title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: On the 2015 Bangkok bombing, Prayut suggested that a senior police force educate themselves on how to investigate by watching "Blue Bloods", a fictional New York Police crime series.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: Announcing the Public Assembly Act, which took effect on 13 August 2015, Prayut said the law requires that protesters apply for permission from police for rallies at least 24 hours in advance. It bans all demonstrations within 150 m (500 ft) of the government house, the parliament, royal palaces, and courthouses, unless authorised by authorities. It also bars protesters from blocking entrances or creating a disturbance at government offices, airports, seaports, train and bus stations, hospitals, schools, and embassies. Prayut added that politicians had no right to criticise the draft constitution. Rival politicians have urged the National Reform Council to reject the new charter, citing numerous defects.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: On the activation of the Article 44, "Bangkok Post" commented, "The Article 44 section has no constraint, no oversight, no checks or balances, and no retribution. It says forthrightly that anything done by the NCPO chief is 'legal, constitutional and conclusive'". Pravit Rojanaphruk commented, "Article 44 essentially means Prayut is the law...It needs to be added that the junta leader can also insist on staying on in absolute power indefinitely". Doug Bandow of Cato Institute dubbed Prayut as a cartoonish dictator, out of a Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera, and summed up the military junta first year that Prayut failed to achieve promises, including delivering happiness, prosperity, and security to Thai people.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In 2015, Prayut had supported the lèse-majesté law. His idea on 'Thainess' is to make peace and order. In the end of 2015, he warned academics who criticize him, said that it's up to them if they aren't afraid of the laws, and denied that his government committed human rights abuses against its critics. He said that detentions of activists were the fault of his opponents for protesting against his rule. Prayut said that he would no longer put up with criticism from "irresponsible newspaper columnists" and had instructed officials to invite them for "talks". In November, at the APEC summit at Manila, Prayut told President Barack Obama that concerns about Human rights in Thailand were based on fake news staged by people with bad intentions.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In January 2016, Prayut dared people to oppose the NCPO, and said that he did not care what the international community would think about it. Prayut also make comments calling for women to look after the home. These comments were condemned as sexist


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: Prayut promised a general election in 2015, but he said in February 2016 that it will take place in 2017, amid delays in the drafting of the constitution. The first draft was expected to be released in January 2016. At a summit meeting with Southeast Asian leaders in California, Prayut was invited by US President Barack Obama, which was criticized by human rights activists, opposition party leaders and scholars, warning that the invitation will suggest Washington’s endorsement of the military dictatorship.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In March, while Prayut attended the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington DC, he gave an interview to the Voice of America, where he claimed that disaffected politicians, who had fled Thailand following the 2014 coup, had hired lobbyists in the US to spread propaganda discrediting his government. He cited reports that his government had murdered 400-500 journalists and had imprisoned thousands of Thai citizens, in spite of the fact that there are no reports of such stories. In April, Prayut questioned why people asked for democracy and human rights. In July, Prayut said that if the August draft constitution referendum were to be voted down, he would draft another by himself, adding that he could do anything since he has survived military parachute training. The following day Prayut retracted his statement and blamed the media for highlighting his thoughtless words and putting him in a bad mood.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In August, Prayut said the result of 2016 Thai constitutional referendum was a step towards "a bona fide democracy" and free from corruption, even though the NCPO had banned debate and campaigning from the opposition. The United States, European Union, and United Nations all criticized the ban.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: Buddhism in Thailand has come under significantly higher state control during Prayut's premiership. In 2016, Prayut stalled a decision by the Sangha Supreme Council by refusing to submit the nomination for Supreme Patriarch of Somdet Chuang, a Maha Nikaya monk who was next in line for the position. The appointment was stalled until a law passed that allowed the Thai government to bypass the Sangha Supreme Council and appoint the Supreme Patriarch directly. This led to the appointment of a monk from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya instead by King Vajiralongkorn, who chose the name out of one of five given to him by Prayut.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: Prayut also used article 44 to replace the head of the National Office of Buddhism with a Department of Special Investigation (DSI) official. However, in August, Prayut removed him from the post after religious groups called on the government to fire him because of his reform plans, which were viewed as damaging to the image of monks.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: On 13 October 2016, King Bhumibol passed away. Prayut said the nation would hold a one-year mourning period. He ordered flags to fly at half-mast, entertainment activities to toned down for one month. He urged people to stay safe and pointed that national security was a top priority before King Vajiralongkorn unofficially become the new monarch. It is believed that Prayut and Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda were largely responsible for ensuring the succession of the widely unpopular Vajiralongkorn, in opposition to elements in the military, government, and the public who preferred his far more popular and respected sister Sirindhorn.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In February 2017, Prayut asked the public not to be obsessed with democracy, rights, and liberties. He said people should take into consideration other principles, especially existing laws, to find "proper logic". He stated that the government cannot be swayed by the public's feelings. Prayut said that societal conflicts arise from social and economic disparity and an educational system that fails to instill a proper way of thinking. In December, Prayut defended Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwon, blaming the media for asking questions about possible improprieties in order to divide Prayut and Prawit. Prawit was in the media spotlight for wearing a watch and ring worth millions of baht.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: On 16 July 2017, Prayut and the legislature issued the Crown Property law, making King Vajiralongkorn in control of the world’s largest royal fortune.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In February 2018, Prayut took steps to end sex tourism in Pattaya. In May, the NCPO launched raids of temples to arrest several monks, including Buddha Issara, known for his support of Prayut. In November, Prayut claimed that Thailand's economic slowdown was not attributable to his government, but due to the international economic situation. He stated his goal of moving Thailand from a middle income economy to a high income economy through the "Thailand 4.0 development initiative" that aims to transform the country into a more value-based and innovation driven society. It's flagship project is the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) in the eastern part of Thailand to attract foreign investment, medical care and renewable energy.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: On 10 February 2018, Arnon Nampa and two others led 200-500 protesters at the Democracy Monument to demand a general election in 2018 and to criticize Prayut and Prawit Wongsuwan. The police charged them with sedition under the order of Prayut.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: Under the 2017 constitution, the senate was appointed by the NCPO and would select the prime minister alongside the House of Representatives. Political parties were able to nominate anyone as their prime minister candidate, including non-party members, which led commentators to believe that Prayut planned to be selected as prime minister with votes from 250 senators and MPs from pro-junta parties, namely the Phalang Pracharat Party, which has close ties to the junta and is led by Prayut's cabinet ministers. In November 2018, Deputy Prime Minister Somkid Jatusripitak told the audience at a Forbes conference that he believes the next prime minister will look like Prayut. In late January 2019, four Prayut cabinet ministers resigned from their government positions to work for Phalang Pracharat full-time. Prayut expressed his desire to continue serving as prime minister after the election. While he was not a member of any political party or campaigning in any official capacity, many journalists and commentators believed Prayut intended to stay in power using the changes in the new constitution. Phalang Pracharat Party announced that their list of candidates for prime minister included Prayut.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: After the 2019 election, the National Assembly convened on 5 June and elected Prayut as the next prime minister, defeating Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit of the anti-junta Future Forward Party 500 votes to 244, in which 249 of 500 votes came from a near-unanimous body of senators appointed by the junta (NCPO). The coalition government is composed of pro-Prayut camps and smaller parties who benefited from multiple technical interpretations of the election law by a military-controlled Election Commission, including a 44-day hiatus while the election laws were reinterpreted to pave way for a coalition with the state military party at the helm. Via NCPO mechanisms, Prayut has appointed allies to the Senate, Constitutional Court, various Constitutional organizations, including the Election Commission, and the National Anti-Corruption Commission as well as officials at the local government level. Substantively amending the Constitution is almost impossible as it would require both Senate support and a referendum.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In 2020, major protests broke out again with demonstrations against the government of Prayut. The protests expanded to include unprecedented demands for reform of the Thai monarchy. The protests were initially triggered by the dissolution of the Future Forward Party (FFP), a major opposition party, and the changes to the Thai constitution in 2017 by the NCPO. On 15 July, netizens were infuriated by the privileged treatment of "VIP guests" who were later revealed to have tested positive for Coronavirus, as well as its failure to boost the heavily affected tourism industry. On the same day, Prayut made a visit to Rayong Province. Two protesters, including Panupong Jadnok, held signs calling for his resignation prior to the arrival; both were immediately arrested and reportedly beaten by the police, causing outrage on Twitter. In August, Prayut personally ordered Apiwat Kanthong, his lawyer, to file charges against Arnon Nampa and Panupong Jadnok with sedition.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In October, "Khaosod English" and "Bangkok Post" editorials called for Prayut to resign, but both did not press the demands to draft a new constitution and reform the monarchy. Nevertheless, Prayut blamed the protesters for further damaging the country's economy.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: Patrick Jory, a senior lecturer in Southeast Asian history at the University of Queensland, described the unpredictable nature of the King and "his willingness to use violence," and says that he may have pressured Prayut to suppress the protesters.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: On 2 December 2020, the Constitutional Court ruled in favor of Prayut in a conflict-of-interest case over his use of military housing. The former army chief had been living in a military residence after retiring from the army in 2014, months after he led the coup over the elected government. The ruling allowed Prayut to remain in power. Thousands of protesters gathered at Lat Phrao Intersection to protest the verdict.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In November 2020, Prayut declared that all laws including lèse-majesté would be used against the protesters, saying it was the wish of King Vajiralongkorn that the law be used again. There had been no charges under the Thai lèse majesté law since 2018, with other security laws being invoked in its place, such as the sedition law and the Computer Crime Act. Some have also been charged with being a member of an organized crime group. These charges incur comparably severe punishments. Prayut has used these laws as a political manipulation tool. Sulak Sivaraksa, a well-known Thai royalist scholar, decried Prayut's using the lèse-majesté law and called for Prayut's removal from office. After that, prominent human rights defenders and democracy activists were charged, with a possible sentence of more than 100 years each, on criminal charges due to involvement in pro-democracy activism. The leading figures of the monarchy reform protests were all detained and awaited trial in 2021, in a series of detainments and releases, some were imprisoned accumulatively for more than 200 days.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: On 28 February 2021, as the movement was trying to rebuild momentum since the jailing of core protesters, the Free Youth group held an event at 1st Infantry Regiment, where Prayut's residence and the headquarter of the King's Close Bodyguard are located. The skirmishes between both sides began in the evening, shortly before a decision to disperse. Some hardline protesters held their ground and threw objects at the police. The police retaliated by employing water cannons, tear gas, and rubber bullets. According to Bangkok's emergency medical service, 10 protesters and 22 police officers were injured. On 7 August 2021, the Free Youth group planned a march to Prayut's house again. Thai riot police closed the Din Daeng area to prevent protesters from going near Prayut's house. The police fired tear gas at them. Around 6pm, a police truck was burned near the Victory Monument.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: A 2019 Human Rights Watch reported that as the newly elected government of Prayut assumed power in mid-2019, Thailand's human rights record showed no signs of change.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In early 2021, the Thai government, led by Prayut, had adopted a draft law, "Draft Act on the Operations of Not-for-Profit Organizations", to regulate non-governmental organization (NGOs). The bill was mentioned by Amnesty International as an effort to silence civil society groups and NGOs.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In September 2021, Nattacha Boonchaiinsawat, a Move Forward Party MP, released videos, voice clips, and documents regarding military operations creating fake social media accounts to operate information warfare against the people. The Internal Security Operations Command, head by Prayut, was also involved in deep monitoring of opposition politicians, seen as Prayut’s political enemies, along with Thai activists.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: In November 2021, Prayut ordered the Royal Thai Police and the Ministry of Interior to check if Amnesty International had violated any Thai laws following the campaign's support of the repeal of lèse-majesté law regarding a contentious ruling by the Constitutional Court against the 2020 Thai protests calling for reform of the monarchy. On 1 December, a 28-year-old noodle vendor made headline news by asking Prayut to retire quickly to allow others to perform the duties of his office. She voiced that Thailand needs more development. She was welcomed by people in Ban Dung District in Udon Thani. Later Ban Dung police came to her house, asking to see her so that they could keep a record of her, but she declined to meet them, saying she had done nothing wrong. The police detained her later.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: On 4 December, Prayut said “The most important thing today is that we do two things. The government does two things. The first is equality and equal opportunity. Every Thai person must have the opportunity to use a car, use the road, use a bridge, and take advantage of anything from basic utilities. Rich people themselves paid for the tollway. Low-income people also use the route below. They will not be crowded with each other. I think this is equality, access to opportunities, and travel, but today, many things have happened in the past two governments.”.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: The 2017 constitution, adopted under Prayut's ruling junta, sets a term limit of eight years for prime ministers. If counting from the beginning of Prayut's premiership while he was head of the military junta after the 2014 coup, this eight-year duration ended on 23 August 2022. Accordingly, opposition politicians made legal challenges to his continued government, while pro-democracy protesters and activists again gathered to demand his resignation. His supporters defended a continued premiership, arguing that the eight-year duration should be counted from when the 2017 constitution went into force or from the beginning of Prayut's civilian administration after the 2019 elections. On 24 August, the Constitutional Court of Thailand declared that Prayut was suspended as prime minister while it reviewed the issue. As the most senior deputy prime minister, Prawit Wongsuwan was made acting prime minister. On 30 September, the court ruled 6-3 that the eight-year period should be counted from the promulgation of the 2017 constitution, allowing him to continue his premiership, potentially until 2025 if he is re-elected in upcoming elections in 2023.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: Prayut's nickname is "Tuu" (; ), and he is known as "Big Tuu" (; ) or "Uncle Tuu" (; ) by his supporters. The opposition has parodied his name, calling him "Toob" (; literally: Dog). He is married to Naraporn Chan-o-cha, a former associate professor at Chulalongkorn University's Language Institute. She has served as president of the Army Wives' Association since Prayut's selection as army chief in 2010, and is involved with distance learning organisations, for whom she teaches English on a long-distance learning television channel. She claimed to have told her husband to cool down when speaking to the media. Moreover, she told reporters that she was "looking after" her husband, taking responsibility for his clothes, makeup and haircut. According to her, Prayut was dressed "in the English style", wore shoes by Church's and suits tailored at "Broadway". Prayut and Naraporn have twin daughters, Thanya () and Nittha (), "...twenty-something twin daughters [who] enjoyed brief success a few years ago as a punk-lite pop duo called BADZ—..."


