title: David Yates

text: Part 1 was released worldwide in November 2010 to commercial success along with generally positive reviews, some of which reflected on Yates's directing style. "The Dallas Morning News" affirmed that "David Yates' fluid, fast-paced direction sends up the crackling tension of a thriller" and "The New York Times" analysed Yates's approach to J. K. Rowling's character development by saying that he has "demonstrated a thorough, uncondescending sympathy for her characters, in particular the central trio of Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger and Harry Potter himself." The film was praised for its "dark" atmosphere and its loyalty to the source material, but it was criticised for its slow middle act, the handling of exposition, and the somewhat disjointed pacing.


title: David Yates

text: Part 2 was screened in July 2011 and became an instant record-breaking success with critical acclaim. "The Daily Telegraph" described Part 2 as "monumental cinema awash with gorgeous tones" and "Total Film" wrote that Yates combines "spectacle and emotion into a thrilling final chapter." Author J. K. Rowling remarked that "everyone who watches "Deathly Hallows – Part 2" is going to see that he's steered us home magnificently. It's incredible." Part 2 is one of two "Harry Potter" films to pass the $1 billion mark during its original theatrical run; it became the highest-grossing film in the series and the highest-grossing film of 2011, making Yates the director of the highest-grossing non-James Cameron film of all time in August 2011. Amongst other accolades, Yates won his second Empire Award for Best Director and joined the principal creative team of "Harry Potter" in receiving the 2012 ADG Award for Outstanding Contribution to Cinematic Imagery for their work on "Deathly Hallows – Part 2" and the series in general.


title: David Yates

text: Yates attended the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011, where he was joined by J. K. Rowling, David Heyman, Mike Newell, Alfonso Cuarón, David Barron, Rupert Grint, and Emma Watson in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of the "Harry Potter" films. Daniel Radcliffe, who portrayed the films' titular character, commented on working with Yates, saying that he "added his own sense of grit and realism [to the series] that perhaps wasn't there so much before. I think we all had a fantastic time working with David. I know we did."


title: David Yates

text: By 2012, Yates was working on a few Warner Bros. projects, including a "Tarzan" feature film and an Al Capone biopic called "Cicero". He also controversially said that he was working with BBC Worldwide on plans to develop a "Doctor Who" film, although this was denied by the showrunner, Steven Moffat, in July 2012. Because of production delays, Yates began to explore other projects including television work.


title: David Yates

text: In 2013, he returned to television by signing on to direct the television pilot of "Tyrant", an American drama production set against the US–Middle East conflict. The following year, Yates began shooting "The Legend of Tarzan", starring Alexander Skarsgård, Samuel L. Jackson, Margot Robbie, Djimon Hounsou, Jim Broadbent, and Christoph Waltz. The film, released in 2016, opened to mixed reviews and a worldwide total of $356.7 million.


title: David Yates

text: Yates directed "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", a 2016 film which is the first in a series of five instalments based on J. K. Rowling's book, set in the world of her "Harry Potter" novels. David Heyman and "Harry Potter" screenwriter Steve Kloves joined Yates and J. K. Rowling in developing the script. The film was released in November 2016, it received generally positive reviews and was a commercial success having grossed $814 million. It stars Eddie Redmayne, Katherine Waterston, Dan Fogler, Alison Sudol, Ezra Miller, Colin Farrell, and Johnny Depp.


title: David Yates

text: Yates directed the 2018 sequel, "" which received mixed critical reception but emerged a box office success having grossed $654 million. In an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", he stated he was open to directing all five planned films in the "Fantastic Beasts" series. He returned to direct the third film, "" (2022).


title: David Yates

text: Yates next directed the drama film "Pain Hustlers", starring Emily Blunt, for Netflix. Production began on 22 August 2022.


title: David Yates

text: Yates has a younger brother and an elder sister. He is married to Yvonne Walcott. He is the uncle of professional footballer Theo Walcott.


title: David Yates

text: Commenting on their work on "Harry Potter", Emma Watson stated that Yates liked to push the cast and crew to physical and emotional extremes, with Gary Oldman confirming Yates's preference for working slowly by shooting numerous takes to draw the finest performances out of the cast. Yates has been influenced by such directors as Steven Spielberg, David Lean, and Ken Loach. Yates's style of work includes social and political themes, character-driven narratives, realism, and atmospheric drama.


title: David Yates

text: "Only certain awards for Yates's direction are shown in this section. A complete list of awards for a project may be found on its article page."


title: Tobin Bell

text: Joseph Henry Tobin Jr. (born August 7, 1942), known professionally as Tobin Bell, is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of John Kramer / Jigsaw, the central character of the "Saw" franchise. He appears in the first eight films in the series, and also voices the character in the two video game adaptations, "Saw" (2009) and "" (2010). His portrayal of Jigsaw has earned him five award nominations and two wins.


title: Tobin Bell

text: Bell is a life member of the Actors Studio. After years of work doing stand-ins and background work on films, he got his first major acting job in "Mississippi Burning" (1988) and eventually went on to star in made-for-television films and guest star in television shows throughout the 1990s. Before his breakthrough with "Saw", Bell appeared in many notable and various films, including "The Verdict" (1982), "Tootsie" (1982), "Mississippi Burning" (1988), "False Identity" (1990), "Loose Cannons" (1990), "Goodfellas" (1990), "Ruby" (1992), "Boiling Point" (1993), "The Firm" (1993), "In the Line of Fire" (1993), "Malice" (1993), "The Quick and the Dead" (1995), "Brown's Requiem" (1998), and a voice role in "The Road to El Dorado" (2000).


title: Tobin Bell

text: He is sometimes credited as Joseph Tobin in the various 1980s films such as "Sophie's Choice" and "Turk 182".


title: Tobin Bell

text: Bell was born in Queens, New York and raised in Weymouth, Massachusetts. His English mother, Eileen Julia Bell Tobin, was an actress who worked at the Quincy Repertory Company. His American father, Joseph H. Tobin, who was of Irish descent, built and established the radio station WJDA in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1947 and once ran for mayor of Gloversville, New York. Bell's maternal grandmother, Julia Gandon Bell, was born in Cork, Ireland. Bell has one sister and one brother. Bell studied liberal arts and journalism in college, with the intention of becoming a writer and entering the broadcasting field. He also has an interest in environmental matters, holding a master's degree in environmental science from Montclair State University as well as having worked for the New York Botanical Garden. He credits hearing a seminar by Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy at Boston University with inspiring him to begin an acting career.


title: Tobin Bell

text: Bell later joined the Actors Studio where he studied with Lee Strasberg and Ellen Burstyn, and joined Sanford Meisner's Neighborhood Playhouse. He played background roles in the late 1970s and early 1980s in over 30 films, including films by Woody Allen ("Manhattan") and Martin Scorsese, while also performing on Broadway. Bell said that other actors at the Actors Studio thought doing stand-in and background work was "stupid or degrading", but he never felt that way.


title: Tobin Bell

text: In 1982, Bell had a short uncredited scene in the Sydney Pollack film, "Tootsie", playing a waiter at the Russian Tea Room. He told Movieline, "You know, when you're talking about "Tootsie", it's the tip of the iceberg, because those other twenty-nine films I did aren't even on IMDb." He worked on "The Verdict" (1982) for two weeks as a courtroom reporter in the trial. He recollected it being a "great opportunity" watching Sidney Lumet and Paul Newman, while also learning the technical aspect of acting. For every role he plays, starting with the initial reading of the script to the final shot of a production, he keeps a journal of various questions about and motivations for his character. "I write all kinds of stream-of-consciousness things that help me."


title: Tobin Bell

text: In 1982 Bell landed his first speaking role in the last few moments of the drama "Sophie's Choice", starring Meryl Streep.


title: Tobin Bell

text: In the mid-1980s, Bell said "I was doing off-Broadway plays three nights a week, working on my craft. And a director at the Actors Studio said, 'You know, Tobin you've been doing that for a while. I think you should go to Hollywood and play bad guys.'" Bell moved to Los Angeles and was cast in his first feature film, Alan Parker's "Mississippi Burning" (1988), as a "tough, street smart, FBI agent". Bell played an assassin called "The Nordic Man" in another Pollack film, "The Firm" (1993). The same year, he played Mendoza in "In the Line of Fire", where he attempts to taunt an undercover Clint Eastwood into proving his loyalty by murdering his partner, played by Dylan McDermott. He went on to appear in an episode of the sitcom "Seinfeld" titled "The Old Man" playing a record store owner. He appeared in two episodes of "NYPD Blue" playing different characters.


title: Tobin Bell

text: In 1994, Bell played a hospital administrator in the second episode of the first season of "ER" and went on to appear in an episode of another medical drama "Chicago Hope", playing a terminally ill inmate on death row. That same year, he portrayed the "Unabomber" in the made-for-television film "". In 1997, Bell guest starred in an episode of "La Femme Nikita" and "Nash Bridges". The following year, he guest starred in an episode of "Stargate SG-1" and a two-part episode of "Walker, Texas Ranger". He also appeared as the villain Peter Kingsley during the second season of "24".


title: Tobin Bell

text: In 2004, Bell was cast as John Kramer / Jigsaw, an engineer-turned-serial killer who wants others to appreciate the value of life via twisted "games", in the horror film "Saw". The low-budget film was a box office success, spawning eight sequels: "Saw II" (2005), "Saw III" (2006), "Saw IV" (2007), "Saw V" (2008), "Saw VI" (2009), "Saw 3D" (2010), "Jigsaw" (2017), and "Spiral" (2021). He provided his voice for the Jigsaw character in the "Saw" video game (2009) and its sequel, "" (2010), to which he also provided his likeness. Even though Bell spent three weeks lying on a floor and had very few lines, his role was pivotal to the first film. For his role as "Jigsaw", Bell received MTV Movie Awards nominations in 2006 and 2007 for "Best Villain", won "Best Butcher" in the Fuse/Fangoria Chainsaw Awards and was given the "Best Villain in a Film Series" title at the 2010 Chiller-Eyegore Awards. Although he considers his role in "Saw" to have been "a great blessing", he hopes to soon have the opportunity to be cast against type. In October 2022, Bell was confirmed to reprise his Jigsaw role once more in "Saw X", set for a release date on October 27, 2023.


