title: Biogas

text: By converting cow manure into methane biogas via anaerobic digestion, the millions of cattle in the United States would be able to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours of electricity, enough to power millions of homes across the United States. In fact, one cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate 3 kilowatt hours of electricity; only 2.4 kilowatt hours of electricity are needed to power a single 100-watt light bulb for one day. Furthermore, by converting cattle manure into methane biogas instead of letting it decompose, global warming gases could be reduced by 99 million metric tons or 4%.


title: Biogas

text: Biogas can be used for electricity production on sewage works, in a CHP gas engine, where the waste heat from the engine is conveniently used for heating the digester; cooking; space heating; water heating; and process heating. If compressed, it can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuel an internal combustion engine or fuel cells and is a much more effective displacer of carbon dioxide than the normal use in on-site CHP plants.


title: Biogas

text: Raw biogas produced from digestion is roughly 60% methane and 39% with trace elements of : inadequate for use in machinery. The corrosive nature of alone is enough to destroy the mechanisms.


title: Biogas

text: Methane in biogas can be concentrated via a biogas upgrader to the same standards as fossil natural gas, which itself has to go through a cleaning process, and becomes "biomethane". If the local gas network allows, the producer of the biogas may use their distribution networks. Gas must be very clean to reach pipeline quality and must be of the correct composition for the distribution network to accept. Carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide, and particulates must be removed if present.


title: Biogas

text: There are four main methods of upgrading: water washing, pressure swing absorption, selexol absorption, and amine gas treating. In addition to these, the use of membrane separation technology for biogas upgrading is increasing, and there are already several plants operating in Europe and USA.


title: Biogas

text: The most prevalent method is water washing where high pressure gas flows into a column where the carbon dioxide and other trace elements are scrubbed by cascading water running counter-flow to the gas. This arrangement could deliver 98% methane with manufacturers guaranteeing maximum 2% methane loss in the system. It takes roughly between 3% and 6% of the total energy output in gas to run a biogas upgrading system.


title: Biogas

text: Gas-grid injection is the injection of biogas into the methane grid (natural gas grid). Until the breakthrough of micro combined heat and power two-thirds of all the energy produced by biogas power plants was lost (as heat). Using the grid to transport the gas to consumers, the energy can be used for on-site generation, resulting in a reduction of losses in the transportation of energy. Typical energy losses in natural gas transmission systems range from 1% to 2%; in electricity transmission they range from 5% to 8%.


title: Biogas

text: Before being injected in the gas grid, biogas passes a cleaning process, during which it is upgraded to natural gas quality. During the cleaning process trace components harmful to the gas grid and the final users are removed.


title: Biogas

text: If concentrated and compressed, it can be used in vehicle transportation. Compressed biogas is becoming widely used in Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany. A biogas-powered train, named Biogaståget Amanda (The Biogas Train Amanda), has been in service in Sweden since 2005. Biogas powers automobiles. In 1974, a British documentary film titled "Sweet as a Nut" detailed the biogas production process from pig manure and showed how it fueled a custom-adapted combustion engine. In 2007, an estimated 12,000 vehicles were being fueled with upgraded biogas worldwide, mostly in Europe.


title: Biogas

text: Biogas is part of the wet gas and condensing gas (or air) category that includes mist or fog in the gas stream. The mist or fog is predominately water vapor that condenses on the sides of pipes or stacks throughout the gas flow. Biogas environments include wastewater digesters, landfills, and animal feeding operations (covered livestock lagoons).


title: Biogas

text: Ultrasonic flow meters are one of the few devices capable of measuring in a biogas atmosphere. Most of thermal flow meters are unable to provide reliable data because the moisture causes steady high flow readings and continuous flow spiking, although there are single-point insertion thermal mass flow meters capable of accurately monitoring biogas flows with minimal pressure drop. They can handle moisture variations that occur in the flow stream because of daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations, and account for the moisture in the flow stream to produce a dry gas value.


title: Biogas

text: Biogas can be used in different types of internal combustion engines, such as the Jenbacher or Caterpillar gas engines. Other internal combustion engines such as gas turbines are suitable for the conversion of biogas into both electricity and heat. The digestate is the remaining inorganic matter that was not transformed into biogas. It can be used as an agricultural fertiliser.


title: Biogas

text: Biogas can be used as the fuel in the system of producing biogas from agricultural wastes and co-generating heat and electricity in a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. Unlike the other green energy such as wind and solar, the biogas can be quickly accessed on demand. The global warming potential can also be greatly reduced when using biogas as the fuel instead of fossil fuel.


title: Biogas

text: However, the acidification and eutrophication potentials produced by biogas are 25 and 12 times higher respectively than fossil fuel alternatives. This impact can be reduced by using correct combination of feedstocks, covered storage for digesters and improved techniques for retrieving escaped material. Overall, the results still suggest that using biogas can lead to significant reduction in most impacts compared to fossil fuel alternative. The balance between environmental damage and green house gas emission should still be considered while implicating the system.


title: Biogas

text: Projects such as NANOCLEAN are nowadays developing new ways to produce biogas more efficiently, using iron oxide nanoparticles in the processes of organic waste treatment. This process can triple the production of biogas.


title: Biogas

text: Faecal Sludge is a product of onsite sanitation systems. Post collection and transportation, Faecal sludge can be treated with sewage in a conventional treatment plant, or otherwise it can be treated independently in a faecal sludge treatment plant. Faecal sludge can also be co-treated with organic solid waste in composting or in an anaerobic digestion system. Biogas can be generated through anaerobic digestion in the treatment of faecal sludge.


title: Biogas

text: The appropriate management of excreta and its valorisation through the production of biogas from faecal sludge helps mitigate the effects of poorly managed excreta such as waterborne diseases and water and environmental pollution.


title: Biogas

text: The European Union has legislation regarding waste management and landfill sites called the Landfill Directive.


title: Biogas

text: Countries such as the United Kingdom and Germany now have legislation in force that provides farmers with long-term revenue and energy security.


title: Biogas

text: The EU mandates that internal combustion engines with biogas have ample gas pressure to optimize combustion, and within the European Union ATEX centrifugal fan units built in accordance with the European directive 2014–34/EU (previously 94/9/EG) are obligatory. These centrifugal fan units, for example Combimac, Meidinger AG or Witt & Sohn AG are suitable for use in Zone 1 and 2 .


title: Biogas

text: The United States legislates against landfill gas as it contains VOCs. The United States Clean Air Act and Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) requires landfill owners to estimate the quantity of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emitted. If the estimated NMOC emissions exceeds 50 tonnes per year, the landfill owner is required to collect the gas and treat it to remove the entrained NMOCs. That usually means burning it.


title: Biogas

text: Because of the remoteness of landfill sites, it is sometimes not economically feasible to produce electricity from the gas.


title: Biogas

text: There are a variety of grants and loans the support the development of anaerobic digestor systems. The Rural Energy for American Program provides loan financing and grant funding for biogas systems, as does the Environmental Quality Incentives Program, Conservation Stewardship Program, and Conservation Loan Program.


title: Biogas

text: With the many benefits of biogas, it is starting to become a popular source of energy and is starting to be used in the United States more. In 2003, the United States consumed of energy from "landfill gas", about 0.6% of the total U.S. natural gas consumption. Methane biogas derived from cow manure is being tested in the U.S. According to a 2008 study, collected by the "Science and Children" magazine, methane biogas from cow manure would be sufficient to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours enough to power millions of homes across America. Furthermore, methane biogas has been tested to prove that it can reduce 99 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions or about 4% of the greenhouse gases produced by the United States.


title: Biogas

text: The number of farm-based digesters increased by 21% in 2021 according to the American Biogas Council. In Vermont biogas generated on dairy farms was included in the CVPS Cow Power program. The program was originally offered by Central Vermont Public Service Corporation as a voluntary tariff and now with a recent merger with Green Mountain Power is now the GMP Cow Power Program. Customers can elect to pay a premium on their electric bill, and that premium is passed directly to the farms in the program. In Sheldon, Vermont, Green Mountain Dairy has provided renewable energy as part of the Cow Power program. It started when the brothers who own the farm, Bill and Brian Rowell, wanted to address some of the manure management challenges faced by dairy farms, including manure odor, and nutrient availability for the crops they need to grow to feed the animals. They installed an anaerobic digester to process the cow and milking center waste from their 950 cows to produce renewable energy, a bedding to replace sawdust, and a plant-friendly fertilizer. The energy and environmental attributes are sold to the GMP Cow Power program. On average, the system run by the Rowells produces enough electricity to power 300 to 350 other homes. The generator capacity is about 300 kilowatts.


title: Biogas

text: In Hereford, Texas, cow manure is being used to power an ethanol power plant. By switching to methane biogas, the ethanol power plant has saved 1000 barrels of oil a day. Over all, the power plant has reduced transportation costs and will be opening many more jobs for future power plants that will rely on biogas.


title: Biogas

text: In Oakley, Kansas, an ethanol plant considered to be one of the largest biogas facilities in North America is using integrated manure utilization system (IMUS) to produce heat for its boilers by utilizing feedlot manure, municipal organics and ethanol plant waste. At full capacity the plant is expected to replace 90% of the fossil fuel used in the manufacturing process of ethanol and methanol.


title: Biogas

text: In California, the Southern California Gas Company has advocated for mixing biogas into existing natural gas pipelines. However, California state officials have taken the position that biogas is "better used in hard-to-electrify sectors of the economy-- like aviation, heavy industry and long-haul trucking."


title: Biogas

text: The level of development varies greatly in Europe. While countries such as Germany, Austria and Sweden are fairly advanced in their use of biogas, there is a vast potential for this renewable energy source in the rest of the continent, especially in Eastern Europe. MT-Energie is a German biogas technology company operating in the field of renewable energies. Different legal frameworks, education schemes and the availability of technology are among the prime reasons behind this untapped potential. Another challenge for the further progression of biogas has been negative public perception.


