title: BASIC

text: Some dialects of BASIC supported matrices and matrix operations, which can be used to solve sets of simultaneous linear algebraic equations. These dialects would directly support matrix operations such as assignment, addition, multiplication (of compatible matrix types), and evaluation of a determinant. Many microcomputer BASICs did not support this data type; matrix operations were still possible, but had to be programmed explicitly on array elements.


title: BASIC

text: New BASIC programmers on a home computer might start with a simple program, perhaps using the language's PRINT statement to display a message on the screen; a well-known and often-replicated example is Kernighan and Ritchie's "Hello, World!" program:


title: BASIC

text: Note that the codice_58 statement is optional and has no action in most dialects of BASIC. It was not always included, as is the case in this example. This same program can be modified to print a fixed number of messages using the common codice_59 statement:


title: BASIC

text: Most first-generation BASIC versions, such as MSX BASIC and GW-BASIC, supported simple data types, loop cycles, and arrays. The following example is written for GW-BASIC, but will work in most versions of BASIC with minimal changes:


title: BASIC

text: The original Dartmouth Basic was unusual in having a matrix keyword, MAT. Although not implemented by most later microprocessor derivatives, it is used in this example from the 1968 manual which averages the numbers that are input:


title: BASIC

text: Second-generation BASICs (for example, VAX Basic, SuperBASIC, True BASIC, QuickBASIC, BBC BASIC, Pick BASIC, PowerBASIC, Liberty BASIC and (arguably) COMAL) introduced a number of features into the language, primarily related to structured and procedure-oriented programming. Usually, line numbering is omitted from the language and replaced with labels (for GOTO) and procedures to encourage easier and more flexible design. In addition keywords and structures to support repetition, selection and procedures with local variables were introduced.


title: BASIC

text: Third-generation BASIC dialects such as Visual Basic, Xojo, Gambas, StarOffice Basic, BlitzMax and PureBasic introduced features to support object-oriented and event-driven programming paradigm. Most built-in procedures and functions are now represented as "methods" of standard objects rather than "operators". Also, the operating system became increasingly accessible to the BASIC language.


title: Yvette Prieto

text: Yvette Prieto (born March 26, 1978) is an American model. She has modeled for designer Alexander Wang and appeared in the documentary "Cuba: An Island Apart" as herself.


title: Yvette Prieto

text: Yvette dated Julio Iglesias Jr. in the early 2000s. In addition to modeling, she worked for her parents' company, at a hospital, and in real estate.


title: Yvette Prieto

text: Yvette met basketball legend Michael Jordan while at a Miami nightclub in 2008. They moved in together in 2009 and were engaged over Christmas in 2011. Prieto married Jordan on April 27, 2013, at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church. Her wedding gown was designed by J'Aton Couture; celebrities Usher and Robin Thicke sang at the reception. She gave birth to twin daughters on February 9, 2014. Yvette is stepmother to Jordan's three children from his previous marriage to Juanita Vanoy.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: A majority of historians have concluded that the idea is a myth and that all references to it are from later periods. Over the centuries, it became commonly portrayed in European literature as a practice that had occurred in earlier times or other places. In practice, it may have been the feudal lords using their power and influence over serfs to sexually exploit the women free of consequences, as opposed to a legitimate legal right.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: The French expression translates as "right of the lord", but modern French usage prefers (, from , 'leg') or (, from , 'thigh').


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In the "Epic of Gilgamesh", Gilgamesh is described as having practiced a similar custom: "He is king, he does whatever he wants... takes the girl from her mother and uses her, the warrior's daughter, the young man's bride." His first meeting with his friend Enkidu is an attempt at one of these acts where Enkidu manages to stop him in a great contest of strength between the two champions.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: Herodotus mentions a similar custom among the Adyrmachidae in ancient Libya: "They are also the only tribe with whom the custom obtains of bringing all women about to become brides before the king, that he may choose such as are agreeable to him."


title: Droit du seigneur

text: When the plebeians of the Etruscan city of Volsinii rebelled against the aristocrats in 280 BC, "They took their wives for themselves and placed the daughters of the nobles under the , while all their former masters on whom they could lay hands were tortured to death."


title: Droit du seigneur

text: The medieval marriage fine or merchet has sometimes been interpreted as a payment for the to be waived. Alternatively, it has been interpreted as compensation to the lord for the young women leaving his lands. "Encyclopedia Britannica" states that the evidence indicates it was a monetary tax related to vassal marriages, since a considerable number of seigneurial rights revolved around marriage.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: A similar payment to church authorities has also been interpreted as relating to the . However, according to British scholar W. D. Howarth, the Roman Catholic Church at some times prohibited consummation of a marriage on the first night. The payment was for an indulgence from the church to waive this prohibition.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: The biography of Gerald of Aurillac written by Odo of Cluny (879–942) gives an account of the young nobleman demanding to rape one of his serfs, only to have the act averted by a miracle, sending Gerald on the road to sainthood. American historian Vern Bullough suggested that this illustrates that such behaviour was commonplace in the period, and that the "legend [of ] reflected the reality".


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In the 14th-century French epic poem , a tyrannical lord claims the unless he receives part of the bride's dowry.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: Before the Jurchens overthrew their Khitan rulers, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao dynasty Khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment by the Jurchens against the Khitan. Liao Khitan envoys among the Jurchens were treated to guest prostitutes by their Jurchen hosts. Unmarried Jurchen girls and their families hosted the Liao envoys who had sex with the girls. Song envoys among the Jin were similarly entertained by singing girls in Guide, Henan.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: Although the Liao Khitan had superior power over the Jurchens when ruling them, there is no evidence that guest prostitution of unmarried Jurchen girls to Khitan men was hated or resented by the Jurchens. It was only when the Liao Khitan forced aristocratic Jurchen families to give up their beautiful wives as guest prostitutes to Liao Khitan messengers that this stirred resentment and anger by the Jurchens.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: A historian has speculated that this could mean that in Jurchen upper classes, only a husband had the right to his married wife while among lower class Jurchens, unmarried girls virginity and sleeping with Liao Khitan men did not matter and did not impede their ability to marry later.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: The Jurchens' sexual habits and mores seemed lax to Han Chinese, such as marrying with an in law which was one of China's "Ten Heinous Crimes". Jurchens very commonly practiced guest prostitution giving female companions, food and shelter to guests. Unmarried daughters of Jurchen families of lower and middle classes in native Jurchen villages were provided to Liao Kitan messengers for sexual intercourse as recorded by Hong Hao (Hung Hao).


title: Droit du seigneur

text: Marco Polo also reported that in Hami (Camul) guest prostitution was practiced with hosts giving their female relatives, sisters, daughters and wives to guests in their house. Tanguts practiced this guest prostitution.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In the Western Xia state, before they could marry men of their own ethnicity when they reached 30 years old, Uighur women in Shaanxi in the 12th century had children after having relations with multiple Han Chinese men.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In Shakespeare's play, "Henry VI, Part 2" (), the rebel Jack Cade proclaims: "there shall not a maid be married, but she shall pay to me her maidenhead ere they have it". According to the French scholar Alain Boureau, Cade was demanding the payment of merchet, not the right of first night, but others disagree.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: The English lexicographer Thomas Blount recorded the "right" as a medieval custom of some English manors in in 1679.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: "The Curiosities of Literature" (1823) by the British writer Isaac D'Israeli stated the practice had been widespread across Europe.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: The right was mentioned in 1556 in the of the French lawyer and author Jean Papon. The French writer Antoine du Verdier also commented on it in 1577.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: The French philosopher Montesquieu referred to the practice in "The Spirit of the Laws" (1748), saying that it had been enforced in France over three nights.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: Voltaire mentioned the practice in his , published in 1764. He wrote the five-act comedy or in 1762, although it was not performed until 1779, after his death. This play was the first time the term was used. In 18th-century France, a number of writers made other claims about the supposed power of the overlords during the Ancien Régime, such as the (right of ravage; providing to the lord the right to devastate fields of his own domain), and the (right of lounging; it was said that a lord had the right to disembowel his serfs to warm his feet in).


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro", which premiered in 1786 with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte, the comic plot revolves around the successful efforts of the young bride and groom, Figaro and Susanna, to block the efforts of the unfaithful Count Almaviva to seduce Susanna. To achieve his aim, the frustrated Count threatens to reinstitute . It was based on a play of the same title by Pierre Beaumarchais.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: The ("Acts of the Saints"), published from 1643 onwards, mentions the in the hagiographies of St Margaret and St Forannan.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In 1527, the Scottish historian Hector Boece wrote that the "right" had existed in Scotland until abolished by Malcolm III ( 1058–93) under the influence of his wife, Margaret (later St Margaret of Scotland). The payment of merchet was instituted in its place. Boece attributed the law to a legendary king, Ewen or Evenus III. The modern French scholar Alain Boureau says that Boece probably invented King Ewen, but he views this as mythology, not as a polemic against medieval barbarism.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: Other Scottish scholars of his era quoted Boece with approval, including John Lesley (1578), George Buchanan (1582), and Habbakuk Bisset (1626). The historical existence of the custom in Scotland was also accepted in Scottish legal works such as James Balfour's "Practicks" (), John Skene's (1597), and Thomas Craig's (1603). The English scholar Henry Spelman stated in his "Glossary" (1664) that the custom had existed in Scotland, but not in England. The English jurist William Blackstone cited Boece's statement in his "Commentaries on the Laws of England" (1765–1769), while similarly noting that the custom had never existed in England. In 1776, the Scottish jurist David Dalrymple disputed the existence of the custom, arguing Boece's account was purely legendary, but his position was often seen as based on Scottish patriotism. However, according to the Scottish legal scholar David Maxwell Walker, instances have been recorded of the being claimed up to the 18th century. Walker concluded that it is possible that the existed as a custom in Scotland, dependent on the attitude of the king, and survived longer in remote regions.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: After their travels in Scotland in 1773, Samuel Johnson and James Boswell documented the custom of the payment of merchet, linking it with the "right of first night". They paralleled it with that custom of Borough English, suggesting that the English custom favored the youngest son because the paternity of the eldest son was doubtful. Sir Walter Scott mentioned the custom in his historical Scottish novel, "The Fair Maid of Perth" (1828).


title: Droit du seigneur

text: The Spanish novel (1617) by Miguel de Cervantes contains an episode where a bride and groom escape a barbaric marriage custom in Ireland. According to the British scholar W.D. Howarth, Cervantes was inspired by Peruvian marriage ceremonies and what is described is different from the classic version of the as it involves multiple virgins. However, Cervantes' story was a source for the English play "The Custom of the Country", written by John Fletcher and Philip Massinger and published in 1647. The play has the classic version of the "right of first night" with money payment as an alternative. According to Howarth, this suggests that was a familiar notion to people at that time, which he traces back to Boece.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In modern times, Zaire's president Mobutu Sese Seko appropriated the when traveling around the country, where local chiefs offered him virgins.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: As late as the 19th century, some Kurdish chieftains in Anatolia raped Armenian brides on their wedding night (part of what was then known as the or system).


