title: Porsche 997

text: According to official Porsche figures, the 997 Turbo accelerates from a standstill in 3.9 seconds with the manual transmission, and 3.7 seconds with the 5-speed Tiptronic S transmission. Benchmark times to are 12.8 and 12.2 seconds, respectively. Maximum speed with either transmission is .


title: Porsche 997

text: As an option, Porsche also offered its ceramic brake system, PCCB (Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake). The advantages of this high-tech material mean a reduction of compared to the standard brake system, excellent fade resistance owing to consistent friction values, and absolute corrosion resistance. The brakes were 380 mm diameter at the front and 350 mm at the rear.


title: Porsche 997

text: Porsche AG announced on 7 May 2007 that the 911 Turbo Cabriolet would go on sale in September 2007. The Porsche 997 Turbo Cabriolet became one of the fastest convertible sports cars in production. It is capable of similar top speeds and acceleration to the standard Porsche 997 turbo coupé, a notable feat due to the typical problems associated with convertible variants of hardtop coupés, such as the poor aerodynamics of a soft top, a lack of torsional rigidity, and the consequential weight increase from structural members.


title: Porsche 997

text: The 996 GT2 was superseded by the 997 GT2, which went on sale in November 2007. At its release, the 997-generation Porsche 911 GT2 was the most powerful and fastest road-going 911 ever to have been sold to the public.


title: Porsche 997

text: The GT2's engine was based on the existing flat-6 engine, but features twin variable geometry turbochargers (as used on the 997 turbo), generating a maximum power output of at 6,500 rpm and of torque at 2,200 rpm. Unlike the 997 Turbo, the 997 GT2 uses a rear wheel drive layout for reduced weight (primarily for competing in GT2 class racing as with its predecessors), and boasts a power increase from a newly designed expansion intake manifold, and shorter turbo intake manifolds. Further, a full titanium exhaust system was fitted to the 997 GT2 contributing to reduced weight as compared to the turbo. Despite the power hike, Porsche claims fuel consumption at full throttle is improved by 15 percent compared with the 997 Turbo. The GT2 accelerates in 3.6 seconds to and in 7.4 seconds to and has top speed of . This makes it the first 911 to exceed the top speed barrier after the 1998 Porsche 911 GT1 Race Version (which is not considered to be an actual Porsche 911 due to its mid-mounted engine and overall shape). The Porsche 997 GT2 has a curb weight of . The only transmission available is a 6-speed manual.


title: Porsche 997

text: The appearance of the GT2 is slightly different from its sister-car, the 997 Turbo, in a few ways. It does away with fog lights in the front bumper and has integrated turn signals in the front air intakes, has a revised front lip, has a larger rear wing (with two small air scoops on either side), and has a different rear bumper (now featuring titanium exhaust pipes).


title: Porsche 997

text: The GT3 variant debuted at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show alongside the 997 Turbo. Like previous GT3 models, it is a way for Porsche to homologate aerodynamic features for racing, as well as to offer race cars for customer teams. The 997 GT3 was priced at US$106,000. The engine has the same displacement as the Turbo, but does away with the turbochargers and uses a new variable intake system. The engine is rated at and of torque. It has an 8,400 rpm redline matching that of the Carrera GT flagship. The 3.6 L dry-sump engine does not suffer from the rear main seal problems of the earlier 3.6 L/3.8 L integrated dry-sump engines.


title: Porsche 997

text: The GT3's body work includes a special front bumper which increases cooling for the front-mounted radiators as well as a split spoiler at the rear. The GT3 also includes a special rear bumper and center tailpipes which draw heat away from the engine. The suspension system is lowered and the car utilises 30-series tyres and wheels. The car weighs .


title: Porsche 997

text: The 997 GT3 is more driver-friendly than its predecessor, with "comfort" seats and the Porsche Communication Management system installed.


title: Porsche 997

text: The special GT3 "RS" model came without many of the luxuries typically found in a Carrera to focus more on track-orientated driving (although the car is still road-legal). The RS trim was also available with a full roll cage and carbon fibre seats along with a large fixed rear wing to add to the "race-car-for-the-road" feel. The RS trim was introduced in Europe in October 2006; the North American release was in March 2007. A racing version of the GT3 RS debuted in 2007, called the 997 GT3 RSR.


title: Porsche 997

text: The ratios on the six-speed transmission are closer, allowing the GT3 to reach in 4.1 seconds, while the RS accomplishes the same in exactly 4 seconds. The GT3 will continue to in 9.2 seconds and has a maximum top speed of .


title: Porsche 997

text: The base Carrera has essentially the same flat-6 (Boxer) engine from 996 Carrera. The Carrera S however uses a new flat-6 engine. The X51 Powerkit is available for S, 4S, Targa models, which increases engine power.


title: Porsche 997

text: According to testing carried out by several American automotive publications, the Turbo model can accelerate from 0 to in about 3.4 seconds with an automatic transmission and 3.5 seconds with the manual transmission. The Carrera S model is capable of accelerating from in 4.7 seconds and can reach a top speed of , while the base Carrera model can accelerate from in 4.8 seconds, and can attain a top speed of .


title: Porsche 997

text: The viscous clutch all wheel drive system sends between 5% and 40% of engine torque to the front wheels as per need.


title: Porsche 997

text: The Porsche 997 GT3 RS and Porsche 997 Carrera 4S are tied for second fastest car in history, at , in the infamous moose test maneuver, beaten only by the "Citroën Xantia Activa V6" record of . The test is conducted by the magazine "Teknikens Värld's" in Sweden, as a test of avoiding a moose in the road.


title: Porsche 997

text: The 997 received a mid-cycle refresh in 2008 for the 2009 model year. The updated model range was unveiled at the Paris Auto Show in September 2008. The updated Porsche 911 (called 997 Gen II internally at Porsche and 997.2 informally by enthusiasts) included the following changes:


title: Porsche 997

text: Production of the 997 Gen II model began in late 2008. Initially available models included coupé and cabriolet versions of the Carrera, Carrera 4, Carrera S and Carrera 4S. Pricing was increased from the 997 Gen I; the base Carrera model was set to start at US$76,300 for North American buyers.


title: Porsche 997

text: On 6 June 2008, these changes to the Porsche 911 were revealed on the Porsche website. The Turbo was not revealed until the Frankfurt Motor Show in September, thereafter the Turbo-based GT2 received the updated changes.


title: Porsche 997

text: The updated Targa 4 and Targa 4S models were announced on 28 July 2008. The Targa now had a glass roof made of a special glass that repelled UV rays from entering the car. The engine in the Targa 4 was now uprated at while for the Targa 4S, power was increased to . The new Targa 4S has a top speed of and can accelerate from in 4.7 seconds, while the Targa 4 has a lower top speed.


title: Porsche 997

text: The refreshed version of the 997 Turbo was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. It received a completely new 6-cylinder, 3.8 litre boxer engine generating a maximum power output of and of torque ( with overboost) using revised BorgWarner variable turbine geometry (VTG) turbochargers. The new engine shared the construction of other 997 Gen II DFI engines. The 997 Gen I engine's Nikasil cylinder liners were replaced with an Alusil block that combined the cylinders and crankcase into an integrated casting for each bank, thus reducing weight (in contrast to a separate cylinder block and crankcase for each bank). The dry sump lubrication system in the Turbo is different from other 911 models in that it uses integrated oil reservoirs at the bottom of the engine, separate from the crank case and utilises six oil pumps. The engine is configured with direct fuel injection and a compression ratio of 9.8:1. The intake manifold is a slightly larger unit, adopted from the outgoing GT2 along with slightly larger intake valves, wheels for the Turbochargers, and intercoolers. The exhaust system is also more refined and aids in the power increase while improving fuel economy. The overall result is an engine that is lighter than the previous engine and has a peak turbo-boost of 11.6 psi (a decrease from the outgoing model).


title: Porsche 997

text: The suspension system was also revised and had new software to enhance handling. The BorgWarner all-wheel-drive system received new software for more linear delivery of power to the front wheels.


title: Porsche 997

text: The Turbo was available with a manual transmission or the optional 7-speed PDK dual-clutch gearbox, which replaced the Tiptronic. With PDK and the optional sport-chrono package, which includes the availability of an electronically controlled launch control and an overboost-function for temporarily increasing the turbo-pressure, Porsche claimed the 911 turbo would accelerate from in 3.4 seconds and attain a top-speed of .


title: Porsche 997

text: The model was also available with optional Porsche Torque Vectoring (PTV), which brakes the inner rear wheel to provide turning-torque through a curve reducing initial under steer. The look of the refreshed Gen II model was left mostly untouched from the 997 turbo Gen I. The taillights were updated to LED to match the 997 Gen II along with changes to the front lamps. The exhaust pipes were "fatter", and the standard 19 in wheels received a new design. Thanks to revised dynamics the facelifted 997 can handle 1.3 g forces on a skid-pad according to Porsche.


title: Porsche 997

text: Models equipped with the PDK also include an optional 3-spoke steering wheel with gearshift paddles as an alternative to the standard steering wheel with shift buttons.


title: Porsche 997

text: Production versions went on sale in Germany in November 2009. European models had an MSRP of €122,400 for the Coupé and €131,800 for the Cabriolet (before tax).


title: Porsche 997

text: A more powerful version of the Turbo called the Turbo "S" (S standing for Sport) was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2010. European deliveries were scheduled for May 2010 with production ending in early 2013. Available only with the 7-speed PDK transmission, the engine in the Turbo S was tuned to generate an extra power output of more than the standard Turbo, bringing the total to at 6,000 rpm and of torque. The engine had revised intake valve timing and a new carbon fibre airbox installed to achieve this feat. The Turbo S also gained carbon-ceramic brakes and the Sport Chrono package as standard features. The Turbo S was Porsche's fastest production car to date at the time of its introduction alongside the GT2 RS, having a acceleration time of 3.3 seconds and acceleration time of 10.8 seconds while ultimately reaching a maximum speed of . Maximum torque was available between 2,100 rpm and 4,250 rpm. The 911 Turbo S, by contrast to the regular Turbo, was configured to operate with a higher boost pressure level, which meant that maximum torque was available for an unlimited period.