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: Prayut has stated publicly that he consults a fortune teller, Warin Buawiratlert, regularly. He said that there was no harm in seeking advice. When suffering from fever and aches early in his premiership, he blamed his ills on spells cast by his political enemies and combated the malady with holy water.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: According to the "Bangkok Post", Prayut has a collection of lucky rings which he wears daily in accordance with that day's activities. He also wears an elephant hair bracelet to ward off bad luck. He has revived the tradition of wearing the "phraratchathan", first popularised by Prem Tinsulanonda in the 1980s, and has instructed cabinet members to dress in the "phraratchathan" at meetings, rather than in Western suits.


title: Prayut Chan-o-cha

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Prayut was fined 6,000 baht for not wearing a face mask in an April 2021 meeting on COVID-19 vaccination. As prime minister, General Prayut earns a salary of 75,900 baht per month, plus a "position allowance" of 50,000 baht monthly. He does not receive a salary as defence minister.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: Lee Min-ki (born January 16, 1985) is a South Korean actor, singer and model. Lee played his first TV leading role in the 2005 sports drama "Taereung National Village", followed by the television series "Love Truly" (2006), "Dal-ja's Spring" (2007), " Because This Is My First Life" (2017), "The Beauty Inside" (2018), and "My Liberation Notes" (2022). He has also starred in feature films, most notably in the box office hits "Tidal Wave" (2009), "Quick" (2011) and "Very Ordinary Couple" (2013).


title: Lee Min-ki

text: After honing his acting in one-act dramas, Lee Min-ki first gained popularity on television in romantic comedies "Love Truly" (2006) and "Dal-ja's Spring" (2007). He then starred in the quirky low-rated cult series "Evasive Inquiry Agency" (2007) and alternated mainstream films with indies such as "Oishii Man" (2009). He gained favorable notices for his supporting roles in the thriller "A Million" as a hot-tempered Marine-turned-janitor who finds himself involved in a survival reality show; and the disaster film "Tidal Wave", in which he plays a lifeguard who makes a heartbreaking sacrifice when a fictional tsunami hits the Korean beach town of Haeundae.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: Lee then solidified his bona fide movie star status with his leading roles in the action film "Quick" and romantic comedy "Spellbound".


title: Lee Min-ki

text: Lee starred alongside Kim Min-hee in the relationship drama "Very Ordinary Couple" (2013), which was a hit at the box office and received rave reviews.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: He followed with leading roles in thriller "Monster" (2014), action noir "For the Emperor" (2014) and drama film "Shoot Me in the Heart" (2015), based on the bestselling novel of the same name by Jeong Yu-jeong.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: In 2017, Lee was cast in the romantic-comedy drama "Because This Is My First Life" opposite Jung So-min; this is Lee's first television leading role in 10 years. This was followed with the fantasy melodrama "The Beauty Inside" (2018), based on the 2015 romantic comedy film of the same name. He played a man who suffers from Prosopagnosia.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: In 2019, Lee returned to the small screen with the crime detective drama "The Lies Within" playing a role of a detective opposite Lee Yoo-young. On January 13, 2020, it was announced that Lee would star in the occult thriller film "Three Days" alongside Park Shin-yang and Lee Re.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: In 2021, Lee starred alongside Nana in the MBC romantic comedy "Oh My Ladylord". After his contract with the former agency expired in September 2021, Lee signd a contract with Yeongsang ENT. The same year, he joined the JTBC television series "My Liberation Notes" which premiered in April 2022. He played the role of Yeom Chang-hee, the second of three siblings with no proper goal in life.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: After performing a stylized version of "My Way" at the 2008 Mnet KM Music Festival, Lee lent his vocals to a track with Korean electronica/pop singer Sheean in a collaboration with Japanese electronica/Shibuya-kei artist FreeTEMPO. The song, titled "Power of Love," was released as a digital single, and Lee also appeared in the music video.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: On August 11, 2009, he unveiled his musical debut "No Kidding", a six track EP with a very indie-electro rock sound. The album's title song "Eternal Summer" was the first and only single released.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: In 2013, he released two singles titled "Those Days I Had with You" and "Everything" in collaboration with Gold Coast.


title: Lee Min-ki

text: Lee enlisted for his mandatory military service on August 7, 2014, and was assigned as a public service worker. He was discharged in August 2016.


title: Hinge (app)

text: Hinge is a dating app that claims to be the only dating app that emphasizes long-term connections between users. It is aimed towards a younger demographic than Match.com and eHarmony, such as the demographic using Tinder. The app was fully owned by Match Group as of February 2019.


