title: CBGB

text: Expecting Rosenblatt's resistance to lease negotiation, Kristal agreed that the rent ought to rise, but not to the $55,000 monthly that Kristal believed the BRC to want. A nonprofit corporation housing homeless above CBGB mostly through donations and government funding, the BRC had only one commercial tenant and raised its monthly rent to $35,000. Kristal and the BRC reached an agreement whereby CBGB would leave by September 30, 2006. Planning to move CBGB to Las Vegas, Kristal explained, "We're going to take the urinals. I'll take whatever I can. The movers said, 'You ought to take everything, and auction off what you don't want on eBay.' Why not? Somebody will."


title: CBGB

text: Many punk rock bands played at CBGB when they found it was going to close in hopes that their support could keep it from closing. Rocks Off, a promoter in New York, organized CBGB's final weeks of shows to book "many of the artists who made CB's famous." Avail, the Bouncing Souls, and such newer acts opened during the last week, which included multi-night stands by Bad Brains and the Dictators and an acoustic set by Blondie. The final show, broadcast live on Sirius Satellite Radio on October 15, was played by Patti Smith, helped on some songs by Flea of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Television's Richard Lloyd, too, played in a few, including "Marquee Moon". Nearly finished, Smith and band playing "Gloria" alternated the chorus with echos of "Blitzkrieg Bop"—by the Ramones—"Hey! Ho! Let's go!". During "Elegie", her final encore, Smith named musicians and other music figures who had died since playing at CBGB. On October 15, 2006, upon Patti Smith's last show at CBGB, the storied bar and club closed.


title: CBGB

text: After closing, the old CBGB venue remained open as CBGB Fashions—retail store, wholesale department, and an online store—until October 31, 2006. CBGB Fashions moved to 19–23 St. Mark's Place on November 1, and closed nearly two years later in summer 2008.


title: CBGB

text: Hilly Kristal died from complications of lung cancer on August 28, 2007. In early October, Kristal's family and friends hosted a private memorial service in the nearby YMCA. Soon, there was a public memorial, contributed to by CBGB onetime staff and by others.


title: CBGB

text: Kristal's ex-wife Karen Kristal and his daughter, Lisa Kristal Burgman, battled legally over the purported $3 million CBGB estate, and settled in June 2009 with Burgman receiving most of the money left after payment of creditors and estate taxes. In 2011, a group of unknown investors bought the remaining CBGB assets, including the associated intellectual property and original interior. The location is now occupied by John Varvatos fashions.


title: CBGB

text: In December 2015, various news outlets reported on a rebranded CBGB "reopening" at Newark International Airport - as CBGB L.A.B. (Lounge and Bar) by New York Chef chef Harold Moore; which had opened as of the end of December 2015.


title: CBGB

text: By late 2007, fashion designer John Varvatos planned to open a store in CBGB's former space, 315 Bowery, but to tastefully trail CBGB's legacy rock and roll stickers on the walls, and much of the graffiti at the toilets was preserved, as were some playbills, found behind a wall, from shows at the club's 10th anniversary in 1983. The store opened in April 2008.


title: CBGB

text: In 2008, a SoHo art gallery dedicated to music photography, the Morrison Hotel, opened a second location in the onetime CBGB Gallery at 313 Bowery, but the Morrison Hotel gallery closed in 2011. The space was then occupied by a surf-oriented Patagonia store until late 2021.


title: CBGB

text: Called the "Extra Place", the alley behind the building became a pedestrian mall. The Dead Boys' Cheetah Chrome rued, "All of Manhattan has lost its soul to money lords", yet reflected, "If that alley could talk, it's seen it all". CBGB's nomination as a landmark drew an explanation:


title: CBGB

text: Today visitors can see etched into the cement at the entrance to the clothing store, the name of the music venue and the date it was founded "CBGB '73". People often stop and take pictures of the inscription as well as the facade of the store.


title: CBGB

text: CBGB's second awning, the one in place when the club closed in 2006, was moved into the lobby of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland.


title: CBGB

text: The CBGB Festival produced large free concerts in Times Square and Central Park on July 7, 2012. They also showcased hundreds of bands in venues across the city. The festival premiered dozens of rock-n-roll movies in theaters around Manhattan.


title: CBGB

text: Directed by Randall Miller and starring Alan Rickman as Hilly Kristal, the film "CBGB", about Kristal and the origins of the club, was released in October 2013 to harsh reviews. Iconic in American popular culture, CBGB's image remained storied:


title: Catriona Gray

text: Catriona Elisa Magnayon Gray (; born 6 January 1994) is a Filipino-Australian model, singer, beauty queen, television personality, youth advocate and arts ambassador best known for having been crowned Miss Universe 2018. She is the fourth Filipina to win the Miss Universe competition. Previously, Gray was crowned Miss Universe Philippines 2018 and Miss World Philippines 2016.


title: Catriona Gray

text: Catriona Elisa Magnayon Gray was born in Cairns, Queensland, Australia to an Australian father of Scottish descent, Ian Gray, and a Filipino mother, Normita Ragas Magnayon, from Oas, Albay, Philippines. Gray is reportedly named after her paternal grandmother, Catherine Gray (née Ross), an immigrant to Western Australia from Scotland in 1952 and Elsa Magnayon (née Ragas), her maternal grandmother from Oas, Albay, Philippines.


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray was a student at Trinity Anglican School in Cairns where she was a house captain and a school chorister. She received a graduate certificate in music theory from Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. In addition, she obtained a certificate in outdoor recreation and a black belt in Choi Kwang-Do martial arts. Furthermore, Gray was lead singer of her school's jazz band; she also starred in local productions of "Miss Saigon". She portrayed the young Charley on the teen-oriented show "Click" in 2002. After graduating from high school, she moved to Manila where she worked as a commercial model.


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray is currently working in an organization called "Young Focus Philippines" in Tondo, Manila since May 2016. She is also working in other organizations like "Love Yourself Philippines" and "Smile Train".


title: Catriona Gray

text: Her foray into the world of pageantry began in 1999 when she won Little Miss Philippines in Sydney at the age of five.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 2 October 2016, Gray was crowned Miss World Philippines 2016 where she won the following special awards:


title: Catriona Gray

text: During the Top 12 question and answer round she was asked, "When you get up in the morning and look in the mirror, what do you see?", she answered:


title: Catriona Gray

text: During the final question and answer round all the five finalist were asked the same question, "Why should you be Miss World Philippines 2016?," Gray answered:


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 3 September 2017, Gray crowned Laura Lehmann as her successor at the Miss World Philippines 2017 pageant held at the Mall of Asia Arena in Pasay City, Philippines.


title: Catriona Gray

text: After winning the national competition, Gray competed at Miss World 2016 held in MGM National Harbor, in Oxon Hill, Maryland, United States where she was placed in the Top 5. Gray won the following awards:


title: Catriona Gray

text: During the question and answer portion, she was asked by the reigning Miss World 2015 Mireia Lalaguna, "Which qualities do you think it will take to wear my crown?", she answered:


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray concluded her Miss World journey by finishing as a Top 5 finalist. Stephanie Del Valle of Puerto Rico won the said pageant.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 8 January 2018, Gray submitted her application to Binibining Pilipinas to officially join the 2018 national pageant. 8 days later, Binibining Pilipinas national director Stella Araneta confirmed that Gray will be officially competing at the Binibining Pilipinas 2018 pageant.


title: Catriona Gray

text: During the national costume competition, Gray wore a Muslim princess attire from Mindanao and bagged the national costume award. On 18 March 2018, she was crowned as Miss Universe Philippines 2018 by the outgoing titleholder Rachel Peters.


title: Catriona Gray

text: In Philippine beauty pageant history, Gray is the first Filipino to represent the country in both the Miss World and Miss Universe competitions, and the second to represent the Philippines in two major international pageants, the first being Carlene Aguilar in 2005.


title: Catriona Gray

text: At her national competition, United States Ambassador to the Philippines Sung Yong Kim asked the following: "After the devastating war—Marawi is now on its way to recovery, what will be your message to the young women of Marawi?":


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 9 June 2019, Gray crowned Gazini Ganados as her successor at the Binibining Pilipinas 2019 pageant held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Philippines.


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray represented the Philippines in the 2018 Miss Universe competition on 17 December 2018 held at IMPACT Arena, Muang Thong Thani in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand.


title: Catriona Gray

text: During the national costume show presentation, Gray showcased a beaded tribal suit featuring the indigenous tribes of the ancient pagan Filipinos, alongside an oversized "Parol" painted Christmas lantern pulled by a roller device. The costume was accompanied by a pre-Christian Shamanic dance of the historical Babaylan paganism. The costume gained both support and criticism, due to the perceived difficulty of walking and the failure of LEDs to function, whilst Gray cited her scoliosis ailment.


title: Catriona Gray

text: In the pageant's preliminary stages, Catriona Gray did a slow-motion walk, (nicknamed lava walk, along with a slow-mo turn) on the ramp in the swimwear competition wearing a pink swimsuit, which was praised by supermodels Tyra Banks and Ashley Graham, fashion commentators and Internet viewers. At the preliminary evening gown competition, she wore Mak Tumang's golden sweetheart gown with a thigh-high slit inspired by the Ibong Adarna and the Mikimoto crown.


title: Catriona Gray

text: "Working in some of the poorest areas of my country, I found that it was a lack of child support, not poverty, that killed their dreams. A child once told me, 'Cat, that’s just not my life, and those dreams aren’t made for me.' But I stand here today because someone believed in me and we owe it to our children to believe in them."


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray advanced to Top 10. She wore a pink Sirivannavari bikini and a cape with gold-winged shoulder straps at the swimsuit competition. At the evening gown competition, she wore Mak Tumang's Mayon gown. The Mayon gown was made up of tulle encrusted with Swarovski crystals in 12-toned color palette that ranged from yellow to dark red. Its body-fitting, bare back design features a side cutout and a high slit that "highlighted Gray's legs." The dress, which according to Tumang weighed 10 pounds, was a tribute to Mayon Volcano, a tourist attraction in the province of Albay, the hometown of Gray's mother. In an interview, Gray decided to pick the gown for the beauty pageant as her mother dreamed of her winning the Miss Universe crown wearing a red dress.


