title: HP Inc.

text: On March 31, 2020, Xerox rescinded its bid to buy HP Inc, issuing in a statement, "The current global health crisis and resulting macroeconomic and market turmoil caused by COVID-19 have created an environment that is not conducive to Xerox continuing to pursue an acquisition of HP Inc."


title: HP Inc.

text: HP develops personal computers (PCs), printers and related supplies, as well as 3D Printing solutions.


title: HP Inc.

text: In fiscal year 2022, total revenue of included US$29.2 billion from the sale of notebook computers, US$10.7 billion from the sale of desktop computers, US$11.8 billion from the sale of printer supplies, US$4.2 billion from the sale of commercial printers, and US$2.9 billion from the sale of consumer printers. Over 65 percent of revenue in 2022 came from customers outside of the United States.


title: HP Inc.

text: In March 2015, HP announced that Bang & Olufsen would become the company's new premium audio partner for its computers and other devices. The partnership replaced the one with Beats Electronics which ended upon its acquisition by Apple Inc.


title: HP Inc.

text: In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including HP Inc, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in the Chinese Xinjiang province.


title: HP Inc.

text: HP reported Total COe emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending December 31, 2020, at 254 Kt (−34 /-11.8% y-o-y) and plans to reduce emissions 60% by 2025 from a 2015 base year. This science-based target is aligned with Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.


title: HP Inc.

text: According to a press release issued on April 20, 2021, HP seeks to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions across the HP value chain by 2040, beginning with their Supplies business achieving carbon neutrality by 2030. "Climate change is a defining challenge of our generation that demands immediate action and investment," said Enrique Lores, HP Inc. President and CEO. "Now is a time for bold moves and ambitious goals that will protect our planet and create new sources of innovation and growth across the global economy. By driving toward net-zero carbon emissions across our entire value chain by 2040, product circularity and a forest positive framework, we will accelerate our progress and advance HP’s aspiration to become the world’s most sustainable and just technology company."


title: Gita Gopinath

text: Gita Gopinath (born 8 December 1971) is an Indian-American economist who has served as the first deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), since 21 January 2022. She had previously served as chief economist of the IMF between 2019 and 2022.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: Prior to joining the IMF, Gopinath had a two-decade-long career as an academic including at the economics department of Harvard University where she was the John Zwaanstra Professor of International Studies and Economics (2005-2022) and earlier an assistant professor at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business (2001-05). She is also a co-director of the international finance and macroeconomics program at the National Bureau of Economic Research and has earlier worked as the honorary economic adviser to the Chief Minister of Kerala.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: Gopinath was appointed as chief economist of the IMF in October 2018 by its managing director Christine Lagarde. In an interview with Trevor Noah on "The Daily Show", she named the worldwide recession of 2020 as "The Great Lockdown". In December 2021, IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva appointed her the first deputy managing director of the IMF, which is the organization's number-two position.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: Gita Gopinath was born on 8 December 1971 in Kolkata, India in a Malayali family. She is the younger of two daughters of T.V. Gopinath and V.C. Vijayalakshmi. Her family is related to the late A. K. Gopalan.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: Gopinath studied at Nirmala Convent School in Mysore. She received a B.A. degree from Lady Shri Ram College for Women of the University of Delhi in 1992 and an M.A. degree in economics from Delhi School of Economics, also of the University of Delhi, in 1994. She further completed an M.A. degree at the University of Washington in 1996. She earned her Ph.D. in economics from Princeton University in 2001 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Three essays on international capital flows: a search theoretic approach", under the supervision of Ben Bernanke, Kenneth Rogoff and Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas. She was awarded the Princeton's Woodrow Wilson Fellowship Research Award while doing her doctoral research at Princeton.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: In 1992, Gopinath got her B.A degree in economics from University of Delhi. In 1994 she earned her first master's degree at the Delhi School of Economics. In 1996, she got her second master's degree in economics at the University of Washington. In 2001 she earned her Ph.D. in economics in the field of international macroeconomics and trade at Princeton University. At Princeton's economics department, her Ph.D. advisors included two future chief economists of the IMF - Ken Rogoff (2001-2003) and Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas (2022-2025) and a future chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve - Professor Ben Bernanke (2006-2014).


title: Gita Gopinath

text: In 2001, she joined the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business as an assistant professor. In 2005 she moved to Harvard University's economics department where she was the John Zwanstra Professor of International Studies and Economics through 2022.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: In October 2018, Gopinath was appointed chief economist of the International Monetary Fund. As part of her many significant initiatives, she co-authored the "Pandemic Paper" on how to end the COVID-19 pandemic that set globally endorsed targets for vaccinating the world. This work led to the creation of the Multilateral Task Force made up of the leadership of the IMF, World Bank, WTO, and WHO to help end the pandemic and the establishment of a working group with vaccine manufacturers to identify trade barriers, supply bottlenecks, and accelerate delivery of vaccines to low- and lower-middle income countries. Gopinath also worked with other IMF departments to connect with policy makers, academics, and other stakeholders on a new analytical approach to help countries respond to international capital flows via the Integrated Policy Framework. She also helped set up a Climate Change team inside the IMF to analyze, among other things, optimal climate mitigation policies. IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva noted that "Gita's contribution to the Fund and our membership has been truly remarkable —quite simply, her impact on the IMF's work has been tremendous. She made history as the first female Chief Economist of the Fund and we benefitted immensely from her sharp intellect and deep knowledge of international finance and macroeconomics as we navigate through the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression."


title: Gita Gopinath

text: In December 2021, Gopinath was elevated as the fund's new first deputy managing director (FDMD), the number two position at the fund. Gopinath had been earlier scheduled to return to her academic position at Harvard University in January 2022 on completion of her term as chief economist. Georgieva added that "given that the pandemic has led to an increase in the scale and scope of the macroeconomic challenges facing our member countries, Gita—universally recognized as one of the world's leading macroeconomists—has precisely the expertise that we need for the FDMD role at this point. Indeed, her particular skill set—combined with her years of experience at the Fund as Chief Economist—make her uniquely well qualified. She is the right person at the right time."


title: Gita Gopinath

text: As the first deputy managing director of the IMF, Gopinath represents the fund at multilateral forums, maintains high-level contacts with member governments and board members, the media, and other institutions, leads the fund's work on surveillance and related policies, oversees research and flagship publications and the work of senior staff.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: Gopinath was earlier the co-director of the international finance and macroeconomics program at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, a member of the economic advisory panel of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, economic adviser to the Chief Minister of Kerala, a co-editor at the "American Economic Review", and a co-editor of the 2019 edition of the "Handbook of International Economics".


title: Gita Gopinath

text: In June 2021, Gopinath was appointed to the World Bank–International Monetary Fund High-Level Advisory Group (HLAG) on Sustainable and Inclusive Recovery and Growth, co-chaired by Mari Pangestu, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu, and Nicholas Stern.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: In 2021, "Financial Times" named Gopinath among the "25 most influential women of the year", the International Economic Association named her the Schumpeter-Haberler Distinguished Fellow, the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association recognized her with the John Kenneth Galbraith Award, and the Carnegie Corporation named her among "Great (American) Immigrants". She was named among the Bloomberg "50 people who defined 2019" and among the "Women who Broke Major Barriers to Become Firsts" by "Time" magazine.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: In 2018, Gopinath was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Econometric Society. "Foreign Policy" named her one of the Top Global Thinkers in 2019. In 2017, she received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Washington. She was named one of the top 25 economists under 45 by the International Monetary Fund in 2014 and was chosen as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum in 2011. In 2019, she was awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman by the President of India.


title: Gita Gopinath

text: Gopinath is a naturalized American citizen and an overseas citizen of India. She is married to Iqbal Singh Dhaliwal, her classmate from the Delhi School of Economics. The couple together have a son (born 2002) named Rahil.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab, sold under the brand name Rituxan among others, is a monoclonal antibody medication used to treat certain autoimmune diseases and types of cancer. It is used for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (in non-geriatric patients), rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, pemphigus vulgaris, myasthenia gravis and Epstein–Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcers. It is given by slow injection into a vein. Biosimilars of Rituxan include Blitzima, Riabni, Ritemvia, Rituenza (F.K.A. Tuxella), Rixathon, Ruxience, and Truxima.


title: Rituximab

text: Common side effects which often occur within two hours of the medication being given include rash, itchiness, low blood pressure, and shortness of breath. Infections are also common.


title: Rituximab

text: Severe side effects include reactivation of hepatitis B in those previously infected, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and death. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the developing fetus or newborn baby, but it is not proven harmful.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the protein CD20, which is primarily found on the surface of immune system B cells. When it binds to this protein it triggers cell death.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab was approved for medical use in 1997. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Rituximab is co-marketed by Biogen and Genentech in the U.S., by Hoffmann-La Roche in Canada and the European Union, Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Zenyaku Kogyo in Japan and AryoGen in Iran.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeted against CD20 which is a surface antigen present on B cells. Therefore, it acts by depleting normal as well as pathogenic B cells while sparing plasma cells and hematopoietic stem cells as they do not express the CD20 surface antigen.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab is used to treat cancers of the white blood system such as leukemias and lymphomas, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma. This also includes Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, a type of NHL. Rituximab in combination with hyaluronidase human, sold under the brand names "MabThera SC" and "Rituxan Hycela", is used to treat follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is used in combination with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide to treat previously untreated and previously treated CD20-positive chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab has been shown to be an effective rheumatoid arthritis treatment in three randomised controlled trials and is now licensed for use in refractory rheumatoid disease. In the United States, it has been FDA-approved for use in combination with methotrexate (MTX) for reducing signs and symptoms in adult patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have had an inadequate response to one or more anti-TNF-alpha therapy. In the European Union, the license is slightly more restrictive: it is licensed for use in combination with MTX in patients with severe active RA who have had an inadequate response to one or more anti-TNF therapy.


