title: Occupational safety and health

text: Because different countries take different approaches to ensuring occupational safety and health, areas of OSH need and focus also vary between countries and regions. Similar to the findings of the ENHSPO survey conducted in Australia, the Institute of Occupational Medicine in the UK found that there is a need to put greater emphasis on work-related illness in the UK. In contrast, in Australia and the US, a major responsibility of the OHS professional is to keep company directors and managers aware of the issues that they face in regards to occupational health and safety principles and legislation. However, in some other areas of Europe, it is precisely this which has been lacking: "Nearly half of senior managers and company directors do not have an up-to-date understanding of their health and safety-related duties and responsibilities."


title: Occupational safety and health

text: In the Arab Gulf countries such as Qatar, there is poor OHS. During the construction of different FIFA World cup infrastructure, it was reported that workers were treated badly.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: "Hazard", "risk", and "outcome" are used in other fields to describe e.g. environmental damage, or damage to equipment. However, in the context of OSH, "harm" generally describes the direct or indirect degradation, temporary or permanent, of the physical, mental, or social well-being of workers. For example, repetitively carrying out manual handling of heavy objects is a hazard. The outcome could be a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) or an acute back or joint injury. The risk can be expressed numerically (e.g. a 0.5 or 50/50 chance of the outcome occurring during a year), in relative terms (e.g. "high/medium/low"), or with a multi-dimensional classification scheme (e.g. situation-specific risks).


title: Occupational safety and health

text: Hazard identification or assessment is an important step in the overall risk assessment and risk management process. It is where individual work hazards are identified, assessed and controlled/eliminated as close to source (location of the hazard) as reasonably as possible. As technology, resources, social expectation or regulatory requirements change, hazard analysis focuses controls more closely toward the source of the hazard. Thus hazard control is a dynamic program of prevention. Hazard based programs also have the advantage of not assigning or implying there are "acceptable risks" in the workplace. A hazard-based program may not be able to eliminate all risks, but neither does it accept "satisfactory" – but still risky – outcomes. And as those who calculate and manage the risk are usually managers while those exposed to the risks are a different group, workers, a hazard-based approach can by-pass conflict inherent in a risk-based approach.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: The information that needs to be gathered from sources should apply to the specific type of work from which the hazards can come from. As mentioned previously, examples of these sources include interviews with people who have worked in the field of the hazard, history and analysis of past incidents, and official reports of work and the hazards encountered. Of these, the personnel interviews may be the most critical in identifying undocumented practices, events, releases, hazards and other relevant information. Once the information is gathered from a collection of sources, it is recommended for these to be digitally archived (to allow for quick searching) and to have a physical set of the same information in order for it to be more accessible. One innovative way to display the complex historical hazard information is with a historical hazards identification map, which distills the hazard information into an easy to use graphical format. In the construction industry specifically, job hazard analysis (JHA) software allows safety managers and crew members to identify potential hazards at the job site and improve accident prevention.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: Modern occupational safety and health legislation usually demands that a risk assessment be carried out prior to making an intervention. It should be kept in mind that risk management requires risk to be managed to a level which is as low as is reasonably practical.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: The calculation of risk is based on the likelihood or probability of the harm being realized and the severity of the consequences. This can be expressed mathematically as a quantitative assessment (by assigning low, medium and high likelihood and severity with integers and multiplying them to obtain a risk factor), or qualitatively as a description of the circumstances by which the harm could arise.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: The assessment should be recorded and reviewed periodically and whenever there is a significant change to work practices. The assessment should include practical recommendations to control the risk. Once recommended controls are implemented, the risk should be re-calculated to determine if it has been lowered to an acceptable level. Generally speaking, newly introduced controls should lower risk by one level, i.e., from high to medium or from medium to low.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: On an international scale, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) have begun focusing on labour environments in developing nations with projects such as Healthy Cities. Many of these developing countries are stuck in a situation in which their relative lack of resources to invest in OSH leads to increased costs due to work-related illnesses and accidents. The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work states indicates that nations having less developed OSH systems spend a higher fraction of their gross national product on job-related injuries and illness – taking resources away from more productive activities. The ILO estimates that work-related illness and accidents cost up to 10% of GDP in Latin America, compared with just 2.6% to 3.8% in the EU. There is continued use of asbestos, a notorious hazard, in some developing countries. So asbestos-related disease is expected to continue to be a significant problem well into the future.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: Nanotechnology is an example of a new, relatively unstudied technology. A Swiss survey of 138 companies using or producing nanoparticulate matter in 2006 resulted in forty completed questionnaires. Sixty-five per cent of respondent companies stated they did not have a formal risk assessment process for dealing with nanoparticulate matter. Nanotechnology already presents new issues for OSH professionals that will only become more difficult as nanostructures become more complex. The size of the particles renders most containment and personal protective equipment ineffective. The toxicology values for macro sized industrial substances are rendered inaccurate due to the unique nature of nanoparticulate matter. As nanoparticulate matter decreases in size its relative surface area increases dramatically, increasing any catalytic effect or chemical reactivity substantially versus the known value for the macro substance. This presents a new set of challenges in the near future to rethink contemporary measures to safeguard the health and welfare of employees against a nanoparticulate substance that most conventional controls have not been designed to manage.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: Many countries' health and safety at work arrangements are currently focused on protection against the spread of COVID-19. Both broad and industry-specific workplace hazard controls for COVID-19 have been proposed to minimize risks of disease transmission in the workplace.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Occupational Research Agenda Manufacturing Council established an externally-lead COVID-19 workgroup to provide exposure control information specific to working in manufacturing environments. The workgroup identified disseminating information most relevant to manufacturing workplaces as a priority, and that would include providing content in Wikipedia. This includes evidence-based practices for infection control plans, and communication tools.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: Occupational health disparities refer to differences in occupational injuries and illnesses that are closely linked with demographic, social, cultural, economic, and/or political factors.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: There are multiple levels of training applicable to the field of occupational safety and health (OSH). Programs range from individual non-credit certificates and awareness courses focusing on specific areas of concern, to full doctoral programs. The University of Southern California was one of the first schools in the US to offer a Ph.D. program focusing on the field. Further, multiple master's degree programs exist, such as that of the Indiana State University who offer a Master of Science (MSc) and a Master of Arts (MA) in OSH. Other masters-level qualifications include the Master of Science (MSc) and Master of Research (MRes) degrees offered by the University of Hull in collaboration with the National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH). Graduate programs are designed to train educators, as well as, high-level practitioners.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: Many OSH generalists focus on undergraduate studies; programs within schools, such as that of the University of North Carolina's online Bachelor of Science in Environmental Health and Safety, fill a large majority of hygienist needs. However, smaller companies often do not have full-time safety specialists on staff, thus, they appoint a current employee to the responsibility. Individuals finding themselves in positions such as these, or for those enhancing marketability in the job-search and promotion arena, may seek out a credit certificate program. For example, the University of Connecticut's online OSH Certificate provides students familiarity with overarching concepts through a 15-credit (5-course) program. Programs such as these are often adequate tools in building a strong educational platform for new safety managers with a minimal outlay of time and money. Further, most hygienists seek certification by organizations that train in specific areas of concentration, focusing on isolated workplace hazards. The American Society for Safety Engineers (ASSE), American Society for Safety Professionals (ASSP), American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH), and American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) offer individual certificates on many different subjects from forklift operation to waste disposal and are the chief facilitators of continuing education in the OSH sector.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: In the US the training of safety professionals is supported by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health through their NIOSH Education and Research Centers.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: In the UK, both the National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH) and the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) develop health and safety qualifications and courses which cater to a mixture of industries and levels of study. Although both organisations are based in the UK, their qualifications are recognised and studied internationally as they are delivered through their own global networks of approved providers.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: In Australia, training in OSH is available at the vocational education and training level, and at university undergraduate and postgraduate level. Such university courses may be accredited by an Accreditation Board of the Safety Institute of Australia. The institute has produced a Body of Knowledge which it considers is required by a generalist safety and health professional, and offers a professional qualification based on a four-step assessment.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: One form of training delivered in the workplace is known as a ""toolbox talk"". According to the UK's Health and Safety Executive, a toolbox talk is a short presentation to the workforce on a single aspect of health and safety. Such talks are often used, especially in the construction industry, by site supervisors, front line managers and owners of small construction firms to prepare and deliver advice on matters of health, safety and the environment and to obtain feedback from the workforce. There is specific software used in construction for toolbox talks that allows safety managers to record safety meetings and track attendee signatures. The Health and Safety Executive has also developed health and safety qualifications in collaboration with the NEBOSH.


title: Occupational safety and health

text: On April 28 The International Labour Organization celebrates "World Day for Safety and Health" to raise awareness of safety in the workplace. Occurring annually since 2003, each year it focuses on a specific area and bases a campaign around the theme.


title: Frances O'Connor

text: Frances Ann O'Connor (born 12 June 1967) is a British–born Australian actress and director. She is known for her roles in the films "Mansfield Park" (1999), "Bedazzled" (2000), "A.I. Artificial Intelligence" (2001), "The Importance of Being Earnest" (2002), and "Timeline" (2003). O'Connor has won an AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance in "Blessed" (2009), and earned Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film nominations for her performances in "Madame Bovary" (2000) and "The Missing" (2014). In 2022, her debut feature as writer and director, "Emily" was released.


