title: The Real World (TV series)

text: 2002–2003 Las Vegas cast members Trishelle Cannatella and Steven Hill appeared in the horror film "Scorned". Cannatella has also appeared on other reality shows, such as "The Surreal Life", "Battle of the Network Reality Stars", and "Kill Reality", the latter of which also featured Hill and Cooley.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Dozens of former cast members from "The Real World" and its sister production "Road Rules" have appeared on the spin-off series "The Challenge", which pays $100,000 or more to its winners. Various cast members have also earned livings as public speakers, since Bunim-Murray Productions funded their training in motivational speaking by the Points of Light Foundation in 2002, allowing them to earn between $1,500 and $2,000 for an appearance on the college lecture circuit.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: The residence is typically elaborate in its décor, and for many seasons was furnished by IKEA. The residence usually includes a pool table, a Jacuzzi, and in many seasons an aquarium, which serves as a metaphor for the show, in that the roommates, who are being taped at all times in their home, are seen metaphorically as fish in a fishbowl. This point is punctuated not only by the fact that the MTV logo title card seen after the closing credits of each episode is designed as an aquarium, but also by a poem that Judd Winick wrote during his stay in the house called "Fishbowl". In some seasons, the group is provided with a shared car to use during their stay, or in the case of the season, a chauffeured motorboat to transport cast members from their Hassel Island residence to Charlotte Amalie. There is also a home phone and a computer provided for cast members to have contact with family and friends, as they are not allowed to use their mobile phones during their stay in the house.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Each season consists of seven to eight people (in initial seasons ages 18–26 before changing to 21–26 and currently cast for 21–34), usually selected from thousands of applicants from across the country, with the group chosen typically representing different races, sexes, sexual orientations, levels of sexual experience, and religious and political beliefs. Should a cast member decide to move out, or be asked to do so by all his or her roommates, the roommates will often get a replacement, dependent on how much filming time is left. Cast members are paid a small stipend for their participation in the show. The cast of the first season, for example, was given $2,500. This amount increased to $5,000 before taxes with the first New Orleans season in 2000, and included each cast member's story rights in perpetuity. However, because cast members are not actors playing characters, they do not receive residuals that are routinely paid to actors when a TV show on which they appear is aired and replayed, and are not permitted to use the name of the series when promoting their own business ventures.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Each season begins with the individual members of the house shown leaving home, often for the first time, and/or meeting their fellow housemates while in transit to their new home, or at the house itself. The exception was the , which premiered with two housemates picking up a third at his Kentucky home and driving in a Winnebago RV to their new home in Los Angeles.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: The housemates are taped around the clock. The house is outfitted with video cameras mounted on walls to capture more intimate moments, and camera crews consisting of three to six people follow the cast around the house and out in public. In total, approximately 30 cameras are used during production. Each member of the cast is instructed to ignore the cameras and the crew, but are required to wear a battery pack and microphone in order to record their dialogue, though some castmembers have been known to turn off or hide them at times. The only area of the house in which camera access is restricted are the bathrooms.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Despite the initial awkwardness of being surrounded by cameramen, castmembers have stated that they eventually adjust to it, and that their behavior is purely natural, and not influenced by the fact that they are being taped. Winick, an alumnus of the show's third season (San Francisco), adds that castmembers eventually stop thinking about the cameras because it is too exhausting not to, and that the fact that their lives were being documented made it seem "more real." Other cast members have related different accounts. Members of the cast found the cameras burdensome at times, such as Jay Frank and Jacinda Barrett, who felt they intruded on the intimacy of their romantic relationships. Lars Schlichting related an anecdote in which roommate Mike Johnson asked a question when cameras were not present, and then asked the same question five minutes later when cameras "were" present, which Schlichting adds was not typical of Johnson. Johnson himself has remarked that castmate Barrett "hammed it up a lot," and that roommate Sharon Gitau withheld details of her life out of fear that her grandmother would react negatively. Movement of the roommates outside of the residence is restricted to places that are cleared by producers through contractual arrangements with locations to allow filming.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: The producers made an exception to the taping protocol during the third season, when Pedro Zamora requested that he be allowed to go out on a date without the cameras, because the normal anxieties associated with first dates would be exacerbated by the presence of cameras.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: At the end of each week, each housemate is required to sit down and be interviewed about the past week's events. Unlike the normal day-to-day taping, these interviews, which are referred to as "confessionals," involve the subject looking directly into the camera while providing opinions and reflective accounts of the week's activities, which are used in the final, edited episodes. The producers instruct the cast to talk about whatever they wish, and to speak in complete sentences, to reinforce the perception on the part of the home viewer that the cast is speaking to them. Winick described this practice as "like therapy without the help." The confessionals were originally conducted by Mary-Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray, but were eventually delegated to production staff members like George Verschoor and Thomas Klein. Beginning with the second season (Los Angeles), a small soundproof room was incorporated into each house for this purpose, which itself has also become known as the Confessional in which cast members could record themselves and provide thoughts about house and life events. (The soundproofing practice appears to have been discontinued in later seasons.)


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: The various casts were often creative in their use of the confessional, which Bunim and Murray referred to as "inspired lunacy," such as a group confessional that the Los Angeles cast conducted on their last day in order to appear less contentious, but which ended with them arguing and storming out, an appearance by San Francisco housemate Judd Winick in a nun's habit, and roommates Melissa Padrón and Flora Alekseyeun dressing up as sex workers for a shared confessional in which they discuss why their roommates did not get along with them. During Mardi Gras, cast member Danny Roberts used the confessional to engage in a sex act.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Initially, the show documented the housemates as they struggled to find and maintain jobs and careers in their new locales, with minimal group activities aside from their day-to-day lives in the house and their socializing in the city. The only group activity engineered by the producers during the first season was a trip for the three women to Jamaica. By the second season, sending the entire cast on a vacation and/or short-term local trip would become the norm for most seasons. By the fifth season, the cast would be given an ongoing, season-long activity, with the Miami cast given startup money and a business advisor to begin their own business. This aspect of the show remained in most subsequent seasons. The assignments are obligatory, with casts assigned to work at an after-school daycare program, a radio station, public-access television station, etc. Beginning with the , a rule was implemented that required a roommate fired from the group job to be evicted from the house and dropped from the cast. 's Greg Halstead and 's Joey Rozmus were evicted from their respective houses after they were fired from their group jobs. Later seasons provided the cast with pre-approved jobs they could apply for without the firing rule, while other casts took part in internships or did not pursue work.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Footage taped throughout each season is edited into episodes (half-hour episodes for the first 19 seasons, one-hour episodes beginning with ).


