title: Disney Television Animation

text: In 2009, Disney–ABC Television Group rebranded both Toon Disney and Jetix as Disney XD with the Jetix brand officially being retired by 2010. The goal was to simplify the marketing of channels by merging the two brands. In 2011, the ABC Kids block closed as well. By the early 2010s, the television group started to create some original shows for newly sister channel Disney XD. The group renamed the animation studio to just Disney Television Animation (or DTVA). Playhouse Disney was rebranded as Disney Junior in 2011 and receiving standalone channels in 2012; by replacing Soapnet (domestically) and the Jetix Play channels (internationally).


title: Disney Television Animation

text: "" became the first Disney XD original animated show preceding Disney Channel's "Fish Hooks". The following Disney XD cartoons were "Motorcity", , "", and "". All of which were co-produced by other animation resources except for "The 7D" (which was originally greenlit for Disney Junior). Despite still making original shows for the main channel by 2014, most animated shows such as "Gravity Falls" and "Wander Over Yonder" shifted as Disney XD Originals. "Mickey Mouse"", , and " remained the only shows not moved to the sister channel.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: In 2016, Disney XD greenlit "Big City Greens" (then titled: "Country Club);" however, production had to be on hold due to the abundance of DTVA shows at the time. Disney had just announced "Milo Murphy's Law" for Disney XD that same year, along with a reboot of "DuckTales" as early as 2015.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: However, to renovate marketing, Disney ceased production of all original shows for Disney XD. The last shows created were "Pickle and Peanut" (creator as "Fish Hooks"), "Future-Worm!" and "Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer" were all announced (as early as 2014) but would air in the sequential years.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: Since 2017, the studio quietly started a collaboration with "Walt Disney Imagineering", "Disney Parks, Experiences and Products" and "Disney Cruise Line" on providing different redesings,animations and theming for attractions and night-time shows for "Disneyland", "Walt Disney World", Disney Resorts and Disney Cruises based on the different series around the different productions of the studio within the "Mickey Mouse universe" starting with "Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway" in 2020 and continuing with Aqua-Mouse for "Disney Wish" in 2022 and providing help with the "Mickey's Toontown" refreshment for 2023.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: In early 2018, Disney Channels Worldwide officially announced to return animated to the main Disney Channel. This change meant that DTVA would mainly only be producing shows for Disney Channel and Disney Junior.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: In February of that year, the studio pitched two new shows "Amphibia" and "The Owl House", to mark their return to animation. "Big City Greens" (initially intended to air on Disney XD) switched to Disney Channel. The remaining solely-produced shows by the studio, such as "Star vs. the Forces of Evil", "DuckTales", "", and "Milo Murphy's Law", moved their premieres as well, with many of their productions being wrapped up.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: In 2019, Disney greenlit another new show, "The Ghost and Molly McGee" (originally titled: "The Curse of Molly McGee") and "Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur" (a co-production with corporate sister studio Marvel Animation). Many following Disney Junior original shows have rebranded as "Disney Junior" instead of merely "Disney", mainly used for Disney Channel shows. However, Disney+ original shows would remain a separate brand.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: In July, Disney TV Animation signed 17 creators and animators to overall deals. This venture follows a trend in kid programming started by Netflix.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: In February 2022, it was reported that Disney TVA is working on an animated film titled "Superfudge" alongside AGBO for Disney+. The studio is also developing a film titled "School for Sensitive Souls" as part of former Disney Branded Television president Gary Marsh's new overall deal with Disney. On November 2021 it was revealed that as part of Lisa Fragner's promotion as CEO of development at Disney TVA, that the animated feature film adaptation of "Confessions Of An Imaginary Friend" originally acquired by 20th Century Animation by Fragner on 2015 went back to production at Disney TVA. They will be among Disney TVA's first original films ever since the failed "Fluppy Dogs" pilot film. Disney TVA is also working on approximately 31 original films set to be released across Disney Channel, Disney Junior, and Disney+.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: In March 2022, The studio announced that it will collaborate with adult-animation-orientated sister studio 20th Television Animation, for the creation of young adult animated series, mini-series and movies for Disney+ starting with the animated stop-motion-musical comedy "Rhona Who Lives By The River."


title: Disney Television Animation

text: 0n May 4, 2022, Disney Television Animation begun production on its 100th Series overall, "Cookies & Milk", produced by Cinema Gypsy Productions & Jesse James Films.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: Late 2021 and early 2022 saw several changes in management at Disney TVA, with former Blue Sky Studios executive Lisa Fragner joining as vice-president of development for Disney+ in November 2021, alongside longtime Disney TVA executive Elizabeth Waybright Taylor, who was also promoted as vice-president of development the same month. Fragner would oversee development on projects for Disney+, while Taylor would supervise Disney Channel projects. In February 2022, Sarah Finn was promoted to senior vice-president of production, overseeing physical production for projects across all three Disney networks, after working on the studio ever since 2018. On July 22, 2022, Douglas Bensimon and Edward Mejia were both promoted to VP of current series; Bensimon will oversee development on original series,while Mejia will work on series based on preexisting Disney IP.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: As part of Bensimon's promotion it was announced that the studio will collaborate with Marvel Studios with the production of upcoming Marvel-based animated series not related within the Marvel Cinematic Universe with Bensimon overseeing them on development.


title: Disney Television Animation

text: On 4 November 2022, Alyssa Sapire got promoted to lead all content for Disney Junior, as part of the announcement, Sapire also solidified her senior executive team across development and current with Kim Berglund promoted as vice president of Development of Disney Junior for the studio with oversight of all series, specials and shorts in development and Diane Ikemiyashiro and Lori Mozilo handling current series as vice-presidents on Disney Junior at the studio also working closely with partners across The Walt Disney Company on development with upcoming preschool series based on IPs from Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar, 20th Century Family and 20th Century Animation.


title: 5

text: 5 (five) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number, and cardinal number, following 4 and preceding 6, and is a prime number. It has attained significance throughout history in part because typical humans have five digits on each hand.


title: 5

text: formula_1 is the third smallest prime number, and the second super-prime. It is the first safe prime, the first good prime, the first balanced prime, and the first of three known Wilson primes. Five is the second Fermat prime and the third Mersenne prime exponent, as well as the third Catalan number, and the third Sophie Germain prime. Notably, 5 is equal to the sum of the "only" consecutive primes, 2 + 3, and is the only number that is part of more than one pair of twin primes, (3, 5) and (5, 7). It is also a sexy prime with the fifth prime number and first prime repunit, 11. Five is the third factorial prime, an alternating factorial, and an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form formula_2 − formula_3. In particular, five is the first congruent number, since it is the length of the hypotenuse of the smallest integer-sided right triangle.


title: 5

text: Five is the second Fermat prime of the form formula_4+ formula_3, and more generally the second , formula_6+ formula_3. There are a total of five known Fermat primes, which also include 3, 17, 257, and 65537. The sum of the first 3 Fermat primes, 3, 5 and 17, yields 25 or 5, while 257 is the 55th prime number. Combinations from these 5 Fermat primes generate 31 polygons with an odd number of sides that can be constructed purely with a compass and straight-edge, which includes the five-sided regular pentagon. Apropos, 31 is also equal to the sum of the maximum number of areas inside a circle that are formed from the sides and diagonals of the first five formula_8-sided polygons, and equal to the maximum number of areas formed by a six-sided polygon; per Moser's circle problem.


title: 5

text: The number 5 is the fifth Fibonacci number, being 2 plus 3. It is the only Fibonacci number that is equal to its position aside from 1, which is both the first and second Fibonacci numbers. Five is also a Pell number and a Markov number, appearing in solutions to the Markov Diophantine equation: (1, 2, 5), (1, 5, 13), (2, 5, 29), (5, 13, 194), (5, 29, 433), ... ( lists Markov numbers that appear in solutions where one of the other two terms is 5). Whereas 5 is unique in the Fibonacci sequence, in the Perrin sequence 5 is both the fifth and sixth Perrin numbers.


title: 5

text: 5 is the third Mersenne prime exponent of the form formula_9 − formula_3, which yields formula_11: the prime index of the third Mersenne prime and second double Mersenne prime 127, as well as the third double Mersenne prime exponent for the number 2,147,483,647, which is the largest value that a signed 32-bit integer field can hold. There are only four known double Mersenne prime numbers, with a fifth candidate double Mersenne prime formula_12 = 2 − 1 too large to compute with current computers. In a related sequence, the first 5 terms in the sequence of Catalan–Mersenne numbers formula_13 are the only known prime terms, with a sixth possible candidate in the order of 10. These prime sequences are conjectured to be prime up to a certain limit.


title: 5

text: Every odd number greater than formula_3 is the sum of at most five prime numbers, and every odd number greater than formula_1 is conjectured to be expressible as the sum of three prime numbers. Helfgott has provided a proof of the latter, also known as the odd Goldbach conjecture, that is already widely acknowledged by mathematicians as it still undergoes peer-review.


title: 5

text: The sums of the first five non-primes greater than zero formula_3 + formula_17 + formula_18 + formula_19 + formula_20 and the first five prime numbers formula_21 + formula_22 + formula_1 + formula_24 + formula_25 both equal formula_26; the 7th triangular number and like formula_18 a perfect number, which also includes formula_28, the 31st triangular number and perfect number of the form formula_29(formula_29 − formula_3) with a formula_32 of formula_1, by the Euclid–Euler theorem.


title: 5

text: There are a total of five known unitary perfect numbers, which are numbers that are the sums of their positive proper unitary divisors. A sixth unitary number, if discovered, would have at least nine odd prime factors.


