title: Battle of Bannockburn

text: "Scots Wha Hae" is the title of a patriotic poem by Robert Burns. The chorus of Scotland's unofficial national anthem "Flower of Scotland" refers to Scotland's victory over Edward and the English at Bannockburn.


title: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Many artworks depict the battle. John Duncan and Eric Harald Macbeth Robertson both painted Bruce's encounter with de Bohun. John Phillip painted Bruce receiving the sacrament on the eve of the battle. John Hassall painted a similar theme. A painting by William Findlay depicts Bruce at the battle.


title: Adèle Exarchopoulos

text: Adèle Exarchopoulos (; born 22 November 1993 in Paris) is a French actress. She is best known for her leading role as Adèle in "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" (2013), for which she earned international attention and critical acclaim; at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, she became the youngest person in the history of the festival to be awarded the Palme d'Or. For her performance in "Blue Is the Warmest Colour", she won the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress, the César Award for Most Promising Actress, and the Trophée Chopard Award for Female Revelation of the Year, among dozens of other accolades.


title: Adèle Exarchopoulos

text: Exarchopoulos grew up in the 19th arrondissement of Paris, near the Place des Fêtes. Her father, Didier Exarchopoulos, whose father was Greek, is a guitar teacher, and her mother, Marina Niquet, is a French nurse.


title: Adèle Exarchopoulos

text: In 2006, Exarchopoulos was spotted by an agent and made her first television appearance in an episode of the French police series "R.I.S, police scientifique". At thirteen, she had a role in the 2007 film "Boxes". She also appeared in the films "Les Enfants de Timpelbach" (2008), "The Round Up" (2010), "Turk's Head" (2010), "Chez Gino" (2011), "Carré blanc" (2011), "Pieces of Me" (2012) and "I Used to Be Darker" (2013).


title: Adèle Exarchopoulos

text: She attracted international attention and critical acclaim for her performance in "Blue Is the Warmest Colour", a 2013 film based on the 2010 French graphic novel of the same name. The film won the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Exarchopoulos and co-star Léa Seydoux were awarded the Palme d'Or alongside director Abdellatif Kechiche, becoming the only women apart from director Jane Campion to have won the award; Exarchopoulos is the youngest person to ever receive the award.


title: Adèle Exarchopoulos

text: She received critical praise and her performance was cited as one of the year's best. IndieWire critic Eric Kohn stated that he believed Exarchopoulos' performance was the best female performance of 2013. Her performance was praised for its "rawness."


title: Adèle Exarchopoulos

text: Exarchopoulos discussed her process with "The New York Times", explaining: "Abdellatif tried to keep us close to reality. He asked us to play with our own emotions. For example, I kept my own voice. It’s very subtle, very delicate, the things that are a part of you and the things that are a part of your character". In March 2014, she was in consideration to play Tiger Lily in "Pan" but lost to Rooney Mara. She then appeared in "The Last Face" alongside Javier Bardem and Charlize Theron, directed by Sean Penn, which premiered in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Adèle Exarchopoulos

text: She plays Judith in the 2015 period drama film "Les Anarchistes". She also appeared in "Racer and the Jailbird", a film by Belgian film director Michaël R. Roskam, and "Orphan", a French film by Arnaud des Pallières in 2017.


title: Adèle Exarchopoulos

text: Exarchopoulos and actor Jérémie Laheurte began dating in 2012 during the filming of "Blue Is the Warmest Colour", but they ended their relationship in 2015. She and her partner, French rapper Mamadou Coulibaly, known as Doums, member of French hip hop collective group L'entourage, have a son, born in 2017. They separated in 2021.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The national flag of Poland () consists of two horizontal stripes of equal width, the upper one white and the lower one red. The two colours are defined in the Polish constitution as the national colours. A variant of the flag with the national coat of arms in the middle of the white fess is legally reserved for official use abroad and at sea. A similar flag with the addition of a white eagle is used as the naval ensign of Poland.


title: Flag of Poland

text: White and red were officially adopted as national colours in 1831, although these were associated with Poland since the Middle Ages and were emphasized on royal banners. They are of heraldic origin and derive from the tinctures (colours) of the coats of arms of the two constituent nations of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (i.e., the White Eagle of Poland, and the Pursuer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a white knight riding a white horse), both on a red shield.


title: Flag of Poland

text: Until 1831, Polish soldiers wore cockades of various colour combinations. The national flag was officially adopted in 1919. Since 2004, Polish Flag Day has been celebrated on 2 May.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The flag is flown continuously on the buildings of the highest national authorities, such as the parliament and the presidential palace. Other institutions and many Polish people fly the national flag on national holidays and other special occasions of national significance. Current Polish law does not restrict the use of the national flag without the coat of arms, as long as the flag is not disrespected.


title: Flag of Poland

text: Horizontal bicolours of white and red being a relatively widespread design, several flags are similar but unrelated to the Polish one. Two national flags (Indonesia and Monaco) have the red stripe above the white one. In Poland, many flags based on the national design also feature the national colours.


title: Flag of Poland

text: It is one of five flags that use the 5:8 ratio. The other four flags include those of Argentina, Guatemala, Palau, and Sweden.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The colours and flags of the Republic of Poland are described in two legal documents: the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997 and the Coat of Arms, Colours and Anthem of the Republic of Poland and State Seals Act () of 1980 with subsequent amendments (henceforth referred to as "the Coat of Arms Act").


title: Flag of Poland

text: Legislation concerning the national symbols is far from perfect. The Coat of Arms Act has been amended several times and refers extensively to executive ordinances, some of which have never been issued. Moreover, the Act contains errors, omissions and inconsistencies which make the law confusing, open to various interpretations and often not followed in practice.


title: Flag of Poland

text: According to Chapter I, Article 28, paragraph 2 of the Constitution, the national colours of Poland are white and red. The Coat of Arms Act, Article 4, further specifies that the colours are white and red in two horizontal, parallel stripes of equal width, of which the top one is white and the bottom one is red. If the colours are displayed vertically, the white stripe is placed on the left from the onlooker's viewpoint. Attachment no. 2 to the Act shows the national colours in both horizontal and vertical alignment, as well as the official shades of both colours expressed as coordinates in the CIE xyY (CIE 1931) colour space with the tolerated colour differences (ΔE) specified in the CIE 1976 ("L"*, "u"*, "v"*) colour space (CIELUV).


title: Flag of Poland

text: The Constitution contains no mention of a national flag. Instead, the flag is defined by the Coat of Arms Act which specifies two variants of the national flag: the national flag of the Republic of Poland ("flaga państwowa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej") and the national flag with coat of arms of the Republic of Poland ("flaga państwowa z godłem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej"). Both flags are defined in Article 6 of the act as follows:


title: Flag of Poland

text: The hoist to fly ratio for both flags is 5:8. For the latter flag, the proportion between the inescutcheon of the coat of arms and the hoist is 2:5. Images of both variations of the flag can be found in attachment no. 3 to the Coat of Arms Act.


title: Flag of Poland

text: According to the Coat of Arms Act, everyone can use the Polish flag, especially during national and cultural events, as long as it is done in a respectful manner. This liberty in the use of national colours is a relative novelty. Until 2004, Polish citizens were only allowed to fly the Polish flag on national holidays. The use of both variants was restricted, but only flying the flag with coat of arms was, from 1955 to 1985, punishable by a fine or arrest for up to one year. After 1985, unauthorised use of any national symbol was an infraction. A possible explanation to such harsh measures was the fact that the officially promoted holiday of 1 May was separated by only one day from the pre-war (and current) national holiday of Poland, the anniversary of signing of the Constitution of 3 May 1791. While hoisting a flag on 1 May was acceptable, no later than the following day it had to be taken down.


title: Flag of Poland

text: That restriction and kind of state monopoly on the use of national symbols during the Communist regime made flying the Polish flag a symbol of resistance against the government. It became customary, as it still is, for workers to hoist Polish flags on plant buildings when going on strike. That is why the Polish flag, as a symbol of patriotism and resistance against the Communist rule, is part of the Solidarity trade union logo.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The following institutions are required by law to fly the national flag without coat of arms either on top or in front of their official buildings:


title: Flag of Poland

text: While the ban on using the flag without coat of arms has been lifted, the use of the national flag with coat of arms is still legally restricted and should be flown only:


title: Flag of Poland

text: In practice, however, the restriction is often ignored and the two flags, with and without the coat of arms, are treated as interchangeable. The variant with the coat of arms is particularly often used by the Polonia, or Polish diaspora outside Poland, especially in the United States.


title: Flag of Poland

text: State and local government organs are legally required, and other institutions and organisations as well as all citizens are encouraged to fly the Polish flag on the following days:


title: Flag of Poland

text: The flag is often popularly flown during important sporting events, such as the FIFA World Cup, if Polish athletes are participating; and during an official visit of a particularly important person, especially a pope, in Poland. During a pope's visit, the national flag is usually flown together with yellow and white Church flags, and white and blue Marian flags. It is uncommon to fly the national flag on personal occasions, such as birthdays or weddings.


title: Flag of Poland

text: According to polls, about one out of three Poles say they own a Polish flag, and about one out of four fly it on national holidays. Such public display of patriotism is much more common in western Poland, especially in Greater Poland, than in other parts of the country.


title: Flag of Poland

text: Flags in Poland are used according to a customary, rather than legal, flag protocol. Apart from the obligation to treat the flag with due respect, Polish law does not offer a detailed code of correct usage of the Polish flag. Some organisations and public institutions, such as the Heraldic and Vexillological Institute


title: Flag of Poland

text: and the Supreme Chamber of Control have proposed written flag protocols for the Polish flag, based on custom, flag protocols of other countries such as India and the United States, and common sense. These guidelines, however, are not legally binding.


