title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The "Leif Erikson" steadily deteriorated after years of neglect and vandalism, and by 1980 was in such poor condition that it was even considered that the ship be burned in the traditional Viking manner of putting a ship to rest. This suggestion inspired Emil Olson's grandson, Will Borg, to bring volunteers together and begin fundraising efforts to restore the ship. Through donations, festivals and other endeavors, the group raised $100,000. Boatbuilders began the restoration in 1991. Restoration went slowly with starts and stops due to lack of funding. In 2015 it was announced that restoration had been completed and plans were in place to build a glass structure to house the ship, however as of 2022 the ship remains in storage.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Located within Leif Erikson Park and overlooking Lake Superior, the Duluth Rose Garden is a formal English style garden with more than 3,000 rose bushes and 12,000 non-rose plantings, including day lilies, evergreen shrubs, mixed perennials and an herb garden. The rose varieties are labeled and there are signs that give information on the rose's history and culture. The six-acre garden grows in soil resting over a highway tunnel that encloses the termination point of the freeway entering Duluth. Brick walkways connect all of the beds and there are many benches in the garden that resemble stone sofas. There is an antique horse fountain and a marble gazebo. The garden is a popular place for summer outdoor weddings.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth offers numerous outdoor activities including fishing, hiking, skiing, sailing, canoeing, kayaking, surfing, trail running and mountain biking. In addition to the two public golf courses at Lester and Enger Park, golfers can play at the Northland Country Club and the Ridgeview Country Club. Duluth has five public tennis courts and 63 private tennis club courts. The city has many indoor and outdoor ice rinks, including curling facilities.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The University of Minnesota Duluth Recreational Sport Outdoor Program offers classes in kayak, stand-up paddleboarding, or canoe whitewater river running, and they hold the Annual St. Louis River Whitewater Rendezvous Slalom & Sprint Races in July. The program also provides sea kayaking and rock climbing lessons for individuals and families.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth hosts a segment of the Superior Hiking Trail, which is also part of the North Country National Scenic Trail – the nation's longest hiking trail. This trail segment passes through Jay Cooke State Park, Ely Peak, Bardon Peak, the Magney–Snively old growth forest, Spirit Mountain, Enger Park, Point of Rocks, the Lakewalk, Chester Park, UMD's Bagley nature trails, and Hartley Park. It features views of the Saint Louis River, the Twin Ports, the Aerial Bridge, and Lake Superior.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The hilly, Piedmont mountain biking trail crosses numerous bridges and offers scenic views of Duluth and the bay. The trail is recommended for both beginner and intermediate riders.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: With a vertical elevation of approximately , Spirit Mountain is Minnesota's second-highest ski hill. The park includes jumps ranging from to over , and numerous rails, boxes, and other jibs. Spirit Mountain opened an alpine coaster in 2010 and in 2011 announced plans to add a zip line, miniature golf, and snow tubing. In 1995 the mountain completed its first NORBA application and in 2012 work began on downhill mountain bike trails.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The Duluth area also has a large and active Nordic skiing community, with many parks providing excellent Nordic skate skiing as well as classic cross-country skiing opportunities.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Chester Bowl, off Skyline Parkway in Chester Park, is a city-owned park with a chairlift, and has the lowest daily lift ticket prices in the nation, at only $6. For decades, Chester Bowl was also known for its ski jumps, which were removed due to safety concerns in 2015.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth has both a yacht and rowing club. Since 1969, the Trans Superior Race has run every other year from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, to Duluth. At a distance of almost , it is said to be "the world's longest known freshwater sailboat race".


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth has been holding the Tall Ships festivals since 2008. The events are held every three years and estimates of 250,000 have crowded the shoreline to watch the vintage ships enter the harbor.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Surfing is a popular Duluth recreation on Lake Superior shores when conditions are right for producing high waves.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: A new documentary film will premiere in 2022 about Duluth's surfing community. UMD offers a course on learning to surf as part of their Recreational Sports Outdoor Program. The instructors say that when the wind blows from the Northeast "Duluth becomes a legitimate surf town." They list Park Point, Lester River and Stony Point as "local hot spots."


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The Minnesota state gem, the Lake Superior agate, can be found on the shores of Lake Superior, in the streams that run into it, and in gravel pits and road cuts. Duluth's Park Point is an excellent area for hunting. Shorelines and beaches are replenished each year because winter ice and storms push new material up on the shores. Books are available in Duluth to help amateur rock hounds learn more about agates and how to locate them.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth is in Minnesota's 8th congressional district, represented by Pete Stauber of the Republican Party. It has a Mayor–Council form of government. The mayor is Emily Larson, who took office in 2016 as Duluth's first female mayor. The longest-serving mayor in Duluth history is Samuel F. Snively, who served from 1921 to 1937 and is largely remembered for the effort he put into creating numerous parks and boulevards throughout the city, particularly Seven Bridges Road and Skyline Parkway. The City Administration makes policy proposals to a nine-member City Council. Duluth's five representational districts are divided into 36 precincts. Each district elects its own councilor. There are also four at-large councilors, representing the entire city. The City Council elects a president who presides at meetings.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth is the heart of the state's 7th legislative district, represented in the Minnesota Senate by Jen McEwen and in the Minnesota House of Representatives by Jennifer Schultz (District 7A) and Liz Olson (District 7B), all members of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, which has long dominated the city's politics.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Local colleges and universities include the University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD); the UMD campus includes a medical school. The UMD Bulldogs won the Division I National Hockey Championship in 2011, 2018 and 2019. Other schools include The College of St. Scholastica, Lake Superior College, and Duluth Business University. The University of Wisconsin–Superior and Wisconsin Indianhead Technical College are in nearby Superior, Wisconsin.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Most public schools are administered by Duluth Public Schools. The schools have open enrollment. ISD 709 (Independent School District number 709) is now undertaking a reconstruction of all area schools under a program called the "Red Plan." The Red Plan's goals are the reconstruction of some older schools to meet new educational guidelines, and the construction of four new school buildings. The new schools will result in the redistricting of many students. As of 2009, the Red Plan was and is being contested in court by some citizens because of the cost of implementing the plan and because of the choice of construction management contractor.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Several independent and public charter schools also serve Duluth students. The largest is Duluth Edison Charter Schools, a public charter school covering grades K-8. Marshall School, a private college preparatory school founded as Duluth Cathedral in 1904, covers grades 4–12. Duluth has four Catholic schools with coverage up to grades 6 or 8, two Protestant schools, two Montessori schools, and six other charter and private schools.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Due to its proximity to the Great Lakes, Duluth is the location for the Large Lakes Observatory. The Large Lakes Observatory operates the largest university-owned research vessel in the Great Lakes, the R/V Blue Heron. Built in 1985 for fishing on the Grand Banks, the Blue Heron was purchased by the University of Minnesota in 1997, sailed from Portland, Maine, up the St. Lawrence Seaway to Duluth, and converted into a limnological research vessel during the winter of 1997–98. The Blue Heron is part of the University National Oceanographic Laboratory System and is available for charter by research scientists on any of the Great Lakes.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Local newspapers include the monthly "BusinessNorth" and the twice-weekly "Duluth News Tribune". Free newspapers include the "Transistor", "The Zenith", and "The Reader Weekly".


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Locally based nationally distributed magazines include "Lake Superior Magazine" and "New Moon Magazine".


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The Duluth area marks the northern endpoint of Interstate Highway 35, which stretches south to Laredo, Texas. U.S. Highways that serve the area are U.S. Highway 53, which stretches from La Crosse, Wisconsin, to International Falls, and U.S. Highway 2, which stretches from Everett, Washington, to St. Ignace, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The southwestern part of the city has Thompson Hill, where travelers entering Duluth on I-35 can see most of Duluth, including the Aerial Lift Bridge and the waterfront. There are two freeway connections from Duluth to Superior. U.S. 2 provides a connection into Superior via the Richard I. Bong Memorial Bridge; and Interstate 535 runs concurrently with U.S. 53 over the John Blatnik Bridge.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Many state highways serve the area. Highway 23 runs diagonally across Minnesota, indirectly connecting Duluth to Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Highway 33 provides a western bypass of Duluth connecting Interstate 35, which comes up from the Twin Cities to U.S. 53, which leads to Iron Range cities and International Falls. Highway 61 provides access to Thunder Bay, Ontario, via the North Shore of Lake Superior. Highway 194 provides a spur route into the city of Duluth known as "Central Entrance" and Mesaba Avenue. Wisconsin Highway 13 reaches along Lake Superior's South Shore. Wisconsin Highway 35 runs along Wisconsin's western border for to its southern terminus at the Wisconsin–Illinois border ( north of East Dubuque).