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray then advanced to Top 5. During the first question and answer round, Gray was asked by host Steve Harvey, "Canada recently joined Uruguay as the second nation in the world to make marijuana legal. What is your opinion on the legalization of marijuana?" She responded:"I’m for it being used for medical use, but not so for recreational use. Because I think if people were to argue: Then what about alcohol and cigarettes? Well, everything is good but in moderation."


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray advanced to Top 3. In the final question and answer portion, the top three contestants were asked the same question by Harvey: "What is the most important lesson you’ve learned in your life and how will you apply it to your time as Miss Universe?" She answered:"""I work a lot in the slums of Tondo, Manila and the life there is very... it's poor and it's very sad. And I’ve always taught myself to look for the beauty in it; to look in the beauty in the faces of the children, and to be grateful. And I would bring this aspect as a Miss Universe to see situations with a silver lining, and to assess where I could give something, where I could provide something as a spokesperson. And this I think if I could also teach people to be grateful, we could have an amazing world where negativity could not grow and foster, and children will have a smile on their faces."At the end of the event, Gray won the competition and was crowned by her predecessor, Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters of South Africa. She is the fourth Filipino Miss Universe after Gloria Diaz in 1969, Margie Moran in 1973, and Pia Wurtzbach in 2015.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 20 December 2018, Gray made a courtesy call with President Rodrigo Duterte at the Villamor Airbase in Pasay.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 22 January 2019, Gray traveled to Indonesia to shoot a commercial for "C 1000", a vitamin brand available in Indonesia.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 16 February 2019, Gray arrived in the Philippines for a week-long homecoming celebration with visits to the cities of Manila, Makati, Pasay and Quezon City. However, on 23 February 2019, The feather of her Mikimoto Crown fell off during her homecoming parade in Araneta Center, Cubao, Quezon City. She also made courtesy calls to the Congress of the Philippines, Senate of the Philippines and Malacañang Palace.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 16 September 2019, Gray became the first ever Filipino celebrity to be the included in the voice options on the Waze app that is made possible by BDO. However, it was discontinued on 6 December 2019 and was replaced by Mimiyuuuh, just 2 days before her reign ended.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 17 October 2019, Gray attended the 2019 Latin Music Awards at the Dolby Theatre, Hollywood and Highlands in Los Angeles, California where she presented the 2019 "Canción Favorita – Tropical" award for the song "Adicto" to Marc Anthony and Prince Royce.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 5 December 2019, Gray attended the release of the new Mouawad Crown for the Miss Universe pageant, which is nicknamed "Power of Unity", retiring the Mikimoto Crown.


title: Catriona Gray

text: In her capacity as Miss Universe, Gray visited Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand, South Africa, various cities and states across the United States, and her home country of the Philippines. She also visited Canada and United Arab Emirates to meet with her pageant sponsors and Filipino supporters.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 8 December 2019, Gray crowned Zozibini Tunzi of South Africa as her successor at the 68th Miss Universe pageant at Tyler Perry Studios, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 6 September 2020, Gray became the ambassador of Philippine Red Cross during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Catriona Gray

text: In her capacity as former Miss Universe, Gray visited Colombia in 2020, Singapore and Vietnam in 2022.


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray has advocated for women's rights, indigenous culture, and the "One Town, One Product" (OTOP) project of the Philippines' Department of Trade and Industry. She has continued to pursue her women's rights advocacies despite some incidents when military officials attempted to pressure her into limiting her interactions with certain women's rights groups.


title: Catriona Gray

text: In February 2020, the Philippines' National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) designated Catriona Gray as the agency's Ambassador for the Arts. Gray was named ambassador yet again in 2021, and was announced as host for "Kultura 101," an NCCA Web Series where Gray said she would "share <nowiki>[her]</nowiki> passion for aspects of Filipino culture whether it be our textiles, our dances, our food."


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray was also named an Ambassador for Indigenous Handicrafts by the Philippines' Department of Trade and Industry in July 2020.


title: Catriona Gray

text: Gray responded strongly when she was drawn into the Philippines' Red-tagging issue, due to an incident in October 2020 when AFP Southern Luzon Command commander Lt. Gen. Antonio Parlade Jr. said that Gray and actress Liza Soberano should not support Gabriela and other rights groups, as fellow celebrity Angel Locsin has done, or they would be drawn into the activities of the Marxist-Leninist-Maoist New People's Army, and risk being killed in a clash with the army just like activists who had allegedly joined that group.


title: Catriona Gray

text: In response, Gray's lawyer Atty. Joji Alonso issued a statement saying Parlade's statements were "uncalled for," further saying: "Catriona will not waver in continuously championing social causes that uplift women’s lives. While there may be people who will try, she remains steadfast in her stance that no one should be silenced in sharing their personal stories that give strength and support to fellow women who have gone through similar experiences."


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 12 June 2012, Gray was in a relationship with a Filipino-German actor, Clint Bondad, until they broke up on 23 February 2019. She is also rumored to have dated De La Salle University player, Jordan Bartlett.


title: Catriona Gray

text: On 23 May 2020, it was revealed that Gray is in a relationship with a Filipino-American actor, Sam Milby.


title: Capacitance

text: Capacitance is the capability of a material object or device to store electric charge. It is measured by the change in charge in response to a difference in electric potential, expressed as the ratio of those quantities. Commonly recognized are two closely related notions of capacitance: "self capacitance" and "mutual capacitance". An object that can be electrically charged exhibits self capacitance, for which the electric potential is measured between the object and ground. Mutual capacitance is measured between two components, and is particularly important in the operations of the capacitor, a device designed for this purpose as an elementary linear electronic component.


title: Capacitance

text: Capacitance is a function only of the geometry of the design of the capacitor, e.g., the opposing surface area of the plates and the distance between them, and the permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates. For many dielectric materials, the permittivity and thus the capacitance, is independent of the potential difference between the conductors and the total charge on them.


title: Capacitance

text: The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (symbol: F), named after the English physicist Michael Faraday. A 1 farad capacitor, when charged with 1 coulomb of electrical charge, has a potential difference of 1 volt between its plates. The reciprocal of capacitance is called elastance.


title: Capacitance

text: In discussing electrical circuits, the term "capacitance" is usually a shorthand for the mutual capacitance between two adjacent conductors, such as the two plates of a capacitor. However, every isolated conductor also exhibits capacitance, here called "self capacitance". It is measured by the amount of electric charge that must be added to an isolated conductor to raise its electric potential by one unit of measurement, e.g., one volt. The reference point for this potential is a theoretical hollow conducting sphere, of infinite radius, with the conductor centered inside this sphere.


title: Capacitance

text: The inter-winding capacitance of a coil is sometimes called self capacitance, but this is a different phenomenon. It is actually mutual capacitance between the individual turns of the coil and is a form of stray or parasitic capacitance. This self capacitance is an important consideration at high frequencies: it changes the impedance of the coil and gives rise to parallel resonance. In many applications this is an undesirable effect and sets an upper frequency limit for the correct operation of the circuit.


title: Capacitance

text: A common form is a parallel-plate capacitor, which consists of two conductive plates insulated from each other, usually sandwiching a dielectric material. In a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance is very nearly proportional to the surface area of the conductor plates and inversely proportional to the separation distance between the plates.


title: Capacitance

text: If the charges on the plates are +"q" and −"q", and "V" gives the voltage between the plates, then the capacitance "C" is given by formula_1


title: Capacitance

text: The discussion above is limited to the case of two conducting plates, although of arbitrary size and shape. The definition formula_8 does not apply when there are more than two charged plates, or when the net charge on the two plates is non-zero. To handle this case, Maxwell introduced his "coefficients of potential". If three (nearly ideal) conductors are given charges formula_9, then the voltage at conductor 1 is given by


title: Capacitance

text: and similarly for the other voltages. Hermann von Helmholtz and Sir William Thomson showed that the coefficients of potential are symmetric, so that formula_11, etc. Thus the system can be described by a collection of coefficients known as the "elastance matrix" or "reciprocal capacitance matrix", which is defined as:


title: Capacitance

text: From this, the mutual capacitance formula_13 between two objects can be defined by solving for the total charge "Q" and using formula_14.


title: Capacitance

text: Since no actual device holds perfectly equal and opposite charges on each of the two "plates", it is the mutual capacitance that is reported on capacitors.


title: Capacitance

text: The collection of coefficients formula_16 is known as the "capacitance matrix", and is the inverse of the elastance matrix.


title: Capacitance

text: The capacitance of the majority of capacitors used in electronic circuits is generally several orders of magnitude smaller than the farad. The most common subunits of capacitance in use today are the microfarad (µF), nanofarad (nF), picofarad (pF), and, in microcircuits, femtofarad (fF). However, specially made supercapacitors can be much larger (as much as hundreds of farads), and parasitic capacitive elements can be less than a femtofarad. In the past, alternate subunits were used in old historical texts; "mf" and "mfd" for microfarad (µF); "mmf", "mmfd", "pfd", "µµF" for picofarad (pF); but are now considered obsolete.


title: Capacitance

text:
Capacitance can be calculated if the geometry of the conductors and the dielectric properties of the insulator between the conductors are known. A qualitative explanation for this can be given as follows.
 Once a positive charge is put unto a conductor, this charge creates an electrical field, repelling any other positive charge to be moved onto the conductor; i.e., increasing the necessary voltage. But if nearby there is another conductor with a negative charge on it, the electrical field of the positive conductor repelling the second positive charge is weakened (the second positive charge also feels the attracting force of the negative charge). So due to the second conductor with a negative charge, it becomes easier to put a positive charge on the already positive charged first conductor, and vice versa; i.e., the necessary voltage is lowered.
 As a quantitative example consider the capacitance of a capacitor constructed of two parallel plates both of area "A" separated by a distance "d". If "d" is sufficiently small with respect to the smallest chord of "A", there holds, to a high level of accuracy:


title: Capacitance

text: Capacitance is proportional to the area of overlap and inversely proportional to the separation between conducting sheets. The closer the sheets are to each other, the greater the capacitance.