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In the Hawaiian Islands, the privilege for chiefs was often observed, according to ""Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i"" by Milton Diamond. A young girl's parents viewed the coupling with favor. This is because the girl might conceive the chief's child and be allowed to keep it.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: Scholars in the 19th and 20th centuries gave the historical basis of the "right of first night" a good deal of attention. Historians David M. Walker and Hector McKechnie wrote that the right might have existed in medieval Europe, but other historians have concluded that it is a myth, and that all references to it are from later periods. Over time, the "Encyclopædia Britannica" and the Larousse encyclopedias dramatically changed their opinion on the topic, moving from acceptance to rejection of the historical veracity of the idea. French writer Louis Veuillot, wrote a book in 1854 disputing its existence. After an exhaustive historical study, German jurist Karl Schmidt concluded in 1881 that it was a scholarly misconception. After Schmidt, many of those who believed in the existence of the custom based their opinions on anthropological studies of tribal societies, though according to W. D. Howarth, this was a misguided argument because of the disparity between the tribal societies and medieval European society.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" in 1884, socialist Friedrich Engels argued it was real and had an anthropological origin.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: In 1930, Scottish legal scholar Hector McKechnie concluded, based on historical evidence, that the practice had existed in Scotland in early times.


title: Droit du seigneur

text: Italian scholar Paolo Mantegazza, in his 1935 book "The Sexual Relations of Mankind", said that while not a law, it was most likely a binding custom.


title: Ted Raimi

text: Theodore "Ted" Raimi (born December 14, 1965) is an American character actor, director, comedian, and writer. He is known for his roles in the works of his brother Sam Raimi, including a fake Shemp in "The Evil Dead", possessed Henrietta in "Evil Dead II", and Ted Hoffman in the "Spider-Man" trilogy. He later reprised his role as Henrietta in the television series "Ash vs. Evil Dead", in which he also played the character Chet Kaminski. He is also known for his roles as Lieutenant JG Tim O'Neill in "seaQuest DSV" and Joxer the Mighty in "" and "".


title: Ted Raimi

text: Raimi has appeared in minor roles in a number of other films and television series, including the films "Crimewave", "Intruder", "Shocker", "Darkman", "Candyman", "Army of Darkness", "Clear and Present Danger", "The Grudge", "Drag Me to Hell", and "Oz the Great and Powerful", as well as the television series "ALF", "Twin Peaks", "Baywatch", and "Supernatural". He has had voice roles in the television series "Invader Zim" and "Code Monkeys", and in the video games "" and "The Quarry".


title: Ted Raimi

text: Raimi was born to a Jewish family in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Celia (née Abrams), a lingerie store proprietor, and Leonard Raimi, a furniture store proprietor. Ted was raised in Conservative Judaism; his ancestors immigrated from Russia and Hungary. He attended Wylie E. Groves High School in Beverly Hills, Michigan, where he was a popular DJ on WGHS, a blues harp prodigy, and an active member of the Groves Cinema Society. At seventeen he began his professional acting career doing industrial films in Detroit for Ford, General Motors and Chrysler. He attended University of Michigan, New York University, then finally University of Detroit. Raimi's older brothers are director Sam Raimi and screenwriter Ivan Raimi.


title: Ted Raimi

text: Raimi's motion picture acting credits include Wes Craven's "Shocker", "Born Yesterday", "Patriot Games", "Clear and Present Danger", "The Evil Dead", "Evil Dead II", "Army of Darkness", "Darkman" and the "Spider-Man" series, as well as roles in such features as "Stuart Saves His Family", "The Grudge", "Midnight Meat Train" and "Oz the Great and Powerful".


title: Ted Raimi

text: On television, he has been seen on shows such as "Twin Peaks", "", "Supernatural" and "Legend of the Seeker" but is best known for his roles as the communication officer Lt. Tim O'Neill on the science fiction television series "seaQuest DSV" (later "seaQuest 2032") and starring as the warrior wannabe Joxer on "".


title: Ted Raimi

text: Raimi wrote the original "Joxer the Mighty" song with help from director Josh Becker for "". In 2022, he joined director Alex Kahuam for his upcoming feature film, "Failure!", which was shot entirely in a single long-take.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Fabio Lanzoni (; born March 15, 1959), known mononymously as Fabio, is an Italian-American actor, fashion model, and spokesman.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Lanzoni is known for his wide-ranging career including appearing as a romance novel cover model throughout the 1990s; his acting and television roles, including multiple cameo appearances as himself; and his music and books. He has been a spokesman for I Can't Believe It's Not Butter! and the American Cancer Society.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Lanzoni was born 15 March 1959 in Milan, Italy, to Flora Carnicelli Lanzoni and Sauro Lanzoni, a mechanical engineer and owner of a conveyor-belt factory and/or company. Lanzoni has an older brother, Walter, and younger sister, Cristina. Lanzoni's father wanted Lanzoni to become an engineer and take over the family business.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: When he was 3 years old, Lanzoni sampled liquors that were left on the kitchen counter, leading to him being hospitalized. Lanzoni claims this unpleasant experience "left a lasting bad impression" and caused his lifelong aversion to alcohol.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: During the first five years of Lanzoni's life, he was raised primarily by his grandmother, whom he has called "the most influential woman" in his life. She died of cancer when Lanzoni was 13, having kept her diagnosis a secret from the family. This death severely impacted Lanzoni, inspiring him to later become the spokesperson for the American Cancer Society.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Raised Catholic, he served as an altar boy. Lanzoni claims he was "always in trouble for breaking the rules and getting kicked out of school."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Lanzoni is best recognized for his appearance on the covers of hundreds of romance novels. In 2015, while describing his career, Lanzoni told "The Guardian", I’d be the biggest hypocrite if I said I really worked very hard for my career, because it was given to me on a silver platter. I can’t take any credit. My major focus was sports and going to the gym.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Lanzoni first came to the United States at the age of 13; he intended to stay, but his parents forbade him due to his age. Lanzoni hoped to live in America, calling it "the greatest country in the world."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: At 14 years old (circa 1973), Fabio received his first modeling contract in Italy. In 2015, he described the event to "The Guardian":My career started when I was barely 14 years old. I was in Milan, at the gym, and one of the two biggest photographers in Europe, Oliviero Toscani, came up to me and said, ‘You should model.’ I wasn’t in the industry, so I had no idea who he was. I remember giving him my father’s phone number. He called my father, hired me for a big campaign and things took off from there.In his teenage years, Lanzoni participated in such sports as horseback riding, windsurfing, and slalom and downhill skiing.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 1975, when Lanzoni was 16, he became a ski-racing champion in his hometown of Milan. However, he broke his leg while skiing a slalom course; he was placed in traction for a week and in a cast for four months. His doctor suggested weight lifting as physical therapy, and Lanzoni "fell in love" with the training.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: At 19 years of age, Lanzoni dropped out of university and moved to America, to the frustration of his parents. Lanzoni recalls, "My father was totally against it. My father always said, ‘He’s going to get it out of his system and come back with his tail between his legs.'"


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Within 48 hours of arriving in America, Lanzoni "walked into the Ford modelling agency without an appointment and walked out with a contract." The following day, he met with Barry McKinley, who Lanzoni called "the biggest photographer in the world" at the time. McKinley hired Lanzoni for the launch of Gap Inc. The contract was for $150,000, which was - according to Lanzoni - $30,000 more than what contemporaneous top male models in the world received. Lanzoni considered himself one of the first "really muscular" models, and he began to pose for 15 or 16 book cover photoshoots a day. Other early jobs included video shoots for Nintendo.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Lanzoni claims his first realization of his fame was in 1987, at the age of 28. That year, he modeled for romance novel "Hearts Aflame" by Johanna Lindsey, in a cover painted by Elaine Duillo. While dancing in a Miami nightclub, Lanzoni was recognized by 3 women from romance novel covers. Prior to the encounter, Lanzoni knew he had taken photos for use in book covers, but had never seen the finished product. In a 2021 "People" interview, Lanzoni recalls:[These] three girls come over and say, 'You look exactly like the guy on our books!' I said, 'That's a good pickup line.' [After they return to show me the books,] "I go like, 'Oh my God, that's me.' It was the first time I saw myself on the cover of the books.More photography and film gigs followed. In 1989, Lanzoni appeared as the hero Kuros on the cover of Nintendo game "". In 1990, Lanzoni acted as an angel in horror film "The Exorcist III". In 1991 film "Scenes from a Mall", Lanzoni is credited for the role of "Handsome Man."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 1992, Robert Gottlieb of William Morris Agency became Lanzoni's literary agent; Lanzoni became the first bestselling male romance writer to use his real name. Lanzoni published "Pirate" (1993), "Rogue" (1994), "Viking" (1994), "Comanche" (1995), and "Champion" (1995), all of which were written in collaboration with romance author Eugenia Riley (possibly a pseudonym based on "Eugenia ridleyi", a species of flowering plant). Lanzoni later collaborated with Wendy Corsi Staub to write "Dangerous" (1996), "Wild" (1997), and "Mysterious" (1998).