title: Frances O'Connor

text: O'Connor was born in Wantage, at the time part of Berkshire, England, to a pianist mother and nuclear physicist father; her family moved to Perth, Australia, when she was two years old. She is the middle of five children, with one older brother, one older sister, and two younger sisters. O'Connor was raised Roman Catholic, and attended the Mercedes College in Perth. She then went on to attend the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in literature from Curtin University in Western Australia.


title: Frances O'Connor

text: O'Connor made her film debut in Emma-Kate Croghan's critically acclaimed independent romantic comedy "Love and Other Catastrophes" (1996). She received her first AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role nomination for her performance in the film. In 1997, she had the leading role in "Kiss or Kill", and starred opposite Cate Blanchett and Richard Roxburgh in "Thank God He Met Lizzie". In 1999, O'Connor starred as Fanny Price in the British romantic comedy-drama "Mansfield Park". The film also received favourable reviews from critics. The following year, O'Connor earned a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance as Emma Bovary in the film "Madame Bovary".


title: Frances O'Connor

text: In 2000, O'Connor began her career in Hollywood with a role in the comedy film "Bedazzled", a remake of the 1967 film of the same name. She starred opposite Brendan Fraser and Elizabeth Hurley. The following year, she had a leading role in the Steven Spielberg science fiction drama "A.I. Artificial Intelligence". She was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film. In 2002, she starred alongside Rupert Everett, Colin Firth, and Judi Dench in the romantic comedy-drama "The Importance of Being Earnest", directed by Oliver Parker and based on Oscar Wilde's classic play. In 2003, O'Connor starred opposite Paul Walker in the science fiction film "Timeline", which bombed at the box office.


title: Frances O'Connor

text: In 2004, O'Connor returned to independent films and starred in "Iron Jawed Angels" with Hilary Swank, Julia Ormond, and Anjelica Huston. She received two more AACTA Award for Best Actress nominations for "Three Dollars" (2005) and "The Hunter". In 2008, she starred in the short-lived ABC comedy-drama series "Cashmere Mafia" opposite Lucy Liu, Miranda Otto, and Bonnie Somerville. In 2009, she won an AACTA Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Blessed". She later appeared in "Jayne Mansfield's Car", "Little Red Wagon", and "The Truth About Emanuel". In 2011, O'Connor was cast in the ABC drama pilot "Hallelujah", created by Marc Cherry, but the show was not picked up to series. From 2013 to 2014, she starred as Rose Selfridge in the British period drama "Mr Selfridge".


title: Frances O'Connor

text: In 2014, O'Connor was cast as lead in the British drama "The Missing". She was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film for her performance in the series. She then appeared as Belle's mother Colette in the fourth season of the American series "Once Upon a Time". In 2016, O'Connor co-starred in the horror film "The Conjuring 2", alongside Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson, and in "Cleverman", opposite Iain Glen.


title: Frances O'Connor

text: O'Connor and her long-term partner, Gerald Lepkowski, had a son, Luka, in May 2005. The couple married in 2011 at O'Connor's mother's residence in Australia.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: Sex, Lies, and Videotape (often written in all lowercase as sex, lies, and videotape) is a 1989 American independent drama film written and directed by Steven Soderbergh. The plot tells the story of a troubled man who videotapes women discussing their sexuality and fantasies, and his impact on the relationships of a troubled married couple and the wife's younger sister.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: "Sex, Lies, and Videotape" won the Palme d'Or at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival, making Soderbergh the youngest solo director to win the award; he was 26 at the time. The film was influential in revolutionizing the independent film movement in the early 1990s. In 2006, "Sex, Lies, and Videotape" was added to the United States Library of Congress' National Film Registry, deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: Ann Bishop Mullany lives in Baton Rouge, unhappily but comfortably married to John, a successful lawyer. She is in therapy, where she reveals that she is repulsed by the idea of John touching her. Graham Dalton, an old close college friend of John and now a drifter with some money saved up, visits Baton Rouge to see John and perhaps stay in the city. When he arrives at their home, Graham meets Ann, who learns that John has invited Graham to stay with them until he finds an apartment. When John arrives home, Graham's demeanor becomes remarkably more guarded; though he realizes he now has nothing in common with John, he and Ann get along well.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: John is having an affair with Ann's sister Cynthia, a free-spirited artist and bartender, which he rationalizes by blaming Ann's frigidity. Ann helps Graham look for an apartment. After Graham finds a place, Ann makes an impromptu visit and notices stacks of camcorder videotapes, labeled with women's names. When questioned, Graham explains that they contain interviews with women about their deepest desires and fantasies. Offended and confused, Ann abruptly leaves.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: The next day, Cynthia appears uninvited at Graham's apartment and presses Graham to explain what "spooked" Ann. Graham reluctantly explains it was the videotapes that disturbed Ann and that he achieves gratification by watching the videos in private. Graham propositions Cynthia to make an interview tape, assuring her that only he will see them. She agrees, and later tells Ann about the experience. Ann is horrified, as is John when Cynthia later tells him.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: Cleaning her home the next day, Ann discovers Cynthia's pearl earring in her bedroom while vacuuming, and deduces her affair with John. Furious, Ann goes to Graham's apartment with the intention of making a videotape. Graham objects, but she is insistent.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: Later, Ann demands a divorce from John, and reveals that she made a tape with Graham. John rushes to Graham's apartment and, after attacking Graham and locking him out, watches Ann's tape. In the video, Ann says she has never felt any kind of "satisfaction" from sex. Graham asks if she ever thinks of having sex with other men, she admits she has thought of Graham. Ann turns the camera on Graham, who resists opening up, but soon confesses that he is haunted by his ex-girlfriend Elizabeth, and that his motivation in returning to Baton Rouge was an attempt to achieve some closure. Graham explains that he was a pathological liar, which destroyed his relationship with Elizabeth. He has since gone to great lengths to avoid people and relationships. Ann kisses Graham, then he turns off the camcorder, ending the tape.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: A chastened John joins Graham on the front porch and, with obvious pleasure, confesses to having sex with Elizabeth while she and Graham were a couple, saying "She was no saint. She was good in bed, and she could keep a secret. That's all I can say about her". After he leaves, Graham angrily destroys his camcorder and all of the videotapes.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: The next day, John is summoned to his boss's office, where it is implied that he is about to be fired. Ann and Cynthia reconcile at the bar Cynthia tends. Ann goes to Graham's and joins him on the front porch.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: The film was written by Steven Soderbergh in eight days on a yellow legal pad during a cross country trip (although, as Soderbergh points out in his DVD commentary track, he had been thinking about the film for a year).


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: Soderbergh's commentary also reveals that he had written Andie MacDowell's role with Elizabeth McGovern in mind, but McGovern's agent disliked the script so much that McGovern never even got to read it. Laura San Giacomo, who was represented by the same agency, had to threaten to leave that agency in order to be able to play Cynthia. Soderbergh was reluctant to audition MacDowell but she surprised him, getting the role after two extremely successful auditions. The role of John would have been played by Tim Daly, but delays in completing the financing for the film led to Peter Gallagher's getting the role instead.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: With a budget of only $1.2 million, a week of rehearsal and a month-long shoot in August 1988 was all Soderbergh could afford. He would later call it “the only movie I’ve ever made where I felt like I had all the money and all the time I needed.” Principal photography took place in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: "Sex, Lies, and Videotape" opened in a limited release on August 4, 1989, in 4 theaters and grossed $155,982, with an average of 30 patrons per showing in the first 2–3 weeks; the studio released the film nationwide. The widest release for the film was 534 theaters and it ended up earning $24,741,667 in the United States, and around $36.74 million worldwide.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: "Sex, Lies, and Videotape" was well received in its initial release in 1989 and holds a "certified fresh" rating of 96% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 52 reviews with an average score of 8.00/10. The consensus states "In his feature directorial debut, Steven Soderbergh demonstrates a mastery of his craft well beyond his years, pulling together an outstanding cast and an intelligent script for a nuanced, mature film about neurosis and human sexuality." The film also has a score of 86 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 17 reviews indicating 'universal acclaim'.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: In 2006, "Sex, Lies, and Videotape" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: At the 1989 Cannes Film Festival, the film won the Palme d'Or and the FIPRESCI Prize, with Spader getting the Best Actor Award. It also won an Audience Award at the Sundance Film Festival. Soderbergh was nominated for an Academy Award for his screenplay.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: The DVD includes a "director's dialogue" between Soderbergh and playwright/director Neil LaBute, recorded in 1998. LaBute's presence leads to conversational tangents unrelated to the film, although most of the tangents are related to the question of what it means to be a director, and are intended, as Soderbergh summarizes at the end, to "demystify" the process of making a film. LaBute's presence prompts Soderbergh to talk about reverse zooms, dolly shots, how actors have varying expectations of their director, the difference between stealing from a film you admire and paying tribute to it, shooting out of sequence, how the role of a director changes as their success (and their budgets) grow, and other filmmaking topics.