title: 5

text: Five is conjectured to be the only odd untouchable number, and if this is the case then five will be the only odd prime number that is not the base of an aliquot tree.


title: 5

text: In figurate numbers, 5 is a pentagonal number, with the sequence of pentagonal numbers starting: 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ...


title: 5

text: The factorial of five, or formula_1! = formula_35, is the sum of the first fifteen non-zero positive integers, and 15th triangular number, which in turn is the sum of the first five non-zero positive integers and 5th triangular number. 35, which is the fourth or fifth pentagonal and tetrahedral number, is equal to the sum of the first five triangular numbers: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15.


title: 5

text: 5 is the value of the central cell of the only non-trivial normal magic square, also called the "Lo Shu" square. Its formula_22 x formula_22 array of squares has a magic constant formula_38 of formula_39, where the sums of its rows, columns, and diagonals are all equal to fifteen. 5 is also the value of the central cell the only non-trivial order-3 normal magic hexagon that is made of nineteen cells.


title: 5

text: Polynomial equations of degree and below can be solved with radicals, while quintic equations of degree 5, and higher, cannot generally be so solved. This is the Abel–Ruffini theorem. This is related to the fact that the symmetric group formula_40 is a solvable group for "n" ⩽ 4 and not solvable for "n" ⩾ 5.


title: 5

text: Euler's identity, formula_41+ formula_3 = formula_43, contains five essential numbers used widely in mathematics: Archimedes' constant formula_44, Euler's number formula_45, the imaginary number formula_46, unity formula_3, and zero formula_43, which makes this formula a renown example of beauty in mathematics.


title: 5

text: A pentagram, or five-pointed polygram, is the first proper star polygon constructed from the diagonals of a regular pentagon as self-intersecting edges that are proportioned in golden ratio, formula_49. Its internal geometry appears prominently in Penrose tilings, and is a facet inside Kepler-Poinsot star polyhedra and Schläfli–Hess star polychora, represented by its Schläfli symbol }. A similar figure to the pentagram is a five-pointed simple isotoxal star ☆ without self-intersecting edges. Generally, star polytopes that are regular only exist in dimensions 2 ⩽ formula_8 < 5.


title: 5

text: In graph theory, all graphs with 4 or fewer vertices are planar, however, there is a graph with 5 vertices that is not: "K", the complete graph with 5 vertices, where every pair of distinct vertices in a pentagon is joined by unique edges belonging to a pentagram. By Kuratowski's theorem, a finite graph is planar iff it does not contain a subgraph that is a subdivision of "K", or the complete bipartite utility graph "K". A similar graph is the Petersen graph, which is strongly connected and also nonplanar. It is most easily described as graph of a pentagram "embedded" inside a pentagon, with a total of 5 crossings, a girth of 5, and a Thue number of 5. The Petersen graph, which is also a distance-regular graph, is one of only 5 known connected vertex-transitive graphs with no Hamiltonian cycles. The automorphism group of the Petersen graph is the symmetric group formula_51 of order 120 = 5!.


title: 5

text: The chromatic number of the plane is at least five, depending on the choice of set-theoretical axioms: the minimum number of colors required to color the plane such that no pair of points at a distance of 1 has the same color. Whereas the hexagonal Golomb graph and the regular hexagonal tiling generate chromatic numbers of 4 and 7, respectively, a chromatic coloring of 5 can be attained under a more complicated graph where multiple four-coloring Moser spindles are linked so that no monochromatic triples exist in any coloring of the overall graph, as that would generate an equilateral arrangement that tends toward a purely hexagonal structure.


title: 5

text: The plane contains a total of five Bravais lattices, or arrays of points defined by discrete translation operations: hexagonal, oblique, rectangular, centered rectangular, and square lattices. The plane can also be tiled monohedrally with convex pentagons in fifteen different ways, three of which have Laves tilings as special cases.


title: 5

text: Five points are needed to determine a conic section, in the same way that two points are needed to determine a line. A Veronese surface in the projective plane formula_52 of a conic generalizes a linear condition for a point to be contained inside a conic.


title: 5

text: There are formula_1 Platonic solids in three-dimensional space: the tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. The dodecahedron in particular contains pentagonal faces, while the icosahedron, its dual polyhedron, has a vertex figure that is a regular pentagon. There are also formula_1:


title: 5

text: ☆ Regular polyhedron compounds: the stella octangula, compound of five tetrahedra, compound of five cubes, compound of five octahedra, and compound of ten tetrahedra. Icosahedral symmetry formula_55 is isomorphic to the alternating group on 5 letters formula_56 of order 120, realized by actions on these uniform polyhedron compounds.


title: 5

text: ☆ Space-filling convex polyhedra: the triangular prism, hexagonal prism, cube, truncated octahedron, and gyrobifastigium. While the cube is the only Platonic solid that can tessellate space on its own, the truncated octahedron and the gyrobifastigium are the only Archimedean and Johnson solids, respectively, that can also tessellate space with their own copies.


title: 5

text: ☆ Cell-transitive parallelohedra: any parallelepiped, as well as the rhombic dodecahedron and elongated dodecahedron, and the hexagonal prism and truncated octahedron. The cube is a special case of a parallelepiped, with the rhombic dodecahedron the only Catalan solid to tessellate space on its own.


title: 5

text: ☆ Regular abstract polyhedra, which include the excavated dodecahedron and the dodecadodecahedron. They have combinatorial symmetries transitive on flags of their elements, with topologies equivalent to that of toroids and the ability to tile the hyperbolic plane.


title: 5

text: The 5-cell, or pentatope, is the self-dual fourth-dimensional analogue of the tetrahedron, with Coxeter group symmetry formula_57 of order 120 = 5! and formula_51 group structure. Made of five tetrahedra, its Petrie polygon is a regular pentagon and its orthographic projection is equivalent to the complete graph "K". It is one of six regular 4-polytopes, made of thirty-one elements: five vertices, ten edges, ten faces, five tetrahedral cells and one 4-face.


title: 5

text: Overall, the fourth dimension contains five Weyl groups that form a finite number of uniform polychora: formula_59, formula_60, formula_61, formula_62, and formula_63, with four of these Coxeter groups capable of generating the same finite forms without formula_61; accompanied by a fifth or sixth general group of unique 4-prisms of Platonic and Archimedean solids. There are also a total of five Coxeter groups that generate non-prismatic Euclidian honeycombs in 4-space, alongside five compact hyperbolic Coxeter groups that generate five regular compact hyperbolic honeycombs with finite facets, as with the order-5 5-cell honeycomb and the order-5 120-cell honeycomb, both of which have five cells around each face. Compact hyperbolic honeycombs only exist through the fourth dimension, or rank 5, with paracompact hyperbolic solutions existing through rank 10. Likewise, analogues of three-dimensional icosahedral symmetry formula_65 or four-dimensional formula_66 symmetry do not exist in dimensions "n" ⩾ 5; however, there is the uniform prismatic group formula_66 × formula_68 in the fifth dimension which contains prisms of regular and uniform 4-polytopes that have formula_66 symmetry.


title: 5

text: The 5-simplex is the five-dimensional analogue of the 5-cell, or 4-simplex; the fifth iteration of formula_8-simplexes in any formula_8 dimensions. The 5-simplex has the Coxeter group formula_72 as its symmetry group, of order 720 = 6!, whose group structure is represented by the symmetric group formula_73, the only finite symmetric group which has an outer automorphism. The 5-cube, made of ten tesseracts and the 5-cell as its vertex figure, is also regular and one of thirty-one uniform 5-polytopes under the Coxeter formula_74 hypercubic group. The demipenteract, with one hundred and twenty cells, is the only fifth-dimensional semiregular polytope, and has the rectified 5-cell as its vertex figure, which is one of only three semiregular 4-polytopes alongside the rectified 600-cell and the snub 24-cell. In the fifth dimension, there are five regular paracompact honeycombs, all with infinite facets and vertex figures. There are exclusively twelve complex aperiotopes in formula_75 complex spaces of dimensions formula_8 ⩾ formula_1, with fifteen in formula_78 and sixteen in formula_79; alongside complex polytopes in formula_80 and higher under simplex, hypercubic and orthoplex groups, the latter with van Oss polytopes.


title: 5

text: There are five exceptional Lie groups: formula_81, formula_82, formula_83, formula_84, and formula_85. The smallest of these, formula_81, can be represented in five-dimensional complex space and projected in the same number of dimensions as a ball rolling on top of another ball, whose motion is described in two-dimensional space. formula_85, the largest of all five exceptional groups, also contains the other four as subgroups and is constructed with one hundred and twenty quaternionic unit icosians that make up the vertices of the 600-cell. There are also five solvable groups that are excluded from finite simple groups of Lie type.


