title: University of Paris

text: To classify professors' knowledge, the schools of Paris gradually divided into faculties. Professors of the same science were brought into closer contact until the community of rights and interests cemented the union and made them distinct groups. The faculty of medicine seems to have been the last to form. But the four faculties were already formally established by 1254, when the university described in a letter "theology, jurisprudence, medicine, and rational, natural, and moral philosophy". The masters of theology often set the example for the other faculties—e.g., they were the first to adopt an official seal.


title: University of Paris

text: The faculties of theology, canon law, and medicine, were called "superior faculties". The title of "Dean" as designating the head of a faculty, came into use by 1268 in the faculties of law and medicine, and by 1296 in the faculty of theology. It seems that at first the deans were the oldest masters. The faculty of arts continued to have four procurators of its four nations and its head was the rector. As the faculties became more fully organized, the division into four nations partially disappeared for theology, law and medicine, though it continued in arts. Eventually the superior faculties included only doctors, leaving the bachelors to the faculty of arts. At this period, therefore, the university had two principal degrees, the baccalaureate and the doctorate. It was not until much later that the licentiate and the DEA became intermediate degrees.


title: University of Paris

text: The scattered condition of the scholars in Paris often made lodging difficult. Some students rented rooms from townspeople, who often exacted high rates while the students demanded lower. This tension between scholars and citizens would have developed into a sort of civil war if Robert de Courçon had not found the remedy of taxation. It was upheld in the Bull of Gregory IX of 1231, but with an important modification: its exercise was to be shared with the citizens. The aim was to offer the students a shelter where they would fear neither annoyance from the owners nor the dangers of the world. Thus were founded the colleges (colligere, to assemble); meaning not centers of instruction, but simple student boarding-houses. Each had a special goal, being established for students of the same nationality or the same science. Often, masters lived in each college and oversaw its activities.


title: University of Paris

text: Four colleges appeared in the 12th century; they became more numerous in the 13th, including Collège d'Harcourt (1280) and the Collège de Sorbonne (1257). Thus the University of Paris assumed its basic form. It was composed of seven groups, the four nations of the faculty of arts, and the three superior faculties of theology, law, and medicine. Men who had studied at Paris became an increasing presence in the high ranks of the Church hierarchy; eventually, students at the University of Paris saw it as a right that they would be eligible to benefices. Church officials such as St. Louis and Clement IV lavishly praised the university.


title: University of Paris

text: Besides the famous Collège de Sorbonne, other "collegia" provided housing and meals to students, sometimes for those of the same geographical origin in a more restricted sense than that represented by the nations. There were 8 or 9 "collegia" for foreign students: the oldest one was the Danish college, the "Collegium danicum" or "dacicum", founded in 1257. Swedish students could, during the 13th and 14th centuries, live in one of three Swedish colleges, the "Collegium Upsaliense", the "Collegium Scarense" or the "Collegium Lincopense", named after the Swedish dioceses of Uppsala, Skara and Linköping.


title: University of Paris

text: The " Collège de Navarre" was founded in 1305, originally aimed at students from Navarre, but due to its size, wealth, and the links between the crowns of France and Navarre, it quickly accepted students from other nations. The establishment of the College of Navarre was a turning point in the university's history: Navarra was the first college to offer teaching to its students, which at the time set it apart from all previous colleges, founded as charitable institutions that provided lodging, but no tuition. Navarre's model combining lodging and tuition would be reproduced by other colleges, both in Paris and other universities.


title: University of Paris

text: The German College, "Collegium alemanicum" is mentioned as early as 1345, the Scots college or "Collegium scoticum" was founded in 1325. The Lombard college or "Collegium lombardicum" was founded in the 1330s. The "Collegium constantinopolitanum" was, according to a tradition, founded in the 13th century to facilitate a merging of the eastern and western churches. It was later reorganized as a French institution, the "Collège de la Marche-Winville". The Collège de Montaigu was founded by the Archbishop of Rouen in the 14th century, and reformed in the 15th century by the humanist Jan Standonck, when it attracted reformers from within the Roman Catholic Church (such as Erasmus and Ignatius of Loyola) and those who subsequently became Protestants (John Calvin and John Knox).


title: University of Paris

text: The Irish College in Paris originated in 1578 with students dispersed between Collège Montaigu, Collège de Boncourt, and the Collège de Navarre, in 1677 it was awarded possession of the Collège des Lombards. A new Irish College was built in 1769 in rue du Cheval Vert (now rue des Irlandais), which exists today as the Irish Chaplaincy and Cultural centre.


title: University of Paris

text: In the fifteenth century, Guillaume d'Estouteville, a cardinal and Apostolic legate, reformed the university, correcting its perceived abuses and introducing various modifications. This reform was less an innovation than a recall to observance of the old rules, as was the reform of 1600, undertaken by the royal government with regard to the three higher faculties. Nonetheless, and as to the faculty of arts, the reform of 1600 introduced the study of Greek, of French poets and orators, and of additional classical figures like Hesiod, Plato, Demosthenes, Cicero, Virgil, and Sallust. The prohibition from teaching civil law was never well observed at Paris, but in 1679 Louis XIV officially authorized the teaching of civil law in the faculty of decretals. The "faculty of law" hence replaced the "faculty of decretals". The colleges meantime had multiplied; those of Cardinal Le-Moine and Navarre were founded in the fourteenth century. The Hundred Years' War was fatal to these establishments, but the university set about remedying the injury.


title: University of Paris

text: Besides its teaching, the University of Paris played an important part in several disputes: in the Church, during the Great Schism; in the councils, in dealing with heresies and divisions; in the State, during national crises. Under the domination of England it played a role in the trial of Joan of Arc.


title: University of Paris

text: Proud of its rights and privileges, the University of Paris fought energetically to maintain them, hence the long struggle against the mendicant orders on academic as well as on religious grounds. Hence also the shorter conflict against the Jesuits, who claimed by word and action a share in its teaching. It made extensive use of its right to decide administratively according to occasion and necessity. In some instances it openly endorsed the censures of the faculty of theology and pronounced condemnation in its own name, as in the case of the Flagellants.


title: University of Paris

text: Its patriotism was especially manifested on two occasions. During the captivity of King John, when Paris was given over to factions, the university sought to restore peace; and under Louis XIV, when the Spaniards crossed the Somme and threatened the capital, it placed two hundred men at the king's disposal and offered the Master of Arts degree gratuitously to scholars who should present certificates of service in the army (Jourdain, "Hist. de l'Univers. de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle", 132–34; "Archiv. du ministère de l'instruction publique").


title: University of Paris

text: The ancient university disappeared with the ancien régime in the French Revolution. On 15 September 1793, petitioned by the Department of Paris and several departmental groups, the National Convention decided that independently of the primary schools, "there should be established in the Republic three progressive degrees of instruction; the first for the knowledge indispensable to artisans and workmen of all kinds; the second for further knowledge necessary to those intending to embrace the other professions of society; and the third for those branches of instruction the study of which is not within the reach of all men".


title: University of Paris

text: Measures were to be taken immediately: "For means of execution the department and the municipality of Paris are authorized to consult with the Committee of Public Instruction of the National Convention, in order that these establishments shall be put in action by 1 November next, and consequently colleges now in operation and the faculties of theology, medicine, arts, and law are suppressed throughout the Republic". This was the death-sentence of the university. It was not to be restored after the Revolution had subsided, no more than those of the provinces.


title: University of Paris

text: The university was re-established by Napoleon on 1 May 1806. All the faculties were replaced by a single centre, the University of France. The decree of 17 March 1808 created five distinct faculties: Law, Medicine, Letters/Humanities, Sciences, and Theology; traditionally, Letters and Sciences had been grouped together into one faculty, that of "Arts". After a century, people recognized that the new system was less favourable to study. The defeat of 1870 at the hands of Prussia was partially blamed on the growth of the superiority of the German university system of the 19th century, and led to another serious reform of the French university. In the 1880s, the "licence" (bachelor) degree is divided into, for the Faculty of Letters: Letters, Philosophy, History, Modern Languages, with French, Latin and Greek being requirements for all of them; and for the Faculty of Science, into: Mathematics, Physical Sciences and Natural Sciences; the Faculty of Theology is abolished by the Republic. At this time, the building of the Sorbonne was fully renovated.


title: University of Paris

text: The student revolts of the late 1960s were caused in part by the French government's failure to plan for a sudden explosion in the number of university students as a result of the postwar baby boom. The number of French university students skyrocketed from only 280,000 during the 1962–63 academic year to 500,000 in 1967–68, but at the start of the decade, there were only 16 public universities in the entire country. To accommodate this rapid growth, the government hastily developed bare-bones off-site faculties as annexes of existing universities (roughly equivalent to American satellite campuses). These faculties did not have university status of their own, and lacked academic traditions, amenities to support student life, or resident professors. One-third of all French university students ended up in these new faculties, and were ripe for radicalization as a result of being forced to pursue their studies in such shabby conditions.


title: University of Paris

text: In 1966, after a student revolt in Paris, Christian Fouchet, minister of education, proposed "the reorganisation of university studies into separate two- and four-year degrees, alongside the introduction of selective admission criteria" as a response to overcrowding in lecture halls. Dissatisfied with these educational reforms, students began protesting in November 1967, at the campus of the University of Paris in Nanterre; indeed, according to James Marshall, these reforms were seen "as the manifestations of the technocratic-capitalist state by some, and by others as attempts to destroy the liberal university". After student activists protested against the Vietnam War, the campus was closed by authorities on 22 March and again on 2 May 1968. Agitation spread to the Sorbonne the next day, and many students were arrested in the following week. Barricades were erected throughout the Latin Quarter, and a massive demonstration took place on 13 May, gathering students and workers on strike. The number of workers on strike reached about nine million by 22 May. As explained by Bill Readings:


title: University of Paris

text: [President Charles de Gaulle] responded on May 24 by calling for a referendum, and [...] the revolutionaries, led by informal action committees, attacked and burned the Paris Stock Exchange in response. The Gaullist government then held talks with union leaders, who agreed to a package of wage-rises and increases in union rights. The strikers, however, simply refused the plan. With the French state tottering, de Gaulle fled France on May 29 for a French military base in Germany. He later returned and, with the assurance of military support, announced [general] elections [within] forty days. [...] Over the next two months, the strikes were broken (or broke up) while the election was won by the Gaullists with an increased majority.