title: Tobin Bell

text: In 2016, Bell starred as hermit Yo Ling on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives", revealed to be John Black's long lost father. He starred as the voices of the villain Doctor Alchemy and the malicious speed god and main antagonist Savitar on the third season of " The Flash", in an uncredited role.


title: Tobin Bell

text: When not acting, Bell coaches a Little League Baseball team and flag football. His other hobbies include hiking and playing guitar.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: Mainstream is a 2020 American comedy-drama film directed by Gia Coppola, who co-wrote the screenplay with Tom Stuart. It stars Andrew Garfield, Maya Hawke, Nat Wolff, Johnny Knoxville and Jason Schwartzman.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: Set in West Hollywood the film follows struggling young filmmaker Frankie (Maya Hawke) who achieves success after meeting up with Link (Andrew Garfield) a strange and bold man living off the grid.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: It had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 5, 2020. It was released on May 7, 2021, by IFC Films. The film received negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing just $40,209 against a $5 million production budget.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: Frankie is a young filmmaker living in West Hollywood. Having dropped out of school to pursue her dreams of making art, she is working a thankless job bartending with her friend Jake and has no clear vision of her goals other than creating a struggling YouTube channel. One day she encounters Link, an eccentric young man working as a costumed mascot in a mall. When Frankie claims to have been filming a painting behind Link and not Link himself, Link grabs the painting and performs a rambling but passionate monologue urging passersby to pay attention to the art. Frankie records the monologue and uploads it where it quickly becomes her most popular video. Frankie later re-encounters Link by chance and befriends him. The often-manic Link claims that his parents are dead and that he is firmly anti-establishment and anti-social media.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: Frankie asks Link to appear in more of her videos; he agrees, as long as she quits her dead-end job. She convinces Jake to join them as a writer. Together, the team makes a video called "No One Special" starring Link as a satire of a stereotypical loud, offensive, narcissistic social media influencer. The trio garner attention from a social media manager who persuades them that there is real money to be made from in-video product endorsements. Meanwhile, at a late-night party hosted at a graveyard, Jake privately witnesses Link arguing with someone who claims to be his brother, but does not bring it up to Frankie. Frankie and Link begin a romantic relationship and she opens up about the death of her father and her troubled relationship with her mother.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: Frankie, Jake and Link launch a show called "Your Phone or Your Dignity" in which Link as "No One Special" takes contestants' smart phones and offers to give them a dumb phone or to return their own phone if they undergo a humiliating task. After initial success, the trio falls victim to infighting when they begin to lose views.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: The tension comes to a head when Link humiliates a young woman, Isabelle, on the show by revealing that she edits a facial birthmark out of her selfies; under his pressure, she agrees to release her unedited photos for the game show prize but breaks down in tears, for which he aggressively admonishes her. Upset at what the show has become, Jake quits. Link is then invited to be on a roundtable with several other internet celebrities hosted by Ted Wick, but when he is accused by Ted of hypocrisy and confronted with the unedited footage of Link's humiliation of Isabelle, Link rants against the other participants, claims Isabelle tried to seduce him, and is thrown out for pretending to defecate onstage.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: Disillusioned, Frankie visits Jake at their old workplace and tries to bring him back into the fold, but Jake refuses and reveals he has done research on Link and found out that he is a liar: he is actually a son of rich parents (who are both alive) and that he is dangerous and unstable, having once been institutionalized for burning down his school. When Jake confesses that he is in love with Frankie, she leaves and returns home in a daze. Link arrives and announces that YouTube has invited him to head a livestream event, and that he wants to do it with her, and she accepts.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: While setting up for the livestream, Frankie learns that Isabelle died by suicide due to the humiliation of her appearance and Link's accusations. When Link is more concerned about his public image than her death, Frankie reveals she knows the truth about him and storms out. During the livestream, which includes a memorial for Isabelle, Link gives his condolences but then veers off-script into a manic, vulgar monologue, refusing to accept blame for her death and instead ranting against the toxicity of social media and its oppressive hold over its audience. In an attempt to go even further, Link reveals his name is actually Alex Goodrich and invites the audience to support them only if they're willing to rebel against the mainstream. As he departs the stage, the gathered crowd applauds and starts chanting his name as he turns and smiles at the camera. Frankie and Jake later reconcile at Isabelle's memorial.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: In October 2018, it was announced Andrew Garfield, Maya Hawke, Nat Wolff and Jason Schwartzman had joined the cast of the film, with Gia Coppola directing from a screenplay she wrote alongside Tom Stuart. Fred Berger will serve as a producer under his Automatik banner. In May 2019, Johnny Knoxville, Chris Messina, Alexa Demie and Colleen Camp joined the cast of the film, with Coppola, Zac Weinstein, Lauren Bratman, Enrico Saraiva, Francisco Rebelo de Andrade and Jack Heller would serve as producers under their American Zoetrope, Tugawood, Assemble Media and Dynasty Pictures banners.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 5, 2020. It was also selected to screen at the Telluride Film Festival in September 2020, prior to its cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2021, IFC Films acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film and set it for a May 7, 2021, release.