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Highway 61 and parts of Highways 2 and 53 are segments of the Lake Superior Circle Tour route that follows Lake Superior through Minnesota, Ontario, Michigan, and Wisconsin.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The local bus system is run by the Duluth Transit Authority, which serves Duluth, Hermantown, Proctor and Superior, Wisconsin. The DTA runs a system of buses manufactured by Gillig, including new hybrids. Duluth is also served by Skyline Shuttle, with daily service to the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, and Jefferson Lines, with daily service to the Twin Cities.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth was connected to Minneapolis by the "North Star" passenger train from 1978 to 1985. A proposal to restore service between the Twin Cities and the Twin Ports, the Northern Lights Express, was first made in 2000 and detailed plans and environmental assessments have been completed, but the project has yet to be fully funded. The North Shore Scenic Railroad operated seasonal excursion trains on its line to Two Harbors. The former Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway, now part of the Canadian National Railway, operates taconite-hauling trains in the area. Duluth is also served by the BNSF Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Union Pacific Railroad.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth International Airport serves the city and surrounding region with daily flights to Minneapolis and Chicago. Nearby municipal airports are Duluth Sky Harbor on Minnesota Point and the Richard I. Bong Airport in Superior. Both the Bong Airport and Bong Bridge are named for famed World War II pilot and highest-scoring American World War II air ace Major Richard Ira "Dick" Bong, a native of nearby Poplar, Wisconsin.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: At the western end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the Duluth–Superior port is North America's largest and farthest-inland freshwater port. By far the largest and busiest on the Great Lakes, the port handles an average of of cargo and over 1,100 visits each year from domestic and international vessels. With of waterfront, it is one of North America's leading bulk cargo ports and ranks among the top 20 ports in the U.S. Duluth is a major shipping port for taconite pellets, made from concentrated low-grade iron ore and destined for midwestern and eastern steel mills. The arrival schedule of the ships that pass under the bridge is available, and locals and visitors gather to watch them enter the harbor. Despite their size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, interrupting most shipping from January to March.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Two types of ships regularly enter the port, the lakers and the salties. The lakers, which comprise over 90% of the port traffic, are the larger cargo ships built specially to sail the Great Lakes, with the largest ones over 1,000 feet long. They are mostly self-unloaders, with a long boom mounted on the upper deck. Their traffic is limited to the Great Lakes because they are too large to fit through the St. Lawrence Seaway.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The salties are smaller ships with a maximum size of 740 feet. Typically, they have sharply cutaway bows as compared to the lakers' vertical bows, and a series of cranes rising above their decks. They are small enough to navigate the St. Lawrence Seaway. Other than their size they can also be identified by their color, often blue, red, or green, while the lakers are generally black or rust.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth gets electric power from Duluth-based Minnesota Power, a subsidiary of ALLETE Corporation. Minnesota Power produces energy at generation facilities located throughout northern Minnesota and a generation plant in North Dakota. The latter supplies electricity into the MP system by the Square Butte HVDC line, which ends near the town.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Minnesota Power primarily uses western coal to generate electricity, but also has a number of small hydroelectric facilities, the largest of which is the Thomson Dam southwest of Duluth on the Saint Louis River.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: In December 2006, Minnesota Power began purchasing all the energy generated from the new 50-MW Oliver Wind I Energy Center built by NextEra Resources near Center, N.D. In 2007, Minnesota Power entered into a second 25-year wind power purchase agreement with NextEra. A 48-MW facility was built adjacent to the initial Oliver County wind farm, and the new generators began commercial operation in November 2007.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Construction began in 2010 on the 76-MW Bison Wind I Energy Center near New Salem, N.D. Bison I represents the first wave of Minnesota Power-constructed wind farms that will be built in south central North Dakota and linked to Minnesota. by way of a direct current (DC) transmission line. ALLETE finalized an agreement January 1, 2010 to purchase a 250-kilovolt DC line between Center, N.D. and Hermantown, Minn. (near ALLETE headquarters in Duluth) and phase out a long-term contract to buy coal-generated electricity now transmitted over the line.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Because of wind energy demand, Duluth has recently become a port for wind energy parts shipments from overseas and the Midwestern hub for shipments out to various wind energy sites.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth's water supply is sourced from Lake Superior and treated at the Lakewood Water Treatment Plant. The plant's oldest structure, the Lakewood Pumphouse, was built in 1896 in Romanesque Revival style, replacing older facilities that had been unable to prevent a typhoid epidemic. It was designed by William Patton. A 42-inch original main from 1896, one of two leaving the facility with clean, treated water, is still in use today. The system supplies approximately 100,000 people in Duluth and nearby towns.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Throughout its history, Duluth's sewers have overflowed when it rained, causing untreated sewage to flow into Lake Superior and the Saint Louis River. For example, in 2001 alone the overflow amounted to over . Over the past five years the City of Duluth has taken extraordinary measures to eliminate sewage overflows and in 2013, the improvements are three years ahead of schedule.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The city of Duluth is protected by 132 paid, professional firefighters of the city of Duluth Fire Department. The Duluth Fire Department responded to 12,231 fire and emergency medical calls in 2015.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The Duluth Fire Department operates out of eight fire stations throughout the city, under the command of an Assistant Chief, Squad 251. The department also operates a fire apparatus fleet of six engines, one tower ladder, two quints, one heavy-duty rescue, two light medical response vehicles, and numerous other special, support, and reserve units.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: A Duluth pack is a traditional portage pack used in canoe travel. A specialized type of backpack, Duluth packs are nearly square in order to fit easily in the bottom of a canoe. The Duluth pack has its roots in a French-Canadian named Camille Poirier. Arriving in Duluth in 1870 with a small stock of leather and tools, he began a shoe store in what was then a booming frontier town on the shores of Lake Superior. Out of his small shoe shop on the waterfront, Poirier began building a new style of canoe pack with a tumpline, sternum strap, and umbrella holder. Patented by Poirier in 1882, the original #3 Duluth packs have changed little since they were first introduced. He sold the backpack business to the company that now does business as Duluth Pack, which has its main outlet store in the Canal Park area.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The dessert pie à la Mode, a slice of pie topped by a scoop of ice cream, was first invented and named by John Gieriet in Duluth in 1885. But Charles Watson Townsend's 1936 "New York Times" obituary claimed that he was the inventor, and a controversy developed. A "St. Paul Pioneer Press" reporter read Townsend's obituary and realized that the "Times" had incorrectly attributed the invention to Townsend. Wanting to set the record straight, on May 23, 1936, the "Pioneer Press" ran a story about how the dessert was really invented at a Superior Street restaurant in Duluth in the 1880s, and indicated that the restaurant served ice cream with blueberry pie specifically. This was over a decade before Townsend first ordered pie with ice cream in New York, making Duluth the true birthplace of pie à la Mode.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: In 1887, inventor Alexander Miles of Duluth patented an electric elevator. Although not the first elevator, the design was important for improving the method of opening and closing elevator doors, as well as closing the opening to the elevator shaft when an elevator was between floors. At that time, elevator patrons or operators were required to manually shut a door to cut off access to the shaft, and Miles created an automatic mechanism that closed that access.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: The Lake View Store was the first modern indoor mall in the United States. It was built in 1915, and is in the former U.S. Steel company town of Morgan Park, now the Duluth neighborhood Morgan Park. It was estimated that 10,000 people toured the mall on its opening day. The building has two stories and a full basement, and shops were originally on all three levels. All the stores were inside the mall, with some accessible from both inside and out. The first floor had a pharmacy and a department store with groceries, a butcher shop, clothing, hardware, furniture, and a general store. The second floor had a bank, dentist office, barbershop, hair salon, hat shop, billiard room, and auditorium. The basement had a shoe store and an ice making plant that made eight tons of ice per day. The building and the department store were owned and operated by U.S. Steel, but the pharmacy, bank, barbershop, hair salon, and dentist were privately run.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: Duluth was the home of food magnate Jeno Paulucci. While working as a wholesale grocer in Hibbing in the late 1940s, Paulucci noticed a growing market for prepared Chinese food. Borrowing $2,500 from a friend (c. $30,000 in 2020), he started canning chow mein "seasoned to [his] own Italian taste", and selling it to retailers under the label Chun King. Chun King came to encompass an entire line of prepared Chinese food, at that time not available in grocery stores. In 1966, he sold his enterprise for $63 million ($509 million in 2020). In 1968 Paulucci founded Jeno's Inc., a company that sold frozen pizzas and a variety of other "Italian" foods. The most notable of these was the pizza roll, a snack food consisting of Italian filling in an egg roll wrapper. In 1985, Paulucci sold Jeno's Inc. for $135 million ($329 million in 2020). In the 1990s, he started Bellisio Foods, a leading diversified frozen food company named after Paulucci's familial home village in Bellisio Solfare, Italy.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: In association with southern Minnesota company Ballistic Recovery Systems (BRS), Duluth-based aircraft manufacturing company Cirrus Aircraft developed the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS), the first whole-plane, emergency parachute recovery system to be installed on a line of type certified aircraft, the Cirrus SR20 and SR22. A solid-fuel rocket housed in the fuselage is used to pull the parachute out from its housing and deploy the canopy full within seconds. It is designed to save the pilot and passengers by lowering the entire aircraft down to the ground in case of an emergency or structural failure. To date, CAPS has saved over 150 lives. The Cirrus management and design teams have won many awards for their efforts, including the 2016 Joseph T. Nall Safety Award.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

text: CAPS was conceived by Cirrus founders brothers Dale and Alan Klapmeier after Alan survived a deadly mid-air collision in the mid-1980s, which inspired them to develop the device. It was first tested over the high desert of southern California in 1998 by the late author, Cirrus test pilot and Minnesota Air National Guard pilot Scott D. Anderson. Anderson died the following year when his plane crashed about 400 meters from the Duluth International Airport during an experimental test flight assessing changes Cirrus planned to use in production. The plane he was testing was the first off the production line and had not yet been equipped with CAPS. Anderson was posthumously inducted into the Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame in 2010.


title: Shades of pink

text: Pink colors are usually light or desaturated shades of reds, roses, and magentas which are created on computer and television screens using the RGB color model and in printing with the CMYK color model. As such, it is an arbitrary classification of color.


title: Shades of pink

text: At right is displayed the web color light pink. The name of the web color is written as "lightpink" (no space) in HTML for computer display.


title: Shades of pink

text: Although this color is called "light pink", as can be ascertained by inspecting its hex code, it is actually a slightly deeper, not a lighter, tint of pink than the color pink itself. A more accurate name for it in terms of traditional color nomenclature would therefore be "medium light pink".


title: Shades of pink

text: At right is displayed the web color hot pink. The name of the web color is written as "hotpink" (no space) in HTML for computer display.


title: Shades of pink

text: At right is displayed the web color deep pink. The name of the web color is written as "deeppink" (no space) in HTML for computer display.


title: Shades of pink

text: In Western culture, pastel pink is used to symbolize baby girls just as baby blue is often used to symbolize baby boys.


title: Shades of pink

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #12-1107 TPX—Champagne Pink.


title: Shades of pink

text: The color name "pink lace" for this pale tone of rose pink has been in use since 2001, when it was promulgated as one of the colors on the Xona.com Color List.


title: Shades of pink

text: In Western culture, "baby pink" is used to symbolize baby girls just as baby blue is often used to symbolize baby boys (but see also the section "Pink in gender" in the main article on pink.)


title: Shades of pink

text: Spanish pink is the color that is called "Rosa" (the Spanish word for "pink") in the "Guía de coloraciones" ("Guide to colorations") by Rosa Gallego and


title: Shades of pink

text: Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.


title: Shades of pink

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #13-2010 TPX—Orchid Pink.


title: Shades of pink

text: Displayed at the right is the color Fairy Tale, a pale and soft purplish pink color resembling typical fairy outfits in fiction. It is similar to orchid pink but slightly paler and more purple-toned.


title: Shades of pink

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Cotton eXtended (TCX)" color list, color #13-2802 TCX—Fairy Tale.


title: Shades of pink

text: Cherry blossom pink is an important color in Japanese culture. In the spring, the Japanese people gather to watch the cherry blossoms bloom during the Hanami festival. This custom has spread to the United States with the institution of the Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington, D.C.


title: Shades of pink

text: Cherry blossom pink colored shirts are often worn to work on 15 September (a day a few days before the beginning of spring in the Southern Hemisphere) to celebrate "Cherry Blossom Day" in Brisbane, Australia.