title: Hinge (app)

text: In 2011, founder and CEO Justin McLeod (alongside a team including Frances Haugen) founded a desktop service called Secret Agent Cupid, which allowed users to connect to Facebook and list which of their friends they had crushes on. Throughout 2012, this became a mobile application called Hinge, which launched in February 2013. The application was designed to be less superficial than Tinder, forgoing Tinder-like swiping actions and branding itself as "the relationship app". Before Hinge gained enough users to sustain the business, the company nearly ran out of funding. When making the app, McLeod spent much of the remaining money on a launch party in Washington, D.C., which enabled the company to obtain the next round of funding, saving it from insolvency.


title: Hinge (app)

text: Throughout 2017, Hinge received more mentions than any other dating app in the "Weddings" section of "The New York Times". Hinge Matchmaker was released in September 2017, claiming to reinvent online dating for "people that missed out on the dating app craze". Match Group made investments in Hinge as early as September 2017. In June 2018, Match Group acquired 51% ownership of Hinge, with the right to acquire all remaining shares within a year, and came to own 100% of Hinge by the first quarter of 2019. The purchase attracted some criticism from antitrust advocates, who see it as indicative of a larger trend toward monopolization in the technology industry.


title: Hinge (app)

text: The application's popularity was boosted in 2019 when U.S. presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg revealed that he had met his husband on Hinge. Also in 2019, the company started Hinge Labs to research successful matches and fine-tune the app's compatibility algorithm and other features. Hinge was featured on "CNET" as one of the best dating sites for 2021. A voice message feature was added to the app in October, 2021.


title: Hinge (app)

text: Presented in a vertical timeline, profiles on Hinge are composed of up to six pictures, alongside three self-selected personal prompts which encourage users to focus on personality traits rather than solely appearance. Instead of swiping, users must "like" specific photos or prompts if they wish to reach out to other members, though they are not required to respond to these photos or prompts. Hinge allows users to filter matches based on traits that it believes are important to users, such as religion or height. Other traits that may be important to users, such as body type or whether someone is more introverted or extroverted, are not included.


title: Hinge (app)

text: Unlike other dating apps, users can message other users without first requiring a "match". As a ghosting countermeasure, a "Your Turn" feature reminds a user to continue a conversation. In 2018, in order to find more compatible matches, Hinge launched a "We Met" feature which allows members to privately confirm that they have at least had a first date with a particular match.


title: Hinge (app)

text: In July 2018, Hinge rolled out its "most compatible" feature, which uses the Gale–Shapley algorithm to recommend one user per day that Hinge claims is the best pairing, determined by their likes and passes. Hinge formerly used Facebook friend lists to facilitate connections. However, in 2018, the app moved away from using friends of friends as a predictor of compatibility and was redesigned to no longer require Facebook.


title: Hinge (app)

text: Hinge marketing focuses on its "designed to be deleted" theme; when two Hinge users fall in love, the app's mascot Hingie is shown being destroyed in various ways such as getting roasted in a campfire, encased in ice, run over by a taxi, or flattened by an air conditioning unit. In 2020, the app launched Hingie Shop, selling products that can be "destroyed," such as bath bombs and s'mores, in addition to apparel and jewelry.


title: Hinge (app)

text: After a video made by Gina DiVittorio titled "The ideal woman according to guys' Hinge profiles" went viral in 2019, the company hired DiVittorio to star in a web series called "Cheap Date," which featured her trying and reviewing date ideas that cost less than $20. The series was nominated for a 2020 Webby Award in the "Social Culture & Lifestyle (Video)" category.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: Hello Neighbor is a survival horror stealth game developed by Russian studio Dynamic Pixels and published by tinyBuild. Initially released as public alphas from 2016 to 2017, it received a full release for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One on December 8, 2017, and later for PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, iOS and Android on July 26, 2018.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: In the game, players play as a citizen, who just moved into the neighborhood, and try to break into their neighbor's house. Their goal is to successfully sneak into the basement of the neighbor's house to uncover a dark secret while avoiding being caught by him. The game's artificial intelligence (AI) modifies the neighbor's behavior based on the player's past actions, such as setting traps along paths the player followed in a previous attempt.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: While the initial alpha versions of "Hello Neighbor" were received positively, the final product was met with largely negative reviews. Critics panned the gameplay, control scheme, and technical performance, although some praised the story, mystery elements, and art style. The game spawned a franchise, beginning with a prequel, "Hello Neighbor: Hide and Seek", released in December 2018. Two multiplayer spin-offs, "Secret Neighbor" and "Hello Engineer", were released in October 2019 and October 2021, respectively. A standalone sequel, "Hello Neighbor 2", was released on December 6, 2022.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: In "Hello Neighbor", the player finds themselves moving into a new house across the street from a mysterious neighbor who is behaving in a paranoid manner and seems to be keeping a secret in his basement. The player's task is to break into the neighbor's home and solve a series of puzzles to gather the items needed to unlock and access his basement. As the player explores the neighbor's house, they must not be spotted by the mysterious neighbor, or they will be chased down, and if the player is not quick enough to hide or escape, then they will be captured. The player can stun the neighbor by throwing objects at him for an easier escape. If the player is caught (or suffers a serious injury), they will be sent back to their own house and will have to break in again. Upon starting again, the player must be more careful, as the neighbor will deduce movements from the last attempt to set up traps. However, the player can use the game settings to turn on "friendly" neighbor mode, preventing the neighbor from setting these traps and causing him to be less aggressive in his pursuits. However, he is still to be avoided at all costs.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: The game is divided into four parts: Act 1, Act 2, Act 3, and Act Finale. The game is played in a first-person perspective, and the player must aim a reticle at certain objects to interact with them or to throw or use a currently held item (for example, throwing a ball at a window or aiming a crowbar at nails to remove them). Up to four items can be kept in an inventory space. Items of the same kind cannot be stacked together in one slot.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: A child named Nicky Roth is chasing a ball down the street when he hears screams coming from his neighbor's house which belongs to Theodore Peterson. Nicky goes to investigate and witnesses Mr. Peterson locking someone in his basement. Nicky sneaks into the house, finds the key to the basement, and enters. He finds that Mr. Peterson has converted his basement into a makeshift underground dungeon, but finds no sign of any prisoner. Mr. Peterson then chases Nicky and locks him up in the dungeon, thus beginning Act 2. He manages to escape his cell and reach the surface, only to find that Mr. Peterson has erected a massive fence around his property to prevent escape. Nicky is forced to solve several puzzles to find a way to escape Mr. Peterson's property. Once he crosses the fence, he flees back to his home, and Mr. Peterson does not give chase.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: During Acts 1 and 2, if Nicky is caught by Mr. Peterson before he can finish his objectives, he will have vivid nightmares about Mr. Peterson's past. These nightmares gradually reveal Mr. Peterson's backstory, implying that he was once a happy family man. However, after his wife and daughter were killed in two separate accidents, he became a recluse and, in his grief, locked his son in the basement to prevent him from getting hurt. Mr. Peterson's backstory is further explained in the book "Hello Neighbor: Missing Pieces" and the prequel game "Hello Neighbor: Hide and Seek".


