title: Lake

text: A solution lake is a lake occupying a basin formed by surface dissolution of bedrock. In areas underlain by soluble bedrock, its solution by precipitation and percolating water commonly produce cavities. These cavities frequently collapse to form sinkholes that form part of the local karst topography. Where groundwater lies near the grounds surface, a sinkhole will be filled water as a solution lake. If such a lake consists of a large area of standing water that occupies an extensive closed depression in limestone, it is also called a karst lake. Smaller solution lakes that consist of a body of standing water in a closed depression within a karst region are known as "karst ponds." Limestone caves often contain pools of standing water, which are known as "underground lakes." Classic examples of solution lakes are abundant in the karst regions at the Dalmatian coast of Croatia and within large parts of Florida.


title: Lake

text: A landslide lake is created by the blockage of a river valley by either mudflows, rockslides, or screes. Such lakes are most common in mountainous regions. Although landslide lakes may be large and quite deep, they are typically short-lived. An example of a landslide lake is Quake Lake, which formed as a result of the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake.


title: Lake

text: Most landslide lakes disappear in the first few months after formation, but a landslide dam can burst suddenly at a later stage and threaten the population downstream when the lake water drains out. In 1911, an earthquake triggered a landslide that blocked a deep valley in the Pamir Mountains region of Tajikistan, forming the Sarez Lake. The Usoi Dam at the base of the valley has remained in place for more than 100 years but the terrain below the lake is in danger of a catastrophic flood if the dam were to fail during a future earthquake.


title: Lake

text: Tal-y-llyn Lake in north Wales is a landslide lake dating back to the last glaciation in Wales some 20000 years ago.


title: Lake

text: Aeolian lakes are produced by wind action. These lakes are found mainly in arid environments, although some aeolian lakes are relict landforms indicative of arid paleoclimates. Aeolian lakes consist of lake basins dammed by wind-blown sand; interdunal lakes that lie between well-oriented sand dunes; and deflation basins formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments. Moses Lake in Washington, United States, was originally a shallow natural lake and an example of a lake basin dammed by wind-blown sand.


title: Lake

text: China's Badain Jaran Desert is a unique landscape of megadunes and elongated interdunal aeolian lakes, particularly concentrated in the southeastern margin of the desert.


title: Lake

text: Shoreline lakes are generally lakes created by blockage of estuaries or by the uneven accretion of beach ridges by longshore and other currents. They include maritime coastal lakes, ordinarily in drowned estuaries; lakes enclosed by two tombolos or spits connecting an island to the mainland; lakes cut off from larger lakes by a bar; or lakes divided by the meeting of two spits.


title: Lake

text: Organic lakes are lakes created by the actions of plants and animals. On the whole they are relatively rare in occurrence and quite small in size. In addition, they typically ephemeral features relative to the other types of lakes. The basins in which organic lakes occur are associated with beaver dams, coral lakes, or dams formed by vegetation.


title: Lake

text: Peat lakes are a form of organic lake. They form where a buildup of partly decomposed plant material in a wet environment leaves the vegetated surface below the water table for a sustained period of time. They are often low in nutrients and mildly acidic, with bottom waters low in dissolved oxygen.


title: Lake

text: Anthropogenic lakes are artificially created as a result of human activity. They can be formed by the intentional damming of rivers and streams or the subsequent filling of abandoned excavations by either ground water, precipitation, or a combination of both.


title: Lake

text: The Upper Silesian region of Southern Poland contains an anthropogenic lake district consisting of more than 4,000 water bodies created by human activity. The diverse origins of these lakes include: reservoirs retained by dams, flooded mines, water bodies formed in subsidence basins and hollows, levee ponds, and residual water bodies following river regulation.


title: Lake

text: Meteorite lakes, also known as "crater lakes" (not to be confused with volcanic crater lakes), are created by catastrophic impacts with the Earth by extraterrestrial objects (either meteorites or asteroids). Examples of meteorite lakes are Lonar Lake in India, Lake El'gygytgyn in northeast Siberia, and the Pingualuit crater lake in Quebec, Canada. As in the cases of El'gygytgyn and Pingualuit, meteorite lakes can contain unique and scientifically valuable sedimentary deposits associated with long records of paleoclimatic changes.


title: Lake

text: In addition to the mode of origin, lakes have been named and classified according to various other important factors such as thermal stratification, oxygen saturation, seasonal variations in lake volume and water level, salinity of the water mass, relative seasonal permanence, degree of outflow, and so on. The names used by the lay public and in the scientific community for different types of lakes are often informally derived from the morphology of the lakes' physical characteristics or other factors. Also, different cultures and regions of the world have their own popular nomenclature.


title: Lake

text: One important method of lake classification is on the basis of thermal stratification, which has a major influence on the animal and plant life inhabiting a lake, and the fate and distribution of dissolved and suspended material in the lake. For example, the thermal stratification, as well as the degree and frequency of mixing, has a strong control over the distribution of oxygen within the lake.


title: Lake

text: Professor F.-A. Forel, also referred to as the "Father of limnology", was the first scientist to classify lakes according to their thermal stratification. His system of classification was later modified and improved upon by Hutchinson and Löffler. As the density of water varies with temperature, with a maximum at +4 degrees Celsius, thermal stratification is an important physical characteristic of a lake that controls the fauna and flora, sedimentation, chemistry, and other aspects of individual lakes. First, the colder, denser water typically forms a layer near the bottom, which is called the "hypolimnion". Second, normally overlying the hypolimnion is a transition zone known as the "metalimnion". Finally, overlying the metalimnion is a surface layer of warmer water with a lower density, called the "epilimnion". This typical stratification sequence can vary widely, depending on the specific lake or the time of year, or a combination of both. The classification of lakes by thermal stratification presupposes lakes with sufficient depth to form a hypolimnion; accordingly, very shallow lakes are excluded from this classification system.


title: Lake

text: Based upon their thermal stratification, lakes are classified as either "holomictic", with a uniform temperature and density from top to bottom at a given time of year, or "meromictic", with layers of water of different temperature and density that do not intermix. The deepest layer of water in a meromictic lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen so there are no living aerobic organisms. Consequently, the layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed, which allows for the development of lacustrine deposits. In a holomictic lake, the uniformity of temperature and density allows the lake waters to completely mix. Based upon thermal stratification and frequency of turnover, holomictic lakes are divided into amictic lakes, cold monomictic lakes, dimictic lakes, warm monomictic lakes, polymictic lakes, and oligomictic lakes.


title: Lake

text: Lake stratification does not always result from a variation in density because of thermal gradients. Stratification can also result from a density variation caused by gradients in salinity. In this case, the hypolimnion and epilimnion are separated not by a thermocline but by a "halocline", which is sometimes referred to as a "chemocline".


title: Lake

text: Lakes are informally classified and named according to the seasonal variation in their lake level and volume. Some of the names include:


title: Lake

text: Lakes may be informally classified and named according to the general chemistry of their water mass. Using this classification method, the lake types include:


title: Lake

text: A paleolake (also palaeolake) is a lake that existed in the past when hydrological conditions were different. Quaternary paleolakes can often be identified on the basis of relict lacustrine landforms, such as relict lake plains and coastal landforms that form recognizable relict shorelines called "paleoshorelines." Paleolakes can also be recognized by characteristic sedimentary deposits that accumulated in them and any fossils that might be contained in these sediments. The paleoshorelines and sedimentary deposits of paleolakes provide evidence for prehistoric hydrological changes during the times that they existed.


title: Lake

text: Paleolakes are of scientific and economic importance. For example, Quaternary paleolakes in semidesert basins are important for two reasons: they played an extremely significant, if transient, role in shaping the floors and piedmonts of many basins; and their sediments contain enormous quantities of geologic and paleontologic information concerning past environments. In addition, the organic-rich deposits of pre-Quaternary paleolakes are important either for the thick deposits of oil shale and shale gas contained in them, or as source rocks of petroleum and natural gas. Although of significantly less economic importance, strata deposited along the shore of paleolakes sometimes contain coal seams.


title: Lake

text: Lakes have numerous features in addition to lake type, such as drainage basin (also known as catchment area), inflow and outflow, nutrient content, dissolved oxygen, pollutants, pH, and sedimentation.


title: Lake

text: Changes in the level of a lake are controlled by the difference between the input and output compared to the total volume of the lake. Significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake, runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake's catchment area, groundwater channels and aquifers, and artificial sources from outside the catchment area. Output sources are evaporation from the lake, surface and groundwater flows, and any extraction of lake water by humans. As climate conditions and human water requirements vary, these will create fluctuations in the lake level.


title: Lake

text: Lakes can be also categorized on the basis of their richness in nutrients, which typically affect plant growth. Nutrient-poor lakes are said to be "oligotrophic" and are generally clear, having a low concentration of plant life. "Mesotrophic lakes" have good clarity and an average level of nutrients. "Eutrophic" lakes are enriched with nutrients, resulting in good plant growth and possible algal blooms. "Hypertrophic" lakes are bodies of water that have been excessively enriched with nutrients. These lakes typically have poor clarity and are subject to devastating algal blooms. Lakes typically reach this condition due to human activities, such as heavy use of fertilizers in the lake catchment area. Such lakes are of little use to humans and have a poor ecosystem due to decreased dissolved oxygen.


title: Lake

text: Due to the unusual relationship between water's temperature and its density, lakes form layers called thermoclines, layers of drastically varying temperature relative to depth. Fresh water is most dense at about 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 °F) at sea level. When the temperature of the water at the surface of a lake reaches the same temperature as deeper water, as it does during the cooler months in temperate climates, the water in the lake can mix, bringing oxygen-starved water up from the depths and bringing oxygen down to decomposing sediments. Deep temperate lakes can maintain a reservoir of cold water year-round, which allows some cities to tap that reservoir for deep lake water cooling.