title: Shades of pink

text: This pinkish tone of lavender, displayed at right, is the color designated as "lavender" in the list of Crayola crayon colors.


title: Shades of pink

text: Displayed at right is the color carnation pink. Carnation pink is a color that resembles the flower color of a carnation plant. The color as displayed here was formulated by Crayola in 1903, and appears in Crayola's boxes of 16, 24, 32, 48, 64 and 96 colors.


title: Shades of pink

text: Baker-Miller Pink is a tone of pink that was originally created by mixing one gallon of pure white indoor latex paint with one pint of red trim semi-gloss outdoor paint. It is named for the two U.S. Navy officers who first experimented with its use in 1979 at the Naval Correctional Facility in Seattle, Washington at the behest of researcher Alexander Schauss. The color is also known as Schauss pink, after Alexander Schauss' extensive research into the effects of the color on emotions and hormones, as well as P-618 and Drunk-Tank Pink.


title: Shades of pink

text: Results of the use of this color to paint the interiors of correctional institutions has been mixed. Some prisoners have been calmed by the color, but others have been agitated and disturbed by it.


title: Shades of pink

text: The color "tickle me pink" was formulated by Crayola in 1993. The name was created by Joslyn Davis when she won a Crayola competition.


title: Shades of pink

text: The color amaranth pink is displayed at right. This color is a representation of the color of pink amaranth flowers.


title: Shades of pink

text: The source of this color is the "Plochere Color System", a color system formulated in 1948 that is widely used by interior designers.


title: Shades of pink

text: The for Congo pink are identical to Coral pink, which was first recorded as a color name in English in 1892.


title: Shades of pink

text: The for coral pink are identical to Congo pink, which was first recorded as a color name in English in 1912.


title: Shades of pink

text: The color name "New York pink" for this dark tone of pink has been in use since 2001, when it was promulgated as one of the colors on the Xona.com Color List.


title: Shades of pink

text: The color name "solid pink" for this extremely dark tone of pink has been in use since 2001, when it was promulgated as one of the colors on the Xona.com Color List.


title: Shades of pink

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #14-3207 TPX—Pink Lavender.


title: Shades of pink

text: Mountbatten pink, also called Plymouth pink, is a naval camouflage color, a grayish tone of mauve, invented by Louis Mountbatten of the British Royal Navy in autumn 1940 during World War II.


title: Shades of pink

text: Chilean pink color is a shade of Chilean pink flower ("Lapageria r." specie), resembling light pale red-orange, pale vermilion nuance.


title: Shades of pink

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Cotton eXtended (TCX)" color list, color #13-1404 TCX—Pale Dogwood.


title: Shades of pink

text: Mexican pink is a color that is used in clothing such as serapes and in the craft and fine art of traditional Mexican culture.


title: Shades of pink

text: Mexican pink became known as such through the efforts of the journalist, painter, cartoonist and fashion designer Ramón Valdiosera in the mid-1940s.


title: Shades of pink

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-2033 TPX—Fandango Pink.


title: Shades of pink

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-1755 TPX—Paradise Pink.


title: Shades of pink

text: At right is displayed the color French pink, which is the tone of pink that is called "pink" () in the Pourpre.com color list, a color list widely popular in France.


title: Shades of pink

text: In most Indo-European languages, the color that in English is called "pink" is called "rosa"; therefore, the color that is called "rose" in English is called "bright" rosa in most European and Latin American countries (using whatever adjective in a particular language means "bright" in that language).


title: Shades of pink

text: Ultra pink is a Crayola crayon color formulated in 1972. In 1990, the name was changed in error to "shocking pink"; however, properly speaking, the name "shocking pink" should be reserved for only the original shocking pink formulated by Elsa Schiaparelli in 1937 (shown below).


title: Shades of pink

text: Shocking pink is bold and intense. It takes its name from the tone of pink used in the lettering on the box of the perfume called "Shocking", designed by Leonor Fini for the Surrealist fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli in 1937. The color shown at right matches the color of the lettering on the original box. This in turn was inspired by the Tête de Belier (Ram's Head), a 17.27 ct pink diamond from Cartier owned by heiress Daisy Fellowes, who was one of Schiaparelli's best clients.


title: Shades of pink

text: Shocking pink kept its name in British English, whereas in North America "This intense magenta was called "shocking pink" in the 1930s, "hot pink" in the 1950s, and "kinky pink" in the 1960s...[it] has appeared in the vanguard of more than one youth revolution...to some it sings, to others it screams". This color is now again called "shocking pink" to distinguish it from the web color hot pink (shown above).


title: Shades of pink

text: On its way into the German language, shocking pink lost the "shocking" and is called only "Pink"; the color that is called "pink" in English is called "rosa" in German as it is in most other Indo-European languages. A similar situation happens in Portuguese, but its nomenclature may also arrive intact, becoming "rosa-choque" ("shocking pink"). Brazilians may also call all darker and hot tones of pink "rosa-pink".


title: Shades of pink

text: The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-2625 TPX—Super Pink.


title: Shades of pink

text: The color "steel pink" was introduced by Crayola in January 2011, when the Ultra Hot and Super Cool set of Crayola colored pencils was fully introduced.


title: Mahanati

text: Mahanati () is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language biographical drama film based on the life of actress Savitri. It is written and directed by Nag Ashwin, and produced by Priyanka Dutt under Vyjayanthi Movies and Swapna Cinema. The film features Keerthy Suresh as Savitri while Dulquer Salmaan (in his Telugu debut) plays Savitri's husband Gemini Ganesan. The film also stars Samantha Akkineni and Vijay Deverakonda, along with Rajendra Prasad, Prakash Raj, and Bhanupriya who appear in supporting roles. Naga Chaitanya and Mohan Babu, among others, play guest appearances. The plot follows Savitri's life, depicting her turbulent rise to prominence, marriage with Ganesan, and subsequent fall from grace, which is viewed from the perspective of a journalist and a photographer, played by Akkineni and Deverakonda respectively.


title: Mahanati

text: Ashwin began working on the biopic of Savitri following the release of his directorial debut "Yevade Subramanyam" (2015). Its principal photography began in May 2017 and ended in March 2018 with filming taking place in Hyderabad, Palakollu, Bangalore, Chennai, Mysore, and Delhi. Dani Sanchez-Lopez performed the cinematography while Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao edited the film. The film features the score and soundtrack composed by Mickey J. Meyer. "Mahanati" is released theatrically on 9 May 2018 while its dubbed versions in Tamil and Malayalam released on 11 May 2018, with the former titled "Nadigaiyar Thilagam" ().


title: Mahanati

text: "Mahanati" received critical acclaim for Keerthy's performance and Ashwin's screenplay and direction. Budgeted at crore, the film grossed crore worldwide and became the highest-grossing female-centric South Indian film. The film won three awards at the 66th National Film Awards, namely, Best Feature Film in Telugu, Best Actress for Keerthy and Best Costume Design. The film also won four Filmfare Awards South including Best Film and Best Actress in Telugu category. "Mahanati" was screened at the International Film Festival of India, the Shanghai International Film Festival, and the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.


title: Mahanati

text: During the year 1980, a popular yesteryear actress Savitri is found unconscious by her son. She is hospitalized, spending a year in a coma. The incident receives media attention but Savitri's initial life and whereabouts remain unknown to the public. Madhuravani, a stuttering journalist, and Vijay Anthony, a photographer, are appointed to write an article about her situation. Madhuravani recovers a letter written by Savitri, in which she wishes to take her son to someone called "Shankarayya." Though she is later relieved from writing the memoir by her editor, Madhuravani continues her research curiously. She sneaks into Savitri's house and overhears her aunt talking about her childhood.


title: Mahanati

text: In Vijayawada, 1942, a widowed Subadrama and her daughter Savitri are taken in by Subadrama's sister, Durgamba, and her husband, KV Chowdary, much to the latter's chagrin. Savitri grows up to become an accomplished dancer and earns a profit for Chowdary by acting in plays with her friend Susheela. The increasing popularity of cinema leads to less attendance for plays, and Chowdary incurs huge losses. He tries to have Savitri join the film industry based in Madras but her young age and inability to speak Tamil hinder her prospects. She, however, meets Ramasamy "Gemini" Ganesan, a studio employee who takes her photograph for a casting director. A year later, Savitri is cast in a film directed by L. V. Prasad but she gets the dialogue wrong and is thrown out. However, she earns a dancing role for a song in the film "Pathala Bhairavi". Her performance in that film helps her in getting major roles.


title: Mahanati

text: Savitri is offered a role opposite Ganesan, now an actor, who teaches her Tamil language. They together rise as superstars and Savitri falls in love with the married Ganesan. They secretly marry at a temple, which leads to a clash with Savitri's family. Despite being reluctant to act after marriage, Savitri is persuaded by the filmmakers and Ganesan. She goes on to become a successful actress. Savitri later gives birth to two children a girl and a boy. Ganesan is initially supportive of her career, however, he feels jealous of Savitri as her fame overshadows his. He starts consuming alcohol and when Savitri tries to stop him, he shares the drink with her.


title: Mahanati

text: A few ladies urge Savitri to both direct and star in an all-woman cast and crew film. On the day of her film's release, Savitri finds Ganesan in their guesthouse with another woman. Feeling cheated, Savitri angrily part ways with Ganesan. She becomes an alcoholic and gains weight. Meanwhile, her mother dies, and poor financial decisions lead to a raid by the Income Tax Department, resulting in the loss of her wealth. One day, Savitri fights with her daughter about her excessive alcohol consumption and faints, accidentally setting their house on fire. They learn that Savitri has diabetes.


title: Mahanati

text: As Chowdary visits Savitri, she asks both her daughter and uncle for forgiveness. She gets her daughter married, stops drinking, and loses weight. She shifts to a smaller house with her son and starts acting in low-budget films. She sets aside money for opening a rehabilitation center. Upon knowing that she still owes income tax, she strongly refuses to part with any more money. She goes to Bangalore with her son the next day. Feeling lost, she calls Ganesan but cuts the line before speaking. Angry with him and with herself, she consumes alcohol again, before collapsing into a coma.


title: Mahanati

text: Madhuravani realizes her love for Anthony via Savitri's story. She interrupts what is supposedly Anthony's engagement and speaks strongly without a stutter, only to realize that is his sister's engagement and that Anthony too loves her. Madhuravani writes Savitri's memoir and visits the comatose Savitri. She places a picture of her father retrieved from a newspaper archive in her hands. Savitri dies in December 1981.