title: Biogas

text: In February 2009, the European Biogas Association (EBA) was founded in Brussels as a non-profit organisation to promote the deployment of sustainable biogas production and use in Europe. EBA's strategy defines three priorities: establish biogas as an important part of Europe's energy mix, promote source separation of household waste to increase the gas potential, and support the production of biomethane as vehicle fuel. In July 2013, it had 60 members from 24 countries across Europe.


title: Biogas

text: , there are about 130 non-sewage biogas plants in the UK. Most are on-farm, and some larger facilities exist off-farm, which are taking food and consumer wastes.


title: Biogas

text: On 5 October 2010, biogas was injected into the UK gas grid for the first time. Sewage from over 30,000 Oxfordshire homes is sent to Didcot sewage treatment works, where it is treated in an anaerobic digestor to produce biogas, which is then cleaned to provide gas for approximately 200 homes.


title: Biogas

text: In 2015 the Green-Energy company Ecotricity announced their plans to build three grid-injecting digesters.


title: Biogas

text: In Italy the biogas industry first started in 2008, thanks to the introduction of advantageous feed tariffs. They were later replaced by feed-in premiums and the preference was given to by products and farming waste and leading to stagnation in biogas production and derived heat and electricity since 2012., in Italy there are more than 200 biogas plants with a production of about 1.2GW


title: Biogas

text: Germany is Europe's biggest biogas producer and the market leader in biogas technology. In 2010 there were 5,905 biogas plants operating throughout the country: Lower Saxony, Bavaria, and the eastern federal states are the main regions. Most of these plants are employed as power plants. Usually the biogas plants are directly connected with a CHP which produces electric power by burning the bio methane. The electrical power is then fed into the public power grid. In 2010, the total installed electrical capacity of these power plants was 2,291 MW. The electricity supply was approximately 12.8 TWh, which is 12.6% of the total generated renewable electricity.


title: Biogas

text: Biogas in Germany is primarily extracted by the co-fermentation of energy crops (called 'NawaRo', an abbreviation of "nachwachsende Rohstoffe", German for renewable resources) mixed with manure. The main crop used is corn. Organic waste and industrial and agricultural residues such as waste from the food industry are also used for biogas generation. In this respect, biogas production in Germany differs significantly from the UK, where biogas generated from landfill sites is most common.


title: Biogas

text: Biogas production in Germany has developed rapidly over the last 20 years. The main reason is the legally created frameworks. Government support of renewable energy started in 1991 with the Electricity Feed-in Act ("StrEG"). This law guaranteed the producers of energy from renewable sources the feed into the public power grid, thus the power companies were forced to take all produced energy from independent private producers of green energy. In 2000 the Electricity Feed-in Act was replaced by the Renewable Energy Sources Act ("EEG"). This law even guaranteed a fixed compensation for the produced electric power over 20 years. The amount of around 8¢/kWh gave farmers the opportunity to become energy suppliers and gain a further source of income.


title: Biogas

text: The German agricultural biogas production was given a further push in 2004 by implementing the so-called NawaRo-Bonus. This is a special payment given for the use of renewable resources, that is, energy crops. In 2007 the German government stressed its intention to invest further effort and support in improving the renewable energy supply to provide an answer on growing climate challenges and increasing oil prices by the 'Integrated Climate and Energy Programme'.


title: Biogas

text: This continual trend of renewable energy promotion induces a number of challenges facing the management and organisation of renewable energy supply that has also several impacts on the biogas production. The first challenge to be noticed is the high area-consuming of the biogas electric power supply. In 2011 energy crops for biogas production consumed an area of circa 800,000 ha in Germany. This high demand of agricultural areas generates new competitions with the food industries that did not exist hitherto. Moreover, new industries and markets were created in predominately rural regions entailing different new players with an economic, political and civil background. Their influence and acting has to be governed to gain all advantages this new source of energy is offering. Finally biogas will furthermore play an important role in the German renewable energy supply if good governance is focused.


title: Biogas

text: Domestic biogas plants convert livestock manure and night soil into biogas and slurry, the fermented manure. This technology is feasible for small-holders with livestock producing 50 kg manure per day, an equivalent of about 6 pigs or 3 cows. This manure has to be collectable to mix it with water and feed it into the plant. Toilets can be connected. Another precondition is the temperature that affects the fermentation process. With an optimum at 36 C° the technology especially applies for those living in a (sub) tropical climate. This makes the technology for small holders in developing countries often suitable.


title: Biogas

text: Depending on size and location, a typical brick made fixed dome biogas plant can be installed at the yard of a rural household with the investment between US$300 to $500 in Asian countries and up to $1400 in the African context. A high quality biogas plant needs minimum maintenance costs and can produce gas for at least 15–20 years without major problems and re-investments. For the user, biogas provides clean cooking energy, reduces indoor air pollution, and reduces the time needed for traditional biomass collection, especially for women and children. The slurry is a clean organic fertilizer that potentially increases agricultural productivity.


title: Biogas

text: Energy is an important part of modern society and can serve as one of the most important indicators of socio-economic development. As much as there have been advancements in technology, even so, some three billion people, primarily in the rural areas of developing countries, continue to access their energy needs for cooking through traditional means by burning biomass resources like firewood, crop residues and animal dung in crude traditional stoves.


title: Biogas

text: Domestic biogas technology is a proven and established technology in many parts of the world, especially Asia. Several countries in this region have embarked on large-scale programmes on domestic biogas, such as China and India.


title: Biogas

text: The Netherlands Development Organisation, SNV, supports national programmes on domestic biogas that aim to establish commercial-viable domestic biogas sectors in which local companies market, install and service biogas plants for households. In Asia, SNV is working in Nepal, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Pakistan and Indonesia, and in Africa; Rwanda, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Benin and Cameroon.


title: Biogas

text: In South Africa a prebuilt Biogas system is manufactured and sold. One key feature is that installation requires less skill and is quicker to install as the digester tank is premade plastic.


title: Biogas

text: Biogas in India has been traditionally based on dairy manure as feed stock and these "gobar" gas plants have been in operation for a long period of time, especially in rural India. In the last 2–3 decades, research organisations with a focus on rural energy security have enhanced the design of the systems resulting in newer efficient low cost designs such as the Deenabandhu model.


title: Biogas

text: The Deenabandhu Model is a new biogas-production model popular in India. ("Deenabandhu" means "friend of the helpless.") The unit usually has a capacity of 2 to 3 cubic metres. It is constructed using bricks or by a ferrocement mixture. In India, the brick model costs slightly more than the ferrocement model; however, India's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy offers some subsidy per model constructed.


title: Biogas

text: Biogas which is mainly methane/natural gas can also be used for generating protein rich cattle, poultry and fish feed in villages economically by cultivating "Methylococcus capsulatus" bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print. The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these plants can be put to use in cheaper production of algae oil or spirulina from algaculture particularly in tropical countries like India which can displace the prime position of crude oil in near future. Union government of India is implementing many schemes to utilise productively the agro waste or biomass in rural areas to uplift rural economy and job potential. With these plants, the non-edible biomass or waste of edible biomass is converted in to high value products without any water pollution or green house gas (GHG) emissions.


title: Biogas

text: LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is a key source of cooking fuel in urban India and its prices have been increasing along with the global fuel prices. Also the heavy subsidies provided by the successive governments in promoting LPG as a domestic cooking fuel has become a financial burden renewing the focus on biogas as a cooking fuel alternative in urban establishments. This has led to the development of prefabricated digester for modular deployments as compared to RCC and cement structures which take a longer duration to construct. Renewed focus on process technology like the Biourja process model has enhanced the stature of medium and large scale anaerobic digester in India as a potential alternative to LPG as primary cooking fuel.


title: Biogas

text: In India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion of manure in small-scale digestion facilities is called gobar gas; it is estimated that such facilities exist in over 2 million households in India, 50,000 in Bangladesh and thousands in Pakistan, particularly North Punjab, due to the thriving population of livestock. The digester is an airtight circular pit made of concrete with a pipe connection. The manure is directed to the pit, usually straight from the cattle shed. The pit is filled with a required quantity of wastewater. The gas pipe is connected to the kitchen fireplace through control valves. The combustion of this biogas has very little odour or smoke. Owing to simplicity in implementation and use of cheap raw materials in villages, it is one of the most environmentally sound energy sources for rural needs. One type of these system is the Sintex Digester. Some designs use vermiculture to further enhance the slurry produced by the biogas plant for use as compost.


title: Biogas

text: In Pakistan, the Rural Support Programmes Network is running the Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme which has installed 5,360 biogas plants and has trained in excess of 200 masons on the technology and aims to develop the Biogas Sector in Pakistan.


title: Biogas

text: The Chinese have experimented with the applications of biogas since 1958. Around 1970, China had installed 6,000,000 digesters in an effort to make agriculture more efficient. During the last few years, technology has met high growth rates. This seems to be the earliest developments in generating biogas from agricultural waste.


title: Biogas

text: The rural biogas construction in China has shown an increased development trend. The exponential growth of energy supply caused by rapid economic development and severe haze condition in China have led biogas to become the better eco-friendly energy for the rural areas. In Qing county, Hebei Province, the technology of using crop straw as a main material to generate biogas is currently developing.


title: Biogas

text: China had 26.5 million biogas plants, with an output of 10.5 billion cubic meter biogas until 2007. The annual biogas output has increased to 248 billion cubic meter in 2010. The Chinese government had supported and funded rural biogas projects, but only about 60% were operating normally. During the winter, the biogas production in northern regions of China is lower. This is caused by the lack of heat control technology for digesters thus the co-digestion of different feedstock failed to complete in the cold environment.