title: Hello Neighbor

text: Years later, an adult Nicky is evicted from his apartment and decides to return to his old family home. His childhood town finally succumbed to its cruel fate. He finds the house in disrepair while Mr. Peterson's home is also nothing but a pile of ruins. While inspecting the ruins, Nicky is haunted by a dark shadow-like creature ("The Thing"), and he returns to his home where he finds an old picture of himself as a child. After answering the phone, Nicky sees the shadow monster again. Believing he's hallucinating, he falls asleep as an act of self-therapy. He is awoken by a child's scream and discovers Mr. Peterson's house is back, and more surreal than before, due to his trauma. Nicky navigates the house and has surreal experiences, such as learning to double jump by shrinking down and trying to turn on the light that is far out of reach.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: Eventually, he enters the basement, now older and more surreal. When Nicky gets out of the basement, he finds himself trying to knock down a giant Mr. Peterson to get inside a house on his back. After doing so, he must protect a younger version of himself from an enormous dark shadowy figure called "The Thing". Each time The Thing attacks and Nicky protects his younger self, Nicky grows larger until he can fight The Thing. After The Thing is defeated, Nicky sees Mr. Peterson in a small two-room house. When he spots Nicky he runs in desperation towards the window as if to ask for help, but then shrugs his shoulders and turns away with sadness. In the other room is a much smaller Thing. Mr. Peterson has boarded the door up on his side and placed a chair against it, which meant Mr. Peterson never overcame his fears. The Thing is seen standing right by the door on the other side. Behind him is another door with an exit sign above it.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: It is implied throughout the events of the game that most of Act 3 and the Finale is a nightmare occurring in Nicky's head and that his escape from the house signifies him finally coming to terms with his kidnapping as a child at the hands of Mr. Peterson. However, Nikita Kolesnikov (the game's designer) confirmed that nothing in the game is a dream, much to the confusion of fans due to Nicky falling asleep at the beginning of Act 3.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: The game was released as an alpha build on Dynamic Pixels' website in 2015. It was later approved for sale as an early access game by the Steam Greenlight program and a Kickstarter campaign was launched to fund further development. The studio signed a deal with tinyBuild to publish the game. The Pre-Alpha version of the game was released in September 2016. The Alpha 1 version of "Hello Neighbor" was released on October 26, 2016. Alpha 2 was released on November 22, 2016. Alpha 3 was released on December 22, 2016. Alpha 4 was released on May 4, 2017.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: The game went into the beta phase on July 25, 2017. For Halloween 2017, a promotional mod was released including multiple elements from the indie game "Bendy and the Ink Machine". The mod includes a black and yellow tint, ink, music from the game and multiple appearances of Bendy. The game was originally set for a full release on August 29, 2017, but was delayed until December 8, 2017.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One on December 8, 2017. A timed Microsoft exclusive, "Hello Neighbor" was later ported to the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and mobile devices. The mobile versions of the game are only supported on a limited number of devices and come with a free trial that allows players to play through Act 1, with the option to unlock the remaining two Acts and the Finale with an in-game purchase.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: In July 2020, tinyBuild acquired the development team from Dynamic Pixels to establish a new studio by the name of Eerie Guest Studios and invested into the "Hello Neighbor" series.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: A prequel to "Hello Neighbor", titled "Hello Neighbor: Hide & Seek", was announced during PAX West in August 2018, and released on December 7th 2018 on the same platforms as the original game, including non-Microsoft systems. Set several years before the events of the original game, "Hide & Seek" deals with the events in Mr. Peterson's life that caused him to become a recluse. The gameplay is similar to that of "Hello Neighbor", but instead of Nicky, the player controls Mr. Peterson's daughter Mya as she plays hide-and-seek with her brother, Aaron (who takes the place of the neighbor), in various fictitious scenarios. The story is told through cutscenes in-between levels, which reveal that the children's mother dies in a car crash sometime during the events of the game. In his grief, Aaron later pushes Mya off the roof of the house, resulting in her accidental death.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: "Secret Neighbor," a multiplayer spin-off of "Hello Neighbor," was announced on June 10, 2018 and released on October 24th 2019 for Xbox and PC. Set between the first two acts of "Hello Neighbor", it follows Nicky's friends as they try to rescue him from Mr. Peterson's house. The children are represented by different classes, each with their unique skillsets and abilities, and must collect keys required to unlock the door to the house's basement. However, one of the children is Mr. Peterson in disguise, and also has various class-based abilities at his disposal that can be used to confuse, trick, capture, or otherwise prevent the children from achieving their goal.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: "Hello Engineer", a multiplayer machinery-building construction game set in the "Hello Neighbor" universe, was announced on October 20, 2020. A gameplay reveal trailer was released four days later. In "Hello Engineer", a group of players explore an open world based on the abandoned Golden Apple amusement park and must collect scrap to build various machines while avoiding Mr. Peterson's attempts to catch them. The game was released for the cloud gaming service Google Stadia on October 26, 2021.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: "Hello Neighbor Diaries," a mobile spin-off to the first "Hello Neighbor," released in 11 regions on June 22, 2022 as a test launch and is yet to be released globally. It was originally released as Nicky's Diaries on the Mobile Port of the first game. Set in the book franchise, young Nicky Roth must piece together the mysteries from his childhood.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: A new "Hello Neighbor" game initially titled "Hello Guest" was later revealed to be the Pre-Alpha of "Hello Neighbor 2" and on July 23, 2020, it was announced as the official sequel to the original game. On this same day, Alpha 1 was also released, with Alpha 1.5 releasing on October 26, 2020. The sequel was announced to be available for Microsoft Windows and Xbox Series X/S. On December 10, 2021, it was announced that a closed Beta would be released on April 7, 2022 which will only be available to those who pre-order the game. On February 10, 2022, it was announced that "Hello Neighbor 2" would also release on PlayStation 4 and 5. tinyBuild announced that the full game was expected to release on December 6, 2022, which it did.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: A new VR title in the "Hello Neighbor" franchise titled "Hello Neighbor: Search and Rescue" was announced on November 3 2022. The game is being worked on by Steel Wool Studios in collaboration with tinyBuild. The game was released on the PlayStation VR and PlayStation VR2, and the Meta Quest 2.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: An animated series based on "Hello Neighbor" titled was announced on 17 April 2020, with a pilot episode releasing on YouTube the same day. The pilot was watched by more than 11 million viewers within the first week, which to tinyBuild's CEO Alex Nichiporchik, "demonstrated the strength of "Hello Neighbor" as a franchise". A teaser was released on tinyBuild's Youtube channel on 1 December 2022, as well as the title for the show, "Hello Neighbor: Welcome to Raven Brooks". The first episode of the series was released on 11 December 2022, produced from Man of Action with the rest of the show's episodes being released before the end of 2023.


title: Hello Neighbor

text: The game received generally negative reviews by critics, criticizing its gameplay, control scheme and technical performance, while some praised the story aspects and art style. According to the review aggregation website Metacritic, "Hello Neighbor" received "generally unfavorable reviews" on all platforms.


title: Brown rat

text: The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), also known as the common rat, street rat, sewer rat, wharf rat, Hanover rat, Norway rat, Norwegian rat and Parisian rat, is a widespread species of common rat. One of the largest muroids, it is a brown or grey rodent with a head and body length of up to long, and a tail slightly shorter than that. It weighs between . Thought to have originated in northern China and neighbouring areas, this rodent has now spread to all continents except Antarctica, and is the dominant rat in Europe and much of North America. With rare exceptions, the brown rat lives wherever humans live, particularly in urban areas.


title: Brown rat

text: Selective breeding of the brown rat has produced the fancy rat (rats kept as pets), as well as the laboratory rat (rats used as model organisms in biological research). Both fancy rats and laboratory rats are of the domesticated subspecies "Rattus norvegicus domestica". Studies of wild rats in New York City have shown that populations living in different neighborhoods can evolve distinct genomic profiles over time, by slowly accruing different traits.


title: Brown rat

text: The brown rat was originally called the "Hanover rat" by people wishing to link problems in 18th-century England with the House of Hanover. It is not known for certain why the brown rat is named "Rattus norvegicus" (Norwegian rat), as it did not originate from Norway. However, the English naturalist John Berkenhout, author of the 1769 book "Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain", is most likely responsible for popularizing the misnomer. Berkenhout gave the brown rat the binomial name "Rattus norvegicus", believing it had migrated to England from Norwegian ships in 1728.


title: Brown rat

text: By the early to middle part of the 19th century, British academics believed that the brown rat was not native to Norway, hypothesizing (incorrectly) that it may have come from Ireland, Gibraltar or across the English Channel with William the Conqueror. As early as 1850, however, a new hypothesis of the rat's origins was beginning to develop. The British novelist Charles Dickens acknowledged this in his weekly journal, "All the Year Round," writing:


title: Brown rat

text: It is frequently called, in books and otherwise, the 'Norway rat', and it is said to have been imported into this country in a ship-load of timber from Norway. Against this hypothesis stands the fact that when the brown rat had become common in this country, it was unknown in Norway, although there was a small animal like a rat, but really a lemming, which made its home there.


title: Brown rat

text: Academics began to prefer this etymology of the brown rat towards the end of the 19th century, as seen in the 1895 text "Natural History" by American scholar Alfred Henry Miles:


title: Brown rat

text: The brown rat is the species common in England, and best known throughout the world. It is said to have travelled from Persia to England less than two hundred years ago and to have spread from thence to other countries visited by English ships.


title: Brown rat

text: Though the assumptions surrounding this species' origins were not yet the same as modern ones, by the 20th century, it was believed among naturalists that the brown rat did not originate in Norway, rather the species came from central Asia and (likely) China.


title: Brown rat

text: The fur is usually brown or dark grey, while the underparts are lighter grey or brown. The brown rat is a rather large murid and can weigh twice as much as a black rat ("Rattus rattus") and many times more than a house mouse ("Mus musculus"). The head and body length ranges from while the tail ranges in length from , therefore being shorter than the head and body. Adult weight ranges from . Exceptionally large individuals can reportedly reach but are not expected outside of domestic specimens. Stories of rats attaining sizes as big as cats are exaggerations, or misidentifications of larger rodents, such as the coypu and muskrat. In fact, it is common for breeding wild brown rats to weigh (sometimes considerably) less than .


title: Brown rat

text: Brown rats have acute hearing, are sensitive to ultrasound, and possess a very highly developed olfactory sense. Their average heart rate is 300 to 400 beats per minute, with a respiratory rate of around 100 per minute. The vision of a pigmented rat is poor, around 20/600, while a non-pigmented (albino) with no melanin in its eyes has both around 20/1200 vision and a terrible scattering of light within its vision. Brown rats are dichromates which perceive colors rather like a human with red-green colorblindness, and their colour saturation may be quite faint. Their blue perception, however, also has UV receptors, allowing them to see ultraviolet lights that some species cannot.


title: Brown rat

text: The brown rat is nocturnal and is a good swimmer, both on the surface and underwater, and has been observed climbing slim round metal poles several feet in order to reach garden bird feeders. Brown rats dig well, and often excavate extensive burrow systems. A 2007 study found brown rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only found in humans and some other primates, but further analysis suggested they may have been following simple operant conditioning principles.


title: Brown rat

text: Brown rats are capable of producing ultrasonic vocalizations. As pups, young rats use different types of ultrasonic cries to elicit and direct maternal search behavior, as well as to regulate their mother's movements in the nest. Although pups produce ultrasounds around any other rats at the age of 7 days, by 14 days old they significantly reduce ultrasound production around male rats as a defensive response. Adult rats will emit ultrasonic vocalizations in response to predators or perceived danger; the frequency and duration of such cries depends on the sex and reproductive status of the rat. The female rat also emit ultrasonic vocalizations during mating.


title: Brown rat

text: Rats may also emit short, high frequency, ultrasonic, socially induced vocalization during rough and tumble play, before receiving morphine, or mating, and when tickled. The vocalization, described as a distinct "chirping", has been likened to laughter, and is interpreted as an expectation of something rewarding. Like most rat vocalizations, the chirping is too high in pitch for humans to hear without special equipment. Bat detectors are often used by pet owners for this purpose.