title: Lake

text: Since the surface water of deep tropical lakes never reaches the temperature of maximum density, there is no process that makes the water mix. The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity. Exceptional events, such as earthquakes or landslides, can cause mixing which rapidly brings the deep layers up to the surface and release a vast cloud of gas which lay trapped in solution in the colder water at the bottom of the lake. This is called a limnic eruption. An example is the disaster at Lake Nyos in Cameroon. The amount of gas that can be dissolved in water is directly related to pressure. As deep water surfaces, the pressure drops and a vast amount of gas comes out of solution. Under these circumstances carbon dioxide is hazardous because it is heavier than air and displaces it, so it may flow down a river valley to human settlements and cause mass asphyxiation.


title: Lake

text: The material at the bottom of a lake, or "lake bed", may be composed of a wide variety of inorganics, such as silt or sand, and organic material, such as decaying plant or animal matter. The composition of the lake bed has a significant impact on the flora and fauna found within the lake's environs by contributing to the amounts and the types of nutrients available.


title: Lake

text: A paired (black and white) layer of the varved lake sediments correspond to a year. During winter, when organisms die, carbon is deposited down, resulting to a black layer. At the same year, during summer, only few organic materials are deposited, resulting to a white layer at the lake bed. These are commonly used to track past paleontological events.


title: Lake

text: Natural lakes provide a microcosm of living and nonliving elements that are relatively independent of their surrounding environments. Therefore, lake organisms can often be studied in isolation from the lake's surroundings.


title: Lake

text: Limnology is the study of inland bodies of water and related ecosystems. Limnology divides lakes into three zones: the "littoral zone", a sloped area close to land; the "photic" or "open-water zone", where sunlight is abundant; and the deep-water "profundal" or "benthic zone", where little sunlight can reach. The depth to which light can penetrate depends on the turbidity of the water, which is determined by the density and size of suspended particles. A particle will be in suspension if its weight is less than the random turbidity forces acting upon it. These particles can be sedimentary or biological in origin (including algae and detritus) and are responsible for the color of the water. Decaying plant matter, for instance, may account for a yellow or brown color, while algae may cause a greenish coloration. In very shallow water bodies, iron oxides make the water reddish brown. Bottom-dwelling detritivorous fish stir the mud in search of food and can be the cause of turbid waters. Piscivorous fish contribute to turbidity by eating plant-eating (planktonivorous) fish, thus increasing the amount of algae (see aquatic trophic cascade).


title: Lake

text: The light depth or transparency is measured using a "Secchi disk", a 20-cm (8 in) disk with alternating white and black quadrants. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is the "Secchi depth", a measure of transparency. The Secchi disk is commonly used to test for eutrophication. For a detailed look at these processes, see lentic ecosystems.


title: Lake

text: A lake moderates the surrounding region's temperature and climate because water has a very high specific heat capacity (4,186 J·kg·K). In the daytime a lake can cool the land beside it with local winds, resulting in a sea breeze; in the night it can warm it with a land breeze.


title: Lake

text: The lake may be infilled with deposited sediment and gradually become a wetland such as a swamp or marsh. Large water plants, typically reeds, accelerate this closing process significantly because they partially decompose to form peat soils that fill the shallows. Conversely, peat soils in a marsh can naturally burn and reverse this process to recreate a shallow lake resulting in a dynamic equilibrium between marsh and lake. This is significant since wildfire has been largely suppressed in the developed world over the past century. This has artificially converted many shallow lakes into emergent marshes. Turbid lakes and lakes with many plant-eating fish tend to disappear more slowly. A "disappearing" lake (barely noticeable on a human timescale) typically has extensive plant mats at the water's edge. These become a new habitat for other plants, like peat moss when conditions are right, and animals, many of which are very rare. Gradually, the lake closes and young peat may form, forming a fen. In lowland river valleys where a river can meander, the presence of peat is explained by the infilling of historical oxbow lakes. In the final stages of succession, trees can grow in, eventually turning the wetland into a forest.


title: Lake

text: Some lakes can disappear seasonally. These are called intermittent lakes, ephemeral lakes, or seasonal lakes and can be found in karstic terrain. A prime example of an intermittent lake is Lake Cerknica in Slovenia or Lag Prau Pulte in Graubünden. Other intermittent lakes are only the result of above-average precipitation in a closed, or endorheic basin, usually filling dry lake beds. This can occur in some of the driest places on earth, like Death Valley. This occurred in the spring of 2005, after unusually heavy rains. The lake did not last into the summer, and was quickly evaporated (see photos to right). A more commonly filled lake of this type is Sevier Lake of west-central Utah.


title: Lake

text: Sometimes a lake will disappear quickly. On 3 June 2005, in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, a lake called Lake Beloye vanished in a matter of minutes. News sources reported that government officials theorized that this strange phenomenon may have been caused by a shift in the soil underneath the lake that allowed its water to drain through channels leading to the Oka River.


title: Lake

text: The presence of ground permafrost is important to the persistence of some lakes. Thawing permafrost may explain the shrinking or disappearance of hundreds of large Arctic lakes across western Siberia. The idea here is that rising air and soil temperatures thaw permafrost, allowing the lakes to drain away into the ground.


title: Lake

text: Some lakes disappear because of human development factors. The shrinking Aral Sea is described as being "murdered" by the diversion for irrigation of the rivers feeding it.


title: Lake

text: Only one astronomical body other than Earth is known to harbor large lakes: Saturn's largest moon, Titan. Photographs and spectroscopic analysis by the "Cassini–Huygens" spacecraft show liquid ethane on the surface, which is thought to be mixed with liquid methane. The largest lake on Titan is Kraken Mare which, at an estimated 400,000 km, is roughly five times the size of Lake Superior (~80,000 km) and nearly the size of all five Great Lakes of North America combined. The second largest Titanean lake, Ligeia Mare, is almost twice the size of Lake Superior, at an estimated 150,000 km.


title: Lake

text: Jupiter's large moon Io is volcanically active, leading to the accumulation of sulfur deposits on the surface. Some photographs taken during the "Galileo" mission appear to show lakes of liquid sulfur in volcanic caldera, though these are more analogous to lakes of lava than of water on Earth.


title: Lake

text: The planet Mars has only one confirmed lake which is underground and near the south pole. Although the surface of Mars is too cold and has too little atmospheric pressure to permit permanent surface water, geologic evidence appears to confirm that ancient lakes once formed on the surface.


title: Lake

text: There are dark basaltic plains on the Moon, similar to lunar maria but smaller, which are called "lacus" (singular "lacus", Latin for "lake") because they were thought by early astronomers to be lakes of water.


title: David Kaczynski

text: David Richard Kaczynski (born October 3, 1949) is the younger brother of Ted Kaczynski, the serial bomber dubbed the "Unabomber" by the FBI before his arrest in 1996. His memoir, "Every Last Tie: The Story of the Unabomber and His Family", details his relationship with his brother and parents and the decision that David and his wife made to share their suspicion that Ted was the Unabomber with law enforcement, which led to his arrest.


title: David Kaczynski

text: Kaczynski is a graduate of Columbia University, class of 1970. Between December 1966 and May 1967, he wrote ten articles for the "Columbia Daily Spectator" and was promoted to the associate news board in March 1967. Kaczynski worked as a schoolteacher in Lisbon, Iowa, in the mid-1970s.


title: David Kaczynski

text: After the anonymous Unabomber demanded in 1995 that his manifesto, "Industrial Society and Its Future", be published in a major newspaper as a condition for ceasing his mail-bomb campaign, "The New York Times" and "The Washington Post" published the manifesto, hoping somebody would recognize the writing style of the author.


title: David Kaczynski

text: David's wife, Linda Patrik, first suspected Theodore and urged David to read the manifesto when it was published. David recognized Ted's writing style, and the criminal defense lawyer the couple hired notified authorities. On April 3, 1996, police arrested Ted in his rural cabin in Lincoln, Montana. David had received assurances from the FBI that his identity as the informant would be kept secret, but his name was leaked to the media. In addition, he sought a guarantee from federal prosecutors that Ted would receive appropriate psychiatric evaluation and treatment. The Justice Department's subsequent pursuit of the death penalty, and Attorney General Janet Reno's initial refusal to accept a plea bargain in exchange for a life sentence, was seen by David and other members of his family as a betrayal. Such a plea bargain was eventually reached, and Ted was sentenced to life imprisonment without possibility of parole. Kaczynski has since said that the decision to report his brother was painful but he felt morally compelled to do so.


title: David Kaczynski

text: David Kaczynski received a $1 million reward from the FBI for the Unabomber's capture. The reward was funded by a Congressional appropriation for the Justice Department and was, at the time, one of the largest rewards issued in a domestic case. Kaczynski told the Associated Press that he planned to distribute the majority of the reward money to the bombing victims and their families, adding that this "might help us resolve our grief over what happened."


title: David Kaczynski

text: Prior to turning his brother Ted in to authorities, David Kaczynski worked as an assistant director of a shelter for runaway and homeless youth in Albany, New York, where he counseled and advocated for troubled, neglected, and abused youth. His brother's confrontation with the death penalty later motivated David Kaczynski to become an anti-death-penalty activist. In 2001, Kaczynski was named executive director of New Yorkers Against the Death Penalty (as of 2008, New Yorkers for Alternatives to the Death Penalty). While the mission of NYADP originally focused only on ending the death penalty, under Kaczynski's guidance in 2008, it broadened its mission to address the unmet needs of all those affected by violence, including victims and their families. After leaving the NYADP, Kaczynski served as executive director of Karma Triyana Dharmachakra, a Tibetan Buddhist monastery located in Woodstock, New York.


title: David Kaczynski

text: Kaczynski is married to Linda Patrik. He is a practicing Buddhist and a vegetarian. In 2009, he published an essay about his relationship with his brother Ted, from childhood to adulthood, which appeared in a collection of essays.


title: David Kaczynski

text: David Kaczynski appeared in Netflix documentary "" (2020 TV mini-series). He was portrayed by Robert Hays in the 1996 television movie "" and by Mark Duplass in the 2017 television series "".