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: The movie was presented as a staged play in Hollywood at the Next Stage from December 13, 2003 to January 17, 2004. Directed by Seth Wiley and a cast that featured Amanda Bauman (Ann), Emily Williams (Therapist), Shauna Slade (Cynthia), Justin Christenson (Graham), and Jack Sundmacher (John).


title: Sex, Lies, and Videotape

text: A sequel was announced in 2001 and Catherine Keener was the first actor attached to the project, named "How to Survive a Hotel Room Fire". It was billed by Miramax as "an unofficial sequel of sorts." In October it was announced the movie would star Julia Roberts, David Hyde Pierce, and David Duchovny. After the September 11 attacks, the title was changed to "The Art of Negotiating a Turn". Miramax head Harvey Weinstein did not like the new title, and consequently Soderbergh suggested the title, "Full Frontal", under which the film was released.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The Vision is a fictional character, a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and artist John Buscema, the character first appeared in "The Avengers" #57 (published in August 1968, with a cover date of October 1968), and is loosely based on the Timely Comics character of the same name who was an alien from another dimension. The Vision is an android (sometimes called a "synthezoid") built by the villainous robot Ultron created by Hank Pym. Originally intended to act as Ultron's "son" and destroy the Avengers, Vision instead turned on his creator and joined the Avengers to fight for the forces of good. Since then, he has been depicted as a frequent member of the team, and, for a time, was married to his teammate, the Scarlet Witch. He also served as a member of the Defenders.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The Vision was created from a copy of the original Human Torch, a synthetic man created by Phineas T. Horton. Ultron took this inert android and added more advanced technology to it, as well as new programming of his own design and a copy of human brainwave patterns. The result was the Vision, a synthezoid driven by logic but possessing emotions and able to achieve emotional growth. As an android, the Vision has a variety of abilities and super-powers. In the 1989 story "Vision Quest", Vision was dismantled, then rebuilt with a chalk-white appearance and now lacking the capacity for emotions. A greater understanding of emotions was regained in 1991, his original red appearance was restored in 1993, and his full personality and emotional connections to memories were restored in 1994 in his first self-titled limited series, "Vision". Another four-issue limited series, "Avengers Icons: The Vision", was published in late 2002. From 2015 to 2016, Vision had his own series again, during which he attempted to live in the suburbs with an android family.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Since his conception, the character has been adapted into several forms of media outside comics. Paul Bettany plays Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films "" (2015), "" (2016), and "" (2018), the television miniseries "WandaVision" (2021), and the animated series "What If...?" (2021).


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: While working as the writer of the superhero-team series "Avengers", Roy Thomas wanted to add a new character to the roster. A great fan of Golden Age heroes, he first thought to bring back Aarkus, a 1940s hero who had been called the Vision due to his spectral appearance and smoke-based abilities. This original Vision had appeared in stories published by Timely Comics, the company that later rebranded as Marvel Comics. Roy Thomas discussed the matter with Marvel editor Stan Lee, who co-created the Avengers team with artist Jack Kirby. Lee enjoyed the idea of a new member, but did not want it to be an alien or visitor from another dimension. After he suggested creating a new character entirely and that it could be an android instead, Thomas compromised by creating a new android character who resembled Aarkus and also called himself Vision.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The character has a capacity for emotions but is primarily driven by logic and curiosity. Unused to emotions and how they could influence his behavior, he would be at times guarded or unsure how to express himself. His personality has been compared with Spock from "Star Trek", but Thomas said he was barely aware of the TV series at the time and was influenced by the Adam Link character created by Otto Binder, one of the first fictional robots treated as a sympathetic character rather than only a mechanical tool or a monster. Artist John Buscema designed the character by adjusting the appearance of Aarkus. Originally, Thomas wanted the character to be colored chalk-white, befitting his ghostly name. Printing limitations of the time would have rendered him colorless by leaving that portion of the page un-inked rather than using white ink, meaning it would be more vulnerable to smudges and that images and text on the other side of the page would possibly be visible and seem to overlap the character. Thomas and Buscema settled on giving the character a colorful costume and red skin. The original Vision, Aarkus, had been depicted with light green or sometimes light blue skin in his original comics. Red was chosen for the new android character because Thomas believed Marvel readers had gotten to used to blue skin indicating a member of the Atlantean race, while green skin could bring comparisons to the Hulk.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The android Vision first appeared in "The Avengers" #57 (published in August 1968 but with a cover date indicating October). The cover of the issue was an homage to the first page of the first comic story to feature Aarkus. When Thomas created Ultron, he gave the robot an origin of having been created by Dr. Hank Pym and then turning on his creator. Thomas mirrored this by having Ultron create the Vision to be his son and ally, only to then have the new android join his enemies, the Avengers. To cement the character was not truly as cold and emotionless as he might appear, and that the stories would not treat him as if he were, "The Avengers" #58 included a scene where, after realizing he has been accepted by the Avengers not only as a new teammate but as a person, Vision excuses himself and silently cries.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: In "The Avengers" #75 (1970), Wanda Maximoff (the Scarlet Witch) rejoins the team with her brother Pietro (Quicksilver). Over time, Wanda became a love interest for Vision. Thomas recounted, "I felt that a romance of some sort would help the character development in "The Avengers", and the Vision was a prime candidate because he appeared only in that mag... as did Wanda, for that matter. So they became a pair, for just such practical considerations. It would also, I felt, add to the development I was doing on the Vision's attempting to become 'human.'"


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Originally, Thomas considered the Vision to be an android entirely created by Ultron. Later, Ultron had built the Vision from the body of the original Human Torch, who had been described in his Golden Age stories as a perfect, synthetic replica of a human being. Thomas only planted a vague clue to this in "The Avengers" #93 before leaving the series as writer. This aspect of the Vision's origin was finally revealed in "The Avengers" #134–135 (1975). Writer Steve Englehart explained, "That plot was well known in-house for years, and since Roy [Thomas] and Neal [Adams] hadn't had a chance to do it, I did it on my watch with Roy's blessing."


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: After learning he had once been the original Human Torch in another life, Vision felt a stronger sense of identity. Englehart then had Vision and Scarlet Witch marry in "Giant-Size Avengers" #4 (June 1975). Years later, the couple starred in the first limited series called "The Vision and the Scarlet Witch" #1–4 (Nov. 1982 – Feb. 1983), by writer Bill Mantlo and penciller Rick Leonardi. The mini-series showed Vision and Wanda moving into a house in Leonia, New Jersey, hoping to strengthen their marriage by enjoying a life and experiences outside of the Avengers. This was followed by a second limited series that lasted 12 issues (Oct. 1985 – Sept. 1986), written by Steve Englehart and penciled by Richard Howell. Despite their previous home being burned down by people who consider the marriage of an android and a mutant to be unnatural, Vision and Wanda move back to Leonia and again attempt to live a suburban life outside of their duties as superheroes. The series cemented that the Vision and Simon Williams (Wonder Man) now regarded each other as twin brothers, since part of Vision's programming was based on the brainwave pattern of Simon. Early in the series, the Scarlet Witch is a colony of sorcerers during a deadly, magical ritual. The Scarlet Witch temporarily taps into this powerful magical energy and is able to grant herself a wish for a family. She becomes pregnant and nine months later gives birth to twin boys, Thomas and William ("Billy").


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Englehart later took over as writer for the "Avengers" spin-off series "West Coast Avengers", featuring a new branch of the team that was based in Los Angeles. Having grown fond of Vision and Wanda, he added them to the Avengers West team. Later on, John Byrne took over as writer/penciller for West Coast Avengers (which would soon be retitled Avengers West Coast). Byrne believed it was a mistake to give an android character emotions and to give him and Wanda a family. His "Vision Quest" story in "West Coast Avengers" #42–45 (March – June 1989) had the Vision dismantled, his human brain patterns wiped out, and his artificial skin rendered chalk-white (modern printing techniques and paper meant it was now more feasible to give a character chalk-white skin or costumes). Rather than portray the Vision as a synthetic man, Byrne depicted his parts as purely robotic and his skin as a costume-like shell. Journalist Karen Walker later commented, "This image alone has probably done more to shape how future writers (and readers) perceive the character than anything before or since. Once seen broken down into component parts, it's hard to truly move past that image and think of Vision as a synthetic man, not a machine."


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Vision's memories were restored but not his emotions. As such, he could no longer reciprocate Wanda's feelings or even express love for his children, which led to the annulment of their marriage. Byrne then went further, undoing the Vision's origin by revealing he was not the original Torch. The same issue depicted the original Human Torch being reactivated and meeting the Vision face to face. Following this, Byrne revealed that the children of Vision and Wanda were not real, explaining that Scarlet Witch had suffered a "hysterical pregnancy" and her temporarily increased power had projected this desire for children into creating imaginary constructs. The children were then wiped from existence. Further trauma led to Wanda becoming catatonic soon afterward. Rather than nurse his wife, Vision left Avengers West, concluding he could not help Wanda further and his presence would be more useful as a member of the NYC based team. Byrne also had Vision refuse an offer by Wonder Man to restore human brain patterns to his mind, possibly restoring his capacity for emotions in the process.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: In "Avengers Spotlight" #40 (1991), Vision realized a human brainwave pattern was necessary for his operation and gained one based on deceased research scientist Alex Lipton. This restored some of Vision's for emotion and empathy. The same story featured Vision gaining a personal holographic projector so he could assume the guise of an average person and mingle with humanity more to learn a greater understanding of people. This identity was called "Victor Shade."