title: University of Paris

text: Following the disruption, de Gaulle appointed Edgar Faure as minister of education; Faure was assigned to prepare a legislative proposal for reform of the French university system, with the help of academics. Their proposal was adopted on 12 November 1968; in accordance with the new law, the faculties of the University of Paris were to reorganize themselves. This led to the division of the University of Paris into 13 universities.


title: University of Paris

text: In 2017, Paris 4 and Paris 6 universities merged to form the Sorbonne University. In 2019, Paris 5 and Paris 7 universities merged to form the new Paris Cité University, leaving the number of successor universities at 11.


title: University of Paris

text: The successor universities to the University of Paris are now split over the three academies of the Île-de-France region.


title: University of Paris

text: Most of these successor universities have joined several groups of universities and higher education institutions in the Paris region, created in the 2010s.


title: University of Paris

text: The Sorbonne has taught 11 French presidents, almost 50 French heads of government, 2 Popes, as well as many other political and social figures. The Sorbonne has also educated leaders of Albania, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Gabon, Guinea, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Tunisia and Niger among others.


title: University of Paris

text: List of Nobel Prize winners who had attended the University of Paris or one of its thirteen successors.


title: University of Paris

text: List of Nobel Prize winners who were affiliated with the University of Paris or one of its thirteen successors.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The question of the historicity of Jesus is part of the study of the historical Jesus as undertaken in the quest for the historical Jesus and the scholarly reconstructions of the life of Jesus. Virtually all scholars of antiquity accept that Jesus was a historical figure, although interpretations of a number of the events mentioned in the gospels (most notably his miracles and resurrection) vary and are a subject of debate. Standard historical criteria have aided in evaluating the historicity of the gospel narratives, and only two key events are subject to "almost universal assent", namely that Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist and crucified by order of the Roman Prefect Pontius Pilate.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The quest for the historical Jesus and the scholarly reconstructions of the life of Jesus are based primarily on critical analysis of the gospel texts and applying the standard criteria of historical-critical investigation, and methodologies for analyzing the reliability of primary sources and other historical evidence.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: Virtually all scholars of antiquity agree that a historical human Jesus existed. Historian Michael Grant asserts that if conventional standards of historical textual criticism are applied to the New Testament, "we can no more reject Jesus' existence than we can reject the existence of a mass of pagan personages whose reality as historical figures is never questioned."


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The Christ myth theory, which developed within the scholarly research on the historical Jesus, is the view that "the story of Jesus is a piece of mythology", possessing no "substantial claims to historical fact". Alternatively, in terms given by Bart Ehrman paraphrasing Earl Doherty, "the historical Jesus did not exist. Or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity."


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: Virtually all scholars of antiquity see the theories of his non-existence as effectively refuted, and in modern scholarship, the Christ myth theory is a fringe theory and finds virtually no support from scholars.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The New Testament represents sources that have become canonical for Christianity, and there are many apocryphal texts that are examples of the wide variety of writings in the first centuries AD that are related to Jesus.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources of historical information about Jesus and of the religious movement he founded. The Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, and the Gospel of Luke recount the life, ministry, crucifixion and resurrection of a Jew named Jesus who spoke Aramaic. There are different hypotheses regarding the origin of the texts because the gospels of the New Testament were written in Greek for Greek-speaking communities, and were later translated into Syriac, Latin, and Coptic. Scholars argue that the surviving Gospels show usage of earlier independent written and oral sources that extended back to the time of Jesus death, but did not survive. Historians often study the historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles when studying the reliability of the gospels, as the Book of Acts was seemingly written by the same author as the Gospel of Luke.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The seven Pauline epistles considered by scholarly consensus to be genuine are dated to between AD 50 and 60 (i.e., approximately twenty to thirty years after the generally accepted time period for the death of Jesus) and are the earliest surviving Christian texts that may include information about Jesus. Although Paul the Apostle provides relatively little biographical information about Jesus and states that he never knew Jesus personally, he does make it clear that he considers Jesus to have been a real person and a Jew. Moreover, he interacted with eyewitnesses of Jesus since he wrote about meeting and knowing James, the brother of Jesus and Jesus's apostles Peter and John.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: Non-Christian sources used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus include the first century Jewish historian Josephus and Roman historian Tacitus. These sources are compared to Christian sources, such as the Pauline letters and synoptic gospels, and are usually independent of each other; that is, the Jewish sources do not draw upon the Roman sources. Similarities and differences between these sources are used in the authentication process.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: In Books and " of Antiquities of the Jews", written around AD 93 to 94, Josephus twice refers to the biblical Jesus. The general scholarly view holds that the longer passage, known as the Testimonium Flavianum, most likely consists of an authentic nucleus that was subjected to later Christian interpolation or forgery. On the other hand, Josephus scholar Louis H. Feldman states that "few have doubted the genuineness" of the reference found in to "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James".


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: Tacitus, in his "Annals" (written AD 115), , describes Nero's scapegoating of the Christians following the Fire of Rome. He writes that the founder of the sect was named Christus (the Christian title for Jesus); that he was executed under Pontius Pilate; and that the movement, initially checked, broke out again in Judea and even in Rome itself. The scholarly consensus is that Tacitus' reference to the execution of Jesus by Pontius Pilate is both authentic and of historical value as an independent Roman source.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The Mishnah ( 200) may refer to Jesus as it reflects the early Jewish traditions of portraying Jesus as a sorcerer or magician. Other references to Jesus and his execution exist in the Talmud, but they aim to discredit his actions, not deny his existence.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: Since the 18th century, three separate scholarly quests for the historical Jesus have taken place, each with distinct characteristics and based on different research criteria, which were often developed during that phase. Various criteria of authenticity are developed and employed to distinguish early oral elements from later literary elements in the Gospel stories, regarding those early elements as original elements of Jesus' teachings and biography.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: Currently modern scholarly research on the historical Jesus focuses on what is historically probable, or plausible about Jesus. Since the late 2000s, concerns have been growing about the usefulness of these criteria.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: There is widespread disagreement among scholars on the historicity of specific episodes described in the biblical accounts of Jesus, the details of the life of Jesus mentioned in the gospel narratives, and on the meaning of his teachings.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The only two events subject to "almost universal assent" are that Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist and was crucified by order of the Roman Prefect Pontius Pilate.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: According to New Testament scholar James Dunn, nearly all modern scholars consider the baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion to be historically certain. He states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical 'facts' they are obvious starting points for an attempt to clarify the what and why of Jesus' mission." John P. Meier views the crucifixion of Jesus as historical fact and states that based on the "criterion of embarrassment" Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The criterion of embarrassment is also used to argue in favor of the historicity of the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist as it is a story which the early Christian Church would have never wanted to invent. Based on this criterion, given that John baptised for the remission of sins, and Jesus was viewed as without sin, the invention of this story would have served no purpose, and would have been an embarrassment given that it positioned John above Jesus.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: Amy-Jill Levine has summarized the situation by stating that "there is a consensus of sorts on the basic outline of Jesus' life" in that most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist, and over a period of one to three years debated Jewish authorities on the subject of God, gathered followers, and was crucified by Roman prefect Pontius Pilate who officiated 26–36 AD.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: There is much in dispute as to his previous life, childhood, family and place of residence, of which the canonical gospels are almost completely silent.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: Scholars attribute varying levels of certainty to other episodes. E. P. Sanders proposed eight "indisputable facts" about Jesus's life as a framework for biographical discussion:


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: Scholarly agreement on this extended list is not universal. Elements whose historical authenticity are disputed include the two accounts of the nativity of Jesus; the miracles, such as turning water into wine, feeding the multitude, walking on water, and various cures, exorcisms, and resurrections; his own resurrection; and certain details about his crucifixion.