title: Flag of Poland

text: Traditionally, the national flag is reserved to serve either informative or festive purposes. A single specimen of the flag on or in front of a public office building indicates its official role. Multiple flags, on the other hand, are normally used to decorate both public and private buildings to mark special occasions, such as national holidays.


title: Flag of Poland

text: In Polish heraldry, the tincture of the charge has priority in relation to the tincture of the field. In the case of Polish national colours, white, the colour of the White Eagle, should always be placed in a more honorable position than red, the colour of the field of the Polish coat of arms. In the most usual, horizontal alignment, this means that the white stripe is placed above the red one. If the alignment is vertical, the white stripe should be on the left from the onlooker's point of view. If the flag is hung vertically above a street, the white stripe should be placed on the left when looking in the direction of increasing house numbers. If it drapes a coffin, the white stripe should be placed over the heart.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The flag should be raised before 8 a.m. and lowered at sunset, and if flown at night, it should be illuminated. During a ceremonial raising of the flag, the national anthem is played so that the timing of the raising matches the duration of the anthem. Civilians pay respect by standing in a dignified manner; additionally, men uncover their heads. Members of uniformed services stand at attention; if their uniform includes headgear and they are not standing in an organised group, they also perform the two-finger salute. Colour guards dip their banners to the flag. (See video)


title: Flag of Poland

text: According to generally accepted standards of respect, the national flag should never be dipped to any person or thing. Care should be taken to prevent the flag from touching the ground, floor or water beneath it. It should be also secured from being torn off or falling to the ground and it should not be flown outdoors during a heavy rain, blizzard or very strong wind. The flag should never be flown dirty, torn or faded. When no longer in a fit condition to be used, it should be disposed of in a dignified manner, preferably by cutting it in half so as to separate the colours and then, burning.


title: Flag of Poland

text: When displayed with other flags, the Polish flag should be raised first and lowered last. Each flag must be flown from a separate pole of the same height, but the flag of Poland should be always placed in the most honorable position. It means that if the total number of flags is even, the Polish flag should be placed to its right of the other flags. If the total number of flags is odd, it should be placed in the middle. Alternatively, two Polish flags may be placed, one at each end of the row of flags. The order of precedence for flags is as follows:


title: Flag of Poland

text: The President of the Republic may announce a period of national mourning. During that time Polish flags are flown at half-staff. If a flag is flown from a wooden pole rather than a staff or mast, a black ribbon is attached to the pole as a sign of mourning or a black flag is flown to its left from the national flag.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The earliest vexilloids (flag-like objects) used in Poland were known as "stanice" and probably resembled the Roman "vexillum", that is a cloth draped vertically from a horizontal crosspiece attached to a wooden pole or spear. They served as both religious and military symbols as early as 10th century. With Poland's conversion to Christianity in 966, the "stanice" were probably Christianized by replacing pagan symbols with Christian ones. The royal banner of arms dates back to the reign of King Boleslaus the Generous (r. 1076–1079), but it was during the reign of King Ladislaus the Short (r. 1320–1333) that a red cloth emblazoned with the White Eagle of the arms of Poland was finally established as the Banner of the Kingdom of Poland, a symbol of royal authority used at coronations and in battles.


title: Flag of Poland

text: In the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), a banner of the Commonwealth was also used, combining the heraldic symbols of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Commonwealth banner was initially plain white emblazoned with the arms of the Commonwealth which consisted of the heraldic charges of Poland (White Eagle) and Lithuania (Pursuer). Since both Polish and Lithuanian coats of arms consisted of white ("Argent") charges in a red ("Gules") field, these two colours started to be used for the entire banner. During the 17th century, the banner was usually divided into two, three or four horizontal, often swallow-tailed, stripes of red and white.


title: Flag of Poland

text: In the 18th and 19th centuries, European nations used cockades, or knots of coloured ribbons pinned to the hat, to denote the nationality of their military. In Poland, until 1831, there was no consensus as to what the colours of the national cockade should be. Polish soldiers wore white, white-and-red, blue-and-red or blue-white-red cockades.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The custom came to Poland from Saxony during the reign of Augustus II (r. 1697–1733), King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. During that time, the cockade worn by the Polish military had, like in Saxony, the form of a white silk ribbon with a knot in the middle. It was later replaced with a circular white cockade wrinkled toward the center, patterned after the cockade of the Kingdom of France. During the reign of King Stanislaus Augustus (r. 1764–1795), a white-and-red cockade came into use alongside the plain white one. In 1791, the Military Commission introduced a metal cross pattée as a more durable alternative to the cockade. However, many soldiers continued to either pin the cross to the cockade or wear the cockade without the cross. Polish military leaders and national heroes of the time, such as General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Prince Józef Poniatowski pinned plain white "national" cockades to their hats.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The patriotic and staunchly Catholic members of the Bar Confederation of 1768–1772 adopted crimson – the symbol of Polish "szlachta", or nobility – and blue – symbolizing Virgin Mary – as their colours. These, as well as white-and-red, were considered national colours during the Great Sejm of 1788–1792. White and red were first publicly used as national colours by civilians on 3 May 1792 in Warsaw, during a celebration of the first anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of 1791. Meanwhile, the political left wore the blue-white-red cockades of the French Revolution. Polish Legions created in 1797 in French-controlled republics in Italy, used either national cockades of the particular Italian republics in which they served or the French tricolour cockade. In the latter case, the red and blue colours were replaced with crimson and navy blue respectively, hues considered to be traditionally Polish. The General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland, which sought to revive the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the French invasion of Russia in 1812, adopted red-and-blue cockades, symbolizing the unity of Poland (red) and Lithuania (blue). The military of the French-controlled Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815) and the Russian-controlled Congress Kingdom of Poland (1815–1831) used the white cockade, which was also worn by the cadets who started the November Uprising against Russian rule on 29 November 1830.


title: Flag of Poland

text: During the uprising, the Sejm realized the need for unified national insignia that could be used by the Polish military. On 7 February 1831 it adopted white and red, the tinctures (colours) of the Polish and Lithuanian coats of arms, as the national cockade of Poland. The white-and-red cockade was henceforth worn by Polish soldiers in the November Uprising, as well as by participants of the Kraków Uprising of 1846, Polish freedom fighters in the Grand Duchy of Posen and the Austrian Empire during the Spring of Nations of 1848, and Polish insurgents during the January Uprising of 1863–1864. White and red colours were also used by civilians to show their protest against the Russian rule, as well as by people in France, Britain, Germany, Belgium and other countries as a sign of their sympathy with the Polish cause. The Sejm's decision was not, however, immediately accepted by all. Left-wing politicians of the time, such as Joachim Lelewel, continued to regard the revolutionary blue, white and red as true national colours. Tricolour standards were used by some Polish guerrilla units during the January Uprising.


title: Flag of Poland

text: White-and-red flags were first waved during a patriotic demonstration on 3 May 1916 in Warsaw. The organizing committee advised participants about the correct alignment of the colours, that is with the white stripe above the red one. Still, many demonstrators brought flags with the red stripe on top. On 1 August 1919, almost a year after Poland regained independence in November 1918, the Sejm officially introduced a white-and-red bicolour as the Polish national flag. In order to avoid confusion with the white-and-red maritime signal flag used internationally by harbor pilots and tugboats, the same act of Sejm introduced a variant of the flag with the coat of arms in the white stripe for use as a civil ensign and by Polish diplomats and consuls abroad.


title: Flag of Poland

text: Apart from changes in the legal specifications of the shades of the national colours (see the section below), the basic design of the Polish flag, including the 5:8 ratio, has remained unchanged to this day. The flag with coat of arms was only modified to adjust to the changes in the coat of arms itself. Major modifications included a change in the stylisation of the eagle from Classicist to Baroque in 1927 and the removal of the crown from the eagle's head during the Communist rule from 1944 to 1990. In that period, Poland was one of the few socialist states in the Eastern Bloc (apart from the flag of Cuba) not to adorn communist symbolism on its flag.


title: Flag of Poland

text: 20th-century Polish insurgents wore white-and-red brassards (armbands) which played a role similar to the cockade of previous centuries. Such armbands were worn by Polish freedom fighters during the Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919) and Silesian Uprisings (1919–1921), as well as during the Second World War (1939–1945) by the soldiers of the Home Army (AK) and Peasants' Battalions (BCh) – usually emblazoned with the acronyms of their formations. During the Second World War, Polish soldiers raised the Polish flag on several sites of their victories. On 18 May 1944, after an Allied victory over the German forces in the Battle of Monte Cassino, a patrol of the 12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment (part of the Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division) raised a Polish flag on ruins of the Monte Cassino abbey in Italy. On 1 August 1944, the first day of the Warsaw Uprising, a white-and-red flag was hoisted on the Prudential building, Warsaw's tallest skyscraper of the time. During the liberation of Warsaw by Soviet forces and Polish People's Army on 17 January 1945, Polish flags were raised on the Belvedere palace and ruins of the Main Railway Station. On 2 May 1945, after the capture of Berlin, soldiers of the 7th Battery, 3rd Division, 1st Light Artillery Regiment planted Polish flags on the Berlin Victory Column.


title: Flag of Poland

text: Polish flags were also used by anti-government demonstrators under the Communist rule. During the bloody riots of 1956 in Poznań and 1970 in Gdynia, protesters carried flags that were blood-stained on the white stripe.


title: Flag of Poland

text: Until 1927, the exact shades of the national colours were not legally specified. In practice, the actual hue, particularly of red, depended on what kind of red dye was available. In pre-partition Poland, crimson, due to its high price, was a colour associated with the rich and the privileged. It could be obtained from the domestically harvested Polish cochineal, although imported alternatives were also available: kermes from the Mediterranean Basin (hence "karmazyn", the Polish name of the colour) and Mexican cochineal after the discovery of the New World. Crimson was reserved for the nobility and considered a symbol of the aristocracy, so that "karmazyn" became synonymous with a magnate. A royal ban on wearing this colour could be a form of punishment; in the 14th century, the Nałęcz clan of Greater Poland were forbidden to dress in crimson for their ancestors' complicity in the assassination of King Premislaus in 1296. In the first half of the 19th century, due to the influence of French fashion, crimson was largely replaced with the cheaper amaranth.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The National Cockade Act of 1831 did not specify the shade of red, for which it was criticised by Joachim Lelewel, nor did the Coat of Arms and National Colours Act of 1919. In 1921, the Ministry of Military Affairs issued a pamphlet with illustrations of the Polish flag and other national symbols which used the crimson shade of red.