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In Christmas season of 1992, an all-Fabio pin-up calendar for 1993 appeared in major bookstores and was a top seller.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 1993, Lanzoni released an album titled "Fabio After Dark", which included 17 tracks. "Billboard" reported that Lazoni's contributions "were all spoken word; he let guests like Billy Ocean and Dionne Warwick do the singing." Interspersed between the music are Lanzoni's soliloquies on his philosophies of love, such as "Fabio: On Inner Beauty" and "Fabio: On Humor."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 1993, Versace contracted Lanzoni to model their "Mediterraneum" fragrance. Lanzoni alleged in 2021 that the company still owed him $1 million in profits. In 1999, the "Los Angeles Times" reported on the promotional meet-and-greet at the Sherman Oaks Bullock's men's fragrance department. Fans lined up to receive "a hug, an autograph, a photo taken with their own camera," and occasionally a "quick smooch."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 1993, American author and publisher Helen Gurley Brown stated that Fabio is "terribly big and has very long hair and classic Roman coin features, so it’s hard to forget what he looks like. I find him so astonishing looking that you can hardly concentrate on what he’s saying. Plus, he has got good promoters who make you aware of him." That year, the "L.A. Times" claimed Hillary Rodham Clinton "flirted with [Lanzoni] on a [circa 1993] White House visit."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 1993, Fabio's manager Peter F. Paul published Fabio's biography, "Fabio". It contains over 100 photographs, presumably of Fabio. According to Paul's biography, by 1992, over 55,000,000 Fabio romance covers had been sold. Paul is infamous for drug dealing, fraud, and a plot to defraud the Cuban government. Fabio's first dedication in 1995 book "Fabio Fitness" is to Paul; he writes:A very special thanks to Peter F. Paul my business partner, manager, and most of all my friend. He has dedicated his indefatigable energy and creativity to working with me and creating what has come to be known as "The Fabio Phenomenon."Around that time, Lanzoni claimed, "In the last year and a half, I can count in a hand how many days off I had. I’ve been working every single day, up to 17, 18 hours a day. I’m not even going to the gym anymore." Dr. Donnamarie White, romance author and creator of the official Fabio fan club who met Fabio on multiple occasions, claims Fabio stopped modeling in 1993.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: From 1993 to 1994, Lanzoni starred in the syndicated TV series "Acapulco H.E.A.T." in the role of Claudio. That year, he became the spokesman for spread brand I Can't Believe It's Not Butter!


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 1996, Lanzoni starred as himself in comedy film "Spy Hard". The following year, Lanzoni was featured as himself in a "Step by Step" episode "Absolutely Fabio." In 1998, he appeared on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" doing a brief comedic sketch.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 2000, Lanzoni had a cameo in stoner comedy film "Dude, Where's My Car?" Lanzoni lampooned himself in comedy film "Zoolander" the following year, which featured over a dozen celebrity cameos. "Screen Rant" describes his cameo as one of the most memorable:


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Fabio is showcased in "Zoolander" early on. He appears after the opening sequence, as a fellow model at the ceremony the main characters attend. He is shown accepting an award before Male Model of the Year is awarded. Fabio's lines are funny, thanking the audience for naming him the best "actor slash model, and not the other way around." In 2002, 2003, and 2012, Fabio appeared in soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful", as a close friend of the character Sally Spectra, played by Darlene Conley.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 2005, Lanzoni hosted the American reality television series "Mr. Romance". The series featured a dozen male contestants competing for the title of "Mr. Romance" and the opportunity to appear as a romance novel cover model.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 2010, he was featured in "Big Time Rush" and played the character Captain Hawk in "The Suite Life on Deck" episode "Senior Ditch Day."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Lanzoni appeared prominently in advertising for I Can't Believe It's Not Butter! and has been the spokesman for the company since 1994. He was also the spokesman for the Geek Squad in 2007, Oral-B's Sensitive Advantage Toothbrush in 2006 (whose ad was featured in Times Square), and one of his most popular ads to date is for Nationwide Insurance. In 2006, the commercial for Nationwide aired during the Super Bowl and was the most viewed commercial for the game, garnering over 1 million views within two weeks. Other endorsements included Wickes Furniture, Ames Hardware, Old Spice, and the American Cancer Society.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: On July 26, 2011, Old Spice launched a campaign on YouTube in which Lanzoni challenges Isaiah Mustafa to try to replace him as the New Old Spice Guy. The online challenge was entitled "Mano a Mano in el Baño" (hand-to-hand in the bathroom). Mustafa emerged as the winner, though Lanzoni's Old Spice YouTube Channel received more than 9 million views in the week after its debut, rising to Number 4 on YouTube for the week.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Once a spokesman for the American Cancer Society, Lanzoni has spoken for the controversial Burzynski Clinic, where his sister was receiving treatment for ovarian cancer. In April 2013, Lanzoni stated in an interview that "he is a genius. He definitely, I believe, he has the cure for cancer... They have to let him get his office back and let him do his work..." Lanzoni's younger sister died in August 2013.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 2003, Lanzoni launched a clothing line at the Sam's Club division of Walmart. The line was casual wear for women. Prior to his clothing line, he wrote a fitness book and created a work-out video called "Fabio Fitness". In 2008, he launched Healthy Planet Vitamins, a company selling whey protein, glutamine, and colostrum products.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 2021, he launched a hair and skincare line for men titled Aston James, with the help of two Australian entrepreneurs. The company's mission is to, "bring the experience of buying a Rolex to the men’s personal care space." Lanzoni has stated the company name Aston James is a portmanteau of Aston Martin and James Bond.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: On March 30, 1999, an event occurred that became known as Lanzoni's "goose incident." During a promotional event, Lanzoni was seated in the front row of inaugural ride of the Apollo's Chariot roller coaster at Busch Gardens Williamsburg. He was accompanied by more than 30 women dressed as Greek goddesses. Once the ride ascended to 73 miles per hour, Lanzoni claims a flock of hundreds of geese flew by and one of the geese was sucked into the ride. The goose died, and Lanzoni descended the ride with blood on his face possibly from a nasal injury. Multiple reporters alleged that Lanzoni was hit in the face by a goose. The video that remains is filmed from the ride entrance. There was an on-ride camera, but Lanzoni claims the camera will never be found. Lanzoni's injury required 3 stitches on his nose. Some sources claim the incident represented a paradigm shift in Lanzoni's career. On "The Morning Show" in 2021, Lanzoni clarified the situation:Actually, the bird hit the camera, and a piece of the metal of the camera flew and cut the bridge of [my] nose. And that was a miracle. But...they were afraid of me suing Budweiser, and so they blamed it on a bird. But actually the bird hit the camera. The bird never hit my face...I was very fortunate, very lucky because I needed one stitch.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 1989, Lanzoni began a relationship with an unidentified girlfriend; they broke up four years later in 1993.


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: I’m gonna keep developing something inside. That way, when I’m 60, I’m not gonna be one of those people who try all the plastic surgery and be ridiculous. I’m gonna say, "I expressed myself. And now I’m a happy man."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: Lanzoni has attested that he disliked sweets since his infancy. He avoids cheese, sweets, salt, caffeine, alcohol, and drugs. He also reduces exposure to the sun. He has stated that a body should be treated "like a Lamborghini." His go-to dinner cuisine is Japanese food, particularly sushi rolls, although he has praised Italian cuisine, calling it "among the best loved-foods in the world" and "among the most nutritious." In 2016, describing his unique diet to "Sports Illustrated", Lanzoni stated,In the morning I get up, I have my oatmeal, I have, always, an egg whites omelet, sometimes with spinach, sometimes with asparagus, sometimes with tomatoes or mushrooms. I cook it with I Can’t Believe It’s Not Butter. I always do. I’ve been using it for 20 years. For lunch, I normally have cod or sea bass or salmon with some vegetables. And at night, the same, usually fish with vegetables.In 2015, Lanzoni stated he goes to the gym for 60 minutes at least four times a week, engaging in aerobics and weight training. He also jogs, hikes, and does motocross enduro. As of 2015, he owns about 325 motorbikes; when "The Washington Post" asked Lanzoni why he collected so many, he responded, "There's 365 days in a year."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In a 2016 "Sports Illustrated" interview, when asked how people could be more romantic in their everyday lives, Lanzoni advised, "Just be yourself. Just be the best of yourself."