title: Brown rat

text: In research studies, the chirping is associated with positive emotional feelings, and social bonding occurs with the tickler, resulting in the rats becoming conditioned to seek the tickling. However, as the rats age, the tendency to chirp appears to decline.


title: Brown rat

text: Brown rats also produce communicative noises capable of being heard by humans. The most commonly heard in domestic rats is bruxing, or teeth-grinding, which is most usually triggered by happiness, but can also be 'self-comforting' in stressful situations, such as a visit to the vet. The noise is best described as either a quick clicking or 'burring' sound, varying from animal to animal. Vigorous bruxing can be accompanied by boggling, where the eyes of the rat rapidly bulge and retract due to movement of the lower jaw muscles behind the eye socket.


title: Brown rat

text: In addition, they commonly squeak along a range of tones from high, abrupt pain squeaks to soft, persistent 'singing' sounds during confrontations.


title: Brown rat

text: The brown rat is a true omnivore and will consume almost anything, but cereals form a substantial part of its diet. Martin Schein, founder of the Animal Behavior Society in 1964, studied the diet of brown rats and came to the conclusion that the most-liked foods of brown rats include scrambled eggs, macaroni and cheese, raw carrots, and cooked corn kernels. According to Schein, the least-liked foods were raw beets, peaches, and raw celery.


title: Brown rat

text: Foraging behavior is often population-specific, and varies by environment and food source. Brown rats living near a hatchery in West Virginia catch fingerling fish.


title: Brown rat

text: Some colonies along the banks of the Po River in Italy will dive for mollusks, a practice demonstrating social learning among members of this species. Rats on the island of Norderoog in the North Sea stalk and kill sparrows and ducks. Also preyed upon by brown rats are chicks, mice, and small lizards.


title: Brown rat

text: Examination of a wild "R. norvegicus" stomach in Germany revealed 4000 items, most of which were plants, although studies have shown that brown rats prefer meat when given the option. In metropolitan areas, they survive mainly on discarded human food, and anything else that can be eaten without negative consequences.


title: Brown rat

text: The brown rat can breed throughout the year if conditions are suitable, with a female producing up to five litters a year. The gestation period is only 21 days, and litters can number up to 14, although seven is common. They reach sexual maturity in about five weeks. Under ideal conditions (for the rat), this means that the population of females could increase by a factor of three and a half (half a litter of 7) in 8 weeks (5 weeks for sexual maturity and 3 weeks of gestation), corresponding to a population growing by a factor of 10 in just 15 weeks. As a result, the population can grow from 2 to 15,000 in a year. The maximum life span is three years, although most barely manage one. A yearly mortality rate of 95% is estimated, with predators and interspecies conflict as major causes.


title: Brown rat

text: When lactating, female rats display a 24-hour rhythm of maternal behavior, and will usually spend more time attending to smaller litters than large ones.


title: Brown rat

text: Brown rats live in large, hierarchical groups, either in burrows or subsurface places, such as sewers and cellars. When food is in short supply, the rats lower in social order are the first to die. If a large fraction of a rat population is exterminated, the remaining rats will increase their reproductive rate, and quickly restore the old population level.


title: Brown rat

text: Females are capable of becoming pregnant immediately after giving birth, and can nurse one litter while pregnant with another. Females are able to produce and raise two healthy litters of normal size and weight without significantly changing their own food intake. However, when food is restricted, females can extend pregnancy by over two weeks, and give birth to litters of normal number and weight.


title: Brown rat

text: Males can ejaculate multiple times in a row, and this increases the likelihood of pregnancy as well as decreases the number of stillborns. Multiple ejaculation also means that males can mate with multiple females, and they exhibit more ejaculatory series when there are several oestrous females present. Males also copulate at shorter intervals than females. In group mating, females often switch partners.


title: Brown rat

text: Dominant males have higher mating success and also provide females with more ejaculate, and females are more likely to use the sperm of dominant males for fertilization.


title: Brown rat

text: In mating, female rats show a clear mating preference for unknown males versus males that they have already mated with (also known as the Coolidge effect), and will often resume copulatory behavior when introduced to a novel sexual partner.


title: Brown rat

text: Females also prefer to mate with males who have not experienced social stress during adolescence, and can determine which males were stressed even without any observed difference in sexual performance of males experiencing stress during adolescence and not.


title: Brown rat

text: Rats commonly groom each other and sleep together. Rats are said to establish an order of hierarchy, so one rat will be dominant over another one. Groups of rats tend to "play fight", which can involve any combination of jumping, chasing, tumbling, and "boxing". Play fighting involves rats going for each other's necks, while serious fighting involves strikes at the others' back ends. If living space becomes limited, rats may turn to aggressive behavior, which may result in the death of some animals, reducing the burden over the living space.


title: Brown rat

text: Rats, like most mammals, also form family groups of a mother and her young. This applies to both groups of males and females. However, rats are territorial animals, meaning that they usually act aggressively towards or scared of strange rats. Rats will fluff up their hair, hiss, squeal, and move their tails around when defending their territory. Rats will chase each other, groom each other, sleep in group nests, wrestle with each other, have dominance squabbles, communicate, and play in various other ways with each other. Huddling is an additional important part of rat socialization. Huddling, an extreme form of herding, often has a heat-conserving function; nestling rats especially depend on heat from their mother, since they cannot regulate their own temperature. Other forms of interaction include: crawling under, which is literally the act of crawling underneath one another; walking over, also explained in the name; allo-grooming, so-called to distinguish it from self-grooming; and nosing, where a rat gently pushes with its nose at another rat near the neck.


title: Brown rat

text: Rats are known to burrow extensively, both in the wild and in captivity, if given access to a suitable substrate. Rats generally begin a new burrow adjacent to an object or structure, as this provides a sturdy "roof" for the section of the burrow nearest to the ground's surface. Burrows usually develop to eventually include multiple levels of tunnels, as well as a secondary entrance. Older male rats will generally not burrow, while young males and females will burrow vigorously.


title: Brown rat

text: Burrows provide rats with shelter and food storage, as well as safe, thermo-regulated nest sites. Rats use their burrows to escape from perceived threats in the surrounding environment; for example, rats will retreat to their burrows following a sudden, loud noise or while fleeing an intruder. Burrowing can therefore be described as a "pre-encounter defensive behavior", as opposed to a "post-encounter defensive behavior", such as flight, freezing, or avoidance of a threatening stimulus.


title: Brown rat

text: Possibly originating from the plains of northern China and Mongolia, the brown rat spread to other parts of the world sometime in the Middle Ages. The question of when brown rats became commensal with humans remains unsettled, but as a species, they have spread and established themselves along routes of human migration and now live almost everywhere humans are.


title: Brown rat

text: The brown rat may have been present in Europe as early as 1553, a conclusion drawn from an illustration and description by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his book "Historiae animalium", published 1551–1558. Though Gesner's description could apply to the black rat, his mention of a large percentage of albino specimens—not uncommon among wild populations of brown rats—adds credibility to this conclusion. Reliable reports dating to the 18th century document the presence of the brown rat in Ireland in 1722, England in 1730, France in 1735, Germany in 1750, and Spain in 1800, becoming widespread during the Industrial Revolution. It did not reach North America until around 1750–1755.


title: Brown rat

text: As it spread from Asia, the brown rat generally displaced the black rat in areas where humans lived. In addition to being larger and more aggressive, the change from wooden structures and thatched roofs to bricked and tiled buildings favored the burrowing brown rats over the arboreal black rats. In addition, brown rats eat a wider variety of foods, and are more resistant to weather extremes.


title: Brown rat

text: In the absence of humans, brown rats prefer damp environments, such as river banks. However, the great majority are now linked to man-made environments, such as sewage systems.


title: Brown rat

text: It is often said that there are as many rats in cities as people, but this varies from area to area depending on climate, living conditions, etc. Brown rats in cities tend not to wander extensively, often staying within of their nest if a suitable concentrated food supply is available, but they will range more widely where food availability is lower. It is difficult to determine the extent of their home range because they do not utilize a whole area but rather use regular runways to get from one location to another. There is great debate over the size of the population of rats in New York City, with estimates from almost 100 million rats to as few as 250,000. Experts suggest that New York is a particularly attractive place for rats because of its aging infrastructure and high poverty rates. In addition to sewers, rats are very comfortable living in alleyways and residential buildings, as there is usually a large and continuous food source in those areas.


title: Brown rat

text: In the United Kingdom, some figures show that the rat population has been rising, with estimations that 81 million rats reside in the U.K. Those figures would mean that there are 1.3 rats per person in the country. High rat populations in the U.K. are often attributed to the mild climate, which allow them higher survival rates during the winter. With the increase in global temperature and glacier retreat, it is estimated that brown rat populations will see an increase.


title: Brown rat

text: In tropical and desert regions, brown rat occurrence tends to be limited to human-modified habitats. Contiguous rat-free areas in the world include the continent of Antarctica, the Arctic, some isolated islands, the Canadian province of Alberta, and certain conservation areas in New Zealand. Most of Australia apart from the eastern and south-eastern coastal areas does not have reports of substantial rat occurrences.


title: Brown rat

text: Antarctica is uninhabitable by rats. The Arctic has extremely cold winters that rats cannot survive outdoors, and the human population density is extremely low, making it difficult for rats to travel from one habitation to another, although they have arrived in many coastal areas by ship. When the occasional rat infestation is found and eliminated, the rats are unable to re-infest it from an adjacent one. Isolated islands are also able to eliminate rat populations because of low human population density and the geographic distance from other rat populations.