title: 5

text: The five Mathieu groups constitute the in the happy family of sporadic groups. These are also the first five sporadic groups to have been described, defined as formula_88 multiply transitive permutation groups on formula_8 objects, with formula_8 ∈ {11, 12, 22, 23, 24}. In particular, formula_91, the smallest of all sporadic groups, has a rank 3 action on fifty-five points from an induced action on unordered pairs, as well as two five-dimensional faithful complex irreducible representations over the field with three elements, which is the lowest irreducible dimensional representation of all sporadic group over their respective fields with "n" elements. Of precisely five different conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of formula_91, one is the almost simple symmetric group formula_93 (of order 5!), and another is formula_94, also almost simple, that functions as a point stabilizer which has formula_1 as its largest prime factor in its group order: 2·3·5 = 2·3·4·5·6 = 8·9·10 = 720. On the other hand, whereas formula_91 is sharply 4-transitive, formula_97 is sharply 5-transitive and formula_98 is 5-transitive, and as such they are the only two 5-transitive groups that are not symmetric groups or alternating groups. formula_99 has the first five prime numbers as its distinct prime factors in its order of 2·3·5·7·11, and is the smallest of five sporadic groups with five distinct prime factors in their order. All Mathieu groups are subgroups of formula_98, which under the Witt design formula_101 of Steiner system S(5, 8, 24) emerges a construction of the extended binary Golay code formula_102 that has formula_98 as its automorphism group. formula_101 generates "octads" from code words of Hamming weight 8 from the extended binary Golay code, one of five different Hamming weights the extended binary Golay code uses: 0, 8, 12, 16, and 24. The Witt design and the extended binary Golay code in turn can be used to generate a faithful construction of the 24-dimensional Leech lattice Λ, which is the subject of the of seven sporadic groups that are subquotients of the automorphism of the Leech lattice, Conway group formula_105.


title: 5

text: There are five non-supersingular primes: 37, 43, 53, 61, and 67, all smaller than the largest of fifteen supersingular prime divisors of the friendly giant, 71.


title: 5

text: 5 is the only prime number to end in the digit 5 in decimal because all other numbers written with a 5 in the ones place are multiples of five, which makes it a 1-automorphic number.


title: 5

text: All multiples of 5 will end in either 5 or , and vulgar fractions with 5 or in the denominator do not yield infinite decimal expansions because they are prime factors of 10, the base.


title: 5

text: In the powers of 5, every power ends with the number five, and from 5 onward, if the exponent is odd, then the hundreds digit is 1, and if it is even, the hundreds digit is 6.


title: 5

text: The evolution of the modern Western digit for the numeral 5 cannot be traced back to the Indian system, as for the digits 1 to 4. The Kushana and Gupta empires in what is now India had among themselves several different forms that bear no resemblance to the modern digit. The Nagari and Punjabi took these digits and all came up with forms that were similar to a lowercase "h" rotated 180°. The Ghubar Arabs transformed the digit in several different ways, producing from that were more similar to the digits 4 or 3 than to 5. It was from those digits that Europeans finally came up with the modern 5.


title: 5

text: While the shape of the character for the digit 5 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the glyph usually has a descender, as, for example, in .


title: 5

text: On the seven-segment display of a calculator, it is represented by five segments at four successive turns from top to bottom, rotating counterclockwise first, then clockwise, and vice-versa.


title: YG (rapper)

text: Keenon Dequan Ray Jackson (born March 9, 1990), better known by his stage name YG (short for Young Gangsta), is an American rapper from Compton, California. In 2010, he released his debut single, "Toot It and Boot It" (featuring Ty Dolla Sign), which peaked at number 67 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The single's success resulted in his signing to Def Jam Recordings. In the following years, YG released mixtapes such as "The Real 4Fingaz, Just Re'd Up," "Just Re'd Up 2", "4 Hunnid Degreez," among others.


title: YG (rapper)

text: In June 2013, YG signed an additional deal with Young Jeezy's imprint CTE World. His 2013 single, "My Nigga" (featuring Jeezy and Rich Homie Quan), peaked at number 19 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. He then released the singles "Left, Right" (featuring DJ Mustard) and "Who Do You Love?" (featuring Drake), leading up to the release of his debut studio album in 2014. The album, "My Krazy Life," was released in March of that year by Pu$haz Ink, CTE World and Def Jam, and receiving commercial success and critical acclaim. Later in 2014, he was featured on his highest-charting single to date, "Don't Tell 'Em", with American singer Jeremih, peaking at number 6 on the Hot 100. In 2016, he released his second album, "Still Brazy," to further acclaim.


title: YG (rapper)

text: In 2018, he released his third studio album, "Stay Dangerous", to generally positive reviews. It included the single, "Big Bank" (featuring 2 Chainz, Big Sean and Nicki Minaj)—his highest charting solo single peaking at number 16 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. His fourth studio album, "4Real 4Real", was released in 2019 in memory of deceased rapper and close colleague Nipsey Hussle. His fifth and sixth studio albums, "My Life 4Hunnid" (2020) and "I Got Issues" (2022) followed thereafter.


title: YG (rapper)

text: Keenon Dequan Ray Jackson was born on March 9, 1990, in Compton, California. His stage name "YG" stands for "Young Gangsta." YG joined the Bloods gang in 2006 at age 16. His father served time in jail for tax fraud.


title: YG (rapper)

text: In 2012, he announced his debut album, then titled “I'm 4rm Bompton”. Later in June 2013, he revealed that Jeezy's record label CTE World would release the album. He was then featured on Yo Gotti's "Act Right" also featuring Jeezy. It would peak at number 100 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. He was then prominently featured on the CTE World mixtape, "Boss Yo Life Up Gang" in August 2013.


title: YG (rapper)

text: On September 4, 2013, YG revealed that his debut album would be released on November 19, 2013, via Def Jam Recordings and that he has changed the album title to "My Krazy Life". He also revealed that Drake would be featured on a song titled "Who Do You Love?", produced by DJ Mustard. Shortly thereafter he released the album's lead single "My Nigga" featuring Rich Homie Quan and Jeezy, also produced by DJ Mustard. The song has since peaked at number 19 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. On December 10, 2013, YG released the DJ Mustard-produced "Left, Right" as the album's second single. The following day, Def Jam announced that "My Krazy Life" would be released on March 18, 2014 and that "Who Do You Love?" featuring Drake would be the album's next single. On February 18, 2014, YG revealed the cover artwork for his debut album "My Krazy Life". The artwork features YG posing for a mugshot, with his name and album title detailed in the placard around his neck. It was released on March 18, 2014.


title: YG (rapper)

text: On June 24, 2015, in an interview with "Billboard", YG revealed that his second studio album would be called "Still Krazy" and it would be released in 2015 On July 15, 2015, YG teased the first single for the album, "Twist My Fingaz" on Instagram. The same day, YG released the single, "Cash Money" featuring Krayzie Bone. The full version of "Twist My Fingaz" was released July 17, 2015. On December 12, 2015, he released the second single, titled "I Want a Benz" featuring rappers Nipsey Hussle and 50 Cent.


title: YG (rapper)

text: "Still Brazy" was released on June 17, 2016. The third single "Why You Always Hatin?" premiered on OVO Sound Radio on May 21, 2016, featuring rappers Drake and Kamaiyah. On November 25, 2016, he digitally released the Black Friday inspired "Red Friday", containing 8 new tracks.


title: YG (rapper)

text: YG announced through social media "Just Re'd Up 3: Know Your Worth" on December 17, 2016, and again on March 16, 2017. The project was to be executively produced DJ Mustard. It has yet to release, with no comment from YG or DJ Mustard.


title: YG (rapper)

text: On February 3, 2017, the song "I Don't", by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey was released, featuring YG. Carey and YG performed "I Don't" live on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on February 15, 2017. On March 24, 2017, a remix featuring Remy Ma and YG was released.


title: YG (rapper)

text: On February 19, 2018, YG announced his third studio album would be "Stay Dangerous" on his Instagram page and would be released this summer. It was released in 2018.


title: YG (rapper)

text: On April 3, 2019, YG announced a "surprise album" titled "4Real 4Real" via Twitter originally due for release on April 12, being delayed to May 24 due to the death of his close friend Nipsey Hussle. It was released to positive reviews. The album includes the single "Go Loko" and the diss track aimed at 6ix9ine, "Stop Snitchin".


title: YG (rapper)

text: As of 2020, YG has released a number of songs, including the protest track, "FTP (Fuck the Police)", with the video shot at a Black Lives Matter protest in Hollywood, following the murder of George Floyd. He also joined Public Enemy, alongside Nas, Questlove, and Rapsody, among others, at the 2020 BET Awards for a performance of Public Enemy's classic track "Fight the Power". On July 10, YG released the single "War", with a video where he is dressed as footballer Colin Kaepernick.


title: YG (rapper)

text: On September 15, 2020, YG took to his social media to announce his new album "My Life 4Hunnid", which was released on October 2, 2020. The album was entirely recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic and was "highly influenced" by 2Pac. The same week, he released the single "Money Mouf", with Saweetie and Tyga. On September 23, 2020, YG released the single, "Out on Bail", inspired by 2Pac's song of the same name.


title: YG (rapper)

text: On May 3, 2021, YG announced his first collaborative album, with Sacramento rapper Mozzy. It was announced under the working title "Perfect Timing", but was later changed to "Kommunity Service" and released on May 21, 2021. The cover art serves as a tribute to late rapper DMX and the film "Belly", in which he starred in. The album was supported by two singles: "Bompton to Oak Park" and "Perfect Timing" featuring Blxst.


title: YG (rapper)

text: When YG originally came up with the idea for a label (originally titled Pushaz Ink, stylized as Pu$haz Ink), he later attempted to co-found it with DJ Mustard and Ty Dolla $ign. Originally the "label" was used as a promotional tool and a brand for YG and DJ Mustard's group of rap collaborators they had grown up with. But as they moved forward in laying the groundwork for the label and its roster, plans for the label were scrapped when their meeting with Capitol went south and the three artists decided to go their separate ways.


title: YG (rapper)

text: There were rumors throughout 2016 that YG would be launching a new label under the name 4Hunnid. They originally begun when YG released a fashion line prominently featuring the 4Hunnid logo. This was confirmed to be true on August 17, 2016, when Billboard magazine reported that YG signed a distribution deal for the label under the 4Hunnid name with Interscope Records and Empire Distribution.