title: Space Invaders

text: Designer Nishikado drew inspiration from North American target shooting games like "Breakout" (1976) and "Gun Fight" (1975), as well as science fiction narratives such as the novel "The War of the Worlds" (1897), the anime "Space Battleship Yamato" (1974), and the movie "Star Wars" (1977). To complete development of the game, he had to design custom hardware and development tools. Upon release, "Space Invaders" was an immediate commercial success; by 1982, it had grossed $3.8 billion (equivalent to over adjusted for inflation ), with a net profit of $450 million (equivalent to adjusted for inflation). This made it the best-selling video game and highest-grossing entertainment product at the time, and the highest-grossing video game of all time.


title: Space Invaders

text: "Space Invaders" is considered one of the most influential video games of all time. It ushered in the golden age of arcade video games. It was the inspiration for numerous video games and game designers across different genres, and has been ported and re-released in various forms. The 1980 Atari VCS version quadrupled sales of the VCS, thereby becoming the first killer app for video game consoles. More broadly, the pixelated enemy alien has become a pop culture icon, often representing video games as a whole.


title: Space Invaders

text: "Space Invaders" is a fixed shooter in which the player moves a laser cannon horizontally across the bottom of the screen and fires at aliens overhead. The aliens begin as five rows of eleven that move left and right as a group, shifting downward each time they reach a screen edge. The goal is to eliminate all of the aliens by shooting them. While the player has three lives, the game ends immediately if the invaders reach the bottom of the screen. The aliens attempt to destroy the player's cannon by firing projectiles. The laser cannon is partially protected by stationary defense bunkers which are gradually destroyed from the top by the aliens and, if the player fires when beneath one, the bottom gets destroyed.


title: Space Invaders

text: As aliens are defeated, their movement and the game's music both speed up. Defeating all the aliens brings another wave which starts lower, a loop which can continue endlessly. A special "mystery ship" will occasionally move across the top of the screen and award bonus points if destroyed.


title: Space Invaders

text: "Space Invaders" was developed by Japanese designer Tomohiro Nishikado, who spent a year designing the game and developing the necessary hardware to produce it. The game's inspiration is reported to have come from varying sources, including an adaptation of the electro-mechanical arcade game "Space Monsters" released by Taito in 1972, and a dream about Japanese school children who are waiting for Santa Claus when they are attacked by invading aliens. Nishikado himself has cited Atari's arcade game "Breakout" (1976) as his original inspiration behind the game's concept, wanting to adapt the same sense of achievement and tension from destroying targets one at a time, combining it with elements of target shooting games. The game uses a similar layout to that of "Breakout" but with different game mechanics; rather than bounce a ball to attack static objects, players are given the ability to fire projectiles at moving enemies.


title: Space Invaders

text: Nishikado added several interactive elements that he found lacking in earlier video games, such as the ability for enemies to react to the player's movement and fire back, and a game over triggered by the enemies killing the player (either by getting hit or enemies reaching the bottom of the screen) rather than simply a timer running out. He replaced the timer, typical of arcade games at the time, with descending aliens who effectively served a similar function, where the closer they came, the less time the player had left.


title: Space Invaders

text: Early enemy designs for the game included tanks, combat planes, and battleships. Nishikado, however, was not satisfied with the enemy movements; technical limitations made it difficult to simulate flying. Humans would have been easier to simulate, but the designer considered shooting them immoral. After the release of the 1974 anime "Space Battleship Yamato" in Japan, and seeing a magazine feature about "Star Wars" (1977), he thought of using a space theme. Nishikado drew inspiration for the aliens from a novel by H. G. Wells, "The War of the Worlds", and created initial bitmap images after the octopus-like aliens. Other alien designs were modeled after squids and crabs. The game was originally titled "Space Monsters" after a popular song in Japan at the time, "", but was changed to "Space Invaders" by the designer's superiors.


title: Space Invaders

text: Because microcomputers in Japan were not powerful enough at the time to perform the complex tasks involved in designing and programming "Space Invaders", Nishikado had to design his own custom hardware and development tools for the game. He created the arcade board using the latest microprocessors from the United States. The game uses an Intel 8080 central processing unit (CPU), displays raster graphics on a CRT monitor using a bitmapped framebuffer, and uses monaural sound hosted by a combination of analog circuitry and a Texas Instruments SN76477 sound chip. The adoption of a microprocessor was inspired by "Gun Fight" (1975), Midway's microprocessor adaptation of Nishikado's earlier discrete logic game "Western Gun", after the designer was impressed by the improved graphics and smoother animation of Midway's version. " Space Invaders" also adopted the multi-chip barrel shifter circuit first developed by Midway for "Gun Fight", which had been a key part of that game's smoother animation. This circuit allowed the 8080 CPU to shift pictures in the graphics framebuffer faster than it could using only its own native instructions.


title: Space Invaders

text: Despite the specially developed hardware, Nishikado was unable to program the game as he wanted—the Control Program board was not powerful enough to display the graphics in color or move the enemies faster—and he ended up considering the development of the game's hardware the most difficult part of the whole process. While programming the game, Nishikado discovered that the processor was able to render each frame of the alien's animation graphics faster when there were fewer aliens on the screen. Since the alien's positions updated after each frame, this caused the aliens to move across the screen at an increasing speed as more and more were destroyed. Rather than design a compensation for the speed increase, he decided that it was a feature, not a bug, and kept it as a challenging gameplay mechanism.


title: Space Invaders

text: Taito first published "Space Invaders" on April 1, 1978, before entering mass-production in July 1978. They released both an upright arcade cabinet and a so-called "cocktail-table" cabinet; following its usual practice, Taito named the cocktail version "T.T. Space Invaders" ("T.T." for "table-top"). Midway released its upright version a few months later and its cocktail version several months after that. The cabinet artwork featured large humanoid monsters not present in the game; Nishikado attributes this to the artist basing the designs on the original title of ""Space Monsters"", rather than referring to the actual in-game graphics. In the upright cabinets, the game graphics are generated on a hidden CRT monitor and reflected toward the player using a semi-transparent mirror, behind which is mounted a plastic cutout of a moon bolted against a painted starry background. The backdrop is visible through the mirror and thus appears "behind" the graphics. Both Taito's and Midway's first Space Invaders versions had black-and-white graphics with a transparent colored overlay using strips of orange and green cellophane over certain portions of the screen to add color to the image. Later Japanese releases used a rainbow-colored cellophane overlay, and these were eventually followed by versions with a color monitor and an electronically generated color overlay.


title: Space Invaders

text: Despite its simplicity, the music to "Space Invaders" was revolutionary for the gaming industry of the time. Video game scholar Andrew Schartmann identifies three aspects of the music that had a significant impact on the development of game music:


title: Space Invaders

text: "Next Generation" editor Neil West also cited the "Space Invaders" music as an example of great video game art, commenting on how the simple melody's increasing tempo and synchronization with the enemies' movement chills and excites the player.


title: Space Invaders

text: When Nishikado completed the game, it was initially met with a mixed response from within Taito and among amusement arcade owners. His colleagues praised it, applauding his achievement while queuing up to play, whereas his bosses predicted low sales as games often ended more quickly than other timer-based arcade games at the time. A number of amusement arcade owners initially rejected the game, but some pachinko parlors and bowling alleys adopted it; it quickly caught on, with many parlors and alleys clearing space for more "Space Invaders" cabinets. In the first few months following its release in Japan, "Space Invaders" became popular, and specialty video arcades opened with nothing but "Space Invaders" cabinets.


title: Space Invaders

text: By the end of 1978, Taito had installed over 100,000 machines and grossed ( adjusted for inflation) in Japan alone. By June 1979, Taito had manufactured about 200,000–300,000 "Space Invaders" machines in Japan, with each unit earning an average of or in 100 yen coins per day. However, this was not enough to meet the high demand, leading to Taito increasing production to 25,000–30,000 units per month and raising projections to 400,000 manufactured in Japan by the end of 1979. In order to cope with the demand, Taito licensed the overseas rights to Midway for distribution outside of Japan. By the end of 1979, an estimated 750,000 "Space Invaders" machines were installed worldwide, including 400,000 in Japan, 85,000 in the United Kingdom, and 60,000 within a year in the United States (where prices ranged from $2,000 to $3,000 for each machine); the game eventually sold 72,000 units in the United States by 1982. By 1979, it had become the arcade game industry's all-time best-seller. In Australia, "Space Invaders" was performing strongly for a long time, with a level of longevity not matched until "Street Fighter II" (1991).


title: Space Invaders

text: "Space Invaders" had about daily players in Japan, with daily revenue peaking at or . "Space Invaders" machines had grossed more than four billion US quarters ( at the time, or adjusted for inflation) by 1979. It remained the top arcade game for three years through 1980. In 1981, several years after its release, it still had weekly earnings of in the United States, second only to "Pac-Man". "Space Invaders" continued to gross an average of per year through 1982, by which time it had crossed $2 billion in quarters (equivalent to $ adjusted for inflation), with a net profit of $450 million (equivalent to $ adjusted for inflation). This made it the best-selling video game and highest-grossing "entertainment product" of its time, with comparisons made to the then highest-grossing film "Star Wars", which had grossed $486 million, with a net profit of $175 million. By 1982, it had grossed , equivalent to over as of 2016. "Space Invaders" earned Taito profits of over .


title: Space Invaders

text: The 1980 Atari VCS (Atari 2600) version was the first official licensing of an arcade game for consoles and became the first "killer app" for video game consoles after quadrupling the system's sales. It sold over two million units in its first year on sale as a home console game, making it the first title to sell over a million cartridges. The game went on to sell copies, then over copies by the end of 1981, and over by 1982; it was the best-selling Atari 2600 game up until the Atari version of "Pac-Man" (1982). "Space Invaders" for the Atari 2600 had sold cartridges by 1983, and a further between 1986 and 1990, for a total of over cartridges sold by 1990.