title: Historicity of Jesus

text: The portraits of Jesus constructed in the quests have often differed from each other, and from the image portrayed in the gospel accounts. There are overlapping attributes among the portraits, and while pairs of scholars may agree on some attributes, those same scholars may differ on other attributes, and there is no single portrait of the historical Jesus that satisfies most scholars. The mainstream profiles in the third quest may be grouped together based on their primary theme as "apocalyptic prophet"; "charismatic healer"; "Cynic philosopher"; "Jewish Messiah"; and "prophet of social change"; but there is little scholarly agreement on a single portrait, or the methods needed to construct it. There are, however, overlapping attributes among the portraits, and scholars who differ on some attributes may agree on others.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernando Luiz Roza (born 4 May 1985), known as Fernandinho, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Athletico Paranaense. He has captained the Brazil national team on many occasions.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernandinho started his career at Brazilian club Atlético Paranaense before moving to Shakhtar Donetsk in 2005, where he became one of the best foreign players to ever play in the Ukrainian Premier League. With Shakhtar, he won six Ukrainian Premier League titles, four Ukrainian Cups and the 2008–09 UEFA Cup. He was voted by the Shakhtar Donetsk fans as the best Brazilian player to ever play for the team. In 2013, he joined Manchester City, where he won five Premier League titles, among other trophies.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: The scorer of the only goal in the final of the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship and a full international for Brazil from 2011 to 2019, he was part of their squad which came fourth at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and also competed at the 2015 Copa América, the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and the 2019 Copa América, winning the latter tournament.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernandinho began his career at Atlético Paranaense alongside his future Shakhtar teammate Jádson and close friend Carlos. In Paranaense he was runners-up of both the Brazilian first division (in 2004) and the Libertadores da America, in 2005. He made 72 appearances for the club, scoring 14 goals, before moving to Ukrainian side Shakhtar Donetsk for a fee of around £7 million.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: In his first season as a Shakhtar player he played 34 matches, including 23 league appearances, and scored three goals, with one coming in the league. Shakhtar were victorious in the Super Cup, however Fernandinho did not play in the match. He played in the championship deciding match between Shakhtar and Dynamo Kyiv, who were level on 75 points after all 30 games had been played, in which Shakhtar prevailed 2–1 to take the title. This marked Fernandinho's first league title with Shakhtar. He made 25 league appearances in the 2006–07 season as Shakhtar finished 2nd to Dynamo Kyiv. They also finished as runners-up in the Ukrainian Cup and Ukrainian Super Cup.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: In the 2007–08 season Shakhtar regained the championship with Fernandinho playing a pivotal role by scoring 11 goals, including one from the penalty spot, in 29 league appearances. He failed to appear in just one league match during the season. Shakhtar were also victorious in the Ukrainian Cup, giving Fernandinho his first cup success. However they were defeated in the Super Cup by Dynamo Kyiv for the second year in a row. After the match finished 2–2, it went to penalties and, although Fernandinho converted a penalty, Shakhtar lost 4–2.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 15 July 2008, Fernandinho played in the Super Cup victory against Dynamo Kyiv. The match went to penalties after the two teams drew 1–1 at the end of extra time. Fernandinho scored one of the penalties to help Shakhtar to a 5–3 win in the shoot-out. He scored the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw with Karpaty Lviv on 27 July. On 3 August he picked up a 63rd minute red card in a 3–0 victory over Illichivets Mariupol. On 31 August he scored a penalty in a 2–2 draw against Metalurh Zaporizhya. On 16 September he scored the opening goal in a 2–1 Champions League victory against Swiss club Basel. On 8 November, he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 victory against Tavriya Simferopol. On 9 December he scored a goal in Shakhtar's 3–2 away win against Spanish side Barcelona in the Champions League group stage match.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 26 February 2009, Fernandinho scored the equalising goal in Shakhtar's 1–1 away leg draw against English team Tottenham Hotspur in the UEFA Cup. Shakhtar won the tie 3–1 on aggregate. On 7 March, he scored the only goal, a penalty, in a 1–0 victory against Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. On 15 March, he opened the scoring from the penalty spot in a 3–0 victory against Metalist Kharkiv. On 19 March he scored a penalty in Shakhtar's 2–0 victory over Russian team CSKA Moscow in the UEFA Cup. Shakhtar won the tie 2–1 on aggregate. On 16 April he netted a goal in a 2–1 UEFA Cup win against Marseille. Shakhtar emerged victorious from the tie with a 4–1 aggregate win. He also scored a pivotal equalising goal in the first leg of the UEFA Cup semi final match against Dynamo Kyiv which finished 1–1. Shakhtar advanced to the final by virtue of a 3–2 aggregate victory after securing a 2–1 win at the Donbass Arena in the second leg.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Shakhtar won the UEFA Cup with a 2–1 victory over German side Werder Bremen in the last UEFA Cup before it was renamed the UEFA Europa League. He made 42 total appearances, including 21 in the league, and scored 11 goals, including five in the league, in the 2008–09 season.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: The 2009–10 season saw Shakhtar lift the Premier League trophy. Fernandinho's first goal came on 29 July, in a 2–2 Champions League draw against Politehnica Timișoara in the third qualifying round, however Shakhtar were knocked out of the competition, losing on away goals after a 0–0 draw at home. On 20 September, he scored a penalty in a 4–2 victory over Arsenal Kyiv. He scored two goals in a 5–1 victory over Karpaty Lviv on 18 October, including one from the penalty spot. On 22 October the first goal, a penalty, in a 4–0 victory against French side Toulouse in the Europa League. He scored a 93rd-minute goal in a 2–0 Ukrainian Cup victory against Dynamo Kyiv on 28 October. On 6 December he scored a penalty to open the scoring in a 2–0 win over Kryvbas. On 24 March, he scored a 92nd-minute goal against Metalurh Donetsk in the Ukrainian Cup, however it proved to be only a consolation goal as Shakhtar lost the match 2–1. Fernandinho made 24 league appearances, netting 4 times. He made a total of 39 appearances with 8 goals.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: In the following season Fernandinho played in the 7–1 Super Cup win over Tavriya Simferopol on 4 July. On 18 July, he netted an equalising goal in a 1–1 draw with Metalurh Zaporizhya. On 7 August he scored the opening goal in a 5–0 win over Sevastopol. He also played a part in the 1–0 UEFA Super Cup defeat to Barcelona on 28 August. He suffered a broken leg in a 1–0 defeat to Obolon Kyiv on 10 September, which was expected to rule him out for the entire season. He eventually returned on 1 April 2011 after almost seven months out of action in a 3–1 victory over Illichivets Mariupol. He scored a late 94th-minute match-winning goal in a 2–1 victory over Tavriya, his first goal since returning from injury. On 25 May, he played the full 90 minutes in Shakhtar's 2–0 Ukrainian Cup Final victory over Dynamo Kyiv. At the end of the season Shakhtar won the championship, with Fernandinho contributing three goals from his 15 league appearances. They managed to win three prizes (Premier League, Cup and Super Cup).


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernandinho began the 2011–12 season with Shakhtar's only goal in a 3–1 Super Cup defeat to Dynamo Kyiv. On 31 July he scored Shakhtar's only goal in a match against Arsenal Kyiv, however a 95th-minute equaliser prevented them from winning the match and taking all three points. He netted a goal in a 3–1 victory against Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk on 13 August. On 27 November he scored the second goal, from a penalty, in a 5–0 victory over Karpaty Lviv. On 27 April, he scored a penalty in a 4–3 Ukrainian Cup match against Volyn Lutsk. He netted the winning goal in a 2–1 victory against Metalist Kharkiv on 2 May. He scored six goals in 32 appearances, with 24 appearances and four goals in the league, over the season. He played in the Ukrainian Cup Final victory over Metalurh Donetsk. At the end of the season, with his contract due to expire, he signed a new five-year contract with the club until 2016. Shakhtar retained the league title for the third year in a row, Fernandinho's fifth overall with the club, and also secured another Cup trophy, their second in a row.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernandinho started the 2012–13 season by assisting Douglas Costa for the second goal in a 2–0 Super Cup victory over Metalurh Donetsk. This marked his third success in the Super Cup with Shakhtar. He assisted Yevhen Seleznyov's goal in the 3–1 victory over Hoverla Uzhhorod. He netted a late goal to earn Shakhtar three points in a 1–0 win over Kryvbas. He assisted Henrikh Mkhitaryan for the first goal in a 4–1 victory over Vorskla Poltava. On 23 September, he scored a goal in a 4–1 Ukrainian Cup last 32 victory against Dynamo Kyiv and was named man of the match. He assisted Henrikh Mkhitaryan for the second goal in a 2–0 victory against Metalist Kharkiv on 7 October. Fernandinho scored the second goal in a 2–1 victory against English side Chelsea in the Champions League group stage on 23 October, shooting low with his right foot into the bottom corner.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 6 June 2013, Fernandinho became Manchester City's first signing of the summer, for a fee of £34 million. He signed a four-year deal and is understood to have waived around £4 million owed to him by Shakhtar in order to complete the transfer, as he was desperate to secure a move away from the Ukrainian club. During his time at Shakhtar, the Brazilian wore the number 7 shirt, but due to midfielder James Milner already occupying the number at City, Fernandinho had to choose another. In an interview with Manchester City, Fernandinho recalled a conversation with his son in which his son said, "My dad is the new number 25," and so Fernandinho subsequently chose 25 as his new number.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernandinho made his Premier League debut on 19 August 2013 against Newcastle United in a 4–0 home win. He scored his first two goals for Manchester City on 14 December 2013 against Arsenal in a 6–3 home win and was also named man of the match after a classical display.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 1 January 2014, he scored his third goal of the season in a 2–3 away win against Swansea City. On 2 February, Fernandinho sustained a thigh injury in training, which kept him out of action for two weeks.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 2 March, Fernandinho appeared for City in the League Cup final against Sunderland, where he won his first trophy in England with a 3–1 win. On 11 May, Fernandinho was part of the squad who secured the Premier League title in a 2–0 win against West Ham United. He did not start the game, but appeared as a substitute for striker Edin Džeko in the 69th minute.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 5 November 2014, in a 2014–15 Champions League group match against CSKA Moscow, Fernandinho replaced Jesús Navas at half-time with Manchester City 1–2 down at home. He was then sent off in the 70th minute for a second booking, with teammate Yaya Touré following later, as the team lost and fell to last place in the group.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 16 August 2015, Fernandinho scored the final goal in City's 3–0 win over Chelsea. He added to his tally two weeks later, with his club's second goal in a City defeat of Watford in the Premier League. Fernandinho started as City beat Liverpool in the 2016 Football League Cup Final. He scored to put City 1–0 up and then missed his penalty in the subsequent shootout after Liverpool equalised, but City still won the game.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernandinho's role in the club became so significant that the manager, Pep Guardiola, said: “If a team has three Fernandinhos, they would be champions. We have one, but he is fast, he is intelligent, he is strong in the air, he can play several positions. When he sees the space he will run there immediately. When you need to make a correction, you just need one player to challenge, and he is there.”