title: Biogas

text: Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia, has two million inhabitants with over half of the population residing in peri-urban areas. The majority of this population use pit latrines as toilets generating approximately 22,680 tons of fecal sludge per annum. This sludge is inadequately managed: Over 60% of the generated faecal sludge remains within the residential environment thereby compromising both the environment and public health.


title: Biogas

text: In the face of research work and implementation of biogas having started as early as in the 1980s, Zambia is lagging behind in the adoption and use of biogas in the sub-Saharan Africa. Animal manure and crop residues are required for the provision of energy for cooking and lighting. Inadequate funding, absence of policy, regulatory framework and strategies on biogas, unfavorable investor monetary policy, inadequate expertise, lack of awareness of the benefits of biogas technology among leaders, financial institutions and locals, resistance to change due cultural and traditions of the locals, high installation and maintenance costs of biogas digesters, inadequate research and development, improper management and lack of monitoring of installed digesters, complexity of the carbon market, lack of incentives and social equity are among the challenges that have impeded the acquiring and sustainable implementation of domestic biogas production in Zambia.


title: Biogas

text: In the 1985 Australian film "Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome" the post-apocalyptic settlement Barter town is powered by a central biogas system based upon a piggery. As well as providing electricity, methane is used to power Barter's vehicles.


title: Biogas

text: "Cow Town", written in the early 1940s, discusses the travails of a city vastly built on cow manure and the hardships brought upon by the resulting methane biogas. Carter McCormick, an engineer from a town outside the city, is sent in to figure out a way to utilize this gas to help power, rather than suffocate, the city.


title: Biogas

text: Contemporary biogas production provides new opportunities for skilled employment, drawing on the development of new technologies.


title: Terrence C. Carson

text: Terrence C. Carson (born November 19, 1958) is an American actor best known for portraying Kyle Barker on the FOX sitcom "Living Single" and voicing Mace Windu in various "Star Wars" media. He is also known for his long-running voice role as Kratos in the "God of War" video game series from 2005 until 2013.


title: Terrence C. Carson

text: Carson was born in Chicago, Illinois. He grew up as an only child, raised by his mother, in the LeClaire Courts projects of the Chicago Housing Authority. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and in 1981 became a member of the Iota Phi Theta fraternity.


title: Terrence C. Carson

text: Carson is best known for his role as Kyle Barker on the hit 1990s sitcom "Living Single". His character was a series regular for the first four seasons and bumped to recurring status for the remainder of the series' run due to Carson's clash with the new writers. Years later, he would characterize this as a firing. Carson provided the voice of Samuel in the PBS Kids animated series "Clifford the Big Red Dog". As a voice actor, he voiced Mace Windu in the animated series ""; he reprised his role as Mace Windu in the "" series. He portrayed Route 23 survivor and school teacher Eugene Dix in "Final Destination 2". He has provided the male voice of Guillo in the GameCube RPG "Baten Kaitos Origins" and is the voice of Touchstone in the PlayStation Portable shooter "".


title: Terrence C. Carson

text: His first voicing of Kratos was for the original "God of War" for the PlayStation 2 and his final voicing of the character was in "" for the PlayStation 3, in which he also did the motion capture. Carson also provided Kratos's voice where Kratos was a downloadable character in "Everybody's Golf 5" and a guest character in "", "Mortal Kombat" (PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita versions, 2011 and 2012, respectively) and "PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale". Christopher Judge took over the role of Kratos in "God of War" for the PlayStation 4, the reason being Carson was not tall enough for the motion-capture and also because of Judge's chemistry with Sunny Suljic who plays Kratos' son Atreus.


title: Terrence C. Carson

text: In 2002, Carson released a jazz/funk CD called "Truth". In 2017, T.C was featured on the cover of "STS Entertainment & Fashion" magazine.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: The first game in the series, titled "Dynasty Warriors" in English and "Sangokumusō" in Japanese, was a fighting game, a separate genre from the rest of the games in the series. Koei later created a new game as a spin-off and added the word to the beginning of the title to differentiate it from its predecessor. When the game was localized for the North American market, the name became "Dynasty Warriors 2". Since then, all English titles have been numbered one larger than their Japanese counterparts. Because the original "Dynasty Warriors" game belongs to a separate genre and has a different series title in Japan, Koei Tecmo does not consider it a formal entry in the "Dynasty Warriors" series. This is evidenced by Koei-Tecmo's celebration of the series' 20th anniversary in 2020, two decades after the release of "Dynasty Warriors 2".


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: In 2008, it was Koei's most successful franchise, and as of February 2020, the series has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: The first "Dynasty Warriors" ("Sangokumusō") is a traditional one-on-one fighting game, released in 1997 for the PlayStation. Its gameplay style is reminiscent of "Samurai Shodown", "The Last Blade", "Virtua Fighter" and "Soul Blade".


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: The next game was released in Japan as "Shin Sangokumusou". This game was released in other countries as "Dynasty Warriors 2", leading to the discrepancy in title numbers. From this game onwards, the player chooses a playable character and plays a number of levels representing particular battles in the Three Kingdoms period, eventually defeating all other rival kingdoms and uniting China under a common ruler. In this game mode, known as "Musou Mode", the generals are usually chosen from one of the three kingdoms (Wu, Shu or Wei; however, from "Dynasty Warriors 3: Xtreme Legends" onwards, independent generals were given full stories as well). "Dynasty Warriors 3" has two secret characters, Nü Wa and Fu Xi, that are not playable in Musou Mode.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: "Dynasty Warriors 2", "Dynasty Warriors 3", "Dynasty Warriors 5" and "Dynasty Warriors 6" have individual Musou Modes for each character. In "Dynasty Warriors 4", "Dynasty Warriors 7", and "Dynasty Warriors 8", each of the Three Kingdoms has its own Musou Mode, which all characters from a particular kingdom would play. The stages are presented in a third-person view, with the camera set behind the player as they engage the enemy forces. Each scenario can have different win/lose conditions, but the common losing conditions (defeat of the commander-in-chief, health bar reaching zero and maximum time limit reached) still hold. As for the other characters not from either of the Three Kingdoms, their Musou story modes are purely fictional since in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", most or all of them were eliminated until only the Three Kingdoms were left.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: In "Dynasty Warriors 5", a relatively more realistic Musou Mode is introduced for each character. Instead of participating in the entire set of their kingdoms' events, the characters appear only in certain battles that they had fought in, as according to the novel or factual history. Therefore, characters will start at different points in time and they may never have opportunities to encounter some of the other characters (e.g.: Zhuge Liang will never meet Lü Bu or Dong Zhuo in his Musou Mode). In between stages there are some dramatic cutscenes, in which the character will express their thoughts on the situation, adding a more personal touch and keeping the player updated on the events. Besides, a character's Musou Mode may end before the unification of China at any point of time, stopping for most at their historical point of death. However, some characters such as the three founders may continue to participate in battles that occurred after their deaths (e.g.: Cao Cao appearing in Battle of Wuzhang Plains), representing an extended leadership under more successful circumstances.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: In "Dynasty Warriors 8", an "if" route is added for each country. By fulfilling conditions in previous battles, the player can unlock a hypothetical route for each country where it manages to achieve what it failed to do in actual history. For example, the player can help Wei avoid defeat in the battle of Chibi and unite China with all Wei characters alive.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: In 2002, an expansion was first released for the main games, beginning with "Dynasty Warriors 3". This expansion features new Musou Modes for the characters in the "Other" category as well as new stages, weapons, items, and modes. The "Xtreme Legends" expansion only have the new content, and so players would require the original game disc and use the "Mixjoy" option to access all features. The following games would continue the tradition by having "Xtreme Legends" expansion, save for "Dynasty Warriors 6". New characters were also added through the "Xtreme Legends" starting with "Dynasty Warriors 7".


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: Beginning in 2004, another expansion line, titled "Empires" was first released for "Dynasty Warriors 4". In "Empires", the game would combine the action gameplay of the regular series with strategical and tactical elements from Koei's earlier series "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Unlike the "Xtreme Legends", "Empires" did not require the original game disc to access all of its features as it is considered a unique game of its own. Again, the following games would continue having the "Empires" expansion, including "Dynasty Warriors 6", which did not receive an "Xtreme Legends" expansion.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: In 2004, Koei created the first "Dynasty Warriors" title for portable game handhelds, "Dynasty Warriors", on PlayStation Portable, and in the following year, "Dynasty Warriors Advance" for Game Boy Advance. The sequel of the first PSP game, "Dynasty Warriors Vol. 2" was released in 2006. In 2007, Koei released "" for the Nintendo DS. Another PSP game based on "Dynasty Warriors 6", "" was released in 2009, which was followed up by a sequel, "Shin Sangokumusō: Multi Raid 2" in 2010. A PlayStation Vita game, "Dynasty Warriors Next", was released in 2011 as a launch title, and a Nintendo 3DS game, "Shin Sangokumusō VS" (真・三國無双 VS), was released in April 2012. Another portable game was announced in September 2020 for iOS and Android, titled "Shin Sangokumusō" (真・三國無双).