title: Porsche 997

text: The updated Porsche 911 GT3 was unveiled at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, and became available in Europe starting in May, and in the US starting in October. The car now featured vents between the tail lights, a larger rear wing with "3.8" lettering on either side of the wing to denote the increase in engine displacement, forged pistons, lightweight valves and hollow camshafts in order to make the engine light weight, a special 6-speed manual transmission was the only transmission option with shorter gear ratios in order to feed optimum power to the rear wheels. Total downforce was doubled, and for the first time stability control was offered to help less experienced drivers. The new 3.8-litre flat-6 engine was now rated at at 7,600 rpm and at 6,250 rpm with a maximum engine speed of 8,500 rpm. The sport mode when activated, delivers an additional of torque to the rear wheels.


title: Porsche 997

text: The GT3 and GT3 RS were developed by Porsche's Motorsport Division in Weissach. Sales began in September 2009 for all regions except China. Features included titanium double exhaust pipes, carbon fibre rear spoiler lip (Gurney flap) and rear lid ram air scoop, carbon fibre front above bumper air outlet and rear-view mirrors, aluminium 19in forged alloy wheels made specifically for the car with central locking nuts. The GT3 was available with Michelin Pilot Sport Cup tyres having a size of 235/35-19 at the front and 305/30-19 at the rear. A roll cage and a fire extinguisher was optional in the UK.


title: Porsche 997

text: The GT3 RS is a high performance version of the GT3 with a higher engine power output, lower weight and shorter transmission ratios, as well as having upgraded body and suspension components, designed for homologating the race version of the 911 GT3. The engine was rated at at 7,900 rpm and at 6,750 rpm with a maximum engine speed of 8,500 rpm. The "RS" stands for "rennsport", the German word for "racing" (literally, "race sport").


title: Porsche 997

text: The transmission has shorter ratios than found in the 911 GT3 for improved acceleration. Dynamic engine mounts are standard and serve to improve the car's handling to an even higher level. Other features include PASM suspension, titanium connecting rods, a wider front and rear track, a large fixed rear wing made from carbon fibre, a standard roll cage, and corresponding decals.


title: Porsche 997

text: Optional equipment included a lithium-ion battery, which is lighter than the stock lead-acid battery. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. The US model was set to go on sale in early spring of 2010 with an MSRP of US$132,800.


title: Porsche 997

text: Unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, the GT3 Cup is a Porsche Carrera Cup race car based on the 911 GT3 RS. It includes a wider rear body, lower front spoiler, rear wing (from the 911 GT3 Cup S race car), LED taillights, a racing exhaust system with a fully controlled catalytic converter (from Porsche Mobil1 Supercup cars), Porsche Ceramic Composite Brakes. 9.5Jx18 front alloy wheels with 24/64-18 Michelin racing tyres and 12Jx18 alloy wheels with 27/68-18 tyres, additional Unibal joints on the track control arms and front and rear sword-shaped anti-roll bars with seven position settings each, an additional vent in the upper part of the front lid, steering wheel mounted Info Display with 6 switches.


title: Porsche 997

text: Production model began delivery in 2009–2010. European model had a base MSRP of €149,850 (before tax).


title: Porsche 997

text: Unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Auto show, the Sport Classic is a limited (250 units- all sold in under 48 hours) version of the 911 Carrera S coupé, inspired by the 1973 Carrera RS 2.7. The engine is rated at and features a newly developed resonance intake manifold with 6 vacuum-controlled switching flaps. It includes a 6-speed manual transmission, double-dome roof (informally called double bubble roof), wider rear fenders, SportDesign front apron with a front spoiler and a fixed 'duck tail' rear wing (similar to the one found on the Carrera RS 2.7), Porsche Ceramic Composite Braking system (PCCB), lower PASM sports suspension, mechanical rear axle differential, 19-inch black Fuchs wheels, Porsche Exclusive woven leather seats and door panels, dashboard with Espresso Nature natural leather upholstery, and a specially developed Sport Classic Grey body colour.


title: Porsche 997

text: On 4 May 2010, the GT2 RS was publicly unveiled to the German Porsche dealers in Leipzig. The 3.6 litre twin-turbocharged Flat-6 engine in the GT2 RS develops and of torque and weighs less than the outgoing GT2. This allows it to be able to reach a top speed of and accelerate from in 3.5 seconds. It was the fastest and the most powerful 911 built of its generation.


title: Porsche 997

text: According to Porsche Motorsports manager Andreas Preuninger, the RS was conceived around 2007 as a skunk-works effort. The 727 code number selected for the project corresponds to one of the Nissan GT-R's lap times around the Nürburgring's Nordschleife. When the dust settled, Porsche claimed that test driver Timo Kluck had supposedly eclipsed that target by nine seconds.


title: Porsche 997

text: In 2011, Porsche launched a new, mid-level 911 coming in above the Carrera and below the GT3. Ranging from $103,100 to US$112,900, the Carrera GTS was available as both a coupé and cabriolet, the car gets a wider body and track – the only Carrera variant with a wide track that is also rear wheel drive. The car also has an upgraded 3.8-litre engine generating a maximum power output of . The Carrera 4 GTS equipped with all-wheel-drive was unveiled in May 2011. In addition to the AWD system, the Carrera 4 GTS can be identified by a distinct reflective stripe between the tail lights. All GTS vehicles came standard with center lock wheels, Alcantara interior and other optional extras such as Porsche Sports Exhaust and PASM.


title: Porsche 997

text: In 2011, Porsche introduced a new 911 Speedster variant having a production run of 356 units only, the production number coming from the iconic car of the 1950s. It was the third production 911 Speedster made, preceded by the 930 and 964 generations (the 993 generation didn't have a regular production speedster variant and the 996 generation didn't have a speedster variant at all). The Speedster was powered by the same engine as the Carrera GTS, and generated a maximum power output of . It can accelerate from in 4.2 seconds to a top speed of around . Only two colours were offered, Pure Blue (which was developed specifically for the Speedster) and Carrara White. (Paint To Sample versions were produced in very limited numbers).


title: Porsche 997

text: The Speedster featured a windscreen shorter than the standard 997 cabriolet while maintaining the same rake angle along with a familiar hump on the rear section to store the soft top.


title: Porsche 997

text: In April 2011 Porsche revealed the final evolution of the 997, the 911 GT3 RS 4.0. It featured a 4.0-litre engine utilizing the crankshaft from the GT3 RSR with increased stroke dimensions (from 76.4 mm to 80.4 mm). This increased the power to output to at 8,250 rpm and of torque at 5,750 rpm. Chassis development was influenced by the GT2 RS and uses parts sourced from other RS 911 models. Front dive planes provided additional downforce up front. The car weighs in at , giving it a power-to-weight ratio of 370 PS per ton. Production was limited to only 600 cars.


title: Porsche 997

text: All models include standard 6-speed manual transmission except for the Turbo S models and Speedster. The 7-speed PDK transmission was available in all but GT3, GT3 RS, GT3 Cup, GT3 RS 4.0, GT2, GT2 RS, and Sport Classic models. The PDK transmission features a Sport Plus setting that includes launch control and faster shifts.


title: Porsche 997

text: In June 2009, Porsche Cars North America partnered with five New York City street artists to unveil five graffiti-decorated Porsche 911 hoods in the Helenbeck Gallery. The hoods were sold to raise funds for CITYarts, a New York City-based organization whose mission is to bring children in contact with public artists.


title: The Lost Symbol (TV series)

text: Dan Brown's The Lost Symbol, or simply The Lost Symbol, is an American action-adventure mystery-thriller television series based on Dan Brown's 2009 novel "The Lost Symbol". The series is a prequel to the "Robert Langdon" film series and features Ashley Zukerman as fictional Harvard symbologist Robert Langdon. It also stars Eddie Izzard, Beau Knapp, Rick Gonzalez, Valorie Curry and Sumalee Montano in main roles. Dan Trachtenberg directed the series pilot and serves as executive producer on the series alongside Ron Howard, Brian Grazer and Brown himself. The series consists of ten episodes, premiered on September 16, 2021 on Peacock. In January 2022, the series was cancelled after one season.


title: The Lost Symbol (TV series)

text: Years before the events of "The Da Vinci Code", a young Robert Langdon is hired by the CIA to solve a number of deadly puzzles when his mentor goes missing.


title: The Lost Symbol (TV series)

text: Originally developed as a film to have starred Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon and to be produced and directed by Ron Howard for Columbia Pictures along with the franchise's producers Brian Grazer and John Calley. Between 2010 and 2013 Sony Pictures eventually hired three screenwriters for the project, Steven Knight, Dan Brown himself, and Danny Strong. In July 2013, Sony Pictures announced they would instead adapt "Inferno" for an October 14, 2016, release.


title: The Lost Symbol (TV series)

text: In June 2019, the project was announced to be re-conceived as a television series tentatively titled "Langdon". The series serves as a prequel to the film series, with Dan Dworkin and Jay Beattie serving as co-creators, showrunners and executive producers. Brown, Ron Howard, Brian Grazer, Samie Kim Falvey and Anna Culp will act as additional executive producers. The show will be a co-production between Imagine Television Studios, CBS Studios, and Universal Television Studios and was ordered to series on NBC. In March 2021, it was announced the series was picked up to series by Peacock. The new title of the series, "Dan Brown's The Lost Symbol", was revealed on May 17, 2021, with a trailer for the series. The first episode was directed by Dan Trachtenberg, who also is an executive producer on the series.


title: The Lost Symbol (TV series)

text: In March 2020 it was announced that Ashley Zukerman had been cast to portray Robert Langdon. In June 2020 it was announced that Valorie Curry and Eddie Izzard had been cast as Katherine and Peter Solomon. A few days later additional cast members were announced, Sumalee Montano as Sato, Rick Gonzalez as Nunez and Beau Knapp as Mal'akh. In June 2021, Raoul Bhaneja, Sammi Rotibi, and Keenan Jolliff were cast in recurring roles.


title: The Lost Symbol (TV series)

text: Principal photography for the first season of the series began on June 14, 2021, in Toronto, Ontario and concluded on October 20, 2021.