title: Mahanati

text: In May 2016, director Nag Ashwin, who made his debut with "Yevade Subramanyam" (2015), announced that his next film would be a biopic of the Indian actress Savitri, who was active during the 1950s and 60s, predominantly in Telugu and Tamil films. The film was titled "Mahanati," and Ashwin had finished the script work and began casting actors for the project. He spent six months researching the actress by reading articles and books, in addition to meeting old journalists and actors associated with her. In an interview with Indo-Asian News Service, Ashwin talked about his intention to adapt Savitri's life into a film. "From a penniless origin to the first female superstar, her life is quite a story," he stated. Ashwin felt that the time had come to revisit the "legends" and understand why they were legends." In another interview to "India Today", Ashwin told that choosing to make "Mahanati" was more of a subconscious decision, as he grew up watching her films and songs.


title: Mahanati

text: The film's production is handled by Ashwin's wife Priyanka Dutt and her sister Swapna Dutt. They are the daughters of veteran film producer Ashwini Dutt, the founder of Vyjayanthi Movies. The film was originally intended to be shot simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil languages, however, the Tamil version was later dropped in favour of a dub.


title: Mahanati

text: In August 2016, Ashwin announced his intention to cast the lead actress with an audience poll. In December, Nithya Menen entered the talks to play Savitri but it did not materialise. Subsequently, Keerthy Suresh was signed for the role in early January 2017. Though Ashwin had a few other options in his mind, he was convinced that Keerthy was the right choice after watching her in "Thodari" (2016). Keerthy was initially apprehensive to play Savitri but her mother, who is a fan of Savitri's work prompted her to take up the role. While preparing for the character, she watched Savitri's films, read her biography "A Legendary Actress: Mahanati Savitri", and consulted her daughter Vijaya Chamundeswari to know about her personality.


title: Mahanati

text: Samantha Akkineni was confirmed to be a part of the project who would be portraying Madhuravani, a journalist from whose perspective the story is narrated. For the role of Savitri's husband Gemini Ganesan, Ashwin has considered Suriya and Madhavan, before finalising Dulquer Salmaan for the character. The film marked Salmaan's debut in Telugu cinema. Vijay Deverakonda, who had earlier been considered for Ganesan's role, was selected to pair opposite Samantha as Vijay Antony. Ashwin told Indo-Asian News Service that Salmaan's portrayal of Ganesan would go beyond the physical resemblance, to better depict the character's emotional side.


title: Mahanati

text: The cast also includes Rajendra Prasad who plays Savitri's uncle KV Chowdary and Bhanupriya who plays Savitri's aunt. Shalini Pandey plays Suseela, Savitri's friend. Naga Chaitanya plays his grandfather Akkineni Nageswara Rao while Mohan Babu plays S. V. Ranga Rao. Other appearances include Prakash Raj as Aluri Chakrapani, Krish as K. V. Reddy, and Srinivas Avasarala as L. V. Prasad among others. Sai Madhav Burra who gave the dialogue for the film, makes a cameo appearance as writer Pingali. N. T. Rama Rao Jr. was offered to play his grandfather N. T. Rama Rao but he politely declined it saying that he would not be able to do justice for that role.


title: Mahanati

text: Mickey J Meyer and Dani Sanchez-Lopez were confirmed as music composer and cinematographer respectively.


title: Mahanati

text: Principal photography began on 29 May 2017 in Hyderabad and ended on 22 March 2018. Filming also took place in Palakollu of West Godavari district to picturise Savitri's childhood, in addition to Bangalore, Chennai, Mysore, and Delhi. The song ""Aha Na Peliyanta"" from "Mayabazar" (1957) was shot as a part of the first schedule and a 25-day long second schedule took place in June. Singeetam Srinivasa Rao who worked as an assistant director for "Mayabazar" visited the sets when they were shooting scenes related to that film. Keethy gained some weight to play crucial scenes featuring Savitri after her childbirth.


title: Mahanati

text: Madhuravani's storyline which takes place in the 1980s was shot on film stock, using a super 16mm camera to achieve a grainy texture. Cinematographer Sanchez-Lopez explained that the decision was consciously made to match the Technicolor format used in the Indian films of that period. Salmaan shot his portions by January 2018. He completed his dubbing later in March, followed by Akkineni and Keerthy in April.


title: Mahanati

text: The production team is said to have put extensive effort into Savitri's costumes and jewellery. To give a vintage look for the jewellery, designer Naveen Sangli used old methods such as gold wire wrapping and dainty stone setting. Sangli worked with Ashwin and the costume designer Gaurang Shah to get the right match between the saris and jewellery. Shah revealed that they did months of research for costumes. He along with a team of 100 artisans worked over a year to make them.


title: Mahanati

text: The film's score and soundtrack album are composed by Mickey J. Meyer. The album consists of five songs with lyrics written by Sirivennela Sitaramasastri and Ramajogayya Sastry. Aditya Music acquired the film's audio rights. The full album of "Mahanati" was released on 1 May 2018 at a launch event, featuring the entire cast and crew. A sixth single "Gelupuleni Samaram" that was not part of the album was released later. Mridula Ramagudu of "Firstpost" called the album Meyer's best work to date.


title: Mahanati

text: The film's structure broadly follows that of Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane" (1941), where a reporter sets out to find the story of an elderly protagonist. The mystery of 'Rosebud' in "Citizen Kane" is comparable to 'Shankarayya' in "Mahanati". While the film is based on Savitri's life, Madhuravani, the journalist played by Akkineni, is fictional. It is reported that the character was inspired by Sivasankari, a journalist and writer of Ananda Vikatan magazine who published an article about Savitri's ill-health and financial position similar to Madhuravani. Madhuravani is named after Savitri's character in "Kanyasulkam" (1955). "Cinema Express"' Aditya Shrikrishna noted that the inter-religious romance between Madhuravani and Antony is similar to the one depicted in the Savitri-starrer "Missamma" (1955). The scene in which Ganesan takes Savithri's hand on her terrace while her fans below are watching for her is an ode to Mani Ratnam's "Iruvar" (1997).


title: Mahanati

text: In an interview with "The Hindu", Sanchez-Lopez talked about the choice of colour palettes in the film. The colours represent the tone and mood of the film as it explores Savitri's life. The use of mirrors in the film also serves as visual metaphors to her life.


title: Mahanati

text: Shrikrishna of "Cinema Express" stated that the film is not just a biopic but a "visual retelling of the history of South Indian cinema", adding, "Ashwin, in crafting this love letter to Savithri, encloses a post-script to cinema of a bygone era and the people at the centre of that early movement." The film also touches upon the movement for the statehood of Andhra Pradesh which took place in that period.


title: Mahanati

text: "Mahanati" was initially slated to release worldwide on 29 March 2018. Owing to delays in post-production and CG work, it was postponed to May. The film was released on 9 May 2018, while its dubbed versions in Tamil and Malayalam languages were released on 11 May 2018, the former titled "Nadigaiyar Thilagam" ( The pride of actresses).


title: Mahanati

text: The overseas distribution rights of "Mahanati" were acquired by Nirvana Cinemas, reportedly at an amount of million. N. Chandrababu Naidu, the then chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, was impressed with the film and offered to exempt "Mahanati" from taxes in Andhra Pradesh, but the studio owner Ashwini Dutt politely declined it. "Mahanati" was pirated on torrent websites which affected its box office collections. This was partly due to the unavailability of screens due to holdovers of the year's previous releases "Bharat Ane Nenu", "Rangasthalam", and "Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India". The number of screens were increased in the second week. From the third week, makers announced that the film would be screened at the old age homes.


title: Mahanati

text: After the film's release, Ganesan's first daughter Kamala Selvaraj alleged that Ganesan's characterisation was distorted and the film was biased in favour of Savitri. Ashwin responded by stating that Selvaraj was made aware of the plot during its development. Savitri's daughter Vijaya Chamundeswari also defended the film, suggesting that Selvaraj may have watched the film from a different perspective.


title: Mahanati

text: The film's digital rights were acquired by Amazon Prime Video. The television broadcast rights of "Mahanati" were acquired by Star Maa; its premiere on television registered a target rating point (TRP) rating of 20.16. A deleted scene from the Tamil version of the film was released on 30 May 2018. The scene recreated the song ""Vaarayo Vennilave"" from "Missiamma" (1955). The film was also dubbed in Hindi and released by Goldmines Telefilms on YouTube on 14 October 2021.


title: Mahanati

text: "Mahanati" became the highest-grossing South Indian film that starred a woman as the primary character, surpassing Anushka Shetty's "Rudramadevi" (2015). The film was made on a budget of crore and grossed crore by the end of its theatrical run. The film is a profitable venture and "International Business Times" reported that it earned over 50% profit to its distributors.


title: Mahanati

text: The film became the fourth-best Telugu opener in the United States in 2018, grossing over . It had a bigger opening in the US than its home territory of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it fared low due to the release of other big productions. In its first weekend, the film collected crore worldwide in both Telugu and Tamil versions, and grossed crore in the first week. In two weeks, the film grossed approximately crore. It completed its 50-day theatrical run with a gross of crore. With over million (₹17.4 crore), "Mahanati" stood as the sixth-highest grossing Telugu film in the United States.


title: Mahanati

text: "Mahanati" received highly positive reviews from critics. Critics praised Keerthy's performance and Ashwin's screenplay and direction. The film's picturisation, music, and art direction were also appreciated. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of based on reviews, with an average rating of . Writing for "The Times of India", Neeshita Nyayapati gave the film four stars out of five and commented, "To call "Mahanati" a celebration of Savitri's life would be an understatement, because the film breathes her life in a span of almost 3 hours." A review carried by "Sify" opined that Ashwin narrated the story in an emotional and poignant manner. They found Keerthy's portrayal of Savitri "pitch perfect" and felt Salmaan gave his "best performance." Sub-editor of "India Today", Janani K called "Mahanati" "one of the best biopics of all time."


title: Mahanati

text: "The Indian Express" critic Manoj Kumar R gave the film four stars out of five and praised the performances. He called Salmaan, Keerthy, Akkineni, and the costume designers as the four best things to happened to the film. "These three actors are in top form and equally shoulder this film," Kumar stated. Priyanka Sundar of "Hindustan Times" applauded Salmaan's performance and wrote, "whether it is a frustrated and rude Ganesan when Savitri succumbs to coma or his cheesy Romeo avatar wooing Savitri [...] Dulquer has nailed it." Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" said that the film belonged to Keerthy and Salmaan. "[T]hey imbibe the mannerisms of the legendary actors they’re portraying but don't end up as caricatures," she wrote.