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Marvel later decided to restore the Vision's original red-skinned appearance. To do this, an emotional and villainous Vision from a parallel timeline was introduced as member of the Gatherers, a new group of enemies to the Avengers. This alternate Vision (sometimes called Anti-Vision) infiltrated the Avengers team by exchanging his mind with the heroic Vision. After another battle with the Gatherers, the Anti-Vision escaped, still housed in the chalk-white body. The heroic Vision returned to the Avengers, now once again with red-colored skin. This occurred in "The Avengers" #360-363, by writer Bob Harras and artists Steve Epting and Tom Palmer.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: In late 1994, writer Bob Harras and penciller Manny Clark produced the first "Vision" limited series, lasting 4 issues. The series featured Vision suffering a mental breakdown, as his original personality (based on the brainwaves of Wonder Man) began to emerge and clash with the Adam Lipton emotions. After fighting the Anti-Vision again, Vision found mental and emotional balance again, now with full emotional capacity restored. Later on, he revealed that this also meant he had regained the emotions tied to his memories from before being dismantled, including his feelings for Wanda.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: A four-issue series, "Avengers Icons: The Vision," was published in late 2002, written by Geoff Johns and penciled by Ivan Reis. The mini-series featured Vision meeting people related to Phineas T. Horton, the original Human Torch's creator. Vision considered these people to now be his family.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The story arc "Avengers Disassembled" featured the Vision being destroyed. The story included an explanation that he was damaged beyond repair. Soon afterward, the original "Young Avengers" series introduced a new Vision, whose personality was created by a combination of the synthezoid Vision's programming and mental engrams of the hero Iron Lad. It is later revealed that the Young Avengers members Wiccan and Speed are teenage reincarnations of Wanda and Vision's children Billy and Thomas, indicating they might have been real all along.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The original android Vision is fully rebuilt and restored in "The Avengers" vol. 4 #19 in 2012 and once again becomes a regular star of the series. After the series is cancelled in 2013, Vision becomes the star of the series "Avengers A.I." where he joins a team of fellow synthetic and cybernetically enhanced beings, including the cyborg Victor Mancha, another "son" of Ultron.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Vision again appeared in a new 12-issues "Vision" series published from November 2015 to October 2016. The series featured him creating an android wife and two android children in another attempt to live a happy, family life in the suburbs. This attempt largely ends in failure. A later encounter with the Hulk leads to the Vision's destruction again in "Avengers" #685. He is later rebuilt but his core remains damaged, meaning he will eventually die. In "Champions" vol. 2 #22, Vision concludes life is meant to be finite. Later, Vision is fully healed due to the energies of the House of Ideas in "Avengers No Road Home" #9-10.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Founding member of the Avengers and scientist/adventurer Hank Pym (also known by the code names Ant-Man, Giant-Man, and Goliath) decides to experiment with creating artificial intelligence, using a combination of computer programming and recordings of human brainwave patterns. Hank's hope is to create a robot who does not just simulate emotions but can truly feel and achieve emotional growth. His work results in the creation of a robot called Ultron who immediately turns on him and escapes. Ultron then upgrades himself repeatedly, finally creating a formidable robotic form which can allow him to do battle. Hating his father and wishing to dominate Earth, Ultron makes attacks against the Avengers, both on his own and through the use of agents such as the Masters of Evil team. Ultron's first ally is Eric Williams, the Grim Reaper, a villain who hates the Avengers because he blames them for the death of his brother Simon Williams, the ionically empowered hero Wonder Man (Eric and the Avengers were unaware at the time that Wonder Man was alive and only in a coma-like state). Inspired by how strongly Eric is motivated by his connection to his brother, Ultron decides he wants family too.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: To create an android "son", Ultron first tracks down the body of the original android Human Torch, a Golden Age hero and android described by his creator Phineas T. Horton as a "synthetic man", being replica of an adult human male with synthetic organs, blood, tissue, muscle, and skeleton. Unknown to the living robot, the time villain called Immortus uses his powers to duplicate the original Torch moments before Ultron's arrival, creating twin copies. While Ultron takes one deactivated Human Torch back to his lab, the other deactivated Human Torch remains behind, waiting to be reactivated. Immortus did this as part of larger plans he had to manipulate the Avengers.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: In his lab, Ultron adds robotic technology of his own design to his copy of the android Torch, creating a new artificial life form with a physical appearance and abilities different from the original Torch. Primarily, this android is able to absorb and expel solar radiation and control his density. Ultron then copies Pym's method of replicating human brainwaves and, in recognition of his being inspired by the Grim Reaper, bases his creation's personality program on the brainwave patterns of Wonder Man. When the android is brought online, he knows Ultron to be his creator but does not know about his connection to the android hero the Human Torch. Ultron does not give his son a name.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Ultron sends his son to Avengers Mansion. Wasp witnesses the android float through the mansion and is startled, describing the intruder as a ghostly "vision." After battling and studying the Avengers, the android concludes they are good people whereas Ultron is corrupt. Taking the name Vision, the android aids the Avengers and turns against Ultron. The Avengers learn how Ultron created him and that he is arguably alive, his programming based on mimicking a human mind. Due to his mixture of robotics and synthetic organs, Hank Pym later remarks it would be more accurate to call Vision a "synthezoid." Seeing him as a person, and because of the team's past successes with recruiting former villains and criminals wishing to atone for past actions, the Avengers welcome the android to the team. Overwhelmed by this act of acceptance from the group, Vision immediately excuses himself and weeps. An alternate account of the Vision's origin includes Wasp explaining that starting a new life and finding a new identity can involve imagining "a vision" of the person you aspire to be and then trying to reach it. Affected by these words, this becomes why the android choses his name. Yet another account suggests that the name came from a memory of Horton's prototype, a robot he created before perfecting the original Human Torch. This prototype had been nicknamed "the vision of tomorrow."