title: The Lost Symbol (TV series)

text: The series premiered on September 16, 2021, on Peacock. A collection of six posters, each featuring one of the main cast of the show, was released the day before the premiere. In India, the series was picked by Voot for streaming. In Hong Kong, TVB has carried the series for myTV Super, premiered simultaneously within the US broadcast.


title: The Lost Symbol (TV series)

text: NBC also scheduled to broadcast the pilot episode on its network on November 8, making it the first Peacock original to get aired network release as well.


title: The Lost Symbol (TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 50% approval rating with an average rating of 6.5/10, based on 12 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "With a promising premise, handsome locations, and a well-known character, "The Lost Symbol" has all the pieces necessary to be an addictive addition to Robert Langdon's story—if only the show's flat writing and strange pace didn't undermine all that potential." Metacritic gave the series a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 based on 5 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Daniel Johnston

text: Daniel Dale Johnston (January 22, 1961 – September 11, 2019) was an American singer, musician and artist regarded as a significant figure in outsider, lo-fi, and alternative music scenes. Most of his work consisted of cassettes recorded alone in his home, and his music was frequently cited for its "pure" and "childlike" qualities.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: Johnston spent extended periods in psychiatric institutions and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. He garnered a local following in the 1980s by passing out tapes of his music while working at a McDonald's in Dobie Center in Austin, Texas. His cult status was propelled when Nirvana's Kurt Cobain was seen wearing a T-shirt that featured artwork from Johnston's 1983 cassette album "Hi, How Are You".


title: Daniel Johnston

text: Johnston also created visual art, and his illustrations were exhibited at galleries around the world. His struggles with mental illness were the subject of the 2005 documentary "The Devil and Daniel Johnston". He died in 2019 of a suspected heart attack.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: Johnston was born in Sacramento, California, and grew up in New Cumberland, West Virginia. He was the youngest of five children of William Dale "Bill" Johnston (1922–2017) and Mabel Ruth Voyles Johnston (1923–2010). He began recording music in the late 1970s on a $59 Sanyo monaural boombox, singing and playing piano as well as the chord organ.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: Following graduation from Oak Glen High School, Johnston spent a few weeks at Abilene Christian University in West Texas before dropping out. He later attended the art program at Kent State University, East Liverpool, during which he recorded "Songs of Pain" and "More Songs of Pain".


title: Daniel Johnston

text: In 1984, Johnston took a job at McDonald's and passed out tapes in the store. When Johnston moved to Austin, Texas, he began to attract the attention of the local press and gained a following augmented in numbers by his habit of handing out tapes to people he met. Live performances were well-attended and hotly anticipated.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: His local standing led to him being featured in a 1985 episode of the MTV program "The Cutting Edge" featuring performers from Austin's "New Sincerity" music scene.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: In 1988, Johnston visited New York City and recorded "1990" with producer Mark Kramer at his Noise New York studio. It was Johnston's first experience in a professional recording environment after a decade of releasing home-made cassette recordings. His mental health further deteriorated during the making of "1990". In 1989, he released the album "It's Spooky" in collaboration with singer Jad Fair of the band Half Japanese.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: In 1990, Johnston played at a music festival in Austin, Texas. On the way back to West Virginia on a private two-seater plane piloted by his father Bill, Johnston had a manic psychotic episode; believing he was Casper the Friendly Ghost, Johnston removed the key from the plane's ignition and threw it outside. His father, a former U.S. Air Force pilot, managed to successfully crash-land the plane, even though "there was nothing down there but trees". Although the plane was destroyed, Johnston and his father emerged with only minor injuries. As a result of this episode, Johnston was involuntarily committed to a mental hospital.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: Interest in Johnston increased when Kurt Cobain was frequently photographed wearing a T-shirt featuring the cover image of Johnston's album "Hi, How Are You" that music journalist Everett True had given to him. Cobain listed "Yip/Jump Music" as one of his favorite albums in his journal, in 1993.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: Despite Johnston's having been resident in a mental hospital at the time, there was a bidding war to sign him. He refused to sign a multi-album deal with Elektra Records because Metallica was on the label's roster and he was convinced that they were Satanic and would hurt him, also dropping his longtime manager, Jeff Tartakov, in the process. Ultimately he signed with Atlantic Records in February 1994 and that September released "Fun", produced by Paul Leary of Butthole Surfers. It was a commercial failure. In June 1996, Atlantic dropped Johnston from the label.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: In 1993, the Sound Exchange record store in Austin, Texas, commissioned Johnston to paint a mural of the "Hi, How Are You?" frog (also known as "Jeremiah the Innocent") from the album's cover. After the record store closed in 2003, the building remained unoccupied until 2004 when the Mexican grill franchise Baja Fresh took ownership and decided that they would remove the wall that held the mural. A group of people who lived in the neighborhood convinced the managers and contractors to keep the mural intact. In 2018, the building housed a Thai restaurant called "Thai, How Are You". Thai, How Are You closed business permanently in January 2020.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: In 2004, Johnston released "", a two-disc compilation. The first disc featured covers of his songs by artists including Tom Waits, Beck, TV on the Radio, Jad Fair, Eels, Bright Eyes, Calvin Johnson, Death Cab for Cutie, Sparklehorse, Mercury Rev, The Flaming Lips and Starlight Mints, with the second disc featuring Johnston's original recordings of the songs. In 2005, Texas-based theater company Infernal Bridegroom Productions received a Multi-Arts Production/MAP Fund grant to work with Johnston to create a rock opera based on his music, titled "Speeding Motorcycle".


title: Daniel Johnston

text: In 2006, Jeff Feuerzeig released a documentary about Johnston, "The Devil and Daniel Johnston"; the film, four years in the making, collated some of the vast amount of recorded material Johnston (and in some case, others) had produced over the years to portray his life and music. The film won high praise, receiving the Director's Award at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival. The film also inspired more interest in Johnston's work, and increased his prestige as a touring artist. In 2006, Johnston's label, Eternal Yip Eye Music, released his first greatest-hits compilation, "Welcome to My World".


title: Daniel Johnston

text: Through the next few years Johnston toured extensively across the world, and continued to attract press attention. His artwork was shown in galleries such as in London's Aquarium Gallery, New York's Clementine Gallery and at the Liverpool Biennial in 2006 and 2008, and in 2009, his work was exhibited at "The Museum of Love" at Verge Gallery in Sacramento, California. In 2008, Dick Johnston, Johnston's brother and manager, revealed that "a movie deal based on the artist's life and music had been finalized with a tentative 2011 release." He also said that a deal had been struck with the Converse company for a "signature series" Daniel Johnston shoe. Later, it was revealed by Dick Johnston that Converse had dropped the plan. In early 2008, a Jeremiah the Innocent collectible figurine was released in limited runs of four different colors. Later in the year, Adjustable Productions released Johnston's first concert DVD, "The Angel and Daniel Johnston – Live at the Union Chapel", featuring a 2007 appearance in Islington, London.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: "Is and Always Was" was released on October 6, 2009, on Eternal Yip Eye Music. In 2009, it was announced that Matt Groening had chosen Johnston to perform at the edition of the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in May 2010, in Minehead, England. Also that year, Dr. Fun Fun and Smashing Studios developed an iPhone platform game called "Hi, How Are You". The game is similar to "Frogger", but features Johnston's art and music. Johnston played it during its development and liked it, although he was not familiar with the iPhone.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: On March 13, 2012, Johnston released his first comic book "Space Ducks – An Infinite Comic Book of Musical Greatness" at SXSW, published by BOOM! Studios. The comic book ties-in with the "Space Ducks" album and an iOS app. Johnston collaborated with skateboarding and clothing company Supreme on numerous collections (consisting of clothing and various accessories) showcasing his artwork.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: On March 1, 2012, Brooklyn-based photographer Jung Kim announced her photo book and traveling exhibition project with Johnston titled "DANIEL JOHNSTON: here", a collaboration that began in 2008 when Kim first met Johnston and began photographing him on the road and at his home in Waller, Texas. On March 13, 2013, this photography book was published, featuring five years of documentation on Johnston. The opening exhibition at SXSW festival featured a special performance by Johnston along with tribute performances led by Jason Sebastian Russo formerly of Mercury Rev. The second exhibition ran in May and June 2013 in London, England, and featured a special performance by Johnston along with tribute performances by the UK band Charlie Boyer and the Voyeurs with Steffan Halperin of the Klaxons. On October 10, 2013, Jason Pierce of Spiritualized hosted the New York City opening of the exhibition, which included special tribute performances led by Pierce and Glen Hansard of The Swell Season and The Frames.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: In November 2015, "Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?", a short documentary about Johnston's life, was released featuring Johnston as his 2015 self and Gabriel Sunday of "Archie's Final Project" as Johnston's 1983 self. The executive producers for the film included Lana Del Rey and Mac Miller.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: In July 2017, Johnston announced that he would be retiring from live performance and would embark on a final five-date tour that fall. Each stop on the tour featured Johnston backed by a group that had been influenced by his music: The Preservation All-Stars in New Orleans, The Districts and Modern Baseball in Philadelphia, Jeff Tweedy in Chicago, with Built to Spill for the final two dates in Vancouver, B.C. and Seattle, WA.