title: Flag of Poland

text: The pamphlet was not, however, an official source of law and was published for informative purpose only. The shade of red was first legally specified by a presidential decree of 13 December 1927 which stipulated that the official shade was vermilion. This specification was upheld by a decree of 7 December 1955. The Coat of Arms Act of 31 January 1980 replaced the verbal prescription with trichromatic coordinates in the CIE colour space as proposed by Nikodem Sobczak, an expert in colorimetry,


title: Flag of Poland

text: The flag of the Grand Duchy of Posen, a Polish-populated autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia created in 1815, was a red-and-white horizontal bicolour. Its colours were taken from the duchy's coat of arms which consisted of the Prussian Black Eagle with an inescutcheon of the Polish White Eagle. With Germany's increasingly anti-Polish policy and a rising identification of white and red as Polish national colours, the red-and-white flag of Posen was replaced in 1886 with a white-black-white horizontal triband.


title: Flag of Poland

text: Today, many flags used in Poland are based on the design of the national flag. This applies especially to flags defined by Polish law and used by the Polish military and other uniformed services, such as the naval ensign – a swallow-tailed horizontal bicolour of white and red defaced with the arms of Poland in the white stripe. Flags of some administrative subdivisions also resemble the national flag. Examples include the former flag of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship – a horizontal bicolour of white and red defaced with the arms of the voivodeship – or the flag of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship – a horizontal tricolour of white, yellow and red with the yellow stripe half as wide as any of the other two.


title: Flag of Poland

text: Polish law says that treating the national symbols, including the flag, "with reverence and respect" is the "right and obligation" of every Polish citizen and all state organs, institutions and organisations. Public disrespect, destruction or intentional removal of the flag is considered a crime punishable by a fine, penal servitude or up to one year of imprisonment. Official statistics show that crimes against national symbols are rare: 43 such crimes in 2003 and 96 in 2004 were less than 0.001% of all crimes registered in Poland in those years. Other, unspecified violation of regulations on the Polish flag is an infraction, punishable by a fine or up to one month imprisonment.


title: Flag of Poland

text: In 2018, marchers at the Equality March in Częstochowa carried a modified version of the flag of Poland in rainbow colours. They were reported to prosecutors for the desecration of national symbols of Poland, but the prosecutors determined that no crime had been committed.


title: IPA vowel chart with audio

text: This chart provides audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart.


title: IPA vowel chart with audio

text: The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.


title: IPA vowel chart with audio

text: Within the chart “close”, “open”, “mid”, “front”, “central”, and “back” refer to the placement of the sound within the mouth. At points where two sounds share an intersection, the left is unrounded, and the right is rounded which refers to the shape of the lips while making the sound.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Andre Jamal Drummond (born August 10, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round of the 2012 NBA draft with the ninth overall pick.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Drummond was one of the top-rated basketball players in the high school class of 2011, and played one season of college basketball with the Connecticut Huskies before declaring for the draft. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team with Detroit in 2013, and was named an All-Star for the first time in 2016. He was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2020. After reaching a buyout agreement with Cleveland in 2021, he joined the Los Angeles Lakers for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. Drummond has also played for the Philadelphia 76ers and Brooklyn Nets. Drummond has perennially been among the league leaders in rebounding. He was a member of the 2014 U.S. national team that won a gold medal in the FIBA Basketball World Cup.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Born in Mount Vernon, New York to Jamaican parents, Drummond moved to Middletown, Connecticut as a 7-year-old with his mother and sister, then went to Woodrow Wilson Middle School before starting high school at Capital Preparatory Magnet School in Hartford, Connecticut. During his freshman year, he averaged 12.7 points, 11.9 rebounds and 6.5 blocks per game. He improved during his sophomore year at Capital Prep, averaging 20.2 points, 16.6 rebounds, 7.2 blocks and 4.5 steals per game. After two years at Capital Preparatory Magnet School, he transferred to St. Thomas More. At St. Thomas More in Oakdale, Connecticut, Drummond was one of the most dominating centers in high school basketball. He spent two years at St. Thomas More and led the team to the national prep championship in 2011. He graduated in the spring that year.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Drummond was rated as the No. 1 player in the class of 2011 by ESPN and NBADraft.net, while being ranked No. 2 player by Rivals.com and Scout.com. In the summer of 2010, Drummond was a member of the gold medal-winning United States team at the 2010 FIBA Under-17 World Championship. He helped lead team USA to a 111–80 victory over Poland in the gold medal game.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Drummond initially declared he would spend a postgraduate year at Wilbraham & Monson Academy in 2011–12. Two weeks later on August 26, 2011, he announced via Twitter that instead he intended to attend the University of Connecticut. According to ESPN, the decision "created a media frenzy due to the sheer surprise." Drummond had also been considering attending Kentucky, Louisville, Georgetown, or West Virginia.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Drummond appeared in 34 games as a freshman at UConn, starting 30 times. He averaged 28.4 minutes of playing time per game, during which he scored 10.0 points and grabbed 7.6 rebounds. He led the team in rebounds per game, blocks per game (2.7) and field goal percentage (.538). He scored 20+ points in 2 games during the season, including a 24-point performance against Holy Cross, in which he shot 11-of-12 from the field. Drummond's collegiate career ended in the first round of the NCAA Tournament, as the ninth-seeded Huskies fell to eight-seed Iowa State. The freshman center scored two points before fouling out in 26 minutes. A month later, Drummond announced his decision to enter the 2012 NBA draft.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Drummond was selected by the Detroit Pistons with the ninth overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft. In his rookie season, Drummond averaged 7.9 points, 7.6 rebounds, 1.0 steal and 1.6 blocks in 20.7 minutes per game. On May 14, 2013, he was named to the 2012–13 NBA All-Rookie Second Team. He also finished fourth in NBA Rookie of the Year voting.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On January 24, 2014, Drummond recorded a then career-high 20 rebounds to go with 20 points in a loss to the New Orleans Pelicans. On February 14, Drummond scored 30 points and an NBA Rising Stars Challenge record 25 rebounds, and was named the MVP of the event. On March 3, Drummond recorded 17 points and a then career-high 26 rebounds in a win over the New York Knicks.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On March 11, 2015, Drummond recorded 22 points and a season-high 25 rebounds in a loss to the Golden State Warriors. This was Drummond's fourth 20-point, 20-rebound game over the previous two seasons, the most in the NBA in that time span. On March 29, Drummond recorded a then career-high 32 points in a loss to the Miami Heat.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Drummond recorded double-doubles in each of the Pistons' first three games of the 2015–16 season, helping lead the team to an NBA-tying-best 3–0 record for the first time since the 2008–09 season. He became the first Pistons player to record three consecutive double-doubles to start the season since Ben Wallace in 2004–05. He was subsequently named the Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the first week of the season, becoming the first Piston to win the award since Rodney Stuckey did so in December 2009. On November 3, Drummond recorded 25 points and a career-high 29 rebounds in a loss to the Indiana Pacers, becoming the first Piston with back-to-back 20/20 games since 1985. On November 8, he recorded 29 points and 27 rebounds in a win over the Portland Trail Blazers, joining Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Wilt Chamberlain as the only players with three 20/20 games in the first six games of a season. He was subsequently named the Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the second week of the season, becoming the first Piston to win player of the week in consecutive weeks, and the first player to win the award in the first two weeks of the season since LeBron James in 2011–12. On November 21, Drummond's streak of 11 consecutive double-doubles to begin the season came to an end. This was the longest streak by a Piston since Dave DeBusschere recorded 13 consecutive double-doubles in 1966–67. On December 18, Drummond recorded 21 rebounds and a career-high 33 points in a 147–144 quadruple-overtime win over the Chicago Bulls. He became the first Pistons player with at least 30 points and 20 rebounds in a game since Dennis Rodman in 1990–91.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On January 20, 2016, Drummond set an NBA record for free throws missed in a game with 23, surpassing the previous record of 22 set by Wilt Chamberlain on December 1, 1967. He also set a career high and franchise record by attempting 36 free throws. On January 28, Drummond earned his first NBA All-Star Game selection as a reserve for the Eastern Conference in the 2016 NBA All-Star Game. During the All-Star weekend, he also participated in the Slam Dunk Contest. On February 27, he recorded his league-leading 50th double-double of the season with 15 points and 17 rebounds in a 102–91 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On March 2, Drummond recorded nine points and 14 rebounds against the San Antonio Spurs, ending his career high and the league's season high of consecutive double-doubles at 13 straight. The Pistons finished the regular season as the eighth seed in the Eastern Conference with a 44–38 record, earning a playoff berth for the first time since 2009. They went on to be swept in their first-round match-up against the eventual NBA champions, the Cleveland Cavaliers, in a highly competitive series.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On July 15, 2016, Drummond re-signed with the Pistons on a five-year, $130 million contract. On October 30, he recorded 20 points and 23 rebounds in a 98–83 win over the Milwaukee Bucks, setting his 10th career game with at least 20 points and 20 rebounds. With 20 points and 17 rebounds on November 19 against the Boston Celtics, Drummond reached 4,000 career rebounds. At 23 years and 101 days, he became the second-youngest player to reach the milestone, trailing only Dwight Howard (22 years, 129 days). On December 7, he recorded a season-high 26 points and 20 rebounds in an 87–77 loss to the Charlotte Hornets. On March 17, 2017, he grabbed 22 rebounds in an 87–75 loss to the Toronto Raptors. It was the 34th time he had 20 rebounds in a game, including seven in 2016–17.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On October 23, 2017, Drummond recorded 14 points and 14 rebounds in a 97–86 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers. He moved into sixth place on Detroit's career rebounding list, passing Walter Dukes. Two days later, in a 122–101 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves, Drummond recorded his 5,000th career rebound in the first quarter, becoming the sixth Pistons player to reach that total. At 24 years, 76 days, he became the second-youngest player to reach the milestone, trailing only Dwight Howard (23 years, 112 days). On November 10, he recorded 16 points, 20 rebounds and a then career-high seven assists in a 111–104 win over the Atlanta Hawks, moving the Pistons to a 9–3 record—their best start to a season since the 2005–06 season. Drummond went on to become the first player to grab at least 200 rebounds in the first 13 games of two different seasons since Dennis Rodman did it three times for three different teams in the 1990s. On November 27, he recorded season highs of 26 points and 22 rebounds in a 118–108 win over the Boston Celtics. He also had six assists and four steals, becoming the first player with that many points, rebounds, assists and steals since Charles Barkley in January 1990.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On December 14, Drummond recorded 12 points, 19 rebounds and a career-high eight assists in a 105–91 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On January 24, Drummond recorded 30 points, 24 rebounds, six blocked shots, four assists and three steals in a 98–95 overtime loss to the Utah Jazz. He became the first player to record such stats in a game since 1973–74, when the NBA first began to record blocks and steals. During the game, Drummond reached 2,000 offensive rebounds for his career, becoming the youngest player to reach the milestone at 24 years, 167 days, surpassing the previous record held by Howard at 25 years, 86 days. On January 30, he was named as a replacement for John Wall in the 2018 NBA All-Star Game. On February 3, he recorded 23 points, 20 rebounds, four steals and four blocks in a 111–107 win over the Miami Heat. Drummond had at least 20 points and 20 rebounds for the sixth time in 2017–18 and became the first player with at least 20 points, 20 rebounds, four steals and four blocks since Hakeem Olajuwon on December 22, 1989. Four days later, he recorded 17 points and a season-high 27 rebounds in a 115–106 win over the Brooklyn Nets. On March 29, he recorded 24 points and 23 rebounds in a 103–92 win over the Washington Wizards. It was his 20th 20/20 game of his career, the most of any NBA player since he joined the league in 2012. Drummond concluded the regular season averaging 16 rebounds per game, becoming the first player since Rodman in 1997 to average 16 rebounds per game in a season and only the second player in the last 40 years.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On November 5, 2018, Drummond recorded 25 points and 24 rebounds in a 120–115 overtime loss to the Miami Heat. On January 31, Drummond recorded 24 points and 20 rebounds in a 93–89 victory over the Dallas Mavericks. During the game, he became the Pistons' all-time career leader in offensive rebounds with 2,431, surpassing the previous record held by Bill Laimbeer. On February 8, he had his ninth 20/20 game of the season with 29 points and 20 rebounds in a 120–103 win over the New York Knicks.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On February 11, Drummond scored a season-high 32 points against the Washington Wizards. On March 8, he recorded 20 points and 24 rebounds, including 14 points and 18 rebounds in the second half, to help the Pistons overcome a 21-point deficit in a 112–104 victory over the Chicago Bulls. This was Drummond's league-leading 11th 20/20 game of the season. He was subsequently named the Eastern Conference Player of the Week. He averaged 22.3 points (67% FG), 18.0 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 1.3 blocks and 1.3 steals per game in three games. On March 11 against the Brooklyn Nets, Drummond's 19th straight double-double tied him with Bob Lanier (1974–75) for the longest such streak in Pistons' team history. His streak was snapped two days later when he had five points and nine rebounds against the Heat. Later that month, he reached 1,000 points, 1,000 rebounds, 100 blocks and 100 steals for the fourth season of his career, the most in NBA history since steals and blocks were first recorded in the 1973–74 season. In April, he broke his own single-season franchise record with his 67th double-double.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Drummond began the 2019–20 season with 32 points and 23 rebounds in a win over the Indiana Pacers, joining Charles Barkley (1992) and George McGinnis (1977) as the only players with a 30-point and 20-rebound game in the season opener since the merger.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On February 6, 2020, the Pistons traded Drummond to the Cleveland Cavaliers, in exchange for Brandon Knight, John Henson, and a 2023 second-round draft pick. On March 26, 2021, the Cavaliers reached a buy-out with Drummond.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On March 28, 2021, Drummond signed a 1-year contract worth $794,536 with the Los Angeles Lakers, adding an offensive boost to a team without injured stars LeBron James and Anthony Davis. With the Lakers, he played 21 games—all starts—and averaged 11.9 points, 10.2 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 24 minutes per game. Although healthy, he did not play in Game 6 in the first round of the playoffs against the Phoenix Suns, when the Lakers were eliminated 4–2.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On August 4, 2021, Drummond signed a 1-year contract worth $2.4 million veteran's minimum contract with the Philadelphia 76ers.