title: Rituximab

text: There is some evidence for efficacy, but not necessarily safety, in a range of other autoimmune diseases, and rituximab is widely used off-label to treat difficult cases of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and autoimmune anemias. The most dangerous, although among the most rare, side effect is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) infection, which is usually fatal; however only a very small number of cases have been recorded occurring in autoimmune diseases.


title: Rituximab

text: Other autoimmune diseases that have been treated with rituximab include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Evans syndrome, vasculitis (e.g., granulomatosis with polyangiitis), bullous skin disorders (for example pemphigus, pemphigoid—with very encouraging results of approximately 85% rapid recovery in pemphigus, according to a 2006 study), type 1 diabetes mellitus, Sjögren syndrome, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and Devic's disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy, autoimmune pancreatitis, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), and IgG4-related disease. There is some evidence that it is ineffective in treating IgA-mediated autoimmune diseases.


title: Rituximab

text: Two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus died of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) after being treated with rituximab. PML is caused by activation of JC virus, a common virus in the brain which is usually latent. Reactivation of the JC virus usually results in death or severe brain damage.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab has been reported as a possible cofactor in a chronic hepatitis E infection in a person with lymphoma. Hepatitis E infection is normally an acute infection, suggesting the drug in combination with lymphoma may have weakened the body's immune response to the virus.


title: Rituximab

text: A major concern with continuous rituximab treatment is the difficulty to induce a proper vaccine response. This was brought into focus during the COVID-19 pandemic, where persons with multiple sclerosis and rituximab treatment had higher risk of severe COVID-19. In persons with rituximab treatment for multiple sclerosis, 9 of 10 patients with B cell counts of 40/µL or more developed protective levels of antibodies after vaccination with tozinameran.


title: Rituximab

text: The antibody binds to the cell surface protein CD20. CD20 is widely expressed on B cells, from early pre-B cells to later in differentiation, but it is absent on terminally differentiated plasma cells. Although the function of CD20 is unknown, it may play a role in Ca influx across plasma membranes, maintaining intracellular Ca concentration and allowing activation of B cells.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab is relatively ineffective in elimination of cells with low CD20 cell-surface levels. It tends to stick to one side of B cells, where CD20 is, forming a cap and drawing proteins over to that side. The presence of the cap changes the effectiveness of natural killer (NK) cells in destroying these B cells. When an NK cell latched onto the cap, it had an 80% success rate at killing the cell. In contrast, when the B cell lacked this asymmetric protein cluster, it was killed only 40% of the time.


title: Rituximab

text: The combined effect results in the elimination of B cells (including the cancerous ones) from the body, allowing a new population of healthy B cells to develop from lymphoid stem cells.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab binds to amino acids 170–173 and 182–185 on CD20, which are physically close to each other as a result of a disulfide bond between amino acids 167 and 183.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab was developed by IDEC Pharmaceuticals under the name IDEC-C2B8. The U.S. patent for the drug was issued in 1998 and expired in 2015.


title: Rituximab

text: Based on its safety and effectiveness in clinical trials, rituximab was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1997 to treat B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas resistant to other chemotherapy regimens. Rituximab, in combination with CHOP chemotherapy, is superior to CHOP alone in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and many other B-cell lymphomas. In 2010, it was approved by the European Commission for maintenance treatment after initial treatment of follicular lymphoma.


title: Rituximab

text: In 2014, Genentech reclassified rituxan as a specialty drug, a class of drugs that are only available through specialty distributors in the US. Because wholesalers discounts and rebates no longer apply, hospitals would pay more.


title: Rituximab

text: Originally available for intravenous injection (e.g. over 2.5 hrs), in 2016, it gained EU approval in a formulation for subcutaneous injection for B-cell CLL/lymphoma (CLL).


title: Rituximab

text: Patents on the drug expired in Europe in February 2013, and in the US in September 2016. , several biosimilars had been approved in the US, India, the European Union, Switzerland, Japan and Australia. The US FDA approved Truxima (rituximab-abbs) in 2018, Ruxience (rituximab-pvvr) in 2019 and Riabni (rituximab-arrx) in 2020. The latter is about $3600 per 500 mg, wholesale, list.


title: Rituximab

text: Rituximab did not improve symptoms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in a trial published in 2019. 22% of participants had serious events. This potential use was investigated after improvements in chronic fatigue syndrome was seen in two cancer patients treated with rituximab.


title: Rituximab

text: The efficacy and success of rituximab has led to some other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies being developed:


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Enigma is a German musical project founded in 1990 by Romanian-German musician and producer Michael Cretu. Cretu had released several solo records, collaborated with various artists, and produced albums for his then-wife, German pop singer Sandra, before he conceived the idea of a new-age, worldbeat project. He recorded the first Enigma studio album, "MCMXC a.D." (1990), with contributions from David Fairstein and Frank Peterson. The album remains Enigma's most successful, helped by the international hit single "Sadeness (Part I)", which sold twelve million units alone. According to Cretu, the inspiration for the creation of the project came from his desire to make a kind of music that did not obey "the old rules and habits" and presented a new form of artistic expression with mystic and experimental components.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Enigma followed "MCMXC a.D." with a series of albums that involved several musicians and producers working with Cretu. The first was "The Cross of Changes" (1993), which incorporated tribal and ethnic influences and sold over eight million copies worldwide, followed by "Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi!" (1996), which blended the Gregorian chants reminiscent of the first album with the strong intercultural soundscapes present in the second. Enigma's fourth album "The Screen Behind the Mirror" (2000) started a slight departure from the previous world music themes towards a heavier electronic atmosphere. This evolution culminated with "Voyageur" (2003), its fifth and more pop-based album, and "A Posteriori" (2006), a work inspired by the future collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, with distinct operatic tones and an electronic spectrum closer to "Voyageur" than the earlier releases. "Seven Lives Many Faces" (2008) followed and contained a mixture of classical and modern elements ranging from ethnic chants to rap and dubstep influences. Its eighth album, "The Fall of a Rebel Angel", was released in November 2016.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Enigma has sold over 8.5 million RIAA-certified albums in the US and an estimated 70 million worldwide with over 100 gold and platinum certifications. The project has also received three Grammy Award nominations.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: By the late 1980s, Romanian-born German musician and producer Michael Cretu had collaborated with several musicians, produced albums recorded by his then-wife, German pop singer Sandra, and released solo albums under his name for Polydor and Virgin Records, to varying levels of commercial success across Europe. In 1988, Cretu and Sandra married and relocated to the Spanish island of Ibiza. A home recording studio, A.R.T. Studios, was built, and Cretu began work on a new, worldbeat and new age musical project named Enigma with David Fairstein and Frank Peterson. Cretu secured a deal with Munich-based Mambo Musik to handle Enigma's management and publishing.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: The first Enigma album, "MCMXC a.D.", was recorded in eight months and incorporated Gregorian chants mixed with atmospheric music and dance beats. He had previously used a Gregorian-type chant on the opening seconds of Sandra's 1987 single "Everlasting Love". Cretu wished to exclude his name from the album's liner notes so the listener could conjure their own interpretations. He recalled management "fell off their chairs" when he requested it, "but it worked". Cretu credits himself as "Curly M.C." and Peterson is listed as "F. Gregorian". Upon its release in December 1990, "MCMXC a.D." became an unexpected commercial success, helped by the international hit single "Sadeness (Part I)", released a month prior that reached number one in 24 countries. The album reached the top 10 in ten countries, including the United Kingdom, and number six on the "Billboard" 200 in the United States, where it sold over four million copies and charted for more than 150 weeks. The album earned over 50 platinum sales awards worldwide, and made Enigma the most successful act signed to Virgin at the time of release.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Following the success of "MCMXC a.D.", Cretu received many offers for soundtrack work and writing film scores. He turned the majority of them down as he disliked the scripts presented to him except for the erotic thriller film "Sliver" (1993), for which he produced two songs for its soundtrack: "Carly's Song" and "Carly's Loneliness". The former was reworked into "Age of Loneliness" in 1993. Cretu was unable to contribute more to the soundtrack as he wished to spend his time working on the second Enigma album.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: "The Cross of Changes" was recorded in 1993. The long period in between the first and second was partly down to Virgin and Cretu's manager forgetting to extend his contract with Virgin. This led to Cretu signing a new, five-album deal. Cretu retained many of the elements from the first album, but "wanted to have a completely different experience. I wanted to mix as much as possible rock elements and ethnic and classical". Numerous samples were used, including from songs by Genesis, Black Sabbath, Vangelis, and U2. Cretu made a conscious effort to reduce the amount of Gregorian chants incorporated into the album. Cretu based much of its lyrics on the concepts behind numerology, and read books on the subject. "The Cross of Changes" was released in December 1993, and reached number one in the UK and number 9 in the US. Four singles were released in 1994: "Return to Innocence", "The Eyes of Truth", "Age of Loneliness", and "Out from the Deep". The former became an international top-10 hit in 12 countries and is certified gold in the US for selling half a million copies. "The Cross of Changes" sold an estimated 8 million copies worldwide.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: In 1996, "Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi!" was released. Cretu's idea was that this third album was the child of the previous two albums, and therefore included familiar elements of Gregorian chants and Sanskrit chants in it. It did not achieve the same level of success that they enjoyed previously, and as a result, only two of the three singles originally slated were released. "Le Roi est mort, Vive le Roi!" sold over one million units in the United States, achieved a Gold certificate in the United Kingdom and two Grammy nominations: one for its artwork design and the second as Best New Age Album. After the album's release, Cretu found that several fake Enigma albums were released onto the market that Cretu deemed as "awful messes".