title: Daniel Johnston

text: On September 11, 2019, Johnston was found dead from a suspected heart attack at his home in Waller, Texas. It is believed that he died overnight, a day after he had been released from the hospital for unspecified kidney problems.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Mumbai City Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Mumbai, Maharashtra that competes in the Indian Super League, the top flight of Indian football. The club was founded in August 2014, during the inaugural season of the Indian Super League (ISL). Mumbai City is the first club to win both the ISL title and League Winners Shield, which it did in the 2020–21 season. Also, Mumbai City is the first club from India to win an AFC Champions League match.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Former England international Peter Reid managed the club during the first season with Freddie Ljungberg as the marquee player. For the second season, it was announced that Nicolas Anelka would take the role of marquee player cum manager of the club. In 2016, Diego Forlán played as the marquee player while Alexandre Guimarães took over as the new manager. In 2018, Jorge Costa was announced as the head coach for the new season and he guided them to the play-offs in his realm. In 2020, Sergio Lobera was announced as the manager for the new season and they won the Indian Super League winners shield and the league title for the first time during the 2020–21 Indian Super League season.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Des Buckingham who was appointed as the head coach before the 2021-22 Indian Super League season, led the team to two wins in the 2022 AFC Champions League making Mumbai the first Indian team to win a game at the AFC Champions League,and ended up finishing second in the group, narrowly missing out on qualifying for the next round.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: In early 2014, it was announced that the All India Football Federation, the National Federation for Football in India, and IMG-Reliance would be accepting bids for ownership of eight of nine selected cities for the upcoming Indian Super League (ISL), an eight-team franchise league modeled along the lines of the Indian Premier League, the country's professional cricket league.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: On 15 September 2014, the club signed Nicolas Anelka, a former French international who had been a free agent since his departure from West Bromwich Albion earlier in the year. Three days later, former Swedish international Freddie Ljungberg was signed as the team's first marquee player, returning from two years of retirement.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Mumbai were the visitors in the first ever ISL match on 12 October 2014, at Atlético de Kolkata's Salt Lake Stadium. Without Anelka and Ljungberg, the side lost 3–0. On 18 October 2014, the club registered their first victory over FC Pune City by beating them 5–0 at DY Patil Stadium, Mumbai, in which André Moritz registered the first ever hat-trick of ISL. The team finished seventh in the table out of eight and did not qualify for the playoffs.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: In July 2015, Nicolas Anelka became player-manager, replacing Englishman Peter Reid. Frantz Bertin was appointed captain at the beginning of the season. The club then roped in India captain Sunil Chhetri for a domestic record-breaking deal of ₹1.2 crore, and signed 2015 I-League's player of the year awardee Sony Norde of Haiti. Sunil Chhetri was the top scorer for the team as he scored 7 goals including a hat-trick against NorthEast United FC. Mumbai only won four matches and lost six to finish in sixth position in the league table. Due to such results, Anelka resigned and announced his departure at the end of the season.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: After the first two seasons, Mumbai City's management made big changes as they appointed Alexandre Guimarães as the head coach for the 2016 Indian Super League (ISL) season. The club moved into their new home stadium, the Mumbai Football Arena, at Andheri. The club also signed 2010 FIFA World Cup Golden Ball winner Diego Forlán on a three-month deal, with option to extend for another year as a marquee player for the season.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: The arrival of the Uruguayan changed the dynamics of the struggling Mumbai team to title contenders. Forlan scored the first hat-trick of the Hero Indian Super League 2016 season as The Islanders beat Kerala Blasters 5–0 at Mumbai Football Arena on 19 November 2016. It was also the first hat-trick of any marquee player in the history of the ISL. The team conceded the fewest goals (8) of all teams in the league, whilst Lucian Goian finished with the most tackles (67) in the league. Alexandre's men in blues kept 8 clean sheets in the group stage, making it a record across all the three editions of the tournament. As a result, Mumbai City finished the 14 rounds with 6 wins, 5 draws and 3 losses. However, it went down to Atletico de Kolkata in the twin legged semi-finals.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: In 2017, Indian Super League announced another auction to make way for new entrants Jamshedpur FC & Bengaluru FC which led to others clubs to start the squad rebuilding process once again. MCFC managed to retain Alexandre Guimarães after he guided the club to their first ever playoffs in three seasons, but they missed out on their star performers including club's all-time top goalscorer Sunil Chhetri. The club did manage to retain Captain & goalkeeper Amrinder Singh for 12.0 million INR. He was also awarded the best goalkeeper in 2016, keeping record clean sheets for the club. They also retained the services of midfielder Sehnaj Singh who was instrumental in the club's success in the previous season. In the foreign department, they retained the defensive duo of Lucian Goian and Gerson Vieira alongside midfielder Leo Costa. They also retained Rakesh Oram, a player under the U-21 player quota. But the new signings did not perform at their very best as they finished the season in 7th position, failing to qualify for the playoffs, with the coach being criticized for overly defensive tactics.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: After the ISL season had concluded, Mumbai City FC also took part in the inaugural edition of the Super Cup. They kicked off proceedings smoothly by defeating Indian Arrows by a scoreline reading 2–1 in the qualifier round. However, they were handed a defeat by East Bengal FC in the Round of 16. On 14 August 2018, Mumbai City FC officially stated, "Mumbai City FC and Alexandre Guimarães have parted company by mutual consent." This ended the Guimarães Era with the Brazilian-born Costa Rican manager being with the Islanders since 2016.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: After the announcement that Mumbai City FC had parted ways with Guimarães, the Islanders broke the news about their new head coach. Former Portugal international & Champions League Winner Jorge Costa signed as the manager of Mumbai City FC for the 2018/19 Indian Super League season. The club also signed Indian Internationals Alen Deory and Subhasish Bose along with some foreign players such as Modou Sougou, Rafael Bastos, Arnold Issoko and Paulo Machado. The team started the season with a 2–0 loss at home to Jamshedpur, followed by a 1–1 draw to Kerala Blasters. The team then recorded a 2–0 win against FC Pune City, and then lost 5–0 to Goa. After that coach Costa made some interesting tactical changes which led to the club's best unbeaten run in history (9 games unbeaten). The team ended December with a 6–1 win against Kerala Blasters, with Modou Sougou scoring 4 of the team's 6 goals in the match, which was a record breaking tally as Sougou became the first player in the league to score 4 goals in a single match, and it was Mumbai's best ever victory against any club. They also managed to break league leaders Bengaluru FC's unbeaten run at Mumbai Football Arena in January.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: The club managed to secure a play-off Finish with a 3–1 victory against ATK on 22 February 2019 with a game in hand, thanks to Modou Sougou's second hat-trick in the league, which is also a record for having maximum hat-tricks for the Islanders. The 3rd-place finish saw them face off against FC Goa, which resulted in a 5–1 defeat at Home despite Mumbai opening the scoring. They did manage to bounce back and beat Goa in the Away fixture by a scoreline of 1–0, but it wasn't enough hence the islanders could not play in the 2018/19 ISL Final happening in Mumbai Football Arena itself. Even though Mumbai lost in the Play-offs, Arnold Issoko won the DHL Winning Pass of the League Award for his maximum assists (8 assists) in the League and Modou Sougou became joint second goalscorer with 12 Goals. Fan Favorite Amrinder Singh ended the league with most saves and joint highest number of clean sheets (6). With that positive note, on 19 March 2019, the officials of the club confirmed that Head Coach Jorge Costa had extended his stay at the club. The Portuguese signed a one-year extension and would continue to be at the helm for the Islanders until the end of the 2019/20 season.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: The next task at hand for Jorge Costa and his side was the 2019 Hero Super Cup with the Islanders drawn to play Chennaiyin FC in the Round of 16 on 29 March at the Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneshwar. Costa opted to play with an almost all-Indian Squad having Lucian Goian as the only foreign recruit in their ranks. Costa also promoted two highly rated youngsters from their youth ranks, Mohammed Kaif and Nakul Shelke. The team started off promisingly, but failed to capitalise on the chances created and were eliminated from the Super Cup with a 2–0 defeat.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: After announcing the departure of club captain Lucian Goian to Chennaiyin FC before the 2019–20 season, MCFC brought in Mato Grgic, Serge Kevyn, Amine Chermiti, Diego Carlos, and Mohamed Larbi, with the first game of the 2019–20 season resulting in a 1–0 win over Kerala Blasters. On 28 November 2019, City Football Group EPL Giants Manchester City's parent company acquired a major stake in Mumbai City FC. This was the first time a top European club had acquired a majority stake of a club in India. There were ups and downs for Jorge Costa's team but injuries to the mainstays of the team hampered MCFC's good run. In the end, they fell short of the final playoff spot by just three points by virtue of losing to Chennaiyin FC.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Looking back at the records, the Islanders had registered a record statistic as they had 12 players on the scoresheet who had scored the team's total of 25 goals. Costa's Mumbai City had a reputation for being defensively strong and lethal on the counter-attack. It became the first team to do a league double over Bengaluru FC in ISL history and did not lose to them in the two years Costa was at the helm. After finishing fifth, and with the City Football Group ownership coming into full effect, Jorge Costa's reign at the club came to an end.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: After several months of anticipation, the City Football Group's acquisition of the club came into full effect. Under the new ownership, the club decided to kickstart a new era at the club and signed the former FC Goa coach Sergio Lobera as manager. The club signed Hugo Boumous from FC Goa, after paying a release clause of ₹1.6 crores, a record fee in Indian football. Along with Boumous, they signed some core players from Goa including Fall, Jahou, Mandar Rao and Jackichand.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: During the first phase of the league Mumbai City FC got 25 points from the first 10 matches, which included eight wins, one drew and one loss. Towards the end of league stage, they managed to register only two wins in six games. However, they managed to win in the last two matches of the league stage. A win against ATK Mohun Bagan in the final match of the league stage made them the winners of the League Shield, thus qualifying for the AFC Champions league 2022 group stage. By doing so, they became the second Indian club after FC Goa to play in the Champions League.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: The Islanders had earlier sealed their playoff berth with a 3–3 draw against FC Goa, with four league games to go which was the quickest ever qualification in the league (15 Games). Prior to that they were also unbeaten for 12 games. Their first semifinal leg against FC Goa at Fatorda ended in 2–2 draw. The second leg ended in goalless draw, which means the match went onto penalty-shootout. In the shootout they beat FC Goa on 6–5 where Rowllin Borges scored the decisive penalty. In their final against ATK Mohun Bagan at the Fatorda Stadium, they won the game 2–1 with Bipin Singh scoring the decisive goal in the 90th minute. Thus, Mumbai City FC became the first club to win the league winners shield and the ISL trophy in a single season.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: On 8 October 2021, Mumbai City appointed English manager Des Buckingham as head coach on a two-year contract. The club began its 2021–22 season campaign with a 3–0 win on 22 November against FC Goa. Mumbai City finished the season on fifth place and failed to qualify for the playoffs. Ahead of the 2022 AFC Champions League kick-off, the club went to Abu Dhabi for training and defeated Emirati giants Al Ain 2–1 in a friendly match. Under Buckingham, Mumbai City became the first Indian club to win a match in AFC Champions League, as they defeated Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya of Iraq by 2–1.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: In 2020, when the City Football Group purchased the club's majority share, they changed the primary colours into sky blue following the pathway of their parent club Manchester City FC.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: The away kit of the club in early years used to be a white kit with royal blue featuring on the collar and sleeves. In 2018, the club changed the away colours into an all golden yellow kit.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: However, the Islanders shifted their home base to Mumbai Football Arena from the third season as DY Patil Stadium was allotted to go under construction for 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Mumbai Football Arena is relatively small but a multi-use FIFA and AFC approved stadium, located in the heart of the city. i.e. Andheri Mumbai Football Arena has a capacity of 7,790 seats. The Arena is filled regularly by the team's dedicated fan base. The stadium also has a separate section to accommodate Away fans. The Mumbai Football Arena is modified during the ISL season to incorporate a VIP stand to the east of the stadium.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: The team trains at Fr. Agnel Multipurpose School and Jr. College, Vashi and at the NMSA Ground in Vashi.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Due to the COVID–19 pandemic, the 2020–21 Indian Super League season was held entirely in the state of Goa. Mumbai City FC allotted to play their home games at Goa Medical College Athletic Stadium, Bambolim, along with Chennaiyin FC, Kerala Blasters FC and Odisha FC where they played 11 games including semifinal home leg against FC Goa and with the record of W6-D3-L2 and went on to win the League Winners Shield and the League.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Mumbai City FC is reputed to have one of the most vocal fan bases in India. The "West Coast Brigade" is the official fan club of Mumbai City FC, which is known for its support to the team at both home and away matches. West Coast Brigade is held in high regard by the MCFC management, as they have dedicated a stand for West Coast Brigade members in the Mumbai Football Arena.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: The players and the coach have often acknowledged the fans' support in the success and always engaged in fans interaction and promotional activities. In 2017, the Islanders became the first club in ISL history to announce a special section for away fans as a progressive step towards football fan culture.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Mumbai City has a rivalry with their neighbourhood club FC Goa, against whom they contest the western derby or western rivalry. The rivalry between Mumbai City FC and FC Goa is something that resonated on the global scale, the roots of which can be traced back to the appointment of Jorge Costa as the Islanders' head coach in 2018. There were traces of the rivalry before, but it started gaining momentum once the Portuguese – a Jose Mourinho ideologist, was appointed. It was natural that Sergio Lobera, whose philosophy is based on Pep Guardiola's Barcelona, would rise up as one of the main threats to the Islanders. The two sides played several interesting battles over the course of the 2018–19 and 2019–20 campaigns.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: When Mumbai City face FC Goa in the Indian Super League, it won't be just a match-up between two teams that are likely to challenge for the title come the end of the season.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Mumbai City and Goa go a long way in the Hero ISL and have played out some of the most fascinating contests in the competition’s history. And when that happens, there is a birth of a rivalry, a healthy rivalry, but a rivalry nonetheless.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: The two teams have played each other 18 times in the Hero ISL. The Islanders have played more games against the Gaurs than any other team, while FC Goa have played more games against Mumbai City than all teams except Chennaiyin.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: The Gaurs have scored 38 goals against Mumbai City FC, more than they have scored against any other opposition in the Hero ISL. This is also the highest any team has scored against any opposition in Hero ISL history. Mumbai City's three worst losses in Hero ISL history have come at the hands of FC Goa. A 7–0 loss in November 2015, A 5–0 loss in October 2018, and a 5–1 loss in March 2019.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: But there is more to this simmering rivalry than just on-field results. Before the starting of 2020–21 season, Mumbai City FC under new ownership of CFG raided FC Goa and signed five key players from the Gaurs in Ahmed Jahouh, Mourtada Fall, Hugo Boumous, Mandar Rao Dessai and Amey Ranawade. The Islanders also roped in head coach Sergio Lobera who had been sacked by the Gaurs just a season before adding more spice to the rivalry.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Even ahead of 2021–22 season, Mumbai City FC brought FC Goa's top scorer Igor Angulo to the club to further weaken their challengers.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: On 13 April 2014, IMG Reliance announced that actor Ranbir Kapoor had won the bidding for the Mumbai franchise to be the eighth team in the inaugural season of Indian Super League with Bimal Parekh as co-owner.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: On 28 November 2019, it was revealed that City Football Group had bought a 65% stake in the club, adding Mumbai City FC as the eighth club under city group. City Football Group's ownership of the club opened up a plethora of opportunities in the future, with transfer of knowledge, and access to opportunities for players and club officials alike.