title: Capacitance

text: The equation is a good approximation if "d" is small compared to the other dimensions of the plates so that the electric field in the capacitor area is uniform, and the so-called "fringing field" around the periphery provides only a small contribution to the capacitance.


title: Capacitance

text: Combining the equation for capacitance with the above equation for the energy stored in a capacitance, for a flat-plate capacitor the energy stored is:


title: Capacitance

text: where "W" is the energy, in joules; "C" is the capacitance, in farads; and "V" is the voltage, in volts.


title: Capacitance

text: Any two adjacent conductors can function as a capacitor, though the capacitance is small unless the conductors are close together for long distances or over a large area. This (often unwanted) capacitance is called parasitic or "stray capacitance". Stray capacitance can allow signals to leak between otherwise isolated circuits (an effect called crosstalk), and it can be a limiting factor for proper functioning of circuits at high frequency.


title: Capacitance

text: Stray capacitance between the input and output in amplifier circuits can be troublesome because it can form a path for feedback, which can cause instability and parasitic oscillation in the amplifier. It is often convenient for analytical purposes to replace this capacitance with a combination of one input-to-ground capacitance and one output-to-ground capacitance; the original configuration – including the input-to-output capacitance – is often referred to as a pi-configuration. Miller's theorem can be used to effect this replacement: it states that, if the gain ratio of two nodes is 1/"K", then an impedance of "Z" connecting the two nodes can be replaced with a "Z"/(1 − "K") impedance between the first node and ground and a "KZ"/("K" − 1) impedance between the second node and ground. Since impedance varies inversely with capacitance, the internode capacitance, "C", is replaced by a capacitance of KC from input to ground and a capacitance of ("K" − 1)"C"/"K" from output to ground. When the input-to-output gain is very large, the equivalent input-to-ground impedance is very small while the output-to-ground impedance is essentially equal to the original (input-to-output) impedance.


title: Capacitance

text: Calculating the capacitance of a system amounts to solving the Laplace equation ∇"φ" = 0 with a constant potential "φ" on the 2-dimensional surface of the conductors embedded in 3-space. This is simplified by symmetries. There is no solution in terms of elementary functions in more complicated cases.


title: Capacitance

text: For plane situations, analytic functions may be used to map different geometries to each other. See also Schwarz–Christoffel mapping.


title: Capacitance

text: The energy (measured in joules) stored in a capacitor is equal to the "work" required to push the charges into the capacitor, i.e. to charge it. Consider a capacitor of capacitance "C", holding a charge +"q" on one plate and −"q" on the other. Moving a small element of charge d"q" from one plate to the other against the potential difference requires the work d"W":


title: Capacitance

text: where "W" is the work measured in joules, "q" is the charge measured in coulombs and "C" is the capacitance, measured in farads.


title: Capacitance

text: The energy stored in a capacitor is found by integrating this equation. Starting with an uncharged capacitance () and moving charge from one plate to the other until the plates have charge +"Q" and −"Q" requires the work "W":


title: Capacitance

text: The capacitance of nanoscale dielectric capacitors such as quantum dots may differ from conventional formulations of larger capacitors. In particular, the electrostatic potential difference experienced by electrons in conventional capacitors is spatially well-defined and fixed by the shape and size of metallic electrodes in addition to the statistically large number of electrons present in conventional capacitors. In nanoscale capacitors, however, the electrostatic potentials experienced by electrons are determined by the number and locations of all electrons that contribute to the electronic properties of the device. In such devices, the number of electrons may be very small, so the resulting spatial distribution of equipotential surfaces within the device is exceedingly complex.


title: Capacitance

text: The capacitance of a connected, or "closed", single-electron device is twice the capacitance of an unconnected, or "open", single-electron device. This fact may be traced more fundamentally to the energy stored in the single-electron device whose "direct polarization" interaction energy may be equally divided into the interaction of the electron with the polarized charge on the device itself due to the presence of the electron and the amount of potential energy required to form the polarized charge on the device (the interaction of charges in the device's dielectric material with the potential due to the electron).


title: Capacitance

text: The derivation of a "quantum capacitance" of a few-electron device involves the thermodynamic chemical potential of an "N"-particle system given by


title: Capacitance

text: whose energy terms may be obtained as solutions of the Schrödinger equation. The definition of capacitance,


title: Capacitance

text: which differs from the conventional expression described in the introduction where formula_29, the stored electrostatic potential energy,


title: Capacitance

text: However, within the framework of purely classical electrostatic interactions, the appearance of the factor of 1/2 is the result of integration in the conventional formulation involving the work done when charging a capacitor,


title: Capacitance

text: which is appropriate since formula_33 for systems involving either many electrons or metallic electrodes, but in few-electron systems, formula_34. The integral generally becomes a summation. One may trivially combine the expressions of capacitance


title: Capacitance

text: which is similar to the quantum capacitance. A more rigorous derivation is reported in the literature. In particular, to circumvent the mathematical challenges of spatially complex equipotential surfaces within the device, an "average" electrostatic potential experienced by each electron is utilized in the derivation.


title: Capacitance

text: Apparent mathematical differences may be understood more fundamentally. The potential energy, formula_38, of an isolated device (self-capacitance) is twice that stored in a "connected" device in the lower limit "N"=1. As "N" grows large, formula_39. Thus, the general expression of capacitance is


title: Capacitance

text: In nanoscale devices such as quantum dots, the "capacitor" is often an isolated or partially isolated component within the device. The primary differences between nanoscale capacitors and macroscopic (conventional) capacitors are the number of excess electrons (charge carriers, or electrons, that contribute to the device's electronic behavior) and the shape and size of metallic electrodes. In nanoscale devices, nanowires consisting of metal atoms typically do not exhibit the same conductive properties as their macroscopic, or bulk material, counterparts.


title: Capacitance

text: In electronic and semiconductor devices, transient or frequency-dependent current between terminals contains both conduction and displacement components. Conduction current is related to moving charge carriers (electrons, holes, ions, etc.), while displacement current is caused by a time-varying electric field. Carrier transport is affected by electric fields and by a number of physical phenomena - such as carrier drift and diffusion, trapping, injection, contact-related effects, impact ionization, etc. As a result, device admittance is frequency-dependent, and a simple electrostatic formula for capacitance formula_41 is not applicable. A more general definition of capacitance, encompassing electrostatic formula, is:


title: Capacitance

text: In general, capacitance is a function of frequency. At high frequencies, capacitance approaches a constant value, equal to "geometric" capacitance, determined by the terminals' geometry and dielectric content in the device.


title: Capacitance

text: A paper by Steven Laux presents a review of numerical techniques for capacitance calculation. In particular, capacitance can be calculated by a Fourier transform of a transient current in response to a step-like voltage excitation:


title: Capacitance

text: Usually, capacitance in semiconductor devices is positive. However, in some devices and under certain conditions (temperature, applied voltages, frequency, etc.), capacitance can become negative. Non-monotonic behavior of the transient current in response to a step-like excitation has been proposed as the mechanism of negative capacitance. Negative capacitance has been demonstrated and explored in many different types of semiconductor devices.


title: Capacitance

text: A capacitance meter is a piece of electronic test equipment used to measure capacitance, mainly of discrete capacitors. For most purposes and in most cases the capacitor must be disconnected from circuit.


title: Capacitance

text: Many DVMs (digital volt meters) have a capacitance-measuring function. These usually operate by charging and discharging the capacitor under test with a known current and measuring the rate of rise of the resulting voltage; the slower the rate of rise, the larger the capacitance. DVMs can usually measure capacitance from nanofarads to a few hundred microfarads, but wider ranges are not unusual. It is also possible to measure capacitance by passing a known high-frequency alternating current through the device under test and measuring the resulting voltage across it (does not work for polarised capacitors).


title: Capacitance

text: More sophisticated instruments use other techniques such as inserting the capacitor-under-test into a bridge circuit. By varying the values of the other legs in the bridge (so as to bring the bridge into balance), the value of the unknown capacitor is determined. This method of "indirect" use of measuring capacitance ensures greater precision. Through the use of Kelvin connections and other careful design techniques, these instruments can usually measure capacitors over a range from picofarads to farads.


title: Jake Tapper

text: Jacob Paul Tapper (born March 12, 1969) is an American journalist, author, and cartoonist. He is the lead Washington anchor for CNN, hosts the weekday television news show "The Lead with Jake Tapper", and co-hosts the Sunday morning public affairs program "State of the Union".


title: Jake Tapper

text: Before joining CNN, Tapper worked for ABC News as Senior White House Correspondent, where he received three Merriman Smith Memorial Awards from the White House Correspondents' Association. Tapper helped with the coverage of the inauguration of President Obama that earned an Emmy Award for Outstanding Live Coverage of a Current News Story. Tapper was part of a team that was awarded an Edward R. Murrow Award for Video: Breaking News for "Target bin Laden: The Death of Public Enemy #1". His book "The Outpost: An Untold Story of American Valor" debuted at number 10 in November 2012 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list for hardback non-fiction. Tapper's book and his reporting on the veterans and troops were cited when the Congressional Medal of Honor Society awarded him the "Tex" McCrary Award for Excellence in Journalism. The Republican primary debate Tapper moderated in September 2015 drew more than 23 million viewers, making it the most-watched program in the history of CNN and the second-most watched primary debate ever. He also moderated the Republican presidential debate in Miami on March 10, 2016, which drew almost 12 million viewers and, according to "Variety", "garnered acclaim for its substance".


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper was born in New York City and was raised in Queen Village, Philadelphia. He is the son of Theodore S. "Ted" and Helen Anne (née Palmatier) Tapper. His mother, who is originally from Canada, retired as a psychiatric nurse at the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center. His father, from Chicago, graduated from Dartmouth College and Harvard Medical School, and went on to serve as the president of South Philadelphia Pediatrics and associate clinical professor of pediatrics at Jefferson Medical College. His parents are Jewish; his mother, who was raised Presbyterian, converted to Judaism. When Tapper was a kid he spent summers attending the Jewish summer camp Camp Ramah in the Poconos.