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: Other than titles specifically made for handhelds, select main "Dynasty Warriors" titles have also been ported to handhelds, all of which are only available in Japan. The PS2 version of "Dynasty Warriors 6", "Dynasty Warriors 6: Special" was also ported to the PSP, which was soon followed by the "Empires" expansion in 2010. A port of "Dynasty Warriors 7", "Shin Sangokumusou 6: Special" was released in 2011 for PSP, based on the "Xtreme Legends" expansion but without including the three new characters added for the expansion. A PS Vita port of "Dynasty Warriors 8" was released in 2013, which includes features from the "Xtreme Legends" expansion for that game. Later, in 2015, the "Empires" expansion of "Dynasty Warriors 8" was also released on the PS Vita, notably also compatible with the PlayStation TV.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: "" in 2005 is marked as the first "DW" game for the PC. Hyper was a port of "Dynasty Warriors 4" for the PS2, and had harder AI, more enemies on screen and smoother textures.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: In 2006, "Dynasty Warriors BB" (renamed "Dynasty Warriors Online" in 2007) was released as an online game. As of January 10, 2014 Aeria Games shut down the servers for Dynasty Warriors Online in America. Next to "", "Dynasty Warriors 5 Special" was released for PC in 2006, "Dynasty Warriors 6" was released for PC in 2008. Also "Samurai Warriors 2" released in 2009. The PC port of "Dynasty Warriors 7 with Extreme Legends" was released on March 9, 2012.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: "Dynasty Warriors 9: Empires" was announced on September 27, 2020, and was released in Japan in December 2021 and the rest of the world in February 2022.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: The "Dynasty Warriors" game series, although referenced to factual people, is known for changing the traditional ways of how some of the historical characters were depicted in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" or in historical records. For example, Zhang He appears to be more feminine while Wei Yan becomes a bestial tribal warrior, while historical accounts depict both to be relatively normal generals with no outstanding characteristics such as these. Some of them also wield weapons that are anachronistic, such as Ling Tong's nunchaku and Sun Ce's tonfas. A touch of mysticism is also added, as some characters such as Zhuge Liang, Sima Yi and Zuo Ci have the ability to use magic in their attacks. Female characters (except Zhurong and Wang Yi) who did not participate in any battles in the novel or in history are depicted as fearsome female warriors with exceptional fighting skills and weapons.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: A total of 96 characters have been made playable at some point in the series (not counting spin-offs); however, only 94 currently make mainstay appearances as of "Dynasty Warriors 9". Each of these characters is armed with a weapon that may be a conventional historical one, an exotic martial arts weapon or a magical weapon that enhances their mystical powers. From "Dynasty Warriors 3" onward, each character can choose from a range of weapons with their own power-ups and ability enhancements, as well as higher-level weapons that extend their attack chain.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: Following the success of "Dynasty Warriors", Koei released "Dynasty Tactics" in 2002 and its sequel, "Dynasty Tactics 2" in the following year, focusing on strategy and tactics in the same Three Kingdoms setting.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: Probably the third most recognized franchise of Koei, "Samurai Warriors" ("Sengoku Musou" in Japan) series, was introduced in 2004. Instead of the Three Kingdoms era, the series uses Japan's Sengoku period. As a result, the game's roster consists of characters from that era, while having gameplay similar to that of Dynasty Warriors. The game would be followed by "Samurai Warriors 2" in 2006, "Samurai Warriors 3" in 2009, "Samurai Warriors 4" in 2014, and "Samurai Warriors 5" in 2021. as well as numerous other spin-off titles. As with the original series, "Samurai Warriors" also has the "Xtreme Legends" and "Empires" expansions, with the former beginning on the first game and the latter on the second game.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: A tactical role-playing game, "Dynasty Warriors: Godseekers" was announced on April 5, 2016, with a Japanese release date in 2016 for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation Vita. It will be the series' first strategy RPG, featuring a turn-based system and a world map. The game will also completely deviate from history by introducing a completely new story line involving fictitious mystical elements, with Zhao Yun as the main protagonist.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: In January 2018, the president of Koei Tecmo, Hisashi Koinuma, said that he wanted to make a Dynasty Warriors spin-off using characters and settings from the "Star Wars" franchise from Lucasfilm after they managed to be successful with "Nioh" and "Fire Emblem Warriors". Koinuma chose Star Wars to be able to make a Science fiction Warriors series, which had not been done previously. However, as Electronic Arts owns the game rights to the Star Wars franchise, it would be a difficult collaboration to achieve, and is more of a future goal. As of 2021, EA have lost the exclusivity rights in developing Star Wars games and in the development of their other projects such as Samurai Warriors 5, Koinuma reiterated that both Super Mario and Star Wars in a Dynasty Warriors format as projects he personally wanted to undertake before considering retirement.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: On 15 March 2016, Suzuki Akihiro and the Hong Kong-based company HMV Digital China announced at the 20th Hong Kong International Film and TV Market that they will be making a live-action film adaptation of "Dynasty Warriors". The film will be directed by Roy Chow, produced and written by Christine To, and to be released in 2017. On 8 July 2017, HMV Digital China's executive chairman Stephen Shiu Jr. revealed on his weibo that the film will start shooting on 11 July. He also revealed that he had approached Koei Tecmo four years ago and secured the rights to adapt the "Dynasty Warriors" franchise into a movie. On 11 July, Shiu announced that Han Geng, Wang Kai, Louis Koo, Tony Yang and Gulnazar are part of the main cast. On 28 September 2017, director Roy Chow announced that after 63 days of filming in mainland China, the team will be moving to New Zealand in November 2017 to shoot the background scenes.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: Shooting for "Dynasty Warriors" wrapped up on 28 November 2017. The pre-production phase took eight months, the principal photography phase lasted five months, and the post-production phase will take up to a year. A trailer for the film was released in 2018, stating a release was planned for 2019. The film was released on April 29, 2021, in Hong Kong, and in China on April 30, 2021. The film was made available via Netflix in the UK in June 2021 and other regions in July 2021.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: Many of the stages are recreations of notable battles in the late Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms periods, that are usually depicted in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". There are also some original creations in the newer installments that are also historical, such as the battle between the Nanman and Wu.


title: Dynasty Warriors

text: The music for the "Dynasty Warriors" game series is a mixture of traditional Chinese instrumentals, hard rock and heavy metal. Most stages have their own exclusive music tracks played and the tracks change according to the battle situation or events.


title: Armani

text: Giorgio Armani S.p.A. (), commonly known as Armani, is an Italian luxury fashion house founded in Milan by Giorgio Armani which designs, manufactures, distributes and retails haute couture, ready-to-wear, leather goods, shoes, accessories, and home interiors. Armani licenses its name and branding to Luxottica for eyewear; L'Oréal for fragrances and cosmetics; and Fossil for watches and jewelry. It is considered Italy's second-biggest fashion group behind Prada.


title: Armani

text: Armani and his partner, architect Sergio Galeotti, founded Giorgio Armani SpA in 1975, reportedly on money from the sale of Armani's Volkswagen.


title: Armani

text: The company signed a license with Gruppo Finanziario Tessile (GFT) in 1978. It partnered with L'Oreal on a licensing agreement for the production and distribution of fragrances, cosmetics and beauty products in 1980 and with Luxottica for eyewear in 1988. Armani also entered into a manufacturing and distribution license with Simint in 1991 when the company launched A|X Armani Exchange. By 1993, the Armani name was represented by 23 licensees and two large joint ventures in Japan.


title: Armani

text: By the 1990s, the company's strategy was to cancel licenses and take production in-house in a bid to exert more control over quality and distribution. Manufacturing arrangements later brought back in-house include the acquisition of Antinea (1990), Simint (1996) and Intai (1998). In 2000, after buying factories from GFT, Armani formed a joint venture with Zegna for the production and distribution of the Collezioni men's collection. Armani also increased to 85 percent its share in the joint venture in Japan with Itochu.


title: Armani

text: Also in the early 2000s, Armani opened five megastores designed by Massimiliano and Doriana Fuksas, starting with the opening of the Armani/Manzoni store in Milan in 2000, which carries all of the company's brands. Other such venues are in Hong Kong (Armani/Chater House, opened in 2002), Munich (Armani/Fünf Höfe, opened in 2003), Tokyo (Armani/Ginza Tower, opened in 2007) and New York City (Armani/Fifth Avenue, opened in 2009).


title: Armani

text: From 2003 until 2012, Safilo Group held the exclusive licence for Armani-branded eyewear before losing it again to Luxottica. Beginning in 2007, the company teamed up with Samsung to develop a line of high-end electronic goods.


title: Armani

text: In 2007, Giorgio Armani confirmed to "Reuters" that he had been approached by Beiersdorf in 2005 about a potential merger but had since been too distracted by other projects to pursue that option. In 2016, he confirmed he had established the Giorgio Armani Foundation which, while aiming to fund social projects, is also to “safeguard the governance assets of the Armani Group and ensure that these assets are kept stable over time." By 2017, the company was seen as a prime candidate for a stock market listing. In 2021, Giorgio Armani ruled out merging with either LVMH and Kering.


title: Armani

text: In 2021, luxury yacht maker The Italian Sea Group announced that Giorgio Armani SpA would invest in the company's IPO at the Italian Bourse.


title: Armani

text: "Giorgio Armani" is a high-end label specialising in men's and women's ready-to-wear, accessories, glasses, cosmetics, and perfumes. It is available only in Giorgio Armani boutiques, specialty clothiers and select high-end department stores. The logo is a curved "G" completing a curved "A", forming a circle.


title: Armani

text: In 2016, the fashion house stopped using animal fur in all of its collections, citing the availability of "valid alternatives at our disposition that render the use of cruel practices unnecessary as regards animals."


title: Armani

text: According to "The Wall Street Journal" and other sources, in addition to couture line Armani Privé, Giorgio Armani and Emporio Armani are the company's ready-to-wear lines that show at Milan fashion week. In addition, selling at lower prices are Armani Collezioni, Armani Exchange and Armani Jeans.


title: Armani

text: "Emporio Armani" is the second brand of the Armani family and features ready-to-wear and runway collections. Emporio Armani focuses on trends and modern traits. Also, "Emporio Armani", along with "Giorgio Armani", are the only two ready-to-wear brands that are mainly designed by Giorgio Armani himself, and has a spotlight at Milan Fashion Week every year while Armani Collezioni, Armani Jeans, and Armani Exchange do not. Emporio Armani products are usually only sold in freestanding Emporio Armani boutiques and on the official website.