title: Brown rat

text: Many parts of the world have been populated by rats secondarily, where rats are now important invasive species that compete with and threaten local fauna. For instance, Norway rats reached North America between 1750 and 1775 and even in the early 20th century, from 1925 to 1927, 50% of ships entering the port of New York were rat infested. The following sections provide some examples, including attempts of rat control.


title: Brown rat

text: The brown rat was first observed on the Faroe Islands in 1768. It is thought that the first individuals arrived on the southernmost island, Suðuroy, via the wreck of a Norwegian ship that had stranded on the Scottish Isle of Lewis on its way from Trondheim to Dublin. The drifting wreck, carrying brown rats, drifted northwards until it reached the village of Hvalba. Dispersion afterwards appears to have been fast, including all of Suðuroy within a year. In 1769, they were observed in Tórshavn on the southern part of Streymoy, and a decade later, in the villages in the northern part of this island.


title: Brown rat

text: From here, they crossed the strait and occupied Eysturoy during the years 1776 to 1779. In 1779, they reached Vagar. Whether the rats dispersed from the already established population in Suðuroy, or they were brought to the Faroe Islands with other ships is unknown. The Northern islands were invaded by the brown rat more than 100 years later, after Norwegians built and operated a whaling station in the village of Hvannasund on Borðoy from 1898 to 1920. From there, the brown rat spread to the neighbouring islands of Viðoy and Kunoy. A recent genomic analysis reveals three independent introductions of the invasive brown rat to the Faroe Islands.


title: Brown rat

text: Today the brown rat is found on seven of the 18 Faroese islands, and is common in and around human habitations as well as in the wild. Although the brown rat is now common on all of the largest Faroese islands, only sparse information on the population is available in the literature. An investigation for infection with the spirochaete "Leptospira interrogans" did not find any infected animals, suggesting that "Leptospira" prevalence rates on the Faroe Islands may be among the lowest recorded worldwide.


title: Brown rat

text: Hawadax Island (formerly known as Rat Island) in Alaska is thought to have been the first island in the Aleutians to be invaded by Norway rats (the Brown rat) when a Japanese ship went aground in the 1780s. They had a devastating effect on the native bird life. An eradication program was started in 2007 and the island was declared rat-free in June 2009.


title: Brown rat

text: Alberta is the largest rat-free populated area in the world. Rat invasions of Alberta were stopped and rats were eliminated by very aggressive government rat control measures, starting during the 1950s.


title: Brown rat

text: The only species of "Rattus" that is capable of surviving the climate of Alberta is the brown rat, which can only survive in the prairie region of the province, and even then must overwinter in buildings. Although it is a major agricultural area, Alberta is far from any seaport and only a portion of its eastern boundary with Saskatchewan provides a favorable entry route for rats. Brown rats cannot survive in the wild boreal forest to the north, the Rocky Mountains to the west, nor can they safely cross the semiarid High Plains of Montana to the south. The first brown rat did not reach Alberta until 1950, and in 1951, the province launched a rat-control program that included shooting, poisoning, and gassing rats, and bulldozing or burning down some rat-infested buildings. The effort was backed by legislation that required every person and every municipality to destroy and prevent the establishment of designated pests. If they failed, the provincial government could carry out the necessary measures and charge the costs to the landowner or municipality.


title: Brown rat

text: In the first year of the rat control program, of arsenic trioxide were spread throughout 8,000 buildings on farms along the Saskatchewan border. However, in 1953 the much safer and more effective rodenticide, warfarin was introduced to replace arsenic. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that was approved as a drug for human use in 1954 and is much safer to use near humans and other large animals than arsenic. By 1960, the number of rat infestations in Alberta had dropped to below 200 per year. In 2002, the province finally recorded its first year with zero rat infestations, and from 2002 to 2007 there were only two infestations found. After an infestation of rats in the Medicine Hat landfill was found in 2012, the province's rat-free status was questioned, but provincial government rat control specialists brought in excavating machinery, dug out, shot, and poisoned 147 rats in the landfill, and no live rats were found thereafter. In 2013, the number of rat infestations in Alberta dropped to zero again. Alberta defines an infestation as two or more rats found at the same location, since a single rat cannot reproduce. About a dozen single rats enter Alberta in an average year and are killed by provincial rat control specialists before they can reproduce.


title: Brown rat

text: Only zoos, universities, and research institutes are allowed to keep caged rats in Alberta, and possession of unlicensed rats (including fancy rats) by anyone else is punishable by a penalty of up to $5,000 or up to 60 days in jail.


title: Brown rat

text: The adjacent and similarly landlocked province of Saskatchewan initiated a rat control program in 1972, and has managed to reduce the number of rats in the province substantially, although they have not been eliminated. The Saskatchewan rat control program has considerably reduced the number of rats trying to enter Alberta.


title: Brown rat

text: First arriving before 1800 (perhaps on James Cook's vessels), brown rats pose a serious threat to many of New Zealand's native wildlife. Rat eradication programmes within New Zealand have led to rat-free zones on offshore islands and even on fenced "ecological islands" on the mainland. Before an eradication effort was launched in 2001, the sub-Antarctic Campbell Island had the highest population density of brown rats in the world. Predator Free 2050 aims to eradicate rats from the entirety of New Zealand.


title: Brown rat

text: Similar to other rodents, brown rats may carry a number of pathogens, which can result in disease, including Weil's disease, rat bite fever, cryptosporidiosis, viral hemorrhagic fever, Q fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. In the United Kingdom, brown rats are an important reservoir for "Coxiella burnetii," the bacterium that causes Q fever, with seroprevalence for the bacteria found to be as high as 53% in some wild populations.


title: Brown rat

text: This species can also serve as a reservoir for "Toxoplasma gondii", the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, though the disease usually spreads from rats to humans when domestic cats feed on infected brown rats. The parasite has a long history with the brown rat, and there are indications that the parasite has evolved to alter an infected rat's perception to cat predation, making it more susceptible to predation and increasing the likelihood of transmission.


title: Brown rat

text: Surveys and specimens of brown rat populations throughout the world have shown this species is often associated with outbreaks of trichinosis, but the extent to which the brown rat is responsible in transmitting "Trichinella" larvae to humans and other synanthropic animals is at least somewhat debatable. "Trichinella pseudospiralis", a parasite previously not considered to be a potential pathogen in humans or domestic animals, has been found to be pathogenic in humans and carried by brown rats.


title: Brown rat

text: They can also be responsible in transmitting "Angiostrongylus" larvae to humans by eating raw or undercooked snails, slugs, molluscs, crustaceans, water and/or vegetables contaminated with them.


title: Brown rat

text: Brown rats are sometimes mistakenly thought to be a major reservoir of bubonic plague, a possible cause of the Black Death. However, the bacterium responsible, "Yersinia pestis", is commonly endemic in only a few rodent species and is usually transmitted zoonotically by rat fleas—common carrier rodents today include ground squirrels and wood rats. However, brown rats may suffer from plague, as can many nonrodent species, including dogs, cats, and humans. During investigations of the plague epidemic in San Francisco in 1907, >1% of collected rats were infected with "Y. pestis." The original carrier for the plague-infected fleas thought to be responsible for the Black Death was the black rat, and it has been hypothesized that the displacement of black rats by brown rats led to the decline of bubonic plague. This theory has, however, been deprecated, as the dates of these displacements do not match the increases and decreases in plague outbreaks.


title: Brown rat

text: Selective breeding of white-marked rats rescued from being killed in a now-outlawed sport called rat baiting has produced the pink-eyed white laboratory rat. Like mice, these rats are frequently subjects of medical, psychological and other biological experiments, and constitute an important model organism. This is because they grow quickly to sexual maturity and are easy to keep and to breed in captivity. When modern biologists refer to "rats", they almost always mean "Rattus norvegicus".


title: Brown rat

text: The brown rat is kept as a pet in many parts of the world. Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are just a few of the countries that have formed fancy rat associations similar in nature to the American Kennel Club, establishing standards, orchestrating events, and promoting responsible pet ownership.


title: Brown rat

text: The many different types of domesticated brown rats include variations in coat patterns, as well as the style of the coat, such as Hairless or Rex, and more recently developed variations in body size and structure, including dwarf and tailless fancy rats.


title: Brown rat

text: A working rat is a rat trained for specific tasks as a working animal. In many cases, working rats are domesticated brown rats. However, other species, notably the Gambian pouched rat, have been trained to assist humans.


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: Dan Trachtenberg (born May 11, 1981) is an American filmmaker and podcast host. He is best known for directing the films "10 Cloverfield Lane" (2016) and "Prey" (2022)"," the former earning him a Directors Guild of America Award nomination for Outstanding Directing – First-Time Feature Film. In 2019, he directed the pilot episode of the Amazon Prime Video series "The Boys", and in 2021 directed the pilot episode of the Peacock series "The Lost Symbol", on which he also served as an executive producer.


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: Trachtenberg was one of three hosts of "The Totally Rad Show" podcast and was a former co-host of the "Geekdrome" podcast. He also directed episodes for the "Ctrl+Alt+Chicken" podcast. All three programs were hosted at Revision3. He also directed the 2011 short film "Portal: No Escape", an episode of "Black Mirror" entitled "Playtest" and the director of various television commercials and public service announcements. He is currently developing a TV series adaptation of the 1995 film "Waterworld".


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: Trachtenberg has directed commercials for Lexus, Nike, and Coca-Cola. In 2003, he directed the short film "Kickin". In April 2008, he joined Tight Films, for which he collaborated with Matt Wolf on an alternate reality game for "".