title: Fabio Lanzoni

text: In 2021, Fabio said he was retired and hoping to marry and have children. He also said he sleeps in a hyperbaric chamber because he believes it reverses aging. He described his potential partner to "People" the same year:Someone with a beautiful soul, great sense of humor...I want a woman that can do sports and can be a little bit tomboy.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: ESPN cricinfo (formerly known as Cricinfo or CricInfo) is a sports news website exclusively for the game of cricket. The site features news, articles, live coverage of cricket matches (including liveblogs and scorecards), and "StatsGuru", a database of historical matches and players from the 18th century to the present. , Sambit Bal was the editor.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: The site, originally conceived in a pre-World Wide Web form in 1993 by Simon King, was acquired in 2002 by the Wisden Grouppublishers of several notable cricket magazines and the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. As part of an eventual breakup of the Wisden Group, it was sold to ESPN, jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and Hearst Corporation, in 2007.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: CricInfo was launched on 15 March 1993 by Simon King, a British researcher at the University of Minnesota. It grew with help from students and researchers at universities around the world. Contrary to some reports, Badri Seshadri, who was very instrumental in CricInfo's early growth, did not become involved in CricInfo until some months after its founding.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: The site was reliant on contributions from fans around the world who spent hours compiling electronic scorecards and contributing them to CricInfo's comprehensive archive, as well as keying in live scores from games around the world using CricInfo's scoring software, "dougie". In 2000, Cricinfo's estimated worth was $150 million; however it faced difficulties the following year as a result of the dotcom crash.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: Cricinfo's significant growth in the 1990s made it an attractive site for investors during the peak of the dotcom boom, and in 2000 it received $37 million worth of Satyam Infoway Ltd. shares in exchange for a 25% stake in the company (a valuation of around £100 million). It used around $22m worth of the paper to pay off initial investors but only raised about £6 million by selling the remaining stock. While the site continued to attract more and more users and operated on a very low cost base, its income was not enough to support a peak staff of 130 in nine countries, forcing redundancies.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: By late 2002 the company was making a monthly operating profit and was one of very few independent sports sites to avoid collapse (such as Sports.com and Sportal). However, the business was still servicing a large loan. Cricinfo was eventually acquired by Paul Getty's Wisden Group, the publisher of "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack" and "The Wisden Cricketer", and renamed Wisden Cricinfo. The Wisden brand (and its own wisden.com site) were eventually phased out in favour of Cricinfo for Wisden's online operations. In December 2005, Wisden re-launched its recently discontinued "Wisden Asia Cricket" magazine as "Cricinfo Magazine", a magazine dedicated to coverage of Indian cricket. The magazine published its last issue in July 2007.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: In 2007, the Wisden Group began to be broken up and sold to other companies; BSkyB acquired "The Wisden Cricketer", while Sony Corporation acquired the Hawk-Eye ball tracking system. In June 2007, ESPN Inc. announced that it had acquired Cricinfo from the Wisden Group. The acquisition was intended to help further expand Cricinfo by combining the site with ESPN's other web properties, including ESPN.com and ESPN Soccernet. Terms of the acquisition were not disclosed.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: As of 2018, Sambit Bal is the Editor-in-Chief of ESPNcricinfo. In 2013, ESPNcricinfo.com celebrated its twentieth anniversary with a series of online features. THe website awards the annual ESPNcricinfo Awards.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: ESPNcricinfo's popularity was further demonstrated on 24 February 2010, when the site could not handle the heavy traffic experienced after Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar broke the record for the highest individual score in a men's One Day International match with 200*.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: ESPNcricinfo contains various news, columns, blogs, videos and fantasy sports games. Among its most popular feature are its liveblogs of cricket matches, which includes a bevy of scorecard options, allowing readers to track such aspects of the game as wagon wheels and partnership breakdowns. For each match, the live scores are accompanied by a bulletin, which details the turning points of the match and some of the off-field events. The site also used to offer "Cricinfo 3D", a feature which utilizes a match's scoring data to generate a 3D animated simulation of a live match.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: Regular columns on ESPNcricinfo include "All Today's Yesterdays", an "On this day" column focusing on historical cricket events, and "Quote Unquote", which features notable quotes from cricketers and cricket administrators. "Ask Steven" is a weekly column, published on Tuesdays, in which Steven Lynch answers users' questions on all things cricket.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: Among its most extensive features is "StatsGuru", a database originally created by Travis Basevi, containing statistics on players, officials, teams, information about cricket boards, details of future tournaments, individual teams, and records. In May 2014, ESPNcricinfo launched CricIQ, an online test to challenge every fan's cricket knowledge.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: In September 2021, ESPNCricinfo launched AskCricinfo, a natural language search tool to help in exploring cricket stats.


title: ESPNcricinfo

text: "The Cricket Monthly" claims to be the world's first digital-only cricket magazine. The first issue was dated August 2014.


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth's fiction—often set in his birthplace of Newark, New Jersey—is known for its intensely autobiographical character, for philosophically and formally blurring the distinction between reality and fiction, for its "sensual, ingenious style" and for its provocative explorations of American identity. He first gained attention with the 1959 novella "Goodbye, Columbus"; the collection so titled received the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.


title: Philip Roth

text: He became one of the most awarded American writers of his generation. His books twice received the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle award, and three times the PEN/Faulkner Award. He received a Pulitzer Prize for his 1997 novel "American Pastoral", which featured one of his best-known characters, Nathan Zuckerman. "The Human Stain" (2000), another Zuckerman novel, was awarded the United Kingdom's WH Smith Literary Award for the best book of the year. In 2001, Roth received the inaugural Franz Kafka Prize in Prague.


title: Philip Roth

text: Philip Roth was born in Newark, New Jersey, on March 19, 1933, and grew up at 81 Summit Avenue in the Weequahic neighborhood. He was the second child of Bess (née Finkel) and Herman Roth, an insurance broker. Roth's family was Jewish, and his parents were second-generation Americans. Roth's father's parents came from Kozlov near Lviv (then Lemberg) in Austrian Galicia; his mother's ancestors were from the region of Kyiv in Ukraine. He graduated from Newark's Weequahic High School in or around 1950. In 1969 Arnold H. Lubasch wrote in "The New York Times", "It has provided the focus for the fiction of Philip Roth, the novelist who evokes his era at Weequahic High School in the highly acclaimed "Portnoy's Complaint". Besides identifying Weequahic High School by name, the novel specifies such sites as the Empire Burlesque, the Weequahic Diner, the Newark Museum and Irvington Park, all local landmarks that helped shape the youth of the real Roth and the fictional Portnoy, both graduates of Weequahic class of '50." The 1950 "Weequahic Yearbook" calls Roth a "boy of real intelligence, combined with wit and common sense." He was known as a comedian during his time at school.


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth attended Rutgers University in Newark for a year, then transferred to Bucknell University in Pennsylvania, where he earned a B.A. "magna cum laude" in English and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He received a scholarship to attend the University of Chicago, where he earned an M.A. in English literature in 1955 and briefly worked as an instructor in the university's writing program.


title: Philip Roth

text: That same year, rather than wait to be drafted, Roth enlisted in the army, but he suffered a back injury during basic training and was given a medical discharge. He returned to Chicago in 1956 to study for a PhD in literature but dropped out after one term. Roth taught creative writing at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, University of Iowa and Princeton University. He later continued his academic career at the University of Pennsylvania, where he taught comparative literature before retiring from teaching in 1991.


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth's work first appeared in print in the "Chicago Review" while he was studying, and later teaching, at the University of Chicago. His first book, "Goodbye, Columbus", contains the novella "Goodbye, Columbus" and four short stories. It won the National Book Award in 1960. He published his first full-length novel, "Letting Go," in 1962. In 1967 he published "When She Was Good", set in the WASP Midwest in the 1940s. It is based in part on the life of Margaret Martinson Williams, whom Roth married in 1959. The publication in 1969 of his fourth and most controversial novel, "Portnoy's Complaint", gave Roth widespread commercial and critical success, causing his profile to rise significantly. During the 1970s Roth experimented in various modes, from the political satire "Our Gang" (1971) to the Kafkaesque "The Breast" (1972). By the end of the decade Roth had created his alter ego Nathan Zuckerman. In a series of highly self-referential novels and novellas that followed between 1979 and 1986, Zuckerman appeared as either the main character or an interlocutor.


title: Philip Roth

text: "Sabbath's Theater" (1995) may have Roth's most lecherous protagonist, Mickey Sabbath, a disgraced former puppeteer; it won his second National Book Award. In complete contrast, "American Pastoral" (1997), the first volume of his so-called second Zuckerman trilogy, focuses on the life of virtuous Newark star athlete Swede Levov, and the tragedy that befalls him when Levov's teenage daughter becomes a domestic terrorist during the late 1960s; it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. "I Married a Communist" (1998) focuses on the McCarthy era. "The Human Stain" examines identity politics in 1990s America. "The Dying Animal" (2001) is a short novel about eros and death that revisits literary professor David Kepesh, protagonist of two 1970s works, "The Breast" and "The Professor of Desire" (1977). In "The Plot Against America" (2004), Roth imagines an alternative American history in which Charles Lindbergh, aviator hero and isolationist, is elected U.S. President in 1940, and the U.S. negotiates an understanding with Hitler's Nazi Germany and embarks on its own program of anti-Semitism.


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth's novel "Everyman", a meditation on illness, aging, desire, and death, was published in May 2006. It was Roth's third book to win the PEN/Faulkner Award, making him the only person so honored. "Exit Ghost", which again features Nathan Zuckerman, was released in October 2007. It was the last Zuckerman novel. "Indignation", Roth's 29th book, was published on September 16, 2008. Set in 1951, during the Korean War, it follows Marcus Messner's departure from Newark to Ohio's Winesburg College, where he begins his sophomore year. In 2009, Roth's 30th book, "The Humbling", was published. It tells the story of the last performances of Simon Axler, a celebrated stage actor. Roth's 31st book, "Nemesis", was published on October 5, 2010. According to the book's notes, "Nemesis" is the last in a series of four "short novels," after "Everyman", "Indignation" and "The Humbling". In October 2009, during an interview with Tina Brown of "The Daily Beast" to promote "The Humbling", Roth considered the future of literature and its place in society, stating his belief that within 25 years the reading of novels will be regarded as a "cultic" activity:


title: Philip Roth

text: I was being optimistic about 25 years really. I think it's going to be cultic. I think always people will be reading them but it will be a small group of people. Maybe more people than now read Latin poetry, but somewhere in that range. ... To read a novel requires a certain amount of concentration, focus, devotion to the reading. If you read a novel in more than two weeks you don't read the novel really. So I think that kind of concentration and focus and attentiveness is hard to come by—it's hard to find huge numbers of people, large numbers of people, significant numbers of people, who have those qualities[.]


title: Philip Roth

text: The book can't compete with the screen. It couldn't compete beginning with the movie screen. It couldn't compete with the television screen, and it can't compete with the computer screen. ... Now we have all those screens, so against all those screens a book couldn't measure up.


title: Philip Roth

text: This was not the first time Roth had expressed pessimism about the future of the novel and its significance in recent years. Talking to "The Observer"s Robert McCrum in 2001, he said, "I'm not good at finding 'encouraging' features in American culture. I doubt that aesthetic literacy has much of a future here." In an October 2012 interview with the French magazine "Les Inrockuptibles", Roth announced that he would be retiring from writing and confirmed subsequently in "Le Monde" that he would no longer publish fiction. In a May 2014 interview with Alan Yentob for the BBC, Roth said, "this is my last appearance on television, my absolutely last appearance on any stage anywhere."


title: Philip Roth

text: Much of Roth's fiction revolves around semi-autobiographical themes, while self-consciously and playfully addressing the perils of establishing connections between Roth and his fictional lives and voices. Examples of this close relationship between the author's life and his characters' include narrators and protagonists such as David Kepesh and Nathan Zuckerman as well as the character "Philip Roth", who appears in "The Plot Against America" and of whom there are two in "Operation Shylock". Critic Jacques Berlinerblau noted in "The Chronicle of Higher Education" that these fictional voices create a complex and tricky experience for readers, deceiving them into believing they "know" Roth. In Roth's fiction the question of authorship is intertwined with the theme of the idealistic, secular Jewish son who attempts to distance himself from Jewish customs and traditions, and from what he perceives as the sometimes suffocating influence of parents, rabbis, and other community leaders. Roth's fiction has been described by critics as pervaded by "a kind of alienation that is enlivened and exacerbated by what binds it".