title: YG (rapper)

text: YG has two daughters from a previous relationship. YG is a member of the Compton-based Westside Tree Top Piru gang. On January 25, 2012, shots were fired during the filming of YG's music video "I'm a Thug". The police shut down and closed the set.


title: YG (rapper)

text: On June 12, 2015, YG was shot in the hip at a recording studio in Studio City, California, resulting in three separate wounds in his hip. Authorities said that YG was "very uncooperative" when asked about the incident. His manager later revealed that his injuries were not life-threatening and said he was "fine" and recovering. He returned to the studio the next day.


title: YG (rapper)

text: On September 6, 2019, it was confirmed that he and singer Kehlani were dating, but the relationship ended after he was caught cheating.


title: YG (rapper)

text: YG is a notable fan of the Los Angeles Rams NFL team, and was known to have befriended then-running back Todd Gurley. He was frequently spotted wearing a Rams home jersey in several video shoots and at several Rams’ home games, including one instance during the 2017 season against the Houston Texans in which Rams’ receiver Robert Woods caught a touchdown and jumped onto the table in the back of the endzone to celebrate alongside YG.


title: YG (rapper)

text: YG was the subject of media attention and protests in October 2016 when it was reported that he had advocated for the targeted robbery of Asian Americans in his music. YG's song "Meet the Flockers", from his 2014 debut album "My Krazy Life", was widely accused of racism against the Asian American community, especially Chinese Americans. In the song, YG raps "First, you find a house and scope it out / Find a Chinese neighborhood, cause they don't believe in bank accounts." Receiving little controversy when first released, the song drew renewed scrutiny in 2016 after an uptick in burglaries targeting Asian-Americans. YG has described "Meet the Flockers" as being representative of the culture he grew up in.


title: YG (rapper)

text: YG faced controversy on October 28, 2019, after kicking out 17-year-old fan, Austin Joyner, at his concert after the fan refused to curse out "Fuck Donald Trump" on stage. Joyner was pushed by the rapper and called a racist before being escorted off stage. Turning Point USA interviewed the 17-year-old on February 23, 2020, revealing that he was celebrating his birthday with friends and that he was apolitical. After being kicked off stage he was advised by staff to leave due to "YG putting a target on [his] back". Afterwards, Joyner received attention online from social media and news publications soon leading to hate comments.


title: YG (rapper)

text: YG was arrested on January 24, 2020 at his Southern California home on robbery charges, and was held on $250,000 bail at the Men's Central Jail for arraignment on January 28, 2020. YG had been scheduled to perform on January 26, 2020, at the Grammy Awards.


title: Gradient descent

text: In mathematics, gradient descent (also often called steepest descent) is a iterative optimization algorithm for finding a local minimum of a differentiable function. The idea is to take repeated steps in the opposite direction of the gradient (or approximate gradient) of the function at the current point, because this is the direction of steepest descent. Conversely, stepping in the direction of the gradient will lead to a local maximum of that function; the procedure is then known as gradient ascent.


title: Gradient descent

text: Gradient descent is generally attributed to Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who first suggested it in 1847. Jacques Hadamard independently proposed a similar method in 1907. Its convergence properties for non-linear optimization problems were first studied by Haskell Curry in 1944, with the method becoming increasingly well-studied and used in the following decades.


title: Gradient descent

text: Gradient descent is based on the observation that if the multi-variable function formula_1 is defined and differentiable in a neighborhood of a point formula_2, then formula_1 decreases "fastest" if one goes from formula_2 in the direction of the negative gradient of formula_5 at formula_6. It follows that, if


title: Gradient descent

text: for a small enough step size or learning rate formula_8, then formula_9. In other words, the term formula_10 is subtracted from formula_2 because we want to move against the gradient, toward the local minimum. With this observation in mind, one starts with a guess formula_12 for a local minimum of formula_5, and considers the sequence formula_14 such that


title: Gradient descent

text: so, hopefully, the sequence formula_17 converges to the desired local minimum. Note that the value of the "step size" formula_18 is allowed to change at every iteration. With certain assumptions on the function formula_5 (for example, formula_5 convex and formula_21 Lipschitz) and particular choices of formula_18 (e.g., chosen either via a line search that satisfies the Wolfe conditions, or the Barzilai–Borwein method shown as following),


title: Gradient descent

text: convergence to a local minimum can be guaranteed. When the function formula_5 is convex, all local minima are also global minima, so in this case gradient descent can converge to the global solution.


title: Gradient descent

text: This process is illustrated in the adjacent picture. Here, formula_5 is assumed to be defined on the plane, and that its graph has a bowl shape. The blue curves are the contour lines, that is, the regions on which the value of formula_5 is constant. A red arrow originating at a point shows the direction of the negative gradient at that point. Note that the (negative) gradient at a point is orthogonal to the contour line going through that point. We see that gradient "descent" leads us to the bottom of the bowl, that is, to the point where the value of the function formula_5 is minimal.


title: Gradient descent

text: The basic intuition behind gradient descent can be illustrated by a hypothetical scenario. A person is stuck in the mountains and is trying to get down (i.e., trying to find the global minimum). There is heavy fog such that visibility is extremely low. Therefore, the path down the mountain is not visible, so they must use local information to find the minimum. They can use the method of gradient descent, which involves looking at the steepness of the hill at their current position, then proceeding in the direction with the steepest descent (i.e., downhill). If they were trying to find the top of the mountain (i.e., the maximum), then they would proceed in the direction of steepest ascent (i.e., uphill). Using this method, they would eventually find their way down the mountain or possibly get stuck in some hole (i.e., local minimum or saddle point), like a mountain lake. However, assume also that the steepness of the hill is not immediately obvious with simple observation, but rather it requires a sophisticated instrument to measure, which the person happens to have at the moment. It takes quite some time to measure the steepness of the hill with the instrument, thus they should minimize their use of the instrument if they wanted to get down the mountain before sunset. The difficulty then is choosing the frequency at which they should measure the steepness of the hill so not to go off track.


title: Gradient descent

text: In this analogy, the person represents the algorithm, and the path taken down the mountain represents the sequence of parameter settings that the algorithm will explore. The steepness of the hill represents the slope of the function at that point. The instrument used to measure steepness is differentiation. The direction they choose to travel in aligns with the gradient of the function at that point. The amount of time they travel before taking another measurement is the step size.


title: Gradient descent

text: Since using a step size formula_18 that is too small would slow convergence, and a formula_18 too large would lead to divergence, finding a good setting of formula_18 is an important practical problem. Philip Wolfe also advocated using "clever choices of the [descent] direction" in practice. Whilst using a direction that deviates from the steepest descent direction may seem counter-intuitive, the idea is that the smaller slope may be compensated for by being sustained over a much longer distance.


title: Gradient descent

text: To reason about this mathematically, consider a direction formula_31 and step size formula_32 and consider the more general update:


title: Gradient descent

text: Finding good settings of formula_31 and formula_32 requires some thought. First of all, we would like the update direction to point downhill. Mathematically, letting formula_36 denote the angle between formula_37 and formula_31, this requires that formula_39 To say more, we need more information about the objective function that we are optimising. Under the fairly weak assumption that formula_5 is continuously differentiable, we may prove that:


title: Gradient descent

text: This inequality implies that the amount by which we can be sure the function formula_5 is decreased depends on a trade off between the two terms in square brackets. The first term in square brackets measures the angle between the descent direction and the negative gradient. The second term measures how quickly the gradient changes along the descent direction.


title: Gradient descent

text: In principle inequality () could be optimized over formula_31 and formula_32 to choose an optimal step size and direction. The problem is that evaluating the second term in square brackets requires evaluating formula_44, and extra gradient evaluations are generally expensive and undesirable. Some ways around this problem are:


title: Gradient descent

text: Usually by following one of the recipes above, convergence to a local minimum can be guaranteed. When the function formula_5 is convex, all local minima are also global minima, so in this case gradient descent can converge to the global solution.


title: Gradient descent

text: If the system matrix formula_66 is real symmetric and positive-definite, an objective function is defined as the quadratic function, with minimization of


title: Gradient descent

text: In traditional linear least squares for real formula_66 and formula_72 the Euclidean norm is used, in which case


title: Gradient descent

text: The line search minimization, finding the locally optimal step size formula_18 on every iteration, can be performed analytically for quadratic functions, and explicit formulas for the locally optimal formula_18 are known.


title: Gradient descent

text: For example, for real symmetric and positive-definite matrix formula_66, a simple algorithm can be as follows,


title: Gradient descent

text: The method is rarely used for solving linear equations, with the conjugate gradient method being one of the most popular alternatives. The number of gradient descent iterations is commonly proportional to the spectral condition number formula_82 of the system matrix formula_66 (the ratio of the maximum to minimum eigenvalues of , while the convergence of conjugate gradient method is typically determined by a square root of the condition number, i.e., is much faster. Both methods can benefit from preconditioning, where gradient descent may require less assumptions on the preconditioner.


title: Gradient descent

text: Gradient descent can also be used to solve a system of nonlinear equations. Below is an example that shows how to use the gradient descent to solve for three unknown variables, "x", "x", and "x". This example shows one iteration of the gradient descent.


title: Gradient descent

text: This can be done with any of a variety of line search algorithms. One might also simply guess formula_97 which gives


title: Gradient descent

text: is a sizable decrease in the objective function. Further steps would reduce its value further until an approximate solution to the system was found.