title: Armani

text: Over the years, Emporio Armani underwear campaigns featured David Beckham (2008–2010), Victoria Beckham (2009), Cristiano Ronaldo (2010), Megan Fox (2010), Rihanna (2011) and Rafael Nadal (2011). The brand's watches ad campaign has featured Shawn Mendes (2019), among others. Several campaigns were photographed by Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott.


title: Armani

text: Emporio Armani is also the official kit supplier of Italian football side SSC Napoli under its "EA7" brand.


title: Armani

text: "Armani Collezioni" (formerly "Giorgio Armani Le Collezioni") was the diffusion line of Giorgio Armani that retails at a lower price than "Giorgio Armani" and the haute couture line, "Armani Privé". The logo was usually displayed black written on a white label, but often varies. "Armani" being larger and "Collezioni" underneath it. It has provided made-to-measure tailored suits and shirts where every element can be chosen. In addition to being sold in the two freestanding boutiques (which feature the "Collezioni" line exclusively) in Milan and Paris, "Armani Collezioni" usually sold in department stores and outlets while Giorgio Armani and Emporio Armani only sold in freestanding boutiques. A sporty line of the label has appeared named "Armani Collezioni Active" in the same way as the EA7 line from Emporio Armani line.


title: Armani

text: "A|X Armani Exchange" was launched in 1991 in the U.S. It retails fashion and lifestyle products and is known for its occasionally provocative ad campaigns. Inspired by street-chic culture and dance music, it is targeted as the more accessible Armani brand.


title: Armani

text: To accelerate development of the nascent line, Giorgio Armani co-established the joint venture company Presidio Holdings Ltd in 2005 alongside Como Holdings, the company owned by the Singaporean tycoon Ong Beng Seng that, since 1994, has held the production and distribution license for A/X Armani Exchange in the United States, Canada, Central and South America and Asia-Pacific.


title: Armani

text: Initially, the company held 25% of Presidio Holdings, the remaining 75% in the hands of Como Holdings. In 2008, Giorgio Armani acquired an additional 25% stake. In 2014, it acquired the remaining 50% "ensuring full ownership of the brand, which has 270 stores and over 3,000 employees", the company said in a statement.


title: Armani

text: Armani Exchange products are available exclusively in 270 stores in 31 countries and on the brand's website.


title: Armani

text: Armani designs products for babies, toddlers, and teenagers under the labels "Armani Junior" and "Armani Baby". The "Armani Junior" brand was introduced in 1979. The junior line consists of baby clothing, accessories, T-shirts, pullovers, suits, shoes, hats, shirts, belts, bags, and underwear.


title: Armani

text: "Armani Junior" has 167 independent boutiques around the globe, which only sell the sub-label. The label is also sold in other stores by the label including "Armani/Casa", "Armani Jeans" or "Emporio Armani". In total, 308 independent and franchise "Armani" stores sell the "Armani Junior" and "Armani Baby" products throughout the whole world. In addition, the label is available in selected department stores everywhere in the world, for example Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue, Breuninger and Peek & Cloppenburg.


title: Armani

text: The "Armani" label also consists of a furniture and home collection called "Armani/Casa". While the Italian word "casa" usually means "house", its usage here instead means "at home". Giorgio Armani launched his interior design collection in 2000 with a flagship store opening in Milan, Italy the same year. When Armani was asked about why he wanted a furniture line, Armani said that he wanted "people to design their own private home". "Designing this furniture and home collection helped me to stimulate my creative and artistic vein", Armani said. Critics responded very positively to the "Armani/Casa" label calling the style "simply elegant, a little retro with Ethno elements" to it. A lot of critics also liked the fact that there are only a "few ornaments" used but with "artistic detail" which seem to have a "tremendous effect on the style and furniture" itself.


title: Armani

text: Armani collaborates with "Rubelli" and the "Molteni" Group to build the home collection. As the "Architectural Digest" reported in February 2012, that "Armani/Casa" includes state-of-the-art kitchens, sold under the "Armani/Dada" name – a partnership with "Molteni" Group, as well as luxurious fabrics produced in collaboration with "Rubelli". "Armani/Roca" is a partnership with Roca, which provides Giorgio Armani with bathroom furniture and accessoires. The sub-label consisting of variegated products is sold in 183 independent "Armani" stores as well as selected retailers throughout the world.


title: Armani

text: "Armani/Casa" is used in the "Armani" hotels, equipped John Mayers New York City apartment and decorated the scenes for the 2013 film "Paranoia".


title: Armani

text: A confectionery is also under the "Armani" name. The brand was established in 2002. For the creations and collections "Armani" collaborates with the Italian chocolate manufacturer "Venchi".


title: Armani

text: "Armani/Dolci" sells chocolates, jams, honey, tea, shortbread biscuits, sugar, marrons glaces, fruit jellies and pralines. The brand is mostly part of other "Armani" stores but has got an independent boutique in Taichung, Taiwan. In total, 152 stores sell the "Armani/Dolci" products.


title: Armani

text: Over the years, Armani created various limited "Armani/Dolci" products to celebrate special occasions. For example, Armani designed chocolate easter eggs, heart-shaped boxes with red, pink and lilac chocolate truffles for Valentine's Day, as well as a Ramadan collection for the Muslim holiday featuring refined colours of Islamic art and no alcohol. In addition, "Armani/Dolci" sells special delicate collections for Christmas and its significant anniversaries.


title: Armani

text: The Giorgio Armani label also has a florist under its name, called "Armani/Fiori". The exclusive floral service is active since 2000 in major independent flower boutiques and other "Armani" stores around the world.


title: Armani

text: The flowers used for the "Armani/Fiori" arrangements come mostly from the Netherlands. The label uses a large selection of orchids, as well as exotic and tropical flowers alongside more traditional flowers such as hydrangeas, roses and peonies. Each collection is personally designed by Giorgio Armani himself as he wants to transport an "Asian feel". In addition, "Armani/Fiori" offers decorative elements like vases, flowerpots, candles and lanterns. For the collections, Armani uses precious materials like alabaster, black marble, lacquered wood in the shape of cylinders, cubes, and rhomboids. Giorgio Armani also designed special floral arrangements for occasions like Valentine's Day and spring collections. The labels floral arrangements are used in the "Armani" hotels.


title: Armani

text: Giorgio Armani and Emaar Properties PJSC signed an agreement in 2005 for Emaar Properties PJSC to build and operate at least seven luxury hotels and three vacation resorts under the "Armani" name. Armani would be responsible for overseeing all aspects of the interior design and style of the hotels. The "Armani" hotel was opened in Burj Khalifa on April 27, 2010, comprising the bottom 39 floors of the supertall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has 160 guest rooms and suites, and 144 residences. Giorgio Armani also designed the interiors of the "Armani" Residences, also within the skyscraper, and its specially designed line of products from the "Armani/Casa" home furnishings collection and the "Armani/Fiori" flower arrangements. The "Burj Khalifa Armani Residences Road Show" toured Milan, London, Jeddah, Moscow and New Delhi. The London event was housed in the Armani Casa Showroom in New Bond Street.


title: Armani

text: In 2015, Armani opened Armani/Silos, an exhibition space in Milan which has in the past which staged solo exhibitions of Larry Fink (2017), Sarah Moon (2018), Paolo Ventura (2018), Tadao Ando (2019) and Peter Lindbergh (2020).


title: Armani

text: Armani Beauty has been a major supporter of the Venice Film Festival since 2018 and was the event's main sponsor in 2019.


title: Armani

text: Also in 2019, A|X Armani Exchange became the first fashion brand to debut in the world of e-sports — professional multiplayer video game competitions — when it sponsored the Italian team Mkers for the 2019–20 season.


title: Armani

text: Among others, Armani designed suits for Italy's delegations to the 2009 FINA World Aquatics Championships and the 2012 Summer Olympics as well as for the country's national football team at the UEFA Euro 2020. Since 2021, the company has been a sponsor of the Scuderia Ferrari, supplying formal attire and travel wear to the Ferrari team's management, drivers and technicians to be worn at official events and during transfers linked to Formula One’s Grand Prix international races. The company also makes kits for Serie A football side Napoli under its EA7 brand.


title: Armani

text: In 1999, the "New York Times" and others raised concerns about a generous donation made by Giorgio Armani SpA to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York shortly before the museum announced that it would pay homage to Armani himself with a major retrospective of his work.


title: Armani

text: In a 2014 report, Greenpeace publicly criticized Armani and other luxury brands after having found traces of chemicals that can pollute waterways in children's clothing and shoes; in response, the company committed to abolish all chemicals which could cause environmental damage to production sites by 2020. Also in 2014, Giorgio Armani SpA paid 270 million euros to Italian tax authorities to settle a dispute over payments from the group's subsidiaries abroad.