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth's first work, "Goodbye, Columbus", was an irreverently humorous depiction of the life of middle-class Jewish Americans, and met controversy among reviewers, who were highly polarized in their judgments; one criticized it as infused with a sense of self-loathing. In response, Roth, in his 1963 essay "Writing About Jews" (collected in "Reading Myself and Others"), maintained that he wanted to explore the conflict between the call to Jewish solidarity and his desire to be free to question the values and morals of middle-class Jewish Americans uncertain of their identities in an era of cultural assimilation and upward social mobility:


title: Philip Roth

text: The cry 'Watch out for the goyim!' at times seems more the expression of an unconscious wish than of a warning: Oh that they were out there, so that we could be together here! A rumor of persecution, a taste of exile, might even bring with it the old world of feelings and habits—something to replace the new world of social accessibility and moral indifference, the world which tempts all our promiscuous instincts, and where one cannot always figure out what a Jew is that a Christian is not.


title: Philip Roth

text: In Roth's fiction the exploration of "promiscuous instincts" within the context of Jewish lives, mainly from a male viewpoint, plays an important role. In the words of critic Hermione Lee:


title: Philip Roth

text: Philip Roth's fiction strains to shed the burden of Jewish traditions and proscriptions. ... The liberated Jewish consciousness, let loose into the disintegration of the American Dream, finds itself deracinated and homeless. American society and politics, by the late sixties, are a grotesque travesty of what Jewish immigrants had traveled towards: liberty, peace, security, a decent liberal democracy.


title: Philip Roth

text: While Roth's fiction has strong autobiographical influences, it also incorporates social commentary and political satire, most obviously in "Our Gang" and "Operation Shylock". From the 1990s on Roth's fiction often combined autobiographical elements with retrospective dramatizations of postwar American life. Roth described "American Pastoral" and the two following novels as a loosely connected "American trilogy". Each of these novels treats aspects of the postwar era against the backdrop of the nostalgically remembered Jewish-American childhood of Nathan Zuckerman, in which the experience of life on the American home front during the Second World War features prominently.


title: Philip Roth

text: In much of Roth's fiction, the 1940s, comprising Roth's and Zuckerman's childhood, mark a high point of American idealism and social cohesion. A more satirical treatment of the patriotism and idealism of the war years is evident in Roth's comic novels, such as "Portnoy's Complaint" and "Sabbath's Theater". In "The Plot Against America", the alternate history of the war years dramatizes the prevalence of anti-Semitism and racism in America at the time, despite the promotion of increasingly influential anti-racist ideals during the war. In his fiction Roth portrayed the 1940s, and the New Deal era of the 1930s that preceded it, as a heroic phase in American history. A sense of frustration with social and political developments in the United States since the 1940s is palpable in the American trilogy and "Exit Ghost", but had already been present in Roth's earlier works that contained political and social satire, such as "Our Gang" and "The Great American Novel". Writing about the latter, Hermione Lee points to the sense of disillusionment with "the American Dream" in Roth's fiction: "The mythic words on which Roth's generation was brought up—winning, patriotism, gamesmanship—are desanctified; greed, fear, racism, and political ambition are disclosed as the motive forces behind the 'all-American ideals'."


title: Philip Roth

text: Although Roth's writings often explored the Jewish experience in America, Roth rejected being labeled a Jewish-American writer. "It's not a question that interests me. I know exactly what it means to be Jewish and it's really not interesting," he told the "Guardian" newspaper in 2005. "I'm an American."


title: Philip Roth

text: While at Chicago in 1956, Roth met Margaret Martinson, who became his first wife in 1959. Their separation in 1963, and Martinson's subsequent death in a car crash in 1968, left a lasting mark on Roth's literary output. Martinson was the inspiration for female characters in several of Roth's novels, including Lucy Nelson in "When She Was Good" and Maureen Tarnopol in "My Life as a Man".


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth was an atheist who once said, "When the whole world doesn't believe in God, it'll be a great place." He also said during an interview with "The Guardian": "I'm exactly the opposite of religious, I'm anti-religious. I find religious people hideous. I hate the religious lies. It's all a big lie," and "It's not a neurotic thing, but the miserable record of religion—I don't even want to talk about it. It's not interesting to talk about the sheep referred to as believers. When I write, I'm alone. It's filled with fear and loneliness and anxiety—and I never needed religion to save me."


title: Philip Roth

text: In 1990 Roth married his longtime companion, English actress Claire Bloom, with whom he had been living since 1976. When Bloom asked him to marry her, "cruelly, he agreed, on condition that she signed a pre-nuptial agreement that would give her very little in the event of a divorce—which he duly demanded two years later." He also stipulated that Bloom's daughter Anna—from her first marriage, to Rod Steiger—not live with them. In 1994 they divorced, and in 1996 Bloom published a memoir, "", that depicted Roth as a misogynist and control freak. Some critics have detected parallels between Bloom and the character Eve Frame in Roth's "I Married a Communist" (1998).


title: Philip Roth

text: The novel "Operation Shylock" (1993) and other works draw on a post-operative breakdown and Roth's experience of the temporary side effects of the sedative Halcion (triazolam), prescribed post-operatively in the 1980s.


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth was buried at the Bard College Cemetery in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, where in 1999 he taught a class. He had originally planned to be buried next to his parents at the Gomel Chesed Cemetery in Newark, but changed his mind about fifteen years before his death, in order to be buried close to his friend, the novelist Norman Manea. Roth expressly banned any religious rituals from his funeral service, though it was noted that only one day after his burial a pebble had been placed on top of his tombstone in accordance with Jewish tradition.


title: Philip Roth

text: Among the admirers of Roth's work is famed New Jersey singer Bruce Springsteen. Roth read the musician's autobiography "Born to Run" and Springsteen read Roth's "American Pastoral", "I Married A Communist", and "The Human Stain". Springsteen said of Roth's work: "I'll tell you, those three recent books by Philip Roth just knocked me on my ass... To be in his sixties making work that is so strong, so full of revelations about love and emotional pain, that's the way to live your artistic life. Sustain, sustain, sustain."


title: Philip Roth

text: In April 2021, Blake Bailey's authorized biography of Roth, "", was published by W. W. Norton & Company. Publication was halted two weeks after release, due to sexual assault allegations against Bailey. Three weeks later, in May 2021, Skyhorse Publishing announced that it would release a paperback, ebook, and audiobook versions of the biography.


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth had asked his executors "to destroy many of his personal papers after the publication of the semi-authorized biography on which Blake Bailey had recently begun work... Roth wanted to ensure that Bailey, who was producing exactly the type of biography he wanted, would be the only person outside a small circle of intimates permitted to access personal, sensitive manuscripts, including the unpublished "Notes for My Biographer" (a 295-page rebuttal to his ex-wife's memoir) and "Notes on a Slander-Monger" (another rebuttal, this time to a biographical effort from Bailey's predecessor). 'I don't want my personal papers dragged all over the place,' Roth said... The fate of Roth's personal papers took on new urgency in the wake of Norton's decision [to halt distribution of the biography. In May 2021], the Philip Roth Society published an open letter imploring Roth's executors 'to preserve these documents and make them readily available to researchers.'"


title: Philip Roth

text: After Roth's passing, Harold Bloom told the Library of America that "Philip Roth’s departure is a dark day for me and for many others. His two greatest novels, "American Pastoral" and "Sabbath’s Theater", have a controlled frenzy, a high imaginative ferocity, and a deep perception of America in the days of its decline. The Zuckerman tetralogy remains fully alive and relevant, and I should mention too the extraordinary invention of "Operation Shylock", the astonishing achievement of "The Counterlife", and the pungency of "The Plot Against America". His "My Life as a Man" still haunts me. In one sense Philip Roth is the culmination of the unsolved riddle of Jewish literature in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The complex influences of Kafka and Freud and the malaise of American Jewish life produced in Philip a new kind of synthesis. Pynchon aside, he must be estimated as the major American novelist since Faulkner."


title: Philip Roth

text: Joyce Carol Oates told "The Guardian": "Philip Roth was a slightly older contemporary of mine. We had come of age in more or less the same repressive 50s era in America—formalist, ironic, 'Jamesian', a time of literary indirection and understatement, above all impersonality—as the high priest TS Eliot had preached: 'Poetry is an escape from personality.' Boldly, brilliantly, at times furiously, and with an unsparing sense of the ridiculous, Philip repudiated all that. He did revere Kafka—but Lenny Bruce as well. (In fact, the essential Roth is just that anomaly: Kafka riotously interpreted by Lenny Bruce.) But there was much more to Philip than furious rebellion. For at heart he was a true moralist, fired to root out hypocrisy and mendacity in public life as well as private. Few saw "The Plot Against America" as actual prophecy, but here we are. He will abide."


title: Philip Roth

text: Two of Roth's works won the National Book Award for Fiction; four others were finalists. Two won National Book Critics Circle awards; another five were finalists. He also won three PEN/Faulkner Awards (for "Operation Shylock," "The Human Stain," and "Everyman") and a Pulitzer Prize for his 1997 novel "American Pastoral". In 2001 "The Human Stain" was awarded the United Kingdom's WH Smith Literary Award for the best book of the year, as well as France's Prix Médicis Étranger. In 2002 Roth was awarded the National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters. In 2003 literary critic Harold Bloom named him one of the four major American novelists still at work, along with Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo, and Cormac McCarthy. "The Plot Against America" (2004) won the Sidewise Award for Alternate History in 2005 as well as the Society of American Historians' James Fenimore Cooper Prize. Roth was also awarded the United Kingdom's WH Smith Literary Award for the best book of the year, an award he received twice. He was honored in his hometown in October 2005 when then-mayor Sharpe James presided over the unveiling of a street sign in Roth's name on the corner of Summit and Keer Avenues where Roth lived for much of his childhood, a setting prominent in "The Plot Against America". A plaque on the house where the Roths lived was also unveiled. In May 2006 he received the PEN/Nabokov Award, and in 2007 he was awarded the PEN/Faulkner award for "Everyman," making him the award's only three-time winner. In April 2007 he was chosen as the recipient of the first PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction.


title: Philip Roth

text: The May 21, 2006 issue of "The New York Times Book Review" announced the results of a letter that was sent to what the publication described as "a couple of hundred prominent writers, critics, editors and other literary sages, asking them to please identify 'the single best work of American fiction published in the last 25 years.'" Six of Roth's novels were among the 22 selected: "American Pastoral," "The Counterlife," "Operation Shylock," "Sabbath's Theater," "The Human Stain," and "The Plot Against America." The accompanying essay, written by critic A.O. Scott, stated, "If we had asked for the single best writer of fiction of the past 25 years, [Roth] would have won." In 2009 he was awarded the "Welt"-Literaturpreis of the German newspaper "Die Welt".