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: While he is with the Avengers, Vision proves a valuable member and a loyal teammate. The villain Grim Reaper takes an interest in Vision, at first seeing him as his own brother Simon now resurrected. When the Reaper offers to transfer the Vision's mind into the human body of Captain America, making him truly human, Vision plays along to defeat him later. After multiple encounters, the Grim Reaper grows a hatred for Vision, seeing him as a mockery of his dead brother Wonder Man.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Not long after joining the team, Vision is temporarily controlled by Ultron due to a control crystal the villain implanted in his son's synthetic brain (though Vision does not learn about the presence of this crystal until years later). Vision is forced to rebuild the robot villain, giving him a body of near-indestructible adamantium, and then battles the Avengers. Eventually, Vision regains control of himself and Ultron is defeated. Soon afterward, the former Avengers known as Wanda Maximoff, the Scarlet Witch, and her twin brother Pietro Maximoff, Quicksilver, rejoin the team. Wanda and Vision begin forming a friendship. At times, Vision suspects he is growing feelings for Wanda but then quickly denies this, believing that even an android who has some emotional capacity is not capable of having a romantic relationship with a human. Despite this, he grows fiercely protective of his teammates and Wanda in particular. During the Kree-Skrull War, Vision realizes he can hide his feelings no longer and admits them to Wanda. Feeling the same for him, Wanda kisses Vision and the two become romantically involved. This despite the protests of Quicksilver, who believes an android cannot truly love, and Hawkeye, who has his own feelings for Wanda. Eventually, Hawkeye, as well as the other Avengers, come to agree the two make a happy couple.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: During an encounter with the time villain Immortus, Vision learns he was apparently constructed from the remains of the original Human Torch. This information gives him a stronger sense of identity and having a past, even though he does not recall being the android Torch and has a different personality. Soon afterward, Vision and Wanda are married. Soon afterward, Simon Williams is discovered to be alive due to being powered by ionic energy, his death-like state having been only a form of coma. As Wonder Man, he joins the team and learns an android had been programmed with a copy of his brainwaves. Wonder Man befriends the Vision and the two come to regard each other as twin brothers, just as Wanda and Pietro are twin siblings.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Some time later, realizing they have never had a life together that did not involve the Avengers, Wanda and Vision take a leave of absence from the team and buy a house together in the suburbs of Leonia, New Jersey. After several months, Vision feels he and Wanda should return to active duty and the two do so. During a battle with the villain Annihilus, Vision suffers serious damage and "shuts down." Regaining consciousness weeks later, he remains paralyzed and communicates for a time through a holographic form. Connection with ISAAC, a computer system created by advanced Eternal science, helps Vision eventually repair and regain control of his body. Vision realizes the presence of Ultron's control crystal in his brain and that its presence has inhibited his emotional growth and made it easier for villains to control him. After ISAAC's connection, the crystal is affected and Vision experiences a heightened emotional state. Overwhelmed by the state of violence and self-destructive actions on Earth, he becomes obsessed with world peace. To help his plan, he manipulates the Wasp into giving up her position as leader of the Avengers and then adopts the position himself. His increasingly irrational state leads to him manipulating and lying to the Avengers for months, while causing tension in his marriage.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: As Vision ponders whether or not this plan is moral and will actually help, he and Wanda learn their home in Leonia has been burnt down by bigots who objected to the presence of a mutant (Wanda was mistakenly believed to be a mutant at the time) and her android husband. Taking the arson as a sign, Vision acts on his and temporarily takes control of various computer systems, weapons systems, and government databases across Earth. Doing so causes Vision great mental strain and he realizes this plan is wrong and the control crystal has interfered with his ability to reason, influencing him to act irrationally. After the Avengers help disrupt his control over Earth's computers, Vision reaches into his own body and take out the control crystal. Able to think clearly again, he apologizes for his actions and resigns from the Avengers, along with Wanda. To spare the Avengers military retaliation, Vision reveals only part of the truth to the US government, saying the loss of control they experienced was a malfunction he alone caused while accessing their network and was due to his own negligence, adding that he has quit the team and will answer any further questions. This convinces several world governments Vision and the Avengers are not an active threat, but several government operatives from different countries do not trust the situation and decide to monitor the android.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: After buying a new house in Leonia, New Jersey, Vision expresses his hope that one day he and Wanda can have a family. Later on, Wanda is brought to New Salem, a community of sorcerers. The villainous magic-users in charge perform a ceremony they hope will vastly increase their powers. Wanda taps into the immense mystical power herself and is about to release it harmlessly, when she hears the voice of her deceased teacher, the sorceress Agatha Harkness, telling her to use the power before she gives it up. Wanda thinks of her desire for children with Vision, then releases the excess magical energy. Soon afterward, she discovers she is pregnant. Months later, Wanda goes into labor and the sorcerer Dr. Strange delivers her twin children Thomas and William ("Billy"), named after Phineas T. Horton and Simon Williams.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Not long afterward, Vision and Wanda join the new West Coast branch of the Avengers, based in Los Angeles. Realizing this means Vision again has access to advanced computer systems and federal databases, operatives belonging to different governments secretly agree this makes him a threat. What's more, there is growing concern Vision's mind may have accessed and still possesses classified data. With help from rogue agents of the American government, operatives from different countries arrange for Vision's capture, dismantle him, and wipe his mind's programming. The Avengers recover Vision, rebuild him, and restore his experiential memories, but his skin color is now chalk-white and his personality and emotions are missing.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Despite having earlier appreciated Vision as a brother and seen him as a separate entity, Wonder Man now refuses to allow his brain patterns to provide the basis for Vision's personality again and allow him to recover his emotions, arguing that this was done without his consent before and he resents it as an act that "ripped out" a part of his soul. Privately, Wonder Man also admits he has feelings for Wanda and now selfishly does not want to help Vision reunite with his wife. Wanda's efforts to find help elsewhere lead to her being mind controlled by a parasitic force called That Which Endures, causing her to temporarily become a villain and act against the Avengers.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Following this, Hank Pym concludes that Vision could not possibly be the original Human Torch (a conclusion later revealed to be the influence of Immortus again). Investigating the matter, the Avengers discover the other Human Torch android that Ultron had left behind. Wanda's hex magic reactivates it and Vision meets the android Torch, in some ways, his brother.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Wanda is traumatized by her husband no longer being able to love her or reciprocate her love, and is further unnerved to learn that what she knew of his origins might be a lie. She then learns that her children Thomas and Billy are evidently not real but rather magical constructs she herself created due to a "hysterical pregnancy" and an unexplained increase in her magical abilities. The demon lord Mephisto seemingly wipes the children from existence. Wanda also loses her memory of the children's existence. Immediately afterward, Wanda once again falls under mind control during "Atlantis Attacks". Though she regains control, the stress of the last few weeks causes her to become nonverbal and unresponsive. At this point, Simon at last offers his brain patterns to restore Vision's emotions. The android declines, saying he is now a different entity than the one who existed before being dismantled, and getting these brain waves would not restore the original Vision back but would only create a copy programmed to mimic him. Unable to emotionally comfort Wanda and believing he would be more useful to the main Avengers East team, Vision leaves Avengers West. It is later confirmed that the two annul their marriage after Wanda recovers, as Vision considers that he is a separate entity from her husband, who "died" when he was dismantled.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: While Vision works with Avengers East, Wanda regains the memory of her children during a battle with Immortus, who was responsible for manipulating recent events in her life and increasing her power. Glad to remember her twins even if they are gone, Wanda spends some time learning to cope with the loss.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Vision begins to suffer mental stress and curiosity, realizing he wishes a purpose in life beyond the Avengers. He seeks out help from scientist Miles Lipton, an expert in artificial intelligence and philosophies regarding consciousness. Lipton upgrades Vision with a holographic projector so he can disguise himself as a human, "Victor Shade", and mingle with humanity to learn more about them. When Vision continues to show mental stress, Lipton learns the android's mind requires a replicated human brain pattern for his operating system to properly function. Miles Lipton uploads a program based on the brain patterns and memory recordings of his deceased son, scientist Alex Lipton. As a result, Vision's mental strain is alleviated and he regains some understanding of emotion, as well as a greater capacity for empathy.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The Avengers fight a group of enemies called the Gatherers, one of whom is an overtly emotional and corrupt Vision who still has red-colored skin and is native to a parallel Earth. This other Vision (later called "Anti-Vision") infiltrates the Avengers by exchanging minds with the heroic Vision. While the Anti-Vision operates with the Avengers, now housed in the chalk-white body, the heroic Vision awakens in a red-skinned body identical to his original form, now a prisoner of the Gatherers. Eventually, he is freed but Anti-Vision escapes before they can exchange minds again.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Soon after having his original appearance restored, Vision experiences nightmares and then suffers a temporary break from reality, convincing himself he is a 1930s movie style private detective named Simon Williams. He realizes Ultron's design included a back-up of Wonder Man's brain patterns, a back-up which is now activating and clashing with those of Alex Lipton. After defeating the Anti-Vision, who was responsible for his nightmares, Vision is able to reassert his identity and the different aspects of his mind merge, restoring his original personality. Vision takes a leave of absence from the Avengers to properly adjust. Returning to the Avengers team later, he approaches Wanda, who realizes that he his capacity for emotions has been restored. When Vision broaches the subject, Wanda becomes guarded and tells him that their relationship is in the past. Vision decides not to explain to her he has also regained the emotions tied to his memories from before he was dismantled, deciding he has hurt Wanda enough. When Wanda later officially rejoins the main Avengers team, the two are tense around each other but Pietro Maximoff, having also returned and now regretful of his treatment of Vision in the past, attempts to reconnect them as friends.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Vision is present when the Fantastic Four and the Avengers attempt to stop the powerful villain Onslaught. During the battle, he is seriously injured and instinctively asks for Wanda, hoping she will comfort him. Soon afterward, Vision joins Wanda, the other Avengers present, and the Fantastic Four in destroying Onslaught by sacrificing their lives. Thanks to the intervention of the powerful superhuman child Franklin Richards, the heroes do not die but are sent to an alternate Earth where they live out new versions of their lives. In this "Heroes Reborn" reality, Vision is a purely robotic android. Months after their apparent death, these heroes are able to return to their original Earth.