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Physical violence of any kind is typically not tolerated by the producers. After an incident occurs, producers or cast members are typically given the choice as to whether a violent housemate can stay due to a contract clause that prohibits violence. After an incident during the season in which Stephen Williams slapped Irene McGee as she moved out, a response to the event was debated by the housemates, who were not present but were shown a videotape of the incident. The producers, not wanting to be seen condoning violence, gave the housemates the choice of having him leave, but instead the housemates chose to let him stay, and Williams was ordered to attend an anger management class. During the season, Brynn Smith and Steven Hill got into an altercation in which Smith threw a fork at Hill. Hill contacted the producers who notified him that it was up to the cast to decide on Smith's fate. The cast let Hill make the ultimate decision, and he chose that Smith could stay. During the season, Trisha Cummings shoved Parisa Montazaran to the ground during a heated altercation. Producers gave Montazaran the choice as to whether Cummings could stay or leave, and she chose that Cummings had to leave. housemates Tyrie Ballard and Davis Mallory got into an explosive altercation that required production to intervene on-screen and separate the two before any violence occurred. Similarly, Hollywood castmates William Gilbert and Dave Malinosky got into a similar fight with fellow housemate Greg Halstead that also required intervention from production, as well as Gilbert and Malinosky to undergo anger management. During the season, Nia Moore physically attacked Johnny Reilly in retaliation for Reilly purposely throwing a drink on her during a heated altercation, and later got into a physical altercation with Averey Tressler, when Tressler defended Reilly from an attempt by Moore to attack Reilly again with a hair dryer. Unlike most prior seasons where the one assaulted housemate was given the sole choice as to whether the attacker could stay, the Portland cast had its producers decide that only those not involved in the confrontation could decide whether Moore could stay via a majority vote. They chose to let her stay, and producers did not order Moore to anger management, despite subsequent threats to attack other cast members. As a result, Reilly and Tressler chose to leave the loft during that season's final episode. In the final three episodes of the season, castmates Jenna Thomason and Ceejai Jenkins got into two physical altercations while in the house. During the second altercation, Jenkins gave Thomason a black eye and bruises. As a result, both were removed by production due to the altercation.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Cast members are also subject to random drug tests, and a cast member failing a drug test will lead to him or her being evicted from the house. This was the case with Brandon Kane of the St. Thomas season, who was removed from the house in that season's eleventh episode after testing positive for cocaine usage.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Cast members are held responsible for any damage to property that occurred within the house. For example, 's J.D. Ordoñez was required to pay $350 after destroying a coffee table in one episode, and ' Adam Royer was held responsible for the $3,105 worth of damage that his drunken and disorderly behavior caused to the suite that housed that season's cast.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: As their experiences on "The Real World" were often the first time that cast members encountered people of different races or sexual orientations, many episodes documented conflict over these issues. housemate Kevin Powell had such arguments with Eric Nies, Julie Gentry, and Becky Blasband. The premiere episode of the season depicted regional epithets exchanged between Jon Brennan, Dominic Griffin, and Tami Roman. housemate David "Puck" Rainey's treatment of Pedro Zamora's homosexuality was an issue for Zamora. Flora Alekseyeun, during an argument with her roommate Cynthia Roberts, dismissed what she referred to as Roberts' "black attitude," and their roommate Melissa Padrón, during a heated exchange with openly gay Dan Renzi, called him a "flamer". Racism and religious intolerance was a point of contention among housemates Julie Stoffer, Melissa Howard and Jamie Murray on more than one occasion.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: The stereotypical views about black people imparted to "" Mike Mizanin by his uncle offended Coral Smith and Nicole Mitsch when he related them, and they tried to educate him on African American culture. They were also offended by the fact that biracial roommate Malik Cooper wore a T-shirt with the image of Marcus Garvey, who was against miscegenation, despite the fact that Cooper was of mixed heritage and by his own admission had never dated a black woman.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: 's Karamo Brown expressed being "borderline racist" towards White people, though he had softened in these feelings by the end of the season. In the season, Davis Mallory and Stephen Nichols confronted each other over Mallory's homosexuality and Nichols' race, and Mallory later used a racial epithet during a drunken argument with black housemate Tyrie Ballard.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: During the season, Persian housemate Parisa Montazaran was offended at an anecdote related by housemate Trisha Cummings, in which Cummings described an Asian McDonald's employee whose command of English was not perfect, though Cummings later insisted that she misworded her anecdote. A similar confrontation occurred during the season between J.D. Ordoñez and Chet Cannon, after a drunk Ordoñez made offensive statements about immigrants, following an incident at a drugstore.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: 's Kimberly Alexander got into an argument with Brianna Taylor, who is African American, and said, "Let's not get ghetto." When roommate William Gilbert saw this as racist, Alexander explained that Taylor had previously described herself as sometimes behaving "ghetto," and was merely referencing that.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: During the season, tensions escalated between Ryan Leslie and openly gay Preston Roberson-Charles, amid questions about Leslie's own sexuality, and their mutual use of homophobic slurs. In addition, Roberson-Charles also drew some homophobic remarks from housemate Ryan Knight. During the season, tensions arose between Frank Sweeney and his male housemates Zach Nichols and Nate Stodghill over Sweeney's bisexuality, and Nichols later made what he said he intended to be a humorous remark to lesbian roommate Sam McGinn that alluded to gay bashing, to which McGinn took exception. In the "" season, Jenna Thomason made homophobic and racist comments toward her roommates, causing tension between her and the rest of the cast.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: housemate Jon Brennan disagreed with Tami Roman's decision to have an abortion, and argued with castmate Aaron Behle, and Behle's girlfriend, Erin, who were both pro-choice. Rachel Campos, a conservative Republican member of the cast, clashed with liberal roommates Mohammed Bilal and Judd Winick. housemates Simon Sherry-Wood and Leah Gillingwater argued over the Iraq War, and in a subsequent episode, Chris "C.T." Tamburello became confrontational and threatening toward Adam King, referencing the war himself. Nehemiah Clark, of the cast, expressed disapproval of President George W. Bush and the Iraq War, coming into conflict with Rachel Moyal, who served in Iraq as a combat medic for the U.S. Army. 's Dunbar Flinn angered Parisa Montazaran and Trisha Cummings with his comments about Jesus and the Bible. The 2008 United States Presidential election served to highlight the political differences among the cast. In the season premiere, atheist Ty Ruff got into an argument with Christian roommates Ashley Lindley and Mike Manning.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Many cast members tried to maintain long-distance relationships that predated their time on the show, though remaining faithful was often a challenge. 's Flora Alekseyeun attempted to maintain relationships with two boyfriends simultaneously. ' Danny Roberts cheated on his boyfriend Paul, who was stationed in the military. During the season, Nathan Blackburn's girlfriend worried about their relationship. Shauvon Torres departed from the house to reconcile with her ex-fiancé. Her housemates, Trisha Cummings, KellyAnne Judd and Dunbar Merrin, all flirted, dated or had sex with people other than their significant others back home. 's Jonna Mannion, 's Josh Colón and ' Nany González severed long-term relationships following suspicions and admissions of infidelity, and in the case of González, after she began a relationship with housemate Adam Royer.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Some cast members developed romantic relationships with their castmates. roommates Pam Ling and Judd Winick have since married, as have their roommate Rachel Campos and Sean Duffy of the cast. In the season, Trishelle Cannatella and Steven Hill consummated a romance during the show, while their roommates Irulan Wilson and Alton Williams began a relationship that continued for three years after they moved out of the Las Vegas suite. The cast spawned two relationships, between Wes Bergmann and Johanna Botta, as well as Danny Jamieson and Melinda Stolp; the latter couple married in August 2008 but divorced in spring 2010. 's William Gilbert became involved in a relationship with "" alumna Janelle Casanave, who made guest appearances in several episodes during that season. However, their relationship ended when Gilbert later became attracted to his roommate Brittni Sherrod. housemates Johnny Reilly and Averey Tressler developed a mutual attraction, leading to a relationship that they continued for one year after filming ended.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: The level of sexual experience varies among a given season's cast members. 's Julie Gentry, ’ Jon Brennan and Aaron Behle, 's Cory Murphy and Rachel Campos, ’s Rebecca Lord, ’ Matt Smith and Julie Stoffer, ' Mallory Snyder, ’s Lacey Buehler, 's Chet Cannon and ’s Meagan Melancon, for example, all stated they were virgins during their respective seasons. On the other end of the spectrum was 2000 New Orleans’ David Broom, 's Joey Rozmus, and 's Heather Cooke, who took pride in their promiscuity with various sexual partners during their respective seasons. 's Jenn Grijalva and Alex Smith, 's KellyAnne Judd and Dunbar Flinn, Cancun's Ayiiia Elizarraras, and ' Nany González and Heather Marter were sexually intimate with multiple castmates during their respective seasons.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: More than once, fellow housemates have been involved in pregnancy scares, such as Steven Hill and Trishelle Cannatella during the season, Cohutta Grindstaff and KellyAnne Judd during the Sydney season, and Leroy Garrett and Naomi Defensor during the 2011 Las Vegas season.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: ’s Sharon Gitau expressed difficulty with relationships, and with being open about this and other aspects of her life with her castmates.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Overt sexual behavior was minimal during the show's early seasons, relegated mostly to discussion. In subsequent seasons, the level of sexual activity greatly increased, beginning with the season, which depicted or touched upon activities such as exhibitionism, frottage, voyeurism, and threesomes.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Jon Brennan’s roommates speculated that he had developed a crush, or possibly had fallen in love, with Irene Berrera. ’ Melissa Howard was attracted to Jamie Murray, who did not reciprocate. Their roommate Julie Stoffer harbored similar feelings for Matt Smith, who also did not reciprocate. s Lori Trespicio developed an attraction for Kevin Dunn, though he only saw her as a friend.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Many times, housemates have left the "Real World" house (and the cast) before production was completed, due to conflicts with other roommates, personal issues, homesickness or violations of work assignment policies. Replacement roommates would sometimes move in as a result. Housemates who departed over personal conflicts with other housemates include ' David Edwards, 's David "Puck" Rainey, 's Trisha Cummings, ' Ryan Leslie and 's Ashley Mitchell, though Rainey, Leslie and Mitchell continued to appear in subsequent episodes following their departures. Housemates who moved out due to personal issues back home include 's Justin Deabler, Sydney's Shauvon Torres and 's Joi Niemeyer. Housemates who moved out due to homesickness include 's Frankie Abernathy and 's Erika Wasilewski. Housemates who were evicted after being fired from group work assignments include 's Greg Halstead and 's Joey Rozmus, though Rozmus returned by that season's finale. Housemates who were evicted for either physical altercations or reckless behavior include ' Adam Royer, 's Jenna Thomason and Ceejai Jenkins, 's Theo King-Bradley and Peter Romeo and 's Clint Wright, though Royer later returned for that season's twelfth episode.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Housemates have also departed for other reasons. Irene Barrera moved out of the Los Angeles house when she got married. Irene McGee claimed a relapse of Lyme disease was the reason for her moving out of the house, though in a previously unaired interview from her time on the show that aired during the 2000 reunion show, "The Real World Reunion 2000", she explained that the main reason was her ethical objections to aspects of the show's production, which she characterized as an inauthentic environment designed to fabricate drama and conflict, and not the social experiment it was portrayed to be. McGee further explained that this was an unhealthy environment for her to live in, and that the stress and manipulation of the production exacerbated her illness. Joey Kovar moved out of the Hollywood house, fearing a drug and alcohol relapse after spending time in rehab, though he returned for that season's finale. Brandon Kane was the first cast member ever evicted for failing a random drug test during filming. "Ex-Plosion" Lauren Ondersma and "Bad Blood" Tyara Hooks departed after finding out they were pregnant.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Irene Barrera got married during the season. Pedro Zamora exchanged wedding vows with his boyfriend, Sean Sasser, during the season.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Pedro Zamora lived with AIDS. He succumbed to complications related to the disease on November 11, 1994, hours after the season finale aired. housemate Frankie Abernathy suffered from cystic fibrosis. She died on July 9, 2007.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: 's Sarah Burke, 's Paula Meronek and ' Violetta Milerman each suffered from an eating disorder, anorexia and/or bulimia. 's Colie Edison battled mononucleosis. 's Ayiiia Elizarraras had a history of drug abuse and self-harming, the latter of which manifested during that season's fifth episode. She received treatment for it after filming ended, and recorded a public service announcement on the condition that aired at the end of that episode. ' Ryan Leslie suffered from severe obsessive compulsive disorder, which had deleterious effects on his relationship with the rest of the cast.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: One recurring illness with which a number of cast members have dealt is addiction. While cast members sometimes become inebriated in social situations during filming, 's Ruthie Alcaide and 's Joey Kovar entered treatment programs for drug or alcohol addiction during filming. Other cast members have recounted past troubles with addiction that they had endured prior to filming, including 's Chris Beckman, Hollywood's Brianna Taylor, 2010 New Orleans' Ryan Knight, Brandon Kane, and Madison Walls.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: In addition to the main edition of the show, a handful of reunion specials of "The Real World" have been produced where the casts from a particular season were reunited for another season of the show. The original Vegas reunion followed the cast as they went about reliving at the original location with planned activities for them. The reunion series that began in 2021 had an additional element of requiring the cast to watch footage and answering prompts.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: In 2008, prior to the airing of the season, the first-ever "Real World Awards Bash" aired on MTV. Viewers voted the season as their favorite season.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Since the introduction of "The Real World", Bunim/Murray has introduced a number of other reality shows, most notably "Road Rules", in which five strangers (six in later seasons) are sent off in a RV (with the exception of the eighth season) and asked to travel to various locales and complete certain tasks to eventually gain a "handsome reward." Other Bunim/Murray productions include "The Challenge", which pits teams of alumni from both shows against each other in physical competitions.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Bunim-Murray also produced "Pedro", a 2008 film by director Nick Oceano, which dramatized the life of Pedro Zamora, including his stay in the "Real World" house. The film, Bunim/Murray's first scripted project since the original unaired "Real World" concept, was an Official Selection at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: In 2002, MTV also produced a made-for-TV movie, "The Real World Movie: The Lost Season", ostensibly about a season of "The Real World" whose cast members are terrorized by a rejected would-be member.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: As with other reality shows, "The Real World" has received criticism for being staged. During a reunion show featuring the first four "Real World" casts, Heather Gardner, of the original cast, asked some members of the cast if their situations were real. She noted that situations from the original season seemed to repeat themselves in the other incarnations, stopping short of accusing them of acting. On an edition of the "E! True Hollywood Story" that spotlighted the series, cast member Jon Brennan revealed that he was asked by the producers to state on the air that he felt hatred towards housemate Tami Roman for her decision to have an abortion, and that he refused to do so, stating that although he disagreed with her decision, he did not feel hatred towards her. Another accusation is that producers selectively edit material in order to give the false impression of certain emotional reactions or statements from the castmates. "New York" cast member Rebecca Blasband says producers paid a man $100 to ask her out on a date, and that she terminated that plan when she learned of it. She also says that the argument she and Kevin Powell had in the seventh episode of that season was edited to make both of them appear more extreme.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: Some critics see the very concept of being in "the real world" as a misnomer, asserting that in the real world, people do not live in luxurious dwellings for free, are not given jobs in the media without any effort, and are not taken to exotic locations for free, a 'reaction' that has been 'experienced' by Judd Winick, who calls the series "reality in context".