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernandinho continued to play a vital role for Manchester City in the 2017–18 season, helping them win their third Premier League title, and his second. He scored three goals and provided three assists in 30 appearances for the title winners. Fernandinho also appeared in the 2018 League Cup final for City when they defeated Arsenal 3–0, however he was substituted after 52 minutes because of an injury.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Following the departure of Yaya Touré, Fernandinho began the season as Manchester City's only natural defensive midfielder. The Brazilian played a vital role in the club's demanding title race against Liverpool, starting every Premier League match until a thigh injury prevented him from playing against Crystal Palace and Leicester City in December - two games that the team subsequently lost. However, Fernandinho was able to return to fitness in time for a season-defining home match against title rivals Liverpool. He was named the Man of the Match following a highly praised performance in midfield that helped City beat their rivals 2–1. Of the performance, the BBC Sport's Phil McNulty wrote, "At the heart of it all was the magnificent Fernandinho - a man seemingly irreplaceable among the City's stellar cast - as he delivered a masterclass of controlled midfield play to steady his side when required."


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: In February's EFL Cup final against Chelsea, Fernandinho picked up a muscle injury during extra time and, for the remainder of the season, struggled to remain fit. İlkay Gündoğan took his place in City's midfield for the majority of the remaining games, which saw the team go on a 14 game winning-streak to win the Premier League title on the final day of the season. Fernandinho ended the Premier League season with one goal and three assists in 29 appearances.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: With Fernandinho's age becoming an area of concern for the club, Manchester City signed Rodri from Atlético Madrid over the summer. Because of the new midfield acquisition, Gündogan's excellent performances as a defensive midfielder at the end of the previous season, and central defender Vincent Kompany's departure, Guardiola planned to use Fernandinho as a back-up central defender throughout the season. An injury to first-choice centre-half Aymeric Laporte just 4 weeks into the season, however, meant that the manager had to rely on Fernandinho to lead his defensive line. He subsequently started nearly every Premier League match following Laporte's injury, with all of his appearances for the season being in central defence. On 28 January 2020, it was announced that he had signed a one-year contract extension with the club.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 20 September 2020, Guardiola confirmed that Fernandinho was selected as the club's new captain, following the departure of David Silva. On 25 April 2021, Fernandinho lifted his first piece of silverware as Manchester City captain. He started the League Cup final, as City won 1–0 against Tottenham Hotspur to win the competition for the fourth year in a row. It was the 6th of Fernandinho’s career, making him the competition’s most decorated player. On 11 May 2021, local rivals Manchester United were defeated 2–1 by Leicester City, securing City’s fifth Premier league title and seventh First Division title overall. This was Fernandinho’s fourth Premier League title and his first as captain. On 29 June 2021, Fernandinho once again signed a new one-year deal with the Citizens.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 12 February 2022, after an impressive performance against Norwich City, Jamie Redknapp referred to Fernandinho as the “number 1 defensive midfielder the Premier League has ever seen” whilst mentioning that he thought Fernandinho was a better player than the former Arsenal and France midfielder Patrick Vieira, former Manchester United legend Roy Keane and former Chelsea midfielder Claude Makélélé. On 9 March, Fernandinho made his 100th Champions League appearance in a 0–0 draw against Sporting CP.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 12 April, Fernandinho announced that he would be leaving Manchester City at the end of the season.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 11 August 2011, Fernandinho made his first appearance for the Brazil national team in a 3–2 friendly defeat against Germany. He won four further caps during the 2011–12 season but did not appear in another "Seleção" squad until February 2014.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: On 5 March 2014, Fernandinho scored his first international goal on his return to the Brazil team in a 5–0 win over South Africa. In May 2014, he was named in Brazil's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made his tournament debut as a half-time substitute for Paulinho in the third game of the group stage, scoring the last goal in the 4–1 victory against Cameroon. He was then selected in the starting line-up for Brazil's penalty shootout defeat of Chile in the round of 16. Fernandinho played a full match against Colombia in the quarter-finals, and played the first 45 minutes before being taken off in Brazil's 1–7 loss to Germany in the semi-finals: Brazil's biggest ever defeat at the World Cup.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: In May 2018 he was named in Tite's final 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. On 6 July, Brazil were eliminated from the 2018 World Cup by Belgium in the quarter-finals, losing 2–1, with Fernandinho scoring an own goal for Belgium.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernandinho is well known for his pace and ability to shoot from long distances, as well as his energy, technique, movement, and work-rate. He has been described in the media as "a defensive midfielder with a box to box style of play, contributing in large part to the defense and the attack. With a powerful shot and great passing range, Fernandinho has played an important part in breaking up opposition attacks and creating goal scoring opportunities". Jonathan Wilson, when writing for "The Guardian" in 2013, described Fernandinho as a holding midfielder who can "make tackles," and who is "capable of regaining the ball," while also noting that he frequently functioned "as the more "creative player alongside a destroyer." However, he also clarified that while "Fernandinho is a fine long passer, [...] he is not an Alonso or an Andrea Pirlo type; he is not a regista. Rather he likes to make forward surges, just as Touré does, and, as he showed against Arsenal on Saturday, is more than capable of scoring goals when chances present themselves." As such, he labelled Fernandinho as a "carrier" or "surger," namely "a player capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet." Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola has praised Fernandinho for his intelligence, versatility, ability in the air, and wide range of skills, noting that "Fernandinho can do everything," also citing his important role in the club's successes. Due to a series of injuries to the Manchester City first team's defensive players, Guardiola also deployed Fernandinho as a centre-back on occasion during the 2019–20 season, a position in which he received praise in the media for his performances.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: The importance and magnitude of work played by Fernandinho in Manchester City also becomes apparent in his absence. The three defeats in December 2018 in the Premier League were mostly attributed to the fact Fernandinho didn't play due to injury. Based on the statistics from around that time, it was found that City won 10% more games when Fernandinho was in the starting line-up, and the main reason being his ability to both destroy a rival's attack, and create new opportunities for his team through his long-distance passes.


title: Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)

text: Fernandinho is married and has one son, Davi, born in Ukraine on 5 March 2010, and a daughter, Mariana, born on 28 January 2017. Aside from his native Portuguese, Fernandinho reportedly speaks Russian, Italian, Spanish and English. Fernandinho is a devout Christian; concerning his personal faith, he has stated: "Jesus is my biggest inspiration."


title: Bulgur

text: Bulgur (from , itself from  ), also riffoth (from biblical ) and burghul (from  ), is a cracked wheat dish found in West Asian cuisine.


title: Bulgur

text: Bulgur is sometimes confused with cracked wheat, which is crushed wheat grain that, unlike bulgur, has not been parboiled. Bulgur is a common ingredient in cuisines of many countries of the West Asian cuisine and Mediterranean Basin. It has a light, nutty flavor.


title: Bulgur

text: Cooked bulgur is 78% water, 19% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). A 100 gram (3.5 oz) reference serving supplies 83 calories, with no micronutrients in appreciable amounts of the Daily Value (table).


title: Bulgur

text: Bulgur does not require cooking, although it can be included in cooked dishes; soaking in water is all that is needed.


title: Bulgur

text: Coarse bulgur is used to make pottages, while the medium and fine grains are used for breakfast cereals, salads such as kısır, pilavs, breads, and in dessert puddings such as "kheer". Bulgur porridge is similar to frumenty, a cracked wheat porridge that was a staple of medieval cuisine.


title: Bulgur

text: In breads, it adds a whole-grain component. It is a main ingredient in kibbeh and, soaked but not cooked, in tabbouleh salad. It is often used where rice or couscous could be used. In Indian and Pakistani cuisine, bulgur is often used as a cereal to make a porridge with milk and sugar, or a savory porridge with vegetables and spices. It can be used to accompany other dishes in the same way as pasta or rice; it may be mistaken for rice because it has a similar appearance, although the texture is different.


title: Bulgur

text: Armenians prepare bulgur as a pilaf in chicken stock, with or without sautéed noodles, or cooked with tomatoes, onions, herbs and red pepper. The fine grind is used for making eech, a bulgur salad similar to tabbouleh, prepared with tomato paste, fresh tomatoes, cucumbers, parsley, olive oil, and other salad ingredients to personal taste. Pomegranate molasses, which is sour and sweet, is commonly used instead of lemon juice to add tartness. A variety of mezes and main dishes are prepared.


title: Bulgur

text: In Cyprus, it is known as "πουρκούρι" (poorkoori) and is used to make "κούπες" (koopehs, also known as "bulgur köftesi" in Cypriot Turkish), a variety of kibbeh. Its crust is usually made of bulgur wheat, flour, oil, salt and egg, then filled with ground meat (beef and/or pork), onions, parsley and spices. There is also vegetarian "κούπες" which substitutes the ground meat with chopped mushrooms.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Dustin Hunter Johnson (born June 22, 1984) is an American professional golfer. He has won two major championships, the 2016 U.S. Open at Oakmont Country Club with a 4-under-par score of 276 and the 2020 Masters Tournament with a record score of 268, 20-under-par. He had previously finished in a tie for second at both the 2011 Open Championship and the 2015 U.S. Open. He has six World Golf Championships victories, with only Tiger Woods having won more, and he is the first player to win each of the four World Golf Championship events.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson was a member of the PGA Tour until June 2022, when he resigned to join LIV Golf. By virtue of his 2020 Travelers Championship win, Johnson became the third player in PGA Tour history to win a Tour title in each of his first 13 seasons, joining Jack Nicklaus (17) and Tiger Woods (14). Johnson is one of the longest drivers on the PGA Tour, having been ranked in the top 10 annually in driving distance from 2008 to 2020, and leading in 2015.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In February 2017 Johnson became the world number one ranked golfer and remained there for 64 consecutive weeks, the 5th longest run as number 1. He returned to the number 1 position in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 and has been at number 1 for a total of over 130 weeks.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Dustin Hunter Johnson was born on June 22, 1984, in Columbia, South Carolina, and played collegiate golf at Coastal Carolina University where he majored in Sports Management. As an amateur, he won the Monroe Invitational and the Northeast Amateur in 2007 and played on the winning 2007 Walker Cup and Palmer Cup teams.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson turned professional in late 2007 and earned his 2008 PGA Tour card by finishing in a tie for 14th place at the 2007 qualifying school in December.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Toward the end of his rookie season in October 2008, Johnson won his first PGA Tour event, the Turning Stone Resort Championship in upstate New York. Four months later, he won his second event at the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, which was shortened to 54 holes when the final round was canceled due to strong winds and heavy rain. Johnson won by four strokes over Mike Weir and by five strokes over second-round leader Retief Goosen, who shot a third-round 74. In the 2009 Masters Tournament Johnson became only the second person in Masters Tournament history to eagle consecutive holes. He made an eagle putt on the 13th hole and then holed out from 173 yards on the 14th hole during the final round to accomplish the feat. Johnson finished the 2009 season ranked 15th on the PGA Tour money list.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In February 2010, Johnson birdied the final hole to defeat former world number one David Duval and two-time PGA Tour winner J. B. Holmes to successfully defend his AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am title.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: He continued his Pebble Beach success by shooting 71-70-66 to take a three-shot lead over Graeme McDowell at the 2010 U.S. Open. In the last pairing on Sunday, Johnson had trouble early and never recovered; he shot an 82 and finished tied for eighth (McDowell won the championship).