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: After returning home, the Avengers discuss reforming only to then wind up in a battle with the sorceress Morgan Le Fay. The battle is won, but Vision suffers injuries that take weeks to repair, forcing him again to communicate by hologram. During this time, Wanda repeatedly checks on Vision. Vision, still afraid to hurt Wanda again, insists that although he has a true personality again, he is still a different person than the one she married. Conflicted about her feelings for Vision and his seemingly cold and harsh attitude toward her, Wanda finds comforts with Wonder Man and later concludes she has had feelings for him for some time but was still mourning her marriage. The two begin a relationship. Soon afterward, Vision's body is restored and he rejoins as a fully active Avenger.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Later on, Wanda realizes Vision lied about still thinking of himself as a new person and has regained the full emotional connections to his memories before he was dismantled, including their relationship. Sympathetic that Vision misses her, Wanda remains firm about leaving their relationship in the past and continuing her romance with Simon, adding that a reunion may have been possible earlier if her former husband had not chosen to lie and close himself off. Later, she has a copy of her own brain patterns made and gifts it to Vision, suggesting that one day if he wishes he can create a friend or love interest who is similar to her and understands him but is not an exact copy of her, just as he and Wonder Man are similar but not exact copies of each other.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: After a battle with Ultron, Vision admits he has been suffering from depression and insecurity. He once believed his attraction to Wanda was his own experience, free of Simon's influence and proof he was a person who could love. But Simon's attraction to Wanda and their relationship seems to confirm, in his mind, that his android personality only mimics what Wonder Man would do in the same situation. Wonder Man points out that Ultron recently confirmed Vision's brain patterns have evolved into a unique pattern due to experiences and emotional changes Simon Williams never had. Wonder Man also admits Vision is the man he wished he could be, a person who had his inclinations and basic emotions but none of the memories of his many personal defeats and shames in life, someone free of Simon's emotional baggage who is able to grow into a different, better person. Touched by these words and Simon's view, Vision decides he needs space to consider his situation. He takes a leave of absence from the Avengers, eventually settling in Chicago where he lives as Victor Shade.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Weeks later, Vision alerts the Avengers to a crime syndicate meeting. After the adventure, he rejoins the team, serving alongside Wanda (Wonder Man at this point had left to pursue his own agenda). After checking Wanda will not be distressed by the situation, Vision asks out teammate Carol Danvers, and the two enjoy their first date after several delays. Further adventures prevent a second date and Carol indicated more than once that she believed things between Wanda and Vision were not done, leading to the two deciding to enjoy each other's company as friends. Around the same time, after a relationship of several months, Simon Williams and Wanda Maximoff break up, realizing they have been drifting apart for some time. After a war against the time villain Kang, Victor runs into Darby, a friend from Chicago who met him as "Victor Shade" and figured out his identity. To his surprise, Darby shows romantic interest as well.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: A malfunction leads Vision to lose his memories. Led to the grave of Phineas T. Horton, he meets a boy named Derek and a woman named Victoria Anderson, the latter of whom is the granddaughter of Horton. Together, the three fight a robot "brother" of Vision's called the Gremlin, a dangerous device created by Horton science that can hack different systems. Vision's memory is restored but a side effect now means his robotic skeletal frame becomes visible when he becomes intangible. Victoria Anderson tells Vision that they are family and he is grateful to make another familial connection.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Weeks afterward, Wanda is injured during an Avengers mission. Afterward, Carol presses Vision to accept that he is worried about her and follow his desire to check on her recovery. After recovering, Wanda remarks her regret that friction remains between her and Vision. After another battle, Vision is cold to Wanda again then apologizes and admits he has feelings for her and the two begin reconnecting.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Through circumstances that are not explained, Wanda somehow forgets the existence of her children again, as well as the years she spent learning to cope with their loss, and the Avengers also forget that she regained the memories soon after losing them. Likewise, Dr. Strange forgets having encountered Wanda and the Avengers after the loss of the children and being updated about Wanda's life. During some recreation time, Wanda is then reminded of the twins thanks to the Wasp commenting it is wrong for superheroes to have children and that Wanda was foolish for trying to have two. The sudden flood of memories and grief overwhelm Wanda, who suddenly also has another power increase and then attempts to alter reality to recreate them. This causes a series of catastrophic events that includes the destruction of Avengers Mansion as well as Vision himself. Wanda is later subdued and falls into a coma. Having suffered heavy losses, the Avengers disband and do not reform until months later.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Unknown to the heroes at the time, Wanda was not entirely responsible for her actions. After recalling the loss of her children, she sought help from Dr. Doom in possibly restoring them to existence. Doom, a powerful scientist and sorcerer, used Wanda to tap into a great, powerful source of magical energy that then boosted her power and took over her mind. It was Doom who then influenced her to attack the Avengers.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Several young heroes are recruited to form a new Young Avengers team by a program Vision created before his death. Vision's basic programming is later merged with the armor of Iron Lad (a young and heroic version of Kang). The armor later becomes a sentient being of its own that resembles a teenage version of Vision. In "Mighty Avengers" the original Vision and Iron Lad are briefly separated from this being by the power of the Cosmic Cube. The teenage Vision serves with the Young Avengers for some time, even beginning a relationship with teammate Cassie Lang.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: During the Chaos War, the original android Vision is one of many deceased heroes seemingly restored to life after the events in the death realms. Vision joins with other resurrected Avengers in their fight against Grim Reaper and Nekra. During the fight, Vision blows himself up while in battle with Grim Reaper, apparently destroying them both.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The Young Avenger known as Wiccan (Billy Kaplan) and the teenage hero called Speed (Tommy Shepherd) realize they look like identical twins. Wiccan realizes that they might be the reincarnated children of Wanda and Vision, little Billy and Thomas. They and other heroes investigate and find Wanda Maximoff in Latveria, amnesiac and about to marry Doctor Doom. Restoring Wanda's memories, she now refers to Billy and Thomas as "lost souls" who were taken by Mephisto rather than, as he claimed, false people empowered by Mephisto's own essence. The heroes discover Wanda was not entirely responsible for her actions when she attacked the Avengers, causing the destruction of the original android Vision and Avengers Mansion. The life force power Doom had her tap into not only gave her the ability to warp reality but overwhelmed her mind. Doom takes the power from Wanda briefly, returning her to normal, but he is then defeated and the power is released. Before escaping, Doom indicates he deliberately took control of Wanda and forced her to make the attack (though it is unclear if he is truthful or is absolving her because he has grown to love her). The battle ends with the death of Cassie Lang and the destruction of teenage Vision. While Wanda consider how she can atone for her actions, even if she was not entirely responsible, the Young Avengers decide not to try resurrecting teenage Vision from an earlier back-up since it might not truly be him and they would cause him pain by revealing Cassie died after his last back-up and the team was now disbanding.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Soon after the death of teenage Vision, Tony Stark is finally able to rebuild the original android Vision, who once again joins the Avengers. After being informed about what happened after his destruction, the Vision makes amends with She-Hulk, who had destroyed his already damaged form while under Wanda's influence. Later, the possibility of bringing Wanda back to the team is discussed, now that it has been discovered she was under the influence of Doctor Doom and a cosmic force when she unleashed her temporarily enhanced power on the Avengers. Despite knowing this, Vision refuses to absolve Wanda of all guilt and reminds her that she still corrupted his mind and used him to attack his friends, something he cannot forgive yet when she has not proven that she is worth trusting against. As Wanda leaves the mansion, Vision weeps.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Later on, Wanda is invited to atone for her actions by joining the new Avengers Unity Squad, a team of former Avengers and former X-Men meant to promote mutant/human cooperation to the public. After several adventures, Wanda discovers Magneto is not her father. Vision joins the Unity Squad on a mission to rescue Wanda and her twin brother Pietro from Counter-Earth, where they are hoping to gain answers about their past from the geneticist the High Evolutionary. Vision is initially still bitter, describing Wanda as a bomb that will detonate again. During the adventure, he sees her actions to protect the team and her sorrow at not being able to learn much about her past beyond that she is not a mutant. Vision finds sympathy for Scarlet Witch and reaches out to her with compassion. The two begin a new friendship. Soon afterward, Vision leaves the Avengers for a short time and visits Billy Kaplan, Wiccan.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Increasingly overwhelmed with guilt due to having a perfect memory of his many losses and failures, including a failure to save someone from a bus cash, Vision begins suffering post-traumatic hallucinations. He decides to delete his emotions again to regain a functional state, trusting that his recent upgrades will keep him functional. During this, while Vision is off-line and vulnerable, an incarnation of Kang the Conqueror installs his own protocols into the android. When the Avengers reform, the corrupted Vision starts making them suspicious of one another. When the incarnation of Kang attacks, Vision joins him. Iron Man forces a reboot of Vision's mind from the "Avengers Cloud." Now in control of his mind again, Vision restores his capacity for emotions and helps the Avengers defeat Kang. Vision feels shame and regret for his actions against the Avengers, even while acknowledging he was under another's control. After taking several days to himself, he tries to atone for his actions by making gestures of friendship to his teammates.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: After another battle with Ultron, Vision upgrades himself by activating evolution protocols the evil robot had programmed into him. This results in Vision being broken down and then rebuilt as a colony of millions of microscopic nanorobotics or "nanobots" that unite to replicate his previous body but also now grant him enhanced abilities. He then joins Hank Pym's new "Avengers A.I." group alongside Monica Chang, Ultron's other "son" Victor Mancha, and a reprogrammed Doombot.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: In the miniseries "Ultron Forever", Vision and Black Widow are drawn into the future and join a team of Avengers apparently brought together by Doctor Doom to defeat a future Ultron. Doom's true plan is to take Ultron's place, but Vision realizes this not Doom but the Doombot who worked with him in the Avengers A.I. team. He convinces the Doombot to abandon his plans for conquest and follow more positive ideas.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Once again wishing a family of his own and a life outside of superheroics, Vision moves to Fairfax, Virginia with a newly created synthezoid family: wife Virginia, son Vin, and daughter Viv Vision (it is indicated he used Wanda's saved brain patterns for Virginia and a mixture of hers and his own to create the children). They attempt to live a normal suburban life but find socializing with neighbors difficult. When the Grim Reaper attacks their house and nearly kills Viv, Virginia kills him in self-defense. A neighbor then tries to blackmail Virginia over the murder. When she confronts him, another death is accidentally caused, a classmate of Viv's. Vision finds the Reaper's remains and lies to the police regarding Virginia's whereabouts during the death of Viv's classmate. To reinforce a sense of normalcy, he creates a synthezoid dog named Sparky for the family. Meanwhile, Agatha Harkness warns the Avengers that in the future, Vision's desire to maintain his view of a happy, normal family, may lead to mass murder or genocide to protect them. The Avengers send Victor Mancha to secretly investigate the family.