title: Armani

text: In 2015, Giorgio Armani Corp's former general counsel Fabio Silva filed a $75 million lawsuit in the New York Supreme Court against the company, accusing it of discriminating against him because of his Mexican origins and firing him for having cancer.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: The Gifted is an American superhero television series created for Fox by Matt Nix, based on Marvel Comics' "X-Men" properties, set in an alternate timeline to the "X-Men" film series where the X-Men have disappeared. The show is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Marvel Television, with Nix serving as showrunner.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: The series stars Stephen Moyer and Amy Acker as ordinary parents who take their family on the run after they discover their children's mutant abilities. Sean Teale, Natalie Alyn Lind, Percy Hynes White, Coby Bell, Jamie Chung, Blair Redford, and Emma Dumont also star in the show, with Skyler Samuels and Grace Byers joining them with the second season. The series received a put pilot commitment at Fox after a previous attempted "X-Men" television series did not move forward at the network in 2016; "The Gifted" was ordered to series in May 2017.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: "Gifted"s first season aired from October 2, 2017, to January 15, 2018, and consisted of 13 episodes. It received mostly positive reviews from critics and "solid" viewership. The second season began airing on September 25, 2018, consisting of 16 episodes. On April 17, 2019, Fox canceled the series after two seasons.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Two ordinary parents take their family on the run from the government when they discover that their children have mutant abilities, and join an underground community of mutants who have to fight to survive. At the end of the first season several members of the underground leave to join the Inner Circle, and the second season sees conflict between these groups as well as others with their own extreme ideologies.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: In July 2016, after a series based on the Hellfire Club, an "X-Men" comic property, did not move forward at Fox, the network made a put pilot commitment for a different "X-Men" based series. The new pilot, written by "X-Men" fan Matt Nix, was for an action-adventure series based on ordinary parents discovering their children's mutant abilities. Fox Entertainment President David Madden said that "developing a Marvel property has been a top priority for the network—and we are so pleased with how Matt Nix has led us into this thrilling universe." The series is produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Marvel Television, with 20th handling the physical production of the series, and Nix executive producing alongside "X-Men" film series producers Bryan Singer, Lauren Shuler Donner, and Simon Kinberg, and Marvel Television executives Jeph Loeb and Jim Chory.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Nix pitched the series to executives as ""Running on Empty" with mutants". He created an elaborate presentation using Prezi which included photos of actors that he had altered to look like mutants, and graphics to explain how the series would fit in with the "X-Men" films as well as the larger X-Men universe of the comics. The presentation was met with applause, according to Loeb. The biggest criticisms that Nix received about his pitch was that he wanted to include too much story in the pilot, with some of his initial ideas becoming the stories of several other episodes. Early versions of Nix's pilot script were received "enthusiastically" by Fox executives, and Fox chairman and CEO Gary Newman was expecting a final draft in early January 2017, with a pilot pickup within a few weeks of that. Newman noted that "development across the board this year is a little slower than usual", but the network hoped to begin airing the potential series during the 2017–18 television season.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Nix said that as a fan of the "X-Men" comics, "you don't want to be slavishly doing the same thing over and over again that everyone else has done, but at the same time, you're conscious that this is important, and that I owe something to my 10 year old self right now." Fox officially ordered the series to pilot, as "untitled Marvel action-adventure series", at the end of the month. Donner referred to the series as "Gifted" in March, which was clarified to be a temporary title for the series. On May 9, Fox ordered the show to series as "The Gifted". The pilot had been called "one of the hottest pilots of the [2017] broadcast development season" by commentators. The first season consists of 13 episodes. In August, Len Wiseman joined as a director and executive producer for the season. That October, Nix said that he had planned "a couple of seasons, in broad strokes", and stated that he wanted "to be doing this show for a long time." Noting a growing trend in shorter, self-contained television seasons, Nix said that he wanted the show to feel more like a traditional, long-running story and so have each season end in a satisfying way that does not feel "close-ended". On January 4, 2018, the series was renewed for a 16-episode second season. Described as being designed for "limited runs", Fox had not been in a hurry to give the series an early renewal before then. On April 17, 2019, it was announced that the series had been cancelled by Fox.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Nix described the series as coming "at the world of mutants from the side"; the films and comics "have generally started with the X-Men and encountered the world outside" from their perspective, but the series looks to "take place inside the world of people who are [not] already X-Men and [do not yet] know that world." He said the show would tell a more intimate story than the films have done as "it also explores issues surrounding mutants and what that experience is in a way that's hard to do in a two-hour movie because [a movie] needs to move very quickly and needs to get to big action." These issues reflect modern, real-world problems such as police attempting to kill mutants just because they look different, or the government only taking issue with mutants if they reveal themselves in public. The series' mutant underground is inspired by the Underground Railroad. Madden said that the series also took inspiration from "Heroes", particularly for its themes of family and "that loner, outcast, people with superpowers thing", though he felt "The Gifted" would take "that thread [in] a very different direction than anything that happened on "Heroes"."


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Nix was particularly influenced by the comic "" which is "just about a district in New York. It's where the mutants are ... the show is not a procedural [like the comic] at all, but it was seeing mutants in society, dealing with crime, drugs, their relationships to each other. We didn't take any characters from it. It was one of my favorites." Elaborating on the series not being a procedural, Nix said that it would not have a "save the mutant of the week" formula, and would instead follow the ongoing story of the mutant underground as they both try to save other mutants and fight to protect themselves, though each episode still has a beginning, middle, and end. When approaching mutant abilities in the series, particularly for the Strucker children who are just discovering theirs, Nix wanted to avoid clearly defining exactly what those abilities are immediately since "when your powers manifest, they don't come with a label. It's not like somebody pops up and says, 'Hey! You can do this!' When we think about powers on the show, what's the organic relationship between this person as a living, breathing human being, and their power? The idea is that what your power is and what you can do is influenced by who you are as a character." The series explores how it feels for the characters to use their abilities, and shows those abilities evolving along with the characters.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: By early January 2017, "exploratory casting" for the series had begun, with the process expected to "ramp up" after the official pilot pickup. The next month, Blair Redford was cast as a mutant leader; Jamie Chung was cast as popular mutant Clarice Fong / Blink; Stephen Moyer was cast as Reed Strucker, a father and the series' male lead; and Sean Teale was cast as Marcos Diaz / Eclipse, a mutant created for the series. In March, Natalie Alyn Lind joined as Lauren Strucker, one of the series' central children. She was followed by Amy Acker as Caitlin Strucker, a mother and the series' female lead; Emma Dumont as mutant Lorna Dane / Polaris; Percy Hynes White as Andy Strucker, another of the central children; and Coby Bell as the morally ambiguous Jace Turner. Acker auditioned alongside the already-cast Moyer; the pair did not meet the actors playing their children, Lind and White, until the table read of the pilot episode. With the series order in May, Redford's character was revealed to be John Proudstar / Thunderbird.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Moyer, Acker, Teale, Lind, White, Bell, Chung, Redford, and Dumont all return to star in the second season. By January 2018, Skyler Samuels, who recurred as the Stepford Cuckoos in the first season, was being looked at to be promoted to series regular for the second, and this move was confirmed in June, along with the announcement that Grace Byers would also be joining the series as a series regular, in the role of Reeva.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Production on the series' pilot took place through March and April 2017, in Dallas, Texas. The rest of the first season was not filmed in the city after a decision on tax rebates in the state to be made by the Texas Legislature took too long for the series' schedule, with production moving to Atlanta, Georgia. The series' setting was subsequently changed from Dallas to Atlanta, including a retroactive change to the pilot.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: It was revealed in October 2017, ahead of the series premiere, that John Ottman and David Buckley were composing the score for the show; Ottman previously scored several of the "X-Men" films for Singer, and he collaborated with Buckley on the score for the film "The Nice Guys".


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Donner explained in January 2017 that, unlike the previous "X-Men" television series "Legion", this series "is much more a part of just the world in terms of there are mutants, mutants are hated ... you feel like you're here in the X-Men world". Despite this, the "cinematic universe will not worry about ... these TV worlds at all. [The films] will just continue in the way that they have been continuing". Nix added that the "X-Men" films "don't all line up perfectly. So it's not like I'm slavishly fitting myself into a particular slot [but] if you like that world and the world of the movies, there are definite nods to it, it definitely exists in the same general universe".


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Nix wanted to avoid repeating the connection between "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." and the films of the Marvel Cinematic Universe by having a more general relationship, with existing characters from the films appearing in different ways in the series such as the new adaptation of Sentinels, mutant-hunting robots that have appeared in several of the films. Moyer stated in June 2017 that "The Gifted" would be set between "Legion", in which mutants "are still largely not understood", and "Logan", which sees the title character as one of the last mutants. He added, "we definitely slot into a timeline, but as of yet, we're not allied. I think they have given themselves a lot of leeway in order to be able to go places, but we've enough story within our universe to propel us forward without having to do that." The next month, Nix noted that the film "" established multiple, different timelines or "streams" in the "X-Men" universe, and that the series would take advantage of those to avoid the films and comics and instead do "our own thing". He explained that in the series' "stream", the X-Men have disappeared, which is "not just [because] they're too expensive for television" and something that the show would explore. He soon called this one of the central mysteries of the series, and revealed that it is due to a "bit of a 9/11 event, that caused enormous social upheaval and a lot of hatred towards mutants."


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: "The Gifted" aired on Fox in the United States, with CTV acquiring the broadcast rights for Canada. The series launched in more than 183 countries on Fox, following its U.S. debut, using a "day-and-date launch" format.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: The pilot's viewership was called a "solid start" to the series, and was noted to be higher than the season premiere of "Lucifer" in the same timeslot the year before, as well as the debut of the other new Marvel series of the season, "Inhumans". By the series' second season renewal, it was considered to be a "solid ratings performer" for Fox, performing 18 percent better than the same timeslot the year before, and ranking the third best new drama series of the season.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: For the first season, the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 76% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.8/10 based on 54 reviews. The website's consensus states, ""The Gifted"s first season lays a solid foundation for an involving superhero drama that powers past the origin-story doldrums by focusing on grounded, topical stories over mindless action and special effects." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 63 out of 100 based on 22 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: For the second season, Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.8/10 based on 12 reviews.


title: The Gifted (American TV series)

text: Discussing the series, Drew Koch of "Bustle" magazine noted that it explored themes such as the persecution of minority groups, sacrificing freedom for safety, and criticizing "big government". He highlighted the antagonistic agency Sentinel Services, guessing the initials "SS" were a reference to the Schutzstaffel, a paramilitary division of Nazi Germany. USA Today's Brian Truitt also noted this reference, and the character Polaris directly calling out the government agents as Nazis, along with the mutant underground being patterned after the Underground Railroad.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: The Devil's Rejects is a 2005 black comedy horror film written, produced and directed by Rob Zombie, and is the second film in the "Firefly" film series, serving as a sequel to his 2003 film "House of 1000 Corpses". The film is centered on the run of three members of the psychopathic antagonist family from the previous film, now seen as villainous protagonists, with Sid Haig, Bill Moseley, and Zombie's wife Sheri Moon Zombie reprising their roles, and Leslie Easterbrook replacing Karen Black as the matriarch.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: "The Devil's Rejects" was released on July 22, 2005, to minor commercial success, and mixed reviews; although generally considered an improvement over its predecessor. At the time of release and in the years since, the film has garnered a cult following. It was the final film to feature actor Matthew McGrory before his death the same year, although he did have an uncredited posthumous cameo in "The Evil Within" (2017), which was filmed in 2002. The film's DVD release is dedicated to his "loving memory."