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In the final round of the 2010 PGA Championship, Johnson held a one-shot lead entering the final hole. He appeared to have bogeyed the hole, which would have tied him for first and entered him into a three-hole playoff with Bubba Watson and Martin Kaymer. However, he received a two-stroke penalty for grounding his club in a bunker, thereby dropping him to a tie for fifth place. Kaymer eventually won the playoff.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson broke his streak of bad luck at the third FedEx Cup playoff event of the season, the BMW Championship at Cog Hill in September. It was Johnson's fourth career PGA Tour victory, and his first in any FedEx Cup playoff event. He finished the 2010 season ranked 4th on the PGA Tour money list.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson took part in the Long Drive Contest for charity at the Hyundai Tournament of Champions in January, alongside Bubba Watson and Robert Garrigus.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In March 2011, Johnson entered the final round of the WGC-Cadillac Championship with a two stroke lead over the rest of the field. However he could only manage a final round one-under-par 71 to finish as runner-up behind Nick Watney.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson earned his then-best finish in a major championship in July at the 2011 Open Championship in England. He finished in a tie for second place at Royal St George's, alongside fellow American Phil Mickelson, three strokes behind champion Darren Clarke. Johnson's first three rounds of 70-68-68 left him one stroke behind Clarke going into Sunday's play. One highlight of Johnson's week at Royal St George's came in the first round when he recorded a hole in one on the par three 16th hole. This result marked the third time that Johnson had been part of the final group on Sunday at a major championship and also occurring in three out of the four majors, the 2010 U.S. Open, the 2010 PGA Championship and the 2011 Open Championship. As a result of this second-place finish, Johnson moved to his highest spot in the Official World Golf Ranking at the time, seventh, and became the third-ranked American behind Steve Stricker and Mickelson.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson won his fifth PGA Tour title at The Barclays in 2011, beating Matt Kuchar by two strokes, in the first event in the FedEx Cup playoff. It was his second 54-hole tournament victory of his career, after the 2009 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am; the tournament was shortened due to the threat of Hurricane Irene. Johnson shot rounds of 66-63-65 to win at -19. It was also the second FedEx Cup playoff event win of his career; the first was the BMW Championship in 2010. The win also took him to a career high of 4th in the world rankings, the second highest American (behind Steve Stricker). Johnson did not record a single top-20 in the remaining three FedEx Cub playoff events, and finished fourth in the final standings.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson incurred a back injury at home in March and missed over two months of the 2012 season, including the first major at The Masters. He returned to competition in late May at the Memorial Tournament in Ohio, made the cut and finished tied for 19th. The following week he won his sixth tour event, the FedEx St. Jude Classic in Memphis, Tennessee at TPC Southwind. He missed the cut at the U.S.Open the week after, finishing at +9, one stroke outside the cut mark.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson began his 2013 season with a win at the season opening Hyundai Tournament of Champions, an event reserved for winners from the past season. Johnson won by four strokes over defending champion Steve Stricker in an event that was shortened to 54 holes due to the bad weather, mainly very strong wind that meant conditions were unplayable. The first three days of the tournament were wiped out, with the field having to complete 36 holes on the Monday and a final 18 on Tuesday. The event was Johnson's seventh PGA Tour win and his third in a 54-hole event. In November, Johnson won the WGC-HSBC Champions, part of the 2013–14 PGA Tour season. He was the first player since Tiger Woods to win at least once in each of his first seven seasons coming out of college.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: On July 31, 2014, Johnson announced he was taking the rest of the season off to seek professional help for "personal challenges". On August 1, conflicting reports surfaced regarding the circumstances of Johnson's announcement from the previous day. "Golf Magazine" reported that Johnson had been suspended from the PGA Tour for six months after testing positive for cocaine. The magazine said that this was his third positive drug test, after a 2009 positive for marijuana and 2012 positive for cocaine. However, PGA Tour officials said that Johnson was taking a voluntary leave and was not under suspension.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson returned to the tour at the Farmers Insurance Open in February. He missed the cut by one stroke. In the next two events he played, he recorded two top-five finishes: tied for fourth at the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am; and tied for second at the Northern Trust Open after losing on the third playoff hole to James Hahn. Johnson missed a 12 footer for birdie on the third extra hole to extend the playoff. Those results led Johnson back inside the top-15 in the World Ranking. After another missed cut at The Honda Classic, Johnson beat J. B. Holmes by one stroke to win the WGC-Cadillac Championship at Trump National Doral in Miami, Florida. The win earned Johnson $1,570,000, moving him to 7th in the world rankings.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: At the 2015 U.S. Open, Johnson held a share of the lead heading into the final round. He had two birdies on the front-nine but had three bogeys on the back-nine but birdied 17 to get within one of Jordan Spieth. Johnson hit a five iron to the par-5 18th, 12 feet from the hole. He hit his eagle putt to within 3 feet past the hole and then missed the three footer coming back to give the title to Spieth.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson led the 2015 Open Championship at The Old Course after 36 holes, but shot two rounds of 75 on the weekend to fall out of contention. Zach Johnson went on to win the event in a playoff.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson started off the 2016 season well with six top-10 finishes in his first ten events. After two finishes outside the top 10, he came close to winning the Memorial Tournament, finishing one shot behind eventual winner William McGirt. He recorded another top-10 finish in the FedEx St. Jude Classic a week later. Johnson won the 2016 U.S. Open to claim his first major title on June 19, 2016, in his 29th major appearance. The win was shrouded in controversy however as Johnson was given a one-shot penalty after his final round had finished due to an incident on the fifth green. As he prepared to address the ball for a par putt, his ball moved slightly. Johnson stepped away saying that he had not addressed the ball. After he spoke to an on-site rules official he was told to carry on with his shot which he successfully putted. He ended up winning by three strokes ahead of Shane Lowry, Scott Piercy and Jim Furyk. The moving ball incident sparked outrage among many of the world's top golfers with players such as Jordan Spieth, Rory McIlroy, Rickie Fowler and Webb Simpson taking to social media to criticize the USGA for its decision. Johnson moved up three positions in the OWGR to number three after this win.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: On July 9, 2016, Johnson confirmed that he would not be participating in the 2016 Summer Olympics, because of concerns over the Zika virus. Johnson won his third tournament of the year, the BMW Championship, on September 11, 2016.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson finished the season as the leading money winner on the PGA Tour, winning the Arnold Palmer Award, had the lowest scoring average (winning the Vardon Trophy and Byron Nelson Award) and won both the PGA Player of the Year and PGA Tour Player of the Year awards.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: After starting the season with two top-10 finishes in his first four events, Johnson won the Genesis Open in February by five strokes over Scott Brown and Thomas Pieters. The win moved him to number one in the Official World Golf Ranking. Johnson's win at the Genesis Open also cemented a place in history as he joined Tiger Woods and Jack Nicklaus as the only golfers in PGA Tour history to win a title in each of their first 10 seasons.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In March, Johnson won at the WGC-Mexico Championship by one stroke over Tommy Fleetwood. The win marked the fifth time that a golfer won his first tournament after becoming number one. This was Johnson's fourth WGC title and moved him into second place on the list of most World Golf Championships titles, trailing only Tiger Woods. Three weeks later Johnson went undefeated at the WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play event for his first WGC Match Play title and his fifth overall WGC title. The win also meant that Johnson became the first player to win all four of the WGC crowns, the 2013 WGC-HSBC Champions, the 2015 WGC-Cadillac Championship and 2017 WGC-Mexico Championship (previously the Cadillac Championship), the 2016 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, and the 2017 WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play. This was his third consecutive Tour title through just seven starts in 2017.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Prior to the 2017 Masters Tournament, Johnson fell down a staircase in the Augusta home he was renting and suffered a back injury. He withdrew from the event.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In August, Johnson won the first FedEx Cup playoff event, The Northern Trust, his 16th Tour title and his tour-leading fourth title of the season. This was the first time that he had won more than three Tour titles in the same season. By winning, he also moved up three spots to No. 1 on the official money list with $8,392,068 and also moved up to No. 6 on the career money list.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In January 2018, Johnson won the Sentry Tournament of Champions for the second time, with an eight-stroke victory over Jon Rahm. He began the final round with a two-stroke advantage, but pulled clear of the field with a 65 in the final round for a 24-under-par winning score. Johnson fell one shot short of David Duval's record nine-stroke win at the event in 1999. The win meant that Johnson had won a title in his first 11 straight seasons on the PGA Tour, behind only Tiger Woods (14) and Jack Nicklaus (17). In winning, he also became only the third player in the last 30 years – alongside Woods and Phil Mickelson – to reach 17 PGA Tour wins before the age of 34. In June, Johnson won the FedEx St. Jude Classic in Memphis by five strokes, the second time he won the event. The win helped him regain the Number 1 world ranking.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In June 2018, Johnson opened up the U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills with rounds of 69-67 for a 4-under-par total to hold the 36-hole lead by four strokes, the only player under par at the halfway stage. He then shot a 77 during a tough third round, which dropped him back into a four-way tie for lead heading into the final round. He shot even par in the final round and finished in third place.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In July 2018, Johnson captured his third victory of the season when he won the RBC Canadian Open by three strokes over An Byeong-hun and Kim Meen-whee, after starting the final round in a four-way tie for the lead.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In September 2018, Johnson qualified for the U.S. team participating in the 2018 Ryder Cup. The U.S. team lost the Ryder Cup to the European team by a score of 17 1/2 to 10 1/2 at Le Golf National outside of Paris, France. Johnson went 1−4−0 and lost his singles match to Ian Poulter (2 up). It was alleged that Johnson and Brooks Koepka had to be separated after a disagreement on the evening of September 30, 2018 in the aftermath of the U.S. losing the Ryder Cup.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In February 2019, Johnson won the inaugural Saudi International on the European Tour by two strokes from China's Li Haotong. After entering the final round tied with Li, Johnson shot a final round 67, which included four birdies on the back nine to pull clear. The win was Johnson's sixth European Tour title, but first regular tour event, outside of the majors and WGC's. This made him the USA's fifth most successful player in European Tour history behind Tiger Woods, Phil Mickelson, Jack Nicklaus, and Tom Watson. Later that month, Johnson won the WGC-Mexico Championship for the third time (second time in Mexico), and his sixth World Golf Championship overall. It was his 20th career PGA Tour win, which will earn him a lifetime exemption once he has completed 15 years of membership.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In April 2019, Johnson finished tied for second in the Masters Tournament, one stroke behind Tiger Woods. The next month, Johnson finished second at the PGA Championship, two strokes back behind Brooks Koepka. This made him the eighth person to have finished runner up in all four majors.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In December 2019, Johnson played on the U.S. team at the 2019 Presidents Cup at Royal Melbourne Golf Club in Australia. The U.S. team won 16–14. Johnson went 2–2–0 including a win in his Sunday singles match against Li Haotong.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: On March 2, Johnson's agent announced that Johnson would not be competing in the 2020 Summer Olympics due to his schedule.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: On June 27, Johnson carded his career lowest round on the PGA Tour during the third round of the Travelers Championship. His nine-under par round of 61 put him within two strokes of the lead, held by Brendon Todd, entering the final round. Johnson won the tournament with a score of 19 under par.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In August, Johnson held the 54-hole lead at the 2020 PGA Championship before finishing in a tie for second place, two strokes behind winner Collin Morikawa. Two weeks later, Johnson won The Northern Trust at TPC Boston, Massachusetts by eleven strokes with a score of 30 under par, during which he set a new career low round with an 11-under-par 60 in the second round. The win, at the first tournament of the 2020 FedEx Cup Playoffs, moved him into first place in the season long points standings. He also returned to number one in the Official World Golf Ranking.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: On September 7, Johnson won the Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta, Georgia and the $15 million FedEx Cup. He was subsequently voted the 2020 PGA Tour Player of the Year for the second time in his career.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: On November 15, Johnson won the Masters Tournament by five strokes with a record 20 under par total of 268, two strokes better than the previous record jointly held by Tiger Woods (in 1997) and Jordan Spieth (in 2015). It was his second major championship victory and first in the Masters. It was also his 24th official win on the PGA Tour, and extended his streak of winning at least one tournament every season to 14.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: On February 7, Johnson won the Saudi International for the second time; it was his 9th victory on the European Tour.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In September 2021, Johnson played on the U.S. team in the 2021 Ryder Cup at Whistling Straits in Kohler, Wisconsin. The U.S. team won 19–9. Johnson went 5–0–0 including a win in his Sunday singles match against Paul Casey. Johnson also won the inaugural Nicklaus-Jacklin Award for the American team. It is an award given to the player whose teamwork, sportsmanship, performance and decisions epitomized the spirit of the Ryder Cup.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: Johnson started 2022 with a T25 at the Farmers Insurance Open. After missing the cut at the Genesis Invitational, he tied for ninth at The Players Championship. He finished in fourth place at the 2022 WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play, and T12 at the 2022 Masters Tournament. After a missed cut at the RBC Heritage, and a T59 at the AT&T Byron Nelson, Johnson missed the cut at the 2022 PGA Championship.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: On May 31, it was announced that Johnson will be part of the field for the inaugural event on the LIV Golf Invitational Series from June 9–11, sponsored by the Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund. After this announcement, RBC decided to end their sponsorship of Johnson. The day after the announcement of the field, PGA Tour commissioner Jay Monahan stated that golfers will have to choose between the LIV Golf Series and the PGA Tour. Johnson announced his resignation from the PGA Tour on June 7. The PGA Tour announced in June 2022 that all players participating in LIV Golf, including Johnson, would be ineligible to participate in tour events or the Presidents Cup.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: On the inaugural LIV Golf Tour, Johnson competes for 4 Aces GC, which have won the team competition in four consecutive tournaments – Portland, Bedminster, Boston and Chicago. Johnson won the LIV Golf Invitational Boston on September 5, 2022, at The International Golf Club in Bolton, Massachusetts following a 3-player playoff hole, scoring an eagle on the par-5 18th hole to defeat Anirban Lahiri and Joaquín Niemann.