title: Gradient descent

text: Gradient descent works in spaces of any number of dimensions, even in infinite-dimensional ones. In the latter case, the search space is typically a function space, and one calculates the Fréchet derivative of the functional to be minimized to determine the descent direction.


title: Gradient descent

text: That gradient descent works in any number of dimensions (finite number at least) can be seen as a consequence of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. That article proves that the magnitude of the inner (dot) product of two vectors of any dimension is maximized when they are colinear. In the case of gradient descent, that would be when the vector of independent variable adjustments is proportional to the gradient vector of partial derivatives.


title: Gradient descent

text: The gradient descent can take many iterations to compute a local minimum with a required accuracy, if the curvature in different directions is very different for the given function. For such functions, preconditioning, which changes the geometry of the space to shape the function level sets like concentric circles, cures the slow convergence. Constructing and applying preconditioning can be computationally expensive, however.


title: Gradient descent

text: The gradient descent can be combined with a line search, finding the locally optimal step size formula_18 on every iteration. Performing the line search can be time-consuming. Conversely, using a fixed small formula_18 can yield poor convergence.


title: Gradient descent

text: Methods based on Newton's method and inversion of the Hessian using conjugate gradient techniques can be better alternatives. Generally, such methods converge in fewer iterations, but the cost of each iteration is higher. An example is the BFGS method which consists in calculating on every step a matrix by which the gradient vector is multiplied to go into a "better" direction, combined with a more sophisticated line search algorithm, to find the "best" value of formula_104 For extremely large problems, where the computer-memory issues dominate, a limited-memory method such as L-BFGS should be used instead of BFGS or the steepest descent.


title: Gradient descent

text: Gradient descent can be viewed as applying Euler's method for solving ordinary differential equations formula_105 to a gradient flow. In turn, this equation may be derived as an optimal controller for the control system formula_106 with formula_107 given in feedback form formula_108.


title: Gradient descent

text: Gradient descent can converge to a local minimum and slow down in a neighborhood of a saddle point. Even for unconstrained quadratic minimization, gradient descent develops a zig-zag pattern of subsequent iterates as iterations progress, resulting in slow convergence. Multiple modifications of gradient descent have been proposed to address these deficiencies.


title: Gradient descent

text: Yurii Nesterov has proposed a simple modification that enables faster convergence for convex problems and has been since further generalized. For unconstrained smooth problems the method is called the fast gradient method (FGM) or the accelerated gradient method (AGM). Specifically, if the differentiable function formula_5 is convex and formula_21 is Lipschitz, and it is not assumed that formula_5 is strongly convex, then the error in the objective value generated at each step formula_112 by the gradient descent method will be bounded by formula_113. Using the Nesterov acceleration technique, the error decreases at formula_114. It is known that the rate formula_115 for the decrease of the cost function is optimal for first-order optimization methods. Nevertheless, there is the opportunity to improve the algorithm by reducing the constant factor. The optimized gradient method (OGM) reduces that constant by a factor of two and is an optimal first-order method for large-scale problems.


title: Gradient descent

text: For constrained or non-smooth problems, Nesterov's FGM is called the fast proximal gradient method (FPGM), an acceleration of the proximal gradient method.


title: Gradient descent

text: Trying to break the zig-zag pattern of gradient descent, the "momentum or heavy ball method" uses a momentum term in analogy to a heavy ball sliding on the surface of values of the function being minimized, or to mass movement in Newtonian dynamics through a viscous medium in a conservative force field. Gradient descent with momentum remembers the solution update at each iteration, and determines the next update as a linear combination of the gradient and the previous update. For unconstrained quadratic minimization, a theoretical convergence rate bound of the heavy ball method is asymptotically the same as that for the optimal conjugate gradient method.


title: Gradient descent

text: This technique is used in stochastic gradient descent and as an extension to the backpropagation algorithms used to train artificial neural networks. In the direction of updating, stochastic gradient descent adds a stochastic property. The weights can be used to calculate the derivatives.


title: Gradient descent

text: Gradient descent can be extended to handle constraints by including a projection onto the set of constraints. This method is only feasible when the projection is efficiently computable on a computer. Under suitable assumptions, this method converges. This method is a specific case of the forward-backward algorithm for monotone inclusions (which includes convex programming and variational inequalities).


title: Gradient descent

text: Gradient descent is a special case of mirror descent using the squared Euclidean distance as the given Bregman divergence.


title: Peccary

text: A peccary (also javelina or skunk pig) is a medium-sized, pig-like hoofed mammal of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs). They are found throughout Central and South America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and in the southwestern area of North America. They usually measure between in length, and a full-grown adult usually weighs about . They represent the closest relatives of the family Suidae, which contains pigs and relatives. Together Tayassuidae and Suidae are grouped in the Suina within the Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates).


title: Peccary

text: Peccaries are social creatures that live in herds. They eat roots, grubs, and a variety of foods. They can identify each other by their strong odors. A group of peccaries that travel and live together is called a "squadron". A squadron of peccaries averages between six and nine members.


title: Peccary

text: Peccaries first appeared in North America during the Miocene, and migrated into South America during the Pliocene-Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange.


title: Peccary

text: They are often confused with feral domestic pigs, commonly known as "razorback" hogs in many parts of the United States, when the two occur in the wild in similar ranges.


title: Peccary

text: Mayans kept herds of peccaries, using them in rituals and for food. They are kept as pets in many countries, in addition to being raised on farms as a source of food.


title: Peccary

text: In Portuguese, a peccary is called , , , , among other names like or . In Spanish, it is called , (a word also used to describe wild boar), , or . The word "javelina" derives from the Spanish word for "wild boar". In French Guiana and Suriname, the animal is called "pakira".


title: Peccary

text: A peccary is a medium-sized animal, with a strong resemblance to a pig. Like a pig, it has a snout ending in a cartilaginous disc, and eyes that are small relative to its head. Also like a pig, it uses only the middle two digits for walking, although, unlike pigs, the other toes may be altogether absent. Its stomach is not ruminating, although it has three chambers, and is more complex than those of pigs.


title: Peccary

text: Peccaries are omnivores and will eat insects, grubs, and occasionally small animals, although their preferred foods consist of roots, grasses, seeds, fruit, and cacti—particularly prickly pear. Pigs and peccaries can be differentiated by the shape of the canine tooth, or tusk. In European pigs, the tusk is long and curves around on itself, whereas in peccaries, the tusk is short and straight. The jaws and tusks of peccaries are adapted for crushing hard seeds and slicing into plant roots, and they also use their tusks for defending against predators. The dental formula for peccaries is:


title: Peccary

text: By rubbing the tusks together, they can make a chattering noise that warns potential predators to stay away. In recent years in northwestern Bolivia near Madidi National Park, large groups of peccaries have been reported to have seriously injured or killed people.


title: Peccary

text: Peccaries are social animals, often forming herds. Over 100 individuals have been recorded for a single herd of white-lipped peccaries, but collared and Chacoan peccaries usually form smaller groups. Such social behavior seems to have been the situation in extinct peccaries, as well. The recently discovered giant peccary ("Pecari maximus") of Brazil appears to be less social, primarily living in pairs. Peccaries rely on their social structure to defend territory, protect against predators, regulate temperature, and interact socially.


title: Peccary

text: Peccaries have scent glands below each eye and another on their backs, though these are believed to be rudimentary in "P. maximus". They use the scent to mark herd territories, which range from . They also mark other herd members with these scent glands by rubbing one against another. The pungent odor allows peccaries to recognize other members of their herd, despite their myopic vision. The odor is strong enough to be detected by humans, which earns the peccary the nickname of "skunk pig".


title: Peccary

text: Three (possibly four) living species of peccaries are found from the Southwestern United States through Central America and into South America and Trinidad, each in their own genus.


title: Peccary

text: The collared peccary ("Dicotyles tajacu") or "musk hog", referring to the animal's scent glands, occurs from the Southwestern United States into South America and the island of Trinidad. The coat consists of wiry peppered black, gray, and brown hair with a lighter colored "collar" circling the shoulders. They bear young year-round, but most often between November and March, with the average litter size consisting of two to three offspring. They are found in many habitats, from arid scrublands to humid tropical rain forests. The collared peccary is well-adapted to habitat disturbed by humans, merely requiring sufficient cover. They can be found in cities and agricultural land throughout their range. Notable populations exist in the suburbs of Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona, where they feed on ornamental plants and other cultivated vegetation. There are also urban populations as far north as Sedona, Arizona where they have been known to fill a niche similar to raccoons and other urban scavengers. In Arizona they are often called by their Spanish name "javelinas". Collared peccaries are generally found in bands of 8 to 15 animals of various ages. They defend themselves if they feel threatened, but otherwise tend to ignore humans.


title: Peccary

text: A second species, the white-lipped peccary ("Tayassu pecari"), is mainly found in rainforests of Central and South America, but also known from a wide range of other habitats such as dry forests, grasslands, mangrove, cerrado, and dry xerophytic areas. The two main threats to their survival are deforestation and hunting.


title: Peccary

text: The third species, the Chacoan peccary ("Catagonus wagneri"). It is found in the dry shrub habitat or Chaco of Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. The Chacoan peccary has the distinction of having been first described based on fossils and was originally thought to be an extinct species. In 1975, the animal was discovered in the Chaco region of Paraguay. The species was well known to the native people.