title: Space Invaders

text: Other official conversions were released for the Atari 8-bit computer line and Atari 5200 console, while Taito later released it for the Nintendo Famicom in 1985, but only in Japan. By 1982, versions of "Space Invaders" were available for handheld electronic game devices, tabletop dedicated consoles, home computers, watches and pocket calculators. The Atari VCS conversion was programmed by Richard Maurer, while the Atari 5200 conversion was programmed by Eric Manghise and animated by Marilyn Churchill. Adjusted for inflation, sales of all versions of "Space Invaders" combined are estimated to have exceeded $13 billion in gross revenue , making it the highest-grossing video game of all time.


title: Space Invaders

text: More than a hundred "Space Invaders" video game clones were released for various platforms, such as the popular computer games "Super Invader" (1979) and "TI Invaders" (1981); the latter was the top-selling game for the TI-99/4A through at least 1982.


title: Space Invaders

text: As one of the earliest shooting games, "Space Invaders" set precedents and helped pave the way for future titles and for the shooting genre. "Space Invaders" popularized a more interactive style of gameplay, with the enemies responding to the player-controlled cannon's movement, and was the first video game to popularize the concept of achieving a high score, being the first to save the player's score. While earlier shooting games allowed the player to shoot at targets, "Space Invaders" was the first in which multiple enemies could fire back at the player, and in contrast to earlier arcade games which often had a timer, "Space Invaders" introduced the "concept of going round after round." It was also the first game where players were given multiple lives, had to repel hordes of enemies, could take cover from enemy fire, and use destructible barriers, in addition to being the first game to use a continuous background soundtrack, with four simple diatonic descending bass notes repeating in a loop, which was dynamic and changed pace during stages, like a heartbeat sound that increases pace as enemies approached.


title: Space Invaders

text: An urban legend states that "Space Invaders"' popularity led to a shortage of 100-yen coins in Japan. However, Nishikado himself was skeptical of the story. In actuality, 100-yen coin production was lower in 1978 and 1979 than in previous or subsequent years. Additionally, arcade operators would have emptied their machines and taken the money to the bank, thus keeping the coins in circulation. Reports from those living in Japan at the time indicate "nothing out of the ordinary ... during the height of the "Space Invaders" invasion".


title: Space Invaders

text: "Space Invaders" was inducted into the World Video Game Hall of Fame in 2016. "Space Invaders" cabinets have become collector's items, with the cocktail and cabaret versions being the rarest.


title: Space Invaders

text: Game developers including Shigeru Miyamoto (creator of the franchises "Donkey Kong", "Mario", and "The Legend of Zelda"), Hideo Kojima ("Metal Gear"), Satoshi Tajiri ("Pokémon"), and John Romero and John Carmack (both "Doom)" have cited "Space Invaders" as their introduction to video games. Miyamoto said "Space Invaders" had revolutionized the video game industry. According to Alexander Smith, by "allowing targets to attack the player and eliminating the timer, Nishikado created a new paradigm in video games." It also inspired Eugene Jarvis ("Defender", "") to become a video game designer, stating it "laid the groundwork for a whole generation" of video games with the "animated characters, the story, this amazing crescendo of action and climax" and that many games "still rely on the multiple life, progressively difficult level paradigm" of "Space Invaders". "Deus Ex" creator Warren Spector said: ""Space Invaders" and games like it represent the roots of everything we see today in gaming. It represents the birth of a new art form, one that literally changed the world. "Space Invaders" is important as an historical artefact, no less than the silent films of the early twentieth century or early printed books."


title: Space Invaders

text: "Edge" attributed the shift of games from bars and amusement arcades to more mainstream locations, such as restaurants and department stores, to "Space Invaders". Its popularity was such that it was the first game where an arcade machine's owner could make up for the cost of the machine in under one month, or in some places within one week.


title: Space Invaders

text: "Space Invaders" helped action games become the dominant genre in arcades and on consoles. "Guinness World Records" considered "Space Invaders" one of the most successful arcade shooting games by 2008. In describing it as a "seminal arcade classic", IGN listed it as the number eight "classic shoot 'em up". "Space Invaders" set the template for the shoot 'em up genre. Its worldwide success created a demand for a wide variety of science fiction games, inspiring the development of arcade games, such as Atari's "Asteroids", Williams Electronics' "Defender", and Namco's "Galaxian" and "Galaga", which were modeled after "Space Invaders"s gameplay and design. This influence could be said to extend to most shooting games released to the present day, including first-person shooters (FPS) such as "Wolfenstein", "Doom", "Halo" and "Call of Duty". "Space Invaders" also influenced other genres, including maze games such as Sega/Gremlin's "Head On" (1979) which adopted the concept of "going round after round" instead of a timer, and early computer dungeon crawl games such as "Dungeons of Daggorath", which used similar heartbeat sounds to indicate player health.


title: Space Invaders

text: The technology journalist Jason Whittaker credited "Space Invaders" with ending the video game crash of 1977, caused by "Pong" clones flooding the market, and beginning the golden age of video arcade games (1978–1980s). According to "The Observer", home console versions of "Space Invaders" were popular and encouraged users to learn to program; many became industry leaders. 1UP.com stated that "Space Invaders" showed that video games could compete against the major entertainment media at the time: movies, music, and television. "IGN" attributed the launch of the "arcade phenomenon" in North America in part to "Space Invaders". "Electronic Games" said it was the impetus behind video gaming becoming a rapidly growing hobby, and as "the single most popular coin-operated attraction of all time." "Game Informer" considered it, along with "Pac-Man", one of the most popular arcade games; it tapped into popular culture and generated excitement during the golden age of arcades.


title: Space Invaders

text: In 1995, Flux magazine ranked Space Invaders #1 on their "Top 100 Video Games." In 1996, "Next Generation" magazine put "Space Invaders" at number 97 on their list of the "Top 100 Games of All Time", saying that it "provides an elegance and simplicity not found in later games like "Phoenix" [1980]." IGN listed it as one of the "Top 10 Most Influential Games" in 2007, citing it as a source of inspiration to video game designers and the impact it had on the shooting genre. "The Times" ranked it No. 1 on its list of "The ten most influential video games ever" in 2007. 1UP ranked it at No. 3 on its list of "The 60 Most Influential Games of All Time," stating that, in contrast to earlier arcade games which "were attempts to simulate already-existing things," "Space Invaders" was "the first video game as a video game, instead of merely a playable electronic representation of something else."


title: Space Invaders

text: In 2008, "Guinness World Records" listed it as the top-rated arcade game in technical, creative, and cultural impact. "Entertainment Weekly" named "Space Invaders" one of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 home console in 2013. In 2018, it was ranked 87th in Video Game Canon's statistical meta-analysis of 48 "top games" lists published between 1995 and 2017. The list aggregator site Playthatgame currently ranks Space Invaders as the 57th top game of all time, game of the year, & game of the 1970s. In 2021, "The Guardian" listed it as the third greatest video game of the 1970s, just below "Galaxian" and "Asteroids".


title: Space Invaders

text: "Space Invaders" has been remade on numerous platforms and spawned many sequels. Re-releases include ported and updated versions of the original arcade game. Ported versions generally feature different graphics and additional gameplay options—for example, "moving" defense bunkers, zigzag shots, invisible aliens, and two-player cooperative gameplay. Ports on earlier systems like the Atari home consoles featured simplified graphics, while later systems such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and PlayStation featured updated graphics. Later titles include several modes of gameplay and integrate new elements into the original design. For example, "Space Invaders Extreme", released on the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable, integrated musical elements into the standard gameplay. A 2008 spin-off for WiiWare, "Space Invaders Get Even", allows players to control the aliens instead of the laser cannon in a reversal of roles.


title: Space Invaders

text: In 1980, Bally-Midway released a pinball version of the game. However, few elements from the original game are included, and the aliens instead resemble the xenomorphs from the film "Alien"; Bally-Midway was later sued over the game's resemblance to the designs by H. R. Giger. It became the third highest-grossing pinball machine of 1980 in the United States.


title: Space Invaders

text: Ports of the game have been met with mixed receptions; the Atari 2600 version was successful, while the Nintendo Entertainment System version was poorly received.


title: Space Invaders

text: Taito has released several arcade sequels. The first was "Space Invaders Part II" in 1979; it featured color graphics, an attract mode, new gameplay elements, and added an intermission between gameplay. According to the "Killer List of Video Games", this was the first video game to include an intermission. The game also allowed the player with the top score to sign their name on the high score table. This version was released in the United States as "Deluxe Space Invaders" (also known as "Space Invaders Deluxe"), but it featured a different graphical color scheme and a lunar-city background. Another arcade sequel, "Space Invaders II", was released exclusively in the United States. It was in a cocktail-table format with very fast alien firing and a competitive two-player mode. During the summer of 1985, "Return of the Invaders" was released with updated color graphics and more complex movements and attack patterns for the aliens. Subsequent arcade sequels included "Super Space Invaders '91", "Space Invaders DX", and "Space Invaders 95". Each game introduced minor gameplay additions to the original design. Like the original game, several of the arcade sequels have become collector's items, though some are considered rarer. In 2002, Taito released "Space Raiders", a third-person shooter reminiscent of "Space Invaders".


title: Space Invaders

text: The game and its related games have been included in video game compilation titles. "Space Invaders Anniversary" was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2 and included nine "Space Invader" variants. A similar title for the PlayStation Portable, "Space Invaders Pocket", was released in 2005. "Space Invaders", "Space Invaders Part II" and "Return of the Invaders" are included in "Taito Legends", a compilation of Taito's classic arcade games released in 2005 on the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and PC. "Super Space Invaders '91", "Space Invaders DX", and "Space Invaders 95" were included in "Taito Legends 2", a sequel compilation released in 2006. In April 2017, a redemption game by Raw Thrills, "Space Invaders Frenzy", was released.


title: Space Invaders

text: A stand-alone version was released by Super Impulse as part of its "Tiny Arcade" series, along with the Namco games "Pac-Man", "Ms. Pac-Man", and "Galaxian".


title: Space Invaders

text: A "Space Invaders" title for the Atari Jaguar was being worked on by Virtuality Entertainment, which would have featured support for the unreleased Jaguar VR peripheral; however, the project never entered full development beyond reaching pre-production stages, with the only remaining proof of its existence being a game design document.