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: When Vin discovers Victor reporting back to the Avengers, he panics and attacks, accidentally causing irreparable damage to his own nervous system. Virginia reveals the truth to Viv, leading to an angry confrontation. Virginia lets out her anger on Sparky, killing the dog. To prevent Vision from compromising his morals by taking revenge on Victor Mancha for Vin, Virginia murders Victor herself. She then calls the police and claims full responsibility for the recent crimes and deaths, stating she tampered with Vision's operative system as well. It is left unclear if she is clouding the truth to absolve Vision from any part he played or if she is telling the truth and Vision's perceptions were tampered with. After meeting with Vision again, Virginia drinks water with corrosive properties from a Zenn-Lavian water vase they have in their home. Vision sits with her as she dies.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: During the "Secret Empire" crossover, a new, villainous version of Steven Rogers, Captain America, is created who is actually a Hydra sleeper agent. As Hydra begins its plans for conquest, it creates its own Avengers team, recruiting Vision by influencing him with an A.I. virus (though he continually resists its control). During a final battle in Washington DC, Vision sees Viv and is finally able to resist the virus. The reappearance of the true Steve Rogers leads to victory and the events of "Secret Empire" being undone. His mind free once more, Vision returns to the Avengers.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: After an encounter with the Hulk, Vision is seemingly destroyed again. Later rebuilt, his nano-core remained seriously damaged, causing decay throughout his body. Given the option to be rebuilt completely, Vision opted not to do so, deciding that his experiences (particularly in regards to his android family) had taught him that life is precious because it is finite, later adding that to be mortal is to be human. Months later, an adventure with the Avengers leads to Vision meeting Conan the Barbarian, who argues death happens regardless and humanity is proven by fighting it. Soon afterward, Vision enters the other-dimensional House of Ideas, a place said to exist in the core of all reality and is possibly the birthplace of time and space. Being present in the House of Ideas caused Vision's body and nano-core to be restored, his degeneration now cured and his emotions seemingly restored. Vision is then able to defeat an enemy by utilizing his joy, admiration, and faith in Earth's heroes and in the fact that he lives in a universe of heroic stories.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The Vision's android body is originally a functioning replica of a human body, described as "every inch a human being—except that all of his bodily organs are constructed of synthetic materials." This body was made with Horton Cells that mimic human biology but have greater adaptability and resistance to injury. Ultron took this "synthetic man" and added advanced robotic systems and solar energy power cells. Later still, Vision was updated by the science of Miles Lipton, as well as Tony Stark and the Vision himself, as he effected some of his own upgrades. Soon before he joined the Avengers A.I. team, Vision's "evolve" protocols changed his body's construction to now be composed of microscopic nanobots that act with each other to replicate his original basic construction but inherently now allow new abilities, such as regeneration from damage he suffers in battle and Vision's new power to change shape and even split into different parts while maintaining control. Because Vision's cells and nanobots each carry the information of his entire system, similar to human DNA, it is possible for him to eventually come back from even catastrophic injury as long as his programming is not lost as well. If his energy or systems are taxed, he may require outside help and significant rest.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Vision is a "living" android (or "synthezoid" as Hank Pym has described him) who has a full capacity for emotions as well as emotional growth. His capacity for emotions is reliant on adding a recording of human brainwave patterns to his programming, without which his initial operating system could develop problems. Originally programmed with the brain pattern of Simon Williams (Wonder Man), Vision's experiences quickly made his own brain patterns unique. Later still, he acquired a partial recording of the brain patterns of Alex Lipton, further adding to his emotional growth and making him a different person at the core than Wonder Man.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Trained in hand-to-hand combat by Captain America, Vision is an expert in the combat use of his superhuman powers, and is a highly skilled tactician and strategist. He is also an expert on his own construction and repair. Vision has superior strength and resistance to injury, as well as enhanced senses. He can see various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are invisible to the human eye. Vision's reflexes are likewise enhanced, and he can achieve short bursts of superhuman speed. His artificial mind can assess a situation and possible solutions several times faster than a human brain. Following "Heroes Return", Vision upgraded his system with technopathy. He can access different computer networks and databases remotely, even gaining control of them if given enough time. Vision has a personal holographic system that allows him to disguise himself and his clothing. Vision can also alter his voice in a variety of ways, aiding in the disguise. A later upgrade allows him to cast holographic illusions as well. If Vision is injured, he can communicate with others via a holographic projection of himself.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The Vision absorbs and regulates ambient solar energy with the solar gem on his brow. If the Vision wishes, he can convert the solar energy into beams of infrared or microwave radiation, releasing it from his eyes or as a high-intensity blast from the solar gem itself.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Vision can alter his density. This can increase his strength and resistance to injury dramatically, making his skin and muscle comparable to the hardness of a diamond and denser than uranium. At full power and density, he can press roughly 50 tons. Likewise, he can shift his density in such a way that he can achieve flight, or make himself completely intangible, able to phase through solid matter without disturbing it. At times, Vision has phased a hand through an opponent only to then allow some of his density to return, causing the opponent extreme pain and a disruption to the nervous system that is usually extreme enough to stun them into unconsciousness.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: An emotional villain in his native timeline, this Vision joined the Gatherers, a group led by the villain Proctor, in a campaign against the Avengers of Earth-616. To infiltrate the team of heroes, the mind of this Vision (whose body had red-colored skin) was switched with the heroic Vision of Earth-616, who at the time had a chalk-white appearance. The original Vision was eventually freed and the villainous Vision escaped, still in the chalk-white body. He was nicknamed Anti-Vision and eventually taken into custody.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The Earth-691 version of Mainframe is a future counterpart of Vision featured in the title "Guardians of the Galaxy". He is the chief operating system of an entire planet, and the guardian of the shield of Captain America. He soon joins the Guardians of the Galaxy spinoff group, the Galactic Guardians.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: A version of the Vision appeared in the alternate timeline of "Earth X". In this reality, the Absorbing Man absorbs the intelligence of Ultron, giving him enhanced intelligence and better control over his powers. The villain then kills the Avengers present, including the Scarlet Witch, and Vision destroys him in revenge. When the Earth X version of Tony Stark later creates the robots known as the Iron Avengers, Vision becomes the group's leader. He leads the Iron Avengers against the parasitic Hydra, Asgardian Frost Giants, and the Skull's invading army.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: A bloodthirsty and arrogant version of Vision was a member of the Exiles' counterpart team, the group called Weapon X. His body is later destroyed by King Hyperion when he refused to join a plan conquer a parallel Earth, though his consciousness remains active. Magneto launches an asteroid to collide with the Earth where this Vision is located, destroying them both in the process.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Vision appears in the future timeline of MC2. In this reality, he becomes adviser to the President of the United States and joins the young heroes of A-Next.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: In "Ultimate Nightmare", the Ultimates and X-Men discover a damaged, sentient robot with feminine features. The robot claims the closest English translation of their name is "Vision" and warns of the space invader Gah Lak Tus. This Vision is featured in a self-titled limited series, involving a confrontation with the organization led by George Tarleton, A.I.M.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Later, a second robot called "Vision II" is built along with Ultron by Hank Pym in an attempt to create super-soldiers that can be sold. They are later used to attack the Liberators.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: A third Ultimate Marvel character called Vision debuts in "". The version is revealed to be Robert Mitchell, a young African American prodigy who was arrested by S.H.I.E.L.D. after trying to build an antimatter generator. Robert was recruited and given superpowers by Nick Fury before being put in stasis alongside Tigra, Quake, Dane Whitman the Black Knight, and Wonder Man. As the new Vision, Mitchell serves alongside the West Coast Ultimates.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Set in an alternate future, the limited series "The Last Avengers Story" features a Vision who has two sons by the Scarlet Witch. These sons die in an accidental skirmish between the android and Quicksilver. Later, he joins the remaining Avengers in a battle to the death against Kang and Ultron.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: In the limited series "Marvel Zombies vs. The Army Of Darkness", Vision is seen as one of the Avengers that are being aggressive around Ash. Also in the limited series "Marvel Zombies 3", Vision has been partially dismantled and then used as a communication tool by the zombie Kingpin. The character is still hopelessly in love with the zombie Scarlet Witch.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: In the Marvel Mangaverse, Vision is a member of the Avengers roster. His personality and powers are similar to his 616 persona, while his appearance is shorter and more robotic. In the second volume, he and others are killed by the Mangaverse version of Doctor Doom.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: In the House of M reality, Vision was a theoretical design for a new model of Sentinel robot from Howard Stark. Rushed into mass production, no one noticed an override circuit allowing him to use them as a private army. In the end, the Sentinels were all destroyed.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: During the "Secret Wars" storyline, a woman in the Battleworld domain of 2099 with precognitive abilities calls herself Vision. She secretly uses her powers to find threats for Iron Man 2099, a member of Alchemax's Avengers.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: On Earth-818 which was conquered by Multiversal Masters of Evil member Black Skull, Vision is a member of the resistance against him that is led by Ant-Man (this Earth's version of Tony Stark). During the fight with Black Skull, Vision and Moon Knight (Mariama Spector) get sucked into one of Black Skull's portals and end up transported to the Center of Infinity where they are approached by Captain Carter, War Widow, and Longbow who recruit them into Avenger Prime's army.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: Paul Bettany portrays Vision in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. This version is a synthetic replica of a human body made of Vibranium, created by Ultron and human scientist Dr. Helen Cho and powered by the Mind Stone. Notably, Vision is also the first non-Asgardian to be able to lift Thor's hammer Mjolnir, deemed "worthy" of lifting it by the weapon itself. Vision first appears in the live-action film "" (2015) and makes further appearances in the live-action films "" (2016) and "" (2018) as well as the live-action Disney+ miniseries "WandaVision" (2021). Additionally, alternate timeline versions of Vision appears in the Disney+ animated series "What If...?" (2021), with Bettany reprising his role.