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth was awarded the 2010 National Humanities Medal by U.S. President Barack Obama in the East Room of the White House on March 2, 2011.


title: Philip Roth

text: In May 2011, Roth was awarded the Man Booker International Prize for lifetime achievement in fiction on the world stage, the fourth winner of the biennial prize. One of the judges, Carmen Callil, a publisher of the feminist Virago house, withdrew in protest, referring to Roth's work as "Emperor's clothes". She said "he goes on and on and on about the same subject in almost every single book. It's as though he's sitting on your face and you can't breathe ... I don't rate him as a writer at all ...". Observers noted that Callil had a conflict of interest, having published a book by Claire Bloom (Roth's ex-wife) that criticized Roth and lambasted their marriage. In response, one of the two other Booker judges, Rick Gekoski, remarked:


title: Philip Roth

text: In 1959 he writes "Goodbye, Columbus" and it's a masterpiece, magnificent. Fifty-one years later he's 78 years old and he writes "Nemesis" and it is so wonderful, such a terrific novel ... Tell me one other writer who 50 years apart writes masterpieces ... If you look at the trajectory of the average novel writer, there is a learning period, then a period of high achievement, then the talent runs out and in middle age they start slowly to decline. People say why aren't Martin [Amis] and Julian [Barnes] getting on the Booker prize shortlist, but that's what happens in middle age. Philip Roth, though, gets better and better in middle age. In the 1990s he was almost incapable of not writing a masterpiece—"The Human Stain", "The Plot Against America", "I Married a Communist". He was 65–70 years old, what the hell's he doing writing that well? In 2012 Roth received the Prince of Asturias Award for literature. On March 19, 2013, his 80th birthday was celebrated in public ceremonies at the Newark Museum.


title: Philip Roth

text: One prize that eluded Roth was the Nobel Prize in Literature, though he was a favorite of bookmakers and critics for decades. Ron Charles of "The Washington Post" wrote that "thundering obituaries" around the world noted that "he won every other honor a writer could win", sometimes even two or three times, except the Nobel Prize.


title: Philip Roth

text: Roth worked hard to obtain his many awards, spending large amounts of time "networking, scratching people’s backs, placing his people in positions, voting for them" in order to increase his chances of receiving awards.


title: Philip Roth

text: Eight of Roth's novels and short stories have been adapted as films: "Goodbye, Columbus"; "Portnoy's Complaint"; "The Human Stain"; "The Dying Animal," adapted as "Elegy"; "The Humbling"; "Indignation"; and "American Pastoral". In addition, "The Ghost Writer" was adapted for television in 1984. In 2014 filmmaker Alex Ross Perry made "Listen Up Philip", which was influenced by Roth's work. HBO dramatized Roth’s "The Plot Against America" in 2020 as a six-part series starting Zoe Kazan, Winona Ryder, John Turturro, and Morgan Spencer.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Radovan Karadžić (, ; born 19 June 1945) is a Bosnian Serb politician, psychiatrist and poet. He was convicted of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). He was the president of Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Trained as a psychiatrist, he co-founded the Serb Democratic Party in Bosnia and Herzegovina and served as the first president of Republika Srpska from 1992 to 1996. He was a fugitive from 1996 until July 2008, after having been indicted for war crimes by the ICTY. The indictment concluded there were reasonable grounds for believing he committed war crimes, including genocide against Bosniak and Croat civilians during the Bosnian War (1992–1995). While a fugitive, he worked at a private clinic in Belgrade, specializing in alternative medicine and psychology, under an alias.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: He was arrested in Belgrade on 21 July 2008 and brought before Belgrade's War Crimes Court a few days later. Extradited to the Netherlands, he was placed in the custody of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the United Nations Detention Unit of Scheveningen, where he was charged with 11 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity. He is sometimes referred to by the Western media as the "Butcher of Bosnia", a sobriquet also applied to former Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) General Ratko Mladić. On 24 March 2016, he was found guilty of the genocide in Srebrenica, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, 10 of the 11 charges in total, and sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment. On 22 July 2016, he filed an appeal against his conviction. The appeal was rejected on 20 March 2019, and the sentence was increased to life imprisonment. In May 2021, it was announced that he would be transferred to a British prison.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Radovan Karadžić was born to a Serb family on 19 June 1945 in the village of Petnjica in the People's Republic of Montenegro, Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, near Šavnik. Karadžić's father, Vuko (1912–1987), was a cobbler from Petnjica. His mother, Jovanka ( Jakić; 1922–2005), was a peasant girl from Pljevlja. She married Karadžić's father in 1943, aged twenty. Karadžić claims to be related to the Serbian linguistic reformer Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864), although as of 2014 this claim had not been confirmed.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: His father had been a Chetnik – i.e. a member of the army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's government-in-exile during World War II – and was imprisoned by the post-war communist regime for much of his son's childhood. Karadžić moved to Sarajevo in 1960 to study psychiatry at the Sarajevo University School of Medicine. In spite of the fact that his father fought in a war, Karadžić himself held no military-orientated ambitions. It is widely believed that he never served his then-obligatory 1-year long military service within the Yugoslav People's Army, as such claim was given by Stjepan Kljujić, who was a Croat-member of the Bosnian rotating presidency.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Karadžić studied neurotic disorders and depression at Næstved Hospital in Denmark in 1970, and during 1974 and 1975 he underwent further medical training at Columbia University in New York. After his return to Yugoslavia, he worked in the Koševo Hospital in Sarajevo. He was also a poet, influenced by Serbian writer Dobrica Ćosić, who encouraged him to go into politics. During his spell as an ecologist, he declared that "Bolshevism is bad, but nationalism is even worse".


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Soon after graduation, Karadžić started working in a treatment centre at the psychiatric clinic of the main Sarajevo hospital, Koševo. According to testimony, he often boosted his income by issuing false medical and psychological evaluations to healthcare workers who wanted early retirement or to criminals who tried to avoid punishment by pleading insanity. In 1983, Karadžić started working at a hospital in the Belgrade suburb of Voždovac. With his partner Momčilo Krajišnik, then manager of a mining enterprise "Energoinvest", he managed to gain a loan from an agricultural-development fund, and they used it to build themselves houses in Pale, a Serb town above Sarajevo turned into a ski resort by the government.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On 1 November 1984, the two men were arrested for fraud and spent 11 months in detention before their friend Nikola Koljević managed to bail them out. Due to a lack of evidence, Karadžić was released and his trial was brought to a halt. The trial was revived, however, and on 26 September 1985 Karadžić was sentenced to three years in prison for embezzlement and fraud. As he had already spent over a year in detention, Karadžić did not serve the remaining sentence in prison.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Following encouragement from Dobrica Ćosić, later the first president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Jovan Rašković, leader of the Croatian Serbs, Karadžić cofounded the Serb Democratic Party () in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1989. The party aimed at unifying the Republic's Bosnian Serb community and joining Croatian Serbs in leading them in remaining as part of Yugoslavia in the event of secession by those two republics from the federation.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Throughout September 1991, the SDS began to establish various "Serb Autonomous Regions" throughout Bosnia-Herzegovina. After the Bosnian parliament voted on sovereignty on 15 October 1991, a separate Serb Assembly was founded on 24 October 1991 in Banja Luka, to exclusively represent the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The following month, Bosnian Serbs held a referendum which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of staying in a federal state with Serbia and Montenegro, as part of Yugoslavia. In December 1991, a top secret document, "For the organisation and activity of the Serbian people in Bosnia-Herzegovina in extraordinary circumstances", was drawn up by the SDS leadership. This was a centralised programme for the takeover of each municipality in the country, through the creation of shadow governments and para-governmental structures through various "crisis headquarters", and by preparing loyalist Serbs for the takeover in co-ordination with the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA).


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On 9 January 1992, the Bosnian Serb Assembly proclaimed the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Република српског народа Босне и Херцеговине/Republika srpskog naroda Bosne i Hercegovine). On 28 February 1992, the constitution of the Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was adopted. It declared that the state's territory included Serb autonomous regions, municipalities, and other Serbian ethnic entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as "all regions in which the Serbian people represent a minority due to the Second World War genocide" (although how this was established was never specified), and that it was to be a part of the federal Yugoslav state. On 29 February and 1 March 1992 a referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Yugoslavia was held. Many Serbs boycotted the referendum and pro-independence Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) and Croats turned out.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On 6 and 7 April 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognized as an independent state by the European Community and the United States. It was admitted as a member to the United Nations on 22 May 1992.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Karadžić was voted President of Republika Srpska, the Bosnian Serb administration, in Pale on about 13 May 1992 after the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. At the time he assumed this position, his "de jure" powers, as described in the constitution of the Bosnian Serb administration, included commanding the army of the Bosnian Serb administration in times of war and peace, and having the authority to appoint, promote and discharge officers of the army. Karadžić made three trips to the UN in New York in February and March 1993 for negotiations on the future of Bosnia.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: He went to Moscow in 1994 for meetings with Russian officials on the Bosnian situation. In 1994, the Greek Orthodox Church declared Karadžić "one of the most prominent sons of our Lord Jesus Christ working for peace", and decorated him with the nine-hundred-year-old Knights' Order of the First Rank of Saint Dionysius of Xanthe. Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew announced that "the Serbian people have been chosen by God to protect the western frontiers of Orthodoxy".