title: Andre Drummond

text: On February 10, 2022, Drummond was traded, along with Ben Simmons, Seth Curry and two future first-round picks, to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for James Harden and Paul Millsap. On February 14, in his debut for the Nets, Drummond recorded 11 points and nine rebounds in a 109–85 win against the Sacramento Kings to help his new team end an 11-game losing streak. On February 23, Drummond changed his number from 4 to 0 since Jevon Carter was waived.


title: Andre Drummond

text: Drummond was a member of the 2014 U.S. national team that won the gold medal at the FIBA Basketball World Cup. Over the span of the tournament, he averaged 3.0 points and 2.5 rebounds in eight games.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: Alex O'Loughlin (born 24 August 1976) is an Australian actor, writer, director, and producer, who played Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett on CBS' remake of the TV series "Hawaii Five-0" (2010–2020). He had starring roles in the films "Oyster Farmer" (2004) and "The Back-up Plan" (2010), as well as on such television series as "Moonlight" (2007-2008) and "Three Rivers" (2009-2010).


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: O'Loughlin was born on 24 August 1976, in Canberra, Australia. He is of Irish and Scottish descent. His father is a physics and astronomy teacher in Sydney and his mother is a nurse.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: O'Loughlin suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder when he was a child. He enrolled at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney in 1999 and graduated in June 2002 after completing a three-year, full-time Bachelor of Dramatic Art program.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: O'Loughlin began working in short films and fringe theatre as a teenager in Sydney. One of his first acting jobs was an extra in a commercial, playing a Marine. After graduating from NIDA (National Institute of Dramatic Arts), he began his career in Australian television and film productions. Some of his TV credits include roles in "BlackJack: Sweet Science", "Love Bytes" and "White Collar Blue".


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: In 2004, he landed his first film role, the lead in "Oyster Farmer". He later appeared in "Man-Thing", "Feed", and in the Australian mini-series "The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant", for which he was nominated as Best Lead Actor in Television from the Australian Film Institute Awards in 2005 and as Most Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series from the Logie Awards in 2006. O'Loughlin joined the cast of "The Shield" in 2007 as Detective Kevin Hiatt, the newest member of the strike team.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: In 2005, he screen-tested for the movie role of James Bond. As he told one interviewer: "I met with [director] Martin Campbell here in Los Angeles at his office on the Sony [Pictures] lot and he asked me to fly to London and test and we tested at Pinewood [Studios]. It was the biggest screen test I've ever done. It was very comprehensive. I had tuxedos and suits cut for it and hair cuts."


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: He left "The Shield" in 2007 after he won the lead role on the CBS series "Moonlight", where he played private investigator and vampire Mick St. John. The filming of "Moonlight" was interrupted by the Hollywood writers strike. There was speculation that the series would be dropped but fan pressure prevailed and the show was given four additional episodes to try to regain its audience share. Despite it being the highest rated show in its Friday evening slot, CBS did not commission a second season. After its cancellation, a fan-based charity campaign to win a second-season renewal for "Moonlight" by holding blood drives proved unsuccessful.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: In August 2008, CBS signed a talent development deal with O'Loughlin as the star of a TV series to be developed by writer Mark Gordon, but it did not materialise. He was cast in the lead role of the CBS hospital drama "Three Rivers", developed by producer Carol Barbee, which aired Sunday evenings in the 2009–2010 season.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: In April 2009, he guest-starred in an episode of "Criminal Minds" in the Season Four episode, "The Big Wheel", as an OCD-ridden serial killer, Vincent Rowlings. In December 2009 CBS pulled "Three Rivers" from its schedule. O'Loughlin starred alongside Jennifer Lopez in the 2010 romantic comedy film "The Back-up Plan".