title: Mahanati

text: Suresh Kavirayani of "Deccan Chronicle" gave a positive review and praised the aspects of production and writing. He wrote: "The director has also successfully captured the essence of Gemini Ganeshan and Savitri’s romance. He takes the audience on an emotional journey along with the actress." Krishna Sripada of "The News Minute" felt that Ashwin had pulled off a stunner by making Savitri's story a "once-in-a-lifetime epic." He said that the film would make the audience "smile through the tears". A review from "The Free Press Journal" gave 4 stars stated the performances are "compelling." "Director Nag Ashwin demonstrates a surprising level of maturity in apportioning flamboyance to the real-life tale," the reviewer wrote. Rahul Devalapalli of "The Week" observed that Keerthy shared a striking resemblance with Savitri. "In some of the scenes, shot in black and white, it is tough to tell if it is Savitri or Keerthy," Devulapalli added.


title: Mahanati

text: In his review for "Firstpost", Hemnath Kumar gave "Mahanati" three stars out of five; he felt that the film does not have enough drama and wrote, "It is like reading a Wikipedia page of a famous person. You might get all that you are looking for but it is not the same as reading an in-depth book about the same person". "Mathrubhumi"'s Akshara K. V. who also gave the film three stars out of five opined that the film's runtime could have been shorter as the latter half of the film lagged. Writing for Film Companion, Baradwaj Rangan said, ""Mahanati", despite its numerous failings, cannot be easily dismissed – because it remembers a forgotten era, whose clips are lovingly recreated via scratchy prints and computerised colour". Among the overseas reviewers, Mythily Ramachandran in her review for "Gulf News" wrote that "Suresh completely owns her character and delivers a powerful performance. Dulquer Salmaan as Gemini Ganesan plays the perfect tango. Samantha, Vijay Devarkonda and Rajendra Prasad in supporting roles are brilliant." She also appreciated Meyer's "melodious compositions" and Sanchez-Lopez’s frames that "juggle between sepia tones and colour."


title: Mahanati

text: The first look poster that featured Keerthy as Savitri was parodied in the promotional poster of "Tamizh Padam 2" (2018). In August 2018, an art series titled "The Mahanati Retrospective" was showcased at the Telugu Film Chamber, Hyderabad. It was as a tribute to the actress Savitri which portrayed her in various phases of her life. A sum of was raised from the exhibition and was donated to the victims of 2018 Kerala floods.


title: Mahanati

text: "Film Companion" listed "Mahanati" among the "25 Greatest Telugu Films of the Decade" while Keerthy's portrayal of Savitri was featured in their "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade." "Mahanati"'s success spurred a series of biopics in the Telugu film industry. These include "Yatra", "NTR" film series ( and ), and "Lakshmi's NTR", which released in 2019.


title: Mahanati

text: At the 66th National Film Awards, "Mahanati" won three awards, Best Feature Film in Telugu, Best Actress (Keerthy) and Best Costume Design (Rajshree Patnaik, Gaurang Shah and Archana Rao). The film won four Filmfare Awards South (including Best Film – Telugu and Best Actress – Telugu), three South Indian International Movie Awards (including Best Film – Telugu and Best Actress – Telugu), and ten awards at Zee Cine Awards Telugu, among others.


title: Mahanati

text: The film has also garnered the Equality in Cinema award at the 2018 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne. "Mahanati" was selected in the Indian Panorama section at the 49th International Film Festival of India and was also screened at the Shanghai International Film Festival.


title: Niamh Algar

text: Niamh Algar is an Irish actress. She is known for winning Best Actress in a Leading Role - TV Drama at the 2020 IFTA Film & Drama Awards for her performance in "The Virtues". Other roles include "MotherFatherSon", "Raised by Wolves", and "Pure". In 2021, she appeared in "Wrath of Man" and "Censor". For her role in "Calm with Horses" she was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.


title: Niamh Algar

text: A native of Mullingar, Ireland, Algar is the youngest of five children. She studied design at the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) and graduated from the Programme of Screen Acting at the Bow Street Academy in Dublin.


title: Niamh Algar

text: Algar has appeared in films including Conor McMahon's "From the Dark", Aoife Crehan's road trip film "The Last Right", Lorcan Finnegan's "Without Name" and the Michael Fassbender-produced "Calm With Horses".


title: Niamh Algar

text: On television she has appeared in Rose Cartwright's "Pure", and as Tania in Desiree Akhavan's "The Bisexual".


title: Niamh Algar

text: In 2019, Algar played Dinah in Shane Meadows's "The Virtues" with co-star Stephen Graham. for which she won "Best Actress in a Leading Role - TV Drama" at the 2020 "IFTA Film & Drama Awards".


title: Niamh Algar

text: She has also appeared as Orla Green in "MotherFatherSon" in 2019 alongside Richard Gere, and as the wife of Travis Fimmel in the Ridley Scott directed American television series "Raised by Wolves", and as Amber in the Channel 4 television series "Pure".


title: Nissan Navara

text: The Nissan Navara is a nameplate used for Nissan pickup trucks with D21, D22, D40 and D23 model codes. The nameplate has been used in Australia, New Zealand, Central America, South America, Asia, Europe, and South Africa. In North, Central and South America and some selected markets, it is marketed as the Nissan Frontier or Nissan NP300.


title: Nissan Navara

text: After more than ten years with the D21, Nissan unveiled the similar sized D22. It was replaced with the bigger, taller, longer D40 mid-size pickup. In 2014, Nissan released its successor, the D23, for international markets other than the U.S. and Canada. For these markets, it received the D41 Frontier in 2021 to replace the D40.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The Navara gets its name from the Navarre region of northern Spain. The European version is built at the Nissan factory in Barcelona.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The D21 generation was the successor to the Datsun 720, sold as the Nissan Datsun Truck in Japan. The name Navara was used in some markets such as Australia / New Zealand.


title: Nissan Navara

text: Unlike previous generations, this model was available worldwide in two body styles. The "A" body was designed in Japan, and was available in single or dual cab variants, while the "S" body King Cab was designed in the United States, at Nissan's styling studios in San Diego, California. Each version had unique front styling, with the American version having a different hood, and wider flared front guards. In a few countries, such as Australia, both versions were sold. This was also assembled in Greece for the local market, where it was marketed as the Nissan Pickup and King Cab.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The D22 is a compact size pick up truck manufactured from 1997 to 2004. However, Nissan continued to build the D22 as a cheaper alternative to the D40 in many markets.


title: Nissan Navara

text: Originally planned to follow the D21 Hard Body in being designed by Nissan Design International in La Jolla, CA, design of the D22 was reluctantly given to Japan during the 1994–1995 period. This was due to NDI being busy with many design projects for concepts and models, such as the Quest (VX54 II), Altima (L30), and Maxima (A32.5). Design of an updated D22 was eventually given to NDI in 1998.


title: Nissan Navara

text: US production of the Frontier at the Smyrna, Tennessee plant began in 1997 with a 2-door regular cab and 2-door King Cab. A 4-door version of the D22 was designed and developed during 1997–1998, being first produced in April 1999 and launched in May 1999 in the US as the 2000 Frontier Crew Cab. Engines: Petrol (KA24DE) and Diesel (TD27) (2wd and 4wd) with 5-speed manual transmission. These models were also exported to Central and South America.


title: Nissan Navara

text: A special Desert Runner model was offered in 1999 for the 2000 MY. It was a 2WD King Cab model built on the 4WD frame, which gave it a boost in ride height, larger tires, and a 4- or 5-speed transmission. For 2001 the Desert Runner got a new look and a supercharged version of the V6 engine.


title: Nissan Navara

text: In February 2000 at the Chicago Auto Show, Nissan introduced a facelifted D22 Frontier for 2001, with bolder styling in an effort to make it more appealing to younger buyers in its second generation. The regular cab would be discontinued after the 2001 MY. Sales and production started in North America, with Crew Cab and King Cab versions and new grille, bumper, headlights, taillights. Other body changes included built in fender flares and tailgates.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The D22s badged as "Frontier" had different grille, tailgate details and interior in contrast to the D22s badged as "Navara".


title: Nissan Navara

text: The D22 was no longer sold in Japan after 2002. Due to incompatible taxation rules and plummeting popularity of pickup trucks in Japan, Nissan discontinued it in their home market with no replacement afterwards, a fate shared by many of its competitors there.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The Egyptian plant exports to the Middle East, and a South African plant to African countries. Mexican production started in 2008: D22 truck Single Cab Chassis and Long Bed (2WD or 4WD, 2.4-liter petrol or diesel), Crew Cab (2WD and petrol) called the D22 Pickup.


title: Nissan Navara

text: In June 2017, Peugeot announced to produce the "Peugeot Pick-Up" for Northern African states. It is equipped with a 2.5-litre inline-four turbodiesel, producing and , manual 5-speed transmission, rear wheel drive or all-wheel drive, with optional gear reduction. It is a badge engineered version of the DongFeng Rich, which has a partnership with PSA. It comes as a Crew Cab (5 passengers) short bed (1.40 m x 1.39 m cargo area) version (5.08 m in length) with a payload of 815 kg. Market introduction started in September 2017.


title: Nissan Navara

text: For the Australian market, the D22 Navara ran as a series 1 from the end of the D21 until 2001, when a series 2 was released with a new ZD30 Diesel engine and updated front end. The ZD30 powered D22's were exceptionally reliable unlike the Patrol counterparts, but were replaced in 2008 with an upgraded Common Rail 2.5L Diesel engine. The D22 Navara was run in parallel with the larger D40 until 2015. Both were replaced by the D23 Navara - locally known as the NP300 Navara as of 2015.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The Brazilian Nissan plant started production around 2002 (Crew Cab Diesel 2WD or 4WD, five-speed manual, or single cab 2WD diesel. Only for Mexican market: petrol 2.4-liter manufactured in Mexico) and it was exported to Argentina (all Brazilian versions) and Mexico (Crew Cab, petrol 2.4-liter, 2WD, five-speed manual).


title: Nissan Navara

text: Nissan Bolivia imported from Japan the Nissan Frontier D22 Crew Cab, 2.4-liter petrol or diesel, 4WD. Imported from Mexico, the D22 Crew Cab and single cab long bed, petrol 2WD. Some Frontiers were gray imported from the USA. These were V6 with automatic transmission for private importers.