title: Mainstream (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "Mainstream" holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads: ""Mainstream" makes a vain attempt to satirize viral fame, settling instead for obvious commentary that feels painfully dated." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 36 out of 100, based on eight critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Animal Crossing: New Horizons is a 2020 social simulation game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch; it is the fifth main entry in the "Animal Crossing" series. In "New Horizons", the player controls a character who moves to a deserted island after purchasing a getaway package from Tom Nook, accomplishes assigned tasks, and develops the island as they choose. They can gather and craft items, customize the island, and develop it into a community of anthropomorphic animals.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: "New Horizons" began its development in 2012. The game director, Aya Kyogoku, retained old content from previous games to keep fans happy and also ensured that the game was simple enough to appeal to newcomers. With art and graphics, the developers used the concept of "trigger of play" and the "imagination gap", where the former kept the gameplay simplistic and easy to pick up while the latter kept the art style simple for the player to imagine the rest. The game was announced at E3 2019 via a Nintendo Direct and after an extended development period, released worldwide March 20, 2020.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: "New Horizons" received acclaim from critics, who praised its gameplay and customization options and called it the best game in the "Animal Crossing" series. The game was nominated for over a dozen awards and was a contender for Game of the Year. It was a major commercial success, selling over copies worldwide and breaking the console game record for most digital units sold in a single month. It is the best-selling game in the "Animal Crossing" series, the second best-selling game on the Nintendo Switch, the best-selling game of all time in Japan, and the 16th best-selling video game in history. Its commercial success has been attributed in part to its release amid global stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic. The game has been used as a substitute for social interactions such as weddings and graduation ceremonies, as well as political campaigning and virtual protests. The game also inspired fan creations, such as a trading website, a talk show, and other comics and merchandise. It also received major updates adding new content until November 5, 2021.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: As in previous "Animal Crossing" games, "New Horizons" is a life simulation game played in real time. Weather also adjusts to the seasons of the Northern or Southern Hemisphere, depending on the player's real-world location, a first for the "Animal Crossing" series. The game follows a villager customized by the player, who, after purchasing a getaway package from Tom Nook, moves into a deserted island. After Tom Nook gives the player essentials, such as a tent, the game proceeds in a non-linear fashion, allowing for the player to play the game as they choose.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: The player is given open access to natural resources such as fruit and wood, which can be collected and crafted into a variety of items and furniture known as D.I.Y. crafting. Alongside this, they can catch bugs and fish, plant and grow trees and flowers, extract natural resources such as rocks, and swim in the ocean. The island gives open space for placing items and decorating as the player chooses. Certain content available, such as organisms, are season-dependant and only appear for a limited time of the year. Doing simple tasks rewards the player with "Nook Miles", which in return can purchase premium rewards in Resident Services. The other currency "Bells", a staple in the "Animal Crossing" franchise, can be used to purchase other goods and services. Another feature offered early on is the "Dodo Airlines", an airport; through Dodo Airlines, and tickets purchased through Nook Miles, the player can visit other vacant islands to harvest resources, and meet other villagers. The player can invite other villagers they meet to their island if they choose.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: The player starts with two other random anthropomorphic villagers that also purchase the getaway package; these villagers will live alongside the player and can be interacted with, building relationships. When the player has made sufficient progress in the game, Tom Nook gives more freedom of expanding as a village. Other shop owners will visit and settle on the island; museum-owner Blathers, who will display fish, bugs, sea creatures, fossils, and art captured by the player; sisters Mabel and Sable, who sell clothing and other player-created accessories; and Timmy and Tommy, who run a store that specializes in selling furniture and other quality-of-life items, eventually expanding to sell more items per day. That store is named "Nook's Cranny". Eventually, the main area will expand to a Town Hall, run by Tom Nook with the help of Isabelle; other buildings and villagers will populate the community, and old tents and shops will grow into a more permanent structure that can still be moved if the player chooses. From there, the island will be given a star rating out of five, usually starting off at a one-star rating. As the island is further developed, the island's star rating will increase. When a three-star rating is achieved, K.K. Slider, a popular musician, will visit and perform a concert at the island, marking the "end" of the game as the credits roll. However, more options for island customization are given to the player for further community growth, such as the ability to construct and destroy cliffs, bodies of water and paths, colloquially referred to as terraforming.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: The game supports one island per Switch system. "Animal Crossing: New Horizons" supports both local and online co-op gameplay, with up to four players locally and eight players online able to occupy an island at any given time, an option available through the Dodo Airlines. The game supports amiibo cards and figures from the "Animal Crossing" series, which can be used to invite a villager to the island temporarily that can be convinced to join the island. Nintendo Switch Online cloud saving was added during a late July 2020 update, allowing users to recover game data if their Switch is broken or lost. Additional free content was added every few months, added on every update by downloading the latest update from Nintendo, but major updates ceased with the release of the version 2.0 update on November 3, 2021.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Since the game depends on seasonal changes, "New Horizons" receives frequent updates, adding new seasonal items, events, and sometimes new gameplay features. Most updates are loosely based around national holidays, with the first update being themed around "Bunny Day" in April 2020 and based on Easter. Other seasonal updates followed, being "Nature Day" (Earth Day), May Day, Halloween, "Turkey Day" (Thanksgiving), and "Toy Day" (Christmas). Other popular seasonal events, such as summer, also came with new items. Each respective update also featured popular characters from past "Animal Crossing" games. With each update, the island changed in look, and the player's island is often decorated for the occasion. Alongside seasonal changes, Nintendo has also released themed items from other popular media, such as "Mario" outfits and decor in celebration of the franchise's 35th anniversary.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: In an October 2021 "New Horizons"-focused Nintendo Direct, Nintendo announced the version 2.0 update would be released the following month and would be the final major free content update for the game. The update added returning characters Kapp'n and Brewster, both bringing new activities and locations to the game, as well as the ability to fund permanent locations for the game's random visiting vendors. Alongside other quality-of-life improvements, it also included new purchasable items, such as furniture and music, new villagers, and the ability to cook food via farmed crops. Announced alongside the update was paid downloadable content, entitled "Animal Crossing: New Horizons – Happy Home Paradise"; similar to the 2015 spinoff "", the expansion allows players to visit a distant island and design vacation homes for villagers, and adds new customization options that can also be used on players' personal islands once learned. The version 2.0 update released on November 3, 2021, and the "Happy Home Paradise" add-on released on November 5, 2021.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Development of a new main series "Animal Crossing" game for the Nintendo Switch was confirmed in a Nintendo Direct on September 13, 2018, with an unspecified 2019 release date. Although the game was announced in 2018, game director Aya Kyogoku confirmed that the game had begun development in 2012, shortly after the original release of "" for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan; she stated how concepts for the game were forming long before ideas for the Nintendo Switch had even existed. Hisashi Nogami and Katsuya Eguchi reprised their roles as the game's producers.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Nintendo released the game's title and first trailer at its E3 2019 Nintendo Direct on June 11, 2019. The game was delayed until March 20, 2020, with Yoshiaki Koizumi stating that in order "to ensure [that] the game [was] the best it [could] be, [Nintendo had to] ask that [players] wait a little longer than [Nintendo itself] thought." Nintendo of America president Doug Bowser cited a desire to avoid crunch and maintain a healthy work–life balance for Nintendo employees as the primary reason for the delay. Nintendo's stock market value posted a 3.5% loss in reaction to the delay, amounting to a total loss in value of more than US$1 billion.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Kyogoku stated that the success of the "Animal Crossing" series was due to the fact that the developers make each game different enough from the last, to bring appeal to newcomers yet keep the core concept for returning players. Kyogoku and Nogami stated that they selected a deserted island as the game's setting to differentiate it from previous "Animal Crossing" games, which are set in established villages, and to allow greater freedom to customize the game's world. Additionally, a deserted island took away established parameters in the series to allow for different ideas and player interactions. Other concepts, such as the internet and multiplayer, were able to be implemented, unlike previous games due to advancing hardware. Kyogoku made sure to keep balance of introducing new and fresh ideas while retaining core elements to satisfy long-term fans of the series.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: The developers were very disappointed when the game's release cycle overlapped with the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to quarantine during the pandemic, Kyogoku hoped that the game would be an "escape" for fans at the time. They emphasized a global release to allow for international connections between the players.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: The developers made sure to make the game not only welcoming new players but to also retain core concepts from the previous games to keep older fans of the series happy. A crafting system was implemented to allow the player to keep the player from running out of things to do after the in-game stores close. She mentioned how the D.I.Y. crafting system would keep players in theme with the game by interacting and using the natural environment to their advantage. Kyogoku took note of players who began playing "Animal Crossing" games via mobile apps, such as "", by implementing the Nook Miles feature which would show the player what kinds of activities and concepts they can achieve by rewarding them to do so. The Nook Miles system also rewards the player for doing common tasks and collecting materials that would sell for cheap to keep the player from only tediously searching out expensive materials. Furniture and clothing accessibility and customization were emphasized for multiplayer so players could show pride in their islands.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Additionally, the developers noticed that players would repeatedly restart games in the previous series over and over, in hopes to get an island shape that they want. Because of this, landscaping was implemented to allow for easy shaping of the island. Another issue they noticed was "time-traveling"; due to the game running in real-time, players would change the clock on the console to put themselves further into the future so they don't have to wait in real-time. To help avoid this, they made sure landscaping and crafting did not have any wait-time restrictions. They also tied seasonal events to updates instead of implementing the content into the game from the beginning so players could not skip ahead and retrieve exclusive items. The interest rate in the game's bank system was also decreased to lower the incentive of time-traveling. Although the developers intended no time-traveling to be the ideal way of playing, they did not shun the concept entirely.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: The game's art director, Koji Takahashi, went under the philosophy of "trigger of play". The concept makes sure there is something within the player's field of vision or grasp that would want them to explore the concept. With this, the island was designed from a 45-degree angle similar to that of a cylinder, or a "curved" perspective, where the player could view other content occurring in the background that would "trigger" them to investigate further or interact. By making an everyday concept simple and easy to grasp, it would cause the player to explore it further and be able to easily pick up the new material. If the game's art was complicated and realistic, according to Takahashi, the player would possibly receive too much information and make progression difficult. The simple design allowed for a multiple of one object to be stacked close to each other, such as flowers, or allow for simplistic objects to compliment others.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: By leaving empty space and with a simplistic design, with simple graphics and little nature complexity, Takahashi explains how it would have the player attempt to fill in that gap with their own perspectives and ideas, called the "imagination gap", and further motivation to create their own designs and space with the features available. In the game, the grass is designed to look like that of a checkerboard. Although this concept was in prior titles due to a lack of hardware complexity, the concept remained because it could be used as a form of expression for the player and allow them to conceptualize ideas with the "imagination gap".


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Art designer Hiromi Sugimoto made sure furniture would lead to motivation and hard work, and thus make the player want to connect with others to show off their achievements. He made sure the furniture could be customized by the player to ensure the difference between islands that would motivate visiting others and seeing unique ideas. Each furniture model was designed to have a "likeness" to it which would show exactly what to expect and what the player envisions; the pieces of furniture and items implemented various portions on how players view an object to look like and combine the commons ideas into one model. From there, using the "imagination gap", the player could fill in the smaller nitpicky info they would expect and further imagine how they could use the item.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: The March 20, 2020, release date for "New Horizons" came to coincide with that of id Software's "Doom Eternal". Due to the demand expected for both games, and in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, GameStop decided to begin selling "Doom Eternal" one day earlier, on the 19th, to minimize crowding. The stark contrast in tone between both games, combined with them being released on the same day, prompted fans of both series to celebrate the coincidence by creating light-hearted crossover art featuring "Doom"s Doomguy and Isabelle as "best friends". When "New Horizons" released on March 20, 2020, video game retailer EB Games attracted criticism for allowing fans who pre-ordered the game along with "Doom Eternal" to line up at its flagship Canadian location on Yonge Street, Toronto amid a COVID-19 pandemic in the country, when all levels of government urged the public to close non-essential businesses and maintain social distancing.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Touching on "New Horizons" in a December 2020 interview with "Polygon", Doug Bowser stated the game sold "well beyond expectations", and applauded the developers for their efforts. He noted the game would continue to see updates all throughout 2021.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: "Animal Crossing: New Horizons" received "universal acclaim" according to review aggregator Metacritic, becoming the highest-rated game in the series on the website. However, the game has been subject to review bombing due to its handling of Switch profiles and multiplayer. The game was cited to be the best in the series, and was given a perfect score by "Nintendo Life" and "Pocket Gamer".


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Most enjoyed the Nook Miles system, stating that it gave the player something to do and a goal to reach. Dann Sullivan, writing for "Pocket Gamer", liked how it gave the player "optional direction". "USGamer" also joked how nobody can complain how there is nothing to do. The D.I.Y. system was also praised, with "Nintendo Life" taking note of how no resource is useless. "Polygon"s Russ Frushtick lauded the ability for unrestricted creativity that allowed for the player to design the island with furniture and building layout, leading to a "true representation of the player who created it." "Eurogamer" Deputy Editor Martin Robinson stated that, the game has some very impressive improvements which allowed for a much clearer and more defined structure overall that gave the game play a better feel and cohesion than ever before.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Critics from "GameSpot" and "Game Informer" praised the creative freedom and control offered by the game, such as being allowed to choose where buildings and bridges are placed. In particular, the Island Designer App was lauded with its ability to create natural structures, although there were minor complaints about how the player could not expand the island and could only reshape it. "GamesRadar+" appreciated the retaining of old characters and concepts with the addition of new gameplay mechanics.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: "Slant Magazine"'s Steven Scaife was more critical of the game, arguing that "By consolidating so much power in the hands of an individual player, "New Horizons" threatens to upend the "Animal Crossing" vision of community living."