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: O'Loughlin was cast in the CBS remake of "Hawaii Five-0" portraying Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett, which premiered on 20 September 2010. The show won "Favorite New TV Drama" at the 2010–11 People's Choice Awards. Subsequently, BuddyTV ranked him # 2 on its "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2010" list and # 9 in 2011.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: On 2 March 2012, CBS announced that O'Loughlin would miss shooting some episodes of "Hawaii Five-0" to seek drug treatment related to pain management medication prescribed after a shoulder injury. He was slated to miss at least one episode from the second season.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: In August 2013, the Los Angeles-based non-profit Australians in Film announced that O'Loughlin would be honored with a Breakthrough Award at a ceremony held on 24 October 2013 in Los Angeles.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: O'Loughlin's first child, a son, was born in 1997, to a girlfriend from whom he has since separated. In 2005, he began dating actress/singer Holly Valance. They separated in February 2009.


title: Alex O'Loughlin

text: He has a son, born in 2012, with model and surfer Malia Jones. O'Loughlin and Jones married in Hawaii on 18 April 2014.


title: Decision-making

text: In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. It could be either rational or irrational. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of values, preferences and beliefs of the decision-maker. Every decision-making process produces a final choice, which may or may not prompt action.


title: Decision-making

text: Research about decision-making is also published under the label problem solving, particularly in European psychological research.


title: Decision-making

text: Decision-making can be regarded as a problem-solving activity yielding a solution deemed to be optimal, or at least satisfactory. It is therefore a process which can be more or less rational or irrational and can be based on explicit or tacit knowledge and beliefs. Tacit knowledge is often used to fill the gaps in complex decision-making processes. Usually, both of these types of knowledge, tacit and explicit, are used together in the decision-making process.


title: Decision-making

text: A major part of decision-making involves the analysis of a finite set of alternatives described in terms of evaluative criteria. Then the task might be to rank these alternatives in terms of how attractive they are to the decision-maker(s) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Another task might be to find the best alternative or to determine the relative total priority of each alternative (for instance, if alternatives represent projects competing for funds) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Solving such problems is the focus of multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). This area of decision-making, although very old, has attracted the interest of many researchers and practitioners and is still highly debated as there are many MCDA methods which may yield very different results when they are applied to exactly the same data. This leads to the formulation of a decision-making paradox. Logical decision-making is an important part of all science-based professions, where specialists apply their knowledge in a given area to make informed decisions. For example, medical decision-making often involves a diagnosis and the selection of appropriate treatment. But naturalistic decision-making research shows that in situations with higher time pressure, higher stakes, or increased ambiguities, experts may use intuitive decision-making rather than structured approaches. They may follow a recognition primed decision that fits their experience, and arrive at a course of action without weighing alternatives.


title: Decision-making

text: The decision-maker's environment can play a part in the decision-making process. For example, environmental complexity is a factor that influences cognitive function. A complex environment is an environment with a large number of different possible states which come and go over time. Studies done at the University of Colorado have shown that more complex environments correlate with higher cognitive function, which means that a decision can be influenced by the location. One experiment measured complexity in a room by the number of small objects and appliances present; a simple room had less of those things. Cognitive function was greatly affected by the higher measure of environmental complexity, making it easier to think about the situation and make a better decision.


title: Decision-making

text: It is important to differentiate between problem solving, or problem analysis, and decision-making. Problem solving is the process of investigating the given information and finding all possible solutions through invention or discovery. Traditionally, it is argued that problem solving is a step towards decision making, so that the information gathered in that process may be used towards decision-making.


title: Decision-making

text: When a group or individual is unable to make it through the problem-solving step on the way to making a decision, they could be experiencing analysis paralysis. Analysis paralysis is the state that a person enters where they are unable to make a decision, in effect paralyzing the outcome. Some of the main causes for analysis paralysis is the overwhelming flood of incoming data or the tendency to overanalyze the situation at hand. There are said to be three different types of analysis paralysis.


title: Decision-making

text: On the opposite side of analysis paralysis is the phenomenon called extinction by instinct. Extinction by instinct is the state that a person is in when they make careless decisions without detailed planning or thorough systematic processes. Extinction by instinct can possibly be fixed by implementing a structural system, like checks and balances into a group or one's life. Analysis paralysis is the exact opposite where a group's schedule could be saturated by too much of a structural checks and balance system.


title: Decision-making

text: Groupthink is another occurrence that falls under the idea of extinction by instinct. Groupthink is when members in a group become more involved in the “value of the group (and their being part of it) higher than anything else”; thus, creating a habit of making decisions quickly and unanimously. In other words, a group stuck in groupthink is participating in the phenomenon of extinction by instinct.


title: Decision-making

text: Information overload is "a gap between the volume of information and the tools we have to assimilate" it. Information used in decision-making is to reduce or eliminate the uncertainty. Excessive information affects problem processing and tasking, which affects decision-making. Psychologist George Armitage Miller suggests that humans’ decision making becomes inhibited because human brains can only hold a limited amount of information. Crystal C. Hall and colleagues described an "illusion of knowledge", which means that as individuals encounter too much knowledge, it can interfere with their ability to make rational decisions. Other names for information overload are information anxiety, information explosion, infobesity, and infoxication.


title: Decision-making

text: Decision fatigue is when a sizable amount of decision-making leads to a decline in decision-making skills. People who make decisions in an extended period of time begin to lose mental energy needed to analyze all possible solutions. It is speculated that decision fatigue only happens to those who believe willpower has a limited capacity. Impulsive decision-making and decision avoidance are two possible paths that extend from decision fatigue. Impulse decisions are made more often when a person is tired of analysis situations or solutions; the solution they make is to act and not think. Decision avoidance is when a person evades the situation entirely by not ever making a decision. Decision avoidance is different from analysis paralysis because this sensation is about avoiding the situation entirely, while analysis paralysis is continually looking at the decisions to be made but still unable to make a choice.


title: Decision-making

text: Evaluation and analysis of past decisions is complementary to decision-making. See also mental accounting and Postmortem documentation.


title: Decision-making

text: Decision-making is a region of intense study in the fields of systems neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience. Several brain structures, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex, and the overlapping ventromedial prefrontal cortex are believed to be involved in decision-making processes. A neuroimaging study found distinctive patterns of neural activation in these regions depending on whether decisions were made on the basis of perceived personal volition or following directions from someone else. Patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex have difficulty making advantageous decisions.


title: Decision-making

text: A common laboratory paradigm for studying neural decision-making is the two-alternative forced choice task (2AFC), in which a subject has to choose between two alternatives within a certain time. A study of a two-alternative forced choice task involving rhesus monkeys found that neurons in the parietal cortex not only represent the formation of a decision but also signal the degree of certainty (or "confidence") associated with the decision. A 2012 study found that rats and humans can optimally accumulate incoming sensory evidence, to make statistically optimal decisions. Another study found that lesions to the ACC in the macaque resulted in impaired decision-making in the long run of reinforcement guided tasks suggesting that the ACC may be involved in evaluating past reinforcement information and guiding future action. It has recently been argued that the development of formal frameworks will allow neuroscientists to study richer and more naturalistic paradigms than simple 2AFC decision tasks; in particular, such decisions may involve planning and information search across temporally extended environments.


title: Decision-making

text: Emotion appears able to aid the decision-making process. Decision-making often occurs in the face of uncertainty about whether one's choices will lead to benefit or harm (see also Risk). The somatic marker hypothesis is a neurobiological theory of how decisions are made in the face of uncertain outcomes. This theory holds that such decisions are aided by emotions, in the form of bodily states, that are elicited during the deliberation of future consequences and that mark different options for behavior as being advantageous or disadvantageous. This process involves an interplay between neural systems that elicit emotional/bodily states and neural systems that map these emotional/bodily states. A recent lesion mapping study of 152 patients with focal brain lesions conducted by Aron K. Barbey and colleagues provided evidence to help discover the neural mechanisms of emotional intelligence.


title: Decision-making

text: Decision-making techniques can be separated into two broad categories: group decision-making techniques and individual decision-making techniques. Individual decision-making techniques can also often be applied by a group.


title: Decision-making

text: A variety of researchers have formulated similar prescriptive steps aimed at improving decision-making.


title: Decision-making

text: In the 1980s, psychologist Leon Mann and colleagues developed a decision-making process called GOFER, which they taught to adolescents, as summarized in the book "Teaching Decision Making To Adolescents". The process was based on extensive earlier research conducted with psychologist Irving Janis. GOFER is an acronym for five decision-making steps:


title: Decision-making

text: In 2007, Pam Brown of Singleton Hospital in Swansea, Wales, divided the decision-making process into seven steps:


title: Decision-making

text: In 2009, professor John Pijanowski described how the Arkansas Program, an ethics curriculum at the University of Arkansas, used eight stages of moral decision-making based on the work of James Rest:


title: Decision-making

text: It is said that establishing critical norms in a group improves the quality of decisions, while the majority of opinions (called consensus norms) do not.


title: Decision-making

text: Conflicts in socialization are divided in to functional and dysfunctional types. Functional conflicts are mostly the questioning the managers assumptions in their decision making and dysfunctional conflicts are like personal attacks and every action which decrease team effectiveness. Functional conflicts are the better ones to gain higher quality decision making caused by the increased team knowledge and shared understanding.


title: Decision-making

text: In economics, it is thought that if humans are rational and free to make their own decisions, then they would behave according to rational choice theory. Rational choice theory says that a person consistently makes choices that lead to the best situation for themselves, taking into account all available considerations including costs and benefits; the rationality of these considerations is from the point of view of the person themselves, so a decision is not irrational just because someone else finds it questionable.


title: Decision-making

text: In reality, however, there are some factors that affect decision-making abilities and cause people to make irrational decisionsfor example, to make contradictory choices when faced with the same problem framed in two different ways (see also Allais paradox).


title: Decision-making

text: Rational decision making is a multi-step process for making choices between alternatives. The process of rational decision making favors logic, objectivity, and analysis over subjectivity and insight. Irrational decision is more counter to logic. The decisions are made in haste and outcomes are not considered.


title: Decision-making

text: One of the most prominent theories of decision making is subjective expected utility (SEU) theory, which describes the rational behavior of the decision maker. The decision maker assesses different alternatives by their utilities and the subjective probability of occurrence.


title: Decision-making

text: Rational decision-making is often grounded on experience and theories that are able to put this approach on solid mathematical grounds so that subjectivity is reduced to a minimum, see e.g. scenario optimization.


title: Decision-making

text: It has been found that, unlike adults, children are less likely to have research strategy behaviors. One such behavior is adaptive decision-making, which is described as funneling and then analyzing the more promising information provided if the number of options to choose from increases. Adaptive decision-making behavior is somewhat present for children, ages 11–12 and older, but decreases in presence the younger they are. The reason children aren't as fluid in their decision making is because they lack the ability to weigh the cost and effort needed to gather information in the decision-making process. Some possibilities that explain this inability are knowledge deficits and lack of utilization skills. Children lack the metacognitive knowledge necessary to know when to use any strategies they do possess to change their approach to decision-making.