title: Enigma (German band)

text: The 2000 release of "The Screen Behind the Mirror" included samples from Carl Orff's "Carmina Burana" on four tracks on the album. This time the Gregorian chants were toned down tremendously, although Shakuhachi flutes and other traditional Enigma signatures remain. Only "Gravity of Love" and "Push the Limits" were released as singles from the album. Ruth-Ann Boyle (from the band Olive) and Andru Donalds mark their first appearances on the Enigma project.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: In 2001, Cretu released a new single called "Turn Around" together with "" and "" to end what he considers to be the first chapter of Enigma. A light show was held at the Munich Planetarium in conjunction with the release of the compilation albums.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: 2003's "Voyageur" saw a change of direction for the project, with most of the prominent Enigma signature elements (the ethnic and Gregorian chants, the Shakuhachi flutes) no longer employed.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: To commemorate the fifteen years of Enigma, a limited-edition album called 15 Years After was launched, which was the size of an LP vinyl disk, with Leonardo da Vinci's art in the cover, a big booklet with extra art, and featured eight compact discs: all the previous albums, the DVD "Remember the Future", and a special and exclusive bonus CD, "The Dusted Variations", which included Chill-out versions of several of the project's greatest hits. All of the songs are different from the originals and use minimal percussion. This disc also contained the single version of "Hello and Welcome", which was later released as a single. On 28 August 2005, Enigma's management Crocodile Music announced the release of "Hello and Welcome" as a single. It was released in Germany on 10 March 2006.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: On 26 September 2006, Enigma's sixth album "A Posteriori" was released worldwide, containing a new version of "Hello and Welcome" and the new song "Goodbye, Milky Way". A DVD version of "A Posteriori" was released on 16 December 2006, which featured kaleidoscope images in synchronization with the multi-channel remastered music. "A Posteriori" received a Grammy nomination as Best New Age Album, its second in that category following 1996's "Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi!" nomination. In late March 2007, a "Private Lounge" remix album version of "A Posteriori" was released on the iTunes Music Store. This compilation includes 12 new remixed tracks from the album by artists such as Boca Junior, Tocadisco, and more. Some of these tracks were available previously on the original "A Posteriori" iTunes version of the album and the previously mentioned DVD release.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: On 19 September 2008, Enigma's seventh album "Seven Lives Many Faces" was released worldwide. The lead single, "Seven Lives", is a fusion of modern and classical elements.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: "The Platinum Collection", a 3-CD compilation, was released on 27 November 2009 in Germany, and on 9 February 2010 worldwide. The first CD contains Enigma hits. The second CD contains remixes. The third CD is a collection of "lost tracks", musical experiments which never were finalized and released previously.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: On 5 October 2010, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the first album "MCMXC a.D.", the "Enigma's Social Song" project began. Enigma fans were asked to submit vocals for a new Enigma song. The public was then asked to vote, with the winning submission "Fei mea" being provided by Latvian singer Fox Lima (real name Alise Ketnere) for the chorus. The top 3 runners up, Mark Joshua from Brazil, J. Spring from Spain, and Rasa Serra from Lithuania provided other important parts of the vocals like the bridge, backing, and verse of the final version of the single. Fans also influenced further stages of the song's creation by voting on elements such as a lead instrument, general mood, and style of the track. The final mix of the single named "MMX (The Social Song)" was released on 15 December 2010. It became the first song ever created for and by the fans via the internet.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: In August 2016, Enigma's eighth studio album "The Fall of a Rebel Angel" was announced for a release on 11 November 2016. It features guest musicians Brazilian singer-songwriter Mark Josher, Indonesian singer Anggun, female voice Nanuk, and English electro-pop duo Aquilo. Two singles from the album have been released, "Sadeness (Part II)" featuring Anggun, and "Amen" featuring Aquilo.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: In May 2018, limited edition coloured vinyl editions of Enigma's entire catalogue were released in a new collection, "The Colours of Enigma – The Vinyl Series". The set features new artwork and remastered stereo mixes made from the original master tapes.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Throughout 2019 and into 2020, three former vocalists for Enigma, Andru Donalds, Angel X, and Fox Lima, embarked on a world tour under the name Original Enigma Voices. This marks the first time Enigma's music has been performed live.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Cretu recorded the first five Enigma albums at A.R.T. Studios, a home recording studio located on the Spanish island of Ibiza. From 1988 until 2001, Cretu lived in Santa Eulària des Riu followed by, from 2001 to 2008, a villa near Sant Antoni where the studio was redesigned and built by Gunter Wagner and Bernd Steber. "A Posteriori" and "Seven Lives Many Faces" were recorded using an all-in-one mobile digital recording studio named Alchemist. In 2010, a reworked version of Alchemist was built and named Merlin. "MMX The Social Song" was the first Enigma release recorded with this model.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: In 1991, Cretu was sued by Munich-based choir Capella Antiqua and its record label Polydor Germany for infringing its "right of personality" through distortion in the samples used in "Sadeness (Part I)" and "Mea Culpa (Part II)". The samples were taken from Capella Antiqua's 1976 LP "Paschale Mysterium"; while the musical compositions were in the public domain, Capella Antiqua's recording of them was copyrighted. European law also recognizes moral rights ("droit moral") in works.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: In 1998, Cretu was sued by Taiwanese musicians Difang and Igay Duana (also known as Kuo Ying-nan and Kuo Hsiu-chu), whose voices are used in "Return to Innocence", over the unauthorized usage of their song without credit. The case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount of money and all further releases of the song were credited (including royalties) to the Kuos. Cretu has stated that he had been led to believe that the recording was in the public domain and that he did not intentionally violate the Kuos' copyright.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Enigma generally produces worldbeat and new age songs. The musical project is very experimental, often combining elements from other genres like ambience, pop, or rock. Michael Cretu has said in an Q&A that he is " always looking for the unknown and I am trying to find new ways to express my ideas." He later said:


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Enigma's first album, "MCMXC a.D.", combines Gregorian chants and religious overtones with atmospheric synths, a hypnotic music-set, and a dance-like beat, along with elements of pop and ambience all accompanied by French-like whispers and somewhat erotic gasps, provided by Sandra. The Cross of Changes, Enigma's second album, replaces the Gregorian chants from the MCMXC a.D. and replaces them with ethnic and tribal chanting. The album is atmospheric and spiritual like MCMXC a.D., but is combined with more well-developed beats and lyrics about love and self-awareness.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Enigma's international success with "MCMXC a.D." was a precursor to the creation of several other musical projects that follow similar styles and marketing approaches, especially the use of the term "project" as opposed to the band to denominate themselves, and the label "enigmatic music", employed mainly by radios and listeners, to categorize their music inside the New Age umbrella. Cretu has cited the progressive rock band Yes as an influence.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: Soon after working with Michael Cretu on the first Enigma album, German producer Frank Peterson left the project to focus on Gregorian, a band that performs mostly covers of modern pop and rock songs with Gregorian-like vocals and symphonic instruments. Likewise, French musical project Era features Gregorian chants mixed with pop-rock arrangements and is also frequently compared in scope to Enigma.


title: Enigma (German band)

text: More electronic projects that often draw comparisons with Enigma are French act Deep Forest, Canadian duo Delerium, Danish project Achillea (created by Enigma's co-producer and guest guitarist Jens Gad) and German project Schiller.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Magic Kingdom Park, previously known as Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom (1971–1994) and The Magic Kingdom (1994–2017), is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando, Florida. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Products division, the park opened on October 1, 1971, as "Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom", the first of four theme parks at the resort. The park was initialized by Walt Disney and designed by WED Enterprises. Its layout and attractions are based on Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, and are dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: The park is represented by Cinderella Castle, inspired by the fairy tale castle featured in the 1950 film. In 2019, the park hosted 20.9 million visitors, making it the most visited theme park in the world for the thirteenth consecutive year and the most visited theme park in North America for at least the past nineteen years.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Although Walt Disney had been highly involved in planning EPCOT, he died before he could see the vision through. After Walt's death, Walt Disney Productions began construction on Magic Kingdom and the entire resort in 1967. The park was built as a larger, improved version of Disneyland Park in California.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Magic Kingdom was built over a series of tunnels called utilidors, a portmanteau of "utility" and "corridor", allowing employees (called "cast members") or VIP guests to move through the park out of sight.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Because of Florida's high water table, the tunnels could not be put underground, so they were built at the existing grade, meaning the park is built on the second story, giving the Magic Kingdom an elevation of . The area around the utilidors was filled in with dirt removed from the Seven Seas Lagoon, which was being constructed at the same time. The utilidors were built in the initial construction and were not extended as the park expanded. The tunnels were intended to be designed into all subsequent Walt Disney World parks but were set aside mostly because of financial constraints. Epcot's Future World and Disney Springs' Pleasure Island each have a smaller network of utilidors.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Magic Kingdom Park opened as the first part of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1, 1971, commencing concurrently with Disney's Contemporary Resort and Disney's Polynesian Village Resort. It opened with twenty-three attractions, three unique to the park and twenty replicas of attractions at Disneyland, split into six themed lands, five copies of those at Disneyland (Main Street, U.S.A., Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Tomorrowland) and the Magic Kingdom exclusive of Liberty Square. The Walt Disney Company promised to increase this number with a combination of replicas and unique attractions. While there is no individual dedication to Magic Kingdom, the dedication by Roy O. Disney for the entire resort was placed within its gates.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: The only land added to the original roster of lands in the park was Mickey's Toontown Fair. The land originally opened in 1988 as Mickey's Birthdayland to celebrate Mickey Mouse's 60th birthday. Later the land was renovated as Mickey's Starland and eventually to Mickey's Toontown Fair. The land was home to attractions such as Mickey's Country House, Minnie's Country House, The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm, and Donald's Boat. It closed on February 12, 2011, to make way for the expansion of Fantasyland. The Walt Disney World Railroad station in Mickey's Toontown Fair, which opened with Mickey's Birthdayland in 1988, was closed for the duration of the construction. In 2012, the space where Mickey's Toontown Fair sat reopened as a part of Fantasyland, in a sub-land called the Storybook Circus, where the Dumbo the Flying Elephant was relocated. The Barnstormer was retained and was re-themed to The Great Goofini.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Since opening day, Magic Kingdom has been closed temporarily because of seven hurricanes: Floyd, Charley, Frances, Jeanne, Wilma, Matthew, and Irma. The first non-hurricane related day the park has closed is on September 11, 2001, due to the terrorist attacks that day. Walt Disney World was closed from March 15, 2020 to July 11, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: "Magic Kingdom" was often used as an unofficial nickname for Disneyland before Walt Disney World was built. The official tagline for Disneyland is "The Happiest Place On Earth", while the tagline for Magic Kingdom is "The Most Magical Place On Earth".