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: On May 18, 1978, Texas Sheriff John Quincey Wydell and a large posse of state troopers issue a search and destroy mission on the Firefly family, who are responsible for over 75 homicides and disappearances over the past several years. The family arm themselves and fire on the officers. Rufus is killed and Mother Firefly is taken into custody while Otis and Baby escape. They steal a car, kill the driver, and go to Kahiki Palms, a run-down motel.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: At the motel, Otis and Baby take a musical group called Banjo and Sullivan hostage in their room, and Otis shoots the roadie when he returns. Meanwhile, Baby's father, Captain Spaulding, decides to rendezvous with Baby and Otis. His truck runs out of gas on the way, and he frightens a boy and assaults the boy's mother before stealing her car. Back at the motel, Otis rapes Roy's wife Gloria and demands Adam and Roy come with him on an errand.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: Otis drives his two prisoners to a place where he buried weapons. While walking to the location, the two prisoners attack Otis, but Otis bludgeons Roy and cuts Adam's face off. Back at the motel, Adam's wife Wendy tries to escape through the bathroom window. When Gloria attempts to rebel, Baby kills her. Wendy runs out of the motel but is caught by Captain Spaulding, who knocks her unconscious. Otis returns, and all three leave the motel together in the band's van.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: The motel maid comes to clean the room, and she discovers the murder scene. The maid enters the bathroom where she sees "The Devil's Rejects" written on the wall in blood; she is startled by Wendy, who is accidentally killed when she runs out to the highway to seek help while she is in shock. Wydell calls a pair of amoral bounty hunters—the "Unholy Two"—Rondo and Billy Ray, to help him find the Fireflys. While investigating, they discover an associate of Spaulding's named Charlie Altamont. Wydell begins to lose his sanity when Mother Firefly reveals that she murdered his brother. After having a dream in which his brother commands him to avenge his death, Wydell stabs Mother Firefly to death. The surviving Fireflys gather at a brothel owned by Charlie, where he offers them shelter from the police.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: After he leaves the brothel, Wydell threatens Charlie to give up the Fireflys. With the help of the "Unholy Two," the sheriff takes the family back to the Firefly house where he tortures them, using similar methods they used on their own victims. He nails Otis' hands to his chair and staples crime-scene photographs to Otis's and Baby's stomachs, then he beats and shocks Captain Spaulding and Otis with a cattle prod and taunts Baby about the death of her mother.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: Wydell sets the house on fire and leaves Otis and Spaulding to burn, but he lets Baby loose outside so he can hunt her for sport. Charlie returns to save the Firefly family, but he is killed by Wydell. Baby gets shot in the calf of her left leg, brutally horse-whipped, and then strangled by Wydell. Tiny suddenly arrives and intervenes, breaking Wydell's neck and saving the Firefly family. Otis, Baby, and Spaulding escape in Charlie's 1972 Cadillac Eldorado and leave behind Tiny, who walks back into the burning house. The trio drives, badly injured. As Otis drives down the road with Baby and Spaulding asleep in the back seat, he notices a police barricade ahead of them. Realizing that they will not make it out alive, he wakes Baby and Spaulding and hands them each a gun. They speed toward the barricade, guns blazing as the police return fire, fading to black.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: When Rob Zombie wrote "House of 1000 Corpses" (2003), he had a "vague idea for a story" about the brother of the sheriff that the Firefly clan killed coming back for revenge. After Lions Gate Entertainment made back all of their money on the first day of "Corpses"' theatrical release, they wanted Zombie to make another film and he started to seriously think about a new story. With "Rejects", Zombie has said that he wanted to make it "more horrific" and the characters less cartoonish than in "Corpses", and that he wanted "to make something that was almost like a violent western. Sort of like a road movie." He has also cited films like "Bonnie and Clyde" (1967), "The Wild Bunch" (1969), "Badlands" (1973) and "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" (1974) as influences on "Rejects". When he approached William Forsythe about doing the film, he told the actor that the inspiration for how to portray his character came from actors like Lee Marvin and Robert Shaw. Sheri Moon Zombie does not see the film as a sequel: "It's more like some of the characters from "House of 1000 Corpses" came on over, and now they're the Devil's Rejects."


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: Zombie hired Phil Parmet, who had shot the documentary "Harlan County, USA", because he wanted to adopt a hand-held camera/documentary look. Principal photography was emotionally draining for some of the actors. Sheri Moon Zombie remembers a scene she had to do with Forsythe that required her to cry. The scene took two to three hours to film and affected her so much that she did not come into work for two days afterward.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: "Rejects" went through the MPAA eight times earning an NC-17 rating every time until the last one. According to Zombie, the censors had a problem with the overall tone of the film. Specifically, censors did not like the motel scene between Bill Moseley and Priscilla Barnes, forcing Zombie to cut two minutes of it for the theatrical release. However, this footage was restored in the DVD release.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: Rob Zombie, who is a musician, decided to go with more southern rock to create the mood of the film. The film's soundtrack itself was notable as being one of the first to be released on DualDisc, with the DVD side featuring a making-of featurette for the film and a photo gallery.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: In 2019, Zombie announced that Waxwork Records would release the soundtrack on vinyl along with the two other Zombie films in the trilogy, "House of 1,000 Corpses" and "3 from Hell". The record included an essay written by director Rob Zombie and a 12x12" booklet that contained behind the scenes photographs.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: "The Devil's Rejects" was released on July 22, 2005, in 1,757 theaters and grossed USD$7.1 million on its opening weekend, recouping its roughly $7 million budget. It grossed $17 million in North America and $2.3 million internationally for a total of $19.4 million.


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 54% rating based on 138 reviews, with an average rating of 5.43/10. The site's consensus reads: "Zombie has improved as a filmmaker since "House of 1000 Corpses" and will please fans of the genre, but beware—the horror is nasty, relentless and sadistic". On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: Critic Roger Ebert enjoyed the film and gave it three out of four stars. He wrote, "There is actually some good writing and acting going on here, if you can step back from the [violent] material enough to see it". Later, in his 2006 review for the horror film "The Hills Have Eyes", Ebert referenced "The Devil's Rejects", writing, "I received some appalled feedback when I praised Rob Zombie's "The Devil's Rejects", but I admired two things about it [that were absent from "The Hills Have Eyes"]: (1) It desired to entertain and not merely to sicken, and (2) its depraved killers were individuals with personalities, histories and motives". In his review for "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers gave "The Devil's Rejects" three out of four stars and wrote, "Let's hear it for the Southern-fried soundtrack, from Buck Owens' 'Satan's Got to Get Along Without Me' to Lynyrd Skynyrd's 'Free Bird', playing over the blood-soaked finale, which manages to wed "The Wild Bunch" to "Thelma & Louise"". Richard Roeper gave the film "thumbs up" for being successful at its goal to be the "sickest, the most twisted, the most deranged movie" at that point of the year (2005).


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: In her review for "The New York Times", Dana Stevens wrote that the film "is a "trompe-l'œil" experiment in deliberately retro film-making. It looks sensational, but there is a curious emptiness at its core". "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a "C+" rating and wrote, "Zombie's characters are, to put it mildly, undeveloped". Robert K. Elder, of the "Chicago Tribune", disliked the film, writing "[D]espite decades of soaking in bloody classics such as the original "Texas Chainsaw Massacre" and "I Spit on Your Grave", Zombie didn't absorb any of the underlying social tension or heart in those films. He's no collage artist of influences, like Quentin Tarantino, crafting his movie from childhood influences. "Rejects" plays more like a junkyard of homages, strewn together and lost among inept cops, gaping plot holes and buzzard-ready dialog".


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: Horror author Stephen King rated "The Devil's Rejects" the 9th best film of 2005 and wrote, "No redeeming social merit, perfect '70s C-grade picture cheesy glow; this must be what Quentin Tarantino meant when he did those silly "Kill Bill" pictures".


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: James Berardinelli was very negative giving "The Devil's Rejects" half a star (out of a possible four stars) and called it a "vile, reprehensible movie," saying the action was "more formula than plot." He described the dialogue as "a pastiche (at least I think that's the intention) of the kind of bloodthirsty, overripe lines found" in a genre of films from the 1970s about "outcasts who defy society by destroying it." He was extremely critical of the acting, directing, and the production values, with an ending that was "a cataclysmic misfire", and overall was not "engaging cinema."


title: The Devil's Rejects

text: In January 2018, it was rumoured that a sequel, "3 from Hell", was in production. Rob Zombie confirmed this via Instagram in March 2018, sharing a photo from the director's seat. A teaser trailer for "3 from Hell" was released in June 2019, and the film opened in September 16, 2019.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Liv Johanne Ullmann (born 16 December 1938) is a Norwegian actress and film director. Recognised as one of the greatest European actresses of all time, Ullmann is known as the muse and frequent partner of filmmaker Ingmar Bergman. She acted in many of his films, including "Persona" (1966), "Cries and Whispers" (1972), "Scenes from a Marriage" (1973), "The Passion of Anna" (1969), and "Autumn Sonata" (1978).