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Many had complaints about time restrictions in the early phases of the game. Since the game runs in real-time, most of the resources available replenish the next day, and reviewers were left with little to do in the beginning. "IGN"s Samuel Claiborn refused to time travel in prior titles, but ultimately was tempted into putting the system's clock ahead 15 days in when more tools were unlocked and to begin what he believed was when the game had faster pacing. "4Players" enjoyed the lack of time-related pressure and the option to time travel if preferred.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Outside of gameplay itself, "New Horizons" received acclaim for the timing of the release, coming out just as stay-at-home orders were being fortified. Reviewer Louryne Strampe of "WIRED" found that the game was exactly what she needed for her mental health and added that she and her colleagues find solace when visiting each other's respective islands. Due to online multiplayer options, it also gave critics the opportunity to play with friends during quarantine.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: The downloadable content expansion, "Happy Home Paradise", was well received. Lisa Segarra of "Kotaku" found the prompts for designing villager homes to be "exhilarating" and that it "sparked inspiration". She found that the update brought "so much new life into the game". Kate Gray of "Nintendo Life" described the new content in both the expansion and the free update as being comparable to "a big lick of paint over the whole game". The depth and quantity of new content were praised, and minor improvements were deemed to "really make it worth sticking around", though the finality of the update was criticized.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Due to the seasonal and real-time connection in "New Horizons", the game saw multiple second opinions by critics and fans as new content was released, usually of positive to mixed reception. According to "Vice Media" and "VentureBeat" about 6 weeks after the release date, players who played the game for large amounts of time shortly after its release tended to suffer from burnout and play significantly less by the time the game had been released for six weeks. "Vice Media" noted how the game wasn't designed for people to be playing all the time and was rather intended for distraction, but "the pandemic isn't giving people much of a choice"; they reflected on the nature of the "Animal Crossing" series and how the game is better enjoyed at a slower pace of action. "Venturebeat"s Jeff Grubb was able to recognize smaller hindrances and slow-paced gameplay that became increasingly frustrating the more he had to use them. Despite this, both reviewers continued to play and looked on the game positively by April 2020.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: A year later, past reviews were revisited by Andrew Webster and Brendan Lowry, writing for "The Verge" and "iMore" respectively, and both expressed similar thoughts of what the game had become; they both agreed the lack of island progression not continuing beyond a few months made returning difficult to enjoy, with "iMore" expressing concerns for the lack of upgrades to components such as buildings and shops, and "The Verge" considering the Nook Miles system to be "an afterthought" rather than goals to look forward to. Both still continued to enjoy daily tasks of tending to the island, however, with both citing how it gives the player something to do and offers a small distraction from the real world. By the release of the November 2021 update, fans were torn on restarting their island entirely to recapture the experience, as highlighted by Nicole Carpenter, writing for "Polygon".


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: "Animal Crossing New Horizons" sold over 1.88million physical copies at launch in Japan, breaking the record held by "Pokémon Sword" and "Shield" for biggest Switch game debut in the region. The game sold 720,791 physical copies in its second week in Japan, selling more than "" did in its first week. , the game has sold 3,895,159 physical copies in Japan. In North America, it was the best-selling game of March 2020, becoming the second-bestselling game of 2020 and surpassing the lifetime sales of all previous "Animal Crossing" games. "New Horizons" generated the third highest known launch month sales of any Nintendo-published game (since The NPD Group began tracking video game sales from 1995), after "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" (2018) and "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" (2008). In the United Kingdom, the physical launch sales were roughly quadrupled than those of "New Leaf", making it the biggest Switch game launch in the region. It also sold triple the units of the second-bestselling game, new entry "Doom Eternal". In Germany, "New Horizons" sold more than 200,000 copies after a few days of release, for which it has been certified with a Platinum Sales Award by German trade association GAME.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Nielsen division SuperData Research estimates that "New Horizons" sold five million digital copies worldwide in March 2020, setting a new digital sales record by selling more digital units in a single calendar month than any other console game in history. It surpassed the previous record set by "" (2018). Nintendo reported that 11.77 million units were sold within 12 days by March 31, 2020, and a total of 13.41 million units after six weeks on the market, making it "the best start ever for a Nintendo Switch title" by the end of its 2019 fiscal year, as well as one of the best-selling games on the console and the best-selling game of the "Animal Crossing" series. It later sold units worldwide after three months by June 2020 and units after six months by September 2020.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: On August 9, 2020, it was reported that "Animal Crossing: New Horizons" became the second-highest selling game of all time in Japan, only after "Pokémon Red and Blue". It was also reported in November 2020 that it was the fastest game to sell over six million copies in Japan. It was the year's best-selling game in Japan, second best-selling game in the United Kingdom, and third best-selling game in the United States. The game grossed in global digital sales by the end of 2020, making it the year's seventh highest-grossing digital premium game worldwide. In January 2021, The NPD Group revealed the best-selling games of 2020 in the United States. "New Horizons" was ranked third behind "" and "". The publication revealed that "New Horizons" was the best-selling Nintendo game in terms of physical copies in the US since 2010's "Wii Fit Plus". It was also the second best-selling game of the year in physical copies in the United Kingdom, behind "FIFA 21".


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: By March 2021, the game had sold units, making it the second best-selling Nintendo Switch game, behind only "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe". The game had grossed an estimated in its first year , the fifth highest first-year revenue for any video game. After the 2.0 update in November 2021, Nintendo revealed in a financial report that game sales reached 34.85 million units sold. A February 2022 report revealed that the game had sold units, selling more than the rest of the "Animal Crossing" games combined.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: As of June 30, 2022, total sales reached 39.38 million copies. Total sales reached 40.17 million by September 30, 2022.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: "New Horizons" has won numerous awards; the game won the categories for "Best Game in China" and "Game of the Year" at the Famitsu Dengeki. Additionally, the game also was nominated for "Game of the Year" as well as the best multiplayer and family game at The Game Awards 2020, and ultimately won the "Best Family Game" category. At the Japan Game Awards 2020, the game was nominated for the "Minister of Economy, Trade, and Industry Award" as well as "Game of the Year", and won both categories. The game received an "Award for Excellence" at the event. "New Horizons" was nominated for similar categories at the Golden Joystick Awards 2020 and won the "Nintendo Game of the Year" category. The game was nominated at the 2021 Kids' Choice Awards for Favourite Video Game. The game won the "Game Beyond Entertainment" and "Best Multiplayer" categories at the 2021 British Academy Games Awards (BAFTA) and was nominated for four others. The Game Developers Choice Awards saw nominations for Best Design alongside Game of the Year.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: Reviewers and news organizations highlighted the game's sense of escapism, in contrast to the COVID-19 pandemic, as attributing to its success. An "NBC News" op-ed declared, "["New Horizons"] is the coronavirus distraction we needed" at a time of widespread social distancing and stay-at-home orders. Imad Khan of "The New York Times" called the game a "phenomenon", and stated that "with the world in the grip of a pandemic, the wildly popular game is a conveniently timed piece of whimsy, particularly for millennials." Many people have utilized the game in different ways for business and/or socialization. Funerals, weddings, and graduations were held in the game, with even a talk show spawning, titled "Animal Talking". The Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, during the COVID-19 pandemic, has regularly held live streams of animal feedings. Twitter revealed, in early January 2021, that "Animal Crossing: New Horizons" was the most tweeted-about game in 2020.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: The Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign released official digital yard signs for use in the game that players could use to decorate their islands. The game was also used by democracy activists in Hong Kong, including Joshua Wong, as a platform to protest virtually. In reaction, the game was removed from online stores in China such as Taobao where it had been available on the grey market. Nintendo announced on November 19, 2020, a new set of guidelines for using the game, including the ban on using it for political activities.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: In March 2021, the National Videogame Museum kept a record of the game and its impact during the COVID-19 pandemic, titled the ""Animal Crossing" Diaries". The records contain visuals, audio, interviews from players throughout 2020, who kept track of their progress and reflected on their experience and how it affected them. According to Lex Roberts, the curator, the goal was to encapture what made the game so popular, alongside its cultural impact, to players who enjoyed the game after COVID-19 restrictions settled. They were requested by the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation to "collect the history as it’s happening", and they were funded by the charity to do so. The website containing the records opened in September 2021, and covered the 18 months after the game's release.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: A tie-in manga series, , began serialization in the manga magazine "Ciao" on December 28, 2019. The series is written and illustrated by Minori Katō, and follows a villager named Hana who moves to an unpopulated island. Another manga series, "Atsumare Dōbutsu no Mori: Nonbiri Shima Diary", launched in the June 2020 issue of "Coro Coro Comics". The first volume was published in English as "Animal Crossing: New Horizons - Deserted Island Diary" on September 14, 2021, by Viz Media.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: "Nook Tails", a tie-in comic strip series by Cho Hanayo featuring the characters Tom Nook, Timmy, and Tommy, began serialization on the game's Japanese website on October 15, 2019. An English-language translation of the series has been posted on the game's English Twitter account beginning on March 4, 2020. Multiple guide books have been released in Japan, some with well-over 1000 pages. These guides have been greatly popular in the country, with large queues (despite shelter-in-place orders), and prompting mass reselling online.


title: Animal Crossing: New Horizons

text: In January 2021, ColourPop released a makeup collection inspired by the game's characters. In March 2021, Build-A-Bear Workshop announced an "Animal Crossing: New Horizons" collection of plush toys.


title: Nujabes

text: , better known by his stage name , was a Japanese record producer, audio engineer, DJ, composer and arranger best known for his atmospheric instrumental mixes sampling from hip hop, soul, and jazz, as well as incorporating elements of trip hop, breakbeat, downtempo, and ambient music.