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: In March 2011, Trachtenberg released a short film for BlackBoxTV titled "More Than You Can Chew", starring J. Kristopher, Skye Marshall and Ian Hamrick. Trachtenberg co-wrote the story with Mark D. Walker.


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: On August 23, 2011, Trachtenberg released the short film "Portal: No Escape", based on the video game "Portal", which has since garnered more than twenty-seven million views on YouTube.


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: On October 13, 2011, /Film announced that Trachtenberg would be directing a science fiction action heist film for Universal Pictures with writer Chris Morgan.


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: In January 2013, "iFanboy" broke the news that Trachtenberg would direct the film adaptation of "". However, on September 25, 2014, /Film announced that the film had been cancelled.


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: On April 3, 2014, Ain't It Cool News announced that Trachtenberg would direct a film for Bad Robot Productions titled "Valencia", which was later revealed to be a code name for "10 Cloverfield Lane". On January 15, 2016, the trailer for "10 Cloverfield Lane" was released. Producer J. J. Abrams said about the film, "The idea came up a long time ago during production. We wanted to make it a blood relative of "Cloverfield". The idea was developed over time. We wanted to hold back the title for as long as possible."


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: On April 30, 2018, it was announced that Dan Trachtenberg would direct the first episode of the Amazon series "The Boys", replacing Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg, who dropped out due to scheduling conflicts.


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: On January 14, 2019, Trachtenberg was announced to be directing a live action film adaptation of the video game series "Uncharted". However on August 22, 2019, it was announced he had exited the film.


title: Dan Trachtenberg

text: On November 20, 2020, it was announced that Trachtenberg had been engaged by 20th Century Studios to direct the fifth installment in the "Predator" film series, titled "Prey".


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The 2014 FIFA World Cup was an international football tournament that was held in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July 2014. The 32 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 23 players, including three goalkeepers. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: A provisional list of 30 players per national team was submitted to FIFA by 13 May 2014. FIFA published the 30-player provisional lists on their website on 16 May 2014. The final lists of 23 players per national team were submitted to FIFA by 2 June 2014. FIFA published the 23-player final lists, with the squad numbers, on their website, on 5 June 2014. Teams were permitted to make late replacements in the event of serious injury, at any time up to 24 hours before their first game.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The age listed for each player is on 12 June 2014, the first day of the tournament. The number of caps listed for each player does not include any matches played after the start of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The club listed is the club for which the player last played a competitive match prior to the tournament. The nationality for each club reflects the national association (not the league) to which the club is affiliated.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The Netherlands was the only team to use all of its 23 players during the tournament, making it the fourth team in World Cup history to ever use all of its players in the squad, after France in 1978, and both Greece and Russia in 1994 (although in all these cases 22 players were used since the 23-player squads were not introduced until 2002 FIFA World Cup).


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 7 May 2014. The squad numbers were revealed on 2 June. After the team's Quarter-final match, forward Neymar withdrew injured and was not replaced.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 31 May 2014. With less than 48 hours until the opening game against Brazil, Milan Badelj was called up to replace the injured Ivan Močinić, after having previously been excluded from the final squad.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 9 May 2014. However, midfielders Luis Montes and Juan Carlos Medina sustained injuries afterwards and were replaced by Javier Aquino and Miguel Ángel Ponce.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 31 May 2014. The squad numbers were revealed on 2 June, during a press conference with Van Gaal.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 2 June 2014. However, midfielder Aldo Leão Ramírez sustained injury afterwards and was replaced by Carlos Carbonero.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: England's final squad was announced on 12 May 2014, including seven standby squad members: John Ruddy, Jon Flanagan, John Stones, Michael Carrick, Tom Cleverley, Andy Carroll and Jermain Defoe. Of those seven, only Stones and Flanagan joined the rest of the squad at a training camp in Portugal, with Stones serving as a like-for-like replacement option for Phil Jones, who was still recovering from a shoulder injury. Both Stones and Flanagan travelled with the squad to their pre-tournament training base in Miami, and remained with the team in Brazil in the event of any injuries prior to the opening game. The squad numbers were revealed on 22 May.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 2 June 2014. The squad numbers were revealed the next day. However, midfielder Segundo Castillo was replaced by Oswaldo Minda after injuring ligaments in his right knee.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 13 May 2014. Though originally selected, Franck Ribéry was removed due to a back injury.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 2 June 2014. Ejike Uzoenyi replaced Elderson Echiéjilé due to injury on 7 June.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 2 June 2014. On 7 June, Marco Reus was replaced by Shkodran Mustafi after Reus injured his ankle.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 1 June 2014. On 26 June 2014, midfielders Sulley Muntari and Kevin-Prince Boateng were sent home and indefinitely suspended from the national team for disciplinary reasons.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 2 June 2014. However, a medical test on 3 June showed goalkeeper Koen Casteels had not completely recovered from his tibia injury and he was replaced by Sammy Bossut.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The final squad was announced on 2 June 2014. However, midfielder Roman Shirokov was later removed from the squad due to a long-standing Achilles tendon injury and replaced by Pavel Mogilevets.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Note: a 2012 friendly match against Lithuania, recognized by the Russian Football Union but not by FIFA, is not counted.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: League systems with twenty or more players represented are listed. England includes two Premier League clubs based in Wales, Swansea City and Cardiff City (five World Cup squad members played for these clubs); the United States includes three MLS clubs based in Canada, Toronto FC, Vancouver Whitecaps FC and Montreal Impact (three World Cup squad members played for these clubs); and France includes one Ligue 1 club based in Monaco, AS Monaco (four World Cup squad members played for this club). In all, World Cup squad members played for clubs in 54 countries, and played in 51 different national leagues.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: The Russian squad was made up entirely of players from the country's domestic league. England's squad had only one player employed by a non-domestic club: Fraser Forster was employed in Scotland; although it was also part of the United Kingdom, they had a separate national federation and league system from England. The Belgian squad had the most players from a single foreign federation, with twelve players employed in England, although one of these, Thibaut Courtois, was only on loan to English club Chelsea prior to the tournament. Of the countries not represented by a national team at the World Cup, Turkey's league provided the most squad members.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads

text: Only Uruguay's squad was made up entirely of players employed by overseas clubs, although one player on that squad, Sebastián Coates, played for a domestic club immediately before the World Cup, doing so while on loan from English club Liverpool. Three squads had only one domestic-based player (Ivory Coast, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ghana).


title: Birria

text: Birria () \ ˈbir-ē-ˌä \is a Mexican dish from the state of Jalisco. The dish is a meat stew or soup traditionally made from goat meat, but occasionally made from beef, lamb, mutton or chicken. The meat is marinated in an adobo made of vinegar, dried chiles, garlic, and herbs and spices (including cumin, bay leaves, and thyme) before being cooked in a broth (). The dish is often served at celebratory occasions such as weddings and baptisms and during holidays such as Christmas and Easter. Preparation techniques vary, but the dish is often served with corn tortillas, onion, cilantro and lime.


title: Birria

text: Restaurants or street carts that serve birria are known as "birrierias" and exist throughout Mexico, especially in Michoacán and Jalisco. However, neighboring Mexican states have their own variations of the dish, including Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, and Colima.


title: Birria

text: In 1519, Hernán Cortés and the Conquistadors first landed in Mexico, bringing various old-world domestic animals, including goats. During the Conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Conquistadors were faced with an overpopulation of goats, so they decided to give the animals to the natives.


title: Birria

text: While goat meat was looked down upon by the Conquistadors, as it was tough, had a strong smell, and was hard to digest, the natives accepted the animals, marinating the meat in indigenous styles making it palatable and appetizing.


title: Birria

text: The dishes they produced were called "birria", a derogatory term meaning "worthless", by the Spanish, in reference to their having given the natives meat with apparently noxious characteristics.


title: Birria

text: Traditionally birria was served on bread, tortillas or even directly in hand. Many variations of the dish have derived since, causing arguments amongst birria enthusiasts on what is authentic and or the original way. In the early days birria was not served in a broth. The meat was dry seasoned and placed inside a makeshift oven built from rock and mud preheated with firewood. The embers were spread and maguey leaves were laid down to protect the meat from scorching. Meat was then placed directly on top of the maguey leaves and the opening was closed with more rock and mud. This technique ensured the heat would not escape creating a pressurized oven. The meat juices and maguey leaves created moisture and steam causing the meat to be juicy and tender. Birria seasoning later developed into a wet marinade being spread on meat and stewed in pots thus creating the broth referred to in Spanish as .


title: Birria

text: In 1950, a taquero named Guadalupe Zárate moved to Tijuana from Coatzingo, Puebla, where he set up a small stand that sold goat birria and traditional asada and pastor tacos. Zárate soon decided to make beef birria because goat meat was more expensive and less fatty. One day, someone told Zárate to add more liquid to the meat. The resulting dish is now known as Tijuana-style beef birria, making a household name among birrierias for being the first person in Tijuana to make birria with .


title: Birria

text: In 1980, Juan Jose Romero opened the restaurant "Tacos Aaron", which served goat and beef birria. In 2001, Tacos Aaron started serving quesabirria, cheesy beef birria tacos. As other birrierias adopted the dish, it quickly became a phenomenon in both Tijuana and Los Angeles.


title: Birria

text: In 2013, Ruben Ramirez and his cousin Oscar Gonzales began selling birria in Los Angeles, setting up a stand in the driveway of Gonzales's house. In 2015, Gonzales and his brother Omar set up a birria truck in South Central. In 2016, Teddy Vasquez opened Teddy's Red Tacos, also in Los Angeles. The Gonzales truck and Teddy's Red Tacos, both serving Poblana street food, became popular on social media and by 2018 birria and birria tacos submerged in were a national trend.