title: Peccary

text: A fourth as yet unconfirmed species, the giant peccary ("Dicotyles maximus"), was described from the Brazilian Amazon and north Bolivia by Dutch biologist Marc van Roosmalen. Though relatively recently discovered, it has been known to the local Tupi people as "caitetu munde", which means "great peccary which lives in pairs". Thought to be the largest extant peccary, it can grow to in length. Its pelage is completely dark gray, with no collars whatsoever. Unlike other peccaries, it lives in pairs, or with one or two offspring. However, the scientific evidence for considering it as a species separate from the collared peccary has later been questioned, leading the IUCN to treat it as a synonym.


title: Peccary

text: During the Late Pleistocene, two extinct peccaries, "Mylohyus" and "Platygonus", were widespread across North America (and in the case of "Platygonus", South America), but became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago following the arrival of humans.


title: Peccary

text: Although some taxa from the Old World like the European Miocene "Taucanamo" have been suggested to be members of Tayussidae, their assignation to the group is equivocal, with a 2017 phylogenetic analysis recovering "Taucanamo" outside the clade containing suids and peccaries. The oldest unambiguous fossils of peccaries are from the Early Miocene of North America, with the North American Eocene-Oligocene genus "Perchoerus," also often considered an early peccary, recovered outside the clade containing peccaries and suids.


title: Peccary

text: Although common in South America today, peccaries did not reach there until about three million years ago during the Great American Interchange, when the Isthmus of Panama formed, connecting North America and South America. At that time, many North American animals—including peccaries, llamas and tapirs—entered South America, while some South American species, such as the ground sloths and opossums, migrated north. Several species of peccary across the genera "Platygonus" and "Mylohyus" remained in North America until their extinction following the colonization of the continent by humans via Beringia at the end of the Pleistocene. Today, 2 of the 3 species are relegated to the Neotropical realm, but the collared peccary ranges into northern Mexico and the southwestern United States.


title: Peccary

text: Peccaries bear a superficial resemblance to pigs and are in the same suborder Suina as swine, and have been present in South America since prehistoric times. The earliest scientific description of peccaries in the New World is in Brazil in 1547 and referred to them as "wild pigs".


title: Peccary

text: It has been documented that peccaries were tamed, penned, and raised for food and ritual purposes in the Yucatan, Panama, the southern Caribbean, and Colombia at the time of the Conquest. Archaeological remains of peccaries have been found in Mesoamerica from the Preclassic (or Formative) period up until immediately before Spanish contact. Specifically, peccary remains have been found at Early Formative Olmec civilization sites.


title: Peccary

text: The peccary is not readily suitable for modern captive breeding, lacking suitable characteristics for intensive or semi-intensive systems. Peccaries require a higher age before they are able to give birth (parturition) and have a tendency towards infanticide.


title: Peccary

text: Recently established Brazilian boar populations are not to be confused with long-established populations of feral domestic pigs, which have existed mainly in the Pantanal for more than 100 years, along with native peccaries. The demographic dynamics of the interaction between feral pig populations and those of the two native species of peccaries (collared peccary and white-lipped peccary) is obscure and is still being studied. The existence of feral pigs could somewhat ease jaguar predation on peccary populations, as jaguars show a preference for hunting pigs when they are available.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is a city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The county seat of Brown County, it is at the head of Green Bay (known locally as "the bay of Green Bay"), a sub-basin of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Fox River. It is above sea level and north of Milwaukee. As of the 2020 Census, Green Bay had a population of 107,395, making it the third-largest in the state of Wisconsin, after Milwaukee and Madison, and the third-largest city on Lake Michigan, after Chicago and Milwaukee.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is the principal city of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area, which covers Brown, Kewaunee, and Oconto counties. Green Bay is well known for being the home city of the National Football League (NFL)'s Green Bay Packers.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Samuel de Champlain, the founder of New France, commissioned Jean Nicolet to form a peaceful alliance with Native Americans in the western areas, whose unrest interfered with French fur trade, and to search for a shorter trade route to China through Canada. Nicolet and others had learned from other First Nations of the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) people, who identified as "People of the Sea", and believed they must reside on or near an Ocean. Champlain had also heard about natural resources in the area, including fertile soil, forests, and animals. Nicolet began his journey for this new land shortly before winter in 1634. In what later became a French fur-trading route, he sailed up the Ottawa River, through Lake Nipissing and down the French River to Lake Huron, then through the straits of Michilimackinac into Lake Michigan. He is believed to have landed at Red Banks, near the site of the modern-day city of Green Bay, Wisconsin.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Nicolet founded a small trading post here in 1634, originally named "La Baye" or "La Baie des Puants" (French for "the Bay of Stinking Waters"). Nicolet's settlement was one of the oldest European permanent settlements in America.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: When Nicolet arrived in the Green Bay area, he encountered the Menominee, who occupied this territory. He also met the Ho-Chunk (also known as the Winnebago), a people who spoke a Siouan language.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The Winnebago hunted and fished, and also cultivated corn, beans, squash, and tobacco. Wild rice, which they had incorporated as a dietary staple, grew in abundance along the riverbanks. The women regularly harvested and cooked this, along with a wide variety of nuts, berries, and edible roots which they gathered in the woods. The men typically hunted and fished for food, and the women processed game and other foods in cooking. They prepared and made clothing from the furs, as well as using other parts of animals to make tools, cord, etc. Women also had a role in the political process, as no action could be taken without agreement of half of the women. Nicolet stayed with this tribe for about a year, becoming an ally. He helped open up opportunities for trade and commerce with them before returning to Quebec.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: A few months after Nicolet returned to Quebec, Champlain died. His death halted other journeys to "La Baie Verte" (French for "The Green Bay"). Père Claude Allouez sent Nicolas Perrot to La Baie. After this, the French avoided the area for some decades, because of the intensity of First Nations and European conflicts in the east. In 1671, a Jesuit Mission was set up in the area. A fort was added in 1717 and gradually associated development took place. The town was incorporated in 1754.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Great Britain took control of some French areas during the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in some areas of North America. They took control of this town in 1761. After the British defeated the French in 1763, France ceded its lands east of the Mississippi in North America.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The first permanent settlers were Charles de Langlade and his family from Quebec, who moved to Green Bay in 1765. They are considered the first European settlers in the present-day state of Wisconsin. Langlade, called the "Founder and Father of Wisconsin", was a "métis" or mixed-race, son of a French-Canadian father and an Ottawa woman. He grew up with his mother's family among the Ottawa people and became a war chief. The Ottawa were allies of the French during the French and Indian War, and Langlade is credited with planning the ambush of British General Braddock and George Washington. His family was followed to Green Bay by the Grignons, Porliers and Lawes, who brought French-Canadian culture with them. Colorful "jack-knife Judge" Reaume dispensed British justice in the territory after Great Britain took it over following the war. These early ethnic French settlers set the tone for many who followed.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War, taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763. Like the French, the British were interested in little but the fur trade. In 1791, two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present day Marinette. The first permanent settlers, mostly French Canadians, some Anglo-New Englanders and a few African American freedmen, arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles Michel de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler, establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in 1764. Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781. The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay, referred to the town as "La Bey," however British fur traders referred to it as "Green Bay," because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the British name of "Green Bay" stuck. The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders, whereas the British, in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and French residents. The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule, and the first self-sustaining farms in the state were established as well. From 1763 to 1780, Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff, built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The Green Bay area was still under British control until the 1783 treaty formally ended the American Revolutionary War. Following the War of 1812, which in part was over disputes related to the border with Canada, the United States built Fort Howard on the Fox River in 1816 to protect its northern border. Doty, Whitney, Arndt, Baird and Martin were among the many British-American settlers whose numbers pushed French culture into the background.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The Erie Canal was completed in 1825, linking New England with the Great Lakes. This led to the advance of Green Bay as a trading center. The end of the Black Hawk War in 1832 also gave impetus to settlement of the region. Most of the settlers were farmers from New England who began using the Erie Canal to pour into Wisconsin. As more and more New England settlers arrived, Green Bay developed into a trading center for this population.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Wisconsin's first newspaper, "The Green Bay Intelligencer", was started in 1833 by Albert Ellis and John V. Suydam. The borough of Green Bay, created in 1838, is the center of the present-day city. The borough combined the town of Astoria (a company town of the American Fur Company), with Navarino, platted by Daniel Whitney. Before Wisconsin became a state in 1848, its commerce was based on the fur trade, which became dominated by John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company. After statehood, there was a shift away from fur trading toward lumbering. "For a short time in 1860s and 1870s, iron smelting in charcoal kilns rivaled the timber industry while the port handled increasing amounts of fuel, feed, and lumber. Today's major local industry had its start in 1865 when the first paper mill was built."