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Up until the early 1990s, Magic Kingdom was officially known as "Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom", and was never printed without the Walt Disney World prefix. This purpose was to differentiate between the park and Disneyland in California. In 1994, to differentiate it from Disneyland, the park was officially renamed Magic Kingdom Park. Like all Disney theme parks, the official name of the park does not start with an article ("the"), though it is commonly referred to that way; however, a sign on the railroad station at the front of the park reads "The Magic Kingdom".


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Alcoholic beverages had been prohibited from the park since its opening, but this policy has changed in recent years. In 2012, the Be Our Guest restaurant opened selling wine and beer for the first time. This was the only place in the park where alcohol was permitted until December 2014 when four additional restaurants began selling beer and wine including Cinderella's Royal Table, Liberty Tree Tavern, Tony's Town Square Restaurant, and the Jungle Navigation Co. Ltd. Skipper Canteen. And finally in 2018, the park officially became the second Magic Kingdom-style park to serve alcohol at all table service restaurants, after Disneyland Paris in 1993.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: In October 2018, "The Wall Street Journal" reported the theme park is becoming a popular spot for families to scatter the ashes of loved ones with the Haunted Mansion being the favorite location. The practice is unlawful and prohibited on Disney property and anyone spreading cremated remains will be escorted from the park.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Magic Kingdom is divided into six themed "lands." It is designed like a wheel, with the hub in front of Cinderella Castle. Pathways spoke out from the hub across the of the park and lead to these six lands.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: The Walt Disney World Railroad circles around the entire perimeter of the park and makes stops at Main Street, U.S.A., Frontierland, and Fantasyland.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Symbolically, Main Street, U.S.A. is themed as an early-20th century American town, inspired by Walt Disney's childhood home of Marceline, Missouri. Symbolically, Main Street represents the park's "opening credits," where guests pass under the train station (the opening curtain), then view the names of key personnel along the windows of the buildings' upper floors. Many windows bear the name of a fictional business, such as "Seven Summits Expeditions, Frank G. Wells President", with each representing a tribute to significant people connected to the Disney company and the development of the Walt Disney World Resort. It features stylistic influences from around the country. Taking its inspiration from New England to Missouri, this design is most noticeable in the four corners in the middle of Main Street, where each of the four corner buildings represents a different architectural style. There is no opera house as there is at Disneyland; instead, there is the Town Square Theater. Christopher George Weaver, the "mayor" of Main Street U.S.A. and one of the park's most important figures, greeted guests here for 26 years before he died in 2017.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Main Street is lined with shops selling merchandise and food. City Hall contains the Guest Relations lobby, where cast members provide information and assistance. A working barber shop gives haircuts for a fee. The Emporium carries a wide variety of Disney souvenirs such as plush toys, collectible pins and Mickey-ear hats. Tony's Town Square Restaurant and The Plaza Restaurant are table-service locations. At the end of Main Street is Casey's Corner. The Main Street Confectionery sells sweets priced by their weight, such as candied apples, crisped rice treats, chocolates, cookies and fudge. Most windows bear the name of people who were influential at Disney parks. An example of a classic Main Street, U.S.A. attraction is the narrow-gauge Walt Disney World Railroad, which transports guests around the park, making stops at Main Street, U.S.A., Frontierland, and Fantasyland. Main Street, U.S.A. also has the Main Street Vehicles attraction, which includes a narrow gauge tramway with horse-drawn streetcars, and several old-fashioned motor vehicles.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: In the distance beyond the end of Main Street stands Cinderella Castle. Though only tall, it benefits from a technique known as forced perspective. The second stories of all the buildings along Main Street are shorter than the first stories, and the third stories are even shorter than the second, and the top windows of the castle are much smaller than they appear. The resulting visual effect is that the buildings appear to be larger and taller than they really are.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: The park contains two additional tributes: the "Partners" statue of Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse in front of Cinderella Castle and the "Sharing the Magic" statue of Roy O. Disney sitting with Minnie Mouse in the Town Square section of Main Street, U.S.A. Both were sculpted by veteran Imagineer Blaine Gibson. In 2012, Disney replaced the shop in the Firehouse with a sign-up for the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom game.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Adventureland represents the mystery of exploring foreign lands and is themed to resemble the remote landscapes of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South America and the South Pacific, with an extension resembling a Caribbean town square. It contains classic attractions such as Pirates of the Caribbean, Jungle Cruise, Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room, Swiss Family Treehouse, and The Magic Carpets of Aladdin.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Frontierland is a romanticized portrayal of the American Old West, including cowboys and Native Americans, as well as the mysteries of the Rivers of America. It contains classic attractions such as Tom Sawyer Island, Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, Splash Mountain, and the Country Bear Jamboree. The land also contains shops such as Big Al's, Frontier Trading Post, Prairie Outpost and Supply, Briar Patch, and Splashdown Photos. Walt Disney World's Festival of Fantasy Parade begins in Frontierland and makes its way through several lands, eventually ending on Main Street, U.S.A., toward the front of the park. Special design methods were used for the Splash Mountain structure which consists of an intricate steel structure supporting the facility. The final design included computer simulations and dynamic analyses to meet strength and strict serviceability and safety requirements.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Liberty Square is inspired by a colonial American town set during the American Revolutionary War. The "Liberty Belle" Riverboat travels down the park's Rivers of America. Liberty Square is home to such attractions as the Haunted Mansion and The Hall of Presidents.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Fantasyland is themed in a medieval-faire/carnival style, in the words of Walt Disney: "Fantasyland is dedicated to the young at heart and to those who believe that when you wish upon a star, your dreams come true." Attractions include It's a Small World, Peter Pan's Flight, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, Mickey's PhilharMagic, Prince Charming Regal Carousel, and Mad Tea Party. From 2012 to 2014, Fantasyland was expanded to nearly double its size and new attractions and guest offerings were added, including sub-areas themed to "Beauty and the Beast", "Tangled", and "The Little Mermaid." New attractions such as the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train and were introduced.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: The original Fantasyland attractions left after the expansion was completed are located within the castle walls this courtyard area directly behind Cinderella Castle. Attractions here include: Mickey's PhilharMagic, Prince Charming Regal Carrousel, Princess Fairytale Hall, It's a Small World, Peter Pan's Flight, Mad Tea Party and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Part of Fantasyland, Storybook Circus is located at the former site of Mickey's Toontown Fair, and is based on elements from "Dumbo" (1941) and the Mickey Mouse universe. Attractions include The Barnstormer and Dumbo the Flying Elephant, which was removed from its former location on January 8, 2012. Also included is the Casey Jr. Splash 'n' Soak Station (a water play area themed to Casey Jr., the train from "Dumbo"). Storybook Circus began soft openings on March 12, 2012, with more parts opening on March 31.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Mickey's Toontown Fair closed permanently on February 11, 2011, to make way for Storybook Circus. Some elements of Mickey's Toontown Fair were demolished, and others were re-themed to fit the circus concept. An expanded Dumbo the Flying Elephant ride was built, with an interactive queue, and a second Dumbo ride was built next to it, in order to increase capacity. The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm was re-themed to "The Great Goofini". A big top area was built for meet-and-greets, called Pete's Silly Sideshow. This attraction features Goofy as a stuntman, Daisy as a fortune-teller, Donald as a snake-charmer, Minnie as a Magician, and Pluto as a special performer. Storybook Circus opened with a "streetmosphere" circus act called The Giggle Gang, which had a two-year run from 2012 until 2014.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: The completion of the Enchanted Forest section of the park concluded the expansion of New Fantasyland. Included in the expansion was the dark ride attraction , themed to Disney's 1989 film "The Little Mermaid". The attraction is a near replica of the Disney California Adventure attraction, The Little Mermaid, Ariel's Undersea Adventure. There is also an area themed to Disney's 1991 film "Beauty and the Beast", featuring the Beast's Castle with the dining experience Be Our Guest Restaurant (offering quick-service lunches and table service dinners), as well as Gaston's Tavern and Belle's cottage. This portion of the New Fantasyland officially opened on December 6, 2012. Snow White's Scary Adventures was removed to build Princess Fairytale Hall, a meet-and-greet. Another attraction themed to "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" called the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train opened in 2014. The attraction, which features Snow White's cottage and state-of-the-art audio-animatronics, is the very first roller coaster to move in a wobbling motion on track.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Tomorrowland is themed to an intergalactic city, a concept of the future inspired by the optimism and scientific advancements of the Space Age and Atomic Age. and the optimism of as seen from around the 1950s: rockets, UFOs and robots, etc. In the words of Walt Disney: "Tomorrow can be a wonderful age. Our scientists today are opening the door of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future." Classic current attractions include Space Mountain, Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress, Astro Orbiter, Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover and the Tomorrowland Speedway. Other current attractions include Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin and Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor. The TRON Lightcycle Power Run roller coaster from Shanghai Disneyland will be opening to the north of Space Mountain in a new area of Tomorrowland, and it will open as a part of the park's 50th anniversary in 2023.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: Magic Kingdom lies more than a mile away from its parking lot, on the opposite side of the man-made Seven Seas Lagoon. Upon arrival, guests are taken by the parking lot trams to the Transportation and Ticket Center (TTC), which sells admission into the parks and provides transportation connections throughout the resort complex.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: To reach the park, guests either use the Walt Disney World Monorail System, ferryboats, or Disney Transport buses, depending on the location of their hotel or parking lot. The three hotels closest to Magic Kingdom, Disney's Contemporary Resort, Disney's Polynesian Village Resort (which is connected to the Shades of Green resort by a walking path), and Disney's Grand Floridian Resort and Spa, use either the ferry or monorail system to travel to Magic Kingdom; a walking path also links the Contemporary Resort to the park. Guests staying at Disney's Wilderness Lodge and Disney's Fort Wilderness Campground can also ride a dedicated ferry boat to the Magic Kingdom docks. Guests of other hotels take buses to travel to the park, while guests who are not staying at any of the resort's hotels must use the monorail system or ferryboats to travel to the park from the Transportation and Ticket Center. Guests using ride-hailing services to travel to the park must transfer at the TTC or use the walking path from the Contemporary Resort, as ride-hailing vehicles cannot use the park's bus loops. The three ferries are clad in different trim colors and are named for past Disney executives: the "General Joe Potter" (blue), the "Richard F. Irvine" (red) and the "Admiral Joe Fowler" (green). The main monorail loop has two lanes. The outer lane is a direct nonstop loop between the TTC and Magic Kingdom, while the inner loop has additional stops at Disney's Contemporary Resort, Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, and Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa. Epcot is accessible by a spur monorail line that was added upon that park's opening in 1982.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: In 2012, Jon Favreau announced he was planning a film called "Magic Kingdom". The film is described as “"Night at the Museum" at Disneyland,” meaning that the film would tell a story where all the characters at Disney come to life at night. Marc Abraham and Eric Newman of Strike Entertainment were scheduled to produce the film. Writer-producer Ronald D. Moore had previously written an original script for the project, which the studio eventually declined to use, stating that Favreau and a new screenwriter would develop a new script.


title: Magic Kingdom

text: In 2021, it was announced that a new project, now developed as a television series for Disney+. Moore was brought back to develop the series which will see that the various lands in the Magic Kingdom are actually gateways to alternate worlds, thus setting up a shared universe. The first in the series will be "The Society of Explorers and Adventurers (SEA)".


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: The Guadalajara Cartel () also known as The Federation () was a Mexican drug cartel which was formed in the late 1970s by Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Rafael Caro Quintero, and Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo in order to ship cocaine and marijuana to the United States. Among the first of the Mexican drug trafficking groups to work with the Colombian cocaine mafias, the Guadalajara Cartel prospered from the cocaine trade. Throughout the 1980s, the cartel controlled much of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border. It had operations in various regions in Mexico which included the states of Jalisco, Baja California, Colima, Sonora, Chihuahua and Sinaloa among others. Multiple modern present day drug cartels (or their remnants) such as the Tijuana, Juárez and Sinaloa cartels originally started out as branches or "plazas" of the Guadalajara Cartel before its eventual disintegration.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, a former federal police officer, started working for drug traffickers brokering corruption of state officials and his partners in the cartel, Rafael Caro Quintero and Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo ("Don Neto"), who previously worked in the Avilés criminal organization, took control of the trafficking routes after Avilés was killed in a shootout with MFJP police officers. It is believed Avilés was set up by Fonseca, the gang's treasurer. After the implementation of "Operation Condor" (Spanish: "Operación Cóndor"), a Mexican antidrug program carried out in the 1970s to stop the flow of drugs from Mexico to the United States, many drug traffickers from the state of Sinaloa regrouped in Guadalajara, Jalisco, to continue their operations. The regrouping led to the formation of the Guadalajara Cartel which would roughly put the origins of the group in 1978. The cartel eventually managed to control nearly all the narcotics trafficking operations in Mexico throughout the late 1970s and 1980s.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: Major marijuana plantations began to spring up beginning in the early 1980s. Earlier plantations were usually located in remote mountain areas where they were hard to spot and irrigation did not require drilling wells. Yields were relatively low, quality varied, and transportation was expensive. These new plantations however were seeded with an improved variety of marijuana, originally developed by American cannabis cultivators from California and Oregon, this new variety came to be referred to by Mexican cultivators as "sinsemilla" (meaning "seedless") marking the first time growing marijuana without seeds was brought to a grand-scale. This more powerful, higher quality variety brought much higher prices in North American markets. Seedless marijuana is known to come from female cannabis plants which have not been pollinated by male plants therefore the plant should, in theory, then put more energy into fostering psychoactive cannabinoids like THC instead of putting its energy towards producing seeds.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: These new plantations were located in remote desert areas, where transportation was much less expensive but additionally, faced several new problems. Desert production required well drilling for irrigation, and Mexico had strict laws governing well digging, a problem that was eventually solved by massive bribery. It was also easier to spot plantations in the barren deserts; the larger the farm, the easier to spot. With an end to solo American overflights as part of the eradication program, however, money and intimidation allowed farms to grow dramatically without coming to official notice.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: Throughout most of the 1970s and early 1980s, a majority of the cocaine that was smuggled to the United States was trafficked by the Colombian drug cartels through Florida and the Caribbean Sea. However, with increased law enforcement measures in these areas by the mid-1980s, the Colombian drug kingpins shifted their operations to Mexico. Juan Matta-Ballesteros was the Guadalajara Cartel's primary connection to the Colombian cocaine cartels. Matta had originally introduced Felix Gallardo's predecessor, Alberto Sicilia-Falcon to Santiago Ocampo of the Cali Cartel, one of the largest Colombian drug cartels. The Guadalajara Cartel managed to traffic cocaine to the U.S. in multi-ton shipments each month. Rather than taking cash payments for their services, the smugglers in the Guadalajara Cartel took a 50% cut of the cocaine they transported from Colombia. This was extremely profitable for them, with some estimating that the trafficking network, then operated by Felix Gallardo, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, and Rafael Quintero was pulling in $5 billion annually. According to some writers, like Peter Dale Scott, the organization prospered largely because it enjoyed the protection of the Mexican DFS intelligence agency, under its chief Miguel Nazar Haro. Several of the agency's members were involved in organized crime directly by actively participating in murder and drug trafficking on the cartel's behalf.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: The Guadalajara Cartel however suffered a major blow in 1985 when the group's co-founder Rafael Caro Quintero was captured, and later convicted, for the torture and murder of American DEA agent Enrique Camarena. Camarena was an undercover field agent who the cartel suspected of giving information to the DEA which led to destruction of the organization's 2,500 acre marijuana crop known as Rancho Búfalo (English: "Buffalo Ranch") in the state of Chihuahua during November 1984. The authorities reportedly burned more than 10,000 tons of marijuana – totaling a loss of around $160 million. This allegedly prompted Caro Quintero and other high-ranking members of the Guadalajara Cartel to seek revenge against the DEA and Camarena. In retribution, Camarena and his pilot Alfredo Zavala Avelar were kidnapped in Guadalajara on February 7, 1985, in broad daylight by several DFS officers, taken to a residence owned by Quintero located at 881 Lope de Vega in the colonia of Jardines del Bosque, in the western section of the city, brutally tortured, and murdered.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: Camarena was interrogated and tortured to gain information regarding his knowledge of law enforcement operations directed against the cartel; as well as any information that the DEA may have on Mexican politicians involved in drug trafficking. Over the course of the 30 plus hour torture session, Camarena's skull, jaw, nose, cheekbones, windpipe, and ribs were broken; the kidnappers brought in a doctor to administer drugs to the agent to keep him conscious throughout the whole session. The kidnappers made audio recordings of some parts of Camarena's interrogation. The final blow was apparently done when the torturers crushed his skull with a piece of rebar or other similar piece of metal. About a month later, Camarena and Zavala's corpses were taken to the neighboring state of Michoacán and dumped in a roadside ditch to be discovered on 5 March 1985. Caro Quintero then left Mexico on March 9, 1985, with his associates and his girlfriend Sara Cristina Cosío Gaona. Former Mexican Judicial Police chief Armando Pavón Reyes, after receiving a $300,000 bribe, reportedly allowed Caro Quintero to flee from the airport in Guadalajara, in a private jet, to seek refuge in Costa Rica. The police chief was fired shortly afterward, and was charged with bribery and complicity in the Camarena murder.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: It was also alleged that Caro Quintero, in just eight days prior to Camarena's kidnapping had ordered the abduction, torture, and murder of writer John Clay Walker and dentistry student Albert Radelat on January 30, 1985. According to the allegations, the two Americans were dining in a Guadalajara restaurant when they encountered Caro Quintero and his men as they accidentally walked into one of Quintero's private parties. Caro Quintero was said to have then ordered his men to seize the Americans and take them to a store room, where they were tortured with ice picks and interrogated. John Walker died on the scene from blunt force trauma to the head. Albert Radelat was still alive when he was wrapped in tablecloths, taken to a park near the city, and buried. The men's bodies were found six months later buried at the San Isidro Mazatepec Park in Zapopan. The authorities believe that Caro Quintero had mistaken Walker and Radelat for U.S. undercover agents.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: The murder of agent Camarena outraged the U.S. government and put pressure on Mexico to arrest all the major players involved in the incident, resulting in a four-year law enforcement manhunt that brought down several leaders of the Guadalajara Cartel. The U.S. applied heavy political pressure to the Mexican government throughout the investigation, going as far as to close several U.S.-Mexican port of entries for a period of several days. After the arrest of Rafael Caro Quintero and Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo in April 1985 for the Camarena murder, Félix Gallardo kept a low profile and in 1987 he moved with his family to Guadalajara city. Félix "The Godfather" Gallardo then decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down in one law enforcement swoop.<ref name="Beith 2010 https://archive.org/details/lastnarcoinsideh00beit/page/47 47"></ref> In a way, he was privatizing the Mexican drug business while sending it back underground, to be run by bosses who were less well known or not yet known by the DEA. Félix Gallardo convened the nation's top drug narcos at a house in the resort city of Acapulco where he designated the "plazas" (turfs) or territories. Different drug lords were given a certain region where they could traffic drugs to the U.S. and tax smugglers that wished to move merchandise on their turf. The Tijuana route would go to his nephews, the Arellano Félix brothers. The Ciudad Juárez route would go to the Carrillo Fuentes family, headed by the nephew of Fonseca Carrillo, Amado Carrillo Fuentes. Miguel Caro Quintero would run the Sonora corridor. Control of the Matamoros, Tamaulipas corridor – then becoming the Gulf Cartel - would be left undisturbed to Juan García Ábrego. Meanwhile, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán Loera and Ismael Zambada García would take over Pacific coast operations, becoming the Sinaloa Cartel. Guzmán and Zambada brought veteran Héctor Luis Palma Salazar back into the fold. Félix Gallardo still planned to oversee national operations, he had the contacts so he was still the top man, but he would no longer control all details of the business; he was arrested on April 8, 1989.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: It is also believed that Amado Carrillo Fuentes was once a part of the Guadalajara Cartel, but he was sent to Ojinaga, Chihuahua to oversee the cocaine shipments of his uncle, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, and to learn about border operations from Pablo Acosta Villarreal, "El Zorro de Ojinaga" ("The Ojinaga Fox"). Amado was a long-time "socio", or partner of Acosta. During the mid and late 1980s Amado accompanied Pablo Acosta, Marco DeHaro and Becky Garcia on many of their smuggling activities, including the "rescue" of a broken-down marijuana truck near Lomas de Arena. Through a protection scheme with the Mexican federal and state police agencies and with the Mexican army, Acosta was able to ensure the security for five tons of cocaine being flown by turboprop every month from Colombia to Ojinaga, sometimes landing at the municipal airport, sometimes at dirt airstrips on ranches upriver from Ojinaga. Traditionally, Acosta would mostly smuggle marijuana and heroin but towards the end of his life focused more on cocaine. Once Pablo Acosta was killed in 1987 during a joint cross-border raid by the FBI and Mexican Federal Police in the Rio Grande village of Santa Elena (Chihuahua), and Carillo's other successor Rafael Aguilar Guajardo was murdered by Amado Carrillo himself in 1993 in Cancún, Amado Carrillo Fuentes then took over complete control of the Juárez Cartel.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: In 1989 Amado was jailed for several weeks in Mexico. By then, he had undergone plastic surgery already at least once to alter his appearance.


title: Guadalajara Cartel

text: At present, these aforementioned cartels/factions, or remnants of them, are battling each other for control of trafficking routes, influence over the Mexican government, and in retaliation for past offenses and betrayals. This conflict is known as the Mexican Drug War.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Wentworth is an Australian television drama series. It was first broadcast on SoHo on 1 May 2013 and it concluded on Fox Showcase with its 100th episode on 26 October 2021. The series serves as a contemporary reimagining of "Prisoner", which ran on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986. Lara Radulovich and David Hannam developed "Wentworth" from Reg Watson's original concept. The series is set in the modern day and initially focuses on Bea Smith's (Danielle Cormack) early days in prison and her subsequent rise to the top of the prison's hierarchy. From the fifth season onward, the series shifted to emphasize more of an ensemble format.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: For the first three seasons, "Wentworth" was filmed on purpose-built sets in the suburbs of Clayton, Victoria. Starting with the fourth season, production moved to Newport, Victoria. The show has received a mostly positive reception from critics, and the first episode became the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history. The series was picked up by several countries, including New Zealand and the UK, where it is titled Wentworth Prison.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: "Wentworth" was commissioned for an eighth and final season consisting of 20 episodes and airing in two parts; the first part from July to September 2020, and the second part from 24 August 2021, with its final episode on 26 October.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: "Wentworth" is set in modern-day Australia. It explores the life of Bea Smith (Danielle Cormack) when she first enters prison after being charged with the attempted murder of her husband. Bea is separated from her daughter and sent to Wentworth on remand, where she lives in "an uncertain limbo" until she is sentenced. Starting at the bottom of Wentworth's hierarchy, Bea is forced to learn how to survive in prison.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In March 2012, it was announced that a contemporary re-imagining of "Prisoner", an Australian soap opera of the late 20th century, had been commissioned by Foxtel. Brian Walsh, the executive director of television at Foxtel, said that "Wentworth" would not be a remake of "Prisoner", which ran for 692 episodes on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986. He said:


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: ""Wentworth" will be a dynamic and very confronting drama series, developed and stylised specifically for subscription television audiences. We have told producers to push all boundaries and honestly depict life on the inside as it is in 2012."


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Lara Radulovich and David Hannam developed "Wentworth" from Reg Watson's original concept. FremantleMedia and director of drama Jo Porter is producer. The first episode, and several subsequent episodes, were written by Pete McTighe. The idea for an ""Underbelly"-style remake of "Prisoner"" was first mooted by television critic Michael Idato, who went on to act as series consultant. Kerry Tucker acted as consultant on authenticity.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Producer Jo Porter commented that the series would explore "the politics of women in a world with few men, and how the experience both challenges and changes them, sometimes for the better". "Wentworth" is set in the modern-day and explores Bea Smith's early days in prison. The storylines include a mix of original inmates and staff from "Prisoner," with characters also developed especially for "Wentworth".


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Foxtel told a reporter from "The Sydney Morning Herald" that the original characters from "Prisoner" would have a contemporary interpretation in the new series. It was initially reported that none of the original cast from "Prisoner" would appear in the first season of "Wentworth", however, Anne Charleston, who had a number of small roles in the original series, made a cameo appearance as Liz Birdsworth's mother-in-law. Alex Menglet and Gloria Ajenstat, who played Ray Proctor and Tammy Fisher in the original series, will have guest roles in the new series. Foxtel revealed that the producers were looking at how they might incorporate the "Prisoner" theme tune, "On The Inside", into the new series.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: On 5 June 2013, it was confirmed that "Wentworth" had been renewed for a second season. A reporter for the Australian Associated Press said production would begin later in the year, and the season would air in 2014. Porter stated: "We have assembled an extraordinary team of writers who can't wait to get started on series two. We have so many more stories to tell". In January 2014, it was announced that a third season of "Wentworth" had been ordered, before the second had aired. In a similar manner, a 12-episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015. It began airing from 10 May 2016. Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July. The twelve-part series premiered on 4 April 2017. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series had been renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth-season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 28 May 2019. On 5 December 2018, it was confirmed that a 20-episode eighth season had been commissioned, with production beginning in late October 2019, with Part 1, featuring the first 10 episodes, premiering on 28 July 2020 and Part 2 in 2021.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In October 2019, it was confirmed that the series would conclude following the second part of the eighth season in 2021, making it the longest-running hour drama series in Foxtel history, with a total of 100 episodes.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: On 4 October 2012, a reporter for "The West Australian" revealed that Celia Ireland and Kate Atkinson had joined the cast of "Wentworth", while Shareena Clanton would make her acting debut as Doreen Anderson. Danielle Cormack was cast in the role of Beatrice "Queen Bea" Smith and she stated, "I am absolutely rapt to be part of the reboot of such an iconic drama. "Prisoner" left an indelible mark on fans and I really hope that the re-imagining of this series will be just as popular with viewers now as it was back then." Actors Robbie Magasiva and Aaron Jeffery play corrections officers in the detention centre. David Knox from TV Tonight revealed that Nicole da Silva, Kris McQuade, Catherine McClements and Leeanna Walsman had also joined the cast.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Following the end of the first season, it was revealed that iconic "Prisoner" character Joan "The Freak" Ferguson, a sadistic, lesbian prison officer, would be introduced in the second season. Porter commented, ""Prisoner" offered up a very rich well of amazing characters to draw upon and the "Wentworth" writers are very excited about revisiting the character of prison officer Joan 'The Freak' Ferguson in our second season." On 21 September 2013, it was confirmed that Pamela Rabe had been cast as "The Freak". McQuade, McClements and Walsman did not reprise their respective roles of Jacs Holt, Meg Jackson and Erica Davidson for the second season. Katrina Milosevic, who portrays Susan "Boomer" Jenkins, was upgraded to the main cast.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Actresses Pia Miranda, Libby Tanner and Tammy MacIntosh joined the cast from the third season as inmate Jodie Spiteri, psychologist Bridget Westfall, and vigilante Karen "Kaz" Proctor, respectively. Sigrid Thornton, who played Ros Coulson on "Prisoner", joined the cast for season four, not reprising her former role, but playing another "Prisoner"-based character, Sonia Stevens. In November 2015, Kate Jenkinson and Bernard Curry were announced to be appearing in the show as Allie Novak, an inmate, and Jake Stewart, a correctional officer, respectively.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In April 2018, it was announced that Indigenous Australian actress Leah Purcell had joined the cast as Rita Connors, a role originally played by Glenda Linscott in "Prisoner". Also joining the cast were Susie Porter as criminal matriarch Marie Winter, a role originally played by Maggie Millar in "Prisoner", and Rarriwuy Hick as young boxer Ruby Mitchell. Shane Connor also joined the cast in a recurring role.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In Season 7, Morgana O'Reilly, Rick Donald, and David de Lautour were introduced. In June 2020, it was announced that Marta Dusseldorp would be joining the cast of season 8 as Sheila Bausch, a lead figure in a cult who is charged with nine counts of murder.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In October 2019, it was announced that the eighth season would introduce three new cast members; Kate Box, Zoe Terakes, and Jane Hall have been cast as Lou Kelly, Reb Keane, and Ann Reynolds, respectively.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Foxtel confirmed that "Wentworth" would not be shot at the original ATV-10 studios in Nunawading, Victoria where "Prisoner" was filmed. "Wentworth" was instead filmed on a purpose built set in the suburb of Clayton. The shoot employed 300 cast and crew. The ten-part season began filming for four months from 10 October 2012. "Wentworth" began airing on Foxtel's SoHo channel from 1 May 2013. Filming for the second season began on 23 September 2013 and wrapped on 13 February 2014. The second season began airing on 20 May 2014. Production for the third season resumed in March and filming was completed in late July. In the same month, it was announced that the property in which "Wentworth" was filmed had been sold, and the set would be knocked down. A new alternative was being sought and a "TV Week" reporter commented that it was unclear if the loss of the set would be written into future storylines. The third season began airing on 7 April 2015. Production on the fourth season began in the second half of 2015. The fifth season was filmed in Melbourne from August 2016. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series had been renewed for a sixth season, which began filming a week later.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: On March 18, 2020, TV Tonight confirmed production of the second part of the eighth and final season was suspended due to the coronavirus outbreak. The 10-episode first part of eighth season is still scheduled to air from July 2020.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: The original "Wentworth" theme music was composed by rock musician Richard Pleasance for the show's instrumental opening theme to the first season. In season two, a new variant of the theme was composed with the introduction of lyrics comprising the theme song "You Don't Know Me", performed by Pleasantville, with the vocals supplied by Pleasance's wife Michelle. An orchestrated instrumental version, with differs from the opening theme, served as the ending theme throughout the show's run. For the eight season, a new updated variant of the original instrumental theme music, along with a new end theme will be introduced, while the lyrics will be dropped entirely.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: A number of directors worked on the series over the eight seasons, with Kevin Carlin undertaking the direction of 32 episodes. Other directors included Steve Jodrell, Dee McLachlan and Beck Cole.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: "Wentworth" has been sold to more than 90 countries. On 2 April 2013, it was confirmed that TVNZ had signed a deal to broadcast "Wentworth" in New Zealand. Later that month, it was announced that "Wentworth" would be broadcast on Channel 5 in the UK. The head of acquisitions for the channel, Kate Keenan, commented ""Wentworth" will be a great addition to Channel 5's drama output this autumn. This compelling cast of female characters packs an emotional punch and will appeal to the Channel 5 viewers who love our range of crime output from dramas to factual series."


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: A trailer for the series began airing on the channel and its website in August 2013 and premiered on Channel 5 on 28 August. Channel 5 also re-titled the show, "Wentworth Prison". The second season began on Channel 5 on 3 September 2014 and season Three, which commenced broadcast on 22 July 2015, concluded with a two-hour season finale which consisted of episodes 11 and 12 of the season on 30 September 2015. Season four of "Wentworth" premiered on Channel 5 on 27 June 2016. In July, following declining ratings, the series was moved from its Monday night timeslot on Channel 5 to Tuesdays on sister channel 5Star. Season 5 premiered on 5Star on 23 May 2017. Season 6 of "Wentworth" premiered on 5Star on 23 June 2018, just four days following the Australian premiere; however, the series was moved to Saturday nights at 10:00 pm. The seventh season premiered on 8 June 2019 in the same Saturday night timeslot as the previous season. The eighth season will premiere on 5 August 2020 in a Wednesday night 10:00 pm timeslot. The second part of the season was scheduled to premiere on the same day as Australia, 24 August 2021, on 5STAR in the UK.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: The series premiered in the Republic of Ireland broadcasting as "Wentworth" on TV3 from June 2014. Season 2 premiered on TV3 on 15 January 2015. In Canada the first two seasons broadcast on Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in late 2015.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Although the series has a strong fan base in many countries, Angela Perez of Australia Network News said, in 2016, that Foxtel was considering cancelling the show [after the then current fourth season] due to audiences viewing new episodes via pirate websites following the Australian premiere. Foxtel stated that the piracy is "a serious problem in terms of recouping money to help pay for future seasons".


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: ABC 1 started broadcasting "Wentworth" from season 1 in April 2018, with repeats being aired through ABC Iview.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In December 2014, "Wentworth" first premiered on Netflix in the United States and added seasons one and two to its streaming service. In April 2016 the third season was released to US audiences via the platform. Season 4 was released on Netflix in July 2016, season 5 in June 2017, season 6 in September 2018, season 7 in July 2018, part one of season 8 in September 2020 and part two of season 8 in October 2021. The show features on the “50 Best TV Shows on Netflix” list according to Netflix Life. Seasons one to three are available to view via Amazon Video in the U.S.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In the United Kingdom, all nine seasons are available for streaming on Amazon Prime Video, while additional services include Google Play and YouTube.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In Australia, Foxtel Now provides a catch-up service for the "Wentworth", while the series is made available for catch-up viewing via TVNZ OnDemand in New Zealand and My5 in the United Kingdom for a limited time following initial broadcast. As of 2021, all eight seasons are available to stream in the UK on Amazon Prime Video, and again via My5 where it holds unlimited streaming rights until 2023.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In Australia, "Wentworth" is available on both DVD and Blu-ray formats. The first season was released via Shock Records, while subsequent seasons have been made available from its current distribution company, Roadshow Entertainment. Under the "Wentworth Prison" title, the series was initially available in the United Kingdom from Fremantle Home Entertainment for the first three seasons; after which, the British company Network acquired all rights to release the series. In the UK, the series was only available on DVD, however, it was, for the first time, made available on Blu-ray for its seventh season in 2019, and again for its eighth season in 2020. Additionally, multiple season sets are available on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia, and only on DVD in the UK. As of 2018, the multiple sets are only available on DVD in Australia and are no longer being released in the UK.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: In the United States, "Wentworth" was released on DVD via Acorn Media. The first three seasons have been made available and it is currently not known if subsequent seasons will follow.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: The show has received critical acclaim throughout its run. Following a screening of the pilot episode for the media in February 2013, Ben Pobjie from "The Age" called "Wentworth" "a triumph". He praised the writing and the cast, saying "So rarely in Australian TV do we see well-written characters collide with dead-on casting and tense, atmospheric direction as they have here." He added that "Wentworth" is "a powerful, almost cinematic drama" with its own identity, that incorporates "echoes" of the original "Prisoner" series. Holly Byrnes, writing for the "Herald Sun", quipped "this brilliant retelling picks up where the pioneering series left off and then takes the kind of shocking plot detours contemporary TV viewers would expect from award-winning US dramas like "Breaking Bad" or "Sons of Anarchy"." Byrnes also praised the cast's performances, particularly Cormack.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Following its North American debut the critics drew comparisons with US prison dramedy "Orange Is the New Black", though Liz Raftery of "TV Guide" said she believed the show was more gritty and did not "sugarcoat" prison life. They branded it "edge-of-your-seat television" and singled out Sue 'Boomer' Jenkins as one of the show's standout characters and reasons to watch. Margaret Lyons from "New York" magazine called it a "ruthlessly dark drama" similar to "Breaking Bad", a comparison which "TV Guide's" critics also made. Lyons added that "Wentworth's" careful plotting of storylines gave meaningful payoffs and triumphed into making it a "smart and competent" series.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: Gerard O'Donovan from "The Daily Telegraph" opined that the show has a cast of "fabulously strong, variably humane female characters." They believed it did not try to appeal to "mainstream tastes", adding "the series sticks more closely to its violent, soapy, sexploitation Prisoner: Cell Block H roots than is strictly necessary in 2016." O'Donovan branded it a rare example of fictional work portraying lesbianism as "not only normal, but the norm." He concluded the show depicts a world in which "women hold virtually all the power, albeit to no obviously edifying ends." Matt Baylis from the "Daily Express" criticised the show for not being original and having a "mandatory number of unnecessary scenes". They preferred the original series "Prisoner" and accused "Wentworth" of being everything the original was not.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: The first episode of "Wentworth" attracted 244,000 viewers, making it the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history. The UK premiere of the show attracted 1.67 million viewers, a 10.3% share of the audience for the 10pm time slot.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: "Wentworth" has received several awards and nominations since its debut in 2013. The series has received 24 Logie Award nominations, winning seven in total, in which Danielle Cormack, Celia Ireland and Pamela Rabe have been recipients respectively, while the show has won the award for Most Outstanding Drama Series in 2015, 2018 and 2019 respectively, and for Most Popular Drama Program in 2018.


title: Wentworth (TV series)

text: The shows has also received nominations and wins from the AACTA Awards, the ASTRA Awards, Australian Directors Guild Awards, and Australian Writers Guild Awards, while additional nominations have come from the Australian Screen Editors and the Equity Awards.


title: Noel Fisher

text: Noel Roeim Fisher (born March 13, 1984) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his portrayal of Mickey Milkovich on the Showtime series "Shameless", as well as his portrayal of Cael Malloy on the FX series "The Riches". He played Ellison "Cotton Top" Mounts in the Emmy Award-winning miniseries "Hatfields & McCoys" as well as Vladimir, a 1,500-year-old vampire in "", and Michelangelo in "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" and its sequel "" and where he voiced the character Todd “Toad” Tolansky. He also has had roles in shows such as "", "Lie to Me", "Bones", and "".