title: Space Invaders

text: Many publications and websites use the pixelated alien graphic as an icon for video games in general, including the video game magazine "Electronic Gaming Monthly", technology website Ars Technica, and concert event Video Games Live. There has also been "Space Invaders-"themed merchandising, including necklaces and puzzles. The trend continues to this day, with handmade sites like Etsy and Pinterest showcasing thousands of handmade items featuring "Space Invaders" characters.


title: Space Invaders

text: The game—and references to it—has appeared in numerous facets of popular culture. Soon after the game's release, hundreds of favorable articles and stories about the emerging video game medium as popularized by "Space Invaders" aired on television and were printed in newspapers and magazines. The Space Invaders Tournament, held by Atari in 1980 and won by Rebecca Heineman, was the first electronic sports (eSports) event, and attracted more than 10,000 participants, establishing video gaming as a mainstream hobby. The Arcade Awards ceremony was created that same year to honor the best video games, with "Space Invaders" winning the first Game of the Year (GoTY) award. The impact of "Space Invaders" on the video game industry has been compared to that of The Beatles in the pop music industry. Considered "the first 'blockbuster' video game," "Space Invaders" became synonymous with video games worldwide for some time.


title: Space Invaders

text: Within a year of the game's release, the Japanese PTA unsuccessfully attempted to ban the game for allegedly inspiring truancy. In North America, doctors identified a condition called the ""Space Invaders" elbow" as a complaint, while a physician in "The New England Journal of Medicine" named a similar ailment the ""Space Invaders" Wrist". "Space Invaders" was also the first game to attract political controversy when a 1981 Private Member's Bill known as the "Control of Space Invaders (and other Electronic Games) Bill", drafted by British Labour Member of Parliament (MP) George Foulkes, attempted to allow local councils to restrict the game and those like it by licensing for its "addictive properties" and for causing "deviancy". Conservative MP Michael Brown defended the game as "innocent and harmless pleasure", which he himself had enjoyed that day, and criticized the bill as an example of "Socialist beliefs in restriction and control". A motion to bring the bill before Parliament was defeated by 114 votes to 94 votes; the bill itself was never considered by Parliament. Similarly in the United States, in Westchester County, New York, there was a controversial political debate in 1981 over a resolution to place age restrictions on "Space Invaders" and other arcade games, following complaints that schoolchildren wasted time and lunch money, and went to school late; the resolution drew national attention.


title: Space Invaders

text: Musicians have drawn inspiration for their music from "Space Invaders". The pioneering Japanese synthpop group Yellow Magic Orchestra reproduced "Space Invaders" sounds in its 1978 self-titled album and hit single "Computer Game", the latter selling over 400,000 copies in the United States. Other pop songs based on "Space Invaders" soon followed, including disco records such as "Disco Space Invaders" (1979) by Funny Stuff, and the hit songs "Space Invader" (1980) by The Pretenders, "Space Invaders" (1980) by Uncle Vic, and the Australian hit "Space Invaders" (1979) by Player One (known in the US as 'Playback'), which in turn provided the bassline for Jesse Saunders' "On and On" (1984), the first Chicago house music track. The Clash sampled sound effects from the game on the song "Ivan Meets G.I. Joe" from its 4th studio album, "Sandinista!"


title: Space Invaders

text: Video Games Live performed audio from the game as part of a special retro "Classic Arcade Medley" in 2007. In honor of the game's 30th anniversary, Taito produced an album titled "Space Invaders 2008". The album was released by Avex Trax and features music inspired by the game. Six songs were originally used in the PSP version of "Space Invaders Extreme". Taito's store, Taito Station, also unveiled a "Space Invaders"-themed music video.


title: Space Invaders

text: In the 1982 original pilot of the series "The Powers of Matthew Star", David Star uses his powers to cheat the game. The game is shown with a colored backdrop of the moon. Multiple television series have aired episodes that either reference or parody the game and its elements; for example, "Danger Mouse", "That '70s Show", "Scrubs", "Chuck", "Robot Chicken", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" and "The Amazing World of Gumball". Elements are prominently featured in the "Raiders of the Lost Arcade" segment of "Anthology of Interest II", an episode of the animated series "Futurama".


title: Space Invaders

text: "Space Invaders" also appears in the films "Cherry 2000" (1987), "" (1991), and "Pixels" (2015) while its "Deluxe" game made an appearance in "Fast Times At Ridgemont High" (1982). A film adaptation of the game is in the works by Warner Bros. Pictures with Akiva Goldsman producing. On February 13, 2015, Daniel Kunka was set to write the script for the film. On July 12, 2019, Greg Russo was set to write the script for the film, with Goldsman still producing alongside Safehouse Pictures partners Joby Harold and Tory Tunnell.


title: Space Invaders

text: Various books have been published about "Space Invaders", including "Space Invaders: An addict's guide to battle tactics, big scores and the best machines" (1982) by Martin Amis, "Tomb Raiders and Space Invaders: Videogame forms and Contexts" (2006) by Geof King and Tanya Krzywinska, and "Space Invaders" (1980) by Mark Roeder and Julian Wolanski.


title: Space Invaders

text: In the mid-1990s, the athletics company Puma released a T-shirt with a stamp having references to "Space Invaders", i.e. a spaceship aiming at the company's logo (see picture on the right).


title: Space Invaders

text: In 2006, the game was one of several video game-related media selected to represent Japan as part of a project compiled by Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs. That same year, "Space Invaders" was included in the London Science Museum's Game On exhibition, meant to showcase the various aspects of video game history, development, and culture. (The game is a part of the Barbican Centre's traveling Game On exhibition.)


title: Space Invaders

text: At the Belluard Bollwerk International 2006 festival in Fribourg, Switzerland, Guillaume Reymond created a three-minute video recreation of a game of "Space Invaders" as part of the "Gameover" project using humans as pixels. The GH ART exhibit at the 2008 Games Convention in Leipzig, Germany, included an art game, "Invaders!", based on "Space Invaders"s gameplay. The creator later asked for the game to be removed from the exhibit following criticism of elements based on the September 11 attacks in the United States.


title: Space Invaders

text: There is a bridge in Cáceres, Spain, projected by engineers Pedro Plasencia and Hadrián Arias, whose pavement design is based on the game. The laser cannon, some shots, and several figures can be seen on the deck. A French street artist, Invader, made a name for himself by creating mosaic artwork of "Space Invader" aliens around the world.


title: Space Invaders

text: In 2014, two Brazilian zoologists described a new species of arachnid as "Taito spaceinvaders." Kury & Barros, 2014, inspired by the game, because of the resemblance of a fleck in the dorsal scutum of the animal to a typical alien in the game. The genus "Taito" is named for the company that produces "Space Invaders".


title: Space Invaders

text: In 2018, Highways England launched a campaign titled "Don't be a Space Invader, Stay Safe, Stay Back" to raise awareness on the dangers of tailgating. People were also able to order free car bumper stickers to raise awareness of the campaign.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Gehraiyaan () is a 2022 Indian romantic drama film directed by Shakun Batra and produced by Dharma Productions in association with Viacom18 Studios and Jouska Films. The film stars Deepika Padukone, Siddhant Chaturvedi, Ananya Panday and Dhairya Karwa with Rajat Kapoor and Naseeruddin Shah in supporting roles.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: "Gehraiyaan" premiered on 11 February 2022 on Amazon Prime Video. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with praise for its soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Padukone and Shah's performances; however its story, screenplay and climax received criticism.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Alisha "Al" Khanna, a 30-year-old yoga instructor is working on an app but struggling to find investors while providing for her boyfriend Karan Arora, an unemployed writer. She also suffers from anxiety, dealing with her mother Sonali's suicide as a child, and is estranged from her father Vinod. Alisha's cousin Tia "Ti" is engaged to Zain Oberoi and invites the couple to their Alibaug beach house. Zain and Alisha bond due to their traumatic past and flirt with each other. Later, Alisha kisses him, regretting it after, but learns that Karan has allowed Tia to read his draft and feels hurt as she had been asking to read it since a longtime. She allows Zain back in and they begin an affair.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Zain gets his business to invest in Alisha's app. He reveals to her that his father was violent towards him and his mother, which encouraged his move to America. Later, Karan proposes Alisha in front of all his family and friends, including Tia and Zain, and Alisha accepts his proposal. She ends her affair with Zain to focus on her new beginnings with Karan. But she breaks up with Karan, after finding out that his book had been rejected, before he proposed, and he hid this from her. She and Zain continue their affair, and Zain tells her that he will end things with Tia, after returning her investment in his company. Zain's company again invests in Alisha's app and provides her with a new yoga studio.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: At Zain and Tia's anniversary party, Alisha reveals to Zain that she is pregnant. Zain's company is placed under investigation when one of his investors is charged with money laundering. After Tia finds Alisha's anxiety pills in Zain's jacket, she confronts him. He appeases her by saying that he is stressed from work. Alisha's yoga studio is sealed by the investigating officers from Zain's company, and she confronts him, in front of his co-workers, during a business meeting. Zain's business partner, Jitesh, deduces the truth about Zain's affair with Alisha. Tia agrees to mortgage the beach house in Alibaug to save the company, but Zain sells it instead, convinced he can buy it back within a year. At Alibaug, Tia accuses him of having an affair and asks to see his phone. When he shows her his phone, she feels guilty and signs the papers. Zain managed to change Alisha's contact information, on his phone, by changing her name to Jitesh, to make it look like Jitesh has another line. Karan tells Alisha that Tia is helping Zain with his company and both are in Alibaug. An angry Alisha gives Zain an ultimatum to reveal the truth to Tia, or she will.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Jitesh slyly suggests to Zain, that he can use drugs to get rid of the evidence, that Alisha is pregnant. Zain calls Alisha to his yacht and lies that he ended things with Tia. Alisha sees him mixing pills in her drink. Horrified, she tells Zain she wants to get back to land. Zain sees Tia's incoming call on Alisha's phone and asks her to decline; when she refuses, he attempts to push her overboard, but slips and hits his head on the railing of the yacht, drowning in the sea, as a result. A frightened Alisha rushes back home, where she has a miscarriage.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Tia calls the police and they find Zain's body. Jitesh, who knew about Zain's plan, threatens Alisha to get him the signed papers of the beach house sale or he will tell everyone the truth about their affair. Alisha does so and Jitesh covers up Zain's death as a suicide. Tia reveals to Alisha that her father had an affair with Alisha's mother, and Alisha was actually born from their affair. Tia also informs her that their dad had left the beach house in Alisha's name, in his will. Depressed, Alisha attempts to commit suicide, but is interrupted by her father. By not wanting to feel suffocated like her mother, Alisha realises she has ended up exactly like her. She questions her father on why he never told her the truth about her mother, he says that he did not want her mother's life to be defined by that one mistake.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Two years later, Alisha now has a better relationship with her father, and attends Karan's engagement party, where she meets Tia. Tia wonders if revealing the truth to her was right, but Alisha reassures her that it was. Tia, who is still unaware of the affair between Zain and Alisha, agrees to mend their relationship. Karan introduces them to his fiancée's grandmother, who recognises Alisha instantly after she and Zain had helped her and her husband from a stranded boat. Alisha stares blankly at the woman, realising that she cannot escape her past without confronting it.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: In April 2019, Shakun Batra was reported to direct the biopic on Osho, which was shelved. During the 21st edition of the MAMI film festival in October 2019, Batra was reported to direct Deepika Padukone in the lead, labelling the film's genre as domestic noir. In December 2019, Padukone went to the office of Dharma Productions and met Batra, where a script discussion about the film was held for a few minutes. Impressed by the narration, Padukone confirmed that she had a part in the film. In mid-December 2019, it was further reported that Vicky Kaushal and Siddhant Chaturvedi were reported to be playing the male leads, and another actress was reported to be on-board for the project. The latter was finalized and, in the very same month, Ananya Panday was finalized as the second female lead. Dhairya Karwa was cast in a leading role in March 2020.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Pre-production of the film began in March 2020. Initially, filming was to proceed in Sri Lanka, however, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown, the shoot was delayed by six months and moved to Goa, owing to its similar landscapes. The first schedule began in September 2020 and lasted approximately one month. The team returned to Mumbai in November 2020, where the filming resumed in December. Shooting for the next schedule commenced in Mumbai at the end of March 2021. Filming was wrapped up in August 2021. After being known as "Production No. 70" for two years, a teaser was released on 20 December 2021, revealing the title of the film as "Gehraiyaan".


