramic powered sunroof, keyless access with push-button start, bi-xenon headlights with LED Daytime Running Lights, front fog- and cornering lights, RNS 850 navigation system with an eight-inch color touchscreen, 60GB hard drive, and rearview camera; Bluetooth technology, Climatronic dual-zone air conditioning, 12-way powered and heated front seats with driver seat memory and power adjustable lumbar and a leather-wrapped multifunction steering wheel.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: As part of the Touareg product launch in China, a 3-part, 15-minute total movie named "A Journey Beyond" (锐·享征程) was produced. The movie was produced by DDB Guoan, and directed by Lu Chuan. The film itself was nominated as finalist in China Longxi awards under the FILM – Craft: Best editing category.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: As part of National Museum of China sponsorship, Touareg Hybrid vehicles were offered as free shuttle service – named "Museum Hopping" – between the National Museum, the Palace Museum and the National Art Museum.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety crash-tested the Touareg, and presented the following results (ratings from 'poor' to 'good'):


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The third generation Touareg was revealed on March 23, 2018. It emphasises fuel efficiency. VW has discontinued the Touareg for sale in North America from the 2017 model year onward, based on sales, and on the availability of the larger and less expensive Atlas (Teramont elsewhere) model which was specifically designed for the United States. The vehicle is larger and uses the Volkswagen Group MLB platform shared with the corporate siblings, the Porsche Cayenne and Audi Q7.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: In February 2020, Volkswagen revealed the Touareg R plug-in hybrid variant. The powertrain is a combination of a V6 turbocharged petrol engine, a electric motor and a 14.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack. The total system output is and torque.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: VW Touareg TDI entered the 85th running of the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, with V10 TDI Touaregs and a V6 TDI Touareg, driven by Ryan Arciero, Mike Miller and Chris Blais. Arciero won the race with a time of 13:17:703 and set a new division record for the fastest time with a diesel powered vehicle. Miller finished in second with a time of 13:25:247. Chris Blais finished in third with a time of 15:48:312.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The 2.5L R5 TDI won a 2007 Baja 500 class with drivers Mark Miller/Ralph Pitchford (USA/South Africa).


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: It includes a 5.5 L V12 clean diesel engine with dual Garrett TR30R turbochargers rated at and of torque, Xtrac six-speed sequential transmission, 9-inch rear axle, Fox Racing Shocks, KMC 17" custom forged beadlock wheels with BFGoodrich Baja KRT 37x13.5x17 tires, Lowrance 9200 GPS and Sparco carbon fiber racing seats. It uses a mid-engine, rear wheel drive layout. The chassis and body were designed by Arciero Miller Racing and Volkswagen Design Center California respectively.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: The Race Touareg TDI Trophy Truck completed 41st Annual Tecate SCORE Baja 1000 race with 13th position for Trophy Truck Class. The vehicle was driven by Mark Miller.


title: Volkswagen Touareg

text: In the 2003 Dakar Rally, Volkswagen entered a team of rear wheel drive Tarek buggies. VW claimed sixth overall, driven by Stephane Henrard and co-driver Bobby Willis. In the following year, the 2004 Dakar Rally saw the debut rally for the T2 class purpose built Race Touareg by Volkswagen Motorsport. Bruno Saby and co driver Matthew Stevenson claimed sixth position overall. In the 2005 Dakar Rally, Jutta Kleinschmidt and co driver Fabrizia Pons claimed third spot overall in the Race Touareg.