title: Mumbai City FC

text: Mumbai City FC fielded a reserve team in the 2019–20 I-League 2nd Division. Players like Mohammed Kaif and Nakul Shelke were promoted to the first team for the Super Cup after their performances in the 2nd Division. In late November 2019, academy graduate Asif Khan signed his first professional contract with Mumbai City FC until 2024 which made him the first MCFC academy player to sign a professional contract with the club.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Allen Welsh Dulles (, ; April 7, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was the first civilian Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and its longest-serving director to date. As head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the early Cold War, he oversaw the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, the Lockheed U-2 aircraft program, the Project MKUltra mind control program and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He was fired by John F. Kennedy over the latter fiasco.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Dulles was one of the members of the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Between his stints of government service, Dulles was a corporate lawyer and partner at Sullivan & Cromwell. His older brother, John Foster Dulles, was the Secretary of State during the Eisenhower Administration and is the namesake of Dulles International Airport.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Dulles was born on April 7, 1893, in Watertown, New York, one of five children of Presbyterian minister Allen Macy Dulles, and his wife, Edith ( Foster) Dulles. He was five years younger than his brother, John Foster Dulles, Dwight D. Eisenhower's Secretary of State and chairman and senior partner of Sullivan & Cromwell, and two years older than his sister, diplomat, Eleanor Lansing Dulles. His maternal grandfather, John W. Foster, was Secretary of State under Benjamin Harrison, while his uncle by marriage, Robert Lansing was Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. Dulles was uncle to Catholic convert Avery Dulles, a Jesuit priest and cardinal of the Catholic Church, who taught theology at Fordham University from 1988 to 2008.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Dulles graduated from Princeton University, where he participated in the American Whig–Cliosophic Society, and entered the diplomatic service in 1916. In 1920, he married Martha "Clover" Todd (March 5, 1894 – April 15, 1974). They had three children: daughters Clover "Toddy" (Mrs.) Jebsen and Joan (Mrs. Buresch, formerly Molden),


title: Allen Dulles

text: and son Allen Macy Dulles II (1930–2020), who was wounded and permanently disabled in the Korean War and spent the rest of his life in and out of medical care. According to his sister, Eleanor, Dulles had "at least a hundred" extramarital affairs, including some during his tenure with the CIA.


title: Allen Dulles

text: In 1921, while at the US Embassy in Istanbul, he helped expose the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" as a forgery. Dulles unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the US State Department to publicly denounce the forgery.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Initially assigned to Vienna, he was transferred to Bern, Switzerland, along with the rest of the embassy personnel shortly before the U.S. entered the First World War. Later in life Dulles said he had been telephoned by Vladimir Lenin, seeking a meeting with the American embassy on April 8, 1917, the day before Lenin left Switzerland to travel to Saint Petersburg aboard a German train. After recovering from the Spanish flu he was assigned to the American delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, along with his elder brother Foster. From 1922 to 1926, he served five years as chief of the Near East division of the Department of State.


title: Allen Dulles

text: In 1926, he earned a law degree from George Washington University Law School and took a job at Sullivan & Cromwell, the New York firm where his brother, John Foster Dulles, was a partner. He became a director of the Council on Foreign Relations in 1927, the first new director since the Council's founding in 1921. He was the Council's secretary from 1933 to 1944.


title: Allen Dulles

text: During the late 1920s and early 1930s, he served as legal adviser to the delegations on arms limitation at the League of Nations. There he had the opportunity to meet with Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, and the leaders of Britain and France. In April 1933, Dulles and Norman Davis met with Hitler in Berlin on State Department duty. After the meeting, Dulles wrote to his brother Foster, reassuring him that conditions under Hitler's regime "are not quite as bad" as an alarmist friend had indicated. Dulles rarely spoke about his meeting with Hitler, and future CIA director Richard Helms hadn't even heard of their encounter until decades after the death of Dulles, expressing shock that his former boss had never told him about it. After meeting with Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, Dulles stated he was impressed with him, citing his "sincerity and frankness" during their interaction.


title: Allen Dulles

text: In 1935, Dulles returned from a business trip to Germany concerned by the Nazi treatment of German Jews and, despite his brother's objections, led a movement within the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell to close their Berlin office. As a result of Dulles's efforts, the Berlin office was closed and the firm ceased to conduct business in Nazi Germany.


title: Allen Dulles

text: As the Republican Party began to divide into isolationist and interventionist factions, Dulles became an outspoken interventionist, running unsuccessfully in 1938 for the Republican nomination in New York's Sixteenth Congressional District on a platform calling for the strengthening of U.S. defenses. Dulles collaborated with Hamilton Fish Armstrong, the editor of "Foreign Affairs" magazine, on two books, "Can We Be Neutral?" (1936), and "Can America Stay Neutral?" (1939). They concluded that diplomatic, military, and economic isolation, in a traditional sense, were no longer possible in an increasingly interdependent international system. Dulles helped some German Jews, such as the banker Paul Kemper, escape to the United States from Nazi Germany.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Dulles was recruited into the Office of Strategic Services by William J. Donovan in October 1941, after the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe, and on November 12, 1942, he moved to Bern, Switzerland, where he lived at Herrengasse 23 for the duration of World War II. As Swiss Director of the OSS, Dulles worked on intelligence about German plans and activities, and established wide contacts with German émigrés, resistance figures, and anti-Nazi intelligence officers. He was assisted in intelligence-gathering activities by Gero von Schulze-Gaevernitz, a German emigrant. Dulles also received valuable information from Fritz Kolbe, a German diplomat, one whom he described as the best spy of the war. Kolbe supplied secret documents about active German spies and plans for the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Dulles was in contact with the Austrian resistance group around the priest Heinrich Maier, who collected information through many different contacts with scientists and the military. From 1943 onwards, he received very important information from this resistance group about V-1, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft and the related factories. Allied bombers were thus able to target war-decisive armaments factories. In particular, Dulles then had crucial information for Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra. The group reported to him about the mass murder in Auschwitz. Through the Maier Group and Kurt Grimm, Dulles also received information about the economic situation in the Nazi sphere of influence. After the resistance group was uncovered by the Gestapo, Dulles sent American agents to Austria to contact any surviving members.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Although Washington barred Dulles from making firm commitments to the plotters of the 20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler, the conspirators nonetheless gave him reports on developments in Germany, including sketchy but accurate warnings of plans for Hitler's V-1 and V-2 missiles.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Dulles was involved in Operation Sunrise, secret negotiations in March 1945 to arrange a local surrender of German forces in northern Italy. His actions in Operation Sunrise have been criticized by historians for offering German SS General Karl Wolff protection from prosecution at the Nuremberg trial, and creating a diplomatic rift between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. After the war in Europe, Dulles served for six months as the OSS Berlin station chief and later as station chief in Bern. The Office of Strategic Services was dissolved in October 1945 and its functions transferred to the State and War Departments.