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: By 1850 the town had a population of 1,923. The town was incorporated as the city of Green Bay in 1854. The Green Bay Area Public School District was founded in 1856. Throughout the 1850s, word spread of America's cheap land and good soil, bringing in an influx of Belgian people, German, Scandinavian, Irish and Dutch immigrants, each adding to the culture. The greatest concentration of newcomers came from Belgium. They cleared the land to farm and build their homes.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The railroad arrived in the 1860s. The three railroads that would reach Green Bay were the Chicago & North Western (C&NW), SOO Line, (SOO), and the Milwaukee Road (MILW). These railroads were highways which allowed people and products to travel all over the state, increasing business and trade opportunities. The area was able to grow and enrich itself with the use of the and the plentiful timber resources. This led to the paper industry becoming the major employer in Green Bay, and opened up the port for international trade.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Large numbers of Belgians immigrated to Green Bay in the thirty-year period between 1880 and 1910. Significant numbers of English immigrants, many having lived first in Canada, also moved to Green Bay during this period, usually arriving as large families. There was also a small Dutch community in Green Bay at this time. Green Bay had a larger portion of first generation immigrants from France than any other city in Wisconsin at this time as well.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: In 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt came to Green Bay to honor its tercentenary. By 1950, the city had a population of 52,735. In 1964, the Town of Preble was consolidated with the city of Green Bay.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is in the eastern part of Wisconsin at the mouth of the Fox River. Today, Interstate 43 meets Interstate 41 (also U.S. Route 41) in Green Bay, about north of Milwaukee.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 55.76 square miles (144.41km), of which 45.48 square miles (117.79km) is land and 10.28 square miles (26.62km) is water.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfb"), with some moderation due to the city's proximity to Lake Michigan. Like other cities with this type of climate, there are four distinct seasons, often with severe or extreme variation between them in terms of temperature and precipitation. Green Bay experiences warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. The variance in temperature and precipitation between months is severe and often extreme. Tornadoes are rare in the Green Bay area, with the strongest being an F3 tornado that hit the community of Pittsfield on June 26, 1969.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Monthly mean temperatures range from in January to in July. In July, the warmest month, the average high temperature is . There are 6.1 days of + highs, 68 days where the high remains at or below freezing, and 19 days with sub- lows annually. From December to February, even during thaws, the temperature rarely reaches . Extremes have ranged from on January 21, 1888, to on July 13, 1936.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The wettest month in Green Bay is August, when 3.77 inches (95.8 mm) of precipitation falls, mostly in the form of rainfall from thunderstorms. The driest month in Green Bay is February, when the majority of precipitation falls as low moisture-content snow due to cold, dry air. On average, 1.01 inches (25.7 mm) of precipitation falls in February.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: As of the census of 2020, the population was 107,395. The population density was . There were 45,789 housing units at an average density of . Ethnically, the population was 17.9% Hispanic or Latino of any race. When grouping both Hispanic and non-Hispanic people together by race, the city was 66.6% White, 5.5% Black or African American, 4.4% Asian, 4.4% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 8.4% from other races, and 10.6% from two or more races.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The 2020 census population of the city included 779 people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities and 1,783 people in student housing.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016-2020, the median income for a household in the city was $52,214, and the median income for a family was $65,993. Male full-time workers had a median income of $45,365 versus $37,466 for female workers. The per capita income for the city was $28,092. About 12.3% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over. Of the population age 25 and over, 87.5% were high school graduates or higher and 24.4% had a bachelor's degree or higher.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 104,057 people, 42,244 households, and 24,699 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 45,241 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 77.9% White, 3.5% African American, 4.1% Native American, 4.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 7.2% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 13.4% of the population.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: There were 42,244 households, of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.5% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.06.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The median age in the city was 33.7 years. 24.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 102,313 people, 41,591 households, and 24,663 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,332.1 people per square mile (900.5/km). There were 43,123 housing units at an average density of 982.9 per square mile (379.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 85.9% White, 1.4% African American, 3.3% Native American, 3.8% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.7% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 7.1% of the population.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: There were 41,591 households, of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.7% were non-families. About 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.06.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 25.4% under the age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The median income for a household in the city was $38,820, and the median income for a family was $48,678. Males had a median income of $33,246 versus $23,825 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,269. About 7.4% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of those under the age of 18 and 9.2% of those 65 and older.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: In 2000, the American Religion Data Archive reported Green Bay to be predominantly Catholic (71.5%), with Lutherans composing an additional 16.4%. The remaining 12% is almost entirely made-up of other Protestant denominations.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod has four churches in Green Bay: St. Paul Lutheran Church, First Evangelical Lutheran Church, Beautiful Savior Lutheran Church, and Messiah Lutheran Church.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: There are two Kingdom Halls of Jehovah's Witnesses in the city, hosting 4 English congregations and a Spanish congregation.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay. The Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier in Green Bay is the mother church of the Diocese which is in the province of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. The Saint Joseph Oratory is in Green Bay. St. Mary of the Angels Church and Monastery is also located in the city.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The Islamic Society of Wisconsin, Green Bay serves the Islamic community. The Green Bay Area Unitarian Universalist Fellowship is in the city. Congregation Cnesses Israel Temple, serving the area's Jewish population, is on the city's east side.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is known as the "Toilet Paper Capital of the World" because of the prevalence of the paper industry in the city. Northern Paper Company, Fort Howard Paper Company, and Hoberg Paper Company were among Green Bay's first paper companies. Northern Paper Company offered the first splinter-free toilet paper in the early 1930s. The presence of the paper industry helped Green Bay avoid the worst effects of the Great Depression. Today, major paper producers include Georgia-Pacific, Procter & Gamble, and Steen-Macek Paper Company.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Among the earliest packing companies in Green Bay were Acme Packing Company and Indian Packing Company, the namesake of the Green Bay Packers. Today, major meatpackers in the city include JBS S.A. (formerly Packerland Packing) and American Foods Group.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Other major employers include Associated Banc-Corp, Green Bay Area Public School District, JBS USA, Expert Global Solutions, Walmart, Procter & Gamble, Schreiber Foods, the Green Bay Packers, Nature's Way, HJ Martin and Son, and Nicolet National Bank.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The Meyer Theatre and the Hotel Northland are on the National Register of Historic Places. The Northland was once the largest hotel in Wisconsin.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Daddy D Productions perform at Riverside Ballroom and Let Me Be Frank Productions perform at the Meyer Theatre. The Civic Symphony of Green Bay performs at the Meyer Theatre, its home venue. The former Green Bay Symphony Orchestra disbanded after their 2014–2015 season, after performing for over 100 years, citing financial difficulties.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Performance venues in Green Bay include: Lambeau Field, Resch Center, Weidner Center, Meyer Theatre, and The Tarlton Theatre.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Every summer, the downtown area plays host to ArtStreet, an art festival featuring studio displays, demonstrations, and live entertainment. Dine on the Deck is an event that allows patrons to dine on the CityDeck and features dishes from local restaurants. Taste on Broadway has live entertainment and dishes served by local restaurants who compete for awards. Artour brings all-original songwriters to downtown area venues. IgNight hosts artisans, interactive art demonstrations, live entertainment, and life-size games. The Shipyard District hosts the annual All Bands On Deck live music festival with bands at downtown bars and restaurants and free shuttles between venues. The Broadway District hosts a farmer's market every Wednesday from May to October.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay has one enclosed shopping mall, East Town Mall, located within the city. The Bay Park Square shopping mall is located in the suburb of Ashwaubenon. The city was home to the first Shopko discount department store; it closed on April 22, 2019.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The Brown County Library (BCL) Central Branch is located in downtown Green Bay and has served as the county public library since 1968. The Central Branch is the headquarters for the BCL system, which encompasses all public libraries in Brown County, including eight branch libraries and a bookmobile that regularly visits locations throughout the county. In 1994, the Brown County Library was named Wisconsin Library of the Year.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Other major sporting events in Green Bay include the Bellin Run and the Cellcom Green Bay Marathon. The Oneida Golf and Country Club (private) was established in 1928.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is governed by a mayor and a city council. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote. The city council consists of 12 members each elected from districts.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is represented by Mike Gallagher (R) in the United States House of Representatives, and by Ron Johnson (R) and Tammy Baldwin (D) in the United States Senate. Robert Cowles (R) and Eric Wimberger (R) represent Green Bay in the Wisconsin State Senate, and David Steffen (R), John Macco (R), and Kristina Shelton (D) represent Green Bay in the Wisconsin State Assembly.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is served by the Green Bay Area Public School District. It operates twenty-five elementary schools, two K–8 schools, four middle schools, four high schools, and one alternative school in the city and surrounding area. Two of the city's high schools, East High School and West High School, have Wisconsin's longest consecutively-played high school football rivalry, played since 1905. Private schools in Green Bay include Notre Dame de la Baie Academy, Northeastern Wisconsin Lutheran High School, and Bay City Baptist School.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is served by the "Green Bay Press-Gazette" and "The Press Times", a locally published weekly newspaper introduced in March 2019. Another local newspaper, the "Green Bay News-Chronicle", ceased publication in 2005.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: From 1896 to 1993 the city was the headquarters of the Green Bay and Western Railroad. In 1993, the line was purchased by the Wisconsin Central. In 2001, the WC was merged into the Canadian National Railway. The Chicago and North Western Railway also served Green Bay and its depot still stands. Green Bay was last served with a regular passenger train, the CNW's "Peninsula 400," in 1971. The CNW sold its trackage from Green Bay south to Sheboygan in 1987 to the Fox River Valley Railroad, which became part of the WC in 1993. Green Bay also saw passenger service from the Milwaukee Road's Chippewa-Hiawatha, which ran from Chicago into the upper peninsula of Michigan. Green Bay is also served by the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is served by Green Bay–Austin Straubel International Airport, located in Ashwaubenon just west of the city.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Jefferson Lines, Indian Trails, and Lamers Bus Lines provide intercity transportation from the central Green Bay Metro station which is downtown.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: In April 2020, Green Bay Metro partnered with Via Transportation to launch GBM Paratransit, a service for riders with disabilities who are not accommodated by tradition fixed route transit. To qualify for the service, paratransit riders must complete an eligibility application on the Green Bay Metro website. After receiving an application, service operators will respond within 21 days to communicate the rider's eligibility status. Users can download the GBM Paratransit app or call the service directly to schedule a ride.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: After the success of GBM Paratransit, Green Bay Metro partnered with Via Transportation again in August 2020 to launch GBM On Demand, the first micro-transit service in the state of Wisconsin. While GBM Paratransit requires an application and caters to users with disabilities are not accommodated by traditional fixed route transit, GBM On Demand is accessible to everyone. GBM On Demand complements existing infrastructure with easy and affordable shared rides near residential neighborhoods, transit hubs and various destinations. Users request a ride through the mobile app "GBM On Demand" or by phone. All on demand rides are ADA accessible and are the same price as the traditional Green Bay Metro bus fare. Riders can pay for the service directly through the app with a credit card, cash or their Metro day, weekly or monthly pass. The daytime service operates M–F 5:45am–8:45pm and Saturday 7:45am–3:45pm and the nighttime service operates M–F 8:45pm–10:45pm.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is served by the Port of Green Bay. The port handled 1.99 million tons of cargo in 2015. The primary shipments into and out of the port include coal, limestone, salt, and cement.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is served by Wisconsin Public Service Corporation. The J. P. Pulliam Generating Station has been demolished and no longer operates within the city.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is home to four hospitals: Aurora Baycare Medical Center, Bellin Hospital, St. Mary's Hospital Medical Center, and St. Vincent Hospital.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Green Bay is also home to the Milo C. Huempfner VA Outpatient Clinic, and Bellin Psychiatric Center and Willow Creek Behavioral Health, the city's two psychiatric hospitals.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: The Green Bay Police Department was established in on August 27, 1857, when the Green Bay Police Corps was established, and Henry Baird was named Chief of Police. The Green Bay Police Department provides many specialized services such as a Dive Team, Harbor Patrol, Motorcycle Patrol, and a S.W.A.T. Team.