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper attended the Philadelphia School, a progressive, independent elementary school known for its weekly out of classroom excursions to farms, etc. In eighth grade he did a comic strip for a local free weekly paper. He later enrolled at Akiba Hebrew Academy, an independent Jewish day school formerly located in Merion, Pennsylvania, and attended Dartmouth College, from which he graduated Phi Beta Kappa and "magna cum laude" with a B.A. in history, modified by Visual Studies, in 1991. At Dartmouth, Tapper was a member of Alpha Chi Alpha fraternity. He briefly attended the USC School of Cinematic Arts.


title: Jake Tapper

text: In 1992, Tapper served as a Campaign Press Secretary for Democratic congressional candidate Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky (PA-13) and later served as her congressional press secretary. Tapper also worked for Powell Tate, a Washington, D.C., public relations firm run by Democrat Jody Powell and Republican Sheila Tate. He was a spokesman for Hooters, a restaurant chain that features scantily clad women as servers. Tapper also worked for Handgun Control, Inc. (now the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence) in 1997.


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper wrote several articles as a freelance writer and then began his full-time journalism career in 1998; for two years, he was a Senior Writer for the "Washington City Paper". While there, Tapper wrote an article about going on a date with Monica Lewinsky, which skewered Washington's culture of scandal. Tapper won a Society of Professional Journalists award for his work at the "Washington City Paper".


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper was the Washington Correspondent for Salon.com from 1999 to 2002. Tapper's reports about Enron were nominated for a 2002 Columbia University School of Journalism online award, and he was an early questioner of the Bush administration's claims about Iraq having weapons of mass destruction.


title: Jake Tapper

text: In 2001, Tapper was the host of the CNN news talk show, "Take Five". Tapper was also a columnist for "TALK Magazine", and has written for "The New Yorker", "The New York Times Magazine", "The Washington Post", the "Los Angeles Times", "The Weekly Standard", and other publications. Tapper was a frequent contributor to National Public Radio's "All Things Considered" and his work was included in "The Best American Political Writing 2002." Tapper was the correspondent for a series of VH1 news specials in 2002.


title: Jake Tapper

text: ABC News hired Tapper in 2003. While working there, Tapper covered a range of topics including work in the ABC News Baghdad bureau, from New Orleans after the failure of the levees after Hurricane Katrina, and from Afghanistan. From March to July 2010, Tapper was interim anchor of ABC's "This Week", hosting the program until Christiane Amanpour became "This Week"s anchor.


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper was named Senior White House Correspondent on November 5, 2008, the day after the 2008 presidential election. In 2010, 2011, and 2012, the White House Correspondents' Association awarded him the Merriman Smith Memorial Award for presidential coverage under deadline pressure. He was a key part of the ABC News coverage of the inauguration of President Obama that was awarded an Emmy Award for Outstanding Live Coverage of a Current News Story.


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper was passed over as a candidate to replace George Stephanopoulos, who, like Tapper entered the news business following a career as a Democratic campaign operative, as anchor of "This Week" when Stephanopoulos was chosen to replace Diane Sawyer as co-host of "Good Morning America" after she became the anchor of "World News". CNN's Christiane Amanpour was selected as Stephanopoulos' replacement instead. Tapper served as the interim anchor until Amanpour took over the show on August 1, 2010. He was passed over again when Stephanopoulous decided he wanted to return to the position.


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper contributed regularly to "Good Morning America", "Nightline", and "World News with Diane Sawyer". In addition to anchoring "World News" and "Good Morning America" weekend editions and "Nightline", Tapper was a frequent substitute host of "This Week" and served as interim host for much of 2010, scoring the first TV interview with CIA director Leon Panetta, as well as exclusives with Vice President Biden, White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel, retired General Colin Powell, and former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, in addition to interviews with other newsmakers such as House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, D-Maryland, House Minority Leader John Boehner, R-Ohio, and Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell.


title: Jake Tapper

text: As senior White House correspondent, Tapper interviewed President Obama several times. Before his assignment at the White House, Tapper was ABC News' national/senior political correspondent based in the network's Washington, D.C., bureau. He contributed a report to a broadcast of "World News Tonight with Peter Jennings" that won the 2005 Edward R. Murrow Award for best network newscast. As ABC News' lead reporter covering the 2008 presidential election, he received recognition for both breaking stories and even-handedness. Traveling from Iowa to New Hampshire to South Carolina and beyond, Tapper interviewed both Republican presidential nominee Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., and presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Sen. Barack Obama, D-Ill., as well as other White House hopefuls including former Sen. John Edwards, D-N.C., former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson, and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.


title: Jake Tapper

text: It was announced December 20, 2012, that Tapper would join CNN and would anchor a new weekday program and serve as the network's chief Washington correspondent. He began with CNN in January 2013, hosting his own program, "The Lead with Jake Tapper."


title: Jake Tapper

text: "The Lead with Jake Tapper" won three National Headliner Awards for its reporting in 2013. Among broadcast television networks, cable networks and syndicators, "The Lead with Jake Tapper" won first prize for its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing and second prize for its coverage of the Oklahoma tornadoes in the category of "Coverage of a major news event." It won third prize for its coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing in the category of "Continuing coverage of a major news event." In 2014, "The Lead" was honored for a series of reports on academic fraud at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill by correspondent Sara Ganim with a Society of Professional Journalists' Sigma Delta Chi Award for Investigative Reporting.


title: Jake Tapper

text: In June 2015, Tapper became host of CNN's Sunday political show, "State of the Union with Jake Tapper". There, he has become known for challenging politicians of all stripes, including challenging Senator Bernie Sanders to release his tax returns; asking Jeb Bush why Hillary Clinton is responsible for Benghazi if his brother George W. Bush bears no responsibility for the terrorist attacks on 9/11; asking Hillary Clinton about the FBI investigation into her private email server; and asking Donald Trump if he would denounce support from white supremacists, the Ku Klux Klan, and David Duke referred to days later as "the infamous Tapper-Trump exchange" by Mitt Romney in his March 2016 speech condemning Trump.


title: Jake Tapper

text: On September 16, 2015, Tapper moderated two Republican primary debates from the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. The main debate drew an average of 23.1 million viewers, making it the most watched program in the history of CNN and the second most watched primary debate ever. He also moderated the March 10, 2016 Republican presidential debate in Miami, which drew almost 12 million viewers and according to "Variety" "garnered acclaim for its substance."


title: Jake Tapper

text: In 2017, he received the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Television Political Journalism from the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. Also in 2017, he received the John F. Hogan Distinguished Service Award from the Radio Television Digital News Association.


title: Jake Tapper

text: In 2018, Tapper was part of a four-person team at CNN that included Carl Bernstein, Jim Sciutto, and Evan Perez that won the Merriman Smith Award for broadcast reporting on the White House under deadline pressure."


title: Jake Tapper

text: In August 2019, Democratic Rep. Rashida Tlaib criticized Tapper for "comparing Palestinian human rights advocates to terrorist white nationalists," calling it "fundamentally a lie." In response, Tapper said that "those who believe Palestinian leaders bear responsibility for the incitement of terrorism cannot then let US leaders off the hook and act as if words don't matter".


title: Jake Tapper

text: Following the contentious first 2020 presidential election debate, Tapper garnered attention for his response. He called it "hot mess inside a dumpster fire inside a train wreck". Later that year, he was criticized for acting unethically by secretly advising a Pennsylvania politician.


title: Jake Tapper

text: In January 2021, before the Inauguration of Joe Biden, CNN announced that Tapper's role would expand to be the network's "lead anchor for all major Washington events," including election nights. Additionally, they announced that Dana Bash would join Tapper as a co-host on "State of the Union", alternating hosting weeks.


title: Jake Tapper

text: In April 2022, during an interview in Kyiv with the Lubavitcher Rebbe's envoy, Rabbi Raphael Rutman, Tapper donned Teffilin given to him by the rabbi.


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper has contributed to "GQ", "The Weekly Standard", NPR's "All Things Considered", "The New York Times", and "The Washington Post". In 2001, he hosted the program "Take Five" on CNN, in which young journalists and commentators discussed politics and pop culture. In 2002, he hosted a series of entertainment news specials on VH1, and in 2003 he hosted shows focused on independent film on the Sundance Channel. Tapper has also been a guest on "Jimmy Kimmel Live", "The Colbert Report", "Late Night with Seth Meyers", "Conan", "The View", "Real Time with Bill Maher", and appeared on the "Judge John Hodgman" podcast as guest bailiff, standing in for regular bailiff Jesse Thorn during the August 31, 2011 episode entitled "De Plane".


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper made a cameo in the Halloween-themed episode of "The Rookie" (October 30, 2022). He wore a Mike Schmidt Philadelphia Phillies jersey — the MVP of the 1980 World Series. Tapper's son, Jack Tapper appeared alongside him, dressed up as Tom Hanks’ character Captain Miller from "Saving Private Ryan". Tapper and his son watched the show together while locked down due to COVID-19, and he wanted to share his appreciation for the program so Tapper posted a Tweet to Nathan Fillion. According to Tapper, Fillion wrote back and invited the pair for a set visit once COVID protocols were eased. Just before the visit Fillion asked whether the father and son wanted to film a cameo on the show.


title: Jake Tapper

text: On April 24, 2018, Little, Brown and Company published Tapper's first novel, a political thriller entitled "The Hellfire Club". The novel follows a fictitious freshman Congressman discovering corruption and conspiracy in 1950s Washington, at the height of the McCarthy era. The book debuted at Number 3 on the New York Times Best-Seller List for Hardcover fiction, and remained on the Best-Seller list for four weeks total. The Associated Press called "The Hellfire Club" "insightful...well-written and worthwhile." Tablet Magazine called the novel "startlingly good." "USA Today" said the author "sizzles" and "proves he has the page-turning knack in his entertaining debut novel." The sequel to "The Hellfire Club", "The Devil May Dance", is due for release in May 2021, and continues the story of the lives of Charlie and Margaret Marder.