title: Gehraiyaan

text: The production had "intimacy department" of intimacy coach Neha Vyas and intimacy coordinator Aastha Khanna lead by intimacy director Dar Gai.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: The film's music and original score is composed by independent musical duo Kabeer Kathpalia (OAFF) and Savera Mehta, in their mainstream film debut. Kausar Munir and Ankur Tewari wrote the lyrics for the songs. The track featured in the announcement teaser of the film is the Hindi version of "Frontline" sung by Lothika Jha and the Hindi lyrics were written by Tewari.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: "Gehraiyaan" received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with praise for its soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Padukone and Shah's performances; however its story, screenplay and climax received criticism.


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Anna M. M. Vetticad of "Firstpost" gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote ""Gehraiyaan" has an enigmatic air from its opening scene, and gradually takes on an additional layer of unrelenting foreboding". Sanjana Jadhav of "Pinkvilla" gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 and wrote "Batra's "Gehraiyaan" is a deep dive into individual and family's past choices, relationships and why we do, what we do. The director has successfully struck a balance of intimacy, shock, grief and above all love". Renuka Vyavahare of "The Times Of India" gave the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "Batra tries to decode complex human behaviour and its consequences, through a story that's tough to narrate". Umesh Punwani of "Koimoi" gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote "All said and done, I don't remember when was the last time a film's title did so much justice to its story". Devesh Sharma of "Filmfare" gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote "The film is shot quite beautifully by Kaushal Shah. A technically sound film having some fine performances and carrying a hint of mystery as well".


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Roktim Rajpal of "Deccan Herald" rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote ""Gehraiyaan" makes an impact due to the effective screenplay and natural performances". Simran Singh of "DNA India" rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Although the plot of the "'Gehraiyaan"' isn't novel, the treatment of the subject leaves an impression".


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Sukanya Verna of "Rediff" rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Padukone embodies to perfection the "Gehraiyaan" in the title". Shilajit Mitra of "The New Indian Express" rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "As a narrative, "Gehraiyaan" goes commendably far for a mainstream Hindi film. But its words tend to trip up the ride". Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote ""GEHRAIYAAN" is a mature relationship drama with niche appeal, bravura performances and an exciting climax". Phuong Le of "The Guardian" rated the film 3 out of 5 and said "While the lurid twists and turns are enjoyable in a 90s erotic thriller kind of way, the sudden shift towards suspense hampers Padukone's performance. And what a performance it is!"


title: Gehraiyaan

text: Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film 2 out of 5 and wrote "The foursome of Deepika Padukone, Siddhant Chaturvedi, Ananya Panday and Dhairya Karwa should have been a throbbing hot mess, but the film doesn't go deep enough". Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" gave the film 2 out of 5 and wrote "The film is about youthful, adventurous love, but it is utterly devoid of humour and zing. When it tries to lighten up, it falls flat". Shantanu Ray Chaudhari of "The Free Press Journal" gave the film 1 out of 5 and wrote "The writing veers between the trite and the ridiculous."


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The original Airtrek name was chosen to "describe the vehicle's ability to transport its passengers on adventure-packed journeys in a 'free-as-a-bird' manner", and was "coined from "Air" and "Trek" to express the idea of footloose, adventure-filled motoring pleasure." The Outlander nameplate which replaced it evoked a "feeling of journeying to distant, unexplored lands in search of adventure."


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The second generation of the vehicle was introduced in 2006 and all markets including Japan adopted the Outlander name, although production of the older version continued in parallel. It was built on the company's GS platform, and used various engines developed by Mitsubishi, Volkswagen, and PSA Peugeot Citroën. PSA's Citroën C-Crosser and Peugeot 4007, which were manufactured by Mitsubishi in Japan, are badge engineered versions of the second generation Outlander. Global sales achieved the 1.5 million unit milestone in October 2016, 15 years after its market launch.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: As part of the third generation line-up, Mitsubishi launched in January 2013 a plug-in hybrid model called Outlander PHEV. , global sales totaled about 300,000 units, and according to JATO Dynamics, the Outlander PHEV is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid since December 2018. , Europe is the leading market with over 126,000 units sold through January 2019, and the Outlander plug-in hybrid listed as Europe's best-selling plug-in hybrid car for five years running, 2015 to 2019.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The fourth-generation model was released 2021. Following Mitsubishi's entry to Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, the fourth-generation Outlander is based on the Rogue/X-Trail, which is built on the CMF-CD platform.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The first-generation Outlander/Airtrek and was based on the Mitsubishi ASX concept vehicle exhibited at the 2001 North American International Auto Show. The ASX (Active Sports Crossover) represented Mitsubishi's approach to the industry wide crossover SUV trend for retaining the all-season and off-road abilities offered by a high ground clearance and four-wheel drive, while still offering car-like levels of emissions, economy, and size.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Airtrek was first introduced to the Japanese market on 20 June 2001, and was sold at Mitsubishi Japan dealership chain called "Car Plaza". It offered a choice of either a "4G63" 2.0 L or a "4G64" 2.4 L GDI, mated to a standard "INVECS-II" 4-speed automatic transmission. Both front- and four-wheel drive were available. The four-wheel drive version uses open differentials for the front and rear axles, with a viscous coupling unit for the center differential. A performance-oriented model, called the Turbo-R, was introduced in 2002 and used a detuned version of the Lancer Evolution's "4G63T" 2.0 L I4 turbo. The engine produced and , although in export markets the Outlander version's output was reduced to and . The availability of four-cylinder engines under 2.0 liters offered Japanese buyers a vehicle that was in compliance with Japanese regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement, however, the exterior dimensions exceed Japanese regulations for the "compact" designation.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Outlander arrived in 2003 in North America, replacing the Mitsubishi Montero Sport, with a modified front grille and headlights which increased the overall length by approximately , and the two models were manufactured in parallel thereafter. It shared its platform with the Mitsubishi Grandis, also introduced in 2003. A version of the "4G64" powerplant was offered first, while a "4G69" 2.4 L SOHC MIVEC I4 producing and , and the turbocharged "4G63T" appeared in 2004. All had the option of front- or four-wheel drive.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: In several South American markets it was known as the Montero Outlander, to benefit from an association with the strong-selling Mitsubishi Montero Sport.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: On 17 October 2005, Mitsubishi launched the second generation model, dropping the "Airtrek" in Japan in favour of adopting the global name. It features a new DOHC 2.4 L 16-valve MIVEC engine; "INVECS-III" continuously variable transmission (CVT), Mitsubishi's AWC system which features electronically controlled four-wheel-drive and stability control, on a stretched Mitsubishi GS platform. The North American version, powered by a newly designed "6B31" 3.0 L V6 SOHC MIVEC was shown in April 2006 at the New York International Auto Show prior to its release in October the same year. Due to the availability of a V6 engine, Mitsubishi returned to offering a shorter version of this vehicle and reintroduced the Mitsubishi RVR on 17 February 2010. The usage of a four-cylinder engine under 2.0 liters offers Japanese buyers a vehicle that was in compliance with Japanese regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement, which has tax advantages, giving buyers the ability to purchase a vehicle capable of seating seven people without paying the tax penalty of a larger engine.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The second generation Outlander went on sale in Europe in February 2007, and this time included a diesel engine – essential in the European market at the time. Mitsubishi chose to purchase Volkswagen's 2.0-litre "Pumpe-Düse" unit with , as also installed in the European market Grandis. Before this even went on sale, Mitsubishi had decided that there was a need for a more powerful diesel option and by November 2007 higher end diesel models received PSA's 2.2-liter DW12 common rail diesel with . Both diesels were labelled "Di-D" by Mitsubishi. In September 2010 Mitsubishi's own 2.3-liter 4N14 diesel engine with was introduced while the Volkswagen engine was discontinued. The PSA unit continued to be available in certain countries.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Outlander, which features Mitsubishi's "RISE" safety body, received a four-star rating from the Euro NCAP car safety performance assessment programme. One of its unique features is something Mitsubishi calls a "Flap-Fold Tailgate"; it is a two-piece tailgate integrated into the rear bumper that folds down for easy loading, while serving as a bench when the tailgate is open, able to accommodate up to .