title: Allen Dulles

text: In the 1948 Presidential election, Dulles was, together with his brother, an advisor to Republican nominee Thomas E. Dewey. The Dulles brothers and James Forrestal helped form the Office of Policy Coordination. During 1949 he co-authored the Dulles–Jackson–Correa Report, which was sharply critical of the Central Intelligence Agency, which had been established by the National Security Act of 1947. Partly as a result of the report, Truman named a new Director of Central Intelligence, Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith.


title: Allen Dulles

text: DCI Smith recruited Dulles to oversee the agency's covert operations as Deputy Director for Plans, a position he held from January 4, 1951. On August 23, 1951, Dulles was promoted to Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, second in the intelligence hierarchy. In this capacity, in 1952–53 he was one of five members of the State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament during the last year of the Truman administration.


title: Allen Dulles

text: After the election of Dwight Eisenhower in 1952, Bedell Smith shifted to the Department of State and Dulles became the first civilian Director of Central Intelligence. Dulles played a role in convincing Eisenhower to follow one of the conclusions of the State Department Panel report, that the American public deserved to be informed of the perils of possible nuclear war with the Soviet Union, because even though America held numerical nuclear superiority, the Soviets would still have enough nuclear weapons to severely damage American society regardless of how many more such bombs the United States might possess or how badly those U.S. weapons could destroy the Soviets.


title: Allen Dulles

text: The Agency's covert operations were an important part of the Eisenhower administration's new Cold War national security policy known as the "New Look".


title: Allen Dulles

text: At Dulles's request, President Eisenhower demanded that Senator Joseph McCarthy discontinue issuing subpoenas against the CIA. In March 1950, McCarthy had initiated a series of investigations into potential communist subversion of the Agency. Although none of the investigations revealed any wrongdoing, the hearings were potentially damaging, not only to the CIA's reputation but also to the security of sensitive information. Documents made public in 2004 revealed that the CIA, under Dulles's orders, had broken into McCarthy's Senate office and fed disinformation to him in order to discredit him, in order to stop his investigation of communist infiltration of the CIA.In the early 1950s, the United States Air Force conducted a competition for a new photo reconnaissance aircraft. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation's Skunk Works submitted a design number called the CL-282, which married sailplane-like wings to the body of a supersonic interceptor. This aircraft was rejected by the Air Force, but several of the civilians on the review board took notice, and Edwin Land presented a proposal for the aircraft to Dulles. The aircraft became what is known as the U-2 'spy plane', and it was initially operated by CIA pilots. Its introduction into operational service in 1957 greatly enhanced the CIA's ability to monitor Soviet activity through overhead photo surveillance. The aircraft eventually entered service with the Air Force. The Soviet Union shot down and captured a U-2 in 1960 during Dulles's term as CIA chief.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Dulles is considered one of the essential creators of the modern United States intelligence system and was an indispensable guide to clandestine operations during the Cold War. He established intelligence networks worldwide to check and counter Soviet and eastern European communist advances as well as international communist movements.


title: Allen Dulles

text: In 1953, Dulles was involved, along with Frank Wisner, in Operation Ajax, the covert operation that led to the removal of democratically elected prime minister of Iran, Mohammad Mossadegh, and his replacement with Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran. Rumors of a Soviet takeover of the country had surfaced due to the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.


title: Allen Dulles

text: President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman of Guatemala was removed in 1954 in a CIA-led coup carried out under the code name Operation PBSuccess.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Eduardo Galeano described Dulles as a former member of the United Fruit Company's Board of Directors. However, in a detailed examination of the connections between the United Fruit Company and the Eisenhower Administration, Immerman makes no mention of Dulles being part of the United Fruit Company's Board, although he does note that Sullivan & Cromwell had represented the company.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Several failed assassination plots utilizing CIA-recruited operatives and anti-Castro Cubans directly against Castro undermined the CIA's credibility. The reputation of the agency and its director declined drastically after the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco of 1961. President Kennedy reportedly said he wanted to "splinter the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter it into the winds." However, following a "rigorous inquiry into the agency's affairs, methods, and problems ... [Kennedy] did not 'splinter' it after all and did not recommend Congressional supervision."


title: Allen Dulles

text: During the Kennedy Administration, Dulles faced increasing criticism. In autumn 1961, following the Bay of Pigs incident and the Algiers putsch against Charles de Gaulle, Dulles and his entourage, including Deputy Director for Plans Richard M. Bissell Jr. and Deputy Director Charles Cabell, were forced to resign. On November 28, 1961, Kennedy presented Dulles with the National Security Medal at the CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia. The next day, November 29, the White House released a resignation letter signed by Dulles. He was replaced by John McCone.


title: Allen Dulles

text: On November 29, 1963, President Lyndon Baines Johnson appointed Dulles as one of seven commissioners of the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of the U.S. President John F. Kennedy. The appointment was later criticized by some historians, who have noted that Kennedy had fired him, and he was therefore unlikely to be impartial in passing the judgments charged to the Warren Commission. In the view of journalist and author Stephen Kinzer, Johnson appointed Dulles primarily so that Dulles could "coach" the Commission on how to interview CIA witnesses and what questions to ask, because Johnson and Dulles were both anxious to ensure that the Commission did not discover Kennedy's secret involvement in the administration's illegal plans to assassinate Castro and other foreign leaders.


title: Allen Dulles

text: In 1966, Princeton University's American Whig-Cliosophic Society awarded Dulles the James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service.


title: Allen Dulles

text: Dulles published the book "The Craft of Intelligence" in 1963, and edited "Great True Spy Stories" in 1968.


title: Allen Dulles

text: He died on January 29, 1969, of influenza, complicated by pneumonia, at the age of 75, in Georgetown, D.C. He was buried in Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.


title: Parasyte

text: The manga has been adapted into two live-action films in Japan, in 2014 and 2015. An anime television series adaptation by Madhouse, titled "Parasyte -the maxim-", aired in Japan between October 2014 and March 2015. The English-language dub aired on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block in the United States between October 2015 and April 2016.


title: Parasyte

text: In 1993, "Parasyte" received the 17th Kodansha Manga Award for the general category as well as the 27th Seiun Award for best manga in 1996. As of August 2022, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series.


title: Parasyte

text: "Parasyte" centers on a 17-year-old male high school student named Shinichi Izumi, who lives with his mother and father in a quiet neighborhood in Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan. One night, tiny worm-like aliens with drill-like heads called Parasites arrive on Earth, taking over the brains of their hosts by entering through their ears or noses. One Parasite attempts to crawl into Shinichi's nose while he sleeps, but fails as Shinichi wakes up, and enters his body by burrowing into his arm instead. In the Japanese version, it takes over his right hand and is named , after the Japanese word for 'right'.


title: Parasyte

text: Because Shinichi was able to prevent Migi from traveling further up into his brain, both beings retain their separate intellects and personalities. As the duo encounters other Parasites, they capitalize on their strange situation and gradually form a strong bond, working together to survive. This gives them an edge in battling other Parasites who frequently attack the pair upon realization that Shinichi's human brain is still intact. Shinichi feels compelled to fight other Parasites, who devour other members of the species they infect as food, while enlisting Migi's help.


title: Parasyte

text: The series explores philosophical and psychological questions such as the meaning of humanity, humans' relationship to the environment and other species, the role of instinct and love, and the inherent anthropocentrism of morality. Shinichi's experience with Migi causes him to question if humanity has any right to claim moral superiority to the Parasites, while Migi and Reiko Tamura's experiences with humans cause them to take on more human traits, such as love and sacrifice.


title: Parasyte

text: Iwaaki chose a high school setting due to a scene he had thought of. When considering a scene where Migi turns his shape into a penis in front of Satomi Murano, Iwaaki believed that the scene would work best in a high school setting, so Iwaaki gave "Parasyte" a high school setting.


title: Parasyte

text: "Parasyte" was originally serialized in Kodansha's "Morning Open Zōkan" from 1988 and switched to "Monthly Afternoon" after a few issues, where it ran from 1990 to 1995. Kodansha collected its chapters in ten "tankōbon" volumes, released from July 20, 1990, to March 15, 1995. It was later republished in eight "kanzenban" volumes from January 21 to June 21, 2003.


title: Parasyte

text: It was originally licensed for English translation and North American distribution by Tokyopop, which published the series over 12 volumes. The Tokyopop version ran in "Mixxzine". Daily pages from the Tokyopop version ran in the Japanimation Station, a service accessible to users of America Online. The Tokyopop English-language manga went out of print on May 2, 2005. Del Rey Manga later acquired the rights to the series, and published eight volumes following the "kanzenban" release. Kodansha Comics later republished the volumes in North America between 2011 and 2012.