title: Nujabes

text: Seba released two studio albums during his lifetime: "Metaphorical Music" (2003) and "Modal Soul" (2005), while the album "Spiritual State" was released posthumously in 2011. He was the founder of the independent label Hydeout Productions and released two collection compilations: "Hydeout Productions 1st Collection" (2003) and "2nd Collection" (2007). Additionally, Seba collaborated on the soundtrack for Shinichirō Watanabe's anime series "Samurai Champloo" ("" and "") in 2004.


title: Nujabes

text: In 2010, Seba died in a traffic collision at the age of 36. Although relatively niche during his lifetime, Seba has since achieved posthumous acclaim and been referred as the "godfather" of lo-fi hip hop. Seba's production techniques and career have also been compared favorably with J Dilla.


title: Nujabes

text: Seba was born on February 7, 1974, in the Nishi-Azabu district of Minato in central Tokyo, Japan. Seba was the owner of two Shibuya record stores, T Records and Guinness Records, and in 1998 founded the independent record label Hydeout Productions.


title: Nujabes

text: Seba adopted the stage name Nujabes (his name spelled backwards) and became notable for his approach to producing hip hop beats, often blending jazz influences into his songs creating a mellow, nostalgic and atmospheric sound. He is considered a pioneer of lo-fi hip hop, or "chillhop". Seba collaborated with Japanese artists like Uyama Hiroto, Shing02, L-Universe, and Minmi, and with various underground American hip hop acts such as CYNE, Cise Starr (as a solo apart from the hip-hop collective CYNE), Apani B, Five Deez, Substantial, CL Smooth, Fat Jon, Terry Callier as well as British rapper Funky DL. Seba was also a member of the production duo Urbanforest, an experimental collaboration with Nao T. Seba collaborated with Shing02 on the critically acclaimed "Luv(sic)" hexalogy, making the parts 1-3 together, but after Seba died unexpectedly many doubted that the series could ever be completed. However, parts 4 and 5 had already been completed, which were released shortly after Seba's death. Part 6 was not among the previously completed tracks, but it was released on February 26, 2013, on the third anniversary of Seba's death. According to Shing02's official Facebook page, the instrumental to what would eventually be part 6 was discovered on Seba's cell phone a few weeks after his death.


title: Nujabes

text: Seba was one of the most prolific contributors to the soundtrack of the critically acclaimed anime series "Samurai Champloo", which blends a feudal Japanese setting with modern anachronisms, especially in regard to hip hop culture such as graffiti and rapping.


title: Nujabes

text: On February 26, 2010, Seba was in a traffic collision upon exiting the Shuto Expressway at 22:14. He was pronounced dead at a hospital in Shibuya Ward after efforts to revive him failed. His grave is located within the Japanese section of Tama Cemetery.


title: Nujabes

text: Seba's death elicited many tributes from other artists around the world. On Bandcamp, the New York-based Digi Crates records released a series of tribute albums performed by various artists in a style reminiscent of Seba's. Seba's label Hydeout Productions released a tribute album titled "Modal Soul Classics II" featuring a number of former collaborators and with lyrics and song titles that reference Seba's work.


title: Nujabes

text: Frequent collaborator Shing02 remarked, "Through his soulful music, Nujabes has touched so many people around the world, even beyond his dreams", and "[I] deeply regret the loss of a unique talent and a close friend." Shing02 has performed at tribute concerts for Seba.


title: Nujabes

text: Daniel Hodgman, founder of hip hop culture website BonusCut, in a 2014 highlight of "Modal Soul" said that, "Nujabes may not be physically with us anymore, but through his music, his legacy and lust for life lives on." Co-founder Gus Navarro remarked that, "The music of the late producer Nujabes is something to hold onto and never let go."


title: Nujabes

text: In 2018, American rapper SahBabii mentioned Nujabes in his song “Anime World”. He said “RIP Nujabes, nine tails a Jinchuriki”. In an interview with "XXL", SahBabii said Nujabes was an influence for him to make music.


title: Nujabes

text: In 2018, American rapper Logic mentioned Nujabes in the track "Thank You" off of his album "YSIV", saying "I had to write this over a Nujabes vibe", referencing the production style of the track, which is reminiscent of Nujabes' music. In 2020, Logic cited Nujabes as a key inspiration behind his production style alongside MF Doom, RZA and Kanye West in the track "Perfect" off of his album "No Pressure".


title: Nujabes

text: On 26 July 2019, Otakon held a tribute concert in Washington, D.C., featuring Shing02, MINMI, Substantial, Marcus D and EyeQ.


title: Nujabes

text: On October 21, 2020 Chester Watson released the album "A Japanese Horror Film" featuring a track titled “Nujabes”.


title: Nujabes

text: In 2022, videogame "Stray" featured track "Counting Stars" as a part of collectible sheet music pages.


title: M (1931 film)

text: M is a 1931 German mystery suspense thriller film directed by Fritz Lang and starring Peter Lorre in his breakthrough role as Hans Beckert, a serial killer of children. An early example of a procedural drama, the film centers on the manhunt for Lorre's character, conducted by both the police and the criminal underworld.


title: M (1931 film)

text: The film's screenplay was written by Lang and his wife Thea von Harbou and was the director's first sound film. It features many cinematic innovations, including the use of long, fluid tracking shots, and a musical "leitmotif" in the form of "In the Hall of the Mountain King" whistled by Lorre's character. Now considered a timeless classic, the film was deemed by Lang to be his magnum opus.


title: M (1931 film)

text: It is widely considered one of the greatest films of all time, and an indispensable influence on modern crime and thriller fiction.


title: M (1931 film)

text: In Berlin, a group of children are playing an elimination game in the courtyard of an apartment building, using a chant about a murderer of children. A woman sets the table for lunch, waiting for her daughter to come home from school. A wanted poster warns of a serial killer preying on children, as anxious parents wait outside a school.


title: M (1931 film)

text: Little Elsie Beckmann leaves school, bouncing a ball on her way home. She is approached by Hans Beckert, who is whistling "In the Hall of the Mountain King" by Edvard Grieg. He offers to buy her a balloon from a blind street-vendor and walks and talks with her. Elsie's place at the dinner table remains empty, her ball rolls away across a patch of grass, and her balloon is lost in the telephone lines overhead.


title: M (1931 film)

text: In the wake of Elsie's disappearance, anxiety runs high among the public. Beckert sends an anonymous letter to the newspapers, taking credit for the child murders and promising that he will commit others; the police extract clues from the letter, using the new techniques of fingerprinting and handwriting analysis. Under mounting pressure from the Prussian government, the police work around the clock. Inspector Karl Lohmann, head of the homicide squad, instructs his men to intensify their search and to check the records of recently released psychiatric patients, focusing on any with a history of violence against children. They stage frequent raids to question known criminals, disrupting organized crime so badly that (The Safecracker) summons the crime bosses of Berlin's Ringvereine to a conference. They decide to organize their own manhunt, using beggars to watch the children. Meanwhile, the police search Beckert's rented rooms, find evidence that he wrote the letter there, and lie in wait to arrest him.


title: M (1931 film)

text: Beckert sees a young girl in the reflection of a shop window and begins to follow her, but stops when the girl meets her mother. He encounters another girl and befriends her, but the blind vendor recognizes his whistling. The vendor tells one of his friends, who follows Beckert and sees him inside a shop with the girl. As the two exit onto the street, the man chalks a large "M" (for , "murderer" in German) on his palm, pretends to trip, and bumps into Beckert, marking the back of his overcoat so that other beggars can easily track him. The girl notices the chalk and offers to clean it for him, but before she finishes, Beckert realizes he is being watched and flees the scene, abandoning the girl.


title: M (1931 film)

text: Attempting to evade the beggars' surveillance, Beckert hides inside a large office building just before the workers leave for the evening. The beggars call , who arrives at the building with a team of other criminals. They capture and torture one of the watchmen for information and, after capturing the other two, search the building and catch Beckert in the attic. When one of the watchmen trips the silent alarm, the criminals narrowly escape with their prisoner before the police arrive. Franz, one of the criminals, is left behind in the confusion and captured by the police. By falsely claiming that one of the watchmen was killed during the break-in, Lohmann tricks Franz into admitting that the gang only broke into the building to find Beckert and revealing where he will be taken.


title: M (1931 film)

text: The criminals drag Beckert to an abandoned distillery to face a kangaroo court. He finds a large, silent crowd awaiting him. Beckert is given a "lawyer", who gamely argues in his defense but fails to win any sympathy from the improvised "jury". Beckert delivers an impassioned monologue, saying that he cannot control his homicidal urges, while the other criminals present break the law by choice, and further questioning why they as criminals believe they have any right to judge him:


title: M (1931 film)

text: What right have you to speak? Criminals! Perhaps you are even proud of yourselves! Proud of being able to crack into safes, or climb into buildings or cheat at cards. All of which, it seems to me, you could just as easily give up, if you had learned something useful, or if you had jobs, or if you were not such lazy pigs. I can not help myself! I have no control over this evil thing that is inside me—the fire, the voices, the torment!


title: M (1931 film)

text: Beckert pleads to be handed over to the police, asking: "Who knows what it is like to be me?" His "lawyer" points out that , presiding over the proceedings, is wanted on three counts of manslaughter, and that it is unjust to execute an insane man. Just as the enraged mob is about to kill Beckert, the police arrive to arrest both him and the criminals.


title: M (1931 film)

text: As a panel of judges prepares to deliver a verdict at Beckert's real trial, the mothers of three of his victims weep in the gallery. Elsie's mother says that "No sentence will bring the dead children back" and that "One has to keep closer watch over the children". The screen fades to black as she adds, "All of you".


title: M (1931 film)

text: Lang placed an advert in a newspaper in 1930 stating that his next film would be ("Murderer Among Us") and that it was about a child murderer. He immediately began receiving threatening letters in the mail and was also denied a studio space to shoot the film at the Staaken Studios. When Lang confronted the head of Staaken Studio to find out why he was being denied access, the studio head informed Lang that he was a member of the Nazi party and that the party suspected that the film was meant to depict the Nazis. This assumption was based entirely on the film's original title and the Nazi party relented when told the plot.