title: Dustin Johnson

text: In August 2013, Johnson became engaged to model, singer, and celebutante Paulina Gretzky, the daughter of Canadian ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky and Janet Jones. Johnson met Gretzky in 2009, but they did not officially start dating until early 2013. Seven months later, the pair got engaged. The couple married on April 23, 2022, at Blackberry Farm in Tennessee. They have two sons, Tatum Gretzky Johnson (born January 19, 2015) and River Jones Johnson (born June 12, 2017).


title: Dustin Johnson

text: <nowiki>**</nowiki> Johnson was removed from the official money list for 2021–22 due to his joining LIV Golf and resigning his PGA Tour membership in June 2022.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Lionel Barrymore (born Lionel Herbert Blythe; April 28, 1878 – November 15, 1954) was an American actor of stage, screen and radio as well as a film director. He won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in "A Free Soul" (1931), and remains best known to modern audiences for the role of villainous Mr. Potter in Frank Capra's 1946 film "It's a Wonderful Life".


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: He is also particularly remembered as Ebenezer Scrooge in annual broadcasts of "A Christmas Carol" during his last two decades. He is also known for playing Dr. Leonard Gillespie in MGM's nine Dr. Kildare films, a role he reprised in a further six films focusing solely on Gillespie and in a radio series titled "The Story of Dr. Kildare". He was a member of the theatrical Barrymore family.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Lionel Barrymore was born Lionel Herbert Blythe in Philadelphia, the son of actors Georgiana Drew Barrymore and Maurice Barrymore (born Herbert Arthur Chamberlayne Blythe). He was the elder brother of Ethel and John Barrymore, the uncle of John Drew Barrymore and Diana Barrymore and the great-uncle of Drew Barrymore, among other members of the Barrymore family. He attended private schools as a child, including the Art Students League of New York. While raised a Roman Catholic, Barrymore attended the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia. Barrymore graduated from Seton Hall Preparatory School, the Roman Catholic college prep school, in the class of 1891.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: He was married twice, to actresses Doris Rankin and Irene Fenwick, a one-time lover of his brother, John. Doris's sister Gladys was married to Lionel's uncle Sidney Drew, which made Gladys both his aunt and sister-in-law. Doris Rankin bore Lionel two daughters, Ethel Barrymore II (1908 – 1910) and Mary Barrymore (1916 – 1917). Neither child survived infancy. Barrymore never truly recovered from the deaths of his girls, and their loss undoubtedly strained his marriage to Doris Rankin, which ended in 1923. Years later, Barrymore developed a fatherly affection for Jean Harlow, who was born about the same time as his daughters. When Harlow died in 1937, Barrymore and Clark Gable mourned her as though she had been family.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Reluctant to follow his parents' career, Barrymore appeared together with his grandmother Louisa Lane Drew on tour and in a stage production of "The Rivals" at the age of 15. He later recounted that "I didn't want to act. I wanted to paint or draw. The theater was not in my blood, I was related to the theater by marriage only; it was merely a kind of "in-law" of mine I had to live with." Nevertheless, he soon found success on stage in character roles and continued to act, although he still wanted to become a painter and also to compose music. He appeared on Broadway in his early twenties with his uncle John Drew Jr. in such plays as "The Second in Command" (1901) and "The Mummy and the Hummingbird" (1902), the latter of which won him critical acclaim. Both were produced by Charles Frohman, who produced other plays for Barrymore and his siblings, John and Ethel. "The Other Girl" in 1903–04 was a long-running success for Barrymore. In 1905, he appeared with John and Ethel in a pantomime, starring as the title character in "Pantaloon" and playing another character in the other half of the bill, "Alice Sit-by-the-Fire".