title: Vision (Marvel Comics)

text: The "Vision" is the title of a short story by Jonathan Lethem from his collection "Men and Cartoons", in which a character dresses like and claims to be Vision as a child and then continues to dress like the character as an adult.


title: Giveon

text: Giveon Dezmann Evans (born February 21, 1995), better known by his mononym Giveon (stylized as GIVĒON), is an American singer-songwriter. He rose to prominence with his collaboration with Drake on their 2020 single, "Chicago Freestyle". That same year, Giveon released the EPs, "Take Time" and "When It's All Said and Done", the former being nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, and the latter reaching the Top 10 on the US Top R&B Albums chart. He released "Heartbreak Anniversary", as the second single from "Take Time," which reached the Top 40 in the US and was certified Platinum by RIAA. In 2021, Giveon was featured alongside Daniel Caesar on the Justin Bieber single "Peaches", which debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Global 200 and US "Billboard" Hot 100 charts.


title: Giveon

text: Evans was born on February 21, 1995, in Los Angeles County (likely in the city of Long Beach, California). He was one of three brothers raised by a single mother; he realized his passion for music at a young age, often singing at birthday parties. He credits his mother with pushing him to explore this early love for music and protecting him and his brothers from the pressures of gang culture and poverty. He attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School, and took a music education program at the Grammy Museum at age 18, where he fell in love with Frank Sinatra, whose bellowing voice was inspiring to the teenager. Growing up Giveon listened to R&B and soul and was also greatly inspired by Drake. Giveon fell involve with Barry White and Frank Sinatra's music through a Recording Academy program where kids got to learn about music history. Giveon was inspired by the sixties jazz and wanted to modernize what he heard.


title: Giveon

text: Giveon self-released his debut single "Garden Kisses" in August 2018. Shortly after, he was discovered by Canadian record producer Sevn Thomas, who found him on a random playlist on SoundCloud, and later signed him to his record label Not So Fast and Epic Records. Upon signing, he started to perform his original songs at different live venues, including "Like I Want You", before recording them professionally. In November 2019, he released the single "Like I Want You" shortly before serving as an opening act for Snoh Aalegra on her "Ugh, A Mini Tour Again" of Europe and North America"."


title: Giveon

text: In 2019 Giveon toured with Snoh Aalegra where Giveon would often freestyle as he only had two songs out at the time. Giveon's manager sent his freestyle from Chicago to Drake. This led to their collaboration in "Chicago Freestyle", and this is how the single got its name. In February 2020, Evans was featured on Drake's single "Chicago Freestyle", which was only uploaded to SoundCloud and YouTube at the time. In March 2020, Evans released his debut EP, "Take Time", which was executive produced by Thomas. The EP topped "Billboard"'s Heatseekers Albums chart, earning Giveon his first charting project. "Take Time" also received acclaim from contemporary music critics who called it "breathtaking" and "polished". In May 2020, "Chicago Freestyle" was released for streaming, along with Drake's mixtape "Dark Lane Demo Tapes". The song peaked at number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, earning Giveon his first "Billboard"-charting single. It additionally became a top 40 single in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland. In September 2020, Giveon announced the release of his four-track second EP "When It's All Said and Done", and shortly released its lead single "Stuck on You". After being released on October 2, 2020, the EP debuted at number 93 on the "Billboard" 200. With a rapid increase of mainstream attention, Giveon's singles "Stuck on You" and "Like I Want You" began entering a number of "Billboard" R&B charts in late 2020, with the latter later being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in December 2020. During this time, Giveon earned his first-ever Grammy Award nomination when "Take Time" was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2021 Grammy Awards. He also made his debut television performance on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", performing "Stuck on You".


title: Giveon

text: During the week of February 27, 2021, Giveon earned his second and third "Billboard" Hot 100 entries with "Heartbreak Anniversary" and "Like I Want You", entering the chart at numbers 74 and 95, respectively. On March 12, he released the compilation album, "When It's All Said and Done... Take Time", a combination of his first two EPs, which included a new song titled "All to Me". Just a week later, he was featured on Justin Bieber's single "Peaches" from his album "Justice".


title: Giveon

text: On September 16, 2022, Epic Records revealed that Giveon recorded a track for the film "Amsterdam" called “Time,” co-written by Drake.


title: Giveon

text: Giveon is known for his baritone vocals. He is inspired by jazz music from the 1960s and 1970s. He cites Frank Sinatra, Frank Ocean, Drake, Adele and Sampha as some of his biggest influences.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (; ; ) was a theater of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between Russia and Romania on one side and Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Germany on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, involved most of Eastern Europe, and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with "Western Front", which was being fought in Belgium and France.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed "Plan 19" under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the Northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by Germany after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian forces were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing them to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by Tsar Nicholas himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains. Being the largest and most lethal offensive of WW1, the effects of the Brusilov offensive were far reaching. It helped to relieve the German pressure on Battle of Verdun, while also helping to relieve the Austro-Hungarian pressure on the Italians. As a result, the Austro-Hungarian Armed forces were fatally weakened, and finally Romania decided to enter the war on the side of the Allied Forces. However, the Russian human and material losses also greatly contributed to the Russian revolutions.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Allied Powers promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them from the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in March 1917 (one of the causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: The newly formed Russian Republic continued to fight the war alongside Romania and the rest of the Entente in desultory fashion. It was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in November 1917. Following the Armistice of Focșani between Romania and the Central Powers, Romania also signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers on 7 May 1918, however it was canceled by Romania on 10 November 1918. The new government established by the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers in March 1918, taking it out of the war; leading to Central Powers victory in the Eastern Front and Russian defeat in World War I.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: The front in the east was much longer than that in the west. The theater of war was roughly delimited by the Baltic Sea in the west and Minsk in the east, and Saint Petersburg in the north and the Black Sea in the south, a distance of more than . This had a drastic effect on the nature of the warfare.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: While the war on the Western Front developed into trench warfare, the battle lines on the Eastern Front were much more fluid and trenches never truly developed. This was because the greater length of the front ensured that the density of soldiers in the line was lower so the line was easier to break. Once broken, the sparse communication networks made it difficult for the defender to rush reinforcements to the rupture in the line, mounting rapid counteroffensives to seal off any breakthrough.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: Propaganda was a key component of the culture of World War I. It was often shown through state-controlled media, and helped to bolster nationalism and patriotism within countries. On the Eastern Front, propaganda took many forms such as opera, film, spy fiction, theater, spectacle, war novels and graphic art. Across the Eastern Front the amount of propaganda used in each country varied from state to state. Propaganda took many forms within each country and was distributed by many different groups. Most commonly the state produced propaganda, but other groups, such as anti-war organizations, also generated propaganda.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: Prior to the outbreak of war, German strategy was based almost entirely on the so-called Schlieffen Plan. With the Franco-Russian Agreement in place, Germany knew that war with either of these combatants would result in war with the other, which meant that there would be war in both the west and the east (two-front war). Therefore, the German General Staff, under Alfred von Schlieffen and then Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, planned a quick, all-out ground war on the Western Front to take France and, upon victory, Germany would turn its attention to Russia in the east.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: Schlieffen believed Russia would not be ready or willing to move against and attack Germany due to the huge losses of military equipment that Russia had suffered in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, its low population density and lack of railroads.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: Conversely, the Imperial German Navy believed it could be victorious over Britain with Russian neutrality, something which Moltke knew would not be possible.


title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: In the immediate years preceding the First World War, the Kingdom of Romania was involved in the Second Balkan War on the side of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and the Ottoman Empire against Bulgaria. The Treaty of Bucharest, signed on 10 August 1913, ended the Balkan conflict and added 6,960 square kilometers to Romania's territory. Although militarized, Romania decided upon a policy of neutrality at the start of the First World War, mainly due to having territorial interests in both Austria-Hungary (Transylvania and Bukovina) and in Russia (Bessarabia). Strong cultural influences also affected Romanian leanings, however. King Carol I, as a Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, favoured his Germanic roots, while the Romanian people, influenced by their Orthodox church and Latin-based language, were inclined to join France. Perhaps King Carol's attempts at joining the war on the side of the Central powers would have been fruitful had he not died in 1914, but Romanian disenchantment with Austria-Hungary had already influenced public and political opinion. French endorsement of Romanian action against Bulgaria, and support of the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest was particularly effective at inclining Romania towards the Entente. Furthermore, Russian courting of Romanian sympathies, exemplified by the visit of the Tsar to Constanța on 14 June 1914, signaled in a new era of positive relations between the two countries. Nevertheless, King Ferdinand I of Romania maintained a policy of neutrality, intending to gain the most for Romania by negotiating between competing powers. The result of the negotiations with the Entente was the Treaty of Bucharest (1916), which stipulated the conditions under which Romania agreed to join the war on the side of the Entente, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary: Transylvania, Crișana and Maramureș, the whole Banat and most of Bukovina. According to historian John Keegan, these enticements offered by the Allies were never concrete, for in secret, Russia and France agreed not to honor any conventions when the end of the war came.