title: M (1931 film)

text: "M" was eventually shot in six weeks at a "Staaken Zeppelinhalle" studio, just outside Berlin. Lang made the film for Nero-Film, rather than with UFA or his own production company. It was produced by Nero studio head Seymour Nebenzal who later produced Lang's "The Testament of Dr. Mabuse". Other titles were given to the film before ""M"" was chosen; ("A City Searches for a Murderer") and ("Your Murderer Looks at You"). While researching for the film, Lang spent eight days inside a mental institution in Germany and met several child murderers, including Peter Kürten. He used several real criminals as extras in the film and eventually 25 cast members were arrested during the film's shooting. Peter Lorre was cast in the lead role of Hans Beckert, acting for the film during the day and appearing on stage in Valentine Katayev's "Squaring the Circle" at night.


title: M (1931 film)

text: Lang did not show any acts of violence or deaths of children on screen and later said that by only suggesting violence, he forced "each individual member of the audience to create the gruesome details of the murder according to their personal imagination".


title: M (1931 film)

text: "M" has been said, by various critics and reviewers, to be based on serial killer Peter Kürten—the "Vampire of Düsseldorf"—whose crimes took place in the 1920s. Lang denied that he drew from this case, in an interview in 1963 with film historian Gero Gandert; "At the time I decided to use the subject matter of "M", there were many serial killers terrorizing Germany—Haarmann, Grossmann, Kürten, Denke, [...]". Inspector Karl Lohmann is based on then famous Ernst Gennat, director of the Berlin criminal police.


title: M (1931 film)

text: Lang's picture of the Berlin underworld in the film was inspired by the real "Ringvereine", which played a role in the German underworld analogous to the Mafia in the Italian underworld. The film's portrayal of the "Ringvereine" as organized like companies with a board of directors that were dominated by a charismatic master criminal was based on reality. Likewise, the practice of the "Ringvereine" shown in the film of providing financial support for the families of imprisoned members was also based on reality. The break-in of an office building depicted in the film was inspired by the real life 1929 break-in of the Disconto Bank in Berlin by the Saas brothers gang, though unlike in the film the objective was larceny, not to capture a serial killer. The "Ringvereine", which were officially wrestling associations that existed for the physical betterment of German men, always sought to promote a very 'respectable', almost middle-class image of themselves. Like the Mafia, the "Ringvereine" paradoxically portrayed themselves as the guardians of society's values, who upheld a certain social order. The image the "Ringvereine" sought to project was as "professionals" whose crimes did not harm ordinary people. Though the "Ringvereine" were known to be gangsters, their hierarchal structure and strict discipline led to a certain popular admiration for them as a force for social order unlike the psychopathic serial killers who murdered random strangers for reasons that often seemed unfathomable, sparking widespread fear and dread. In an article originally published in "Die Filmwoche", Lang wrote that the crime scene in Germany was "such compelling cinematic material that I lived in constant fear that someone else would exploit this idea before me".


title: M (1931 film)

text: The Weimar era was marked by intense debates about the morality and efficiency of capital punishment with the left arguing that the death penalty was barbaric while the right argued that the death penalty was needed to maintain law and order. Adding to the debate was the popular interest in the new science of psychiatry with many psychiatrists arguing that crime was caused by damaged minds and emotions, which could be cured. In the background was a popular obsessive fear of crime and social breakdown, which was fed by sensationalist newspaper coverage of crime, which certainly gave the impression that crime was out of control in Weimar Germany. In addition, for many conservative Germans, the Weimar republic was itself born of crime, namely the November Revolution of 1918 which began with the High Seas Fleet mutiny of October 1918. According to this viewpoint its origins in mutiny and revolution made the Weimar Republic into an illegitimate state that could not maintain social order because the Republic itself was born of disorder. Lang followed these debates closely and incorporated them into several of his Weimar films such as "M". The debate at Beckert's "trial" about whether he deserved to be killed or not paralleled the contemporary debates about capital punishment in Germany. The fact that "Der Schränker", a career criminal, serves as both the prosecutor and judge at the kangaroo court, egging on the mob of criminals to kill Beckert, seems to suggest that Lang's sympathy was with the abolitionists. The arguments that "Der Schränker" makes at the kangaroo court, namely that certain people are so evil that they deserved to be killed for the good of society was precisely the same argument made by supporters of the death penalty.


title: M (1931 film)

text: "M" was Lang's first sound film and he experimented with the new technology. It has a dense and complex soundtrack, as opposed to the more theatrical "talkies" being released at the time. The soundtrack includes a narrator, sounds occurring off-camera, sounds motivating action and suspenseful moments of silence before sudden noise. Lang was also able to make fewer cuts in the film's editing, since sound effects could now be used to inform the narrative.


title: M (1931 film)

text: The film was one of the first to use a "leitmotif", a technique borrowed from opera, associating a tune with Lorre's character, who whistles the tune "In the Hall of the Mountain King" from Edvard Grieg's "Peer Gynt Suite No. 1". Later in the film, the mere sound of the song lets the audience know that he is nearby, off-screen. This association of a musical theme with a particular character or situation is now a film staple. Peter Lorre could not whistle and Lang himself is heard in the film.


title: M (1931 film)

text: "M" premiered in Berlin on 11 May 1931 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo in a version lasting 117 minutes. The original negative is preserved at the Federal Film Archive in a 96-minute version. In 1960, an edited 98-minute version was released. The film was restored in 2000 by the Netherlands Film Museum in collaboration with the Federal Film Archive, the Cinemateque Suisse, Kirsch Media and ZDF/ARTE., with Janus Films releasing the 109-minute version as part of its Criterion Collection using prints from the same period from the Cinemateque Suisse and the Netherlands Film Museum. A complete print of the English version and selected scenes from the French version were included in the 2010 Criterion Collection releases of the film.


title: M (1931 film)

text: The film was later released in the U.S. in April 1933 by Foremco Pictures. After playing in German with English subtitles for two weeks, it was pulled from theaters and replaced by an English-language version. The re-dubbing was directed by Eric Hakim, and Lorre was one of the few cast members to reprise his role in the film. As with many other early talkies from the years 1930–1931, "M" was partially reshot with actors (including Lorre) performing dialogue in other languages for foreign markets after the German original was completed, apparently without Lang's involvement. An English-language version was filmed and released in 1932 from an edited script with Lorre speaking his own words, his first English part. An edited French version was also released but despite the fact that Lorre spoke French his speaking parts were dubbed. In 2013, a DCP version was released by Kino Lorber and played theatrically in North America in the original aspect ratio of 1.19:1. Critic Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" called this the "most-complete-ever version" at 111 minutes. The film was restored by TLEFilms Film Restoration & Preservation Services (Berlin) in association with Archives françaises du film – CNC (Paris) and PostFactory GmbH (Berlin).


title: M (1931 film)

text: A "Variety" review said that the film was "a little too long. Without spoiling the effect—even bettering it—cutting could be done. There are a few repetitions and a few slow scenes." Graham Greene compared the film to "looking through the eye-piece of a microscope, through which the tangled mind is exposed, laid flat on the slide: love and lust; nobility and perversity, hatred of itself and despair jumping at you from the jelly".


title: M (1931 film)

text: In later years, the film received widespread critical praise and holds an approval rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 61 reviews, with an average rating of 9.20/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "A landmark psychological thriller with arresting images, deep thoughts on modern society, and Peter Lorre in his finest performance."


title: M (1931 film)

text: Marc Savlov of "Austin Chronicle" awarded the film five out of five stars, calling it, "One of the greatest of all German Expressionistic films". Savlov praised the film's cinematography, use of sound, and Lorre's performance. In 1997, critic Roger Ebert added "M" to his "Great Movies" list. He proposed Lang's limited use of dialogue was a critical factor in the film's success, in contrast with many early sound films which "felt they had to talk all the time". Ebert also argued the film's characters, nearly all grotesques, embodied Lang's distaste for his adopted homeland: "What I sense is that Lang hated the people around him, hated Nazism, and hated Germany for permitting it."


title: M (1931 film)

text: Lang considered "M" to be his favorite of his own films because of the social criticism in the film. In 1937, he told a reporter that he made the film "to warn mothers about neglecting children". The film has appeared on multiple lists as one of the greatest films ever made. It was voted the best German film of all time with 306 votes in a 1994 poll of 324 film journalists, film critics, filmmakers, and cineastes organized by the . It's included in


title: M (1931 film)

text: Empire Magazine's 100 Best Films of World Cinema in 2010. It is listed in the film reference book "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die", which says, "Establishing conventions still being used by serial killer movies, Lang and scenarist Thea von Harbou intercut the pathetic life of the murderer with the frenzy of the police investigation into the outrageous crimes, and pay attention to issues of press coverage of the killings, vigilante action, and the political pressure that comes down from the politicians and hinders as much as encourages the police." In 2018, it was voted the thirteenth greatest foreign-language film of all time in BBC's poll of 209 critics in 43 countries. The film is also referenced in the song "In Germany Before the War" by American songwriter Randy Newman in his 1977 album Little Criminals.


title: M (1931 film)

text: A Hollywood remake of the same name was released in 1951, shifting the action from Berlin to Los Angeles. Nero Films head Seymour Nebenzal and his son Harold produced the film for Columbia Pictures. Lang had once told a reporter "People ask me why I do not remake "M" in English. I have no reason to do that. I said all I had to say about that subject in the picture. Now I have other things to say." The remake was directed by Joseph Losey and starred David Wayne in Lorre's role. Losey stated that he had seen "M" in the early 1930s and watched it again shortly before shooting the remake, but that he "never referred to it. I only consciously repeated one shot. There may have been unconscious repetitions in terms of the atmosphere, of certain sequences." Lang later said that when the remake was released, he "had the best reviews of [his] life".