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper is also the author of "The Outpost: An Untold Story of American Valor", a critically acclaimed book about U.S. troops in Afghanistan that debuted at number 10 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list for hardback non-fiction. Bob Woodward described the book as "Brilliant, dedicated reporting by a journalist who goes to ground to get the truth. A sad, real tale about this war, America and the brave warriors who live—and die—at the point of the spear" and Jon Krakauer called it "a mind-boggling, all-too-true story of heroism, hubris, failed strategy, and heartbreaking sacrifice. If you want to understand how the war in Afghanistan went off the rails, you need to read this book." In 2014, the Congressional Medal of Honor Society recognized Tapper for the book and his reporting on military topics in general with the Tex McCrary Award for Excellence in Journalism. A Rod Lurie-directed film adaptation of "The Outpost" was released in July 2020, starring Milo Gibson, Orlando Bloom, Scott Eastwood and Caleb Landry Jones.


title: Jake Tapper

text: In addition to "The Outpost", Tapper is the author of "Down and Dirty: The Plot to Steal the Presidency", based on the 2000 Presidential election, that "The Washington Post" called "lively", the "Chicago Tribune" "a churning effusion well worth reading" and "The Daily Telegraph" "engrossing". He also wrote "Body Slam: The Jesse Ventura Story" (St. Martin's Press) that was excerpted by "The Washington Post Magazine".


title: Jake Tapper

text: His comic strip "Capitol Hell" appeared in "Roll Call" from 1994 to 2003. He has also contributed cartoons to "The American Spectator" magazine, the "Los Angeles Times", and "The Philadelphia Inquirer". During the week of May 23, 2016, Tapper guest-illustrated the "Dilbert" cartoon. The original drawings were auctioned online to raise money for the Homes for our Troops Foundation.


title: Jake Tapper

text: As the Senior White House Correspondent for ABC News, Tapper was honored with three Merriman Smith Memorial Awards for broadcast journalism. The first Merriman Smith Memorial Award was for reporting noncompliance of laws regulating tax reporting by the Department of Health and Human Services secretary nominee and former Senate majority leader Tom Daschle (D-SD), troubles that ultimately derailed Daschle's nomination. The second was for the 2010 story that President Obama had asked for the resignation of his Director of National Intelligence, Admiral Dennis C. Blair (retired). The third time was for breaking the 2011 story that the ratings agency Standard and Poor's was expected to downgrade the AAA rating for U.S. government debt. As a CNN anchor, he was awarded his fourth Merriman Smith Award in 2018 as part of a team that broke the news that President-elect Donald Trump and President Barack Obama had been briefed on the Steele dossier alleging that Russia had blackmail material on Donald Trump.


title: Jake Tapper

text: In 2017, Tapper won several awards, including the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Political Journalism. The judges pointed to his fearless advocacy for the truth and relentless interviewing-style. He also won RTDNA's John F. Hogan Distinguished Service Award, which "recognizes an individual's contributions to the journalism profession and freedom of the press", as well as CJF's Tribute Award which awards those who uphold the highest standards of journalism and inspire journalists around the world.Moment Magazine awarded him their inaugural Robert S. Greenberger Journalism Award for his "relentless quest for the truth and accountability". The Dartmouth Club of Washington awarded him the Daniel Webster Award for Distinguished Public Service.


title: Jake Tapper

text: In 2018, Tapper won a Vetty, recognizing his coverage of veterans' issues. He's served alongside press corps veterans in Washington, D.C. for 14 years.


title: Jake Tapper

text: On July 6, 2009, former MSNBC television personality (and current ABC legal analyst) Dan Abrams launched a website service, Mediaite, reporting on media figures, ranking all TV-based journalists in America by influence; for December 2010, Tapper ranked at number one. He remains a mainstay of the annual list, most recently recognized in 2018 for his "ability to hold Republicans and Democrats to account equally" and "his 2018 noteworthy moments; the harrowing Parkland town hall, a stellar one-on-one with James Comey, and his regular sparring matches with Trump officials."


title: Jake Tapper

text: In 2016, "The Lead" was honored with two National Headliner Awards: Best Newscast (Broadcast television networks, cable networks, and syndicators) and Best Coverage of a Major News Event (Broadcast television networks, cable networks, and syndicators newscast) for the show's coverage of the November 2015 Paris attacks.


title: Jake Tapper

text: The Los Angeles Press Club awarded Tapper its 2017 President's Award for Impact on Media. "During a divisive election, Jake Tapper was willing to take on politicians from both sides of the aisle," the Press Club president said. "His effective interview style cuts to the core. He is willing to ask the tough questions, listen carefully, and then follow up with precisely the right response to get to the heart of the matter."


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper went on a date with Monica Lewinsky in December 1997, a few weeks before news broke of the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal. He wrote about the experience in a January 1998 issue of the Washington City Paper and the two later discussed the date on an Oct. 5, 2021 episode of his CNN program, "The Lead with Jake Tapper."


title: Jake Tapper

text: In 2006, Tapper married Jennifer Marie Brown, a former Planned Parenthood official, in her home state of Missouri. They reside in Washington, D.C. with their two children Alice and Jack. Alice, at ages 9 through 11, created a Girl Scout "Raise Your Hand" patch, wrote a related New York Times op-ed and a picture book, "Raise Your Hand", to encourage girls to be more confident in school, which she mentioned on the Ellen Degeneres Show.


title: Jake Tapper

text: Tapper is a lifelong fan of the Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia Flyers, Philadelphia Eagles, and Philadelphia 76ers. Following Super Bowl LII, where the Eagles beat the New England Patriots 41–33, Tapper, who had attended the game in person, called in to "New Day with Alisyn Camerota and John Berman" as a “mystery guest” to gloat about the Eagles’ victory to Berman (a Massachusetts native and lifelong Patriots fan). Berman congratulated Tapper on the Eagles’ victory.


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: The Purge is an American anthology action horror television series, based on the franchise of the same name and created by James DeMonaco. The first season premiered on USA Network on September 4, 2018, and stars Gabriel Chavarria, Hannah Emily Anderson, Jessica Garza, Lili Simmons, Amanda Warren, Colin Woodell and Lee Tergesen, with Cindy Robinson reprising her role as the voice of the Purge Emergency Broadcast System from the films.


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: In November 2018, USA Network renewed the show for a second season, which premiered on October 15, 2019. The second season featured a new cast starring Derek Luke, Max Martini, Paola Núñez and Joel Allen, with Cindy Robinson again reprising her role, this time appearing as character Megan Lewis. In the fictional timeline of the franchise, the first season takes place in 2027, and the second season between 2036 and 2037, thus the series is set between the events of the films "" and "". In May 2020, the series was canceled after two seasons.


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: With ties to the films, the series revolves around an alternate dystopian United States ruled by a totalitarian government that sanctions a 12-hour period which legalizes all crimes, including vandalism, theft, arson, and murder.


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: The first season follows several seemingly unconnected characters as they experience the night: Miguel Guerrero, a Marine searching for his sister Penelope who has joined a death cult; Jane Barbour, an executive who uses the Purge as an opportunity for revenge; and Jenna and Rick Betancourt, married entrepreneurs who attend a Purge party to seek investment capital from a wealthy Purge supporter.


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: The second season begins just as an annual Purge night is drawing to a close, and follows characters dealing with the consequences of that night and investigating conspiracies in the year before the next purge. One story involves ex-police officers who have become bank robbers. Another story follows a NFFA detective following a suspicious killing of a scientist friend and discovers many of their peers have also been killed in suspicious circumstances. Other stories include college fraternity members who went out on Purge Night to collect items on a scavenger hunt, before having to defend themselves and dealing with PTSD afterwards, as well as a husband and wife who survive an assailant on Purge Night, only to discover that it was a hitman sent to kill the husband and begin to investigate why. Clear connections between these characters and their stories become apparent as the plot unfolds.


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: A television series about the formation of the Purge was hinted at by DeMonaco. The series would possibly deal with how the New Founding Fathers were voted to office after overthrowing the U.S. Government during an economic collapse and social unrest and how they ratified the 28th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution as well as devising the Purge. In May 2017, it was reported that USA Network would premiere the series in 2018. The series premiered on September 4, 2018. On November 6, 2018, USA Network renewed the show for a second season which premiered on October 15, 2019. On May 13, 2020, the USA Network canceled the series only after two seasons.


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: On February 26, 2018, it was announced that Gabriel Chavarria and Jessica Garza were cast as Miguel and Penelope Guerrero. In March 2018, Amanda Warren and Colin Woodell were cast as Jane Barbour and Rick Betancourt. In April 2018, Lili Simmons, Hannah Emily Anderson, Lee Tergesen and William Baldwin were cast as Lila Stanton, Jenna Betancourt, Joe and David Ryker. In May 2018, Fiona Dourif was cast as Good Leader Tavis. In June 2019, Derek Luke, Max Martini, Paola Núñez, and Joel Allen had been cast as series regulars for the second season.


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: During a New York Comic Con 2019 interview, Joel Allen commented on the use of The Purge films' God mask in the TV series as "like a gift from the writers" as an actor.