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: The early seasons have been reassessed in light of history, and in comparison to that of later seasons, particularly in terms of the cast. Writing in 2011, Meredith Blake of "The A.V. Club" found the first-season cast's career goals to be "ambitious, articulate, and thoughtful", particularly in the context of the time when the show was produced, when cast members may have sought to be on TV to further their career goals, but not to be reality TV personalities, which was not yet a common goal at the time, stating, "What's so curious about the show’s somewhat chilly critical reception is that, compared to today’s reality fare—"Jersey Shore", the Kardashians, the various "Real Housewives—The Real World: New York" now seems incredibly, achingly earnest, bracingly raw, and sweetly idealistic." Blake contrasts this with the casts of later seasons, such as that of 2011, who tend to be defined more by their pasts than by their career goals, and who are never unaware of their own onscreen "narrative". In addition, the later seasons earned the series a reputation for immature or irresponsible behavior on the part of the cast, which Nola.com has described as being "sometimes fit for a police report." On the final track of his "Become the Media" spoken word album, activist Jello Biafra discusses a conversation he had with "" cast member Irene McGee, who was slapped by castmate Stephen Williams, saying:


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: McGee has toured colleges to discuss media manipulation and the falsehoods of reality television. She later started a youth-oriented radio show/podcast, "No One's Listening", covering a wide range of pop-culture and media-related issues.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: The show has also been accused of being characterized by the casts' drunken and sexual antics, beginning with the show's . There is a larger conception that it has become increasingly superficial with respect to the drama and angst depicted on the part of cast members. As critic Benjamin Wallace-Wells put it:


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: The Parents Television Council, which has frequently criticized MTV, has also frequently criticized "The Real World" for its overtly sexual content. In addition, that organization contends that because MTV routinely reruns "Real World" episodes with a simple "TV-14" rating without the "L" (language) descriptor, parents cannot block out the show with a V-Chip, although countering reports claim that the V-Chip does not totally rely on content descriptors added to the general ratings to work. An episode of "" that was broadcast in January 2004 came under intense criticism from both the PTC and American Family Association for its sexual content.


title: The Real World (TV series)

text: In December 2005, Aaron Gillego, a columnist for "The Advocate", criticized the series for having never cast an Asian man in the then-13 years of its existence, opining that Asian women have been cast on the show because heterosexual men have been socialized by the media to think of them as exotic beauties or sex objects, but that Asian men have been largely invisible in popular media. As of 2018, an Asian man has never been cast in the 25 years of the show's existence.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Ouija: Origin of Evil is a 2016 American supernatural horror film directed and edited by Mike Flanagan and written by Flanagan and Jeff Howard. The film is a prequel to the 2014 film "Ouija" and stars Elizabeth Reaser, Annalise Basso, and Henry Thomas. A widow and her family introduce a Ouija board into their phony seance business, thereby inviting a spirit that possesses the youngest daughter.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: "Ouija: Origin of Evil" was released in the United States on October 21, 2016, by Universal Pictures. The film grossed over $81 million worldwide and received critical acclaim, with many praising it as a significant improvement over its predecessor.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: In 1967 Los Angeles, a young widow named Alice Zander works out of her suburban home as a spiritual medium, accompanied by her daughters, 15-year-old Paulina "Lina" and 9-year-old Doris. The family is reeling over the recent death of Roger, Alice's husband and the kids' father. Alice incorporates a Ouija board into her readings and unknowingly contacts a spirit named Marcus that begins to possess Doris.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Alice receives notice that the bank intends to foreclose on their home. Doris contacts the board for help, believing she is communicating with her dead father. The spirit leads her to a secret compartment in the basement wall containing a pouch of cash. When she gives the money to her mother, the family has a Ouija session. When the board answers a question only Roger would know the answer to, a thrilled Alice begins believing that they are in contact with him.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Soon, Doris becomes fully possessed by the spirit. Lina, disturbed by the changes in her sister, finds papers written by Doris in fluent Polish, a language she does not know, and brings them to Father Tom Hogan, her school principal. Troubled, Father Tom visits them for a Ouija session under the pretense of contacting his dead wife Gloria. He later explains to them that Doris did not contact Gloria. Instead, for every question he asked, she read his thoughts and repeated the answers he was thinking in his mind. The pages are entries written by a Polish immigrant named Marcus, who was taken captive during World War II by a sadistic doctor who conducted experiments on him and other captives in the house's basement. These spirits have been watching the family since the day they moved in.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Doris kills Lina's new boyfriend Mikey when he comes to visit. Father Tom, Alice, and Lina burn the Ouija board; Father Tom finds the secret room where the experiments were conducted, and is possessed by the spirits, only to be killed later by Doris. Alice is captured, while Roger's spirit carries an unconscious Lina to her bed. Recalling earlier when her doll's mouth was stitched shut by her father's spirit "to shut out the voices" for Doris, Lina realizes she must sew Doris' mouth shut to quiet the spirits' voices. She sews Doris' mouth shut but kills Doris in the process.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Doris wakes up as a ghost and is happily reunited with her father. The spirits possess Lina and stab Alice. Alice tells Lina that it was not her fault before dying, leaving Lina devastated. Lina is committed in a mental hospital for the suspected murder of her mother and disappearance of her sister. Alone in her room, she creates a Ouija board on the floor with her blood and tries to summon Doris but summons an evil spirit in Doris’ form instead.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: In a post-credits scene, 47 years later in 2014, a now elderly and still institutionalized Lina receives a visit from someone claiming to be her niece.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Although the first film in the Ouija series was a success commercially, its critical reception was less than stellar. As a result, Jason Blum wanted to make a film that was significantly different from the original. This appealed to director Mike Flanagan who stated in an interview that he has an "allergy to sequels". Blum let Flanagan work on the type of horror film he wanted which was a period piece that dealt with a family dynamic. There was some talk from the beginning about whether or not the film should have any connections at all to the original, but Flanagan himself was opposed to this, and instead opted to make subtle references to the original to welcome new viewers while also entertaining fans of the original.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: The 1980 movie "The Changeling" was an influence on the film. Flanagan screened the earlier film for his director of photography "like ten times". He watched such horror classics as "The Exorcist" and "The Watcher in the Woods". It was then that the pair hit off the idea to film the movie as if it were made during the 1970s, using only technology that would only have been available at the time.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Production in Los Angeles commenced in September 2015 and wrapped in October 2015. The main cast was announced in September 2015 with principal photography beginning that same month, which ran to October 21, 2015. Post-production on the film began on October 31, 2015.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Universal Pictures used its 1963–90 logo, designed by Universal Title and Optical for MCA Inc., to open and promote the film.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: The Newton Brothers (replacing Anton Sanko, who composed the first film) composed the prequel. The soundtrack was released by Back Lot Music on October 21, 2016.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: "Ouija: Origin of Evil" grossed $35.1 million in North America and $46.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $81.7 million, against a budget of $12 million.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: The film opened alongside "Boo! A Madea Halloween", "Keeping Up with the Joneses", "", and "I'm Not Ashamed", and was expected to gross around $15 million from about 3,168 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up grossing $14.1 million (compared to its predecessor's $19.9 debut), finishing third at the box office.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on reviews from 126 critics, with an average rating of 6.4/10, making it one of the highest-rated films to date produced by either Hasbro Studios or Platinum Dunes. The website's critics consensus reads, ""Ouija: Origin of Evil" swerves its franchise's planchette unexpectedly to YES with a surprisingly scary and dramatically satisfying follow-up to its lackluster predecessor." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale, the same as its predecessor.