title: Nissan Navara

text: In Chile, the D22 was marketed as the "Nissan Terrano" (a name previously used in the WD21 SUV) due to KIA Motors already using the "Frontier" moniker in its Bongo minivan series. It was sold from 1998 to 2014 and according to the National Automobile Association of Chile it was the most sold automobile in 2010. The facelifted "Navara" version arrived in 2003, in 2.4L petrol, 2.5L turbo diesel, 3.0L turbo diesel and 3.2L diesel. Even with the unveiling of the D40 Navara in 2008, it continued to be sold as a cheaper and more work-oriented alternative, outselling the D40. Starting in 2012, all D22 models were imported from Mexico replacing the Japanese model's injection pump with a common rail fuel-injection system, among other changes and the 3.0L and 3.2L models were discontinued. The D22 was replaced by the Nissan D23 "NP300" in 2015.


title: Nissan Navara

text: Nissan first offered the D22 with a four-cylinder engine, the KA24DE, but added the V6 engine, the VG33E in 1999. In Australia the D22 had the KA24E till 1999, then changed to KA24DE option that year. A 3.0-liter V6 was introduced in June 2000. A supercharged version of the 3.3-liter V6 became available with introduction of the face-lifted 2001 models. In February 2003, 4x4 models received a larger 3.3-liter V6 (available only with a 5-speed manual), while 4x2 models continued with the 3.0 (with manual or automatic transmissions). The V6 was dropped in 2005, leaving the 2.5-liter turbo diesel as the only available engine.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The first series of D22s had larger (QD32) 3.2-litre normally aspirated diesel engines producing 75 kW. It also had a (NA20S) 2.0 litre petrol sohc 8 valve engine producing 75 kW.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The African version of the NP300 received 0 stars for adult occupants and 2 stars for infants from Global NCAP in 2018 (similar to Latin NCAP 2013).


title: Nissan Navara

text: The D40 model was introduced at the 2004 North American International Auto Show. It uses the new Nissan F-Alpha platform and exterior body styling resembles that of the company's full-size Nissan Titan truck.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The new truck has a fully boxed ladder frame. The wheelbase is with a overall length. (wheelbase and length for 4 door with 6 foot bed 139.9 in. /219.4 in.) Towing capacity is . A 4.0 Liter VQ-family V6, the VQ40DE, is the standard engine in North America, and it produces and of torque. Also available is the QR25DE four-cylinder engine, which is also found in the Nissan Altima. It produces and of torque. A six-speed manual is standard with a five-speed automatic optional. Both rear and four-wheel drive are available. Traction control and hill-descent control are also available.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The Frontier is called Navara when sold in Europe. The engine is a 2.5-liter YD25DDTi diesel, with or . The stronger version has of torque.


title: Nissan Navara

text: Suzuki sold a Frontier-based mid-sized pickup produced by Nissan North America at the Smyrna plant. The truck debuted at the 2008 Chicago Auto Show as the Suzuki Equator. For 2009 the Frontier received a facelift with more options, colors, and new wheels. The Nismo model was replaced by the PRO-4X model. Suzuki discontinued the Equator in 2013, as part of the shutdown of their American passenger car division.


title: Nissan Navara

text: In 2014, Nissan released a concept truck with a 2.8-liter Inline-four engine Cummins Diesel engine paired with a ZF 8HP transmission.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The Navara in Europe came with an updated Euro IV compliant engine on post September 2006 vehicles. It has four trim levels, the S, SE, Outlaw and Aventura. The Aventura trim package is equipped with leather upholstery, dual zone climate control, six-stacker CD/MP3 changer and satellite navigation as standard.


title: Nissan Navara

text: In Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and South America, the D40 Navara has a few differences from the UK versions. There are two engines available, 2.5-liter turbocharged diesel engine and the V6 petrol. The 2.5 diesel engine Mid Power version (2WD and 4WD base models) produces at 4000 rpm and at 2000 rpm, High Power version (4WD upgrade models) produces at 4000 rpm and at 2000 rpm. The V6 produces at 5600 rpm of power and at 4000 rpm. Both engines come with a standard five-speed automatic, with a six-speed manual available for the diesel. These models do not have leather, climate control or satellite navigation system like their UK versions.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The 2008 model of the Navara was launched on 2 July. Changes included a new style of alloy wheels, bluetooth as standard, side work lights and indicators on the wing mirrors.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The 2008 Single Cab became available in Thailand 6 March. The 2.5-liter engine reduces the torque output from to at 2,000 rpm. This model has 15-inch wheels. Power steering is standard. Also available are electric mirrors and central power locking as optional extra. Nissan planned to sell the single cab and began to export worldwide at the same month. Nissan also continues to sell the D22 pickups with minor updates for a lower price (now called as Frontier LCV).


title: Nissan Navara

text: The Nissan Navara Double Cab became available in Malaysia on 5 November 2008. It is available with a 2.5-liter diesel engine producing and , only with a five-speed automatic. A year later the six-speed manual version became available. The D22 series Nissan Frontier remains on sale in Malaysia with a manual transmission.


title: Nissan Navara

text: In November 2008, Nissan Thailand Released the all new Nissan Navara Calibre with a 144 PS (106 kW) at 4000 rpm 36.3 kg·m (356 N·m; 263 ft·lbf) at 2000 rpm available with a five-speed automatic or a six-speed manual transmission.


title: Nissan Navara

text: For North American Frontiers model year 2009, and European Navaras model year 2010, Nissan updated the shape of some minor components.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The 2010 Nissan Navara facelift are now powered by a new 3.0-litre V9X V6 turbodiesel engine producing and at 2,500 rpm and a revised 2.5-litre dCi unit (YD25DDTi High Power) which produces and of torque. The 2011 Nissan Navara and Pathfinder facelift V6 develop and of torque between 1,700 rpm and 2,500 rpm and the VQ40DE remains the same with the at 5600 rpm; at 4000 rpm.


title: Nissan Navara

text: There are subtle changes to the headlights and the bonnet. The V-shaped grille shell is less pronounced and the bumper is rounder and projects 80 mm further forward, but the six-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels or optional 18-inch alloy wheels are the biggest change.


title: Nissan Navara

text: Inside the new Navara (top-of-the-line model), Nissan designers have specified softer materials of a better quality for the dash, seats and interior moulds. The centre console and fascia designs have been revised, as have the instrument binnacle layout and door trims. Additional bright/gloss finish surfacing is used throughout the cabin. The six-stack CD audio system or the TV Navigation entertainment console is upgraded with speed-sensing volume, MP3 compatibility and Bluetooth connectivity for the (six disc CD audio system). Other new or revised features include dual-zone climate control, remote audio/Bluetooth/trip computer controls on the steering wheel, trip computer, external temperature gauge, speed-sensitive variable windscreen wipers and 'follow me home' lighting. The electric mirrors now fold in fully for car washes or parking in narrow spaces.


title: Nissan Navara

text: Importantly, the upgraded Navara (diesel only) gains stability control, which Nissan calls Vehicle Dynamics Control and all petrol V6 and diesel variants gain side-impact and side-curtain airbags to complement the dual front airbags.


title: Nissan Navara

text: Nissan updated the Frontier for the 2020 model year with a new 3.8-liter V6 and a nine-speed automatic, with the manual transmission being discontinued. The 6 speed manual is available in Canada on the Pro-4X model. The engine replaces both the outgoing 4.0L V6 and the 2.5L I4, and produces , although torque remains the same. The lineup has also been revised: the Frontier King Cab model will offer both rear-wheel-drive and all-wheel-drive configurations on the S and SV models; the Crew Cab model, meanwhile, extends rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive to the SV standard bed and SV long bed trims, while the Pro-4X gets all-wheel drive exclusively. Power windows and locks are now standard on all trim levels.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The D40 Navara has undergone Euro NCAP crash testing along with the Mitsubishi Triton and Isuzu D-Max, and received one star with a strikeout; however, after retesting with upgraded computer software it went from the lowest in the group to the highest (overall) with 3 stars. Among the problems discovered during the test was delayed airbag deployment and insufficient seatbelt restraint, which were solved with the software upgrade.


title: Nissan Navara

text: On 11 June 2014, Nissan unveiled the third generation Navara, codenamed the D23 and released as the NP300 Navara. Series production commenced at a new $360 million plant in Samut Prakan, Thailand in July 2014 and deliveries began in August. The D23 is not available in the US or Canada in favour of the larger D41 Frontier, replacing the D40. The European model will feature a 2.3-litre engine from the Nissan NV400.


title: Nissan Navara

text: After the release of the D23, which is only available with 4-cylinder engines, the D40 remained on production only with the V6 and automatic transmission.


title: Nissan Navara

text: For the 2018 model year, the Navara is equipped with Nissan Intelligent Mobility technology which include an Around View Monitor and a blind-spot monitoring system.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The Navara in its most basic Latin American configuration with 2 airbags received 4 stars for adult occupants and 4 stars for infants from Latin NCAP in 2019.


title: Nissan Navara

text: On 5 November 2020, Nissan unveiled the facelifted D23 Navara along with the introduction of the Pro-4X trim level. The engines remain the same, but active safety equipment has been added. The facelifted model goes on sale in Australia in the first quarter of 2021.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The pre-facelift model stays produced in Barcelona plant for European markets until December 16, 2021. The reasons are declining sales of the Navara in the region and the fact the plant has been shut down.


title: Nissan Navara

text: In March 2022, Nissan started producing the facelifted Frontier in Argentina. As of 2022, 34% of its parts are locally made and 65% of its production (including the Renault Alaskan) is exported.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The EnGuard concept is a modified D23 Navara pitched directly towards emergency rescue organisations. Unveiled at the 2016 Hannover Motor Show, the concept is notable for being the first prototype with a Nissan designed and developed portable battery pack. Other features that cater for rescue organisations include an onboard DJI Phantom 4 drone, an increased ride height, strobe lights and a fully adjustable suspension system.


title: Nissan Navara

text: On 25 October 2016, Mercedes-Benz revealed 2 concept pickup trucks previewing the upcoming joint-built pickup to be called "X-Class". The X-Class is based on the platform of the D23 Navara and is built in Barcelona, Spain with planned production in Córdoba, Argentina, however, the latter was cancelled due to a disagreement between Nissan and Mercedes-Benz regarding production costs as well as that country's economic situation. Production of the X-Class was discontinued in 2020 due to poor sales.


title: Nissan Navara

text: Renault revealed the production version of the Alaskan Pickup Concept which will be based on the current Navara platform. The Alaskan was shown alongside other Renault Models at the 2016 Paris Motor Show in October.