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: Actress Hannah Emily Anderson reflected on her role as Jenna Betancourt in a July 2020 interview, commenting on The Purge's Season 1 Finale. "It was so satisfying and exhilarating. Colin Woodell and Lee Tergesen were right there with me. We made it as real as we could for ourselves, and everything else faded away. We were in our precious little acting bubble. Those are the best moments."


title: The Purge (TV series)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 42% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.51/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Bloated and boring, "The Purge" kills its own fleetingly fun premise and proves that not all stories work better on the small screen." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 44 out of 100 based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Guacamole

text: Guacamole (; (informally shortened to "guac" in the United States since the 1980s) is an avocado-based dip, spread, or salad first developed in Mexico. In addition to its use in modern Mexican cuisine, it has become part of international cuisine as a dip, condiment and salad ingredient.


title: Guacamole

text: The name comes from Classical Nahuatl , which literally translates to 'avocado sauce', from "āhuacatl" 'avocado' + "mōlli" 'sauce'. In Mexican Spanish, it is pronounced . In American English, it tends to be pronounced , and this pronunciation is also common in British English, but is more common.


title: Guacamole

text: Avocado seeds were first found in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico around 9,000–10,000 years ago (7000–8000 BCE) and had been domesticated by various Mesoamerican groups by 5000 BCE. They were likely cultivated in the Supe Valley in Peru as early as 3100 BCE. In the early 1900s, avocados frequently went by the name "alligator pear". In the 1697 book, "A New Voyage Round the World", the first known description of a guacamole recipe (though not known by that name) was by English privateer and naturalist William Dampier, who in his visit to Central America during one of his circumnavigations, noted a native preparation made of grinding together avocados, sugar, and lime juice.


title: Guacamole

text: Guacamole has increased avocado sales in the U.S., especially on Super Bowl Sunday and Cinco de Mayo. The rising consumption of guacamole is most likely due to the U.S. government lifting a ban on avocado imports in the 1990s and the growth of the U.S. Latino population.


title: Guacamole

text: Guacamole is traditionally made by mashing peeled, ripe avocados and salt with a "molcajete y tejolote" (mortar and pestle). Recipes often call for lime juice, cilantro, onions, and jalapeños. Some non-traditional recipes may call for sour cream, tomatoes, basil, or peas.


title: Guacamole

text: Due to the presence of polyphenol oxidase in the cells of avocado, exposure to oxygen in the air causes an enzymatic reaction and develops melanoidin pigment, turning the sauce brown. This result is generally considered unappetizing, and there are several methods (some anecdotal) that are used to counter this effect, such as storing the guacamole in an air-tight container or wrapping tightly in plastic to limit the surface area exposed to the air.


title: Guacamole

text: As the major ingredient of guacamole is raw avocado, the nutritional value of the dish derives from avocado vitamins, minerals and fats, providing dietary fibre, several B vitamins, vitamin K, vitamin E and potassium in significant content (see Daily Value percentages in nutrient table for avocado). Avocados are a source of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol. They also contain carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein.


title: Guacamole

text: "Mantequilla de pobre" () is a mixture of avocado, tomato, oil, and citrus juice. Despite its name, it predates the arrival of dairy cattle in the Americas, and thus was not originally made as a butter substitute.


title: Guacamole

text: Thinner and more acidic, or thick and chunky, "guasacaca" is a Venezuelan avocado-based sauce; it is made with vinegar, and is served over "parrillas" (grilled food), "arepas", "empanadas", and various other dishes. It is common to make the "guasacaca" with a little hot sauce instead of "jalapeño", but like a guacamole, it is not usually served as a hot sauce itself. It is pronounced "wasakaka" in Latin America.


title: Guacamole

text: Prepared guacamoles are available in stores, often available refrigerated, frozen or in high pressure packaging which pasteurizes and extends shelf life if products are maintained at .


title: Guacamole

text: On April 6, 2018, Junta Local de Sanidad Vegetal de Tancítaro, Mexico, achieved the Guinness World Records for the largest serving of guacamole. They created it as part of Tancítaro's 7th Annual Avocado Festival in Tancítaro, Michoacán, Mexico. The serving weighed 3,788 kg (8,351 lb) and had more than 350 people help prepare it.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: Nyaa Torrents (named for the Japanese onomatopoeia for a cat's meow) is a BitTorrent website focused on East Asian (Japanese, Chinese, and Korean) media. It is one of the largest public anime-dedicated torrent indexes.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: In 2011, some users of the site were sued for copyright infringement. The site was a target of a large DDoS attack purportedly originating from the Japanese government in early September 2014.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: On 1 May 2017, their .se, .eu, and .org domain names were deactivated, with the site's moderators later confirming that the owner took it down voluntarily. In the following weeks, several forks, partially based on Nyaa code and database of torrents, were started, each using "nyaa" in its name.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: In the official FAQ posted by the community that surrounded Nyaa, it is said that some data between 2016 and May 2017 was lost, and there was not a reputable backup of the Nyaa database for that time period.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: In June 2017, TorrentFreak reported that Germany-based Goodlabs put up a fake version of the .eu site in an attempt to get users to download malware. The website encouraged users to download a "free binary client" in an attempt to gain access to the victim's computer.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: In April 2018, Cloudflare terminated its services to Nyaa. According to Cloudflare, "The pirate site tried to interfere with and thwart the operation of the company's abuse reporting systems."


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: In 2020 the site was blocked in India, along with other pirate streaming and torrent websites, after a decision by the Delhi High Court in favour of the plaintiff, Disney India. The court order provided for "dynamic" blocking meaning that Disney could ask for further bans on websites violating copyrights other than the ones in the order.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: The site has video source rules, for example, DVD video is limited to 1024×576, while UHD is limited to an upwards of 3840×2160p. This is for maintaining the original quality of the video.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: Users cannot add watermarks, or lower the quality to a worse video codec. "Shitposting" consistently may result in a ban. Content restrictions include having only content from China, Japan, and Korea.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: Categories are split into Anime, Audio, Literature, Live Action, Pictures, and Software. Each have their own subcategories, for example Audio is split in lossless and lossy.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: Users can also use Filters, which filter out the torrents to no remakes and trusted (uploaders) only.


title: Nyaa Torrents

text: Uploads are split into green, red, orange, and grey entries. Green entries are torrents uploaded by trusted users. Red entries (remake) are torrents that match any of the following:


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: The School for Good and Evil is a fantasy fairytale hexalogy of books by Soman Chainani. The first novel in the series was published on May 14, 2013. The series is set in a fictional widespread location known as the Endless Woods. The original trilogy (known as "The School Years") follows the adventures of best friends Sophie and Agatha at the School for Good and Evil, an enchanted institution where children are trained to become fairytale heroes or villains, respectively. The second trilogy ("The Camelot Years") follows Agatha and her true love King Tedros ascending to the role of Queen and King of the legendary kingdom, Camelot, and Sophie re-forming Evil into a new image. The final book in the original series was released on June 2, 2020, with the first book in a prequel series debuting in 2022. A film adaptation by Netflix was released on October 19, 2022.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: Every four years, two children are kidnapped from the village of Gavaldon. Usually, one child is well-behaved and beautiful, and the other is ugly and peculiar. The kidnapper, referred to as "the School Master", allegedly kidnaps them to the School for Good and Evil in the surrounding Endless Woods, where they are trained to become fairytale heroes and villains.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: Beautiful and pink-loving Sophie dreams of attending the School for Good and finding true love. Meanwhile, her best friend Agatha, who isn't stereotypically


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: pretty and withdrawn, is deemed the perfect candidate for the School for Evil. On the night of the kidnapping, both girls are kidnapped but are seemingly sent go the "wrong" schools: Sophie to the School for Evil and Agatha to the School for Good. Soon after, Sophie becomes smitten with King Arthur's son, Tedros of Camelot, who also takes notice of her. Agatha, however, only wants to go home; she and Sophie ask the School Master to go home, but the Storian begins their fairy tale. He tells them they must follow it and give them a riddle to solve; the answer is true love's kiss.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: Sophie must kiss Tedros to prove they are in the wrong schools and go home; he denies her, however, after she refuses to save him out of selfishness. Sophie becomes bitter and learns Agatha is her nemesis, whom she must kill to be happy. Sophie loses her beauty and attacks the schools when Tedros asks Agatha to be his princess. During the battle, Sophie learns the School Master is Evil, and the Storian is atoning him for the murder of his brother. He believes that Sophie is his true love, and her kiss will restore Evil's glory. However, Sophie denies him and sacrifices herself to save Agatha, who kisses her, reviving her. The two return home, ending their fairy tale while Tedros is left alone.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: Agatha and Sophie have settled back into their old lives in Gavaldon. Agatha misses Tedros and secretly wishes for him. This triggers a wave of mysterious attacks on Sophie, which threaten the entire village and cause the two girls to be run out of town. They make their way to the School for Good and Evil, only to find it has become the School for Girls and Boys. At the School for Boys, Tedros is seeking revenge upon Sophie for supposedly stealing his true love. At the School for Girls, former Evil history teacher Evelyn Sader, who was banned from the schools years before and believed she was the School Master's true love, is now Dean. After Agatha kisses Tedros, Sophie is almost sent back to Gavaldon. However, Sader tricks Sophie into kissing the School Master using a piece of his soul he placed in her before she was exiled. The School Master is then revived and kills Sader. Agatha and Tedros are returned to Gavaldon, with the fate of Sophie and the Endless Woods unclear.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: In the wake of Sophie and the School Master's kiss, Evil has been shown capable of love, and all the previous fairy tale villains are given a second chance. They quickly hunt down their heroes and murder them, weakening the shield between the world of Readers and the world of fairytales, threatening the existence of both. With the shield weakening, the sun begins to melt. After leaving Gavaldon, Agatha and Tedros rescue Sophie and recover Excalibur, which they need to destroy a ring Rafal (the School Master) gave Sophie that transforms her soul into the deepest Evil and keeps him immortal. Sophie refuses and returns to Rafal; the two sides begin to prepare for a war on the night the sun will melt completely. During the war, another hero is killed, and the shield between Gavaldon and the Woods disappears. However, when all hope is lost, Agatha convinces Sophie to destroy her ring, killing Rafal. Afterwards, Sophie becomes the Dean of the School for Evil, feeling content with her new life; Agatha and Tedros arrive at Camelot, seeking to restore it to its former glory.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: The students at the School for Good and Evil set out on their required fourth-year quests. For their quests, Agatha and Tedros must try and return Camelot to its former splendor as queen and king. For her quest, Dean Sophie seeks to mold Evil in her own image. When a mysterious villain known as "the Snake" emerges, terrorizing the land the old friends must work together to save the Endless Woods. Released in 2017.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: A false king has claimed the throne of Camelot, sentenced Tedros to death, and forced Sophie to be his queen. Only Agatha manages to escape. Agatha and the students at the School for Good and Evil must find a way to restore Tedros to his throne and save Camelot, before all of their fairy tales come to a lethal end. Released in 2019.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: To prove he is the true King of Camelot, Tedros must pass three tests set by his late father King Arthur. Pitted against him is the pretender king Japeth, who has all of the Woods on his side. Staying undercover, Tedros travels the Endless Woods with Agatha, Sophie, and his friends from the School for Good & Evil, in a race to pass his father's tests and save the Endless Woods from Japeth's domination. Released in 2020.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: The twin School Masters, Rafal and Rhian, have ruled the School for Good and Evil for many years in harmony. After a streak of Good victories, however, Rafal, the Evil School Master decides to try and even the scales. The attempts drive the brothers apart, creating a rift that threatens the balance of Good and Evil in the Endless Woods. Released in 2022.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: When Soman Chainani was younger, he did not have access to cable, the Internet, or video games; he only had a TV and VHS tapes of Walt Disney Animation Studios's films, many of which were based on classic fairy tales. At university, the difference between the original stories and Disney's versions captivated him when he took a class about the history of fairy tales.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: Chainani first began working on "The School for Good and Evil" in June 2010. Revisions, retellings, and mash-ups of fairy tales had gained popularity at the time. Works often included several cliches that had heavily influenced the portrayals Good and Evil, Boys and Girls, and Old and Young, as well as tropes that recurred in the portrayal of antagonists. Chainani, however, he had wanted to focus on something more primal: a brand-new fairy tale that was "just as unleashed and unhinged" as the older tales that would redevelop the fairy tale genre while acknowledging its past—he aimed to dispel these stereotypes and deliver an original tale devoid of cliches by creating his own series.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: Chainani initially planned the series as three trilogies: "The School Years", "The Camelot Years", and "The New Class".