title: Decision-making

text: When it comes to the idea of fairness in decision making, children and adults differ much less. Children are able to understand the concept of fairness in decision making from an early age. Toddlers and infants, ranging from 9–21 months, understand basic principles of equality. The main difference found is that more complex principles of fairness in decision making such as contextual and intentional information don't come until children get older.


title: Decision-making

text: During their adolescent years, teens are known for their high-risk behaviors and rash decisions. Research has shown that there are differences in cognitive processes between adolescents and adults during decision-making. Researchers have concluded that differences in decision-making are not due to a lack of logic or reasoning, but more due to the immaturity of psychosocial capacities that influence decision-making. Examples of their undeveloped capacities which influence decision-making would be impulse control, emotion regulation, delayed gratification and resistance to peer pressure. In the past, researchers have thought that adolescent behavior was simply due to incompetency regarding decision-making. Currently, researchers have concluded that adults and adolescents are both competent decision-makers, not just adults. However, adolescents' competent decision-making skills decrease when psychosocial capacities become present.


title: Decision-making

text: Research has shown that risk-taking behaviors in adolescents may be the product of interactions between the socioemotional brain network and its cognitive-control network. The socioemotional part of the brain processes social and emotional stimuli and has been shown to be important in reward processing. The cognitive-control network assists in planning and self-regulation. Both of these sections of the brain change over the course of puberty. However, the socioemotional network changes quickly and abruptly, while the cognitive-control network changes more gradually. Because of this difference in change, the cognitive-control network, which usually regulates the socioemotional network, struggles to control the socioemotional network when psychosocial capacities are present.


title: Decision-making

text: When adolescents are exposed to social and emotional stimuli, their socioemotional network is activated as well as areas of the brain involved in reward processing. Because teens often gain a sense of reward from risk-taking behaviors, their repetition becomes ever more probable due to the reward experienced. In this, the process mirrors addiction. Teens can become addicted to risky behavior because they are in a high state of arousal and are rewarded for it not only by their own internal functions but also by their peers around them. A recent study suggests that adolescents have difficulties adequately adjusting beliefs in response to bad news (such as reading that smoking poses a greater risk to health than they thought), but do not differ from adults in their ability to alter beliefs in response to good news. This creates biased beliefs, which may lead to greater risk taking.


title: Decision-making

text: Adults are generally better able to control their risk-taking because their cognitive-control system has matured enough to the point where it can control the socioemotional network, even in the context of high arousal or when psychosocial capacities are present. Also, adults are less likely to find themselves in situations that push them to do risky things. For example, teens are more likely to be around peers who peer pressure them into doing things, while adults are not as exposed to this sort of social setting.


title: Decision-making

text: Biases usually affect decision-making processes. They appear more when decision task has time pressure, is done under high stress and/or task is highly complex.


title: Decision-making

text: In groups, people generate decisions through active and complex processes. One method consists of three steps: initial preferences are expressed by members; the members of the group then gather and share information concerning those preferences; finally, the members combine their views and make a single choice about how to face the problem. Although these steps are relatively ordinary, judgements are often distorted by cognitive and motivational biases, include "sins of commission", "sins of omission", and "sins of imprecision".


title: Decision-making

text: Herbert A. Simon coined the phrase "bounded rationality" to express the idea that human decision-making is limited by available information, available time and the mind's information-processing ability. Further psychological research has identified individual differences between two cognitive styles: "maximizers" try to make an optimal decision, whereas "satisficers" simply try to find a solution that is "good enough". Maximizers tend to take longer making decisions due to the need to maximize performance across all variables and make tradeoffs carefully; they also tend to more often regret their decisions (perhaps because they are more able than satisficers to recognize that a decision turned out to be sub-optimal).


title: Decision-making

text: The psychologist Daniel Kahneman, adopting terms originally proposed by the psychologists Keith Stanovich and Richard West, has theorized that a person's decision-making is the result of an interplay between two kinds of cognitive processes: an automatic intuitive system (called "System 1") and an effortful rational system (called "System 2"). System 1 is a bottom-up, fast, and implicit system of decision-making, while system 2 is a top-down, slow, and explicit system of decision-making. System 1 includes simple heuristics in judgment and decision-making such as the affect heuristic, the availability heuristic, the familiarity heuristic, and the representativeness heuristic.


title: Decision-making

text: Styles and methods of decision-making were elaborated by Aron Katsenelinboigen, the founder of predispositioning theory. In his analysis on styles and methods, Katsenelinboigen referred to the game of chess, saying that "chess does disclose various methods of operation, notably the creation of predisposition-methods which may be applicable to other, more complex systems."


title: Decision-making

text: Katsenelinboigen states that apart from the methods (reactive and selective) and sub-methods (randomization, predispositioning, programming), there are two major styles: positional and combinational. Both styles are utilized in the game of chess. The two styles reflect two basic approaches to uncertainty: deterministic (combinational style) and indeterministic (positional style). Katsenelinboigen's definition of the two styles are the following.


title: Decision-making

text: In defining the combinational style in chess, Katsenelinboigen wrote: "The combinational style features a clearly formulated limited objective, namely the capture of material (the main constituent element of a chess position). The objective is implemented via a well-defined, and in some cases, unique sequence of moves aimed at reaching the set goal. As a rule, this sequence leaves no options for the opponent. Finding a combinational objective allows the player to focus all his energies on efficient execution, that is, the player's analysis may be limited to the pieces directly partaking in the combination. This approach is the crux of the combination and the combinational style of play.


title: Decision-making

text: "Unlike the combinational player, the positional player is occupied, first and foremost, with the elaboration of the position that will allow him to develop in the unknown future. In playing the positional style, the player must evaluate relational and material parameters as independent variables. ... The positional style gives the player the opportunity to develop a position until it becomes pregnant with a combination. However, the combination is not the final goal of the positional playerit helps him to achieve the desirable, keeping in mind a predisposition for the future development. The pyrrhic victory is the best example of one's inability to think positionally."


title: Decision-making

text: According to Isabel Briggs Myers, a person's decision-making process depends to a significant degree on their cognitive style. Myers developed a set of four bi-polar dimensions, called the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The terminal points on these dimensions are: "thinking" and "feeling"; "extroversion" and "introversion"; "judgment" and "perception"; and "sensing" and "intuition". She claimed that a person's decision-making style correlates well with how they score on these four dimensions. For example, someone who scored near the thinking, extroversion, sensing, and judgment ends of the dimensions would tend to have a logical, analytical, objective, critical, and empirical decision-making style. However, some psychologists say that the MBTI lacks reliability and validity and is poorly constructed.


title: Decision-making

text: Other studies suggest that these national or cross-cultural differences in decision-making exist across entire societies. For example, Maris Martinsons has found that American, Japanese and Chinese business leaders each exhibit a distinctive national style of decision-making.


title: Decision-making

text: The Myers–Briggs typology has been the subject of criticism regarding its poor psychometric properties.


title: Decision-making

text: In the general decision-making style (GDMS) test developed by Suzanne Scott and Reginald Bruce, there are five decision-making styles: rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous. These five different decision-making styles change depending on the context and situation, and one style is not necessarily better than any other. In the examples below, the individual is working for a company and is offered a job from a different company.


title: Decision-making

text: There are a few characteristics that differentiate organizational decision-making from individual decision-making as studied in lab experiments:


title: Marisol Nichols

text: Marisol Nichols (born November 2, 1973) is an American actress, known for her roles as Nadia Yassir on the Fox series "24" and Hermione Lodge on the CW drama series "Riverdale".


title: Marisol Nichols

text: Nichols was born in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, and grew up in Naperville, Illinois, with her mother, who is of Mexican descent, and her stepfather, Randy. Her biological father is of Russian-Jewish and Hungarian-Jewish descent. She is the oldest of three siblings, having two younger brothers.


title: Marisol Nichols

text: In 1996, she appeared in episodes of "Due South" and "Beverly Hills, 90210". In 1997, she made her movie debut as Audrey Griswold in the film "Vegas Vacation" with Chevy Chase and Beverly D'Angelo. She also had supporting roles in the films "Scream 2", "Friends 'Til the End", "Can't Hardly Wait", "Jane Austen's Mafia" and "The Sex Monster".


title: Marisol Nichols

text: From 2000 to 2002, she starred in the Showtime drama series "Resurrection Blvd.". In 2001, she played Bahraini Princess (Sheika) Meriam Al Khalifa in the made-for-TV movie "The Princess and the Marine". In 2003, she made guest appearances on episodes of "Friends", "", "", "Nip/Tuck" and "Charmed". Marisol's "Charmed" episode, "Chris-Crossed", was the show's highest-rated non-season-premiere episode. In 2006, she appeared in six episodes of "Cold Case" and starred in the film "Big Momma's House 2".


title: Marisol Nichols

text: She starred in the short-lived TV series "Blind Justice" in 2005 and "In Justice", in 2006. In 2007, she starred in "24" as Special Agent Nadia Yassir. In 2008, she starred in the film "Felon" with Stephen Dorff.


title: Marisol Nichols

text: In 2010, Nichols portrayed Sarah Monahan in the short-lived supernatural crime drama "The Gates", a summer series on ABC.


title: Marisol Nichols

text: She also was a guest star in an episode of "" in 2010, as Tracy Keller, former partner and potential romantic interest for Special Agent G. Callen (Chris O'Donnell). Nichols' character appears in the . She also had a cameo in Kristin Chenoweth's music video for "I Want Somebody (Bitch About)". Nichols also portrayed "The Desert Wolf" on MTV's show "Teen Wolf".


title: Marisol Nichols

text: In 2012, Nichols starred in the ABC TV series "GCB", with Leslie Bibb, Kristin Chenoweth, Annie Potts, Jennifer Aspen and Miriam Shor.