title: Nissan Navara

text: In October 2018, the Dongfeng Rich 6 was launched as a more premium pickup option under the Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. brand and produced by Zhengzhou Nissan alongside the Chinese market Navara. The Dongfeng Rich 6 features a redesigned front end resulting in an extra 35 mm of length with the rest of the vehicle body being shared directly with the Navara.


title: Nissan Navara

text: The D40 Frontier platform is currently being used as a Stage Rally vehicle by the NISMO Stuff Racing effort currently competing in the Coupe Rallye Quebec series. This team has been racing the current D40 Frontier for over two years with eight stage rallies and two hill climbs under its belt having never suffered a mechanical failure of any kind.


title: Nissan Navara

text: Nissan South Africa campaigned both the D22 and D40 platforms very successfully in the local ABSA Off-Road Series, winning eight consecutive driver's championships (2001 to 2008). The vehicles were prepared by Hallspeed South Africa. Hallspeed also developed and sold vehicles to the Belgian-based company Overdrive. For several years Overdrive have competed with the Hallspeed built vehicles in the European rally Raid series, including The Dakar.


title: The Ice Road

text: The Ice Road is a 2021 American action thriller film written and directed by Jonathan Hensleigh. The film stars Liam Neeson as a brooding Mike McCann, and Laurence Fishburne as a wiley Jim Goldenrod with Benjamin Walker, Amber Midthunder, Marcus Thomas, Holt McCallany, Martin Sensmeier, Matt McCoy, and Matt Salinger in supporting roles. It marks Hensleigh's first film since 2011's "Kill the Irishman". It follows a team of truck drivers on a dangerous mission over frozen lakes and winter roads to deliver a crucial component to save workers trapped in a collapsed diamond mine. The film was digitally released by Netflix in the United States and Canada, and by Amazon Prime Video in the United Kingdom on June 25, 2021. The film received mixed reviews from critics.


title: The Ice Road

text: An explosion at a mine in Manitoba traps 26 miners. Mike McCann and his brother Gurty, an Iraq War veteran suffering from PTSD and aphasia, work for a trucking company in North Dakota until Mike punches another trucker for making fun of Gurty’s cognitive disability, and they are both fired. Mike hears about ice road truckers needed in Winnipeg, and they apply. Jim Goldenrod, another trucker, agrees to lead a rescue mission to deliver wellheads to the mine. He hires McCann and Gurty, along with a young Indigenous woman known only as Tantoo. Also joining the rescue mission is actuary Varnay, responsible for insurance risk assessment for Katka, the company which owns the mine. $200,000 is split between the four truckers, which will be redistributed among the survivors if anyone dies. Meanwhile, the miners are communicating with Katka executives using Tap code, and Katka General Manager Sickle transmits a message that they plan to free the men by blasting a tunnel.


title: The Ice Road

text: The team leaves for the mine with three wellheads. During the trip, Goldenrod's engine seizes. While attempting to repair it, the ice beneath his trailer breaks and his leg gets trapped. Knowing he can't escape, he convinces Tantoo to sever the strap attaching him to the truck, causing him to drown but saving the other two rigs and wellheads. In an attempt to flee the rapidly approaching pressure wave and cracking ice, the remaining two trucks fishtail and roll over, stopping the pressure wave.


title: The Ice Road

text: Varnay convinces Mike to accuse Tantoo of sabotaging Goldenrod's rig, but Tantoo reveals her brother Cody is amongst the miners. When they continue to interrogate her, she pulls out a pistol, but Gurty disarms her and ties her up. After the men right the trucks, Varnay locks Mike and Gurty in the back of their rig. Varnay is revealed to have been the one who sabotaged Goldenrod's rig, and knocks Tantoo unconscious. He rigs Mike's truck with dynamite and drives off with Tantoo, but Mike and Gurty escape from the trailer and throw the dynamite away just before it explodes. Varnay watches the explosion from afar, believing that Mike and Gurty are dead.


title: The Ice Road

text: While winching their trailer out of the ice, Gurty tries to warn Mike the winch will fail, but Mike starts the machine anyway. The winch snaps, causing Gurty and the trailer to fall into the water, but Mike rescues Gurty. Varnay meets with Sickle, telling him Mike and Gurty have died. Sickle instructs Varnay to get rid of Tantoo and the last remaining wellhead by making it seem Tantoo lost control and veered off a cliff. Varnay prepares to kill Tantoo, but is bitten by Gurty's pet rat Skeeter, enabling Tantoo to throw him out of the rig. Mike and Gurty arrive and kill the Katka contractors pursuing Tantoo.


title: The Ice Road

text: After Tantoo runs out of fuel due to Varnay disconnecting her fuel equalizer, he catches up to her, but Mike crashes his rig into Varnay's truck, sending it off a cliff. Varnay survives and creates an avalanche with dynamite. Mike and Gurty escape, but Tantoo is hit by snow and wounded by a branch. They uncouple her trailer, and drive off with the wellhead. Varnay pursues them in Tantoo's rig and begins ramming them. Mike boards Varnay's rig and both fall from the truck. After a struggle, Mike attempts to drive away, but Varnay climbs onto the rig. Mike knocks Varnay out, accelerates the rig, and jumps out, causing it to fall through the surface and kill Varnay. Meanwhile, Tantoo and Gurty cross a bridge not designed for the weight of the truck, and barely make it over before the bridge collapses. After crossing, the truck starts sliding backwards, and Gurty is crushed trying to prevent the truck from falling. Mike arrives and comforts a dying Gurty. Mike and Tantoo arrive just in time to rescue the miners. After learning the truth, the Katka CEO fires Sickle, who is arrested for his actions.


title: The Ice Road

text: Three months later, Tantoo is seen working in Goldenrod's garage as a mechanic. Mike visits her in his new gold truck, which he drives as an independent contractor to deliver sporting goods. As he drives off, he is seen tending to Skeeter and his license plate reads "TRK TRK TRK", in honor of Gurty's chosen name for a truck.


title: The Ice Road

text: Filming occurred in Winnipeg in February 2020. Filming also occurred in Île-des-Chênes and Gimli, Manitoba.


title: The Ice Road

text: Hensleigh asked Big Machine Records to create a multi-genre soundtrack album for the film. Scott Borchetta, founder of the record label, wanted a psychobilly song as the basis for the soundtrack, and contacted Nikki Sixx to executively produce. As a result, Nikki Sixx formed supergroup L.A. Rats along with Rob Zombie, John 5 and Tommy Clufetos, and they released a cover version of "I've Been Everywhere" as a single on May 21, 2021. "We Got Fight", which was released on May 26, is Gary LeVox's debut solo single and plays over the film's end credits. The album also contains covers of songs by Johnny Cash, The Cars, Dave Dudley, Hank Snow, and Kathy Mattea.


title: The Ice Road

text: In March 2021, Netflix acquired the U.S. distribution rights to the film for $18 million, and it was digitally released on the service on June 25, 2021. It was the most-streamed film on the service in its debut weekend. Distributors will vary in other countries, including Amazon Prime Video in the United Kingdom.


title: The Ice Road

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 44% based on 89 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Liam Neeson remains a top-tier action hero; unfortunately, like a number of his recent genre outings, "The Ice Road" is a downhill trundle paved with predictability." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Ice Road

text: Alonso Duralde of the "TheWrap" criticized the "downright laughable VFX" and wrote: ""The Ice Road" is so often inept and heavy-handed that not even the reliable presence of Liam Neeson can rescue it."


title: Alexis Knapp

text: Alexis Merizalde Knapp (born July 31, 1989) is an American actress. She portrayed Stacie Conrad in the "Pitch Perfect" film series (2012–2017), Alexis in the party film "Project X" (2012), and appeared on the first season of the TBS comedy "Ground Floor".


title: Alexis Knapp

text: Knapp was born in Avonmore, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Marjorie and Bradford Elwood Knapp. She grew up in the Outer Banks of North Carolina before moving to Los Angeles when she was 18.


title: Alexis Knapp

text: At age 18, Knapp moved to Los Angeles. There in 2008 she hosted a popular internet video series titled 'Project Lore', a show about the video game "World of Warcraft", and also worked as a model before breaking into acting. She appeared in background roles in "" as Aphrodite Girl #9 and in "Couples Retreat" as a Dance Academy Girl. In 2012, Knapp appeared in her first major roles, playing Alexis in "Project X", and as Stacie Conrad in the hit film "Pitch Perfect", a sex-crazed Barden Bella. She reprised her role in the latter's 2015 sequel, with a brief cameo in the 2017 sequel.


title: Alexis Knapp

text: Knapp appeared in the pilot of ABC's short-lived series "Super Fun Night", written by and starring her "Pitch Perfect" co-star Rebel Wilson. She starred in the Tom Vaughan directed film "So Undercover", as Taylor Jaffe. Knapp had a starring role in the first season of the TBS comedy, "Ground Floor", portraying Tori, a party girl, who catches up on her sleep at work the next morning, but her character was dropped before the second season. She was cast in the Lifetime pilot "Cinnamon Girl", which did not get picked up as a series. Knapp also starred in the independent short film "Wracked", as Melissa. In 2017, she starred as Samantha in the Lifetime Christmas television film "My Christmas Prince".


title: Alexis Knapp

text: Knapp dated actor Ryan Phillippe in mid-2010. The relationship ended that September. After their breakup, Knapp discovered that she was pregnant. She gave birth to their daughter in 2011; Phillippe was present during the birth.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The Porsche Panamera is a mid/full-sized luxury car (E-segment/F-segment in Europe) manufactured and marketed by German automobile manufacturer Porsche across two generations using a front-engine , rear or all-wheel drive configuration.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: Porsche debuted the production first generation Panamera at the 13th Auto Shanghai International Automobile Show in April 2009, launching hybrid and diesel versions in 2011. In April 2013, the company introduced a facelifted model, again at the Shanghai Auto Show, followed by the US introduction of a plug-in hybrid version, the Panamera S E-Hybrid, in November 2013. Porsche introduced the second generation Panamera in 2016.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: As a front-engine, full-size, four-passenger, four-door luxury hatchback weighing nearly , the Panamera runs contrary to the company's historically lightweight two-door, rear-engine sports cars, notably the 911. Though the Panamera's shape and profile recall the 911, where the 911 has a tight, performance-focused interior, the Panamera features commodious dimensions with technological, luxury-oriented amenities.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: Engines are first assembled in Stuttgart, and the car's body is built, painted and assembled in Leipzig, Germany, alongside the Cayenne (until 2017) and Macan. From 2009 to 2016, the bodies were built at the Volkswagen Group facility in Hannover.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The V8-powered Panamera S, 4S, and Turbo models were the first versions that debuted in 2009. In addition to the 4.8L Twin Turbo V8 powered models, Porsche launched two further models in 2010: the Panamera and Panamera 4 which are both powered by 3.6-litre V6 engines producing .


title: Porsche Panamera

text: Being derived from the V8 engine of the Panamera S and Panamera 4S, the V6 retains the V8's technologies like Direct Fuel Injection, infinitely variable intake camshaft adjustment with variable valve lift (VarioCam Plus), an on-demand oil pump, water cooling with thermal management, a variable intake manifold, as well as integrated dry sump lubrication with two-stage extraction of oil, and an Auto Start-Stop function (only with the PDK transmission). Turbo version uses active aerodynamics with a multi-stage, adjustable rear spoiler. Optional Sports Chrono Packages include a Sport Plus button, which has tighter damping and air springs, and lowers the car's body by .