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Katie Rife for "The A.V. Club" gave the film a B and wrote that compared to its predecessor "It is better, though, in every conceivable way, from casting to story to atmosphere." Odie Henderson for RogerEbert.com gave the film three stars and called it "one overstuffed horror movie recipe, with a dash of "The Exorcist" and a spritz of "Ghost" among its tasty ingredients." Adam Dileo of "IGN" said ""Ouija: Origin of Evil" may just be the latest entrant into that small category of sequels and prequels that manage to improve upon their predecessors in every way." Kate Erbland of "IndieWire" called the film "genuinely frightening and smart, the rare horror prequel able to stand on its own merits and deliver a full-bodied story that succeeds without any previous knowledge or trappings."


title: Ouija: Origin of Evil

text: Jimmy Champagne of "Bloody Disgusting" called it "easily Flanagan’s best film yet" and said ""Ouija: Origin of Evil" is a heartfelt and genuinely frightening experience."


title: Jon Anderson

text: John Roy Anderson (born 25 October 1944) is an English singer, songwriter and musician, best known as the lead singer of the progressive rock band Yes, which he formed in 1968 with bassist Chris Squire. He was a member of the band across three tenures until 2008. Anderson was also a member of ARW along with former Yes bandmates Rick Wakeman and Trevor Rabin from 2016–2020. Together with bassist Lee Pomeroy and drummer Lou Molino III, they toured under the name Yes Featuring Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin, Rick Wakeman.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Anderson is also noted for his solo career and collaborations with other artists, including Vangelis as Jon and Vangelis, Roine Stolt as Anderson/Stolt, and Jean-Luc Ponty as AndersonPonty Band. He has also appeared on albums by King Crimson, Tangerine Dream, Iron Butterfly, Milton Nascimento, Battles, Mike Oldfield and Kitaro.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Anderson released his first solo album, "Olias of Sunhillow", in 1976, while still a member of Yes, and subsequently released 14 more albums as a solo artist. Anderson became an American citizen in 2009. In 2017, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Yes.


title: Jon Anderson

text: John Roy Anderson was born on 25 October 1944 in Accrington, Lancashire, England. His father Albert was from Glasgow, Scotland, and served in the army in the entertainment division and later worked as a salesman; his mother Kathleen was of Irish and French ancestry and worked in a cotton mill, cotton being the biggest export from Lancashire at the time. Together they became county champions in ballroom dancing, winning several awards. Anderson said they named him after an English singer who toured as "John Roy the Melody Boy" and the Scottish name Royston. Anderson grew up on Norfolk Street with brothers Tony and Stuart, and sister Joy. He is the third youngest. As a youngster, Anderson became a fan of several musicians, including Elvis Presley, Eddie Cochran, the Everly Brothers, and Jon Hendricks.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Anderson attended St. John's School where he organised daily football matches during lunch break. He was not a strong academic, and remembered he "was always getting into trouble for messing around and singing too loud". There, he made a tentative start to a musical career, playing the washboard in Little John's Skiffle Group who performed songs by Lonnie Donegan, among others. At fifteen, Anderson left school after his father became ill and took up work on a farm, as a lorry driver transporting bricks, and as a milkman to help support the family. A keen football fan, he tried to pursue a career at Accrington Stanley F.C., but at tall, he was turned down because of his frail constitution. He remained a fan of the club, and was a ball boy and mascot for the team for one year. Anderson dropped the "h" from his first name in 1970.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Anderson had no particular desire to become a singer at first until his brother Tony took up singing and joined the Warriors, a local group also known as the Electric Warriors. After one of the backing vocalists left the group, Anderson filled in the position, and found music more enjoyable and a better choice for money than manual labour. The group performed mainly cover songs from several artists, including the Beatles, and performed across Lancashire and the club circuit in Germany for over a year. Anderson is heard on their first two recorded songs, "You Came Along" and "Don't Make Me Blue", released in 1965. After the Warriors split in Germany in late 1967, the band returned to England while Anderson stayed behind. He briefly became singer in the Gentle Party, a band from Bolton who were in Germany.


title: Jon Anderson

text: After returning to London in March 1968, Anderson met Jack Barrie, owner of the La Chasse drinking club in Soho who befriended the rest of the Warriors after they had relocated to the city. With no money or accommodation, Barrie allowed Anderson and Warriors keyboardist and vocals Brian Chatton to stay with him. Anderson helped out by working at La Chasse; during this time he got talking to Paul Korda, a producer for EMI Records who took him on to sing several demos. During the search for material to record, Barrie got in touch with Elton John and Bernie Taupin of DJM Records to put some music together, but felt Anderson did not like much of it. Meanwhile, Anderson travelled to the Netherlands to join Les Cruches, a band he met in London, but promptly returned when he found out some of his demos were to be released as singles by Parlophone Records. Released under his pseudonym Hans Christian, the first, an orchestrated cover of "Never My Love" by the Association with "All of the Time" on its B-side, received a positive reception from "New Musical Express" and Chris Welch for "Melody Maker" who wrote in March 1968, "A blockbuster of a hit from a young fairy tale teller with an emotion packed voice." Anderson's second single, "(The Autobiography of) Mississippi Hobo"/"Sonata of Love", was released two months later; neither song was successful. Barrie and Korda then took Anderson to see local group the Gun and together rehearsed for well received gigs at the UFO and Marquee clubs in London, the latter as an opener for the Who, which led to several gig offers. However, the rest of the group believed they could reach success without a lead vocalist and sacked Anderson.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In May 1968, Barrie introduced Anderson to Chris Squire, bassist of the London-based rock band Mabel Greer's Toyshop, which had previously included guitarist Peter Banks. The two talked, and found they shared common musical interests such as Simon & Garfunkel and the idea of vocal harmonies. In the following days, they developed "Sweetness", a song later recorded on the first Yes album. Anderson found himself on lead vocals for some Mabel Greer gigs afterwards, and talks of the formation of a new, full-time band developed. In June 1968, Anderson and Squire hired Bill Bruford to replace founding drummer Robert Hagger, and Anderson secured £500 from John Roberts, owner of a paper manufacturer, to rent space in The Lucky Horseshoe cafe in Soho so a new, full-time band could rehearse. At their conclusion a month later, a line-up of Anderson, Squire, Bruford, Banks, who replaced a departing Clive Bayley, and keyboardist Tony Kaye, who Anderson met in Leicester four years prior, was formed. They then renamed themselves Yes, originally Banks' idea. Anderson's first gig with Yes followed on 4 August 1968 at a youth camp in East Mersea in Essex.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Although the band had no formal leader, Anderson served as its main motivating force in their early days, doing most of the hustling for gigs and originating most of their songs. He played a key role in initiating their more ambitious artistic ideas, serving as the main instigator of some of the band's more popular songs, including "Close to the Edge", "The Gates of Delirium", and "Awaken", and the concept behind their double concept album "Tales from Topographic Oceans" (1973).


title: Jon Anderson

text: Despite his initial lack of instrumental skills, Anderson was strongly involved in the selection of successive Yes members chosen for their musicality - guitarist Steve Howe (who replaced Banks in 1970), Kaye's successive replacements Rick Wakeman and Patrick Moraz, and drummer Alan White, who replaced Bruford in 1972.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Ambitious and nicknamed "Napoleon" by the rest of the band, Anderson was also fond of sonic and psychological creative experiments, and in so doing contributed to occasionally conflicted relationships within the band and with management. An example of this was his original desire to record "Tales from Topographic Oceans" in the middle of the woods. When the band voted to record in a studio, he decided to arrange hay and animal cut-outs all over the floor to create atmosphere. Anderson described the album's supporting tour as one of the low points of his career, as a portion of the audience and the band were unhappy with the album.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In addition to Yes, Anderson appeared as a guest singer on "Lizard" by King Crimson for "Prince Rupert Awakes", the first part of their 23-minute title track recorded in 1970. He was chosen for the part as the desired vocal range was unattainable by the group's then-lead vocalist, Gordon Haskell. In 1974, Anderson co-wrote "Pearly Gates" with Iron Butterfly drummer Ron Bushy on the band's album "Scorching Beauty". This was followed by his first collaboration with Greek musician Vangelis, singing on "So Long Ago, So Clear", the last section of "Heaven and Hell Part I" on his 1975 album "Heaven and Hell".