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: In the Philippines, the second generation Outlander was released in 2007. It was offered in 2 grades; the entry-level GLS and the top-spec GLS Sport. The GLS grade is powered by a 2.4L MIVEC inline-four engine, while the GLS Sport is powered by a 3.0L V6 engine both paired to a INVECS-III CVT with 6-speed sportronic mode and multi-select 4WD system.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: In 2009, the GLX grade was added to the lineup, powered by the same 2.4L inline-four engine as the GLS.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: In its home market of Japan it was the best-selling SUV from October 2006 to March 2007, while in the U.S. market it achieved 1,694 and 2,108 sales in November and December 2006, the first two full months it was available; Mitsubishi hoped for at least 4,000 sales per month in the United States. In Chile, where both generations were on sale simultaneously, the new model was badged Outlander K2.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: Increased demand for the Lancer, and the consequent effects on the capacity of the company's Mizushima production facility, have obliged Mitsubishi to reassess production of the Outlander. In September 2007, they announced that from 2008, production of European market Outlanders would be transferred from Nagoya to its NedCar plant in the Netherlands, while the Citroën C-Crosser and Peugeot 4007 would have their production transferred from Mizushima to Nagoya.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The model was facelifted for the 2008 model year, although the 2007 grille carried over in the United States and Canada for 2008-09 until another facelift in the 2010 model year.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: At the 2007 SEMA Show in Las Vegas, the company displayed a Mitsubishi Evolander (now known as Mitsubishi Outlander Ralliart) concept, powered by a supercharged version of the vehicle's "6B31" V6 engine and equipped with suitably uprated suspension, brakes, wheels/tires, body kit and interior. A second show car, an Outlander GT Prototype with a front grille based on the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X, was exhibited at the 2009 New York International Auto Show, and formed the basis of the facelifted model introduced in late 2009.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: Along with a major facelift for the 2010 model year, the top end Outlander XLS (GT in the US) introduced a new colour multi-function display and the Mitsubishi S-AWC AWD system. The lower trims retain the previous MFD and the less advanced AWC AWD system. Likewise, the interior was also slightly revised to incorporate leather into the dashboard trim and doors


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: Mitsubishi unveiled the third-generation Outlander at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show. The production version of the Outlander was debuted in Russia in July 2012, and was introduced in other European markets in September 2012. While the new vehicle was introduced to North America at the November 2012 LA Auto Show it was not available for purchase until early 2014. North American Outlanders continued on the second-generation platform through model year 2013. However, the third generation Outlander are not sold in the Philippine market due to poor sales, in favor of the third-row Mitsubishi Montero Sport.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The redesigned model has a new lightweight body that weighs approximately less than the previous model due to extensive use of high tensile strength steel. With a lower drag coefficient of c 0.33, fuel economy has been improved over the previous model. Inside, the dashboard and front doors are covered with soft touch material, the seats are redesigned, and there is good sound insulation.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The front suspension consists of MacPherson struts with a stabilizer bar, and the rear suspension is a multi-link design with a stabilizer bar. Electric Power Steering reduces load on the engine compared to a hydraulic system and helps to improve fuel economy. Disc brakes are installed on all four wheels, with vented rotors in front along with solid rotors in back.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: Newly available safety features include a Forward Collision Mitigation system, a Lane departure warning system, a driver knee airbag to reduce leg injury in a crash, and adaptive cruise control. In addition, the Outlander has standard driver and passenger front airbags, front side torso airbags along with curtain airbags, ABS with EBD, Traction Control Logic, Active Stability Control, Hill Start Assist, and a brake pedal that recedes to prevent leg injury in a crash.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: In crash tests conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the Outlander received a top score of "Good" in every category. When equipped with the optional Forward Collision Mitigation system, the car received the Institute's Top Safety Pick+ award. The vehicle also received full five star overall ratings in the United States, Japanese, and European New Car Assessment Programs.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The third generation Mitsubishi Outlander was launched in Malaysia in April 2016 with a 2.4-litre engine and being fully imported. In September 2017, a 2.0-litre engine locally assembled variant debuted before being for sale in October 2018. In January 2018, the 2.4-litre engine variant became more affordable due to local assembly. In October 2018, a limited edition 'Sports Edition' limited to 120 units based on the 2.0-litre engine variant became available and featured dual-tone paint.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: At the 2015 New York International Auto Show, Mitsubishi debuted a heavily revised Outlander for the 2016 model year. The vehicle features new design language called "Dynamic Shield" that will be the basis for future vehicles in different segments. The revised headlights now include LED DRLs with the option of full LED headlights. Inside the cabin, Mitsubishi made refinements to the steering wheel, headliner, rear folding seats, and door controls.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: Besides cosmetic changes, the updated Outlander has somewhat reduced cabin noise via increased use of sound insulation, thicker door glass, dynamic suspension and differential dampers, and thicker weatherstripping. The suspension and steering are re-tuned and a new generation Jatco CVT8 transmission introduced for four-cylinder models. The revised SUV first went on sale in Russia in April 2015, followed by the Australia in June and Canada and the Caribbean in July.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Outlander received another facelift for the 2019 model year. Changes included a new twin blade grille that contains black inserts, revised front and rear bumper design, and new 18-inch alloy wheels.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The third generation includes a plug-in hybrid variant, called PHEV, and its production version was unveiled at the 2012 Paris Motor Show.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The plug-in hybrid has a 2.0-litre 4-cylinder MIVEC petrol engine, coupled with an electric powertrain, derived from the electric systems used on the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, it produces a combined . Two 60 kW electric motors independently power the front and rear wheels, while the petrol-powered engine can be used as a generator for the motors, and/or power the vehicle directly. The combustion engine can only send power to the front wheels as there is no driveshaft linking it to the rear wheels. Located on the left side of the engine (positioned transaxle-style), the front motor is a smaller, lighter, and higher output version of the permanent magnet synchronous electric motor used in the i-MiEV.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Outlander PHEV has a 12 kWh lithium-ion battery pack capable of delivering an all-electric range of under the New European Driving Cycle. Under the Japanese JC08 test the all-electric range is , with a top speed of . The battery pack is located in a dust- and waterproof encasement positioned beneath the passenger compartment subfloor and between the front and rear axles, with no intrusion into the passenger compartment. It consists of 80 cells configured in series. Mitsubishi's target was to achieve a combined fuel economy for Japan in "EV Drive" mode of 67 km/L equivalent, or equivalent to about 157 miles per U.S. gallon (MPGe). Fuel economy in hybrid mode for Japan is .


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The plug-in hybrid comes equipped with two charging sockets, regular and quick charging CHAdeMO. When charging at home the driver can choose between a standard 3-pin plug socket or via a dedicated EV charging point. From a standard plug, charging from empty to full charge takes about five hours. From a dedicated charging point at home or at a public charging point, it takes about 3.5 hours for a full charge. The DC rapid charging socket can be used at CHAdeMO charging stations. Rapid charging allows for an 80% charge in approximately 25 minutes.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Outlander PHEV features three driver-activated modes, which are ECO Mode, Battery Save Mode and Battery Charge Mode, along with three driving modes: "EV Drive", "Series Hybrid", and "Parallel Hybrid". It also features regenerative braking during normal deceleration (braking or coasting), with the front and rear electric motors working as generators so that electricity can be generated and fed back into the main battery pack. In addition, the plug-in hybrid has a set-up that allows the driver to control the strength of the engine braking with paddles behind the steering wheel. The driver switches on regenerative braking either by sliding the central selector to the "B" position, or by operating the paddles.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The European version was unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The European version is similar to the Japanese model except for minor adjustments to comply with EU requirements, and Mitsubishi expected an emission rating of 44 g/km. Retail deliveries began in Europe in October 2013, beginning in the Netherlands and followed by the Nordic countries, Sales in Australia were originally scheduled for June 2013, but began only in 2014.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The introduction in the United States was initially scheduled for January 2014, but was delayed. Due to California's regulations that require a battery-monitoring unit (BMU), Mitsubishi delayed the market launch in the U.S. to mid-2017 as model year 2017. The BMU conducts onboard diagnosis of the Outlander's lithium ion battery capacity and output, and it alerts the driver to possible degradation, which might affect the vehicle's emissions.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Outlander PHEV ranked as the world's top selling plug-in hybrid in 2014, and also as the third best-selling plug-in electric car after the all-electrics Tesla Model S and Nissan Leaf. Global sales totaled about 42,400 units in 2015, representing 24.6% of worldwide sales of the Outlander lineup, making the plug-in hybrid for a second year in a row the world's best-selling plug-in hybrid, and also the third top selling plug-in electric car.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Outlander PHEV ranked in 2014 as the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in Europe. During 2015, the Outlander plug-in hybrid surpassed the Leaf as the all-time top selling plug-in passenger car in Europe. In 2017, the Outlander PHEV topped plug-in hybrid sales in Europe, for the fifth year running.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: European sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in January 2018, and global deliveries achieved the 150,000 unit mark in March 2018. The 200,000th unit milestone was attained in March 2019. Global sales reached 250,000 units in May 2020, and 300,000 units in January 2022. According to JATO Dynamics, the Outlander PHEV became the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid in December 2018. , the Outlander plug-in hybrid was available for retail sales in 50 countries.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The following table presents retail sales and registrations for the top selling national markets by year through December 2015.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Outlander PHEV was selected as one of the top five finalists for the 2014 World Green Car of the Year.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: In March 2013, the battery pack of an Outlander PHEV at a dealership in Yokohama overheated and melted some of the battery cells, after the vehicle had been fully charged and stood for one day. Nobody was injured in the incident. The battery packs are produced by GS Yuasa, the same company that supplies the batteries for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, whose entire fleet was grounded in January 2013 for battery problems. Mitsubishi did not issue a recall but halted production and sales until it determined the cause of the battery problems. The carmaker advised the 4,000 owners of the Outlander plug-in hybrid to drive only on gasoline mode for the time being. On 19 August 2013, after changing a production process to avoid damaging any batteries, Mitsubishi restarted production of the Outlander plug-in hybrid.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The fourth-generation Outlander debuted on February 16, 2021. It first takes inspiration from the GT-PHEV concept which debuted at the 2016 Paris Motor Show, then the Engelberg Tourer concept which debuted at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show, and finally developed four years after Nissan purchased a 34 percent stake in Mitsubishi Motors. It is based on the Nissan Rogue/X-Trail (T33), riding on the CMF-CD platform, first ever for a Mitsubishi vehicle. Like its predecessor, it continues to offer the same seven-seat configuration.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: Changes include the new "PR25DD" 2.5-litre petrol engine shared with the Nissan Rogue, producing and . A plug-in hybrid powertrain is expected with diesel powertrains discontinued. Due to its close ties with the Rogue, many interior elements are also shared with this model. New interior features include an available 9.0-inch infotainment system with wireless Apple CarPlay, a 12.3-inch digital instrument cluster and a head-up display.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The model was introduced in Australia in November 2021 and went on sale in February 2022. Trim levels available are ES, LS, Aspire, Exceed and Exceed Tourer, with the ES trim receiving both 5-seat and 7-seat options.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The Outlander includes a 360-degree camera, forward collision mitigation, lane-departure warning, blind-spot monitoring. The North American market 2022 Outlander SE Launch Edition adds features such as adaptive cruise control and lane departure prevention.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: The plug-in hybrid version was released in Japan in October 2021. It uses the "4B12" engine used by the previous generation Outlander PHEV with a more powerful motor and a larger 20 kWh battery, delivering an increase of power output on the front and rear motors, combining for a total driving range of in electric-only mode. The engine was rated at at 6000 rpm and at 4100 rpm depending on region. North American release is scheduled in 2022 for the 2023 model year. Contrary to its predecessor, the PHEV model is available in a 7-seat configuration which made possible by unifying the rear motor with the control unit.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV won the Technology Car of the Year Award in 2021–2022 Japan Car of the Year Awards.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: Global Outlander sales achieved the 1.5 million unit milestone in October 2016, 15 years after its market launch.