title: M (1931 film)

text: In 2003, "M" was adapted for radio by Peter Straughan and broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 2 February, later re-broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra on 8 October 2016. Directed by Toby Swift, this drama won the Prix Italia for Adapted Drama in 2004.


title: M (1931 film)

text: Writer Jon J. Muth adapted the screenplay into a four-part comic book series in 1990, which was reissued as a graphic novel in 2008.


title: Less-than sign

text: The less-than sign is a mathematical symbol that denotes an inequality between two values. The widely adopted form of two equal-length strokes connecting in an acute angle at the left, , has been found in documents dated as far back as the 1560s. In mathematical writing, the less-than sign is typically placed between two values being compared and signifies that the first number is less than the second number. Examples of typical usage include " < 1" and "−2 < 0".


title: Less-than sign

text: Since the development of computer programming languages, the less-than sign and the greater-than sign have been repurposed for a range of uses and operations.


title: Less-than sign

text: The less-than sign may be used for an approximation of the opening angle bracket, . ASCII does not have angle brackets but are standard in Unicode (). The latter is expected in formal texts.


title: Less-than sign

text: In BASIC, Lisp-family languages, and C-family languages (including Java and C++), comparison operator codice_1 means "less than".


title: Less-than sign

text: In Bourne shell (and many other shells), operator codice_5 means "less than". Less-than sign is used to redirect input from a file. Less-than plus ampersand () is used to redirect from a file descriptor.


title: Less-than sign

text: The double less-than sign, , may be used for an approximation of the "much-less-than sign" () or of the opening guillemet (). ASCII does not encode either of these signs, though they are both included in Unicode.


title: Less-than sign

text: In Bash, Perl, and Ruby, operator (where "EOF" is an arbitrary string, but commonly "EOF" denoting "end of file") is used to denote the beginning of a here document.


title: Less-than sign

text: In the C++ Standard Library, operator , when applied on an output stream, acts as "insertion operator" and performs an output operation on the stream.


title: Less-than sign

text: In XPath the operator returns true if the left operand precedes the right operand in document order; otherwise it returns false.


title: Less-than sign

text: In PHP, operator is used to denote the beginning of a heredoc statement (where codice_6 is an arbitrary named variable.)


title: Less-than sign

text: In Bash, is used as a "here string", where is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard input, similar to a heredoc.


title: Less-than sign

text: The less-than sign with the equals sign, , may be used for an approximation of the less-than-or-equal-to sign, . ASCII does not have a less-than-or-equal-to sign, but Unicode defines it at code point U+2264.


title: Less-than sign

text: In BASIC, Lisp-family languages, and C-family languages (including Java and C++), operator means "less than or equal to". In Sinclair BASIC it is encoded as a single-byte code point token.


title: Less-than sign

text: In the R programming language, the less-than sign is used in conjunction with a hyphen-minus to create an arrow (), this can be used as the left assignment operator.


title: Less-than sign

text: In HTML (and SGML and XML), the less-than sign is used at the beginning of tags. The less-than sign may be included with codice_7. The less-than-or-equal-to sign, , may be included with codice_8.


title: Less-than sign

text: In an inequality, the less-than sign and greater-than sign always "point" to the smaller number. Put another way, the "jaws" (the wider section of the symbol) always direct to the larger number.


title: Mike Dean (record producer)

text: Michael George Dean (born March 1, 1965) is an American hip hop record producer, audio engineer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist from Houston, Texas. He is best known for recording and mixing songs and synthesizers for major artists across the American hip hop industry such as Kanye West, Kid Cudi, 2Pac, Scarface, Travis Scott, 2 Chainz, Jay-Z, Beyoncé, Desiigner, Drake, Madonna, Selena Gomez, Lana Del Rey, and The Weeknd. He has released three solo studio albums: "4:20" on April 20, 2020, "4:22", on April 22, 2021, and "Smoke State 42222" on April 22, 2022.


title: Mike Dean (record producer)

text: Mike Dean started doing collaborations with numerous Texan artists, including Selena, for whom Dean served as musical director and producer. Dean first became widely known for pioneering the Dirty South sound in the 1990s, particularly in work for artists from Rap-A-Lot Records. Dean has most notably worked alongside Scarface of the Geto Boys, Do or Die, Tha Dogg Pound, Yukmouth of the Luniz, C-Bo, Nate Dogg, Tech N9ne, UGK, Z-Ro, Devin the Dude, Outlawz, and 2Pac.


title: Mike Dean (record producer)

text: Dean went on to mix, produce, and master widely throughout American hip hop. He has become known for producing work with Kanye West. After initially contributing to the mixing of West's albums "The College Dropout" and "Late Registration", Dean contributed as producer on West's "Graduation", "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "Yeezus", "The Life of Pablo", Ye, and Donda albums. He also co-produced with West on his collaboration album with Jay-Z, "Watch the Throne". Dean was an additional producer on "Mercy" and "Higher" on GOOD Music's 2012 compilation album "Cruel Summer". Dean has made particularly heavy contributions on West's last albums, and is credited on most tracks.


title: Mike Dean (record producer)

text: In recent years, Mike Dean has served as a regular guitarist and keyboardist for Kanye West and Travis Scott at their live performances, headlining numerous music festivals, the Watch the Throne Tour, the Yeezus Tour and Travis Scott's Birds Eye View tour as well as the Astroworld - Wish You Were Here Tour. Dean has also been a frequent collaborator with Travis Scott. Dean's production has appeared on every one of Scott's musical bodies of work from 2013 to the present. In 2016, Dean mastered Frank Ocean's visual album Endless, wrote and produced tracks on Desiigner's mixtape "New English", and produced Desiigner's single "Tiimmy Turner".


title: Mike Dean (record producer)

text: In May 2017, Dean announced he was launching a record label by the name of M.W.A. When asked what made him decide that now would be the best time to unveil his new record label, Dean responded: "Just a lot of new young artists that's been asking to get down with me and have me work on their projects and help them get deals. I figured I'd start a label and sign some new acts. Seems like a good time to start it. I got a studio out here [in Los Angeles] and I'm able to meet a lot of new artists." When asked the meaning of M.W.A, Dean answered: "That's just what I call myself when I DJ. Mexican Wrestling Association. It's something that I've done with the merch, so I just figured I'd keep the name going." He also revealed Dice Soho the first artist he signed to M.W.A: "One of my homies Gustavo Guerra brought [Dice Soho] to me. I think he's gonna be the next wave out of Houston. I picked him up. Dice has a nice swag."


title: Mike Dean (record producer)

text: He released an instrumental mixtape, "4:20", on April 20, 2020. On May 20, 2021, the Lana Del Rey single "Wildflower Wildfire" was released, which was produced by Dean. In an interview with Anthony Fantano before the song's release, Dean said that he was "planning on working with [Del Rey] a lot".