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In 2011, the Panamera S Hybrid, Diesel, Turbo S, and GTS variants were added to the range. The GTS achieves a lateral acceleration of 0.96g.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The Panamera, S, Hybrid and Diesel models are rear-wheel drive, while the Panamera 4, 4S, and GTS have the same four-wheel drive system as the Turbo and Turbo S, called Porsche Traction Management (PTM).


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The Panamera featured Adaptive air suspension, the Porsche Dynamic Chassis Control (PDCC), active anti-roll bars and the Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM).


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The newly introduced ZF 7-speed PDK dual clutch transmission was standard on the Panamera 4, 4S and Turbo models.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The S Hybrid and Diesel models had an Aisin-supplied eight-speed automatic transmission called the Tiptronic S.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In some markets between 2009 and 2013 Porsche offered 6-speed manual transmission for the V6 N/A and V8 N/A, all with rear wheel drive. Global production with the 6-speed manual was only 50 with V6 and 96 with V8.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The engine of the Panamera Turbo S features larger turbochargers than the standard Panamera Turbo's 4.8-litre V8, as well as high-pressure fuel injection, and aluminium-alloy pistons. The piston rings are coated in a low-friction surface to help eke out even more performance. The Panamera Turbo S accelerates to in 3.3 seconds with launch control engaged. Roll-on acceleration should be more impressive, changes to the PDK (Porsche Doppelkupplung) gearbox allow for faster gearshifts, and the alleged 27.7mpg fuel economy is no worse than the less powerful Panamera Turbo.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In 2008, Porsche AG announced the development of a parallel hybrid system for the Panamera, and in February 2011, Porsche unveiled the Panamera S Hybrid. Using the same drivetrain seen in the Cayenne S Hybrid—an Audi-sourced supercharged 3.0-litre V6 engine producing along with an electric motor rated at , as well as the Cayenne's 8-speed Tiptronic S transmission—the Panamera S Hybrid could accelerate from 0– in 6.0 seconds. The Panamera S Hybrid produced only 193 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre, rendering it the most environment friendly car in the then entire Porsche model range, while still maintaining a top speed of .


title: Porsche Panamera

text: Deliveries began in the United States in 2011, and cumulative sales reached 684 units through March 2013. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the fuel economy for the 2013/2012 model year Panamera Hybrid at for city driving, for highway, and combined.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The Panamera Diesel was launched in May 2011. The vehicle utilized the same Audi 3.0L V6 engine used in the Cayenne Diesel, which was itself a tuned carryover of an existing engine. The engine had a power output of . The car was capable of accelerating from 0– in 6.8 seconds and had a top speed of . It was also the most economical Porsche in the then entire Porsche vehicle lineage, consuming just 6.3 litres per 100 kilometres (37 US MPG/45 UK MPG).


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In October 2012, Porsche introduced the Panamera Platinum Edition. The exterior of the Panamera Platinum Edition was enveloped in one of five basic colours – black, white, basalt black, carbon grey metallic, and mahogany metallic. It included more standard equipment, larger wheels, and an exclusive interior leather combination of luxor beige and black. It was be offered with rear and all wheel drive layouts, and had a acceleration time of under 5.8 seconds or faster on all variants. Exclusive equipment included the special interior combination, platinum rear overhang and front lower grille, platinum door sills, and platinum mirrors. The finalizing touch to this special edition included an exclusive set of 19-inch Panamera Turbo alloy wheels with the red, black, and gold Porsche crest.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In March 2015, Porsche announced that they were releasing a new special edition Panamera called the "Panamera Edition". The car is based on the base Panamera and includes high-gloss black trim strips outline the windows, 19-inch Panamera Turbo wheels with coloured centre caps, the sills were inscribed with the word "Edition," and body-coloured door handles were an additional add on when the customer chose the Porsche Entry & Drive option. The Panamera Edition cost US$80,000.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: Porsche announced its updated Panamera on 3 April 2013, with a scheduled formal launch at Auto Shanghai. The revised model can be identified by new front and rear bumpers. Technical changes included the addition of a new 3.0L twin-turbocharged Panamera S and a new E-Hybrid model. A long wheelbase version with an additional 150 mm was available for selected left-hand drive markets. The Turbo S version followed up in 2014. The long wheelbase versions were only available on 4S, Turbo, and Turbo S models.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: As part of the 2013 Panamera facelift, Porsche announced the introduction of a plug-in hybrid model, the Panamera S E-Hybrid. The plug-in version was unveiled at the April 2013 Shanghai Auto Show. The S E-Hybrid is powered by a electric motor, with a total system power of . Top speed amounted to in all-electric mode, and acceleration from 0– took 5.8 seconds. The plug-in electric hybrid had a 9.4 kWh lithium-ion battery pack capable of delivering a range of more than under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) standard. The battery could be fully charged in approximately 2 hours from a 240 V power source. The Panamera plug-in hybrid reduce fuel consumption to , down from for the current Panamera hybrid, which translates to emissions of 71 g/km, down from 167 g/km for the current hybrid.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In November 2013, the UK Office for Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV) approved the eligibility of the Panamera S E-Hybrid for the Plug-in Car Grant which entitles customers to a maximum purchase subsidy of (~ ). The plug-in hybrid was rated with a fuel economy of and CO emissions of 71 g/km.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The Panamera S E-Hybrid was released in the European market during the fourth quarter of 2013. Retail deliveries began in the U.S. in October 2013. , a total of 90 units were delivered in France, 86 units in the United States, 59 units in the Netherlands, 14 in Spain, and about 12 in Germany.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In the American market the 2014 model year price starts at before any applicable government incentives. Since its introduction, 698 Panamera S E-Hybrids have been sold in the United States through August 2014. Global sales between January and August 2014 totaled over 1,500 units, presenting 9% of all Panamera models sold worldwide and 1.3% of all Porsche vehicles sold during this period.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The second generation Panamera was revealed on 28 June 2016 at a special event in Berlin, Germany. Codenamed 971, it is longer, wider and taller than the first generation Panamera, with a longer wheelbase. The interior features a redesigned dashboard layout, with touch-sensitive surfaces replacing the previous generation's array of buttons. A centrally mounted tachometer also harks back to the 1955 Porsche 356 A.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The new car includes two seven-inch displays in place of the dials, as well as a 12.3-inch touchscreen featuring online sat-nav, Apple CarPlay integration and an updated voice control system. Under the bonnet is a new engine range, with only the Panamera 4S, 4S Diesel and flagship Turbo available from launch.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In March 2017, Porsche unveiled the Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid, a plug-in hybrid for the 2018 model year. The Turbo S E-Hybrid will receive the 4.0 L V8 engine from the Panamera Turbo, but will also be paired with an electric motor. Total system power will be , which makes it the third most powerful Porsche ever, after the 918 Spyder and 991 GT2RS.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In August 2017, Panamera 4S Diesel and Panamera Sport Turismo 4S Diesel were deleted from Porsche's German website and configurator. The German automotive magazine, Auto motor und sport, discovered the higher than permittable amount, which is one-and-half times more than legal limit, during the exhaust testing. The issue was with SCR catalysator and urea injection. In September 2018 Porsche announced that the company had decided to no longer offer diesel propulsion in future.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The second-gen Panamera no longer has its predecessor's oft-criticized hatchback wagon styling, with the tail of the new vehicle developing a clear link to the Porsche 911 through the full width rear LED light bar, and the sharply creased tail and upper bumper. This improvement in design has helped clarify the model's identity as a sports-oriented GT car.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: In Europe a 5-door, shooting-brake estate variant, called the Sport Turismo, will be offered alongside the liftback/fastback saloon. It will also be available in the United States. The Panamera Sport Turismo debuted in March 2017 at the Geneva Motor Show, and is currently available with the same engine range as the 4-door car. In September 2017 Porsche announced the Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid Sport Turismo, the 5-door estate version of the flagship Turbo S E-Hybrid, which had previously only been available as a 4-door configuration. As of September 2017, the Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid Sport Turismo is currently the world's most powerful stock estate car, besting the Mercedes-AMG E 63 S and the Audi RS6 Performance.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: Despite the differences in dimensions and design, a reviewer noted that the Panamera's driving dynamics were close to that of the 911, and it "seems to occupy the no-man's-land between really good sports sedans and proper sports cars", and so far the Panamera has won some comparison tests against other four-door performance cars on the market such as the Maserati Quattroporte and Aston Martin Rapide. Function was also praised, with the hatchback trunk, and the four-corner adaptive air suspension that retained superior handling while also providing a comfortable ride for public roads.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: Unlike most of the V8-engined contemporaries, all models of the Panamera avoid the US Gas Guzzler Tax. The V6-powered Panamera was also praised, as its smaller engine still retained respectable acceleration, and as it had improved handling over its V8 siblings, due to the engine being lighter by which gave the car better weight distribution.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: However, "CAR" magazine of the U.K. described the S model as lacking sportiness, which they attributed to their test car's being "about as oriented to comfort as it’s possible to get" and called the Turbo model "a missed opportunity on behalf of Porsche" to be "the world’s first lightweight four seater" as the top model weighs as much as an Audi S8.


title: Porsche Panamera

text: The 30 November 2008 edition of BBC's "Top Gear" featured a look at the Panamera in its news section, with the three presenters being very critical of the look. In the June 2009 edition, Richard Hammond and James May were seen driving the Panamera along the A30 in Devon, Great Britain. They were racing against a letter sent via Royal Mail between the Isles of Scilly and the Orkney Islands.