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: In 1906, after a series of disappointing appearances in plays, Barrymore and his first wife, the actress Doris Rankin, left their stage careers and travelled to Paris, where he trained as an artist. Lionel and Doris were in Paris in 1908 where their first baby, Ethel, was born. Lionel confirms in his autobiography, "We Barrymores", that he and Doris were in France when Bleriot flew the English Channel on July 25, 1909. He did not achieve success as a painter, and in 1909 he returned to the US. In December of that year, he returned to the stage in "The Fires of Fate", in Chicago, but left the production later that month after suffering an attack of nerves about the forthcoming New York opening. The producers gave appendicitis as the reason for his sudden departure. Nevertheless, he was soon back on Broadway in "The Jail Bird" in 1910 and continued his stage career with several more plays. He also joined his family troupe, from 1910, in their vaudeville act, where he was happy not to worry as much about memorizing lines.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: From 1912 to 1917, Barrymore was away from the stage again while he established his film career, but after the First World War, he had several successes on Broadway, where he established his reputation as a dramatic and character actor, often performing together with his wife. He returned to the stage in "Peter Ibbetson" (1917) with his brother John and achieved star billing in "The Copperhead" (1918) (with Doris). He retained star billing for the next 6 years in plays such as "The Jest" (1919) (again with John) and "The Letter of the Law" (1920). Lionel gave a short-lived performance as MacBeth in 1921 opposite veteran actress Julia Arthur as Lady MacBeth, but the production encountered strongly negative criticism. His last stage success was in "Laugh, Clown, Laugh", in 1923, with his second wife, Irene Fenwick; they met while acting together in "The Claw" the previous year, and after they fell in love he divorced his first wife. He also received negative notices in three productions in a row in 1925. After appearing in "Man or Devil" in 1926, he signed a film contract with MGM and after the advent of sound films in 1927, he never again appeared on stage.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Barrymore joined Biograph Studios in 1909 and began to appear in leading roles by 1911 in films directed by D. W. Griffith. Barrymore made "The Battle" (1911), "The New York Hat" (1912), "Friends", and "Three Friends" (1913). In 1915, he co-starred with Lillian Russell in a movie called "Wildfire", one of the legendary Russell's few film appearances. He also was involved in writing and directing at Biograph. The last silent film he directed, "Life's Whirlpool" (Metro Pictures, 1917), starred his sister, Ethel. He acted in more than 60 silent films with Griffith.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: In 1920, Barrymore reprised his stage role in the film adaptation of "The Copperhead". Also in 1920, he starred in the lead role of "The Master Mind", with Gypsy O'Brien co-starring.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Before the formation of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1924, Barrymore forged a good relationship with Louis B. Mayer early on at Metro Pictures. He made several silent features for Metro, some surviving, some now lost. In 1923, Barrymore and Fenwick went to Italy to film "The Eternal City" for Metro Pictures in Rome, combining work with their honeymoon. He occasionally freelanced, returning to Griffith in 1924 to film "America". In 1924, he also went to Germany to star in British producer-director Herbert Wilcox's Anglo-German co-production "Decameron Nights", filmed at UFA's Babelsberg studios outside of Berlin. In 1925, he left New York for Hollywood. He starred as Frederick Harmon in director Henri Diamant-Berger's drama "Fifty-Fifty" (1925) opposite Hope Hampton and Louise Glaum, and made several more freelance motion pictures, including "The Bells" (Chadwick Pictures, 1926) with a then-unknown Boris Karloff. His last film for Griffith was 1928's "Drums of Love".


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Prior to his marriage to Irene, Barrymore and his brother John engaged in a dispute over the issue of Irene's chastity in the wake of her having been one of John's lovers. The brothers didn't speak again for two years and weren't seen together until the premiere of John's film "Don Juan" in 1926, by which time they had patched up their differences. In 1926, Barrymore signed for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and his first picture there was "The Barrier". His first talking picture was "The Lion and the Mouse"; his stage experience allowed him to excel in delivering the dialogue in sound films.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: On the occasional loan-out, Barrymore had a big success with Gloria Swanson in 1928's "Sadie Thompson" and the aforementioned Griffith film, "Drums of Love". In 1929, he returned to directing films. During this early and imperfect sound film period, he directed the controversial "His Glorious Night", with John Gilbert; "Madame X", starring Ruth Chatterton; and "The Rogue Song", Laurel and Hardy's first color film. He was credited with being the first director to move a microphone on a sound stage. Barrymore returned to acting in front of the camera in 1931. In that year, he won an Academy Award for his role as an alcoholic lawyer in "A Free Soul" (1931), after being considered in 1930 for Best Director for "Madame X". He played alongside Greta Garbo in the 1931 film “Mata Hari”. He could play many characters, like the evil Rasputin in the 1932 "Rasputin and the Empress" (in which he co-starred for the only time with siblings John and Ethel) and the ailing Oliver Jordan in "Dinner at Eight" (1933 — also with John, although they had no scenes together). He played Professor Zelen, the Occultist expert, in the classic horror "Mark of the Vampire" (1935).


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: During the 1930s and 1940s, he became stereotyped as a grouchy but sweet elderly man in such films as "The Mysterious Island" (1929), "Grand Hotel" (1932, with John Barrymore), Little Colonel (1935), "Captains Courageous" (1937), "You Can't Take It with You" (1938), "On Borrowed Time" (1939, with Cedric Hardwicke), "Duel in the Sun" (1946), "Three Wise Fools" (1946), and "Key Largo" (1948).


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: In a series of Doctor Kildare movies in the 1930s and 1940s, he played the irascible Doctor Gillespie, a role he repeated in an MGM radio series that debuted in New York in 1950 and was later syndicated. Barrymore had broken his hip in an accident, hence he played Gillespie in a wheelchair. Later, his worsening arthritis kept him in the chair. The injury also precluded his playing Ebenezer Scrooge in the 1938 MGM film version of "A Christmas Carol", a role Barrymore played every year but two (replaced by brother John Barrymore in 1936 and replaced by Orson Welles in 1938) on the radio from 1934 through 1953. He also played the title role in the 1940s radio series "Mayor of the Town".


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: He is well-known for his role as Mr. Potter, the miserly and mean-spirited banker in "It's a Wonderful Life" (1946) opposite James Stewart.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: He had a role with Clark Gable in "Lone Star" in 1952. His final film appearance was a cameo in "Main Street to Broadway", an MGM musical comedy released in 1953. His sister Ethel also appeared in the film.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Barrymore was a Republican. In 1944, he attended the massive rally organized by David O. Selznick in the Los Angeles Coliseum in support of the Dewey-Bricker ticket as well as Governor Earl Warren of California, who would become Dewey's running mate in 1948 and later the Chief Justice of the United States. The gathering drew 93,000, with Cecil B. DeMille as the master of ceremonies and with short speeches by Hedda Hopper and Walt Disney. Among the others in attendance were Ann Sothern, Ginger Rogers, Randolph Scott, Adolphe Menjou, Gary Cooper, Edward Arnold, William Bendix, and Walter Pidgeon.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Barrymore registered for the draft during World War II, despite his age and disability, to encourage others to enlist in the military.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: He loathed the income tax, and by the time he was appearing on "Mayor of the Town", MGM withheld a sizable portion of his paychecks, paying back the IRS the amount he owed.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Several sources argue that arthritis alone confined Barrymore to a wheelchair. Film historian Jeanine Basinger says that his arthritis was serious by at least 1928, when Barrymore made "Sadie Thompson". Film historian David Wallace says it was well known that Barrymore was addicted to morphine due to arthritis by 1929. A history of Oscar-winning actors, however, says Barrymore was only suffering from arthritis, not crippled or incapacitated by it. Marie Dressler biographer Matthew Kennedy notes that when Barrymore won his Best Actor Oscar award in 1931, the arthritis was still so minor that it only made him limp a little as he went on stage to accept the honor. Barrymore can be seen being quite physical in late silent films like "The Thirteenth Hour" and "West of Zanzibar", where he can be seen climbing out of a window.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Paul Donnelly says Barrymore's inability to walk was caused by a drawing table falling on him in 1936, breaking Barrymore's hip. Barrymore tripped over a cable while filming "Saratoga" in 1937 and broke his hip again. (Film historian Robert Osborne says Barrymore also suffered a broken kneecap.) The injury was so painful that Donnelly, quoting Barrymore, says that Louis B. Mayer bought $400 worth of cocaine for Barrymore every day to help him cope with the pain and allow him to sleep. Author David Schwartz says the hip fracture never healed, which was why Barrymore could not walk, and MGM historian John Douglas Eames describes the injury as "crippling". Barrymore himself said in 1951, that it was breaking his hip twice that kept him in the wheelchair. He said he had no other problems, and that the hip healed well, but it made walking exceptionally difficult. Film historian Allen Eyles reached the same conclusion.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Lew Ayres biographer Lesley Coffin and Louis B. Mayer biographer Scott Eyman argue that it was the combination of the broken hip and Barrymore's worsening arthritis that put him in a wheelchair. Barrymore family biographer Margot Peters says Gene Fowler and James Doane said Barrymore's arthritis was caused by syphilis, which they say he contracted in 1925. Eyman, however, explicitly rejects this hypothesis.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Whatever the cause, Barrymore's performance in "Captains Courageous" in 1937 was one of the last times he would be seen standing and walking unassisted. Afterward, Barrymore was able to get about for a short period of time on crutches even though he was in great pain. During the filming of 1938's "You Can't Take It With You", the pain of standing with crutches was so severe that Barrymore required hourly shots of painkillers. By 1938, Barrymore's disability forced him to relinquish the role of Ebenezer Scrooge (a role he made famous on the radio) to British actor Reginald Owen in the MGM film version of "A Christmas Carol". From then on, Barrymore used a wheelchair exclusively and never walked again. He could, however, stand for short periods of time such as at his brother's funeral in 1942.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Barrymore also composed music. His works ranged from solo piano pieces to large-scale orchestral works, such as "Tableau Russe," which was performed twice in "Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day" (1941) as Cornelia's Symphony, first on piano by Nils Asther's character and later by a full symphony orchestra. His piano compositions, "Scherzo Grotesque" and "Song Without Words", were published by G. Schirmer in 1945. Upon the death of his brother John in 1942, he composed a work "In Memoriam", which was performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra. He also composed the theme song of the radio program "Mayor of the Town".


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Barrymore had attended art school in New York and Paris and was a skillful graphic artist, creating etchings and drawings and was a member of the Society of American Etchers, now known as the Society of American Graphic Artists. For years, he maintained an artist's shop and studio attached to his home in Los Angeles. Some of his etchings were included in the "Hundred Prints of the Year".