title: Jon Anderson

text: In August 1975, Yes took an extended break for each member to release a studio album. Anderson chose a concept album, "Olias of Sunhillow", about an alien race of four tribes and their journey to a new planet as theirs is under threat from destruction. Olias, one of the three main characters, builds the Moorglade Mover, an aircraft formed of living organisms to transport everyone to their new home. Anderson gained inspiration from science fiction and fantasy novels, works by J. R. R. Tolkien, "The Initiation of the World" by Vera Stanley Alder, and the art work from Yes's "Fragile". He recorded the music from his garage in six months, learning to play all instruments himself, including several types of drum, stringed, and percussion instruments associated with world or ethnic music, which took up as many as 120 track recordings in its original form. Anderson found the experience a valuable one in learning about music. Atlantic Records released the album in July 1976, and it reached number 8 in the UK and number 47 in the US.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Between 1976 and 1979, Anderson recorded "Going for the One" and "Tormato" with Yes and completed their supporting tours. In February 1979, he reconvened with Vangelis to start recording as Jon and Vangelis. Their first album, "Short Stories", was recorded in a matter of weeks with minimal preconceived ideas which Anderson found to be a refreshing experience. Released in January 1980, "Short Stories" went to number 4 in the UK. In 1979, Anderson played the harp on "Flamants Roses" on Vangelis's album "Opéra sauvage" and wrote music for Ursprung, an act for a three-part modern ballet named Underground Rumours performed by the Scottish Ballet company, that also featured music by Ian Anderson. The choreographer was Royston Maldoom and the lighting designer was David Hersey.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In October 1979, Anderson travelled to Paris to record a new Yes album with producer Roy Thomas Baker. Progress staggered early into the sessions following disputes over the band's musical direction; material prepared by Anderson and Wakeman was not met with enthusiasm by their bandmates, who started to put down tracks without them that was released on "Drama". "Very quickly", recalled Anderson, "the mood changed from enthusiasm to frustration and then complete confusion". Matters failed to improve when they reconvened in February 1980, and Anderson and Wakeman left in the following month. They were replaced by Trevor Horn and Geoffrey Downes of the Buggles.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Anderson acquired Jannis Zographos as his new manager, who also handled Vangelis. He sang on "Suffocation" and "See You Later" for Vangelis's album "See You Later", released in 1980. & in 1979 he recorded his first album in collaboration with Vangelis, "Short Stories", which was released in 1980. After he secured a recording deal with Virgin Records, Anderson retreated to southern France to write material for a solo album. His proposals for albums based on the Russian-French artist Marc Chagall and the book "A True Fairy Tale" by Daphne Charters were not enthusiastically received by the label's management, who lost interest and requested their advance back. Anderson spent much of 1980 recording a collection of songs for "Song of Seven" with a group of musicians he named the New Life Band, which Atlantic agreed to release. When it was put out in November, it reached number 38 in the UK and number 143 in the US. Anderson completed his first solo tour with the band, performing a mix of solo and Yes material in Germany and England.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 1981, Anderson played on Wakeman's concept album "1984" and released his second album with Vangelis in July 1981, "The Friends of Mr Cairo". The album produced two singles, "I'll Find My Way Home" and "State of Independence". The album was also notable for the title track, which was an ode to classic Hollywood gangster films of the 1930s and 1940s with voice impressions of Humphrey Bogart, Peter Lorre and James Stewart which paid homage to "The Maltese Falcon" (1941). In 1982, Anderson released "Animation", and in 1983 appeared on "In High Places" from "Crises" by Mike Oldfield. Also that year, he performed with Béla Fleck and the Flecktones and attempted to form a band with Wakeman and Keith Emerson, but it fell through.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In early 1983, Anderson was contacted by Phil Carson of Atlantic Records who suggested that he hear a tape of demos that Cinema, a new group formed of Squire, White, Kaye, and guitarist Trevor Rabin, with Horn as producer, had developed for a new album. Anderson was invited to sing lead vocals on the album and join the group, which he accepted. Cinema then changed their name to Yes, and "90125", released in November 1983, became Yes's best selling album. In 1987, the group released its successor, "Big Generator".


title: Jon Anderson

text: Anderson appeared on the song "Cage of Freedom" from the 1984 soundtrack for a re-release of the Fritz Lang film "Metropolis". In 1985, his song "This Time It Was Really Right" was featured on the soundtrack for "St. Elmo's Fire". He also sang "Silver Train" and "Christie" on the soundtrack to "Scream for Help" by John Paul Jones. Along with Tangerine Dream, he appeared on the song "Loved by the Sun" for "Legend" (1985). Anderson released a Christmas-themed solo album, "3 Ships" (1985). "" (1986) features two songs sung by Anderson. In early 1986, Anderson recorded a single with Mike Oldfield ("Shine") and later shot a video with him in Barbados. During this year, he recorded some demo tracks that would later be reworked. He and Vangelis also started writing new songs and recording demos for another album. Though the album was not made, they performed live together on 6 November 1986. The last three years of the 1980s saw Anderson sing on "Moonlight Desires" on Gowan's album "Great Dirty World" (1987), record his fifth solo album "In the City of Angels", sing on "Stop Loving You" on the Toto album "The Seventh One" (1988), and record an album that would later be released as "The Lost Tapes of Opio". He also sang on the songs "Within the Lost World" and "Far Far Cry" for the Jonathan Elias album "Requiem for the Americas".


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 1988, after Yes' "Big Generator" tour, Anderson reunited with Bruford, Wakeman, and Howe to form Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (ABWH) with bassist Tony Levin. They recorded one album and supported it with a successful world tour.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 1990, after the ABWH tour, a series of business deals caused ABWH to reunite with the then-current members of Yes, who had been out of the public eye while searching for a new lead singer. The resulting eight-man band assumed the name Yes, and the album "Union" (1991) was assembled from various pieces of an in-progress second ABWH album, as well as recordings that Yes had been working on without Anderson. A successful tour followed.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Jon and Vangelis released their fourth album, "Page of Life", in 1991. In 1992 Anderson appeared on Kitaro's album "Dream", adding both lyrics and vocals to three songs: "Lady of Dreams", "Island of Life" and "Agreement". He also toured South America with a band that included his daughters, Deborah and Jade. He appeared on the song "Along the Amazon" which he co-wrote for violinist Charlie Bisharat's album of the same name. In 1993, Anderson started work on "Change We Must", his seventh solo album, featuring a mixture of original and orchestrated versions of songs he had sung with Yes, Vangelis, and his solo career. It was released in October 1994 on EMI and Angel Records.


title: Jon Anderson

text: From 1992 to 1994, Anderson recorded the Yes album "Talk" (1994). "Walls", written by Rabin and Roger Hodgson, reached number 24 on the "Billboard" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. In July 1994, Anderson released "Deseo", a solo album of Latino-influenced music. There were plans to release a live album called "The Best of South America", but it was not released due to management issues (though some copies were already released by "Yes Magazine"). Anderson sang on the 7th Level children's video game "Tuneland". Also, his son Damion released a single called "Close 2 the Hype", which featured him and Jon on vocals.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In August 1995, Anderson relocated to San Luis Obispo in California. His eighth studio album, "Angels Embrace", was released on 26 September 1995 on the Higher Octave Music label. His first primarily instrumental album, it displays Anderson performing ambient music with assistance from Steve Katz and Keith Heffner on keyboards and his two daughters on vocals. Anderson followed this with "Toltec", a concept album released on 30 January 1996 on Windham Hill Records that tells the story of Toltec, "a Native American concept of a group of people who have been all over the Earth, existing within different cultures throughout the centuries". The album was meant to be released in 1993 as "The Power of Silence", minus the sound effects and narration added later, but it was cancelled following issues with Geffen Records.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In the mid-1990s, Anderson had planned to tour and record in China, but abandoned the idea in favour of writing and recording new music with Yes after Wakeman and Howe rejoined the band. Anderson's move to San Luis Obispo influenced the decision for Yes to record their three-night stint at the town's Fremont Theater in March 1996, as part of their subsequent studio and live album sets "Keys to Ascension" and "Keys to Ascension 2", released in 1996 and 1997, respectively. On 12 May 1996, Anderson performed an 80-minute set at a Mother's Day concert in Paso Robles, California formed of Yes, Jon and Vangelis, and solo material. Anderson's next album, "Lost Tapes of Opio", was released in 1996 on audio cassette through his Opio Foundation. Formed of songs recorded since the 1980s, proceeds from the release were donated to UNICEF.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 1997, Anderson released the Celtic-influenced "The Promise Ring" with his second wife, Jane Luttenburger, sharing vocals. The album is a live recording of music performed by them and members of the Froggin' Peach Orchestra, the name given to a group of 28 musicians based in the Frog & Peach pub in San Luis Obispo. During their honeymoon in 1997, Anderson and Luttenburger recorded "Earthmotherearth" which was followed by "The More You Know" in 1998, recorded in Paris with French artist Francis Jocky. It was Anderson's last studio release for 13 years. Anderson appeared on the song "The Only Thing I Need" by act 4Him in 1999; it was recorded for "Streams", a multi-group album. Steve Howe's tribute album "Portraits of Bob Dylan" also featured a cover of the Bob Dylan song "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands" with Anderson's vocals. He also recorded with the Fellowship on their album "In Elven Lands", inspired by the works of J. R. R. Tolkien.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 2000, Anderson had started work on a sequel album to "Olias of Sunhillow" named "". Development on the project slowed since then; in 2011, he reasoned the delay as it spans up to three hours in length, of which he has written the majority of it, but needs additional time "to figure out how to recreate it correctly". Anderson expressed a wish of putting out an interactive album with "an app that allows people to go on a journey, [to] choose a new journey every time they open it up, and hear it in a different way every time".


title: Jon Anderson

text: In September 2004, Yes wrapped their 35th Anniversary Tour and they entered a four-and-a-half year hiatus. In the tour's last week, Anderson was suffering from stress, asthma, bronchitis, and exhaustion.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 2004, Anderson appeared with the Contemporary Youth Orchestra of Cleveland and returned in 2010 for a second performance. A show broadcast from Washington D.C. on satellite radio was released on a DVD called "Tour of the Universe" in 2005. This release coincided with the release of Anderson's single "State of Independence".


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 2006, Anderson performed "Roundabout" with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra. Later that year, Anderson and Wakeman toured the UK.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 2007, Anderson sang on "Culture of Ascent" by Glass Hammer, and appeared as part of a vocal ensemble on "Repentance" on "Systematic Chaos" by Dream Theater. Also in 2007, Anderson toured as part of the Paul Green School of Rock Music.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 2008, Anderson released "From Me to You", an ambient album of his vocals with birdsong, which was added to "The Lost Tapes". He appeared on "Sadness of Flowing" which he co-wrote for Peter Machajdík's album "Namah" and he made similar contributions to a re-mastering of Tommy Zvoncheck's album "ZKG".


title: Jon Anderson

text: In May 2008, during plans for a Yes tour to commemorate the band's fortieth anniversary, Anderson suffered an asthma attack, and was diagnosed with respiratory failure. In 2009, Anderson had regained enough strength to complete a solo European tour named Have Guitar, Will Travel. This was followed by a North American leg through 2010. A sample of Anderson's vocals from Mike Oldfield's "In High Places" is prominently featured on "Dark Fantasy" by Kanye West.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 2010, Anderson and Wakeman resumed touring as Anderson/Wakeman and released their first collaborative album, "The Living Tree". In June 2011, Anderson released his fourteenth solo album "Survival & Other Stories". He invited people to submit music to him online and used them as the basis for the new material. In October 2011, Anderson released a single-track EP entitled "Open", a 20-minute piece with a group of additional musicians including orchestral arrangements and a choir. In 2012, Anderson continued work on a sequel to "Olias of Sunhillow". In January 2013, he announced that the project is named "".