title: Marisol Nichols

text: In 2017, Nichols began starring as Hermione Lodge, the mother of Veronica Lodge, in the teen drama series "Riverdale", loosely based on the "Archie" comic book series. On February 23, 2020, Nichols announced that she would be leaving "Riverdale" ahead of its fifth season, making season four her last on the show. However, in June 2020, Nichols revealed that after having a talk with showrunner Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, she would be staying on for season five.


title: Marisol Nichols

text: In November 1999, Nichols married Andrea Sorrentino, whom she met in Italy while filming the movie "My Father's Shoes". They later divorced. In April 2008, she married director Taron Lexton. They have a daughter, born in September 2008. In November 2018, Nichols filed for divorce.


title: Marisol Nichols

text: In an interview with "Marie Claire", Nichols stated that she was raped when she was eleven, and that it "changed the entire trajectory of [my] life in a day." This inspired her to start a non-profit organization called "Foundation for a Slavery Free World" and has regularly spoken publicly about sex trafficking and ways to prevent children from becoming trafficked victims.


title: Marisol Nichols

text: In 2012, as her career slowed down, Nichols began working with former FBI and CIA agents, Navy SEALs and Green Berets, as well as local law enforcement who have left government agencies and gone independent to help trap child sex predators. Her role involved acting as "bait", playing whatever role the situation called for, such as pretending to be a parent who was pimping out a child. In partnership with nonprofit organization "Operation Underground Railroad", Nichols' work took her across the United States and other countries globally, including Haiti and Venezuela.


title: Frances Ford Seymour

text: Frances Ford Seymour Fonda (4 April 1908 – 14 April 1950) was a Canadian-American socialite. She was the second wife of actor Henry Fonda, and the mother of actors Jane Fonda and Peter Fonda.


title: Frances Ford Seymour

text: Born in Brockville, Ontario, Canada, Seymour was the daughter of Sophie Mildred (née Bower) and Eugene Ford Seymour. According to her daughter, Jane, medical records revealed that Seymour was a victim of recurrent sexual abuse in her childhood.


title: Frances Ford Seymour

text: On 10 January 1931, she married George Tuttle Brokaw, a millionaire lawyer and sportsman. They had one child, Frances de Villers "Pan" Brokaw (10 October 1931 – 10 March 2008).


title: Frances Ford Seymour

text: A year after Brokaw died, Seymour married actor Henry Fonda on 16 September 1936, at Christ Church, New York City. She had met Fonda at Denham Studios in England on the set of the film "Wings of the Morning". The couple had two children, actress Jane (born 21 December 1937) and actor Peter (23 February 1940 – 16 August 2019), but their marriage was troubled. According to Peter Fonda, these difficulties later gave him empathy for the marital problems of actor Dennis Hopper, his co-star in the 1969 film "Easy Rider".


title: Frances Ford Seymour

text: Seymour died by suicide while she was a patient at Craig House, a sanatorium in Beacon, New York. Her suicide came three and a half months after Fonda asked her for a divorce. She is buried in Ogdensburg Cemetery, Ogdensburg, New York.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: The Cleveland Show is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Richard Appel, and Mike Henry for the Fox Broadcasting Company. A spin-off of "Family Guy", the series centers on Cleveland Brown, his new wife Donna Tubbs, and their children Cleveland Brown Jr., Roberta Tubbs, and Rallo Tubbs. Similar to "Family Guy", it exhibited much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture, though it uses significantly fewer than "Family Guy". Fox cancelled the series after 4 seasons. The animation was produced by Fox Television Animation.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: The series was conceived by MacFarlane in 2007 after developing "Family Guy" and "American Dad!" for the Fox network. MacFarlane centered the show on "Family Guy" character Cleveland Brown and created new characters for Cleveland's family members. One preexisting character, Cleveland's son Cleveland Jr. (Junior), was redesigned as an obese, soft-spoken teen, as opposed to his depiction as a younger, hyperactive child with average body weight on "Family Guy".


title: The Cleveland Show

text: The series premiered on September 27, 2009, and ended on May 19, 2013, with a total of 88 episodes over the course of 4 seasons. "The Cleveland Show" was nominated for one Annie Award, one Primetime Emmy Award, and two Teen Choice Awards, but received mixed reviews from media critics. Nearly a year after the series' cancelation, Cleveland returned to "Family Guy", accompanied by the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family, in the season 12 episode "He's Bla-ack!" during which his show was mercilessly mocked by his friends.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Seth MacFarlane initially conceived "The Cleveland Show" in 2007 while working on his other two animated series, "Family Guy" and "American Dad!".


title: The Cleveland Show

text: "The Cleveland Show" first appeared on the development slate at Fox in early 2008, under no official name for the pilot, after a report that Fox had purchased the series from creators. The pilot was named "The Cleveland Show" in May 2008, when it appeared on the primetime slate for the 2008–09 television season, although it wasn't officially on the network schedule. Shortly after a report that "King of the Hill" just ended, leaving air time for "The Cleveland Show", the show was picked up for a full season after an additional nine episodes of the show were ordered. In May 2009, "The Cleveland Show" appeared on the primetime slate for the 2009–10 television season, for airing on Sunday nights at 8:30 pm On June 15, 2009, it was announced that "The Cleveland Show" would premiere on September 27, 2009.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: MacFarlane and Henry pitched a 22-minute to Fox which aired on September 27, 2009 but had been leaked on the internet in June 2009. Even before the pilot episode premiered, the show had already been renewed for a 22-episode second season. After the first season of the show aired, it was given the green light to start production. On June 10, 2010, less than three weeks into the first season's summer hiatus, it was announced that Fox was ordering a third season. A fourth season was announced on May 9, 2011, just a few days before the second season concluded.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Seth MacFarlane, Mike Henry and Richard Appel have served as executive producers on the series since the first season.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Mike Henry voices two of the show's main characters: Cleveland Brown and Rallo Tubbs. The voice of Cleveland was developed originally for "Family Guy" by Henry after being influenced by one of his best friends who had a very distinct regional accent. For the voice of Rallo, Henry stated that he created the voice over twenty years before; he had used it while making prank phone calls.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Sanaa Lathan voices Donna Tubbs, the wife of Cleveland, stepmother of Cleveland Brown Jr., and mother of Roberta and Rallo Tubbs. In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers "wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge." Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low-budget film entitled "The Golden Blaze". In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as "Alien vs. Predator", "Love & Basketball" and "The Family That Preys".


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Reagan Gomez-Preston plays Roberta Tubbs, the stepdaughter of Cleveland. Gomez has stated that she uses her own voice to portray Roberta and that she herself gets mistaken for a fifteen-year-old over the phone "all the time." Before Gomez was cast as Roberta, Nia Long (who co-starred with Lathan in "The Best Man" franchise) provided the character's voice during the first thirteen episodes. According to Long, she was replaced because producers decided they wanted an actress with a younger-sounding voice, given that the character is a teenager.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Kevin Michael Richardson, a recurring guest voice on "Family Guy" and "American Dad!", portrays Cleveland, Jr., as well as Cleveland's next-door neighbor Lester Krinklesac. In portraying Cleveland, Jr., Richardson drew inspiration from a character named Patrick that he had played on the NBC drama series "ER" who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet. For Lester, Richardson stated in an interview that, being African American, he had "run into a few rednecks in [his] time", and decided to simply perform a stereotypical redneck impression for the voice of Lester.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Jason Sudeikis plays Holt Richter, one of Cleveland's drinking buddies with short stature, and Terry Kimple, one of Cleveland's longtime friends who now works with him at Waterman Cable. Sudeikis originally began as a recurring cast member, but starting with the episode "Harder, Better, Faster, Browner", he was promoted to a series regular.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a "Steve Martin impression [...] a Wild and Crazy Guy impression". Jess Harnell voices the character for the rest of the series from the next episode onward, as MacFarlane grew tired of voicing the character.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a.k.a. " Federline Jones", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn "Cookie" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar "Freight Train" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Cleveland's newly introduced family includes his new wife, Donna Tubbs Brown (voiced by Sanaa Lathan); Donna's daughter Roberta (originally voiced by Nia Long, but later voiced by Reagan Gomez-Preston); and Donna's son Rallo (also voiced by Mike Henry). Cleveland, Jr. underwent a complete redesign for the show, becoming sensitive and soft-spoken.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: "The Cleveland Show" characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa. "The Cleveland Show" crossovers have all involved two other animated programs. Both the other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane—"Family Guy" and "American Dad!". There are also many brief cameos of characters from three other Fox animated shows, "The Simpsons", "Futurama", and "King of the Hill".


title: The Cleveland Show

text: In July 2010, the Turner Broadcasting System picked up syndication rights, for their networks TBS and later, Adult Swim. The series first aired on Adult Swim in the United States on September 29, 2012. On July 14, 2018, Viacom later picked up the rights to the series and the series left Adult Swim and TBS on September 9, 2018. The series began airing on Comedy Central in the United States on October 8, 2018 until April 29, 2022 with ViacomCBS sister networks BET and VH1 airing the series starting on August 31, 2020 and September 14, 2020, respectively. The series is available for streaming on Hulu.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: On April 17, 2013, Fox dismissed increasing rumors that "The Cleveland Show" had been canceled, reporting rather that renewal of the series was undetermined as of that time. However, on May 13, 2013, in the "New York Daily News", Fox Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly confirmed the show's cancellation. Following the series cancellation, it was confirmed that Cleveland would be moving back to Quahog with the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family to rejoin the "Family Guy" cast.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: "The Cleveland Show" initially received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Metacritic gave the show a score of 57 out of 100. Tom Shales of "The Washington Post" spoke very negatively about both the show and MacFarlane himself, describing him as "no better than the dirty old man hanging around playgrounds with naughty pictures or risque jokes as lures". Roberto Bianco of "USA Today" wrote a similarly negative review, suggesting that the easiest fix for its problem was "cancellation". John McWhorter of "The New Republic" called it "a patronizing mess" and "basically "Family Guy" in blackface". He added: "What isn't black in it is so shamelessly ripped off from "Family Guy" that it's hard to believe it's the product of creators who are usually so studiously 'post-' obvious stunts of the sort."