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: When he first began working on "The School for Good and Evil", Chainani expected it to become a treatment for a screenplay he could sell. He later realized, however, that "it had to be novels". Producer Jane Startz, who Chainani worked with on an adaptation of "The Pushcart War", agreed with this sentiment, quashing any doubt Chainani had. Startz negotiated the deal for the trilogy with publishing company HarperCollins after that. According to its editorial director—Phoebe Yeh—she "knew in [her] gut that [the company] were going to have a winner" from the novel's first sentence, being "blown away" by the originality, premise, characters, lore, and language. Yeh's enjoyment encouraged her to acquire the trilogy from Startz.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: "The School for Good and Evil" was first published on May 14, 2013, in a 150,000-copy printing. In the United Kingdom, it was released on June 6 of the same year. The second novel, "A World Without Princes", was published on April 15, 2014, while the third, "The Last Ever After", was published a year later on July 21. This was followed by the release of the fourth and fifth books—"Quests for Glory" and "A Crystal of Time"—on September 19, 2017, and March 5, 2019, respectively. HarperCollins published final novel, "One True King", on June 2, 2020.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: Critical reception for the first book in the series has been positive, and the book has received praise from "The Guardian" and the "Miami Herald".


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: "The School for Good and Evil" has amassed a significant international fan following. As of 2022, the series has been translated into over 32 languages and sold more than 3.5 million copies worldwide. According to "Vogue India", the series has become a "mainstay" on "The New York Times" Best Seller list.


title: The School for Good and Evil

text: Shortly after the first book's publication, Universal Pictures acquired rights to adapt the first novel into film. In 2020, Netflix announced it would take over and release a film adaptation of the novel, directed by Paul Feig. Sophia Anne Caruso and Sofia Wylie were cast in the lead roles in December 2020. In addition, Charlize Theron, Kerry Washington, Laurence Fishburne and Michelle Yeoh all have supporting roles in the film. On March 19, 2021, it was announced that Jamie Flatters would play Tedros and Kit Young would play Rafal. On March 24, 2021, it was revealed that Earl Cave will play Hort. Filming took place at The Belfast Harbour Studios in Northern Ireland. The adaptation was released in 2022, debuting at #1 on Netflix in over 80 countries.


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: Ahmet Emuukha Rodan Zappa (born May 15, 1974) is an American musician and writer, and trustee of the Zappa Family Trust.


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: Ahmet Zappa was born in Los Angeles, California, the third of four children born to musician Frank Zappa and businesswoman Gail Zappa (née Sloatman). His father was of Italian (Sicilian), Greek, Arab, and French descent, and his mother was of German and Portuguese ancestry. He is said to be named after music executive Ahmet Ertegun (co-founder and president of Atlantic Records), whom his father greatly admired. This is contradicted by Neil Slaven in "Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story Of Frank Zappa", who notes:


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: Ahmet Zappa has released several albums with his brother Dweezil, and wrote the song "Frogs with Dirty Little Lips" with his father.


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: He has appeared in several feature films and television programs. In the late 1990s, he appeared on Channel 4 UK's "The Adam and Joe Show", in a regular segment called "Vinyl Justice", in which hosts Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish, dressed as policemen, examined his vinyl collection for "criminal records". In 2000, he appeared in the film "Ready to Rumble". With his brother Dweezil, he performed a cover of Britney Spears' song "...Baby One More Time" for the film's soundtrack. Other appearances include hosting the TV shows "Robotica (TV series)" and "But Can They Sing?".


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: In July 2006, Zappa saw the release of his debut novel, entitled "The Monstrous Memoirs of a Mighty McFearless", aimed at younger readers. The rights to a movie were purchased by Bruckheimer Films and Disney. The movie is in production with screenwriter Tim Firth assisting, no release date has been announced.


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: On October 19, 2006, The Jim Henson Company announced it had hired Zappa to write a treatment for a feature film version of the hit 1980s television show "Fraggle Rock". He is also writing a sequel to "The Monstrous Memoirs of a Mighty McFearless", which had also been optioned to adapt to a screenplay. Zappa proposed to Disney's studio head Bob Iger that the company form a graphic novel-to-film division; the result was "Disney's Kingdom Comics." Zappa was also given a first-look deal at Walt Disney Studios for motion picture productions. His company is called Monsterfoot Productions. His first film, "The Odd Life of Timothy Green", was released in 2012 by Walt Disney Pictures, and starred Jennifer Garner and Joel Edgerton.


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: Following the death of Zappa's mother, Gail, in October 2015, it was revealed that Ahmet and his sister Diva were given control of the Zappa Family Trust with shares of 30% each, while his siblings Moon and Dweezil were given smaller shares of 20% each. As beneficiaries only, Moon and Dweezil will not see any money from the trust until it is profitable—in 2016, it was "millions of dollars in debt"—and must seek permission from Ahmet, the trustee, to make money off of their father's music or merchandise bearing his name. The uneven divide of the trust has resulted in several conflicts between Zappa's children, including a feud between Dweezil and Ahmet over Dweezil's use of his father's music in live performances.


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: Under Ahmet's direction, the trust proposed a trademark on the name "Zappa", which would prevent Dweezil from using the name for commercial purposes without authorization. Since 2006, Dweezil toured with an act called Zappa Plays Zappa, playing his father's music. The trust sought to collect a fee from Dweezil for continued use of the name, as well as proceeds from merchandise sold at Zappa Plays Zappa concerts. In response to the trust's action, Dweezil renamed his performance series "50 Years of Frank: Dweezil Zappa Plays Whatever the F@%k He Wants—the Cease and Desist Tour. In more recent times, the Zappa siblings have legally reconciled their differences with Dweezil noting "It may be a bumpy road at times – we are a passionate Italian family – but we have decided to work toward privately discussing issues rather than using public forums and lawyers."


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: Zappa married actress Selma Blair on January 24, 2004, at Carrie Fisher's mansion in Beverly Hills, California. Blair filed for divorce at the Los Angeles Superior Court on June 21, 2006, citing irreconcilable differences. In a statement to "People", a spokesman for the couple said, "Selma and Ahmet have decided to divorce but love each other very much and will continue to be close friends".


title: Ahmet Zappa

text: Zappa is now married to Shana Muldoon—designer, writer, and creator of Disney Star Darlings and the sister of actor Patrick Muldoon. They have a daughter, Halo Violetta Zappa, born in 2010, and a son, Arrow D'Oro Leon Zappa, born in 2016.


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: The Ipcress File is a British cold war spy thriller television series set in 1963. Written by John Hodge and directed by James Watkins, it stars Joe Cole, Lucy Boynton and Tom Hollander. It was first broadcast at 9pm from Sunday 6 March to 10 April 2022 on ITV. The entire series was available for streaming, with commercials, on ITV Hub after episode 1 was broadcast. Within a week the full series was also available, commercial-free, on BritBox in the UK.


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: The series is a very loose adaptation of the 1962 novel The IPCRESS File by Len Deighton. The story has been extensively reworked, with plot and some characters radically altered and a lot of new material added, making the TV series significantly different from Deighton's original.


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: The series is also influenced by the 1965 film, most obviously by adopting the "Harry Palmer" and "Jean Courtney" character names coined for the film. Visually, director James Watkins makes several nods to the directing of Sidney J. Furie, with regular use of angled camera work, and in places borrows almost shot-for-shot the framing of certain scenes. One of the most recognisable homages to the film is during the opening sequence in episode 1, featuring coffee grinding and coffee making, and the very first opening shot of Palmer's glasses. Watkins said "[It was a] little wink ... the gaze is out of focus and then it finds focus when he puts the glasses on." Writing in "The Guardian" Stuart Jeffries comments that "this opening reference to 57-year-old movie eyewear is a surprising gambit by director James Watkins and writer John Hodge, given their creative betrayal elsewhere of the source material."


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Spy chief Major Dalby gives small-time crook and black-marketeer Corporal Harry Palmer a way out of Colchester Military Prison by offering him a job as an intelligence officer in his small but influential Whitehall security unit, WOOC(P).


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: The unit's investigation into a missing British nuclear scientist expands into a case of international espionage which is documented in the contents of the eponymous "IPCRESS File".


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: WOOC(P) is a (fictional) civilian department of the British intelligence community, reporting directly to the Cabinet. In the novel it is described as "one of the smallest and most important of the intelligence units" but it is never stated exactly what the initials stand for, only that it is ‘provisional.' In episode one of the series, Dalby states that the unit is called ‘War Office Operational Communications (Provisional)’ and enjoys the fact that both MI5 and MI6 are envious of it.