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 2013, Anderson performed solo shows worldwide, including Australia, North America, Europe, and Iceland, followed by a North and South American tour from February 2014. Later in 2014, a charity single featuring Anderson and Matt Malley entitled "The Family Circle" was released.


title: Jon Anderson

text: From 2014 to 2016, Anderson collaborated on a recording and touring project with violinist and composer Jean-Luc Ponty named Anderson Ponty. He announced the project in July 2014, with the intent on releasing an album of original songs and music the two had written in their own careers with new arrangements. Ponty stated: "The idea is to keep our musical personalities and the original sounds, but the production will be more modern". The pair toured with a backing band from 2014 to 2016 and released a live album and DVD, "Better Late Than Never".


title: Jon Anderson

text: During his time collaborating with Ponty, Anderson was also working on a studio album with Swedish guitarist and songwriter Roine Stolt. Their album "Invention of Knowledge" was released in 2016, and features various members of Stolt's band the Flower Kings as additional musicians.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In January 2016, Anderson announced the formation of Anderson, Rabin and Wakeman, a new group formed together with Trevor Rabin and Rick Wakeman, with the intention to tour and record new material. They completed two concert tours and a live album release in September 2018. A studio album of new material was in progress. The group had disbanded by 2020,


title: Jon Anderson

text: In April 2017, Yes were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Anderson sang "Roundabout" and "Owner of a Lonely Heart" at the ceremony. Anderson released his solo album "" in March 2019. He had started it almost 30 years prior and named the album accordingly due to the many musicians that play on it, including Steve Howe, Jean-Luc Ponty, Chick Corea, and Billy Cobham. Anderson plans to release the album in three parts, with a tour currently following the first part, which he wants to document on film.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In December 2018, Anderson released a video for a new song, "Love Is Everything", to promote "1000 Hands", though it did not appear on the album.


title: Jon Anderson

text: On 30 June 2021, Anderson announced a Summer 2021 11-city tour of US theaters with the Paul Green Rock Academy due to kick off 30 July in Patchogue, New York, and to wrap up 20 August in Woonsocket, Rhode Island.


title: Jon Anderson

text: It is a commonly held misconception that Anderson sings falsetto, a vocal technique which naturally produces high, airy notes by using only the ligamentous edges of the vocal cords; however, this is not the case. Anderson's normal singing/speaking voice is naturally above the tenor range. In a 2008 interview with the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette", Anderson stated, "I'm an alto tenor and I can sing certain high notes, but I could never sing falsetto, so I go and hit them high."


title: Jon Anderson

text: According to Anderson's web site, he "is also responsible for most of the mystically themed lyrics and concepts which are part of many Yes releases... The lyrics are frequently inspired by various books Anderson has enjoyed, from Tolstoy's "War and Peace" to Hermann Hesse's "Siddhartha". A footnote in Paramahansa Yogananda's "" inspired an entire double album "Tales from Topographic Oceans" (1973). Recurring themes include environmentalism, pacifism and sun worship." Anderson has said elsewhere that his lyrics are designed less with literary intent than to add tone and texture to the music, and his works often make use of assonances and emphasis on open vowels to this effect.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Anderson married Jennifer Baker on 22 December 1969; they divorced in 1995. They have three children: Deborah (born 1970), Damion (b. 1972) and Jade (b. 1980). Deborah is a photographer and sang on her father's solo album "Song of Seven" (1980), "Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe" (1989), and "Angel Milk" (2005) by the French electronica band Télépopmusik. Damion is a musician and spoke the final lines on the Yes song "Circus of Heaven" on "Tormato" (1978) when he was six years old. He released the EP "Close to the Hype" (1994) with his father. Jade's birth is celebrated in her father's song "Animation" on his album of the same name. She sang backing vocals on many of his later albums and released a solo album in Japan.


title: Jon Anderson

text: In 1997, Anderson married American Jane Luttenberger. Yes drummer Alan White was his best man at the ceremony. In 2009, Anderson became an American citizen.


title: Jon Anderson

text: Anderson was a smoker in the 1960s and 1970s and once tried cocaine, but "didn't like it." He now lives a healthier lifestyle, particularly in his later life, with vitamin supplements and meditation. In the mid-1970s, Anderson became a vegetarian, as did most members of Yes; however, in an interview he stated, "I was a veggie for a while, but again I grew out of that. But I do eat very healthy." In a 16 August 2006 interview on "The Howard Stern Show", Anderson said he eats meat, mostly fish, on occasion. In the interview, he also stated he had a spiritual adviser that "helped him see into the fourth dimension". Before live performances, he often meditates in a tent with crystals and dreamcatchers, a practice he started in the 1980s. Anderson's religious beliefs are syncretic and varied, including respect for the Divine Mother Audrey Kitagawa.


title: Jon Anderson

text: On 13 May 2008, Anderson suffered a severe asthma attack which required a stay in hospital. According to Yes' website, he was later "at home and resting comfortably." Yes' planned summer 2008 tour was subsequently cancelled, with the press release saying, "Jon Anderson was admitted to the hospital last month after suffering a severe asthma attack. He was diagnosed with acute respiratory failure and was told by doctors to rest and not work for a period of at least six months." Further health problems continued through 2008, resulting in Yes permanently replacing Anderson with vocalists Benoît David (2009–2012) and Jon Davison (2012–present). In September 2008, Anderson wrote that he's "so much better...so grateful and so blessed...I look forward to 2009 for the "Great Work" to come." He started singing again in early 2009. In 2009, he returned to touring (solo), performed along with Peter Machajdík and an ensemble of Slovakian musicians on Tribute To Freedom, an event to commemorate the fall of the Iron Curtain in former Czechoslovakia at Devin Castle near Bratislava, Slovakia, and continued touring in 2010 and the autumn of 2011, with Rick Wakeman for a UK tour (2010) and the eastern US (2011).


title: Jon Anderson

text: On 14 May 2021, asteroid 48886 Jonanderson, discovered by astronomers with the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey in France, was in his honour.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: Agaricus bisporus is an edible basidiomycete mushroom native to grasslands in Eurasia and North America. It has two color states while immature – white and brown – both of which have various names, with additional names for the mature state.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: "A. bisporus" is cultivated in more than seventy countries and is one of the most commonly and widely consumed mushrooms in the world.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: When marketed in its mature state, the mushroom is brown with a cap measuring . This form is commonly sold under the names portobello, portabella, or portobella; the etymology is disputed.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: The common mushroom has a complicated taxonomic history. It was first described by English botanist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in his 1871 "Handbook of British Fungi", as a variety (var. "hortensis") of "Agaricus campestris". Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange later reviewed a cultivar specimen, and dubbed it "Psalliota hortensis" var. "bispora" in 1926. In 1938, it was promoted to species status and renamed "Psalliota bispora". Emil Imbach (1897–1970) imparted the current scientific name of the species, "Agaricus bisporus" after the genus "Psalliota" was renamed to "Agaricus" in 1946. The specific epithet "bispora" distinguishes the two-spored basidia from four-spored varieties.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: The pileus or cap of the original wild species is a pale grey-brown, with broad, flat scales on a paler background and fading toward the margins. It is first hemispherical before flattening out with maturity, and in diameter. The narrow, crowded gills are free and initially pink, then red-brown, and finally a dark brown with a whitish edge from the cheilocystidia. The cylindrical stipe is up to tall by wide and bears a thick and narrow ring, which may be streaked on the upper side. The firm flesh is white, although it stains a pale pinkish-red on bruising. The spore print is dark brown. The spores are oval to round and measure approximately 4.5–5.5 μm × 5–7.5 μm, and the basidia usually two-spored, although two-tetrasporic varieties have been described from the Mojave Desert and the Mediterranean, with predominantly heterothallic and homothallic lifestyles, respectively.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: This mushroom is commonly found worldwide in fields and grassy areas following rain, from late spring to autumn, especially in association with manure. It is widely collected and eaten in many parts of the world; however, it resembles deadly or poisonous lookalikes (see below).


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: The common mushroom could be confused with young specimens of the deadly poisonous destroying angel ("Amanita" sp.), but the latter may be distinguished by their volva or cup at the base of the mushroom and pure white gills (as opposed to pinkish or brown of "A. bisporus").


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: A more common and less dangerous mistake is to confuse "A. bisporus" with "Agaricus xanthodermus", an inedible mushroom found worldwide in grassy areas. "A. xanthodermus" has an odor reminiscent of phenol; its flesh turns yellow when bruised. This fungus causes nausea and vomiting in some people.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: The poisonous European species "Entoloma sinuatum" has a passing resemblance but has yellowish gills, turning pink, and lacks a ring.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: The earliest scientific description of the commercial cultivation of "A. bisporus" was made by French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1707. French agriculturist Olivier de Serres noted that transplanting mushroom mycelia would lead to the propagation of more mushrooms.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: Originally, cultivation was unreliable as mushroom growers would watch for good flushes of mushrooms in fields before digging up the mycelium and replanting them in beds of composted manure or inoculating 'bricks' of compressed litter, loam, and manure. Spawn collected this way contained pathogens, and crops would be infected or not grow. In 1893, sterilized, or pure culture, spawn was discovered and produced by the Pasteur Institute in Paris for cultivation on composted horse manure.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: Modern commercial varieties of the common agaricus mushroom were originally light brown. The white mushroom was discovered in 1925 growing among a bed of brown mushrooms at the Keystone Mushroom Farm in Coatesville, Pennsylvania. Louis Ferdinand Lambert, the farm's owner and a mycologist by training, brought the white mushroom back to his laboratory. As with the reception of white bread, it was seen as a more attractive food item and became grown and distributed. Similar to the commercial development history of the navel orange and Red Delicious apple, cultures were grown from the mutant individuals. Most cream-colored store mushrooms marketed today are products of this 1925 chance natural mutation.