title: Mitsubishi Outlander

text: "(sources: Facts and Figures, Mitsubishi Motors website. Facts & Figures 2005, Facts & Figures 2009, Facts & Figures 2013, Facts & Figures 2019 )"


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Denholm Mitchell Elliott, (31 May 1922 – 6 October 1992) was an English actor, with more than 125 film and television credits. His well-known roles include the abortionist in "Alfie" (1966), Marcus Brody in "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981), for which he was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" (1989). Elliott gave acclaimed turns in a succession of commercial and critical hits throughout his storied career, as well as three consecutive (to this day, a still-unbeaten record) Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award wins in the 1980s for his performances as Coleman the butler in "Trading Places" (1983), Dr. Charles Swamby in "A Private Function" (1984), and as the endangered newspaper reporter Vernon Bayliss in "Defence of the Realm" (1985). But it was his portrayal of the eccentric Mr. Emerson in 1986's "A Room with a View" that earned him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in 1987, as well as another BAFTA nod (but no win), and a Best Supporting Actor nomination and win from the Kansas City Film Critics Circle.


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Elliott earned continuous and expanding critical acclaim in his later career, and had an incredibly prolific body of work that spanned the mediums of film, television, and the stage, and did so over the course of more than half a century. The American film critic Roger Ebert described him as "the most dependable of all British character actors." "The New York Times" called him "a star among supporting players" and "an accomplished scene-stealer".


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Elliott was born May 31, 1922, in Kensington, London, the son of Nina ("née" Mitchell; 1893–1966) and Myles Layman Farr Elliott, MBE (1890–1933), a barrister who had read law and Arabic at Cambridge before fighting with the Gloucestershire Regiment at Gallipoli and in Mesopotamia. In 1930, Myles Elliott was appointed solicitor-general to the Mandatory Government in Palestine. Three years later, following a series of controversial government prosecutions, he was assassinated outside the King David Hotel and buried in the Protestant Cemetery on Mount Zion.


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Elliott's elder brother Neil Emerson Elliott (1920–2003) was a land agent to Lady Anne Cavendish-Bentinck.


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Elliott attended Malvern College and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London. He was asked to leave the Academy after one term. As Elliott later recalled, "They wrote to my mother and said, 'Much as we like the little fellow, he's wasting your money and our time. Take him away!'"


title: Denholm Elliott

text: In the Second World War, he joined the Royal Air Force, training as a wireless operator/air gunner and serving with No. 76 Squadron RAF under the command of Leonard Cheshire. On the night of 23/24 September 1942, his Handley Page Halifax DT508 bomber took part in an air raid on the U-boat pens at Flensburg, Germany. The aircraft was hit by flak and subsequently ditched in the North Sea near Sylt, Germany. Elliott and four of his crewmen survived, and he spent the rest of the war in Stalag Luft VIIIb, a prisoner-of-war camp in Lamsdorf (now Łambinowice), Silesia. While imprisoned, he became involved in amateur dramatics. He formed a theatre group that was so successful it toured other POW camps playing "Twelfth Night".


title: Denholm Elliott

text: After making his film debut in "Dear Mr. Prohack" (1949) he went on to play a wide range of parts, including an officer in "The Cruel Sea" and often ineffectual and occasionally seedy characters, such as the drunken journalist Bayliss in "Defence of the Realm", the criminal abortionist in "Alfie", and the washed-up film director in "The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz". Elliott and Natasha Parry played the main roles in the 1955 television play "The Apollo of Bellac". He took over for an ill Michael Aldridge for one season of "The Man in Room 17" (1966)


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Elliott made many television appearances, which included plays by Dennis Potter such as "Follow the Yellow Brick Road" (1972), "Brimstone and Treacle", (1976) and "Blade on the Feather" (1980). He starred in the BBC's adaptation of Charles Dickens's short story "The Signalman" (1976). He also co- starred in the made-for-T.V. film "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", starring Jack Palance, produced by Dan Curtis, music composed and conducted by Robert Cobert (Curtis and Cobert were also, at that time, working on the famed Gothic horror soap opera "Dark Shadows" [1966 - 1971.])


title: Denholm Elliott

text: In the 1980s he won three consecutive British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Awards: Best Supporting Actor for "Trading Places" as Dan Aykroyd's kindly butler, "A Private Function", and "Defence of the Realm". He received an Academy Award nomination for "A Room with a View". He became familiar to a wider audience as the well-meaning but confused Dr. Marcus Brody in "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981) and "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". A photograph of his character appears in "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull", and a reference is made to Brody's death. Also, a statue was dedicated to Marcus outside Marshall College, the school where Indy teaches. In 1988 Elliott was the Russian mole Povin, around whom the entire plot revolves, in the television miniseries "".


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Having filmed Michael Winner's "The Wicked Lady" (1983), Elliott was quoted in a BBC Radio interview as saying that Marc Sinden and he "are the only two British actors I am aware of who have ever worked with Winner more than once, and it certainly wasn't for love. But curiously, I never, ever saw any of the same crew twice." (Elliott in "You Must Be Joking!" (1965) and "The Wicked Lady" and Sinden in "The Wicked Lady" and "Decadence"). Elliott had worked with Sinden's father, Sir Donald Sinden, in the film "The Cruel Sea" (1953). He co-starred with Katharine Hepburn and Harold Gould in the television film "Mrs. Delafield Wants to Marry" (1986) and with Nicole Kidman in "Bangkok Hilton" (1989).


title: Denholm Elliott

text: In 1988 Elliott was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his services to acting. His career included many stage performances, including with the Royal Shakespeare Company, and a well-acclaimed turn as the twin brothers in Jean Anouilh's "Ring Round the Moon". His scene-stealing abilities led Gabriel Byrne, his co-star in "Defence of the Realm", to say: "Never act with children, dogs, or Denholm Elliott."


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Despite being described by British Film Institute's Screenonline as an actor of "versatile understanding and immaculate technique," Elliott described himself as an instinctive actor and was a critic of Stanislavski's system of acting, saying, "I mistrust and am rather bored with actors who are of the Stanislavski school who think about detail."


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Secretly bisexual, Elliott was married twice: first to actress Virginia McKenna for a few months in 1954, and later in an open marriage to American actress Susan Robinson, with whom he had two children, Mark and Jennifer, the latter of whom died by suicide in 2003.


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Elliott was diagnosed with HIV in 1987 and died of AIDS-related tuberculosis at his home in Santa Eulària des Riu on Ibiza, Spain, on 6 October 1992 at the age of 70. Tributes were paid by actors Sir Donald Sinden and Sir Peter Ustinov, playwright Dennis Potter and former wife Virginia McKenna.


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Sinden said, "He was one of the finest screen actors and a very special actor at that. He was one of the last stars who was a real gentleman. It is a very sad loss." Ustinov said, "He was a wonderful actor and a very good friend on the occasions that life brought us together."


title: Denholm Elliott

text: Potter commented: "He was a complicated, sensitive, and slightly disturbing actor. Not only was he a very accomplished actor, he was a dry, witty, and slightly menacing individual. As a man, I always found him very open, very straightforward and very much to the point." McKenna added: "It is absolutely dreadful, but the person I am thinking of at the moment more than anybody is his wife. It must be terrible for her." Ismail Merchant described Elliott as "an all-giving person, full of life ... He had an affection and feeling for other actors, which is very unusual in our business."