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Ullmann won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama in 1972 for the film "The Emigrants" (1971) and has been nominated for another four. In 2000, she was nominated for the Palme d'Or for her second directorial feature film, "Faithless". She has received two BAFTA Award nominations, and two nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress, for "The Emigrants" (1971) and Ingmar Bergman's "Face to Face" (1976). On March 25, 2022, Ullmann was presented with an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her "bravery and emotional transparency that has gifted audiences with deeply affecting screen portrayals".


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Ullmann was born in Tokyo, Japan, the daughter of Norwegian parents, Erik Viggo Ullmann (1907–1945), an aircraft engineer who was working in Tokyo at the time, and Janna Erbe ("née" Lund; 1910–1996).


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Her grandfather was sent to the Dachau concentration camp during the World War II for helping Jews escape from the town where he lived in Norway; he died in this camp. When she was two years old, the family moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where her father worked at the Norwegian air force base on Toronto Island (in Lake Ontario) during the Second World War. The family moved to New York, where four years later, her father died after a lengthy hospitalization from head injuries due to being struck by an airplane propeller, his death affecting her greatly. Her mother worked as a bookseller, while raising two daughters. They eventually moved to Norway, settling in Trondheim.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Ullmann began her acting career as a stage actress in Norway during the mid-1950s. She continued to act in theatre for most of her career and became noted for her portrayal of Nora in Henrik Ibsen's play "A Doll's House".


title: Liv Ullmann

text: She became better known once she started to work with Swedish movie director Ingmar Bergman. She later acted, with acclaim, in 10 of his movies, including "Persona" (1966), "The Passion of Anna" (1969), "Cries and Whispers" (1972), and "Autumn Sonata" (1978), in the last of which her co-actress Ingrid Bergman resumed her own Swedish cinema career. She co-acted often with Swedish actor and fellow Bergman collaborator Erland Josephson, with whom she made the Swedish television drama "Scenes from a Marriage" (1973), which was also edited to feature-movie length and distributed theatrically. Ullmann acted with Laurence Olivier in "A Bridge Too Far" (1977), directed by Richard Attenborough.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Nominated more than 40 times for awards, including various lifetime achievement awards, she won the best actress prize three times from the National Society of Film Critics, three times from the National Board of Review, received three awards from the New York Film Critics Circle, and a Golden Globe. During 1971, Ullmann was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for the movie "The Emigrants", and again during 1976 for the movie "Face to Face".


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Ullmann made her New York City stage debut in 1975 also in "A Doll's House". Appearances in "Anna Christie" and "Ghosts" followed, as well as the less than successful musical version of "I Remember Mama". This show, composed by Richard Rodgers, experienced numerous revisions during a long preview period, then closed after 108 performances. She also featured in the widely deprecated musical movie remake of "Lost Horizon" during 1973. In 1977, when she appeared on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre in Eugene O'Neill's "Anna Christie", "The New York Times" said that she "glowed with despair and hope, and was everything one could have wished her to have been" in a performance "not to be missed and never to be forgotten", with her "grace and authority" that was "perhaps more than Garbo...born for Anna Christie:--Or more properly, Anna Christie was born for her."


title: Liv Ullmann

text: In 1980, Brian De Palma, who directed "Carrie", wanted Liv Ullmann to play the role of Kate Miller in the erotic crime thriller "Dressed to Kill" and offered it to her, but she declined because of the violence. The role subsequently went to Angie Dickinson. In 1982, Ingmar Bergman wanted Ullmann to play Emelie Ekdahl in his last feature film, "Fanny and Alexander", and wrote the role with this in mind. She declined it, feeling the role was too sad. She later stated in interviews that turning it down was one of the few things she really regretted.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: During 1984, she was chairperson of the jury at the 34th Berlin International Film Festival, and during 2001 chaired the jury of the Cannes Film Festival. She introduced her daughter, Linn Ullmann, to the audience with the words: "Here comes the woman whom Ingmar Bergman loves the most". Her daughter was there to receive the Prize of Honour on behalf of her father; she would return to serve the jury herself during 2011. She published two autobiographies, "Changing" (1977) and "Choices" (1984).


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Ullmann's first film as a director was "Sofie" (1992); her friend and former co-actor, Erland Josephson, starred on it. She later directed the Bergman-composed movie "Faithless" (2000). "Faithless" garnered nominations for both the Palme d'Or and Best Actress category at the Cannes Film Festival.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: In 2003, Ullmann reprised her role for "Scenes from a Marriage" in "Saraband" (2003), Bergman's final telemovie. Her previous screen role had been in the Swedish movie "Zorn" (1994).


title: Liv Ullmann

text: In 2004, Ullmann revealed that she had received an offer in November 2003 to play in three episodes of the American television series, "Sex and the City". She was amused by the offer, and said that it was one of the few programs she regularly watched, but she turned it down. Later that year, Steven Soderbergh wrote a role in the movie "Ocean's 12" especially for her, but she also turned that down.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: During 2006, Ullmann announced that she had been forced to end her longtime wish of making a film based on "A Doll's House". According to her statement, the Norwegian Film Fund was preventing her and writer Kjetil Bjørnstad from pursuing the project. Australian actress Cate Blanchett and British actress Kate Winslet had been cast intended in the main roles of the movie. She later directed Blanchett in the play "A Streetcar Named Desire", by Tennessee Williams, at the Sydney Theatre Company in Sydney, which was performed September through October 2009, and then continued from 29 October to 21 November 2009 at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., where it won a Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Non-resident Production as well as actress and supporting performer for 2009. The play was also performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in Brooklyn, New York. Ullmann narrated the Canada–Norway co-produced animated short movie "The Danish Poet" (2006), which won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film at the 79th Academy Awards during 2007.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: During 2012, she attended the International Indian Film Academy Awards in Singapore, where she was honored for her "Outstanding Contributions to International Cinema" and she also showed her movie on her relationship with Ingmar Bergman. In 2013, Ullmann directed a film adaptation of "Miss Julie". The film, released in September 2014, stars Jessica Chastain, Colin Farrell, and Samantha Morton. It was widely praised by the Norwegian press.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: In March 2022 it was announced by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences that Ullmann would receive the Academy Honorary Award. John Lithgow presented her with the statue at the Governors Awards saying, "For those few who claim that she never would've been called one of our greatest actors without Ingmar Bergman, I would answer, Bergman would probably never been called one of our greatest filmmakers without Liv Ullman".


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Ullman has been married and divorced twice. Her daughter is from a relationship with Swedish director Ingmar Bergman.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Ullman was married in 1960 to Norwegian psychiatrist, Hans Jakob Stang, until 1965. The 25-year old Ullman's life changed focus when she met 46-year old Ingmar Bergman. Their relationship quickly moved into an affair which lasted from 1965 to 1970. Writer Linn Ullmann (b. 1966) is their daughter.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: Following an affair with the actor John Lithgow, Ullman married Boston real estate developer Donald Saunders in 1985, and they remained together after their 1995 divorce.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: She is a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, and has traveled widely for the organization. She is also co-founder and honorary chair of the Women's Refugee Commission.


title: Liv Ullmann

text: She received an honorary degree, a Doctorate of Philosophy, from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in 2006.


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than noise.


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: SNR, bandwidth, and channel capacity of a communication channel are connected by the Shannon–Hartley theorem.


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: Signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the ratio of the power of a signal (meaningful input) to the power of background noise (meaningless or unwanted input):


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: where is average power. Both signal and noise power must be measured at the same or equivalent points in a system, and within the same system bandwidth.


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: Depending on whether the signal is a constant () or a random variable (), the signal-to-noise ratio for random noise becomes:


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: If the noise has expected value of zero, as is common, the denominator is its variance, the square of its standard deviation .


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: The signal and the noise must be measured the same way, for example as voltages across the same impedance. The root mean squares can alternatively be used in the ratio:


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: Because many signals have a very wide dynamic range, signals are often expressed using the logarithmic decibel scale. Based upon the definition of decibel, signal and noise may be expressed in decibels (dB) as


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: Substituting the definitions of SNR, signal, and noise in decibels into the above equation results in an important formula for calculating the signal to noise ratio in decibels, when the signal and noise are also in decibels:


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: In the above formula, P is measured in units of power, such as watts (W) or milliwatts (mW), and the signal-to-noise ratio is a pure number.


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: However, when the signal and noise are measured in volts (V) or amperes (A), which are measures of amplitude, they must first be squared to obtain a quantity proportional to power, as shown below:


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: The concepts of signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range are closely related. Dynamic range measures the ratio between the strongest un-distorted signal on a channel and the minimum discernible signal, which for most purposes is the noise level. SNR measures the ratio between an arbitrary signal level (not necessarily the most powerful signal possible) and noise. Measuring signal-to-noise ratios requires the selection of a representative or "reference" signal. In audio engineering, the reference signal is usually a sine wave at a standardized nominal or alignment level, such as 1 kHz at +4 dBu (1.228 V).


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: SNR is usually taken to indicate an "average" signal-to-noise ratio, as it is possible that instantaneous signal-to-noise ratios will be considerably different. The concept can be understood as normalizing the noise level to 1 (0 dB) and measuring how far the signal 'stands out'.


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: In physics, the average power of an AC signal is defined as the average value of voltage times current; for resistive (non-reactive) circuits, where voltage and current are in phase, this is equivalent to the product of the rms voltage and current:


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: But in signal processing and communication, one usually assumes that formula_14 so that factor is usually not included while measuring power or energy of a signal. This may cause some confusion among readers, but the resistance factor is not significant for typical operations performed in signal processing, or for computing power ratios. For most cases, the power of a signal would be considered to be simply


title: Signal-to-noise ratio

text: An alternative definition of SNR is as the reciprocal of the coefficient of variation, i.e., the ratio of mean to standard deviation of a signal or measurement: