title: Radical feminism

text: Gail Dines, an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked [at] blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes."


title: Radical feminism

text: Early in the radical feminism movement, some radical feminists theorized that "other kinds of hierarchy grew out of and were modeled on male supremacy and so, were in effect, specialized forms of male supremacy". Therefore, the fight against male domination took priority because "the liberation of women would mean the liberation of all". This view is contested, particularly by intersectional feminism and black feminism. Critics argue that this ideology accepts the notion that identities are singular and disparate, rather than multiple and intersecting. For example, understanding women's oppression as disparate assumes that "men, in creating and maintaining these systems, are acting purely as men, in accordance with peculiarly male characteristics or specifically male supremacist objectives".


title: Radical feminism

text: Ellen Willis' 1984 essay "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism" says that within the New Left, radical feminists were accused of being "bourgeois", "antileft", or even "apolitical", whereas they saw themselves as "radicalizing the left by expanding the definition of radical". Early radical feminists were mostly white and middle-class, resulting in "a very fragile kind of solidarity". This limited the validity of generalizations based on radical feminists' experiences of gender relations, and prevented white and middle-class women from recognizing that they benefited from race and class privilege according to Willis. Many early radical feminists broke ties with "male-dominated left groups", or would work with them only in "ad hoc" coalitions. Willis, although very much a part of early radical feminism and continuing to hold that it played a necessary role in placing feminism on the political agenda, criticized it as unable "to integrate a feminist perspective with an overall radical politics", while viewing this limitation as inevitable in the context of the time.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The sixth-generation Ford Mustang (S550) is the current iteration of the Mustang pony car manufactured by Ford. In departure from prior Mustang models, the sixth-generation Mustang includes fully independent rear suspension on all models, as well as an optional 2.3L EcoBoost turbocharged and direct injected four-cylinder engine. The new Mustang was introduced as a 2015 model year vehicle, marking the fiftieth anniversary of the Ford Mustang, which was revealed as a 1965 model year vehicle on April 17, 1964.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The sixth generation is also the first Ford Mustang to be marketed and sold globally, and represented the first time that factory right-hand-drive Mustangs were produced in addition to the left-hand-drive models. This is part of the "One Ford" business plan, which also applies to the Fiesta, Focus, Fusion/Mondeo, Escape/Kuga, Edge, Ford Transit Connect, and Ford Transit, as well as other models.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The sixth generation of the Ford Mustang debuted on December 5, 2013, with same-day media events in Dearborn, Michigan, Los Angeles, California, New York City, New York, Barcelona, Spain, Shanghai, China, and Sydney, Australia. The 2015 Mustang marks the 50th anniversary of continuous Mustang production, which began in March 1964 in advance of the debut of the original Mustang at the 1964 New York World's Fair on April 17, 1964, in Flushing, Queens.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Development of the 2015 Mustang, codenamed "S550", began in 2009 under chief engineer Dave Pericak and (from late-2009) exterior design director Joel Piaskowski, shortly after the updated 2010 model year Mustang went on sale. In December 2010, an exterior design theme proposal by Kemal Curic from Ford's Cologne, Germany design studios was selected by design management. Curic (also responsible for the 2011 Focus (2012 in the US) and the 2014 Mondeo/Fusion) relocated to Ford's design studios in Dearborn in January 2011. During mid-stage development, Curic's original exterior design proposal was eventually rejected by Ford executives, resulting in rapid design changes. After reviewing 3 different exterior theme proposals (A, B, and C) in design clinics in September 2012, the final exterior design (Theme A) was approved by Ford management, with the final design freeze occurring in December 2012, 20 months ahead of originally scheduled August 2014 production. The interior design program began in the spring of 2010, under Doyle Letson. By late 2011, a final interior proposal was settled on and was a combination of Themes A & B. In June 2012, the final interior design was frozen. The decision to utilize an independent rear suspension for this generation (which had been standard on the 99-04 SVT Cobra) was made very early on (the original intent had been to append an IRS to the existing S197 platform, which ironically enough had been tested with an IRS during its development), and its inclusion resulted in several changes to the platform, not least of which being the redesign of the front suspension (the new platform features a double-pivot MacPherson strut front suspension, similar to a design used on many BMWs); the result, according to Chief Engineer Dave Pericak, was a brand new platform that had very little in common with its predecessor, from a structural perspective, other than the wheelbase, which carried over. The first test mules in 2010 model year bodies were spotted earlier in June 2012, and the first S550 prototypes were built five months later (exterior design freeze) in May 2013.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: At launch, three engines were available: a 3.7 L V6 (codenamed "Cyclone"), a 2.3 L turbocharged I4 (EcoBoost) or a 5.0 L modular V8 ("Coyote").


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Shelby GT350 used a modified variant of the modular V8 engine, codenamed the "Voodoo", that featured a displacement of 5,163cc (315 cubic inches) with a flat-plane crankshaft.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The 2.3 L EcoBoost engine debuted in the 2015 Lincoln MKC crossover, which includes improvements over previous iterations. This also reintroduced the 4-cylinder engine to the Mustang lineup, which were standard in cars produced from 1974 to 1993, as well as in the "SVO" turbocharged models from 1984 to 1986.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: In 2017, Ford discontinued the V6, leaving the 2.3 L turbocharged I4, 5.0 L V8 and 5.2 L V8 as the remaining engine options.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: In 2018, the 5.0 L V8 engine was updated (2018 (Gen. 3) Updates) with revised intake runners, larger valves and dual injection, which utilizes both direct injection and port injection, enabling it to run 87 octane (AKI) gasoline with 12:1 high compression ratio. The cylinders are lined with a plasma coating, instead of traditional cylinder sleeves. This resulted in a slight increase in displacement from to .


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Shelby GT500 utilizes another variant of the modular V8 engine, code-named the "Predator". The engine uses a cross-plane crankshaft and includes a 2.7 L twin-scroll supercharger. At the time of their release, both the GT350 and GT500 were the first to use engines with forged aluminum pistons.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: In 2020, Ford introduced the "High Performance Package" for the EcoBoost model. The package includes the high-output 2.3 L I4 engine from the Ford Focus RS mounted in a longitudinal configuration.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: For the 2022 model year, the GT and Mach 1 variants received engine modifications that reduced output by 10 hp and 10 lb-ft to meet the Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV III) program requirements provided by the California Air Resources Board.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The following table shows the transmission gear ratios for six-speed manual transmission on the 3.7-liter V6, 2.3-liter EcoBoost and 5.0-liter V8


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The following table shows the transmission gear ratios for a six-speed automatic transmission on the 3.7-liter V6, 2.3-liter EcoBoost I4 and 5.0-liter V8


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: UK and AU/NZ-bound right-hand drive models are available in both automatic and manual transmissions, but as of June 2016, Asia-bound right-hand drive models are only offered with the six-speed automatic which, along with the EcoBoost or GT Performance packages (standard on base specs), comes bundled with the 3.55:1 limited-slip final drive ratio. Nevertheless, a limited number of such manual transmission models, particularly on the GT, may be offered towards the end of the year.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The sixth generation of Mustang has been influenced on the front end by Ford's Evos concept which was featured in the Frankfurt Auto Show in 2011. The famous “tri-bar” style taillights are used, and illuminate sequentially as turn signals (for North American models). The Mustang also incorporates "signature lighting" in the form of three illuminated "light bars" located on the inner portion of each headlight, reminiscent of the front-end fascia found on the First-generation Mustang.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The export-spec models illuminate only the outer portions of the taillight bars when turn signals are used, and reflectors are used in place of the "signature lighting" within the headlights. The export-spec also includes a "fuel cap-style" emblem on the deck-lid.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Mustang's interior body style resembles that of an airplane cockpit along with an increased body width, and a larger cabin similar to the Ford GT. This design gives more room in the back of the vehicle for rear passengers.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Standard features for all 2015+ Ford Mustangs include: proximity key entry with door-mounted touch sensors and keyless entry, push-button start system, an AM/FM stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player, color LCD display, the Ford SYNC System with Bluetooth hands-free phone and A2DP wireless stereo audio streaming, USB/iPod and 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jacks, a cluster-mounted central color LCD driver's information display screen, electronic traction control system (ETCS), electronic stability control system (ESCS), antilock braking system (ABS), front and side-mounted SRS airbags, automatic 9-1-1 call for airbag deployment, and a rear backup camera system.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Optional features include Sirius XM Satellite Radio, the MyFord Touch (2015) or SYNC 3 (2016+) touch-screen multimedia infotainment system with an 8-inch color touch-screen LCD display, smartphone integration, app integration, support for Apple CarPlay and Android Auto (introduced in 2017), Sirius XM Travel Link, HD Radio, and a microSD card slot, plus enhanced voice control. GPS navigation is available, as is a nine-speaker premium sound system, or a twelve-speaker Shaker Pro surround-sound system.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: For 2015, the Coupe style is renamed the Fastback to pay tribute to the previous-generation Mustang models. The Convertible remains the same. The 2015 Ford Mustang is offered in several models:


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Shelby GT500 model from the Fifth-generation was discontinued for 2015, along with the 5.8 L supercharged modular V8 engine. They have since been supplanted by the GT350/350R models featuring the 5.2 L flat-plane crank V8.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Export-spec variants currently consist of only the EcoBoost and GT grades, with the UK and Australia receiving both the Fastback and Convertible styles and various parts of Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan) receiving the Fastback only (as of June 2016). Meanwhile, Performance Packages are standard on all Asia-bound EcoBoost and GT trims. Markets like India receive only the GT trim (mated to the automatic transmission).


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: An EcoBoost Performance Package was added for the 2020 model year, which includes the aforementioned EcoBoost engine from the Focus RS, along with upgraded various parts. A handling package was also available, which added active dampers (MagneRide) and wider tires.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: For 2015, the GT350 debuted featuring a 5.2 L Flat Plane Crank V8 engine with and of torque. The GT350 is more track focused than the GT500, and was benchmarked against the Camaro Z28, Porsche GT3, Mercedes-Benz C63, and BMW M4. Notable features are track-focused chassis tuning, significant aero-dynamic changes to include lowering the hood around the engine, 2-piece, cross-drilled brake rotors paired with Brembo calipers, MagneRide damping option, lightweight Tremec TR-3160 six speed manual transmission, Recaro seats, and various lightweight components (e.g., carbon fiber reinforced polymer radiator support that directs cooling channels for various components).


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Additional options, such as larger alloy wheels, navigation system, rear backup sensors, a rear backup camera, blind spot monitoring, security system, SHAKER PRO Surround Sound Premium Sound System, premium leather seating surfaces, and HID front headlamps are available. Interior color is limited to the standard Black interior color scheme.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The GT350 and GT350R have been discontinued for the 2021 model year in favor of the GT500, with Ford offering the Mach 1 as an indirect successor.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the film "Bullitt", Ford unveiled the latest incarnation of the "Bullitt" edition Mustang GT at the 2018 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS). The unveiling was presented by Molly McQueen, granddaughter of Steve McQueen. Like the original 1968 car, this Mustang will be offered in Dark Highland Green, but also in Black. In addition, the car will have custom instrument panel graphics, dashboard stitching, seat pattern, and optional Recaro seats. The 5.0 L V8 receives a larger 87mm throttle body, modified GT350 manifold and cold air intake with re calibration, resulting in a power increase to . A six-speed manual is the only transmission available on this model.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Steeda created a "Steve McQueen Limited Edition" of the Bullitt in partnership with Chad McQueen and McQueen Racing, which was a globally limited edition to 300 units worldwide.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: In addition to the "Bullitt" edition Mustang GT, the Shelby GT500 moniker returned in 2019 as a 2020 model, after a six-year hiatus. The new GT500 has a supercharged motor based on the GT350's 5.2 L V8 block, but with a cross-plane crankshaft as opposed to a flat-plane crankshaft (as in GT350), which generates .


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Mach 1 uses the GT's 5.0L "Coyote" V-8 producing at 7,000 rpm and at 4,600 rpm, borrowing several parts from the Shelby models. Ford engineers were originally targeting and . The lightweight TREMEC six-speed manual transmission, intake manifold, oil-filter adapter, engine oil cooler, and front and rear sub-frame are shared with the Shelby GT350, while the rear axle cooling system, rear toe link, and rear diffuser are shared with the Shelby GT500.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: A total of 1,964 units of a version of the 2015 Ford Mustang GT Coupé with the performance pack and either a manual or automatic transmission, were made to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Ford Mustang vehicle lineup. Changes included a choice of two special edition body colors based on 1964 model year colors (Wimbledon White and Kona Blue), louvered rear quarter- windows with layered sheets of glass, cashmere-stitched leather-wrapped steering wheel, cashmere-stitching in instrument panel, shifter boot, center armrest, door inserts and seats; exclusive two-tone cashmere and black leather upholstery, Mustang 50 Year logo on the seat backs, loop-carpet floor mats with cashmere stitching and suede binding, 19-inch (9.0/9.5-inch front/rear) alloy wheels with unique Y-spoke design, 255/40R front tires, 275/40R rear tires.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2014 New York International Auto Show and the vehicle went on sale in September 2014.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: This model will be marketed as a 2014 1/2 model, paying tribute to the original 1964 1/2 model. Wimbledon White and Kona Blue will no longer be available exterior colors on the Mustang after the 50 Year Limited Edition's discontinuation when the model sells out.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: A "one of one" convertible version of the 50 Year Limited Edition Mustang was raffled off for charity on the "Woodward Dream Cruise" on August 16, 2014, with the proceeds benefitting the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The 50 Years Appearance Package will continue to be available on the EcoBoost Premium and GT Premium Fastback and Convertible models after the 50 Year Limited Edition sells out. It will add nineteen-inch chrome-finished alloy wheels, the "stable"-style front grille, the "Running Horse" front fender badges, a unique "Raven" interior color scheme, and more.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: A 50-Year Limited Edition 2015 Ford Mustang served as the pace car for the NASCAR Sprint Cup and Nationwide Series races during Ford Championship Weekend at Homestead-Miami Speedway, November 14–16, 2014.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: On July 31, 2014, a special 2015 Mustang was auctioned off at the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) AirVenture air show in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, with proceeds going to benefit the EAA's Young Eagles program.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The F-35 Lightning II Mustang was named after the then new F-35 Lightning II fighter jet. Based on a 2015 Mustang GT fastback, this one-off model was one of the first sixth generation Mustangs to be sold. The exterior features glossy and matte dark-silver paint along with yellow hood stripes, mirror caps, and brake calipers. Blue and yellow rear-end graphics mimic the tail livery of early-production examples of the F35 fighter jet, as does the gold tint on its windows. The car sits on lowered Eibach springs and custom black and yellow Forgiato 21-inch wheels, while the exhaust system is modified with larger, ceramic-coated cans. The F-35 Lightning II Mustang also features a custom aero kit with carbon-fiber components including a front splitter, sill extensions, a rear diffuser, and a stand-up rear spoiler. The final exterior touches come in the form of an F-35 badge on the rear panel, and the flags of nine U.S. allies on the lower doors. The interior of the car features mix of black and yellow parts, with additions including Recaro racing seats, a modified instrument cluster, custom audio system, and sill plates, as well as F-35 Lightning II embroidery on the floor mats, door panels, and seatbacks. The car comes with a 6-speed manual transmission.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Unveiled at the 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show, the self-dubbed “Ultimate American Muscle Car” was shown to the world as a special coach-built 2015 Mustang from Galpin Auto Sports and designer Henrik Fisker.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Named simply “Rocket” — this supercharged V8 Mustang uses carbon fiber extensively for the body, from the carbon fiber grille, front splitter, side skirts, rear decklid and rear diffuser. In addition, the Rocket also features 21" ADV.1 wheels and 15" Brembo brakes along with a special leather interior. The car is limited in production.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The "HPE700 Supercharged Upgrade" is an upgrade package from Hennessey Performance Engineering that boosts the Mustang's power output to and of torque at 4,400 rpm, courtesy of a Roots-style supercharger running 7.25psi of boost. This represents an increase of 300 bhp over the Mustang's standard output. It has a 0- time of 3.6 seconds, and a 1/4 mile time of 11.2 at . The car reportedly has a top speed of .


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The "HPE750 Supercharged Upgrade" offers and of torque at 4,400 rpm. The 0- time is 3.4 seconds with a 1/4 mile time of 10.9 seconds at . The HPE750 tested by Hennessey has reportedly hit a top speed .


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Roush RS models are upgrade packages from Roush Performance for the Mustang. For 2015, the standard components of each RS model include new front and rear fascias, new grill, driving lamps, side-sill extensions, a rear spoiler, embroidered floor mats. Stage 1 vehicles also have a performance exhaust system, while Stage 2 cars get all of the above plus a set of five-spoke 20-inch “Quicksilver” wheels and Cooper RS3 performance tires. (The rolling stock is available as an upgrade on the other two models.) Optional on all are a hood scoop, window scoops, billet pedals, a ball shifter, Roush gauges and door sill plates. Stage 1 and Stage 2 models can also be upgraded with a reverse-sensing system and active exhaust.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: For 2016, the basic RS model carries over unchanged. The Stage 1 setup now supports the 4 cylinder EcoBoost. Stage 2 also carries over. Completely new for 2016 is the Roush Stage 3. The 2016 Roush Stage 3 Mustang is the most powerful production Mustang offered by the Roush Performance garage at or an optional . The version still keeps the Ford and Roush 3 year / 36,000 mile warranty, but the version does not. Standard features include a Roush Quad-Tip exhaust (with the ROUSH Active Exhaust System as an optional add-on), and the “R7” aerobody, complete with graphics and badging. The RS3 comes equipped with a standard single adjustable coilover suspension system, with an optional competition-tuned 3-way adjustable system available.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The "White Label S302" includes a naturally aspirated 450 hp 302ci 5.0 L V8 engine. A manual transmission is standard but an automatic is optional. This model contains the Saleen S302 styling package for advanced aerodynamics. The White Label is available in 23 different colors, with 2 different wheel size options: standard 20" 5 spoke, or an optional 19" 7 spoke. Both wheels are available in standard Silver/Chrome, Carbonite, or Brushed Aluminum finish. To make this model Saleen specific, there is a Saleen logo deck lid insert and model specific badging. Other upgrades include a spoiler known as the "Saleen high downforce wing" and a Saleen exhaust system. The White Label can be configured in either a coupe or convertible version. Each vehicle is given its own VIN and is catalogued throughout the manufacturing process, giving it authentic collectability and higher resale values.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: For the "Yellow Label S302" model, all of the amenities listed above are included, but with an eight generation Saleen Supercharger good for 715 hp under the hood.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The "Black Label S302" comes standard with a 450 hp 302ci 5.0 L V8 engine, but can be optioned with a supercharger and Powerflash calibration to make . Wheel and color options are the same as the White and Yellow labels. The Saleen exhaust system also carries over from the White and Yellow labels. Other performance modifications include a standard S4 suspension package or an optional fully adjustable suspension setup and 13.9" vented 4-piston brakes which come standard, or 15" slotted 6-piston brakes, which are optional. The Black Label also features a body kit, including a completely redesigned front fascia, axial grill, hood, side skirts, wing, and rear diffuser.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: There is an optional hood extension, mirror cap, tail light panel, and convertible light bar available. When ordering the car, you have the option of all the factory paint colors, plus the option of racing stripes in 5 different colors. Other visual hues include special Shelby badging and 20" WELD Racing Wheels available in 3 different colors and upper and lower grilles with Shelby GT badging in 2 different colors. The interior of the car gets a Shelby GT dash plaque as well as embroidered headrests and floor mats. A Katzkin interior is also available as an option as well as Shelby valve covers, and an engine cap kit.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Performance wise, the Shelby GT is outfitted with a cold air intake that comes standard with the car good for a small increase in horsepower. Also standard is the Ford Performance handling pack, short throw shifter, and exhaust with Shelby tips. Performance options include a Ford Performance Supercharger good for , half shafts, differential and transmission cooling, Wilwood brakes (6 piston in the front, 4 piston in the rear), brake duct kit, camber/caster plates, adjustable rear control arms, 3:73 rear gears, a carbon fiber dash mounted 3-gauge pod to track boost, fuel, and oil pressure, race seats, roll cage, and a harness.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: In 2015, Roush Motorsport teamed up with Military Auto Sales to build vehicles specifically for military members stationed overseas, or currently deployed. The result was a numbered and limited run of 15 stage 3, GT-based supercharged fastbacks, and 30 Ecoboost-based fastbacks. They were only available in Race Red or Midnight Black, with the opposite color on their side stripes and decals. Most came with a 6-speed manual transmission.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: For 2016, a second run of 45 were offered for sale. All were , with a 6-speed manual. They were split evenly between Shadow Black, Race Red, and Deep Impact Blue.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: A further enhanced and even more limited edition of the GT350 with an "R" package (GT350R) was introduced by Ford in 2015, with only 37 units being made. The first GT350R with #001 sold for $1 million at a Barrett Jackson Auction in Scottsdale, Arizona.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Significant engineering innovations result in weight savings, aero improvements to benefit on-track performance; Ford is the first major automaker to introduce carbon fiber wheels as standard equipment on Shelby GT350R Mustang. Items removed include air conditioning, the stereo system, rear seats, trunk floorboard and carpet, backup camera and emergency tire sealer and inflator. Exhaust resonators also have been removed for weight savings with the benefit of creating a sharper exhaust tone.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Shelby GT350R is more than lighter than the Shelby GT350 Track Pack model, which has proven its durability in multiple 24-hour racetrack tests. The GT350R also comes with carbon fiber wheels, supplied by Australian manufacturer Carbon Revolution, which weigh only each compared to similarly specified aluminum wheels which typically weigh each.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Aside from carbon fiber wheels, larger front splitter and rear wing, Shelby GT350R features distinct design details. Exterior touches include red painted brake calipers, red pin striping at the edges of the optional over-the-top racing stripes and Shelby GT350R badging. Inside is high-contrast red stitching, Shelby GT350R badging and the D-shaped steering wheel fitted with a red center mark at the top.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: One optional feature for the GT350R is the GT350R Technology Package, which adds the Ford SYNC 3 multimedia infotainment system, seven speakers, a rear backup camera system, SIRIUS-XM Satellite Radio, and air conditioning. The package is ideal for GT350R buyers who plan to use their car for more than track purposes or for show. Parts of this package, namely the infotainment system and backup camera, were made standard during April 2018 production, due to U.S. legislation requiring all new vehicles sold in the U.S. to have backup cameras.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The special edition of the standard GT500 only sold by Shelby. It includes 800+ hp, lowered and tuned suspension and shed. Shelby limits production to 100 cars per model year.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The first experimental car from Shelby which found its way to production. The car has a high-performance 5.2L V8 boosted by a twin-turbo system, which contributes to a final output of over 1000 HP with 93-octane fuel and up to 1300 HP while running on ethanol. Shelby will produce 10 cars per model year.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Unveiled by Ford Performance, the Mustang Cobra Jet 1400 is an electric dragster prototype. The V8 engine was replaced with high-output electric motors. As a result, as the name suggests, the factory-made prototype generates close to and of torque. The electric prototype is a homage to the first Cobra Jet that was heavily tested on drag strips. Mark Rushbrook, the CEO of Ford Performance Motorsports, says that the Cobra Jet 1400 is an opportunity to develop electric powertrains on an existing, popular sports car. The developers for the Mustang Cobra Jet 1400 include MLe Racecars, Watson Engineering, AEM EV, and Cascadia.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: On January 17, 2017, Ford officially introduced the refreshed 2018 Mustang. For 2018, Ford discontinued the V6 model and its 3.7L Cyclone V6 engine, leaving the EcoBoost, GT, Shelby GT350, and Shelby GT350R. The refreshed Mustang sports a restyled front clip and dashboard design, and new standard and optional wheels. Additionally, Ford introduced a 12-inch LCD digital gauge cluster as an option for premium models. However, none of these updates were applied to the Shelby GT350/GT350R, which retained their unique front end and instrument cluster.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: A new ten-speed automatic transmission (10R80) replaces the existing six-speed unit (6R80), and joins the six-speed manual transmission as an option. The new automatic transmission was developed by a joint venture between General Motors and the Ford Motor Company, where it is already used in the 2017 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 and 2017 Ford F-150 SVT Raptor. The MagneRide adjustable suspension system, previously only available in the Shelby GT350 and the Shelby GT350R, is now available on standard Mustang models. An Active Valve Performance exhaust system allows the driver to adjust the volume of the Mustang's exhaust. Also, a heated leather-wrapped steering wheel is now offered in addition to the available heated and ventilated front seats. The instrument panel has also been redesigned with new trim panels, available in four standard finishes, as well as carbon fiber, depending upon the model of Mustang that is chosen. The Performance Package Level 2 option incorporates a larger radiator, wider Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 tires and Brembo brake calipers (like on the GT350), enhanced springs, K-Brace, a Strut-Tower Brace, larger Sway Bar, and unique chassis tuning.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Features that remain available from the 2017 Ford Mustang include: the SYNC 3 infotainment system featuring Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility, the SHAKER PRO premium audio system, the GT Performance Package (renamed Performance Package Level 1), the Premium Plus Package, and the Wheel and Stripe Package. New exterior color options include: Orange Fury Metallic Tri-Coat and Royal Crimson Metallic Tinted Clear Coat, while new interior color options include Showstopper Red and Midnight Blue. The refreshed Mustang was released in North America in Autumn of 2017 with the EcoBoost/EcoBoost Premium, GT/GT Premium, and Shelby GT350/GT350R models.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Euro NCAP tested a LHD (Left Hand Drive), European version of the 2-door coupe variant on a 2017 registration and earned 2 stars out of 5. The refreshed Mustang was reassessed in July 2017 after Ford made some changes to the car which included the addition of collision avoidance features. The score was upgraded to 3 stars out of 5.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: In February 2015, the Mustang earned a 5-star rating from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for front, side, and rollover crash protection.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: As part of the Mustang's 50th anniversary celebration, Ford engineers cut a Mustang convertible into small sections and reassembled it on the 86th floor observation deck of the Empire State Building in New York City.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Ford has also implemented the "In a Mustang" tagline, which also features short films featuring the 2015 Ford Mustang. Such films are uploaded to YouTube on the Ford Mustang Channel.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Ford worked with Lego to create a special Lego Speed Champion version of the Mustang GT. It was unveiled at the North American International Auto Show as a promotion of the Ford Mustang. Lego and Ford gave away the models for free to children who came to show. A few months later, the model could be purchased at toy stores.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: Hot Wheels have released multiple iterations of the Ford Mustang over the years, appealing to diecast collectors worldwide.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Shelby Mustang GT350R-C, the race version of the GT350R, was campaigned by Multimatic Motorsports in the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge during the 2015 and 2016 seasons, winning the 2016 drivers' and constructors' championships. For 2017, the new Mustang GT4 racecar was built and sold by Multimatic.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Mustang is competing in the Australian Supercars Championship in 2020 with DJR Team Penske, Kelly Grove Racing and Tickford Racing.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The Mustang replaced the Fusion in the 2019 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series season. The Mustang is currently run in the NASCAR Cup Series and Xfinity Series. The Ford Mustang won its first championship in the 2022 NASCAR Cup Series from its driver Joey Logano.


title: Ford Mustang (sixth generation)

text: The 2015 Ford Mustang began production at the Flat Rock, Michigan plant on Monday, July 14, 2014. Flat Rock Mustang production had initially been scheduled for August 11, 2014, being moved forward by 4 weeks for undisclosed reasons. U.S. market launch of the 2015 Mustang range was scheduled on September 15, 2014, for the coupe and October 27, 2014, for the convertible.


title: Pisa

text: Pisa ( , ) is a city and "comune" in Tuscany, central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its leaning tower, the city contains more than twenty other historic churches, several medieval palaces, and bridges across the Arno. Much of the city's architecture was financed from its history as one of the Italian maritime republics.


title: Pisa

text: The city is also home to the University of Pisa, which has a history going back to the 12th century, the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, founded by Napoleon in 1810, and its offshoot, the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies.<ref name="gradscuola/">Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna di Pisa Information statistics</ref>


title: Pisa

text: The most believed hypothesis is that the origin of the name Pisa comes from Etruscan and means 'mouth', as Pisa is at the mouth of the Arno river.


title: Pisa

text: Although throughout history there have been several uncertainties about the origin of the city of Pisa, excavations made in the 1980s and 1990s found numerous archaeological remains, including the fifth century BC tomb of an Etruscan prince, proving the Etruscan origin of the city, and its role as a maritime city, showing that it also maintained trade relations with other Mediterranean civilizations.


title: Pisa

text: Ancient Roman authors referred to Pisa as an old city. Virgil, in his "Aeneid", states that Pisa was already a great center by the times described; the settlers from the Alpheus coast have been credited with the founding of the city in the 'Etruscan lands'. The Virgilian commentator Servius wrote that the Teuti founded the town 13 centuries before the start of the common era.


title: Pisa

text: The maritime role of Pisa should have been already prominent if the ancient authorities ascribed to it the invention of the naval ram. Pisa took advantage of being the only port along the western coast between Genoa (then a small village) and Ostia. Pisa served as a base for Roman naval expeditions against Ligurians and Gauls. In 180 BC, it became a Roman colony under Roman law, as . In 89 BC, became a "municipium". Emperor Augustus fortified the colony into an important port and changed the name to .


title: Pisa

text: Pisa supposedly was founded on the shore, but due to the alluvial sediments from the Arno and the Serchio, whose mouth lies about north of the Arno's, the shore moved west. Strabo states that the city was away from the coast. Currently, it is located from the coast. However, it was a maritime city, with ships sailing up the Arno. In the 90s AD, a baths complex was built in the city.


title: Pisa

text: During the last years of the Western Roman Empire, Pisa did not decline as much as the other cities of Italy, probably due to the complexity of its river system and its consequent ease of defence. In the seventh century, Pisa helped Pope Gregory I by supplying numerous ships in his military expedition against the Byzantines of Ravenna: Pisa was the sole Byzantine centre of Tuscia to fall peacefully in Lombard hands, through assimilation with the neighbouring region where their trading interests were prevalent. Pisa began in this way its rise to the role of main port of the Upper Tyrrhenian Sea and became the main trading centre between Tuscany and Corsica, Sardinia, and the southern coasts of France and Spain.


title: Pisa

text: After Charlemagne had defeated the Lombards under the command of Desiderius in 774, Pisa went through a crisis, but soon recovered. Politically, it became part of the duchy of Lucca. In 860, Pisa was captured by vikings led by Björn Ironside. In 930, Pisa became the county centre (status it maintained until the arrival of Otto I) within the mark of Tuscia. Lucca was the capital but Pisa was the most important city, as in the middle of tenth century Liutprand of Cremona, bishop of Cremona, called Pisa ("capital of the province of Tuscia"), and a century later, the marquis of Tuscia was commonly referred to as "marquis of Pisa". In 1003, Pisa was the protagonist of the first communal war in Italy, against Lucca. From the naval point of view, since the ninth century, the emergence of the Saracen pirates urged the city to expand its fleet; in the following years, this fleet gave the town an opportunity for more expansion. In 828, Pisan ships assaulted the coast of North Africa. In 871, they took part in the defence of Salerno from the Saracens. In 970, they gave also strong support to Otto I's expedition, defeating a Byzantine fleet in front of Calabrese coasts.


title: Pisa

text: The power of Pisa as a maritime nation began to grow and reached its apex in the 11th century, when it acquired traditional fame as one of the four main historical maritime republics of Italy ().


title: Pisa

text: At that time, the city was a very important commercial centre and controlled a significant Mediterranean merchant fleet and navy. It expanded its powers in 1005 through the sack of in the south of Italy. Pisa was in continuous conflict with some 'Saracens' - a medieval term to refer to Arab Muslims - who had their bases in Corsica, for control of the Mediterranean. In 1017, Sardinian Giudicati were militarily supported by Pisa, in alliance with Genoa, to defeat the Saracen King Mugahid, who had settled a logistic base in the north of Sardinia the year before. This victory gave Pisa supremacy in the Tyrrhenian Sea. When the Pisans subsequently ousted the Genoese from Sardinia, a new conflict and rivalry was born between these major marine republics. Between 1030 and 1035, Pisa went on to defeat several rival towns in Sicily and conquer Carthage in North Africa. In 1051–1052, the admiral Jacopo Ciurini conquered Corsica, provoking more resentment from the Genoese. In 1063, Admiral Giovanni Orlandi, coming to the aid of the Norman Roger I, took Palermo from the Saracen pirates. The gold treasure taken from the Saracens in Palermo allowed the Pisans to start the building of their cathedral and the other monuments which constitute the famous .


title: Pisa

text: In 1060, Pisa had to engage in their first battle with Genoa. The Pisan victory helped to consolidate its position in the Mediterranean. Pope Gregory VII recognised in 1077 the new "Laws and customs of the sea" instituted by the Pisans, and emperor Henry IV granted them the right to name their own consuls, advised by a council of elders. This was simply a confirmation of the present situation, because in those years, the marquis had already been excluded from power. In 1092, Pope Urban II awarded Pisa the supremacy over Corsica and Sardinia, and at the same time raising the town to the rank of archbishopric.


title: Pisa

text: Pisa sacked the Tunisian city of Mahdia in 1088. Four years later, Pisan and Genoese ships helped Alfonso VI of Castilla to push El Cid out of Valencia. A Pisan fleet of 120 ships also took part in the First Crusade, and the Pisans were instrumental in the taking of Jerusalem in 1099. On their way to the Holy Land, the ships did not miss the occasion to sack some Byzantine islands; the Pisan crusaders were led by their archbishop Daibert, the future patriarch of Jerusalem. Pisa and the other took advantage of the crusade to establish trading posts and colonies in the Eastern coastal cities of the Levant. In particular, the Pisans founded colonies in Antiochia, Acre, Jaffa, Tripoli, Tyre, Latakia, and Accone. They also had other possessions in Jerusalem and Caesarea, plus smaller colonies (with lesser autonomy) in Cairo, Alexandria, and of course Constantinople, where the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus granted them special mooring and trading rights. In all these cities, the Pisans were granted privileges and immunity from taxation, but had to contribute to the defence in case of attack. In the 12th century, the Pisan quarter in the eastern part of Constantinople had grown to 1,000 people. For some years of that century, Pisa was the most prominent commercial and military ally of the Byzantine Empire, overcoming Venice itself.


title: Pisa

text: In 1113, Pisa and Pope Paschal II set up, together with the count of Barcelona and other contingents from Provence and Italy (Genoese excluded), a war to free the Balearic Islands from the Moors; the queen and the king of Majorca were brought in chains to Tuscany. Though the Almoravides soon reconquered the island, the booty taken helped the Pisans in their magnificent programme of buildings, especially the cathedral, and Pisa gained a role of pre-eminence in the Western Mediterranean.


title: Pisa

text: In the following years, the mighty Pisan fleet, led by archbishop Pietro Moriconi, drove away the Saracens after ferocious combats. Though short-lived, this success of Pisa in Spain increased the rivalry with Genoa. Pisa's trade with the Languedoc and Provence (Noli, Savona, Fréjus, and Montpellier) were an obstacle to Genoese interests in cities such as Hyères, Fos, Antibes, and Marseille.


title: Pisa

text: The war began in 1119 when the Genoese attacked several galleys on their way to the motherland, and lasted until 1133. The two cities fought each other on land and at sea, but hostilities were limited to raids and pirate-like assaults.


title: Pisa

text: In June 1135, Bernard of Clairvaux took a leading part in the Council of Pisa, asserting the claims of Pope Innocent II against those of Pope Anacletus II, who had been elected pope in 1130 with Norman support, but was not recognised outside Rome. Innocent II resolved the conflict with Genoa, establishing Pisan and Genoese spheres of influence. Pisa could then, unhindered by Genoa, participate in the conflict of Innocent II against king Roger II of Sicily. Amalfi, one of the maritime republics (though already declining under Norman rule), was conquered on August 6, 1136; the Pisans destroyed the ships in the port, assaulted the castles in the surrounding areas, and drove back an army sent by Roger from Aversa. This victory brought Pisa to the peak of its power and to a standing equal to Venice. Two years later, its soldiers sacked Salerno.


title: Pisa

text: In the following years, Pisa was one of the staunchest supporters of the Ghibelline party. This was much appreciated by Frederick I. He issued in 1162 and 1165 two important documents, with these grants: Apart from the jurisdiction over the Pisan countryside, the Pisans were granted freedom of trade in the whole empire, the coast from Civitavecchia to Portovenere, a half of Palermo, Messina, Salerno and Naples, the whole of Gaeta, Mazara, and Trapani, and a street with houses for its merchants in every city of the Kingdom of Sicily. Some of these grants were later confirmed by Henry VI, Otto IV, and Frederick II. They marked the apex of Pisa's power, but also spurred the resentment of cities such as Lucca, Massa, Volterra, and Florence, thwarting their aim to expand towards the sea. The clash with Lucca also concerned the possession of the castle of Montignoso and mainly the control of the , the main trade route between Rome and France. Last, but not least, such a sudden and large increase of power by Pisa could only lead to another war with Genoa.


title: Pisa

text: Genoa had acquired a largely dominant position in the markets of southern France. The war presumably began in 1165 on the Rhône, when an attack on a convoy, directed to some Pisan trade centres on the river, by the Genoese and their ally, the count of Toulouse, failed. Pisa, though, was allied to Provence. The war continued until 1175 without significant victories. Another point of attrition was Sicily, where both the cities had privileges granted by Henry VI. In 1192, Pisa managed to conquer Messina. This episode was followed by a series of battles culminating in the Genoese conquest of Syracuse in 1204. Later, the trading posts in Sicily were lost when the new Pope Innocent III, though removing the excommunication cast over Pisa by his predecessor Celestine III, allied himself with the Guelph League of Tuscany, led by Florence. Soon, he stipulated a pact with Genoa, too, further weakening the Pisan presence in southern Italy.


title: Pisa

text: To counter the Genoese predominance in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Pisa strengthened its relationship with their traditional Spanish and French bases (Marseille, Narbonne, Barcelona, etc.) and tried to defy the Venetian rule of the Adriatic Sea. In 1180, the two cities agreed to a nonaggression treaty in the Tyrrhenian and the Adriatic, but the death of Emperor Manuel Comnenus in Constantinople changed the situation. Soon, attacks on Venetian convoys were made. Pisa signed trade and political pacts with Ancona, Pula, Zara, Split, and Brindisi; in 1195, a Pisan fleet reached Pola to defend its independence from Venice, but the Serenissima soon reconquered the rebel sea town.


title: Pisa

text: One year later, the two cities signed a peace treaty, which resulted in favourable conditions for Pisa, but in 1199, the Pisans violated it by blockading the port of Brindisi in Apulia. In the following naval battle, they were defeated by the Venetians. The war that followed ended in 1206 with a treaty in which Pisa gave up all its hopes to expand in the Adriatic, though it maintained the trading posts it had established in the area. From that point on, the two cities were united against the rising power of Genoa and sometimes collaborated to increase the trading benefits in Constantinople.


title: Pisa

text: In 1209 in Lerici, two councils for a final resolution of the rivalry with Genoa were held. A 20-year peace treaty was signed, but when in 1220, the emperor Frederick II confirmed his supremacy over the Tyrrhenian coast from Civitavecchia to Portovenere, the Genoese and Tuscan resentment against Pisa grew again. In the following years, Pisa clashed with Lucca in Garfagnana and was defeated by the Florentines at Castel del Bosco. The strong Ghibelline position of Pisa brought this town diametrically against the Pope, who was in a strong dispute with the Empire, and indeed the pope tried to deprive the town of its dominions in northern Sardinia.


title: Pisa

text: In 1238, Pope Gregory IX formed an alliance between Genoa and Venice against the empire, and consequently against Pisa, too. One year later, he excommunicated Frederick II and called for an anti-Empire council to be held in Rome in 1241. On May 3, 1241, a combined fleet of Pisan and Sicilian ships, led by the emperor's son Enzo, attacked a Genoese convoy carrying prelates from northern Italy and France, next to the isle of Giglio (Battle of Giglio), in front of Tuscany; the Genoese lost 25 ships, while about a thousand sailors, two cardinals, and one bishop were taken prisoner. After this major victory, the council in Rome failed, but Pisa was excommunicated. This extreme measure was only removed in 1257. Anyway, the Tuscan city tried to take advantage of the favourable situation to conquer the Corsican city of Aleria and even lay siege to Genoa itself in 1243.


title: Pisa

text: The Ligurian republic of Genoa, however, recovered fast from this blow and won back Lerici, conquered by the Pisans some years earlier, in 1256.


title: Pisa

text: The great expansion in the Mediterranean and the prominence of the merchant class urged a modification in the city's institutes. The system with consuls was abandoned, and in 1230, the new city rulers named a "capitano del popolo" ("people's chieftain") as civil and military leader. Despite these reforms, the conquered lands and the city itself were harassed by the rivalry between the two families of Della Gherardesca and Visconti. In 1237 the archbishop and the Emperor Frederick II intervened to reconcile the two rivals, but the strains continued. In 1254, the people rebelled and imposed 12 ("People's Elders") as their political representatives in the commune. They also supplemented the legislative councils, formed of noblemen, with new People's Councils, composed by the main guilds and by the chiefs of the People's Companies. These had the power to ratify the laws of the Major General Council and the Senate.


title: Pisa

text: The decline is said to have begun on August 6, 1284, when the numerically superior fleet of Pisa, under the command of Albertino Morosini, was defeated by the brilliant tactics of the Genoese fleet, under the command of Benedetto Zaccaria and Oberto Doria, in the dramatic naval Battle of Meloria. This defeat ended the maritime power of Pisa and the town never fully recovered; in 1290, the Genoese destroyed forever the Porto Pisano (Pisa's port), and covered the land with salt. The region around Pisa did not permit the city to recover from the loss of thousands of sailors from the Meloria, while Liguria guaranteed enough sailors to Genoa. Goods, however, continued to be traded, albeit in reduced quantity, but the end came when the Arno started to change course, preventing the galleys from reaching the city's port up the river. The nearby area also likely became infested with malaria. The true end came in 1324, when Sardinia was entirely lost to the Aragonese.


title: Pisa

text: Always Ghibelline, Pisa tried to build up its power in the course of the 14th century, and even managed to defeat Florence in the Battle of Montecatini (1315), under the command of Uguccione della Faggiuola. Eventually, however, after a long siege, Pisa was occupied by Florentines in 1405. Florentines corrupted the "capitano del popolo" ("people's chieftain"), Giovanni Gambacorta, who at night opened the city gate of San Marco. Pisa was never conquered by an army. In 1409, Pisa was the seat of a council trying to set the question of the Great Schism. In the 15th century, access to the sea became more difficult, as the port was silting up and was cut off from the sea. When in 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded the Italian states to claim the Kingdom of Naples, Pisa reclaimed its independence as the Second Pisan Republic.


title: Pisa

text: The new freedom did not last long; 15 years of battles and sieges by the Florentine troops led by Antonio da Filicaja, Averardo Salviati and Niccolò Capponi were made, but they failed to conquer the city. Vitellozzo Vitelli with his brother Paolo were the only ones who actually managed to break the strong defences of Pisa and make a breach in the Stampace bastion in the southern west part of the walls, but he did not enter the city. For that, they were suspected of treachery and Paolo was put to death. However, the resources of Pisa were getting low, and at the end, the city was sold to the Visconti family from Milan and eventually to Florence again. Its role of major port of Tuscany went to Livorno. Pisa acquired a mainly cultural role spurred by the presence of the University of Pisa, created in 1343, and later reinforced by the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (1810) and Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies (1987).


title: Pisa

text: Pisa was the birthplace of the important early physicist Galileo Galilei. It is still the seat of an archbishopric. Besides its educational institutions, it has become a light industrial centre and a railway hub. It suffered repeated destruction during World War II.


title: Pisa

text: Since the early 1950s, the US Army has maintained Camp Darby just outside Pisa, which is used by many US military personnel as a base for vacations in the area.


title: Pisa

text: Pisa experiences a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification "Csa"). The city is characterized by cool-mild winters and hot summers. This transitional climate allows Pisa to enjoy a summer almost devoid of rain, typical of central and southern Italy, as the summer (the driest season) experiences occasional rain showers. Rainfall peaks in the autumn.


title: Pisa

text: In Pisa there was a festival and game "" (Game of the Bridge) which was celebrated (in some form) in Pisa from perhaps the 1200s down to 1807. From the end of the 1400s the game took the form of a mock battle fought upon Pisa's central bridge ("Ponte di Mezzo"). The participants wore quilted armor and the only offensive weapon allowed was the "targone", a shield-shaped, stout board with precisely specified dimensions. Hitting below the belt was not allowed. Two opposing teams started at opposite ends of the bridge. The object of the two opposing teams was to penetrate, drive back, and disperse the opponents' ranks and to thereby drive them backwards off the bridge. The struggle was limited to forty-five minutes. Victory or defeat was immensely important to the team players and their partisans, but sometimes the game was fought to a draw and both sides celebrated. In 1927 the tradition was revived by college students as an elaborate costume parade. In 1935 Vittorio Emanuele III with the royal family witnessed the first revival of a modern version of the game, which has been pursued in the 20th and 21st centuries with some interruptions and varying degrees of enthusiasm by Pisans and their civic institutions.


title: Pisa

text: While the bell tower of the cathedral, known as "the leaning Tower of Pisa", is the most famous image of the city, it is one of many works of art and architecture in the city's , also known, since the 20th century, as (Square of Miracles), to the north of the old town center. The also houses the (the Cathedral), the Baptistry and the (the monumental cemetery). The medieval complex includes the above-mentioned four sacred buildings, the hospital and few palaces. All the complex is kept by the "Opera (fabrica ecclesiae) della Primaziale Pisana", an old non profit foundation that operates since the building of the Cathedral (1063) to the maintenance of the sacred buildings. The area is framed by medieval walls kept by municipality administration.


title: Pisa

text: San Pietro in Vinculis. Known as "San Pierino", it is an 11th-century church with a crypt and a cosmatesque mosaic on the floor of the main nave.


title: Pisa

text: Football is the main sport in Pisa; the local team, A.C. Pisa, currently plays in the Serie B (the second highest football division in Italy), and has had a top flight history throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, featuring several world-class players such as Diego Simeone, Christian Vieri and Dunga during this time. The club play at the Arena Garibaldi – Stadio Romeo Anconetani, opened in 1919 and with a capacity of 25,000.


title: Pisa

text: Shooting was one of the first sports to have their own association in Pisa. The "Società del Tiro a Segno" di Pisa was founded on July 9, 1862. In 1885, they acquired their own training field. The shooting range was almost completely destroyed during World War II.


title: Pisa

text: Pisa has an international airport known as Pisa International Airport or normally Galileo Galilei located in San Giusto neighbourhood in Pisa. It is served by twenty-one airlines connecting eleven domestic and sixty-one international destinations (seasonal included).


title: Pisa

text: The airport is connected to Pisa Centrale railway station by a people mover system long, called Pisamover inaugurated in March 2017. It's based on a driverless "horizontal funicular" that travels the distance in 5 minutes, with a 5-minute frequency, having an intermediate stop at parking station San Giusto/Aurelia.


title: Pisa

text: Consorzio Pisano Trasporti, also known as CPT, was a Società consortile a responsabilità limitata (Scarl) that operated since 2005 the local public transport in Pisa and in the province. Became subsidiary of Compagnia Toscana Trasporti Nord in 2012 and was one the companies of the consortium ONE Scarl to accomplish the contract stipulated with the Regione Toscana for the public transport in the 2018-2019 period. The fleet consisted of 70 urban, 15 suburban and 260 intercity buses.


title: Pisa

text: The city is served by two railway stations available for passengers: Pisa Centrale and Pisa San Rossore.


title: Pisa

text: "Pisa Centrale" is the main railway station and is located along the Tyrrhenic railway line. It connects Pisa directly with several other important Italian cities such as Rome, Florence, Genoa, Turin, Naples, Livorno, and Grosseto.


title: Pisa

text: "Pisa San Rossore" links the city with Lucca (20 minutes north-east of Pisa) and Viareggio and is also reachable from "Pisa Centrale". It is a minor railway station located near the Leaning Tower zone.


title: Pisa

text: There was another station called Pisa Aeroporto situated next to the Airport with services to Pisa Centrale and Florence. It was closed on December 15, 2013, for the realization of a people mover.


title: Pisa

text: Pisa is connected to Autostrada A11 from Florence and to Autostrada A12 linking Genoa-Rosignano with exit Pisa Nord and Pisa Centro – Airport.


title: Pisa

text: Pisa hosts the University of Pisa, especially renowned in the fields of Physics, Mathematics, Engineering and Computer Science. The and the , the Italian academic élite institutions are noted mostly for research and the education of graduate students.


title: Pisa

text: Construction of a new leaning tower of glass and steel 57 meters tall, containing offices and apartments was scheduled to start in summer 2004 and take 4 years. It was designed by Dante Oscar Benini and raised criticism.


title: Anglosphere

text: The Anglosphere is a group of English-speaking nations that share historical and cultural ties with England, and which today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone, though the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the British Empire.


title: Anglosphere

text: The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States in a grouping of developed countries called the core Anglosphere. This term can also encompass Ireland and less frequently Malta and the Commonwealth Caribbean countries such as Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago.


title: Anglosphere

text: Public opinion research has found that people in the five core Anglosphere countries consistently rank each other's countries as their country's most important allies in the world. Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the United States and Canada and the United States and the United Kingdom constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.


title: Anglosphere

text: The term "Anglosphere" was first coined, but not explicitly defined, by the science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his book "The Diamond Age", published in 1995. John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the British West Indies. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".


title: Anglosphere

text: The five main ("core") countries in the Anglosphere (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States) are all developed countries and maintain a close affinity of cultural, diplomatic and military links with one another. All are aligned under such programmes as:


title: Anglosphere

text: In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have Charles III as head of state, form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and use the Westminster parliamentary system of government. Most of the core countries have first-past-the-post electoral systems, though Australia and New Zealand have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some elections in the UK. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics dominated by two major parties.


title: Anglosphere

text: Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the rule of law through common law instead of civil law, and favour democracy with legislative chambers above other political systems. Private property is protected by law or constitution.


title: Anglosphere

text: Market freedom is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the Anglo-Saxon economic model – a capitalist model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom. The shared sense of globalisation led cities such as New York, London, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Toronto to have considerable impacts on the financial markets and the global economy. Global popular culture has been highly influenced by United States and United Kingdom.


title: Anglosphere

text: Imperial and US customary measurement systems are often used in Anglosphere countries in addition to or instead of the International System of Units.


title: Anglosphere

text: Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the political right (such as Andrew Roberts of the UK Conservative Party), and critics from the centre-left (for example Michael Ignatieff of the Liberal Party of Canada).


title: Anglosphere

text: As early as 1897, Albert Venn Dicey proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of All Souls at Oxford.


title: Anglosphere

text: The American businessman James C. Bennett, a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book "The Anglosphere Challenge":


title: Anglosphere

text: Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.


title: Anglosphere

text: British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.


title: Anglosphere

text: According to a 2003 profile in "The Guardian", historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere'".


title: Anglosphere

text: Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom), whose members form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) as a result of a referendum held in 2016, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.


title: Anglosphere

text: In 2000, Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the "New York Review of Books", that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".


title: Anglosphere

text: In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for "The Spectator"'s Coffee House blog: "'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'." He repeated this criticism in another article for "The Guardian" in 2018. Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.


title: Anglosphere

text: In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled "Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics" (). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:


title: Anglosphere

text: A 2020 poll by YouGov revealed that all four of the other core Anglosphere countries were among the top 10 most positively viewed countries by Americans, with Australia and Canada ranking behind only the United States itself in the poll. Another 2020 poll by YouGov showed that New Zealand, Canada and Australia were the most positively viewed countries by the British.


title: Anglosphere

text: A 2018 poll by the Lowy Institute similarly indicated that New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom were the three most positively viewed countries by Australians. Their 2020 version of the poll again put Canada and the United Kingdom at the top, but New Zealand was not included as an option. A 2020 poll by the Macdonald–Laurier Institute suggested that Australia was the most positively viewed country by Canadians. Australia and the U.S. were ranked as having the most favorable view of Canada's influence to the outside world, according to a 2012 GlobeScan survey of 22 countries. In a 2019 Pew Research Center poll, a plurality of Canadians and Australians named the United States as their country's closest ally.


title: John Reid (music manager)

text: John Reid (born 9 September 1949) is a Scottish former music manager, known for being the manager and former lover of singer Elton John, as well as for managing the British rock band Queen.


title: John Reid (music manager)

text: Reid was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, the son of John Reid, a welder, and Betty, a shop worker. Apart from three years in New Zealand, he was brought up in the Gallowhill district of Paisley. He attended St Mirin's Academy, where he was a fellow pupil with singers Gerry Rafferty and Joe Egan. At the age of 16 he attended Stow College in Glasgow where he studied marine engineering, but dropped out to move to London in 1967.


title: John Reid (music manager)

text: Reid began his music management career in 1967 at the age of 18 as a promoter for EMI. At the age of 19, he became the Tamla Motown label manager for the UK. In 1971, Reid set up his own company with a few hundred pounds in savings and a £5,000 loan.


title: John Reid (music manager)

text: In 1970, Reid met Elton John, then known as Reg Dwight, at a Motown Christmas party. They moved in with each other, and began a romantic relationship as well as a business one, as John became Reid's first client. Their personal relationship ended after five years, but he remained John's manager until 1998. Their professional relationship ended over a leaked letter detailing John's spending, which was found by Benjamin Pell and published in the "Daily Mirror". The ending of their business relationship in 1998 led to a legal action in 2000. Reid settled out of court by paying John £3.4 million. Reid's company earned more than £73 million from representing John between 1970 and 1998.


title: John Reid (music manager)

text: In 1974, in New Zealand, in a widely reported incident, Reid threw champagne in the face of a party host and punched the Auckland model and journalist Judith Baragwanath in the face when she came to the man's defence, sending her to the floor. Later the same night he was involved in an altercation with a second journalist at a nightclub. He was convicted and sentenced to a month in prison for assault, and settled with Baragwanath for NZ $2500. Between 1975 and 1978, Reid was the manager of British rock group Queen.


title: John Reid (music manager)

text: In 1994, he was the manager for Irish dancer Michael Flatley. After Flatley left "Riverdance" and ended his relationship with Reid, Flatley paid Reid approximately £1 million to settle a wrongful termination lawsuit. Reid retired from management in 1999. In 2005 and 2006, Reid was a judge on the Australian version of "The X Factor" alongside Mark Holden and Kate Ceberano.


title: John Reid (music manager)

text: Reid was portrayed by Aidan Gillen in the 2018 Queen biopic "Bohemian Rhapsody", and by Richard Madden in the 2019 Elton John biopic "Rocketman". Both actors are known for their previous roles in Fantasy Drama series, Game of Thrones.


title: 2022 Superbike World Championship

text: The 2022 Superbike World Championship was the 35th season of the Superbike World Championship. The championship was won by Álvaro Bautista, he became World Champion in 2022 after finishing 2nd in Race 2 at the Mandalika round.


title: Mains electricity by country

text: Mains electricity by country includes a list of countries and territories, with the plugs, voltages and frequencies they commonly use for providing electrical power to low voltage appliances, equipment, and lighting typically found in homes and offices. (For industrial machinery, see industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets.) Some countries have more than one voltage available. For example, in North America the supply to most premises is 2 phase plus neutral, with 240 volts between the phases and 120 volts between either of the phases and neutral. Most sockets are attached to the latter 120 V and neutral. By connecting across the phases 240 V is available for large appliances. Often different sockets are mandated for different voltage or current levels.


title: Mains electricity by country

text: Voltage, frequency, and plug type vary, but large regions may use common standards. Physical compatibility of receptacles may not ensure compatibility of voltage, frequency, or connection to earth (ground), including plugs and cords. In some areas, older standards may still exist. Foreign enclaves, extraterritorial government installations, or buildings frequented by tourists may support plugs not otherwise used in a country, for the convenience of travellers.


title: Mains electricity by country

text: The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) publishes a web microsite "World Plugs" which provides the main source for this page, except where other sources are indicated. "World Plugs" includes some history, a description of plug types, and a list of countries giving the type(s) used and the mains voltage and frequency.


title: Mains electricity by country

text: Although useful for quick reference, especially for travellers, "IEC World Plugs" may not be regarded as totally accurate, as illustrated by the examples in the plugs section below, and errors may exist, such as Indonesia being listed as using both 220 V and 110 V when the Indonesian Standard "SPLN 1" clearly states the voltage as 230 V, and the official travel website says "electric power supply is 220 volts in all regions."


title: Mains electricity by country

text: Voltages in this article are the nominal single-phase supply voltages, or split-phase supply voltages. Three-phase and industrial loads may have other voltages.


title: Mains electricity by country

text: All voltages are root mean square voltage; the peak AC voltage is greater by a factor of , and the peak-to-peak voltage greater by a factor of .


title: Mains electricity by country

text: The system of plug types using a single letter (from A to N) used here is from "World Plugs", which defines the plug type letters in terms of a general description, without making reference to specific standards. Where a plug does not have a specific letter code assigned to it, then it may be defined by the style sheet number listed in IEC TR 60083. Not all plugs are included in the letter system; for example, there is no designation for the plugs defined by the Thai National Standard "TIS 116-2549", though some web sites refer to the three-pin plug described in that standard as "Type O".


title: The Fourth Kind

text: The Fourth Kind is a 2009 science fiction psychological horror thriller film directed by Olatunde Osunsanmi and featuring a cast of Milla Jovovich, Elias Koteas, Corey Johnson, Will Patton, Charlotte Milchard, Mia Mckenna-Bruce, Yulian Vergov, and Osunsanmi. The title is derived from the expansion of J. Allen Hynek's classification of close encounters with aliens, in which the fourth kind denotes alien abductions.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: The film is a pseudodocumentary - purporting to be a dramatic re-enactment of true events that occurred in Nome, Alaska - in which a psychologist uses hypnosis to uncover memories of alien abduction from her patients, and finds evidence suggesting that she may have been abducted as well. At the beginning of the film, Jovovich informs the audience this entire movie is actually real, that she will be playing a character based on a real person named Abigail Tyler, and that the film will feature archival footage of the real Tyler. The "Abigail Tyler" seen in the archival footage is played by Charlotte Milchard, and at various points throughout the film, the archival footage scenes and accompanying dramatic re-enactments are presented side by side.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: Chapman University hosts a televised interview with psychologist Dr. Abigail "Abbey" Tyler, who describes a series of events that occurred in Nome, Alaska that culminated in an alleged alien abduction in October 2000.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: In a re-enactment of events occurring in August 2000, Abbey's husband, Will, is mysteriously murdered, leaving her to raise their two children, Ashley and Ronnie. Abbey tapes hypnotherapy sessions with patients with shared experiences of a white owl staring at them as they sleep before creatures attempt to enter their homes. Her first patient, Tommy Fisher, leaves in shock. That night, Abbey is called by the police to Tommy's house, where he holds his wife and two children at gunpoint. He states that he remembers everything and asks what "Zimabu Eter" means. Despite Abbey's pleas, he murders his family and commits suicide.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: After hearing the similarities in their stories, Abbey suspects that these patients may have been victims of an alien abduction. There is evidence that she herself may have been abducted, when an assistant gives her a tape recorder which plays the sound of something entering her home and attacking her. The attacker speaks an unknown language and Abbey has no memory of the incident. Abel Campos, a colleague from Anchorage, is suspicious of the claims. Later, Abbey calls upon Dr. Awolowa Odusami, a specialist in ancient languages who was a contact of her late husband, to identify the mysterious language on the tape. Odusami identifies it as Sumerian.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: Another patient, Scott, wishes to communicate. He admits that there was no owl and speaks of "them," but cannot remember anything further and begs Abbey to come to his home to hypnotize him. Under hypnosis, he suddenly jerks upright and begins hovering above his bed, while a voice speaking through Scott orders Abbey in Sumerian to immediately end her study. Later, Sheriff August arrives, telling her that Scott is completely paralyzed from the neck down. Believing Abbey is responsible, August tries to arrest her but Campos comes to her defense and confirms her story. August instead places her under guard inside her house.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: Dash-cam footage of a police officer watching Abbey's house shows a large black triangular object flying into view. The image distorts, but the officer is heard describing people being pulled out of the house and calls for backup. Deputies rush into the house, finding Ronnie and Abbey, who says Ashley was taken. A disbelieving August accuses her of kidnapping Ashley and removes Ronnie from her custody.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: Abbey undergoes hypnosis in an attempt to make contact with the beings responsible and reunite with her daughter. Campos and Odusami videotape the session. A hypnotized Abbey recalls that she witnessed Ashley's abduction and was also abducted herself. An alien presence communicates with her and Abbey begs for Ashley's return. It states Ashley will never come back before referring to itself as "God". When the encounter ends, Campos and Odusami rush over to the now unconscious Abbey and then notice something offscreen. The image distorts again as a voice yells "Zimabu Eter!" before resolving to show that all three are gone. Abbey wakes up in a hospital with a broken neck. August reveals that Will had committed suicide, and Abbey's belief that he was murdered was a delusion.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: The re-enactment ends and, back in the present, Abbey states that she, Campos and Odusami were abducted during the hypnosis session but have no memory of their experiences. She is asked how anyone can take her claims of alien abduction seriously if she was proven to be delusional about her husband's death. Abbey states that she has no choice but to believe that Ashley is still alive. The interview ends as Abbey breaks down in tears.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: An epilogue states that Abbey was cleared of all charges against her, left Alaska for the East Coast, and her health has deteriorated to the point of requiring constant care. Campos remains a psychologist and Odusami became a professor at a Canadian university. Both men, as well as August, refuses to be involved with the interview, while Ronnie remains estranged from Abbey and still blames her for Ashley's disappearance. Ashley herself was never found.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: In addition, Jovovich provides opening and dialogue as herself, setting the pretext of the pseudo-documentary's "true" events; as a further pretext of the pseudo-documentary, "Dr. Abigail Emily Tyler" is shown in the closing tombstone credits as having "appeared" in the film. During the fictional "real" footage, the interviewer is played by the director-screenwriter of this entire endeavour, Olatunde Osunsanmi.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: This is the first major film by writer and director Olatunde Osunsanmi, who is a protégé of independent film director Joe Carnahan. The movie is set up as a re-enactment of allegedly original documentary footage. It also uses supposedly "never-before-seen archival footage" that is integrated into the film.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: "The Fourth Kind" was shot in Bulgaria and Squamish, British Columbia, Canada. The lush, mountainous setting of Nome in the film bears little resemblance to the actual Nome, Alaska, which sits amidst the fringes of the arctic tree line, where trees can only grow about 8 ft tall due to the permafrost on the shore of the Bering Sea.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: To promote the film, Universal Pictures created a website with fake news stories supposedly taken from real Alaska newspapers, including the "Nome Nugget" and the "Fairbanks Daily News-Miner". The newspapers sued Universal, eventually reaching a settlement where Universal would remove the fake stories and pay $20,000 to the Alaska Press Club and a $2,500 contribution to a scholarship fund for the Calista Corporation.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: "The Fourth Kind" received mainly negative reviews from critics. The film has an 18% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 114 reviews. The site's consensus reads "While it boasts a handful of shocks, "The Fourth Kind" is hokey and clumsy and makes its close encounters seem eerily mundane."


title: The Fourth Kind

text: Critic Roger Ebert gave it one and a half stars out of four, comparing it unfavorably to "Paranormal Activity" and "The Blair Witch Project", while praising Milla Jovovich's acting.


title: The Fourth Kind

text: According to the "Anchorage Daily News", "Nomeites didn't much like the film exploiting unexplained disappearances of Northwest Alaskans, most of whom likely perished due to exposure to the harsh climate, as science fiction nonsense. The Alaska press liked even less the idea of news stories about unexplained disappearances in the Nome area being used to hype some "kind" of fake documentary".


title: The Fourth Kind

text: CNN reviewer Breanna Hare criticized "The Fourth Kind" for "marketing fiction as truth". Nome, Alaska Mayor Denise Michels called it "Hollywood hooey". According to Michels, "people need to realize that this is a science fiction thriller". Michels also compared the film to "The Blair Witch Project", saying, "we're just hoping the message gets out that this is supposed to be for entertainment."


title: Nicole Beharie

text: Nicole Beharie is an American actress. She is best known for her starring roles in films such as the drama "American Violet" (2008), the psychological drama "Shame" (2011), the biographical sports drama "42" (2013), and the independent drama "Miss Juneteenth" (2020). From 2013 to 2016, she starred in the Fox supernatural drama series "Sleepy Hollow".


title: Nicole Beharie

text: Beharie was born in West Palm Beach, Florida. When Beharie was little, her father was in the United States Foreign Service, so she grew up in the United Kingdom, Jamaica, Nigeria and Panama. She attended Orangeburg Wilkinson High School in Orangeburg, South Carolina, and is a 2003 graduate of the South Carolina Governor's School for the Arts & Humanities, a public residential high school in Greenville. Beharie was then accepted into Juilliard School, one of the most prestigious performing arts conservatories in the United States (Drama division "Group 36": 2003–07). She was awarded a Shakespeare scholarship and trained in England.


title: Nicole Beharie

text: Beharie made her feature film debut in the 2008 film "American Violet", where she played the leading role. Also in the same year she played Sarah Ward in the American sports film "" opposite actor Rob Brown. In the Lifetime movie, "Sins of the Mother" (2010), Beharie portrayed Shay Hunter, a struggling university student who goes on a journey to mend her fractured relationship with her mother Nona played by Jill Scott.


title: Nicole Beharie

text: In 2011, Beharie performed five original songs as a singer-songwriter opposite German actor Ken Duken in the romantic drama "My Last Day Without You". In the Russell Leigh Sharman film adaptation of his play "Apartment 4E", she played Piper, a troubled young woman who never leaves her apartment. Beharie played Marianne in the Steve McQueen film "Shame", portraying a love interest of Michael Fassbender. Wesley Morris of "The Boston Globe" praised her performance, calling her "a marvel of natural transparency".


title: Nicole Beharie

text: In 2013, Beharie starred as Rachel Robinson, wife of Jackie Robinson (played by Chadwick Boseman), in the historical baseball feature "42". The same year, she began portraying Abbie Mills on the Fox fantasy series "Sleepy Hollow", which is based on the 1820 short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" by Washington Irving. In Spring 2016, Beharie departed the series, with her character dying in the series' third-season finale, the episode entitled "Ragnarok", which was aired April 8, 2016. She later stated that an autoimmune disease was one of the causes of her exit and also revealed that she struggled to find work and was labelled as problematic after her departure from the show.


title: Nicole Beharie

text: In 2020, she starred in "Miss Juneteenth", a film about a former pageant winner preparing her teenage daughter to assume her former crown.


title: 2022 Cannes Film Festival

text: The 75th annual Cannes Film Festival is a film festival that took place from 17 to 28 May 2022. The festival featured a tribute to actor Tom Cruise, whose film "" premiered at the festival and where the actor was awarded an Honorary Palme d'Or award on short notice. The official poster for the festival was designed as a homage to "The Truman Show" (1998).


title: 2022 Cannes Film Festival

text: The festival returned to its full spectator capacity after disruption to the last two events due to COVID-19 restrictions in France.


title: 2022 Cannes Film Festival

text: The Cinéfondation section focuses on films made by students at film schools. The following 16 entries (13 live-action and 3 animated films) were selected out of 1,528 submissions. Four of the films selected represent schools participating in Cinéfondation for the first time.


title: 2022 Cannes Film Festival

text: The following films have been selected to be screened out of competition, in the "Cinéma de la plage" section.


title: 2022 Cannes Film Festival

text: The 2022 Cannes Film Festival also saw the first edition of the TikTok Short Film Competition. It was organized in partnership with social media giant TikTok, and was part of a desire to diversify the audience of the festival. The jury consisted of oscar nominated director Rithy Panh, world famous TikTok creator Khaby Lame, director Camille Ducellier, director-stylist Basma Khalifa and writer-director Angele Diabang. The first Grand Prix Award for Best Film was given to Matej Rimanić, for his film Love In Plane Sight, the second Grand Prix Award was given to Mabuta Motoki, for his film Is it Okay to Chop Down Trees?. The jury also awarded Tim Hamilton with his film Zero Gravity for Best Edit, and Claudia Cochet with her film Modern Princess for Best Script.


title: Mac McClung

text: Matthew "Mac" McClung (born January 6, 1999) is an American professional basketball player for the Delaware Blue Coats of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Georgetown Hoyas and the Texas Tech Red Raiders. A consensus three-star recruit and among the highest ranked high school players in Virginia, McClung rose to national acclaim online with Gate City High School for his dunking ability.


title: Mac McClung

text: McClung grew up in Gate City, Virginia, a small town of about 2,000 in the Tri-Cities metropolitan area straddling the Tennessee–Virginia border, where he initially began playing football—a sport that is far more popular than basketball in Southwest Virginia. Family members recalled in a 2018 interview that McClung was extraordinarily competitive as a child. His father Marcus said of him, "Mac was just born with it. If you’re fixing a bowl of cereal, he’s going to make a competition." His older sister Anna would add, "He would just come at you every day, no matter how small he was." His parents built a basement gym in their home, initially for Anna, but Mac would regularly use it as he grew up—though he was so competitive that his father would frequently ban him from the gym to allow Anna to work out undisturbed.


title: Mac McClung

text: He received his first significant exposure to basketball just before entering the seventh grade, when his mother Lenoir signed him up for a local youth league. Scott Vermillion, who was McClung's coach at Gate City High School, recalled in 2018, "He ducked his head inside for a minute and basically never left." McClung soon became more interested in basketball and began training for the sport regularly, with hopes of making the National Basketball Association (NBA), and his father was silently pleased when he gave up football after his freshman year of high school. According to McClung, his shooting form improved after he broke his arm while snowboarding in eighth grade, and he honed the skill with Greg Ervin, the former head coach at Gate City High.


title: Mac McClung

text: McClung first started dunking as a sophomore playing varsity basketball at Gate City High School. He grew in profile as an acrobatic dunker through the rest of his high school career. MaxPreps labeled him "one of nation's most exciting players." As a junior, on February 24, 2017, he scored a career-high 64 points in a loss to Dan River High School at the Virginia High School League (VHSL) Region 2A West tournament. It was the best scoring performance in school history and the highest among Virginia public schools since 1984. After the season, he was averaging 29.0 points, 5.5 assists, and 3.0 steals per game for the Blue Devils and was tabbed Southwest Virginia Boys' Basketball Player of the Year by the "Bristol Herald Courier". In the summer, he committed to play for Rutgers in college.


title: Mac McClung

text: On December 12, he made his senior debut by scoring 47 points, shooting 18-of-23, in a 96–43 win over Lee High School. Among those in attendance was Georgetown head coach Patrick Ewing. On January 11, 2018, after opposing coach James Schooler reportedly told him "you're going to Georgetown to sit," McClung scored 44 points against Fern Creek High School of Louisville, Kentucky at the Arby's Classic tournament in Bristol, Tennessee. McClung broke the VHSL single-season scoring record previously held by Hall of Famer Allen Iverson during the 2018 VHSL regional playoffs on February 21, surpassing Iverson's record of 948 points in 25 games—five fewer than it took Iverson to amass the previous record. He ended his high school career with Gate City's first state championship, scoring 47 points in an 80–65 title-game win over Staunton's Robert E. Lee High. The 47 points broke a VHSL all-classes scoring record for a championship game that had been held by former NBA player JJ Redick. McClung finished the season with 1,153 points and 2,801 for his career, also a VHSL all-classes record, and was again named Southwest Virginia Player of the Year by the "Herald Courier". He won the slam dunk contest at the Ballislife All-American Game.


title: Mac McClung

text: Prior to his final high school season, on October 6, 2017, McClung decommitted from Rutgers. Over one week later, he committed to Georgetown.


title: Mac McClung

text: On December 22, 2018, McClung scored a freshman season-high 38 points for Georgetown in a 102–94 victory over Little Rock. As a freshman, he averaged 13.1 points, 2.6 rebounds and two assists per game, leading all Big East Conference freshmen in scoring. McClung was named to the Big East All-Freshman Team. In February 2020, during his sophomore season, he missed several games with a foot injury. McClung only played 21 games due to the injury, averaging 15.7 points, 2.4 assists and 1.4 steals in 27 minutes per game as a sophomore. After the season, he declared for the 2020 NBA draft and signed with an NCAA-certified agent to maintain his collegiate eligibility. On May 13, he withdrew from the draft and entered the NCAA transfer portal.


title: Mac McClung

text: On May 27, 2020, McClung left Georgetown and announced that he would transfer to Texas Tech. He was granted a waiver for immediate eligibility on October 30. In his Texas Tech debut on November 25, McClung finished with 20 points in a 101–58 win against Northwestern State. As a junior, he averaged 15.5 points, 2.7 rebounds and 2.1 assists per game.


title: Mac McClung

text: McClung entered the collegiate transfer portal again in April 2021 while simultaneously declaring for the 2021 NBA draft. In May 2021, McClung confirmed via Twitter that he would remain in the draft and forgo his remaining college eligibility.


title: Mac McClung

text: After going undrafted in the 2021 NBA draft, McClung joined the Los Angeles Lakers for the 2021 NBA Summer League, and afterwards signed with the team on August 10, 2021. However, he was waived on October 13. On October 23, 2021, he signed with the South Bay Lakers of the NBA G League, the affiliate team of the Los Angeles Lakers. Mac's debut with South Bay consisted of a game-high 24 points, nine assists and six rebounds in a 112–105 victory over the NBA G League Ignite on November 5, 2021.


title: Mac McClung

text: On December 22, 2021, McClung signed a 10-day contract with the Chicago Bulls. He signed a second 10-day contract with the team on January 1, 2022. On January 4, 2022, the Chicago Bulls assigned McClung to their NBA G League affiliate, the Windy City Bulls. McClung debuted the very next night, and in his first game with the team McClung scored 19 points and had nine assists in a 112-108 loss to the Motor City Cruise. On January 6, 2022, McClung was recalled to the main roster.


title: Mac McClung

text: On January 11, 2022, after his 10-day contracts expired, McClung was reacquired by the South Bay Lakers. He was named the 2021–22 G League Rookie of the Year.


title: Mac McClung

text: On April 9, 2022, McClung signed a two-way contract with the Los Angeles Lakers. On June 29, Los Angeles declined his $1.62 million qualifying offer, making him an unrestricted free agent. He joined the Lakers for the California Classic in the 2022 NBA Summer League.


title: Mac McClung

text: After playing two games for the Lakers' summer league team, McClung joined the Golden State Warriors' summer squad. On July 22, 2022, McClung signed a one-year, non-guaranteed contract with the Warriors. On October 3, 2022, McClung was released by the Warriors.


title: Mac McClung

text: On October 9, 2022, the Philadelphia 76ers signed McClung to an Exhibit-10 contract before being waived a day later.


title: Mac McClung

text: McClung is the son of Marcus and Lenoir McClung. During his birth, his umbilical cord was tightly wrapped around his neck; his father recalled, "He was blue as a Smurf." The attending physicians quickly freed him, and he almost immediately recovered. His parents met at Virginia Tech, where Marcus played football and Lenoir was a cheerleader. His father went on to become an attorney, serving as Commonwealth Attorney for Scott County, Virginia as of 2018, while at that time his mother was teaching driver's education at Gate City High. According to a 2018 story in "The Washington Post", as well as the aforementioned story in "The Undefeated", his parents' background greatly aided the younger McClung in his athletic pursuits. His father served as trainer for much of his youth, and the family was also able to afford placing him on a Richmond-based AAU travel team. His sister Anna, who completed her high school soccer career as the VHSL's all-time goal scoring leader, went on to play the sport at Florida State and Tennessee, while his uncle Seth competed with two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams. His aunts Correne and Collette both played Division 1 College Hockey. Correne also played with the Canadian National Team.


title: Ellen Corby

text: Ellen Hansen Corby (June 3, 1911 – April 14, 1999) was an American actress and screenwriter. She played the role of Esther "Grandma" Walton on the CBS television series "The Waltons", for which she won three Emmy Awards. She was also nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe Award for her performance as Aunt Trina in "I Remember Mama" (1948).


title: Ellen Corby

text: Ellen Hansen was born in Racine, Wisconsin, to immigrant parents from Denmark. She grew up in Philadelphia. An interest in amateur theater while in high school led her to Atlantic City in 1932, where she briefly worked as a chorus girl. She moved to Hollywood that same year and got a job as a script girl at RKO Studios and Hal Roach Studios, where she often worked on "Our Gang" comedies, alongside her future husband, cinematographer Francis Corby. She held that position for the next 12 years and took acting lessons on the side.