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Barrymore died on November 15, 1954, from a heart attack in the Van Nuys neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was entombed in the Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles.


title: Lionel Barrymore

text: Barrymore received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960—a motion pictures star and a radio star. The stars are located at 1724 Vine Street for motion pictures, and 1651 Vine Street for radio. He was also inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame, along with his siblings, Ethel and John.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Zoë Wanamaker (born 13 May 1949) is a British-American actress who has worked extensively with the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre. A nine-time Olivier Award nominee, she won for "Once in a Lifetime" (1979) and "Electra" (1998). She has also received four Tony Award nominations for her work on Broadway; for "Piaf" (1981), "Loot" (1986), "Electra" (1999), and "Awake and Sing!" (2006).


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Wanamaker's film appearances include "Wilde" (1997), "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (2001), and "My Week with Marilyn" (2011). She was twice nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress, for "Prime Suspect" (1991) and "Love Hurts" (1992–1994), and starred as Susan Harper in the long-running sitcom "My Family" (2000–2011). She has also appeared in the ITV dramas "Agatha Christie's Poirot" (2005–2013), "Mr Selfridge" (2015), and "Girlfriends" (2018).


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Zoë Wanamaker was born in New York City on 13 May 1949, the daughter of Canadian actress and radio performer Charlotte Holland and American actor, film director, and radio producer Sam Wanamaker (born Samuel Wattenmacker). Her father was of Ukrainian-Jewish descent, although she had a secular and non-observant upbringing. The BBC series "Who Do You Think You Are?", broadcast on 24 February 2009, revealed that her paternal grandfather Maurice Wanamaker (originally Manus Watmacher) was a tailor from Mykolaiv.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Whilst working in the United Kingdom in 1952, Wanamaker's father found out he had been blacklisted in Hollywood. Her parents therefore decided to remain in the UK. She was educated at the independent King Alfred School in Hampstead and at Sidcot School, a Quaker boarding school in Somerset. Zoe attended Hornsey College of Art for the Pre-Diploma Course before she trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Wanamaker's career started in the theatre. From 1976 to 1984 she was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. She won an Olivier Award for her 1979 performance in "Once in a Lifetime" and a second for Sophocles' "Electra" in 1998. In 1985, she played Verdi's wife Giuseppina Strepponi in the original production of "After Aida". She appeared on stage playing the part of Beatrice opposite Simon Russell Beale as Benedick in the National Theatre's production of "Much Ado About Nothing". She has received Tony Award nominations for her performances in "Piaf", "Loot", "Electra", and "Awake and Sing!".


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: In 1997, Wanamaker was the first person to speak on the stage of the newly completed replica theatre, Shakespeare's Globe, on London's South Bank. This was in recognition of the role played by her father in founding the new theatre. She subsequently became Honorary President of the Globe.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: From May to October 2010, Wanamaker appeared in Arthur Miller's "All My Sons" as Kate Keller at the Apollo Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue in London.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Wanamaker appeared in Terence Rattigan's "All On Her Own" from 24 October 2015 until 13 January 2016 at the Garrick Theatre. The work is a one-woman play that preceded Rattigan's "Harlequinade", which she also appeared in, each night as part of a never-before-seen double bill. In 2016 she appeared in the world premiere production of "Elegy" at the Donmar Warehouse.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Starting in the early 1980s, Wanamaker began performing on screen, most notably in a number of critically acclaimed television productions, such as the BBC Television production "Edge of Darkness"; she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for her portrayal of the love interest of a suspected serial killer in the first instalment of the Granada series "Prime Suspect".


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Television series have included "Paradise Postponed" (as Charlotte Fanner-Titmuuss, 1986) and "Love Hurts" (1992–94) with Adam Faith. She appeared with Wendy Hiller in "The Countess Alice" in 1992, playing a rebellious woman searching for the truth about her past in war-torn Germany.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: She played Clarice, one of the dim-witted twin sisters of Lord Groan in "Gormenghast" (2000), a BBC television adaptation of Mervyn Peake's trilogy.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: She played Madam Hooch in the film "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (2001). She did not reprise the role in the rest of the sequels, accusing the producers of underpaying their actors.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: She voiced a CGI character named Lady Cassandra in the "Doctor Who" episode "The End of the World" (2005), and reprised the role (also appearing in the flesh this time) in the episode "New Earth" (2006).


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Wanamaker lent her voice to the 2008 Xbox 360 game "Fable II" as the blind Seeress Theresa, who guides the playing character throughout the game. She returned to voice Theresa again in "Fable III" in 2010, and again in 2012 for "".


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: In 2011, she played Paula Strasberg in Simon Curtis' "My Week with Marilyn", which depicts the making of the 1957 film "The Prince and the Showgirl" starring Marilyn Monroe and Laurence Olivier.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: In 2015, she joined the cast of "Mr. Selfridge" as Princess Marie, the Russian mother-in-law of Rosalie Selfridge/Bolotoff.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Wanamaker was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2001 New Year Honours for services to drama. She also received an honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of East Anglia on 19 July 2012.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Wanamaker has been a Patron of the UK charity Tree Aid, since 1997. Tree Aid enables communities in Africa's drylands to fight poverty and become self-reliant, while improving the environment. In 2006 Wanamaker recorded a successful Radio 4 appeal for the charity


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: She is a patron of Dignity in Dying, the Lymphoedema Support Network, Youth Music Theatre UK and of the Young Actors' Theatre, Islington. She is also one of the Honorary Patrons of the London children's charity Scene & Heard. Wanamaker also supports Survival International's campaign to save the threatened native tribes in Brazil.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: In August 2014, Wanamaker was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.


title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: Wanamaker lived for many years with fellow Royal Shakespeare Company actor David Lyon. In November 1994, she married actor/dramatist Gawn Grainger. Wanamaker holds both British and American citizenship, having become a British citizen in 2000.


title: PostgreSQL

text: PostgreSQL (, ), also known as Postgres, is a free and open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) emphasizing extensibility and SQL compliance. It was originally named POSTGRES, referring to its origins as a successor to the Ingres database developed at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1996, the project was renamed to PostgreSQL to reflect its support for SQL. After a review in 2007, the development team decided to keep the name PostgreSQL and the alias Postgres.


title: PostgreSQL

text: PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability (ACID) properties, automatically updatable views, materialized views, triggers, foreign keys, and stored procedures. It is designed to handle a range of workloads, from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users. It is the default database for macOS Server and is also available for Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD.


title: PostgreSQL

text: PostgreSQL evolved from the Ingres project at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1982, the leader of the Ingres team, Michael Stonebraker, left Berkeley to make a proprietary version of Ingres. He returned to Berkeley in 1985, and began a post-Ingres project to address the problems with contemporary database systems that had become increasingly clear during the early 1980s. He won the Turing Award in 2014 for these and other projects, and techniques pioneered in them.


title: PostgreSQL

text: The new project, POSTGRES, aimed to add the fewest features needed to completely support data types. These features included the ability to define types and to fully describe relationships something used widely, but maintained entirely by the user. In POSTGRES, the database understood relationships, and could retrieve information in related tables in a natural way using "rules". POSTGRES used many of the ideas of Ingres, but not its code.


title: PostgreSQL

text: Starting in 1986, published papers described the basis of the system, and a prototype version was shown at the 1988 ACM SIGMOD Conference. The team released version 1 to a small number of users in June 1989, followed by version 2 with a re-written rules system in June 1990. Version 3, released in 1991, again re-wrote the rules system, and added support for multiple storage managers and an improved query engine. By 1993, the number of users began to overwhelm the project with requests for support and features. After releasing version 4.2 on June 30, 1994 primarily a cleanup the project ended. Berkeley released POSTGRES under an MIT License variant, which enabled other developers to use the code for any use. At the time, POSTGRES used an Ingres-influenced POSTQUEL query language interpreter, which could be interactively used with a console application named "monitor".


title: PostgreSQL

text: In 1994, Berkeley graduate students Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen replaced the POSTQUEL query language interpreter with one for the SQL query language, creating Postgres95. The "monitor" console was also replaced by psql. Yu and Chen announced the first version (0.01) to beta testers on May 5, 1995. Version 1.0 of Postgres95 was announced on September 5, 1995, with a more liberal license that enabled the software to be freely modifiable.


title: PostgreSQL

text: On July 8, 1996, Marc Fournier at Hub.org Networking Services provided the first non-university development server for the open-source development effort. With the participation of Bruce Momjian and Vadim B. Mikheev, work began to stabilize the code inherited from Berkeley.


title: PostgreSQL

text: In 1996, the project was renamed to PostgreSQL to reflect its support for SQL. The online presence at the website PostgreSQL.org began on October 22, 1996. The first PostgreSQL release formed version 6.0 on January 29, 1997. Since then developers and volunteers around the world have maintained the software as The PostgreSQL Global Development Group.


title: PostgreSQL

text: The project continues to make releases available under its free and open-source software PostgreSQL License. Code comes from contributions from proprietary vendors, support companies, and open-source programmers.


title: PostgreSQL

text: PostgreSQL manages concurrency through multiversion concurrency control (MVCC), which gives each transaction a "snapshot" of the database, allowing changes to be made without affecting other transactions. This largely eliminates the need for read locks, and ensures the database maintains ACID principles. PostgreSQL offers three levels of transaction isolation: Read Committed, Repeatable Read and Serializable. Because PostgreSQL is immune to dirty reads, requesting a Read Uncommitted transaction isolation level provides read committed instead. PostgreSQL supports full serializability via the serializable snapshot isolation (SSI) method.


title: PostgreSQL

text: PostgreSQL includes built-in binary replication based on shipping the changes (write-ahead logs (WAL)) to replica nodes asynchronously, with the ability to run read-only queries against these replicated nodes. This allows splitting read traffic among multiple nodes efficiently. Earlier replication software that allowed similar read scaling normally relied on adding replication triggers to the master, increasing load.