title: Noel Fisher

text: Fisher was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He began his acting career at the age of 14 in the television movie "The Sheldon Kennedy Story". During his time as a young actor in Vancouver, he was encouraged to "take many different classes" and "fell in love" with piano, which he studied for eight years.


title: Noel Fisher

text: Fisher began his acting career at age 14. He debuted in 1999 with "The Sheldon Kennedy Story", a sport drama movie on the ice hockey player Sheldon Kennedy. He also starred as Freddie in Season 1 of Two and a Half Men in 2004. His performance landed Fisher his first Gemini Awards nomination. He gained a second nomination with the TV series "Godiva's" in 2005. He played Brian Gibbons in "Final Destination 2" in 2003, one of his first roles in an American movie. From 2007, Fisher became more known by the public due to the FX series "The Riches", portraying Cael, the conniving and clever son of parents played by Eddie Izzard and Minnie Driver.


title: Noel Fisher

text: Fisher has received critical acclaim for playing Mickey Milkovich, a gay thug character on "Shameless" from 2011 to 2021. In 2014 "Vanity Fair" named his relationship with Cameron Monaghan's Ian Gallagher the best-written gay couple on television. Though Fisher is straight, his sexuality is often questioned in interviews. He has responded to the controversy:


title: Noel Fisher

text: In 2017 Fisher starred in the National Geographic docu-series "The Long Road Home". He played Pfc. Tomas Young, the Iraq war veteran who famously became a war protester after being paralyzed during an ambush only days after being sent to fight overseas. Fisher told creator Mikko Allanne he would not accept the part unless he could meet with Young's family; "That's how committed he was to doing it right".


title: Noel Fisher

text: Fisher played Ellison "Cotton Top" Mounts in the award-winning miniseries "Hatfields & McCoys (miniseries)" as well as Vladimir, a 1.500-year old vampire in "" and Michelangelo in "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" and its sequel "". In May 2020, he starred opposite "Tom Hardy" in the Al Capone biopic "Capone" as Junior, Capone's son. He starred in the limited CBS series "The Red Line" and had a recurring role in the Hulu series "Castle Rock". He also had roles in: "Bones", "", "Fear the Walking Dead", and "The Conners".


title: Noel Fisher

text: Since November 2004, Fisher has been in a relationship with actress Layla Alizada. The couple were engaged in 2014, and on July 15, 2017, were married.


title: Invisible Man

text: Invisible Man is a novel by Ralph Ellison, published by Random House in 1952. It addresses many of the social and intellectual issues faced by African Americans in the early twentieth century, including black nationalism, the relationship between black identity and Marxism, and the reformist racial policies of Booker T. Washington, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity.


title: Invisible Man

text: "Invisible Man" won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction in 1953, making Ellison the first African American writer to win the award.


title: Invisible Man

text: In 1998, the Modern Library ranked "Invisible Man" 19th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. "Time" magazine included the novel in its 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005 list, calling it "the quintessential American picaresque of the 20th century," rather than a "race novel, or even a "bildungsroman"." Malcolm Bradbury and Richard Ruland recognize an existential vision with a "Kafka-like absurdity." According to "The New York Times", Barack Obama modeled his 1995 memoir "Dreams from My Father" on Ellison's novel.


title: Invisible Man

text: Ellison says in his introduction to the 30th Anniversary Edition that he started to write what would eventually become "Invisible Man" in a barn in Waitsfield, Vermont, in the summer of 1945 while on sick leave from the Merchant Marine. The barn was actually in the neighboring town of Fayston. The book took five years to complete with one year off for what Ellison termed an "ill-conceived short novel". "Invisible Man" was published as a whole in 1952. Ellison had published a section of the book in 1947, the famous "Battle Royal" scene, which had been shown to Cyril Connolly, the editor of "Horizon" magazine by Frank Taylor, one of Ellison's early supporters.


title: Invisible Man

text: In his speech accepting the 1953 National Book Award, Ellison said that he considered the novel's chief significance to be its "experimental attitude". Before "Invisible Man", many (if not most) novels dealing with African Americans were written solely for social protest, notably, "Native Son" and "Uncle Tom's Cabin". The narrator in "Invisible Man" says, "I am not complaining, nor am I protesting either", signaling the break from the normal protest novel that Ellison held about his work. In the essay 'The World and the Jug,' which is a response to Irving Howe's essay 'Black Boys and Native Sons,' which "pit[s] Ellison and [James] Baldwin against [Richard] Wright and then", as Ellison would say, "gives Wright the better argument", Ellison makes a fuller statement about the position he held about his book in the larger canon of work by an American who happens to be of African ancestry. In the opening paragraph to that essay Ellison poses three questions: "Why is it so often true that when critics confront the American as Negro they suddenly drop their advanced critical armament and revert with an air of confident superiority to quite primitive modes of analysis? Why is it that Sociology-oriented critics seem to rate literature so far below politics and ideology that they would rather kill a novel than modify their presumptions concerning a given reality which it seeks in its own terms to project? Finally, why is it that so many of those who would tell us the meaning of Negro life never bother to learn how varied it really is?"


title: Invisible Man

text: Placing Invisible Man within the canon of either the Harlem Renaissance or the Black Arts Movement is difficult. It owes allegiance to both and neither. Ellison's resistance to being pigeonholed by his peers bubbled over into his statement to Irving Howe about what he deemed to be a relative vs. an ancestor. He says to Howe "...perhaps you will understand when I say that he [Wright] did not influence me if I point out that while one can do nothing about choosing one's relatives, one can, as an artist, choose one's 'ancestors'. Wright was, in this sense, a 'relative'; Hemingway an 'ancestor.' " It was this idea of "playing the field," so to speak, not being "all-in," that lead to some of Ellison's more staunch critics. Howe, in "Black Boys and Native Sons" but also other black writers such as John Oliver Killens, who once denounced "Invisible Man" by saying: “The Negro people need Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man like we need a hole in the head or a stab in the back. … It is a vicious distortion of Negro life."


title: Invisible Man

text: Ellison's "ancestors" included, among others, "The Waste Land" by T.S. Eliot. In an interview with Richard Kostelanetz, Ellison states that what he had learned from the poem was imagery and also improvisation techniques he had only before seen in jazz. Some other influences include William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway. Ellison once called Faulkner the South's greatest artist. In the Spring 1955 "Paris Review", Ellison said of Hemingway: "I read him to learn his sentence structure and how to organize a story. I guess many young writers were doing this, but I also used his description of hunting when I went into the fields the next day. I had been hunting since I was eleven, but no one had broken down the process of wing-shooting for me, and it was from reading Hemingway that I learned to lead a bird. When he describes something in print, believe him; believe him even when he describes the process of art in terms of baseball or boxing; he’s been there."


title: Invisible Man

text: Some of Ellison's influences had a more direct impact on his novel as when Ellison divulges this, in his introduction to the 30th anniversary of "Invisible Man", that the "character" ("in the dual sense of the word") who had announced himself on his page he "associated, ever so distantly, with the narrator of Dostoevsky's Notes From Underground". Although, despite the "distantly" remark, it appears that Ellison used that novella more than just on that occasion. The beginning of "Invisible Man", for example, seems to be structured very similar to "Notes from Underground": "I am a sick man" compared to "I am an invisible man".


title: Invisible Man

text: Arnold Rampersad, Ellison's biographer, expounds that Melville had a profound influence on Ellison's freedom to describe race so acutely and generously. [The narrator] "resembles no one else in previous fiction so much as he resembles Ishmael of Moby-Dick." Ellison signals his debt in the prologue to the novel, where the narrator remembers a moment of truth under the influence of marijuana and evokes a church service: "Brothers and sisters, my text this morning is the 'Blackness of Blackness.' And the congregation answers: 'That blackness is most black, brother, most black…'" In this scene Ellison "reprises a moment in the second chapter of Moby-Dick", where Ishmael wanders around New Bedford looking for a place to spend the night and enters a black church: "It was a negro church; and the preacher's text was about the blackness of darkness, and the weeping and wailing and teeth-gnashing there." According to Rampersad, it was Melville who "empowered Ellison to insist on a place in the American literary tradition" by his example of "representing the complexity of race and racism so acutely and generously" in Moby-Dick. Other likely influences to Ellison, by way of how much he speaks about them, are: Kenneth Burke, Andre Malraux, and Mark Twain, to name a few.


title: Invisible Man

text: The letters he wrote to fellow novelist Richard Wright as he started working on the novel provide evidence for his disillusion with and defection from the CPUSA for perceived revisionism. In a letter to Wright on August 18, 1945, Ellison poured out his anger toward party leaders for betraying African-American and Marxist class politics during the war years: "If they want to play ball with the bourgeoisie they needn't think they can get away with it... Maybe we can't smash the atom, but we can, with a few well-chosen, well-written words, smash all that crummy filth to hell." Ellison resisted attempts to ferret out such allusions in the book itself however, stating "I did not want to describe an existing Socialist or Communist or Marxist political group, primarily because it would have allowed the reader to escape confronting certain political patterns, patterns which still exist and of which our two major political parties are guilty in their relationships to Negro Americans."


title: Invisible Man

text: The narrator, an unnamed black man, begins by describing his living conditions: an underground room wired with hundreds of electric lights, operated by power stolen from the city's electric grid. He reflects on the various ways in which he has experienced social invisibility during his life and begins to tell his story, returning to his teenage years.


title: Invisible Man

text: The narrator lives in a small Southern town and, upon graduating from high school, wins a scholarship to an all-black college. However, to receive it, he must first take part in a brutal, humiliating battle royal for the entertainment of the town's rich white dignitaries.