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: The 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 60th season of Formula One motor racing. It featured the 57th Formula One World Championship which began on 12 March and ended on 22 October after eighteen races. The Drivers' Championship was won by Fernando Alonso of Renault for the second year in a row, with Alonso becoming the youngest ever double world champion at the time. Then-retiring seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari finished runner-up, 13 points behind. The Constructors' Championship was won by Renault, which defeated Ferrari by five points.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: The season was highlighted by the rivalry between Alonso and Schumacher, who each won seven races. Renault and Ferrari drivers dominated the field, victorious in all but one race: the Hungarian Grand Prix was won by Honda's Jenson Button, and the four second-place finishes not achieved by Renault or Ferrari were accomplished by McLaren. For the first time since the season, no British constructor won any race and only factory teams won all the races during this year (as in 1956). This season marked the beginning of the usage of 2.4L V8 engines in Formula One from the 3.0L V10 engines that were used in the previous seasons, which continued till the end of the season. 2006 was also the first season since and respectively that various engine displacements and configurations were featured only for Scuderia Toro Rosso that had "Cosworth TJ2005-2" 3.0-litre V10 powerplant.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: The season saw several changes occurring in the drivers' market starting already in December 2005 as Alonso sealed a move to McLaren for 2007. In September 2006, Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula One at the end of the season, with and championship runner-up Kimi Räikkönen being announced as his replacement at Ferrari. Among other notable departures included Juan Pablo Montoya, who left McLaren mid-season to pursue a career in NASCAR.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: As of 2022, this is the last Constructors' Championship for Renault, and the last Drivers' Championship for a Spanish Formula One driver. It is also the last season for Michelin as a tyre supplier, the last season to have two tyre suppliers, and also the last season overall to have more than one tyre supplier, as the French tyre company withdrew from Formula One at the end of the season.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: The Australian Grand Prix was held later than usual, to avoid a clash with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. For the first time, Bahrain hosted the first Grand Prix. Brazil hosted the last race, while Japan and China swapped their original dates.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: In 2006, the FIA announced the Belgian Grand Prix would not be part of the 2006 Formula One season, since the local authorities had started major repair work in Spa-Francorchamps. The Belgian Grand Prix returned in 2007, when Kimi Räikkönen took pole position and his 3rd Belgian Grand Prix win in a row.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: The calendar was initially announced as the same as for 2005, with the Belgian Grand Prix scheduled for 17 September. However, on 8 February, the FIA announced that the Belgian National Sporting Authority (RACB) were withdrawing Spa-Francorchamps from the 2006 Formula One calendar due to a lack of time to complete improvements to the track. The race has traditionally received strong support from drivers and FIA President Max Mosley and the Grand Prix was back on the Grand Prix calendar for the season.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: 2006 was the last season with two tyre manufacturers: The two manufacturers at the time were Japanese manufacturer Bridgestone and French company Michelin. In December 2005, the FIA announced that from the 2008 season, there would be only one tyre supplier. Five days later, Michelin announced it would quit Formula One at the end of the 2006 season as it did not want to be in Formula One as the sole tyre supplier.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: At the end of 2005, three well-known teams were bought out: Minardi, Sauber and Jordan. The former were bought by Red Bull to be run as a junior team to house their growing list of young talent looking for an F1 drive. Despite campaigns by Minardi fans the team were renamed Scuderia Toro Rosso (Toro Rosso), Italian for "Team Red Bull". The Sauber team was purchased by BMW. BMW opted to keep the Sauber name in F1 renaming the team BMW Sauber. Jordan, who had been bought by the Midland Group in 2004, changed their name to MF1 Racing after a transition year in 2005.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: 2006 also saw the introduction of a new Japanese team, Super Aguri F1, founded by former F1 driver Aguri Suzuki, who entered at the last moment. Super Aguri notified the FIA on 1 November 2005 (ahead of the governing body's 15 November deadline) of their intention to enter, but the FIA's initial entry list stated they had not approved Aguri's entry. However, the team received the consent of the ten existing teams to compete and paid the US$48 million bond required as a deposit. The team was confirmed by the FIA on 26 January 2006.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: Between the 2005 and 2006 season the ownership of Formula One changed significantly. Until November 2005 the Formula One group was owned by an Ecclestone family trust and Speed Investments (a grouping of Bayerische Landesbank, JP Morgan Chase and Lehman Brothers). On 25 November, CVC Capital Partners announced it was to purchase both the Ecclestone shares (25% of SLEC) and Bayerische Landesbank's 48% share, held through Speed Investments. By 30 March, CVC had acquired all remaining shares and later that month the European Commission announced approval of this deal, conditional upon CVC relinquishing control of Dorna Sports, promoter of MotoGP. On 28 March CVC announced the completion of the Formula One transaction. Ecclestone reinvested proceeds of his stake into the new Formula One parent company Alpha Prema.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: Another Ecclestone victory involved the Grand Prix Manufacturers' Association's proposal for an alternative world championship. On 27 March, the five car manufacturers involved lodged applications for the season, reducing the likelihood of a breakaway series. On 14 May, Grand Prix Manufacturers' Association (GPMA) members confirmed they had signed a Memorandum of Understanding, a move toward signing a new Concorde Agreement. Five days later, Bernie Ecclestone and CVC Capital Partners signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the GPMA which should see the five "rebels" continue racing in Formula One at least until the 2012 season.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: The pre-season test was originally scheduled to be held at the Circuit de Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain from 24–26 February, but following the rescheduling of the Australian Grand Prix to avoid a clash with the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, it was instead held at the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir from 3–5 March, just before the first race of the season at the same venue.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: After a disastrous season and slow start to the 2006 season Michael Schumacher won consecutive races at Imola and the Nürburgring. During the final lap of his qualifying session for the Monaco Grand Prix, Schumacher came to a stop at the La Rascasse hairpin, resulting in yellow flags, meaning that other drivers could not go at maximum speed. After the session there were immediate complaints from the other teams claiming that this was a deliberate move by Schumacher to ensure he started in pole position – Alonso's flying lap that was affected by the yellow flags had been likely to beat Schumacher's fastest time – at the end of the second sector, Alonso was more than two-tenths of a second ahead of Schumacher's time, and his final time was just 0.064 seconds slower than Schumacher. Although Schumacher insisted that he had simply locked up his brakes at the corner, a stewards' inquiry stated, "We are left with no alternative but to conclude that the driver deliberately stopped his car on the circuit." The penalty was that Schumacher's qualifying times were all deleted, demoting him to 22nd position on the grid. He opted to start from the pitlane, and finished fifth, after an incident in the race that required the safety car to be deployed. The Safety Car failed to aid Schumacher however, but in fact hampered him; because he was the last car to be lapped by leader Alonso, and under 2006 FIA rules; he was not allowed to un-lap himself under Safety Car conditions. This meant he was almost a full lap down on third placed Coulthard, and fourth placed Barrichello on the resumption of the race. But by the end, he was threatening to pass them for position; finishing less than two seconds off a podium spot.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: At the British Grand Prix, Alonso became the first Spanish driver and the youngest driver (24 years and 317 days) to win a race from pole and get fastest lap, leading every lap of the race except one. Schumacher won the United States Grand Prix, his fourth consecutive victory at Indianapolis and fifth career victory there, and the French Grand Prix.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: The FIA decided that the 'Mass Damper' system used by Renault up to this point of the season did not meet the technical regulations, and it was banned – a polemical decision, since the FIA itself was consulted about the system during its development, and authorised its use. The effect of the ban was clear at the next race where the Renaults struggled to even get points. Schumacher also won the German Grand Prix at Hockenheim, with Alonso finishing 5th.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: Jenson Button achieved his first Formula One career victory in the Hungarian Grand Prix. Alonso had a mechanical failure whilst leading in the latter stages of the race whilst Michael Schumacher retired after a collision with Nick Heidfeld. However Schumacher was promoted to eighth place in the standings (having been classified ninth following a retirement three laps from the end) because Robert Kubica's debut ended in disqualification. The Polish driver had finished seventh in the BMW.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: Felipe Massa won the next Grand Prix in Turkey, so for the second race in a row, Formula One had a maiden victor. Fernando Alonso extended his lead over Michael Schumacher by two points after he managed to finish a tenth of a second ahead of the German in second place.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: At the Italian Grand Prix, Alonso was given a penalty for 'holding up' Massa during the final qualification session. Many in the Formula One 'paddock' were reported to disagree with the penalty and Max Mosley has since said that he would not have issued the same penalty as the race stewards. Schumacher reduced Alonso's lead to only two points after winning the race while Alonso suffered an engine failure in the late stages of the race. Despite a fourth-place finish for Alonso's teammate, Giancarlo Fisichella, and a flat-spotted tyre causing Felipe Massa to score no points, the race also saw Ferrari pull ahead of Renault for the first time in 2006. Polish driver Robert Kubica took his BMW Sauber to his first podium finish, in only his third race, but the race results were largely overshadowed by Schumacher announcing, during the post-race press conference, that he would retire at the end of the season. Afterwards he did say that he would hold a position in the Ferrari F1 team for 2007, though he did not disclose what.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: Three weeks later, with his victory at Shanghai right ahead of Alonso, Schumacher drew level on points with him at the head of the championship. Schumacher led the World Championship for the first time in 2006 after the race, as he had won seven races compared to Alonso's six. Massa did not finish the race, and Renault gained again the lead in the Constructors' Championship thanks to Fisichella's third place. As Shanghai would prove to be the German's last victory of the season as well as the 91st and last victory of his career before retiring at the end of the season.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: A week later at the Japanese Grand Prix, Felipe Massa took pole ahead of Michael Schumacher in second and Fernando Alonso in fifth. Schumacher quickly took the lead and set about gaining a five-second lead, which continued until after the second round of pit stops. However, Schumacher's engine failed with 17 laps to go, forcing him to retire and handing Alonso the win ahead of Massa.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: At the final round, the Brazilian Grand Prix, Massa again took pole. Drama in qualifying saw Michael Schumacher have a mysterious failure, meaning that he started down in tenth, while Alonso began in fifth. In the race, Schumacher had yet more bad luck, suffering a puncture just a few laps in. He recovered to finish fourth, while teammate Massa became the first Brazilian to win his home Grand Prix since Ayrton Senna in 1993. Alonso finished second to secure his second successive championship, adding the record of the youngest man to secure back-to-back titles to his ever-increasing list of records. Fisichella finished sixth for Renault, meaning that the French outfit secured their second successive Constructors' title. McLaren failed to secure a single win in the season for the first time since and it was the first season since that a British constructor failed to win a race.


title: 2006 Formula One World Championship

text: In the event of a tie, a count-back system was used as a tie-breaker, with a driver's best result used to decide the standings.


title: Tamannaah filmography

text: Tamannaah is an Indian actress known for her work in Telugu, Tamil and Hindi films. Her first role came in 2005 at the age of 15 with "Chand Sa Roshan Chehra" in Hindi. The same year she made her Telugu film debut with "Sri", and the following year she made her Tamil debut with "Kedi". None of these films were profitable ventures. In 2007, Tamannaah achieved her first success in Telugu and Tamil cinema with "Happy Days" and "Kalloori" respectively. Her portrayal of a college student in both films received critical acclaim, with the latter earning her a nomination in the Best Actress – Tamil category at the 55th Filmfare Awards South ceremony. Tamannaah's performances in "Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam" and "Kanden Kadhalai" (both released in 2009) earned her nominations in the Best Actress – Telugu and Best Actress – Tamil categories at the 57th Filmfare Awards South ceremony. A series of commercially successful films helped her establish a career in Tamil cinema.


title: Tamannaah filmography

text: In 2010, Tamannaah played the female lead in three Tamil films"Paiyaa", "Sura", and "Thillalangadi". "Paiyaa" was profitable at the box office and earned her a nomination for Best Actress – Tamil at the 58th Filmfare Awards South ceremony. The other two releases underperformed at the box office. She starred in five films in 2011 including "100% Love", which marked her return to Telugu films, and the Tamil film "Siruthai", a remake of S. S. Rajamouli Telugu directorial "Vikramarkudu" (2006). The following year, Tamannaah played the female lead in four Telugu films: "Racha", "Endukante... Premanta!", "Rebel", and "Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu". "Racha" and "Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu" were commercially successful, and her performance in the former gained her a nomination for Best Actress – Telugu at the 60th Filmfare Awards South ceremony.