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On Friday 4 August 1995, with a massive Croatian military force poised to attack the Serb-held Krajina region in central Croatia, Karadžić announced he was removing General Ratko Mladić from his commandant post and assuming personal command of the VRS himself. Karadžić blamed Mladić for the loss of two key Serb-held towns in western Bosnia that had recently fallen to the Croats, and he used the loss of the towns as the excuse to announce his surprise command structure changes. General Mladić was demoted to an "adviser". Mladić refused to go quietly, claiming the support of the Bosnian Serb military and the people. Karadžić countered by attempting to pull political rank as well as denouncing Mladić as a "madman", but Mladić's popular support forced Karadžić to rescind his order on 11 August.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Karadžić was accused by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) of personal and command responsibility for numerous war crimes committed against non-Serbs, in his roles as Supreme Commander of the Bosnian Serb armed forces and President of the National Security Council of the Republika Srpska. He was accused by the same authority of being responsible for the deaths of more than 7,500 Bosniaks (Muslims). Under his direction and command, Bosnian Serb forces initiated the Siege of Sarajevo. He was accused by the ICTY of ordering the Srebrenica genocide in 1995, directing Bosnian Serb forces to "create an unbearable situation of total insecurity with no hope of further survival of life" in the UN safe area. He was also accused by the ICTY of ordering that United Nations personnel be taken hostage in May–June 1995.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: He was jointly indicted by the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in 1995, along with General Ratko Mladić. The indictment charged Karadžić on the basis of his individual criminal responsibility (Article 7(1) of the Statute) and superior criminal responsibility (Article 7(3) of the Statute) with:


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Authorities missed arresting Karadžić in 1995 when he was an invitee of the United Nations. During his visit to the UN headquarters in 1993, he was handed a service of process for a civil claim under the United States of America's Alien Tort Act. The Courts ruled that Karadžić was properly served and the trial was allowed to proceed in a United States District Court.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Karadžić's ability to evade capture for over a decade increased his esteem among some Bosnian Serbs, despite an alleged deal with Richard Holbrooke. Some sources allege that he received protection from the United States as a consequence of the Dayton Agreement. Holbrooke, however, repeatedly denied that such a deal was ever made.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: During his time as fugitive he was helped by several people, including Boško Radonjić and in 2001, hundreds of supporters demonstrated in support of Karadžić in his home town. In March 2003, his mother Jovanka publicly urged him to surrender.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: British officials conceded military action was unlikely to be successful in bringing Karadžić and other suspects to trial, and that putting political pressure on Balkan governments would be more likely to succeed.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: In May 2004, the UN learned that: "the brother of a war crimes suspect allegedly in the process of providing information on Radovan Karadžić and his network to the ICTY, was mistakenly killed in a raid by the Republika Srpska police" and added that "It is being argued that the informer was targeted in order to silence him before he was able to say more."


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: In 2005, Bosnian Serb leaders called on Karadžić to surrender, stating that Bosnia and Serbia could not move ahead economically or politically while he remained at large. After a failed raid earlier in May, on 7 July 2005 NATO troops arrested Karadžić's son, Aleksandar, but released him after 10 days. On 28 July, Karadžić's wife, Ljiljana, made a call for him to surrender after what she called "enormous pressure".


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: The BBC reported that Karadžić had been sighted in 2005 near Foča: "38 km (24 miles) down the road, on the edge of the Sutjeska national park, Radovan Karadžić has just got out of a red Mercedes" and asserted that "Western intelligence agencies knew roughly where they were, but that there was no political will in London or Washington to risk the lives of British, or U.S. agents, in a bid to seize" him and Mladić.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On 10 January 2008, the BBC reported that the passports of his closest relatives had been seized. On 21 February 2008, at the time Kosovo declared independence, portraits of Karadžić were on display during Belgrade's "Kosovo is Serbia protest".


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Since 1999 Karadžić had been masquerading as a "new age" expert in alternative medicine using the fake name "D.D. David" printed on his business cards. The initials apparently stood for "Dragan Dabić"; officials said he was also using the name "Dr. Dragan David Dabić". He lectured in front of hundreds of people on alternative medicine. He had his own website, where he offered his assistance in the treatment of sexual problems and disorders by using what he called "Human Quantum Energy".


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: There were reports that Karadžić evaded capture in May 2007 in Vienna, where he lived under the name Petar Glumac, posing as a Croatian seller of herbal solutions and ointments. Austrian police talked to him during the raid regarding an unrelated homicide case in the area where Karadžić lived but failed to recognize his real identity. He had obtained a Croatian passport in the name of Petar Glumac and claimed to be in Vienna for training. The police did not ask any further questions nor demanded to fingerprint him as he appeared calm and readily answered questions. Nevertheless, this claim came into doubt when a man named Petar Glumac, an alternative medical practitioner from Banatsko Novo Selo, Serbia, claims to have been the person the police talked with in Vienna. Glumac reportedly bears a striking resemblance to Karadžić's appearance as Dragan Dabić. Dragan Karadžić, his nephew, claimed in an interview to the "Corriere della Sera" that Karadžić attended football matches of Serie A and visited Venice under the name of Petar Glumac.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: The arrest of Radovan Karadžić took place on 21 July 2008 in Belgrade. He was in hiding, posing as a doctor of alternative medicine mostly in Belgrade but also in Vienna, Austria. Karadžić was transferred into ICTY custody in The Hague on 30 July. Karadžić appeared before judge Alphons Orie on 31 July, in the tribunal, which has sentenced 64 accused since 1993. During the first hearing Radovan Karadžić expressed a fear for his life by saying: "If Holbrooke wants my death and regrets there is no death sentence at this court, I want to know if his arm is long enough to reach me here." and stated that the deal he made with Richard Holbrooke is the reason why it took 13 years for him to appear in front of the ICTY. He made similar accusations against the former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Muhamed Sacirbey, Bosnian foreign minister at the time, claimed that a Karadžić-Holbrooke deal was made in July 1996.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: In August 2008, Karadžić claimed there is a conspiracy against him and refused to enter a plea, whereupon the court entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf to all 11 charges. He called the tribunal, chaired by Scottish judge Iain Bonomy, a "court of NATO" disguised as a court of the international community.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On 13 October 2009, the BBC reported that Karadžić's plea to be granted immunity from his charges was denied. However, the start of his trial was moved to 26 October so he could prepare a defense.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On Monday 26 October 2009, Karadžić's trial was suspended after 15 minutes after he carried out his threat to boycott the start of the hearing. Judge O-Gon Kwon said that in the absence of Karadžić, who was defending himself, or any lawyer representing him, he was suspending the case for 24 hours, when the prosecution would begin its opening statement. On 5 November 2009, the court imposed a lawyer on him, and postponed his trial until 1 March 2010.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On 26 November 2009, Karadžić filed a motion challenging the legal validity and legitimacy of the tribunal, claiming that "the UN Security Council lacked the power to establish the ICTY, violated agreements under international law in so doing, and delegated non-existent legislative powers to the ICTY", to which the Prosecution response was that "The Appeals Chamber has already determined the validity of the Tribunal’s creation in previous decisions which constitute established precedent on this issue", therefore dismissing the Motion. The prosecution started its case on 13 April 2010, and completed it on 25 May 2012. The discovery of more than 300 previously unknown bodies in a mass grave at the Tomasica mine near Prijedor in September 2013 caused a flurry of motions which ended with the court denying reopening prosecutorial evidence. The defence began its case on 16 October 2012 and completed it in March 2014; Karadžić decided not to testify. Closing arguments in the case began on 29 September 2014 and were concluded on 7 October 2014, Karadžić having failed in his demand for a re-trial.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: Karadžić and Mladić were placed on trial for charges of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes committed in Srebrenica, Prijedor, Ključ, and other districts of Bosnia. They were charged, separately, with:


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: The Yugoslav war crimes court rejected on 27 June 2012 one of the two genocide charges against Karadžić. However, on 11 July 2013, the Appeals Chamber reinstated these charges.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On 24 March 2016, he was found guilty of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, and sentenced to 40 years imprisonment. He was found guilty of genocide for the Srebrenica massacre, which aimed to kill "every able-bodied male" in the town and systematically exterminate the Bosnian Muslim community. He was also convicted of persecution, extermination, deportation and forcible transfer (ethnic cleansing), and murder in connection with his campaign to drive Bosnian Muslims and Croats out of villages claimed by Serb forces. He avoided conviction on a second count of genocide in seven Bosnian towns but was found guilty in that case on a reduced charge of extermination.


title: Radovan Karadžić

text: On 27 February 2018, it was announced by the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals that hearings for the appeal against the conviction were set on 23 April 2018. The appeal was rejected on 20 March 2019, and the sentence was increased to life imprisonment. On 12 May 2021, it was announced that, with the agreement of the UK authorities, he would serve the rest of his sentence in a UK prison.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Lawrence Joseph Hogan Jr. (born May 25, 1956) is an American politician and businessman serving as the 62nd governor of Maryland since 2015. A moderate member of the Republican Party, he was secretary of appointments under Maryland governor Bob Ehrlich from 2003 to 2007. Hogan chaired the National Governors Association from 2019 to 2020.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Hogan ran unsuccessful campaigns for Maryland's 5th congressional district in 1981 and 1992, the latter of which was incumbent Steny Hoyer's closest race. Hogan founded the Change Maryland organization in 2011, which he used to promote his 2014 gubernatorial campaign. Hogan became governor in 2015 and was reelected in 2018.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Hogan was born in 1956 in Washington, D.C., and grew up in Landover, Maryland, attending Saint Ambrose Catholic School and DeMatha Catholic High School. He moved to Florida with his mother after his parents divorced in 1972 and graduated from Father Lopez Catholic High School in 1974. Hogan is the son of Nora (Maguire) and Lawrence Hogan Sr., who served as U.S. Representative from Maryland's 5th congressional district from 1969 to 1975 and as Prince George's County executive from 1978 to 1982. Hogan Sr. was the first Republican member of the U.S. House Judiciary Committee to call for Richard Nixon's impeachment. His parents were both of Irish descent.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Hogan attended Florida State University from 1974 to 1978 and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in government and political science.