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Matt Rouse of "TV Guide" wrote, "The lamest, most unnecessary spin-off since "Private Practice", "Cleveland" rests on the shoulders of the hopelessly bland title character". However, Rob Owen of the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" was more positive about the program, writing that although "The Cleveland Show" was "just as rude-crude" as "Family Guy", it also had "more warmth" due to Cleveland being a more likable character than Peter Griffin. Owen also praised the character of Tim the Bear, stating that "Tim is by far the most amusing creation." Jonathan Storm of the "Philadelphia Inquirer", also spoke positively, stating that "There are a few other standout items here. Cleveland's over-the-top high-pitched laugh is even more hysterical in this episode. He sounds funnier, and he shows way more personality than we've seen in his many years on Family Guy. [...] While it seems to be missing some of the over-the-top offensive bites we're used to on Family Guy, and Cleveland's new drinking buddies aren't quite as amusing as the Quagmire, Joe, and Peter combination - there's a lot to like here. It might take a while for the show to grow out of its Family Guy shadow, but with a greater focus on wacky family-focused stories, we might get to see much personality burst out of the normally sedate Cleveland." IGN gave the series an 8.6/10.


title: The Cleveland Show

text: Internationally "The Cleveland Show" is available to stream on Star on Disney + with all four seasons.


title: Adjoa Andoh

text: Adjoa Andoh Hon. FRSL (born 14 January 1963) is a British actress. On stage, she has played lead roles with the Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre, the Royal Court Theatre and the Almeida Theatre. On television, she appeared in two series of "Doctor Who" as Francine Jones, 90 episodes of the BBC's long-running medical drama "Casualty," and BBC's "EastEnders." Andoh made her Hollywood debut in autumn 2009, starring as Nelson Mandela's Chief of Staff Brenda Mazibuko alongside Morgan Freeman as Mandela in Clint Eastwood's drama film "Invictus". Since 2020, she portrays Lady Danbury in the Netflix Regency romance series "Bridgerton". In July 2022, Andoh became an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.


title: Adjoa Andoh

text: Andoh was born in Clifton, Bristol. Her mother, a teacher, was English, and her father was a journalist and musician from Ghana. Andoh grew up in Wickwar in Gloucestershire, and attended Katharine Lady Berkeley's School. She started studying law at Bristol Polytechnic, but left after two years to pursue an acting career.


title: Adjoa Andoh

text: Andoh was a member of the BBC's Radio Drama Company. Her television credits include "Casualty" (she played Colette Griffiths (née Kierney) from 2000 until 2003), "Jonathan Creek", "EastEnders" (where she played jazz singer Karen, the lodger of Rachel Kominski in 1991), and "The Tomorrow People" (where she played Amanda James in the story "The Rameses Connection" in 1995).


title: Adjoa Andoh

text: She has appeared in "Doctor Who" a number of times: in 2006 as Sister Jatt in series 2 episode "New Earth" and as Nurse Albertine in the audio drama "Year of the Pig". In 2007, she appeared in several episodes of the third series ("Smith and Jones", "The Lazarus Experiment", "42", "The Sound of Drums", and "Last of the Time Lords") as Francine Jones, the mother of Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman). She reprised her role in the finale of series 4 ("The Stolen Earth" and "Journey's End"). Andoh's other television work includes playing the head of M.I.9 in Series 3 to Series 5 of "M.I. High" and D.C.I. Ford in "Missing". In the American streaming television drama series "Bridgerton" (2020) she plays Lady Danbury. She played the guest role of Mother Nenneke in the second season of the Polish - American fantasy drama streaming television series "The Witcher" (2021).


title: Adjoa Andoh

text: She narrated the audio book versions of Alexander McCall Smith's "The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency" series of detective novels and Ann Leckie's "Imperial Radch Series" trilogy (although not all of the US editions), as well as Julia Jarman's children's books, "The Jessame Stories" and "More Jessame Stories". She also narrated the audio book version of Nnedi Okorafor's novel "Lagoon" with Ben Onwukwe, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's "Americanah". She narrated "The Power" by Naomi Alderman, former President Barack Obama’s favorite book of 2017. Her career in audio dramas has included the Voice of Planet B in the science fiction series "Planet B" on BBC Radio 7. In 2004, she was cast in the video game "Fable". In 2017 she provided the voice of war chief Sona in the video game "Horizon Zero Dawn".


title: Adjoa Andoh

text: In film, Andoh appeared in Noel Clarke's 2008 film "Adulthood" and its 2016 sequel "Brotherhood" as the mother of Clarke's character, Sam Peel. She played Chief of Staff Brenda Mazibuko opposite Morgan Freeman's Nelson Mandela in Clint Eastwood's 2009 drama film "Invictus".


title: Adjoa Andoh

text: Andoh has worked extensively in the theatre. Her credits include "His Dark Materials", "Stuff Happens" and "The Revenger's Tragedy" at the National Theatre; "A Streetcar Named Desire" (National Theatre Studio); "Troilus and Cressida", "Julius Caesar", "Tamburlaine" and "The Odyssey" (RSC); "Sugar Mummies" and "Breath Boom" (Royal Court); "Richard II" (Globe); "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" (Donmar Warehouse); "Great Expectations" (Bristol Old Vic); "Blood Wedding" (Almeida); "Nights at the Circus", "The Dispute" and "Pericles" (Lyric Hammersmith); "Julius Caesar" (The Bridge); "Purgatorio" (Arcola); "The Vagina Monologues" (Criterion); "Starstruck" (Tricycle) and "In The Red and Brown Water" (Young Vic).


title: Adjoa Andoh

text: Andoh and her husband, Howard Cunnell, a lecturer, have three children. In October 2009, Andoh was licensed as a lay preacher in the Church of England.


title: Adjoa Andoh

text: In 2022, Andoh was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Also in 2022, "AudioFile" named Andoh a Golden Voice narrator.


title: Alison Lohman

text: Alison Marion Lohman (born September 18, 1979) is an American former actress. Born in Palm Springs, California, she began her career with small roles in short and independent films. Lohman headlined the drama film "White Oleander" (2002), which earned her recognition and a Young Hollywood Award.


title: Alison Lohman

text: Lohman earned praise for her performances in the black comedy film "Matchstick Men" (2003), which won her the Hollywood Film Award for Best Supporting Actress, and the fantasy film "Big Fish" (2003). She lent her voice to the cult-animated film "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind" (2005), and starred in the television sitcom "Tucker" (2000–2001) and the critically acclaimed soap opera "Pasadena" (2001–2002).


title: Alison Lohman

text: Lohman sporadically worked in acting throughout the late 2000s, notably playing roles in the action film "Beowulf" (2007) and the drama film "Things We Lost in the Fire" (2007). Her highest-grossing film came with the horror film "Drag Me to Hell" (2009), which earned her nominations for the Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress, the Saturn Award for Best Actress, and the MTV Movie Award for Best Scared-As-Shit Performance.


title: Alison Lohman

text: In 2009, Lohman announced her retirement from acting following her marriage to director, producer and screenwriter Mark Neveldine, with whom she has three children. She has participated in three of Neveldine's projects with cameo roles.


title: Alison Lohman

text: Lohman was born and raised in Palm Springs, California, the daughter of Diane Dunham, a patisserie owner, and Gary Lohman, a Minnesota-born architect. She has one younger brother, Robert. She excelled in high school, and obtained A letter grades in all her school subjects except drama, because she suffered from shyness. During her senior year, Lohman was an awardee of the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts.


title: Alison Lohman

text: At age nine, Lohman played Gretl in "The Sound of Music" at the Palm Desert's McCallum Theater. Two years later, she won the Desert Theater League's award for Most Outstanding Actress in a Musical for the title role in "Annie". She went on to perform locally as a child singer, which included alongside Frank Sinatra at a benefit event in Palm Springs. She moved to Los Angeles in 1997 to pursue an acting career, beginning with minor roles in independent films and B movies. She was set to play a cancer patient in Tom Shadyac's 2002 film "Dragonfly", for which Lohman shaved her hair. Her scenes were later removed.


title: Alison Lohman

text: Lohman was subsequently cast in "White Oleander", an adaptation of Janet Fitch’s novel, which was directed by Peter Kosminsky. Due to her previous haircut, she had to wear a wig during filming. Released in 2002, "White Oleander" earned positive reviews, and Lohman's performance was met with widespread acclaim. It was described as her "breakthrough role" by media sources, with the "New York Times" describing her work as "the year's most auspicious screen acting début". She additionally earned praise for her roles in "Matchstick Men", released in 2003, and "Big Fish", also released in 2003. "Matchstick Men" earned Lohman's performance as an adolescent con-artist acclaim over her co-star Nicolas Cage, while "Big Fish" saw her playing the younger version of Jessica Lange's character, for which USA Today wrote that "equally delightful is the Alison Lohman character's evolution into an older woman. It's a metamorphosis to equal any in screen history."


title: Alison Lohman

text: In 2005, Lohman appeared in Atom Egoyan's "Where the Truth Lies" which originally received an NC-17 rating for its graphic sexual content, and emerged as a critical and commercial failure. Some critics, notably Roger Ebert, felt that Lohman was miscast. Her next feature of that year, "The Big White", was also panned by critics. Better received was the English language dubbing of "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind", also released in 2005, in which she voiced the titular character. Lohman beat out actress Natalie Portman for the role. The film was lauded by critics and audiences alike, and had a considerable impact on popular culture.