title: Parasyte

text: A tribute project titled , consisting of various one-shots written and illustrated by various manga artists, and based on the original manga to promote the then upcoming anime adaptation, began publishing on "Monthly Afternoon" on September 25, 2014. The list of collaborators includes Akira Hiramoto, Yukari Takinami, Yasushi Nirasawa, Hiroki Endo, Riichi Ueshiba, Ryōji Minagawa, Takatoshi Kumakura, Peach-Pit, Hiro Mashima, Moare Ohta, Takayuki Takeya and Moto Hagio. The stories were collected into a single volume, published by Kodansha on July 22, 2016. In North America, Kodansha USA published the volume on November 21, 2017.


title: Parasyte

text: Another tribute project, titled , began in Kodansha's "Aria" on September 27, 2014. The list of collaborators includes MikiMaki, Miki Rinno, Ema Tōyama, Hikaru Suruga, Asumiko Nakamura, Kaori Yuki, Yuri Narushima, Yui Kuroe, Renjuro Kindaichi, Banko Kuze, Kashio, Yūki Obata, Asia Watanabe, Lalako Kojima and Hajime Shinjō. Kodansha compiled the stories into two volumes, published digitally on April 24, 2015. Kodansha USA published the stories in a single volume, released on October 25, 2016.


title: Parasyte

text: A spin-off manga, titled , started on Kodansha's "Comic Days" app on March 2, 2018. It is written and illustrated by Moare Ohta. The series finished on May 7, 2021.


title: Parasyte

text: An anime television series adaptation titled aired in Japan on Nippon TV between October 9, 2014, and March 26, 2015. It was produced by Madhouse, Nippon Television, VAP and Forecast Communications and directed by Kenichi Shimizu, with Shōji Yonemura handling series composition, Tadashi Hiramatsu designing the characters and Ken Arai composing the music. The opening theme song is "Let Me Hear" performed by Fear, and loathing in Las Vegas. The ending theme is "It's the Right Time" performed by Daichi Miura. At Anime Expo 2015, Sentai Filmworks announced that the anime would run on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block on October 4, 2015.


title: Parasyte

text: The series was simulcast by Crunchyroll outside of Asia and by Animax Asia in Southeast Asia and South Asia. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the anime for North America, South America, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand release. UK Distributor Animatsu Entertainment released the series in the UK and Ireland. In Australia and New Zealand, Hanabee acquired the series and released it within the region. The English dub, provided and distributed by Sentai Filmworks, has been released on DVD and Blu-ray in two parts, with Part 1 (Episodes 1–12) on April 5, 2016, and Part 2 (Episodes 13–24) on July 5, 2016.


title: Parasyte

text: Hollywood's New Line Cinema had acquired the film rights to "Parasyte" in 2005, and a film adaptation was reported to be in the works, with Jim Henson Studios and Don Murphy allegedly in charge of production. New Line Cinema's option expired in 2013, prompting a bidding war in Japan. Film studio and distributor Toho won the rights, and decided to adapt the manga into a two-part live-action film series directed by Takashi Yamazaki. The first part, "", was released in November 2014 and the second part, "", was released in April 2015.


title: Parasyte

text: In August 2022, Netflix announced a South Korean series adaptation, titled "Parasyte: The Grey". It will be directed by Yeon Sang-ho with Jeon So-nee, Koo Kyo-hwan and Lee Jung-hyun in leading roles.


title: Parasyte

text: "Parasyte" won the 17th Kodansha Manga Award for general manga in 1993. It also won the 27th Seiun Award for being the best manga of the year in 1996. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, "Parasyte" ranked #60. The series has been praised and recommended by Waseda University professor and literary critic , and by philosopher Shunsuke Tsurumi.


title: Parasyte

text: As of November 2013, the manga had over 11 million copies in circulation. As of December 2020, the manga had over 24 million copies in circulation. As of August 2022, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.


title: Parasyte

text: Connie Zhang of Mania.com ranked the first volume of "Parasyte" as A−. Zhang wrote that the series' main focus is the dynamic relationship between Shinichi and Migi and their discussions about human nature. Zhang stated: "It's this casual philosophical pandering that makes "Parasyte" a cerebral manga. As the parasytes gradually adapt to human life and become cleverer at disguising their true identities, Shinichi finds himself in more and more danger". She concluded: ""Parasyte" isn't just about a teenager saving the world. It's about a teenager at the cusp of adulthood and his cynical, mutinous right hand...saving the world. Highly recommended". The anime adaptation by Madhouse was well received by critics and fans alike, getting praise for the animation, characterization, pacing and the soundtrack of the anime.


title: Parasyte

text: On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed "Parasyte" among 38 anime and manga titles banned in mainland China. Nonetheless, the live-action version of "Parasyte" managed to be released in nationwide cinemas across mainland China, using a 125-minute special cut which condensed part 1 and part 2.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: The Attica Prison Riot, also known as the Attica Prison Rebellion, the Attica Uprising, or the Attica Prison Massacre, took place at the state prison in Attica, New York; it started on September 9, 1971, and ended on September 13 with the highest number of fatalities in the history of United States prison uprisings. Of the 43 men who died, 33 inmates and 10 correctional officers and employees, all but one guard and three inmates were killed by law enforcement gunfire when the state retook control of the prison on the final day of the uprising. The Attica Uprising has been described as a historical event in prisoners' rights movement.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: Prisoners revolted to seek better living conditions and political rights, claiming that they were treated as beasts. On September 9, 1971, 1,281 of the approximately 2,200 men incarcerated in the Attica Correctional Facility rioted and took control of the prison, taking 42 staff hostage. During the following four days of negotiations, authorities agreed to 28 of the prisoners' demands but would not agree to demands for the removal of Attica's superintendent nor to complete amnesty from criminal prosecution for inmates for the prison takeover. By order of Governor Nelson Rockefeller (after consultation with President Richard M. Nixon), armed corrections officers and state and local police were sent in to regain control of the prison. By the time they stopped firing, at least 43 people were dead, 10 hostage correctional officers and civilian employees and 33 inmates, nearly all killed by law enforcement gunfire.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: Rockefeller had refused to go to the prison or meet with prisoners. After the uprising was suppressed, he said that the prisoners "carried out the cold-blood killings they had threatened from the outset". Medical examiners confirmed that all but the deaths of one officer and three inmates were caused by law enforcement gunfire. "The New York Times" writer Fred Ferretti said the rebellion concluded in "mass deaths that four days of taut negotiations had sought to avert".


title: Attica Prison riot

text: As a result of the rebellion, the New York Corrections Department made changes in prisons to satisfy some of the prisoners' demands, reduce tension in the system, and prevent such incidents in the future. While there were improvements to prison conditions in the years immediately following the uprising, many of these improvements were reversed in the 1980s and 1990s. Attica remains one of the most infamous prison riots to have occurred in the United States.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: The uprising occurred within a larger context of poor prison conditions and systemic racial discrimination in the late 20th century. Historian Howard Zinn wrote of the conditions in Attica prior to the uprising,