title: Larry Hogan

text: As the son of a U.S. representative, Hogan was exposed to politics at a young age and worked in many aspects of politics, including political campaigns and citizen referendums.


title: Larry Hogan

text: While in college, Hogan worked in the Florida legislature. Upon graduation, he worked on Capitol Hill. Hogan helped his father run a successful campaign in 1978 for Prince George's County executive and later worked for him as a low-paid "intergovernmental liaison".


title: Larry Hogan

text: In 1981, at age 24, Hogan first ran for office in the special election to fill the vacancy in Maryland's 5th congressional district left by Gladys Noon Spellman. Spellman had succeeded Hogan's father in the office. Hogan finished second out of 12 candidates in the Republican primary with 22% of the vote, behind Bowie Mayor Audrey Scott's 63%.


title: Larry Hogan

text: In 1985, Hogan founded Hogan Companies, which is engaged in brokerage, consulting, investment and development of land, commercial and residential properties. He spent the next 18 years in the private sector.


title: Larry Hogan

text: In 1992, Hogan was the Republican nominee for Maryland's 5th congressional district, running against Democratic incumbent Steny Hoyer. Hoyer outspent Hogan by a 6-to-1 margin. The race was the closest in Hoyer's tenure. Hogan won four of the district's five counties and 44% of the vote to Hoyer's 53%, with William Johnston (Independent) at 3%.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Hogan took a four-year leave of absence from his business to serve as Maryland's secretary of appointments in Bob Ehrlich's administration from 2003 to 2007. In this capacity, Hogan appointed over 7,000 people to positions in the Maryland government.


title: Larry Hogan

text: In 2011, Hogan founded Change Maryland, a nonprofit anti-tax advocacy organization that was used to criticize Governor Martin O'Malley's administration. The organization promoted Hogan's gubernatorial run, and his campaign eventually purchased its assets. The Maryland Democratic Party alleged that Hogan had improperly received campaign benefits from the nonprofit; the State Board of Elections dismissed two of the complaints but found Hogan's campaign had not properly disclosed the value of a poll the nonprofit did before purchasing its assets.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Hogan began his campaign for governor of Maryland on January 21, 2014. On January 29, 2014, he announced former Maryland secretary of general services Boyd Rutherford as his running mate. On June 24, 2014, Hogan and Rutherford won the Republican primary with 43% of the vote. In the November 4 general election, they defeated Anthony Brown, the Democratic nominee and incumbent lieutenant governor, 51% to 47%. Hogan is the first governor to be elected from Anne Arundel County in over 100 years.


title: Larry Hogan

text: In the 2018 gubernatorial election, Hogan faced Democratic nominee Ben Jealous, a former NAACP president. Hogan enjoyed significant polling and fundraising leads over Jealous throughout the campaign. He defeated Jealous, 55% to 43%, becoming only the second Republican governor in Maryland history to be reelected, and the first since Theodore McKeldin in 1954. Hogan won the most votes of any governor in Maryland history.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Term-limited, Hogan could not run in the 2022 gubernatorial election. In November 2021, he endorsed the campaign of his commerce secretary, Kelly Schulz. After Schulz lost the Republican primary to state delegate Dan Cox, who was much farther to the right than the generally centrist Hogan, he said that he would not support Cox in the general election. Hogan blamed "collusion" between the Democratic Governors Association (DGA) and former president Donald Trump for Cox's primary win. According to "The New York Times", the DGA spent over $1.16 million on television advertisements promoting Cox, who was endorsed by Trump. Hogan also criticized Democrats for "emboldening" Cox, who Hogan called a "QAnon conspiracy theorist", and "play[ing] Russian roulette with the Maryland statehouse". Hogan declined to say who he voted for in the general election.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Media outlets have called Hogan a moderate Republican and a "pragmatist". In 2015, "The Washington Post"s editorial board wrote that he was "true to his promise to govern from the center in the first legislative session of his term." On the Issues, a nonprofit and nonpartisan organization that tracks politicians' positions, considers Hogan a centrist.


title: Larry Hogan

text: In 2015, Hogan canceled the Baltimore Red Line project. This cancellation was considered strange given the federal funding and amount already spent by the state on initial engineering. "Washington Monthly"s Eric Cortellessa accused Hogan of corruption since his shift of state priorities to road funding resulted in the construction of several major projects near properties his company owns.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Hogan served as vice chair of the National Governors Association (NGA) from 2018 to 2019 and as chair from 2019 to 2020.


title: Larry Hogan

text: In 2019, Hogan raised the possibility of running for president in 2020, but he later decided not to run. In June, he addressed the Maryland Free Enterprise Foundation, a business advocacy group, in a combative speech, "skewering Democrats who control the state legislature and vowing to spend the remainder of his term in 'battle' with them." Hogan promised to work against tax increases.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Between taking office and February 2017, Hogan's Facebook page blocked over 450 people. One spokesman said about half had used "hateful or racist" language, while the rest were part of a "coordinated attack". Affected Marylanders said they had reached out to the governor via Facebook after the 2015 Baltimore protests as well as Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769 in January 2017, which banned travelers from seven predominantly Muslim countries.


title: Larry Hogan

text: In March 2017, it was discovered that Hogan staffers altered headlines of "The Baltimore Sun" and "DelmarvaNow" articles posted on his Facebook page to falsely imply General Assembly support for Hogan's so-called "Road Kill Bill". After the "Sun" contacted Hogan's office about the doctored headlines, the office rectified the problem.


title: Larry Hogan

text: Hogan declared a state of emergency on March 5, 2020, after three Montgomery County residents tested positive for COVID-19. The emergency declaration allowed public health experts and emergency management officials to coordinate more with state and local leaders to handle the virus. Hogan also filed a supplemental budget requesting $10 million to fund an emergency response to the virus. The Maryland Senate unanimously approved Hogan's budget request on March 12, 2020.


title: Larry Hogan

text: On March 12, 2020, Hogan ordered the closure of all public schools in the state starting March 16 and ending March 27 to allow for the cleaning and disinfecting of school buildings to prevent the virus's spread. He signed an executive order activating the Maryland Army National Guard and moving the Maryland Emergency Management Agency's activation level to its highest level of readiness, and another prohibiting all social, community, religious, recreational and sports gatherings of more than 250 people in close proximity. He mandated remote work by all nonessential state employees, directed hospitals to adopt new visitor policies, suspended visits at state prisons, limited public access to state buildings, and closed all senior living facilities until the state was no longer under a state of emergency. Hogan signed another executive order a few days later ordering the closure of all Maryland casinos, racetracks, and simulcast betting facilities until the state of emergency expired.


title: Larry Hogan

text: As cases continued to rise, Hogan signed another executive order suspending on-site bar and restaurant services, closing movie theaters and gyms, and banning gatherings of more than 50 people. Non-compliant businesses and individuals were fined $5,000 or received a year in jail. From March 23 to April 19, Hogan signed a series of executive orders aimed at reducing the virus's spread, including an eviction and utility shut-off moratorium, closures of nonessential businesses, a stay-at-home order, and an extension for all expiring identity documents. He used coronavirus "strike teams", made up of the National Guard, state and local health departments and hospital systems, to provide emergency care, supplies and equipment to nursing homes to combat coronavirus case outbreaks.


title: Larry Hogan

text: As hospitalization rates began to stabilize, Hogan announced that the state would begin formulating a plan to roll back coronavirus restrictions and gradually reopen the economy, beginning with a mask mandate on April 15, 2020. On April 24, he unveiled the state's three-stage plan for reopening the state's economy, with the first step involving lifting the state's stay-at-home order. Hogan lifted the stay-at-home order on May 13, after a two-week decline in hospitalizations statewide, and continued the rest of the state's first stage of reopening on May 27. He began the second stage of reopening on June 5, by reopening certain businesses and personal services at 50% capacity.


title: Larry Hogan

text: On April 20, 2020, Hogan announced that the state had brokered a $10 million deal with South Korea to acquire 500,000 COVID-19 tests after weeks of negotiations in a confidential project called Operation Enduring Friendship. Upon their delivery, he deployed members of the state's National Guard and the state police to supervise the testing kits at an "undisclosed location" after reports of federal officials seizing supplies delivered to other states. Citing apparent reliability problems, the University of Maryland lab in Baltimore stopped using these test kits in September 2020, replacing the tests with ones developed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It was later revealed that the acquired tests had been flawed and were left unused, which led the Hogan administration to acquire 500,000 replacement tests from the same company it had originally purchased test kits from for $2.5 million. Acting Maryland Secretary of Health Dennis Schrader acknowledged the Hogan administration's replacement of its test kits in December 2020. In May 2021, Hogan vetoed a bill that would create greater transparency in emergency procurements that had passed the state House of Delegates and the Senate in a 131-1 and 47–0 vote, respectively. An audit conducted by the Maryland Office of Legislative Audits found that over $190 million in pandemic-related emergency purchases made by state agencies, including the procurement of the LabGenomics test kits, lacked appropriate records.


title: Larry Hogan

text: In July 2020, as hospitalization rates began to rise again, Hogan issued a new statewide mask mandate, advised Maryland residents against traveling to states with a positivity rate of 10% or higher, and extended the state's eviction and utility shut-off moratorium. On August 27, he announced that he had authorized every county school board system to begin safely reopening schools, citing improved coronavirus metrics. A few days later, he announced that the state would proceed with the third stage of its reopening plan on September 4 by reopening casinos, theaters, and concert venues. Hogan gave 16 community colleges a $10 million grant in September 2020 to assist people impacted by the pandemic, and later unveiled a $500 million economic relief package to help Maryland business owners recover.