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: ITV commissioned the series in December 2020. Filming on the series began in March 2021 in Liverpool, Wirral and Shrewsbury. Further locations in Croatia were used, including Zagreb (King Tomislav Square and the Archaeological Museum), Split, Rijeka and Opatija. The visual effects were done by the UK-based company Koala FX.


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Nick Hilton of "The Independent" gave the first episode four out of five stars, praising its 'vintage' approach to spy thrillers.


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Chris Bennion in "The Telegraph" laments that "Joe Cole is horribly miscast as Harry Palmer" but "the rest is terrific", calling this adaptation of Len Deighton's novel "atmospheric, cool and compelling."


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: "The Spectator"'s James Walton praised the "impeccably twisty" production but said its main aim "is to be as cool and stylish as the 1960s films and TV it was paying tribute to" and that "everyone involved will continue to speak and act not like people in real life, so much as characters in cool and stylish spy films."


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Writing in "The Observer", Barbara Ellen gave "The Ipcress File" a cool review, saying that these types of show all hang on the leading man, stating that Joe Cole is "just too young looking, too choirboy-pretty" but goes on to write that "he's sneaking into the role like a cat through a side window. It's all in the cocky backchat, the crackles of masked intelligence, the wary glints; the acknowledgment that whatever else is going on in cold war Britain, for Palmer, surfing the class system is part of it.’.


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: “It would be a pretty good drama”, said Anita Singh in "The Daily Telegraph" if it didn't have to live up to the 1965 film. “Gorgeous period stylings, an atmospheric production and assured direction all do justice” to the story, but it lacks "charm". Still, the costumes are “fabulous”, the look of the show is "beautiful" and the story "motors along nicely," and Singh praises the production for sticking with Len Deighton's original creation and not trying to "turn Palmer into an action hero."


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Writing in "The New Statesman", Rachel Cooke asked "Why remake The Ipcress File?", saying that "despite there being so many good spy novels waiting to be adapted, ITV proved it has no imagination by commissioning a reworking of the classic." Cooke laments Joe Cole's 'lack of charisma', says Lucy Boynton is "as woefully stiff as a "Thunderbirds" puppet", but praises Tom Hollander's performance as he "oozes patrician superiority". Cooke's piece concludes that "there's something more than a little ersatz about this series, as well as something quite boring."


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Stuart Jeffries, writing in "The Guardian," suggests that what makes "The Ipcress File" worth reviving is that "now, as then, the Etonian death grip on politics and public service imperils Britain more than any tooled-up Russian"."" He gave the first episode four out of five stars, praised Cole's performance and the preservation of the novel's "snarling class politics".


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Writing in "The Times" about episode one, Carole Midgley asked if we need a remake of The Ipcress File and said Cole did a "restrained, nuanced job" but "it was always going to feel like watching the understudy standing in" and praised Tom Hollander as "the best thing in it", giving episode one three out of five stars. By episode two, Midgley admitted to enjoying the show "more than I expected" and being won over by Cole's "cocky insouciance and grounded humanity... making, dare I say it, the character more his own."


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Also writing in "The Times", Hugo Rifkind praised ITV's "cool and stylish" remake but found it a little too "cartoony and shallow". On the whole Rifkind enjoyed it saying that "It's Sunday night, it's ITV, and while the goodies might be a bit of a mess, at least the baddies are definitely bad. What more could you want?”.


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Rachel Sigee writing in the i gave the first episode four out of five stars. She praised Joe Cole's "fine performance" but said it was "a little detached for an everyman hero." Sigee says "the show looked sensational" and "a spy drama centred around the Soviet nuclear threat couldn't be more relevant" but given Russia's current war in Ukraine, "it's a little hard to stomach."


title: The Ipcress File (TV series)

text: Michael Hogan described it as "a gripping period thriller…where the script does the talking….the most enjoyable ITV drama in ages…"


title: Warwickshire

text: Warwickshire (; abbreviated Warks) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Warwick, and the largest town is Nuneaton. The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon and Victorian novelist George Eliot, (born Mary Ann Evans), at Nuneaton. Other significant towns include Rugby, Leamington Spa, Bedworth, Kenilworth and Atherstone. The county offers a mix of historic towns and large rural areas. It is a popular destination for international and domestic tourists to explore both medieval and more recent history.


title: Warwickshire

text: The county is divided into five districts of North Warwickshire, Nuneaton and Bedworth, Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon.


title: Warwickshire

text: The current county boundaries were set in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972. The historic county boundaries included Coventry, Sutton Coldfield and Solihull, as well as much of Birmingham and Tamworth.


title: Warwickshire

text: Warwickshire is bordered by Leicestershire to the northeast, Staffordshire to the northwest, Worcestershire and the West Midlands to the west, Northamptonshire to the east and southeast, Gloucestershire to the southwest and Oxfordshire to the south. The northern tip of the county is only from the Derbyshire border. An average-sized English county covering an area of , it runs some north to south.


title: Warwickshire

text: The majority of Warwickshire's population live in the north and centre of the county. The market towns of northern and eastern Warwickshire were industrialised in the 19th century, and include Atherstone, Bedworth, Coleshill, Nuneaton, and Rugby. Major industries included coal mining, textiles, engineering and cement production, but heavy industry is in decline, being replaced by distribution centres, light to medium industry and services. Of the northern and eastern towns, Nuneaton and Rugby (as the birthplace of rugby football) are best known outside of Warwickshire. The prosperous towns of central and western Warwickshire, including Royal Leamington Spa, Warwick, Stratford-upon-Avon, Kenilworth, Alcester, Southam and Wellesbourne, harbour tourism, gaming and services as major employment sectors.


title: Warwickshire

text: The north of the county, bordering Staffordshire and Leicestershire, is mildly undulating countryside (rising to 178m / 581 ft near Hartshill) and the northernmost village, No Man's Heath, is only south of the Peak District National Park's southernmost point.


title: Warwickshire

text: The south of the county is largely rural and sparsely populated, and includes a very small area of the Cotswolds, at the border with northeast Gloucestershire. The plain between the outlying Cotswolds and the Edgehill escarpment is known as the Vale of Red Horse. The only town in the south of Warwickshire is Shipston-on-Stour. The highest point in the county, at , is Ebrington Hill, again on the border with Gloucestershire, at the county's southwest extremity.


title: Warwickshire

text: There are no cities in Warwickshire since both Coventry and Birmingham were incorporated into the West Midlands county in 1974 and are now metropolitan authorities in themselves. According to the 2011 United Kingdom census, the largest towns (+20,000 pop.) in Warwickshire were: Nuneaton (pop. 81,900), Rugby (70,600), Leamington Spa (49,500), Bedworth (32,500), Warwick (30,100), Stratford (25,500) and Kenilworth (22,400)


title: Warwickshire

text: Much of western Warwickshire, including the area now forming part of Coventry, Solihull and Birmingham, was covered by the ancient Forest of Arden(most of which was cut down to provide fuel for industrialisation). Thus the names of a number of places in the central-western part of Warwickshire end with the phrase "-in-Arden", such as Henley-in-Arden, Hampton-in-Arden and Tanworth-in-Arden. The remaining area, not part of the forest, was called the Felden – from "fielden -" and is now an undulating and agricultural landscape, through which the rivers Avon and Leam flow.


title: Warwickshire

text: Areas historically part of Warwickshire include Coventry, Solihull, Sutton Coldfield, and some of Birmingham including the city centre, Erdington, Aston and Edgbaston. These areas also became part of the metropolitan county of West Midlands (and Sutton Coldfield became part of Birmingham) following local government re-organisation in 1974.


title: Warwickshire

text: In 1986 the West Midlands County Council was abolished and Birmingham, Coventry, and Solihull became effective unitary authorities. However, the West Midlands county name has not been altogether abolished, and still exists for ceremonial purposes. Since 2016, it has been used as part of the West Midlands Combined Authority, with powers over transport, economic development and regeneration. Some organisations, such as Warwickshire County Cricket Club, which is based in Edgbaston, in Birmingham, observe the historic county boundaries.


title: Warwickshire

text: The flag of the historic county was registered in October 2016. It is a design of a bear and ragged staff on a red field, which is long associated with the county.


title: Warwickshire

text: Coventry is effectively in the centre of the Warwickshire area, and still has strong ties with the county. Coventry and Warwickshire are sometimes treated as a single area and share a single Chamber of Commerce, Local Enterprise Partnership and BBC Local Radio Station (BBC Coventry & Warwickshire).


title: Warwickshire

text: Coventry was administered separately from the rest of Warwickshire between 1451 and 1842. It formed the County of the City of Coventry, a county corporate from 1451. In 1842 the county corporate of Coventry was abolished and remerged with the rest of Warwickshire.


title: Warwickshire

text: The town of Tamworth was historically divided between Warwickshire and Staffordshire, but since 1888 has been fully in Staffordshire.


title: Warwickshire

text: Warwickshire contains a large expanse of green belt area, surrounding the West Midlands and Coventry conurbations, and was first drawn up from the 1950s. All the county's districts contain some portion of the belt.


title: Warwickshire

text: Warwickshire has a strong and growing economy with the automotive industry being a major contributor. In the north, BMW’s Hams Hall plant employs over 1,000 people, while Jaguar Land Rover and Aston Martin Lagonda have headquarters, including a giant advanced production creation centre, at Gaydon in the south.


title: Warwickshire

text: Warwickshire is also establishing a growing reputation as a global hub of the video game industry. One of Britain's oldest still-running game studios, Codemasters, has operated out of Southam for decades; the greater "Silicon Spa" area, including Southam, Royal Leamington Spa and Warwick, is now home to dozens of game studios which employ a combined total of over 2,000 highly skilled people, equating to more than 10% of the UK's games development workforce.


title: Warwickshire

text: Increasingly the region is establishing itself as one of the leading areas in battery technology with major developments announced in 2021 that include a £130 million UK Battery Industrialisation Centre (UKBIC) based in Coventry.


title: Warwickshire

text: Tourism is also a key area of employment with country parks, rural areas and historic towns across the county. It generates a total business turnover of over £1 billion to the local economy and supports almost 20,000 jobs.