title: Time series

text: In mathematics, a time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order. Most commonly, a time series is a sequence taken at successive equally spaced points in time. Thus it is a sequence of discrete-time data. Examples of time series are heights of ocean tides, counts of sunspots, and the daily closing value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.


title: Time series

text: A time series is very frequently plotted via a run chart (which is a temporal line chart). Time series are used in statistics, signal processing, pattern recognition, econometrics, mathematical finance, weather forecasting, earthquake prediction, electroencephalography, control engineering, astronomy, communications engineering, and largely in any domain of applied science and engineering which involves temporal measurements.


title: Time series

text: Time series "analysis comprises methods for analyzing time series data in order to extract meaningful statistics and other characteristics of the data. Time series "forecasting is the use of a model to predict future values based on previously observed values. While regression analysis is often employed in such a way as to test relationships between one or more different time series, this type of analysis is not usually called "time series analysis", which refers in particular to relationships between different points in time within a single series.


title: Time series

text: Time series data have a natural temporal ordering. This makes time series analysis distinct from cross-sectional studies, in which there is no natural ordering of the observations (e.g. explaining people's wages by reference to their respective education levels, where the individuals' data could be entered in any order). Time series analysis is also distinct from spatial data analysis where the observations typically relate to geographical locations (e.g. accounting for house prices by the location as well as the intrinsic characteristics of the houses). A stochastic model for a time series will generally reflect the fact that observations close together in time will be more closely related than observations further apart. In addition, time series models will often make use of the natural one-way ordering of time so that values for a given period will be expressed as deriving in some way from past values, rather than from future values (see time reversibility).


title: Time series

text: Time series analysis can be applied to real-valued, continuous data, discrete numeric data, or discrete symbolic data (i.e. sequences of characters, such as letters and words in the English language).


title: Time series

text: Methods for time series analysis may be divided into two classes: frequency-domain methods and time-domain methods. The former include spectral analysis and wavelet analysis; the latter include auto-correlation and cross-correlation analysis. In the time domain, correlation and analysis can be made in a filter-like manner using scaled correlation, thereby mitigating the need to operate in the frequency domain.


title: Time series

text: Additionally, time series analysis techniques may be divided into parametric and non-parametric methods. The parametric approaches assume that the underlying stationary stochastic process has a certain structure which can be described using a small number of parameters (for example, using an autoregressive or moving average model). In these approaches, the task is to estimate the parameters of the model that describes the stochastic process. By contrast, non-parametric approaches explicitly estimate the covariance or the spectrum of the process without assuming that the process has any particular structure.


title: Time series

text: Methods of time series analysis may also be divided into linear and non-linear, and univariate and multivariate.


title: Time series

text: A time series is one type of panel data. Panel data is the general class, a multidimensional data set, whereas a time series data set is a one-dimensional panel (as is a cross-sectional dataset). A data set may exhibit characteristics of both panel data and time series data. One way to tell is to ask what makes one data record unique from the other records. If the answer is the time data field, then this is a time series data set candidate. If determining a unique record requires a time data field and an additional identifier which is unrelated to time (e.g. student ID, stock symbol, country code), then it is panel data candidate. If the differentiation lies on the non-time identifier, then the data set is a cross-sectional data set candidate.


title: Time series

text: There are several types of motivation and data analysis available for time series which are appropriate for different purposes.


title: Time series

text: In the context of statistics, econometrics, quantitative finance, seismology, meteorology, and geophysics the primary goal of time series analysis is forecasting. In the context of signal processing, control engineering and communication engineering it is used for signal detection. Other applications are in data mining, pattern recognition and machine learning, where time series analysis can be used for clustering, classification, query by content, anomaly detection as well as forecasting.


title: Time series

text: A straightforward way to examine a regular time series is manually with a line chart. An example chart is shown on the right for tuberculosis incidence in the United States, made with a spreadsheet program. The number of cases was standardized to a rate per 100,000 and the percent change per year in this rate was calculated. The nearly steadily dropping line shows that the TB incidence was decreasing in most years, but the percent change in this rate varied by as much as +/- 10%, with 'surges' in 1975 and around the early 1990s. The use of both vertical axes allows the comparison of two time series in one graphic.


title: Time series

text: A study of corporate data analysts found two challenges to exploratory time series analysis: discovering the shape of interesting patterns, and finding an explanation for these patterns. Visual tools that represent time series data as heat map matrices can help overcome these challenges.


title: Time series

text: Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, possibly subject to constraints. Curve fitting can involve either interpolation, where an exact fit to the data is required, or smoothing, in which a "smooth" function is constructed that approximately fits the data. A related topic is regression analysis, which focuses more on questions of statistical inference such as how much uncertainty is present in a curve that is fit to data observed with random errors. Fitted curves can be used as an aid for data visualization, to infer values of a function where no data are available, and to summarize the relationships among two or more variables. Extrapolation refers to the use of a fitted curve beyond the range of the observed data, and is subject to a degree of uncertainty since it may reflect the method used to construct the curve as much as it reflects the observed data.


title: Time series

text: The construction of economic time series involves the estimation of some components for some dates by interpolation between values ("benchmarks") for earlier and later dates. Interpolation is estimation of an unknown quantity between two known quantities (historical data), or drawing conclusions about missing information from the available information ("reading between the lines"). Interpolation is useful where the data surrounding the missing data is available and its trend, seasonality, and longer-term cycles are known. This is often done by using a related series known for all relevant dates. Alternatively polynomial interpolation or spline interpolation is used where piecewise polynomial functions are fit into time intervals such that they fit smoothly together. A different problem which is closely related to interpolation is the approximation of a complicated function by a simple function (also called regression). The main difference between regression and interpolation is that polynomial regression gives a single polynomial that models the entire data set. Spline interpolation, however, yield a piecewise continuous function composed of many polynomials to model the data set.


title: Time series

text: Extrapolation is the process of estimating, beyond the original observation range, the value of a variable on the basis of its relationship with another variable. It is similar to interpolation, which produces estimates between known observations, but extrapolation is subject to greater uncertainty and a higher risk of producing meaningless results.


title: Time series

text: In general, a function approximation problem asks us to select a function among a well-defined class that closely matches ("approximates") a target function in a task-specific way.


title: Time series

text: One can distinguish two major classes of function approximation problems: First, for known target functions, approximation theory is the branch of numerical analysis that investigates how certain known functions (for example, special functions) can be approximated by a specific class of functions (for example, polynomials or rational functions) that often have desirable properties (inexpensive computation, continuity, integral and limit values, etc.).


title: Time series

text: Second, the target function, call it "g", may be unknown; instead of an explicit formula, only a set of points (a time series) of the form ("x", "g"("x")) is provided. Depending on the structure of the domain and codomain of "g", several techniques for approximating "g" may be applicable. For example, if "g" is an operation on the real numbers, techniques of interpolation, extrapolation, regression analysis, and curve fitting can be used. If the codomain (range or target set) of "g" is a finite set, one is dealing with a classification problem instead. A related problem of "online" time series approximation is to summarize the data in one-pass and construct an approximate representation that can support a variety of time series queries with bounds on worst-case error.


title: Time series

text: To some extent, the different problems (regression, classification, fitness approximation) have received a unified treatment in statistical learning theory, where they are viewed as supervised learning problems.


title: Time series

text: In statistics, prediction is a part of statistical inference. One particular approach to such inference is known as predictive inference, but the prediction can be undertaken within any of the several approaches to statistical inference. Indeed, one description of statistics is that it provides a means of transferring knowledge about a sample of a population to the whole population, and to other related populations, which is not necessarily the same as prediction over time. When information is transferred across time, often to specific points in time, the process is known as forecasting.


title: Time series

text: Assigning time series pattern to a specific category, for example identify a word based on series of hand movements in sign language.


title: Time series

text: This approach is based on harmonic analysis and filtering of signals in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform, and spectral density estimation, the development of which was significantly accelerated during World War II by mathematician Norbert Wiener, electrical engineers Rudolf E. Kálmán, Dennis Gabor and others for filtering signals from noise and predicting signal values at a certain point in time. See Kalman filter, Estimation theory, and Digital signal processing


title: Time series

text: Splitting a time-series into a sequence of segments. It is often the case that a time-series can be represented as a sequence of individual segments, each with its own characteristic properties. For example, the audio signal from a conference call can be partitioned into pieces corresponding to the times during which each person was speaking. In time-series segmentation, the goal is to identify the segment boundary points in the time-series, and to characterize the dynamical properties associated with each segment. One can approach this problem using change-point detection, or by modeling the time-series as a more sophisticated system, such as a Markov jump linear system.


title: Time series

text: Models for time series data can have many forms and represent different stochastic processes. When modeling variations in the level of a process, three broad classes of practical importance are the "autoregressive" (AR) models, the "integrated" (I) models, and the "moving average" (MA) models. These three classes depend linearly on previous data points. Combinations of these ideas produce autoregressive moving average (ARMA) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. The autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) model generalizes the former three. Extensions of these classes to deal with vector-valued data are available under the heading of multivariate time-series models and sometimes the preceding acronyms are extended by including an initial "V" for "vector", as in VAR for vector autoregression. An additional set of extensions of these models is available for use where the observed time-series is driven by some "forcing" time-series (which may not have a causal effect on the observed series): the distinction from the multivariate case is that the forcing series may be deterministic or under the experimenter's control. For these models, the acronyms are extended with a final "X" for "exogenous".