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: In a 100-gram serving, raw white mushrooms provide of food energy and are an excellent source (> 19% of the Daily Value, DV) of the B vitamins, riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid (table). Fresh mushrooms are also a good source (10–19% DV) of the dietary mineral phosphorus (table).


title: Agaricus bisporus

text: While fresh "A. bisporus" only contains 0.2 micrograms (8 IU) of vitamin D as ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), the ergocalciferol content increases substantially after exposure to UV light.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Lindsay Mills (born February 20, 1985) is an American acrobat and blogger. She came to international attention as the partner of former NSA analyst Edward Snowden in 2013 at the time of the global surveillance disclosures. Mills left the United States to join Snowden in exile in Moscow around October 2014. They married in 2017.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Mills's father Jonathan Mills lives in Laurel, Maryland. She graduated from Laurel High School (Maryland) studied at the Maryland Institute College of Art and would later become a dancer and acrobat.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Mills and Edward Snowden lived together in Baltimore, Japan, and Hawaii. They have been together at least since 2009.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Mills kept a blog in which she posted pictures of herself posing and performing. On May 20, 2013, Snowden left Hawaii for Hong Kong and told her that he was going on a business trip.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: On June 6, 2013, agents from the National Security Agency (NSA) searched Mills's home seeking Snowden. On June 9, 2013, "The Guardian" published a story revealing that Snowden had done the global surveillance disclosures. On June 10, 2013, Mills wrote on her website, "I'll be refraining from blog posts for awhile" then deleted all posts within a day.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Mills was shocked to learn what Snowden had done. On her personal blog, she wrote: "I feel alone, lost, overwhelmed, and desperate for a reprieve".


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Mills became the focus of a media sensation after the global surveillance disclosures when she was identified as Snowden's girlfriend. One media outlet called Mills "the girlfriend Edward Snowden left behind". In 2013, BuzzFeed reviewed Mills's personal blog. It noted that she had a boyfriend whom she called "E" and her "man of mystery". Mills blogged about Snowden leaving soon after he left.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: After Snowden left Hawaii, reporters sought to question members of the Waikiki Acrobatic Troupe for insight into Mills and Snowden's relationship. Some comments reported from that interview included "I never got to know her", "I wasn't even aware she was in a relationship", and "I have no idea how much pole and other stuff she'd done".


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Between June 2013 and 2014, there was no public awareness in the media of any interaction between Mills and Snowden. The public did not know where Mills lived after June 2013. By January 2014, Mills had not spoken to the media for seven months. Mills's father shared that she was trying to make sense of what had happened and plan for her future.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Later, the "Citizenfour" documentary included a scene which showed Snowden and Mills reunited in Moscow. This reveal in October 2014 was the first indication in the media that they were still dating. The information that Mills and Snowden were together and happy was surprising because until the documentary, the media had reported that Snowden's life in Russia was a miserable punishment.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Mills and Glenn Greenwald joined director Laura Poitras on stage at the 87th Academy Awards to accept the Academy Award for "Citizenfour", in which she appeared for a few seconds cooking with Snowden in their Moscow apartment. Mills took one of the three Oscar statues awarded in the ceremony. Reflecting on the experience of being on stage to receive the statue for Snowden, Mills later commented, "We won a motherfucking Oscar!" In September 2016, one reporter described the Oscar showing as "Mills's most notable public appearance".


title: Lindsay Mills

text: In March 2015, Mills revived her blog and made two posts which a writer for "Jezebel" described as "mysterious".


title: Lindsay Mills

text: For Halloween 2015, Mills posted pictures of herself with Snowden in Halloween costumes as Carmen Sandiego and Waldo of "Where's Waldo?" Both popular fictional characters are known for hiding. In the photo, Mills and Snowden are posing in front of the J. Edgar Hoover Building but presumably this is photo manipulation because they supposedly remain in Russia.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: "Permanent Record", Snowden's 2019 book, features Mills's writings from her diary as part of the narrative of the surveillance disclosures.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: In 2020, it was announced that Mills was pregnant and that she and Snowden intended to apply for Russian citizenship without renouncing their U.S. citizenship. Their son was born in December 2020. In 2020, Russia granted Snowden permanent residency rights, and on September 26, 2022, President Vladimir Putin signed a decree granting him Russian citizenship.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: Mills has a history of being highly active in new media publishing, including social media, blogging, and video sharing. Her father described her as artistic, free and open, and the opposite of Edward Snowden.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: A reviewer for "The New Yorker" described Mills's blog as "a mixture of chatty accounts of Mills's days in Hawaii, stories of her athletic and pole-dancing feats, descriptions of fun evenings with friends, and declarations of girl power". A writer for "The Daily Telegraph" described Mills's blog and social media presence as vivid. Snowden has criticized the media's use of sexy pictures to portray Mills.


title: Lindsay Mills

text: The character of Lindsay Mills has a prominent place in "Snowden", a 2016 dramatization of Snowden's global surveillance disclosure. Director Oliver Stone said that the relationship between Mills and Snowden was an important part of his movie. Actress Shailene Woodley plays Mills in the film. Unable to meet Mills in person before filming, Woodley based her performance on information from Mills's blog and social media posts.


title: Pyrenees

text: The Pyrenees (; ; ; ; ; ; ) is a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain. It extends nearly from its union with the Cantabrian Mountains to Cap de Creus on the Mediterranean coast. It reaches a maximum altitude of at the peak of Aneto.


title: Pyrenees

text: For the most part, the main crest forms a divide between Spain and France, with the microstate of Andorra sandwiched in between. Historically, the Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Navarre extended on both sides of the mountain range.


title: Pyrenees

text: In Greek mythology, Pyrene is a princess who gave her name to the Pyrenees. The Greek historian Herodotus says Pyrene is the name of a town in Celtic Europe. According to Silius Italicus, she was the virgin daughter of Bebryx, a king in Mediterranean Gaul by whom the hero Hercules was given hospitality during his quest to steal the cattle of Geryon during his famous Labours. Hercules, characteristically drunk and lustful, violates the sacred code of hospitality and rapes his host's daughter. Pyrene gives birth to a serpent and runs away to the woods, afraid that her father will be angry. Alone, she pours out her story to the trees, attracting the attention of wild beasts who tear her to pieces.


title: Pyrenees

text: After his victory over Geryon, Hercules passes through the kingdom of Bebryx again, finding the girl's lacerated remains. As is often the case in stories of this hero, the sober Hercules responds with heartbroken grief and remorse at the actions of his darker self, and lays Pyrene to rest tenderly, demanding that the surrounding geography join in mourning and preserve her name: "struck by Herculean voice, the mountaintops shudder at the ridges; he kept crying out with a sorrowful noise 'Pyrene!' and all the rock-cliffs and wild-beast haunts echo back 'Pyrene!' … The mountains hold on to the wept-over name through the ages." Pliny the Elder connects the story of Hercules and Pyrene to Lusitania, but rejects it as "fabulosa", highly fictional.


title: Pyrenees

text: Other classical sources derived the name from the Greek word for fire, (IPA: ). According to Greek historian Diodorus Siculus "in ancient times, we are told, certain herdsmen left a fire and the whole area of the mountains was entirely consumed; and due to this fire, since it raged continuously day after day, the surface of the earth was also burned and the mountains, because of what had taken place, were called the Pyrenees."


title: Pyrenees

text: The Spanish Pyrenees are part of the following provinces, from west to east: Girona, Barcelona, Lleida (all in Catalonia), Huesca (in Aragon), Navarra (in Navarre).


title: Pyrenees

text: The French Pyrenees are part of the following "départements", from east to west: Pyrénées-Orientales (also known as Northern Catalonia), Aude, Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Pyrénées, and Pyrénées-Atlantiques (the latter two of which include the Pyrenees National Park).


title: Pyrenees

text: The independent principality of Andorra is sandwiched in the eastern portion of the mountain range between the Spanish Pyrenees and French Pyrenees.


title: Pyrenees

text: Physiographically, the Pyrenees may be divided into three sections: the Atlantic (or Western), the Central, and the Eastern Pyrenees. Together, they form a distinct physiographic province of the larger Alpine System division.


title: Pyrenees

text: In the Western Pyrenees, from the Basque mountains near the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean, the average elevation gradually increases from west to east.


title: Pyrenees

text: The Central Pyrenees extend eastward from the Somport pass to the Aran Valley, and they include the highest summits of this range:


title: Pyrenees

text: In the Eastern Pyrenees, with the exception of one break at the eastern extremity of the "Pyrénées Ariègeoises" in the Ariège area, the mean elevation is remarkably uniform until a sudden decline occurs in the easternmost portion of the chain known as the Albères.


title: Pyrenees

text: Most foothills of the Pyrenees are on the Spanish side, where there is a large and complex system of ranges stretching from Spanish Navarre, across northern Aragon and into Catalonia, almost reaching the Mediterranean coast with summits reaching . At the eastern end on the southern side lies a distinct area known as the Sub-Pyrenees.


title: Pyrenees

text: On the French side the slopes of the main range descend abruptly and there are no foothills except in the Corbières Massif in the northeastern corner of the mountain system.


title: Pyrenees

text: The Pyrenees are older than the Alps: their sediments were first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Between 100 and 150 million years ago, during the Lower Cretaceous Period, the Bay of Biscay fanned out, pushing present-day Spain against France and applying intense compressional pressure to large layers of sedimentary rock. The intense pressure and uplifting of the Earth's crust first affected the eastern part and moved progressively to the entire chain, culminating in the Eocene Epoch.


title: Pyrenees

text: The eastern part of the Pyrenees consists largely of granite and gneissose rocks, while in the western part the granite peaks are flanked by layers of limestone. The massive and unworn character of the chain comes from its abundance of granite, which is particularly resistant to erosion, as well as weak glacial development.


title: Pyrenees

text: The upper parts of the Pyrenees contain low-relief surfaces forming a peneplain. This peneplain originated no earlier than in Late Miocene times. Presumably it formed at height as extensive sedimentation raised the local base level considerably.