title: Attica Prison riot

text: "Prisoners spent 14 to 16 hours a day in their cells, their mail was read, their reading material restricted, their visits from families conducted through a mesh screen, their medical care disgraceful, their parole system inequitable, racism everywhere." Overcrowding contributed to the poor conditions, as in recent years the prison's population had increased from the 1,200 prisoners for which it was designed to 2,243.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: Additionally, as in many American prisons, racial disparities existed at Attica. Within the prison population, 54% of the incarcerated men were African American, 9% Puerto Rican, and 37% white. All of the guards or all but one of the guards (depending on the source) were white. Guards often threw out letters written in Spanish sent to or from Puerto Rican prisoners, and relegated black prisoners to the lowest-paid jobs and subjected them to regular racial harassment. There were also geographic disparities - most of the incarcerated men were from urban areas, including metropolitan New York, while most of the guards were from the local region.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: During this time period there was a growing culture of prisoner activism for better treatment. The previous year an uprising occurred at another New York correctional facility, the Manhattan Detention Complex. Inmates held five guards hostage for eight hours, until state officials agreed to hear prisoner grievances and take no punitive action against the rioters. Despite that promise, officials had the primary ringleaders shipped upstate to Attica, and many were held for months in solitary confinement and were facing criminal charges.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: In July 1971, a group of Attica inmates presented a list of 27 demands regarding improving conditions in Attica to state Commissioner of Corrections Russell Oswald and Governor Nelson Rockefeller. The commissioner did not take any actions on the list of demands. Attica warden Vincent Mancusi responded by adding additional restrictions to inmates' reading materials and personal belongings. In August 1971, George Jackson, a prominent member of the Black Panther Party, was shot and killed during an escape attempt at San Quentin State Prison in California after killing three guards and two inmates. Some historians believe that the killing of Jackson, who had worked for prisoner rights, was a catalyst for the uprising at Attica. The day after Jackson's death, at least 700 Attica inmates participated in a hunger strike in his honor.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: On Wednesday, September 8, 1971, an incident occurred that catalyzed the riot the next day. According to "Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy", an account of the uprising by historian Heather Ann Thompson, two inmates scuffled during their recreation break, and a correctional officer came up to intervene. One inmate had already left the area, but the officer demanded the remaining inmate return to his cell, and in the ensuing argument the inmate hit the officer. Other inmates and guards joined the commotion, and another inmate also hit the officer, but before the violence could intensify, Lieutenant Robert Curtiss moved to deescalate the situation. Later that evening, warden Vincent Mancusi ordered the two inmates involved in the altercation to be taken to solitary confinement, but when the officers arrived at 5 Company to take the inmates away, other prisoners resisted. The other inmates in 5 Company shouted and threw things at the guards and one inmate, William Ortiz, hit an officer with a can of soup, resulting in him being assigned to "keep lock", or confinement to his cell.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: The morning of Thursday, September 9, 1971, prisoners of 5 Company were still upset and demanded that officers tell them what would become of Ortiz. Officer Gordon Kelsey told them he did not know and tried to continue the routine. As inmates headed to breakfast, some managed to open Ortiz's cell door and he left with them to the mess hall. When the command staff found out what had occurred, they decided to return all of the men of 5 Company to their cells after breakfast. But they did not inform all the correctional officers, and when officers led inmates out toward the recreation area after breakfast, both officers and inmates were surprised to find the doors locked. The inmates believed they were about to be punished and a melee broke out, which resulted in chaos as some inmates attacked the guards and others tried to flee. The chaos spread to other nearby companies of inmates, and the uprising began. During this stage, several guards and inmates were injured. Officer William Quinn would die in the hospital two days later of injuries sustained during the initial riot.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: By noon on September 9, correctional officers and police controlled about half the prison and its inmates, while 1,281 of the Attica's approximately 2,200 inmates controlled the other half, including D-yard, two tunnels, and the central control room, referred to as "Times Square". Inmates held 42 officers and civilian employees as hostage.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: Once inmates had secured their section of the prison, they began organizing. Inmates elected leaders to represent them in negotiations and appointed inmates to serve as medics and security. They began drafting a list of demands for officials to meet before they would surrender. For example, Frank "Big Black" Smith (September 11, 1933 – July 31, 2004) was appointed as head of security, and he kept both the hostages and the observers committee safe. Additionally, 21-year-old Elliott James "L.D." Barkley, an ardent orator, was a strong force during the negotiations. He spoke eloquently to the inmates, journalist camera crews, and viewers outsiders at home. Barkley, just days away from his scheduled release at the time of the uprising, was killed during the recapturing of the prison.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: As speakers such as Barkley raised morale, the elected group of negotiators drafted proposals to present to the commissioner. "The Attica Liberation Faction Manifesto of Demands" was a compilation of complaints written by the Attica prisoners, which speak directly to the "sincere people of society". It included 33 demands, including better medical treatment, fair visitation rights, improved food quality, religious freedom, higher wages for inmate jobs, and "an end of physical abuse, for basic necessities like toothbrushes and showers every day, for professional training, and access to newspapers and books". The manifesto assigns the power to negotiate to five inmates elected to represent the others: Donald Noble, Peter Butler, Frank Lott, Carl Jones-El, and Herbert Blyden X. Additionally, the document specifically lists "vile and vicious slave masters" who oppressed the prisoners, such as the New York governor, New York corrections, and the United States courts.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: Inmates requested a team of outside observers to assist with negotiations, whom they considered knowledgeable of prison conditions, many of whom officials were able to persuade to come to Attica. Observers included Tom Wicker, an editor of "The New York Times"; James Ingram of the "Michigan Chronicle"; State Senator John Dunne, head of a Prisons Committee in the legislature; State Representative Arthur Eve, U.S. congressman from New York and attorney Herman Badillo, civil rights lawyer William Kunstler, Clarence Jones, publisher of the "Amsterdam News" in New York and former advisor to Martin Luther King, Jr.; representatives of the Young Lords, and others. Prisoners requested Minister Louis Farrakhan, national representative of the Nation of Islam, but he declined. Inmates also requested representatives from the Black Panther Party; Bobby Seale addressed the inmates briefly on September 11 but did not stay long and some believed that he inflamed tensions.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: The prisoners and team of observers continued to negotiate with Commissioner of Corrections Russell Oswald, who agreed to 28 of the inmates' demands, but refused to agree to amnesty for the inmates involved in the uprising or to fire the Attica warden. William Kunstler, a lawyer who agreed to represent the inmates in negotiations, said, "The prisoners had two non-negotiable demands: the removal of the warden, and general amnesty, and they had already given up on the removal of the warden. And on the general amnesty, we had worked out several formulas that we were discussing with the commissioner hours before the attack, and if we had been allowed to continue, everyone would be alive and the matter would be settled today."


title: Attica Prison riot

text: The situation may have been further complicated by Governor Rockefeller's refusal even to come to the prison, or meet with the inmates. Some analysts' later evaluations of the incident postulated that his absence from the scene prevented the situation from deteriorating. Negotiations broke down, and Oswald was unwilling or unable to make further concessions to the inmates. Oswald and members of the observers committee called Rockefeller and begged him to come to the prison to calm the situation, but he refused. Following the governor's refusal, Oswald and Rockefeller agreed that Oswald would order the State Police to retake the facility by force, a decision which was later criticized.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: On the night of Sunday, September 12, 1971, plans were drawn up to retake the prison by force. Members of the team of observers argued for Oswald to deliver to inmates one final appeal for a settlement before the forcible retaking. Oswald agreed, but was instructed not to phrase the demand as an ultimatum, as Rockefeller did not want to let inmates know that the assault was beginning. At 8:25 a.m. on Monday, September 13, 1971, Oswald gave the inmates a statement directing them to release the hostages and accept the offered settlement within the hour. However, he did not tell them that negotiations had ended and he would take the prison back by force if they refused, even stating, "I want to continue negotiations with you". The inmates rejected his offer, and as it appeared to them as though Rockefeller remained opposed to their demands the mood among the inmates deteriorated.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: In preparation for prison authorities potentially taking the prison back by force, inmates had dug defensive trenches, electrified metal gates, fashioned crude battlements out of metal tables and dirt, and fortified the "Times Square" prison command center. After Oswald left following the inmates' rejection of his latest offer, the inmates decided to try to impress upon prison officials that they were serious about their demands, and to remind them that inmates had power over the hostages if the state was to come in by force. The inmates brought eight corrections officers to the catwalk on top of the command center and surrounded them with inmates armed with homemade weapons. According to surviving inmates, they did not intend to kill the hostages, but rather to use them as insurance. Shortly after inmates and hostages were positioned on the catwalk, Oswald gave the order to begin the retaking. Of the decision, he later said "On a much smaller scale, I think I have some feeling now of how Truman must have felt when he decided to drop the A-bomb".


title: Attica Prison riot

text: At 9:46 a.m. on Monday, September 13, 1971, tear gas was dropped into the yard and hundreds of New York State Police troopers, Bureau of Criminal Investigation personnel, deputy sheriffs, park police, and correctional officers opened fire into the smoke. Among the weapons used by the troopers were shotguns loaded with buckshot pellets, which led to the wounding and killing of hostages and inmates who were not resisting. Additionally, some of the guns utilized by law enforcement used unjacketed bullets, "a kind of ammunition that causes such enormous damage to human flesh that it was banned by the Geneva Conventions". Correctional officers from Attica were allowed to participate, a decision later called "inexcusable" by the commission established by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath. By the time the facility was reported as fully secured at 10:05 a.m., law enforcement had shot at least 128 men and killed nine hostages and twenty-nine inmates. A tenth hostage, Correctional Officer Harrison W. Whalen, died on October 9, 1971, of gunshot wounds received during the assault.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: Inmate survivors alleged that leaders were singled out and killed by troopers during and after the retaking. According to a doctor who treated survivors, "Many of the ringleaders were approached by guards and shot systematically. Some had their hands in the air surrendering. Some were lying on the ground". One of the leaders, Elliott James "L.D." Barkley, who was frequently featured in news coverage, was allegedly alive after the initial retaking. Assemblyman Arthur Eve testified that Barkley was alive after the prisoners had surrendered and the state regained control; another inmate stated that the officers searched Barkley out, yelling his name, and executed him with a shot to the back. Sam Melville, a member of the committee that helped organize and draft inmates' demands and who was known in the prison as a radical, was allegedly shot while he had his hands in the air trying to surrender.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: The final death toll from the rebellion also includes the officer fatally injured by inmates during the initial uprising and three inmates who were subjected to vigilante killings by fellow inmates before the retaking of the prison. Ten hostages died from gunfire by state troopers and soldiers. The New York State Special Commission on Attica wrote, "With the exception of Indian massacres in the late 19th century, the State Police assault which ended the four-day prison uprising was the bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans since the Civil War."


title: Attica Prison riot

text: State officials, including Oswald and Rockefeller, initially stated that inmates slit the throats of many of their hostages. The false information was widely reported in the media. But, less than 24 hours later official medical examiners confirmed that all the hostages had been killed by bullets fired by law enforcement officers. The Special Commission found that state officials failed to quickly refute the early rumors and false reports.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: Troopers and prison officers set about with physically violent and humiliating reprisals. Inmates were made to strip naked and crawl through mud, broken glass, and the prisoners' hand-dug latrines. Directed into the prison, they were forced to run hallways naked between lines of enraged officers, who beat the inmates and yelled insults and racial slurs. Some inmates, including leaders such as Frank Smith, were subject to additional reprisals and punishments, including repeated physical abuse and being locked in solitary confinement. Several days after the uprising's end, doctors treating wounded inmates reported evidence of more beatings.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: Following the uprising, protests and riots occurred in prisons across the United States, including in prisons in New York, Massachusetts, Indiana, Michigan, West Virginia, and Georgia. According to a Prisoners Solidarity Committee newsletter from September 30, 1971, "The 13 reported rebellions since the Attica massacre doubles the total number of reported prison rebellions since the beginning of this year". Numerous rallies in support of the prisoners occurred, especially in New York, but also in cities as far away as Los Angeles and Norman, Oklahoma; several rallies in support of Governor Rockefeller also took place. In addition, activists such as Angela Davis and artists such as John Lennon wrote works in support of the inmates and condemning the official response.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: At 7:30 p.m. on September 17, the radical left militant organization the Weather Underground launched a retaliatory attack on the New York Department of Corrections, exploding a bomb near Oswald's office. "The communiqué accompanying the attack called the prison system an example of 'how a society run by white racists maintains its control,' with white supremacy being the 'main question white people have to face.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: In response to public criticism, in November 1971 Governor Rockefeller established the New York State Special Commission on Attica, appointing members and naming Dean of NYU Law School Robert B. McKay as chair. Known as the McKay Commission, the commission was directed to investigate the circumstances leading up to, during, and following the events at Attica. The commission's report, published in September 1972, was critical of Rockefeller, the Department of Corrections, and New York State Police for their handling of the prison retaking and for their negligence in protecting inmates from reprisals after the riot.


title: Attica Prison riot

text: In October 1971, Robert Fischer was appointed as Special Deputy Attorney General to lead the Attica Task Force and was charged with investigating any criminal acts that may have been committed during the uprising or retaking (Fischer was later succeeded as the Attica Task Force leader by Anthony Simonetti). Within four years of the uprising, 62 inmates had been charged in 42 indictments with 1,289 separate counts. One state trooper was indicted for reckless endangerment.