title: Pyrenees

text: The highest waterfall is Gavarnie (462 m or 1,515 ft), at the head of the Gave de Pau; the Cirque de Gavarnie, in the same valley, together with the nearby Cirque de Troumouse and Cirque d'Estaubé, are notable examples of the cirque formation.


title: Pyrenees

text: Low passes are lacking, and the principal roads and the railroads between France and Spain run only in the lowlands at the western and eastern ends of the Pyrenees, near sea level. The main passes of note are:


title: Pyrenees

text: Because of the lack of low passes a number of tunnels have been created, beneath the passes at Somport, Envalira, and Puymorens and new routes in the center of the range at Bielsa and Vielha.


title: Pyrenees

text: A notable visual feature of this mountain range is La Brèche de Roland, a gap in the ridge line, whichaccording to legendwas created by Roland.


title: Pyrenees

text: The metallic ores of the Pyrenees are not in general of much importance now, though there were iron mines at several locations in Andorra, as well as at Vicdessos in Ariège, and the foot of Canigou in Pyrénées-Orientales long ago. Coal deposits capable of being profitably worked are situated chiefly on the Spanish slopes, but the French side has beds of lignite. The open pit of Trimoun near the commune of Luzenac (Ariège) is one of the greatest sources of talc in Europe.


title: Pyrenees

text: Mineral springs are abundant and remarkable, and especially noteworthy are the hot springs. The hot springs, among which those of Les Escaldes in Andorra, Panticosa and Lles in Spain, Ax-les-Thermes, Bagnères-de-Luchon and Eaux-Chaudes in France may be mentioned, are sulfurous and mostly situated high, near the contact of the granite with the stratified rocks. The lower springs, such as those of Bagnères-de-Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrénées), Rennes-les-Bains (Aude), and Campagne-sur-Aude (Aude), are mostly selenitic and not hot.


title: Pyrenees

text: The amount of precipitation the range receives, including rain and snow, is much greater in the western than in the eastern Pyrenees because of the moist air that blows in from the Atlantic Ocean over the Bay of Biscay. After dropping its moisture over the western and central Pyrenees, the air is left dry over the eastern Pyrenees. The winter average temperature is .


title: Pyrenees

text: Sections of the mountain range vary in more than one respect. There are some glaciers in the western and snowy central Pyrenees, but there are no glaciers in the eastern Pyrenees because there is insufficient snowfall to cause their development. Glaciers are confined to the northern slopes of the central Pyrenees, and do not descend, like those of the Alps, far down into the valleys but rather have their greatest lengths along the direction of the mountain chain. They form, in fact, in a narrow zone near the crest of the highest mountains. Here, as in the other great mountain ranges of central Europe, there is substantial evidence of a much wider expanse of glaciation during the glacial periods. The best evidence of this is in the valley of Argeles Gazost, between Lourdes and Gavarnie, in the "" of Hautes-Pyrénées.


title: Pyrenees

text: The annual snow-line varies in different parts of the Pyrenees from about above sea level. In average the seasonal snow is observed at least 50% of the time above between December and April.


title: Pyrenees

text: A still more marked effect of the preponderance of rainfall in the western half of the chain is seen in the vegetation. The lower mountains in the extreme west are wooded, but the extent of forest declines as one moves eastwards. The eastern Pyrenees are peculiarly wild and barren, all the more since it is in this part of the chain that granitic masses prevail. Also moving from west to east, there is a change in the composition of the flora, with the change becoming most evident as one passes the centre of the mountain chain from which point the Corbières Massif stretch north-eastwards towards the central plateau of France. Though the difference in latitude is only about 1°, in the west the flora resembles that of central Europe while in the east it is distinctly Mediterranean in character. The Pyrenees are nearly as rich in endemic species as the Alps, and among the most remarkable instances of that endemism is the occurrence of the monotypic genus "Xatardia" (family Apiaceae), which grows only on a high alpine pass between the Val d'Eynes and Catalonia. Other examples include "Arenaria montana", "Bulbocodium vernum", and "Ranunculus glacialis". The genus most abundantly represented in the range is that of the saxifrages, several species of which are endemic here.


title: Pyrenees

text: In their fauna the Pyrenees present some striking instances of endemism. The Pyrenean desman is found only in some of the streams of the northern slopes of these mountains; the only other desman, the Russian desman, is confined to the Volga river basin in southern Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. The Pyrenean brook salamander ("Calotriton asper"), an endemic amphibian, also lives in streams and lakes located at high altitudes. Among other peculiarities of Pyrenean fauna are blind insects in the caverns of Ariège, the principal genera of which are "Anophthalmus" and "Adelops".


title: Pyrenees

text: The Pyrenean ibex, an endemic subspecies of the Iberian ibex, became extinct in January 2000; another subspecies, the western Spanish ibex, was introduced into the area, with the population numbering over 400 individuals as of 2020. The native brown bear population was hunted to near-extinction in the 1990s, but its numbers rebounded in 1996 when three bears were brought from Slovenia. The bear population has bred successfully, and there are now believed to be about 15 brown bears in the central region around Fos, with only four native ones still living in the Aspe Valley.


title: Pyrenees

text: In 1997, part of the Pyrenees (including Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park and Pyrenees National Park) was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its spectacular geologic landforms and testimony to the unique "transhumance" agricultural system.


title: Pyrenees

text: The Pyrenean region possesses a varied ethnology, folklore and history: see Andorra; Aragon; Ariège; Basque Country; Béarn; Catalonia; Navarre; Roussillon. For their history, see also Almogavars, Marca Hispanica.


title: Pyrenees

text: The principal languages spoken in the area are Spanish, French, Aragonese, Catalan (in Andorra and in Northern and Southern Catalonia), and Basque. Also spoken, to a lesser degree, is the Occitan language, consisting of the Gascon and Languedocien dialects in France and the Aranese dialect in the Aran Valley.


title: Pyrenees

text: An important feature of rural life in the Pyrenees is 'transhumance', the moving of livestock from the farms in the valleys up to the higher grounds of the mountains for the summer. In this way the farming communities could keep larger herds than the lowland farms could support on their own. The principal animals moved were cows and sheep, but historically most members of farming families also moved to the higher pastures along with their animals, so they also took with them pigs, horses and chickens. Transhumance thus took the form of a mass biannual migration, moving uphill in May or June and returning to the farms in September or October. During the summer period, the families would live in basic stone cabins in the high mountains.


title: Pyrenees

text: Nowadays, industrialisation and changing agriculture practices have diminished the custom. However, the importance of transhumance continues to be recognised through its celebration in popular festivals.


title: Pyrenees

text: The Pic du Midi Observatory is an astronomical observatory located at 2877 metres on top of the Pic du Midi de Bigorre in the French Pyrenees. Construction of the observatory began in 1878 and the 8 metres dome was completed in 1908.


title: Pyrenees

text: The observatory housed a powerful mechanical equatorial reflector which was used in 1909 to formally discredit the Martian canal theory. A 1.06-metre (42-inch) telescope was installed in 1963, funded by NASA and was used to take detailed photographs of the surface of the Moon in preparation for the Apollo missions. Other studies conducted in 1965 provided a detailed analysis of the composition of the atmospheres on Mars and Venus, this served as a basis for Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists to predict that these planets had no life.


title: Pyrenees

text: Since 1980, the observatory has had a 2-metre telescope, which is the largest telescope in France. Overtaken by the giant telescopes built in recent decades, today the observatory is widely open to amateur astronomy.


title: Pyrenees

text: The Odeillo solar furnace is the world's largest solar furnace. It is situated in Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via, in the department of Pyrénées-Orientales, in south of France. Built between 1962 and 1968, it is 54 metres (177 ft) high and 48 metres (157 ft) wide, and includes 63 heliostats. The site was chosen because of the length and the quality of sunshine with direct light (more than 2,500 h/year) and the purity of its atmosphere (high altitude and low average humidity).


title: Pyrenees

text: This furnace serves as a science research site studying materials at very high temperatures. Temperatures above 3,500 °C (6,330 °F) can be obtained in a few seconds, in addition it provides rapid temperature changes and therefore allow studying the effect of thermal shocks.


title: Pyrenees

text: No big cities are in the range itself. The largest urban area close to the Pyrenees is Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), France with a population of 1,330,954 in its metropolitan area. On the Spanish side Pamplona, (Navarre) is the closest city with a population of 319,208 in its metropolitan area. Inside the Pyrenees the main towns are Andorra la Vella (22,256) and Escaldes-Engordany (14 367) in Andorra, Jaca (12,813) and La Seu d'Urgell (12 252) in Spain, and Lourdes (13,976) and Foix (10,046) in France.


title: Pyrenees

text: Both sides of the Pyrenees are popular spots for winter sports such as alpine skiing and mountaineering. The Pyrenees are also a good place for athletes, such as Gary Wood, to do high-altitude training in the summertime, such as by bicycling and cross-country running.


title: Pyrenees

text: In the summer and the autumn, the Pyrenees are usually featured in two of cycling's grand tours, the Tour de France held annually in July and the Vuelta a España held in September. The stages held in the Pyrenees are often crucial legs of both tours, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators to the region.


title: Pyrenees

text: Three main long-distance footpaths run the length of the mountain range: the GR 10 across the northern slopes, the GR 11 across the southern slopes, and the HRP which traverses peaks and ridges along a high altitude route. In addition, there are numerous marked and unmarked trails throughout the region.


title: Rave

text: A rave (from the verb: "to rave") is a dance party at a warehouse, club, or other public or private venue, typically featuring performances by DJs playing electronic dance music. The style is most associated with the early 1990s dance music scene when DJs played at illegal events in musical styles dominated by electronic dance music from a wide range of sub-genres, including techno, hardcore, house, and alternative dance. Occasionally live musicians have been known to perform at raves, in addition to other types of performance artists such as go-go dancers and fire dancers. The music is amplified with a large, powerful sound reinforcement system, typically with large subwoofers to produce a deep bass sound. The music is often accompanied by laser light shows, projected coloured images, visual effects and fog machines.