title: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: Since the establishment of the Green Bay Police Department, one officer has died in the line of duty.


title: Verb

text: A verb () is a word (part of speech) that in syntax generally conveys an action ("bring", "read", "walk", "run", "learn"), an occurrence ("happen", "become"), or a state of being ("be", "exist", "stand"). In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle "to", is the infinitive. In many languages, verbs are inflected (modified in form) to encode tense, aspect, mood, and voice. A verb may also agree with the person, gender or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object. Verbs have tenses: present, to indicate that an action is being carried out; past, to indicate that an action has been done; future, to indicate that an action will be done.


title: Verb

text: In languages where the verb is inflected, it often agrees with its primary argument (the subject) in person, number or gender. With the exception of the verb "to be", English shows distinctive agreements only in the third person singular, present tense form of verbs, which are marked by adding "-s" ( "walks) or "-es" ("fishes). The rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb ("I walk", "you walk", "they walk", etc.).


title: Verb

text: Latin and the Romance languages inflect verbs for tense–aspect–mood (abbreviated 'TAM'), and they agree in person and number (but not in gender, as for example in Polish) with the subject. Japanese, like many languages with SOV word order, inflects verbs for tense-aspect-mood, as well as other categories such as negation, but shows absolutely no agreement with the subject—it is a strictly dependent-marking language. On the other hand, Basque, Georgian, and some other languages, have "polypersonal agreement": the verb agrees with the subject, the direct object, and even the secondary object if present, a greater degree of head-marking than is found in most European languages.


title: Verb

text: Verbs vary by type, and each type is determined by the kinds of words that accompany it and the relationship those words have with the verb itself. Classified by the number of their valency arguments, usually four basic types are distinguished: intransitives, transitives, ditransitives and double transitive verbs. Some verbs have special grammatical uses and hence complements, such as copular verbs (i.e., "be"); the verb "do" used for "do"-support in questioning and negation; and tense or aspect auxiliaries, e.g., "be", "have" or "can". In addition, verbs can be non-finite (not inflected for person, number, tense, etc.), such special forms as infinitives, participles or gerunds.


title: Verb

text: An intransitive verb is one that does not have a direct object. Intransitive verbs may be followed by an adverb (a word that addresses how, where, when, and how often) or end a sentence. For example: "The woman "spoke" softly." "The athlete "ran" faster than the official." "The boy "wept"."


title: Verb

text: A transitive verb is followed by a noun or noun phrase. These noun phrases are not called predicate nouns, but are instead called direct objects because they refer to the object that is being acted upon. For example: "My friend "read" the newspaper." "The teenager "earned" a speeding ticket."


title: Verb

text: A way to identify a transitive verb is to invert the sentence, making it passive. For example: "The newspaper "was read" by my friend." "A speeding ticket "was earned" by the teenager."


title: Verb

text: Ditransitive verbs (sometimes called Vg verbs after the verb "give") precede either two noun phrases or a noun phrase and then a prepositional phrase often led by "to" or "for". For example: "The players "gave" their teammates high fives." "The players "gave" high fives to their teammates."


title: Verb

text: When two noun phrases follow a transitive verb, the first is an indirect object, that which is receiving something, and the second is a direct object, that being acted upon. Indirect objects can be noun phrases or prepositional phrases.


title: Verb

text: Double transitive verbs (sometimes called Vc verbs after the verb "consider") are followed by a noun phrase that serves as a direct object and then a second noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive phrase. The second element (noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive) is called a complement, which completes a clause that would not otherwise have the same meaning. For example: "The young couple "considers" the neighbors wealthy people." "Some students "perceive" adults quite inaccurately." "Sarah "deemed" her project to be the hardest she has ever completed."


title: Verb

text: Copular verbs ( linking verbs) include "be", "seem", "become", "appear", "look", and "remain". For example: "Her daughter "was" a writing tutor." "The singers "were" very nervous." "His mother "looked" worried." "Josh "remained" a reliable friend." These verbs precede nouns or adjectives in a sentence, which become predicate nouns and predicate adjectives. Copulae are thought to 'link' the predicate adjective or noun to the subject. They can also be followed by an adverb of place, which is sometimes referred to as a predicate adverb. For example: "My house "is" down the street."


title: Verb

text: The main copular verb "be" is manifested in eight forms "be", "is", "am", "are", "was", "were", "been", and "being" in English.


title: Verb

text: The number of arguments that a verb takes is called its "valency" or "valence". Verbs can be classified according to their valency:


title: Verb

text: Weather verbs often appear to be impersonal (subjectless, or avalent) in null-subject languages like Spanish, where the verb "llueve" means "It rains". In English, French and German, they require a dummy pronoun and therefore formally have a valency of 1. However, as verbs in Spanish incorporate the subject as a TAM suffix, Spanish is not actually a null-subject language, unlike Mandarin (see above). Such verbs in Spanish also have a valency of 1.


title: Verb

text: Intransitive and transitive verbs are the most common, but the impersonal and objective verbs are somewhat different from the norm. In the objective, the verb takes an object but no subject; the nonreferent subject in some uses may be marked in the verb by an incorporated dummy pronoun similar to that used with the English weather verbs. Impersonal verbs in null subject languages take neither subject nor object, as is true of other verbs, but again the verb may show incorporated dummy pronouns despite the lack of subject and object phrases.


title: Verb

text: Verbs are often flexible with regard to valency. In non-valency marking languages such as English, a transitive verb can often drop its object and become intransitive; or an intransitive verb can take an object and become transitive. For example, in English the verb "move" has no grammatical object in "he moves" (though in this case, the subject itself may be an implied object, also expressible explicitly as in "he moves himself"); but in "he moves the car", the subject and object are distinct and the verb has a different valency. Some verbs in English, however, have historically derived forms that show change of valency in some causative verbs, such as "fall-fell-fallen":"fell-felled-felled"; "rise-rose-risen":"raise-raised-raised"; "cost-cost-cost":"cost-costed-costed".


title: Verb

text: In valency marking languages, valency change is shown by inflecting the verb in order to change the valency. In Kalaw Lagaw Ya of Australia, for example, verbs distinguish valency by argument agreement suffixes and TAM endings:


title: Verb

text: The verb stem manga- 'to take/come/arrive' at the destination takes the active suffix -i (> mangai-) in the intransitive form, and as a transitive verb the stem is not suffixed. The TAM ending -nu is the general today past attainative perfective, found with all numbers in the perfective except the singular active, where -ma is found.


title: Verb

text: Grammatical tense is the use of auxiliary verbs or inflections to convey whether the action or state is before, simultaneous with, or after some reference point. The reference point could be the time of utterance, in which case the verb expresses absolute tense, or it could be a past, present, or future time of reference previously established in the sentence, in which case the verb expresses relative tense.


title: Verb

text: Aspect can either be lexical, in which case the aspect is embedded in the verb's meaning (as in "the sun shines," where "shines" is lexically stative), or it can be grammatically expressed, as in "I am running."


title: Verb

text: Modality expresses the speaker's attitude toward the action or state given by the verb, especially with regard to degree of necessity, obligation, or permission ("You must go", "You should go", "You may go"), determination or willingness ("I will do this no matter what"), degree of probability ("It must be raining by now", "It may be raining", "It might be raining"), or ability ("I can speak French"). All languages can express modality with adverbs, but some also use verbal forms as in the given examples. If the verbal expression of modality involves the use of an auxiliary verb, that auxiliary is called a modal verb. If the verbal expression of modality involves inflection, we have the special case of mood; moods include the indicative (as in "I am there"), the subjunctive (as in "I wish I "were" there"), and the imperative ("Be there!").


title: Verb

text: The voice of a verb expresses whether the subject of the verb is performing the action of the verb or whether the action is being performed on the subject. The two most common voices are the active voice (as in "I saw the car") and the passive voice (as in "The car was seen by me" or simply "The car was seen").


title: Verb

text: In the Indo-European languages, verbal adjectives are generally called participles. English has an active participle, also called a present participle; and a passive participle, also called a past participle. The active participle of "break" is "breaking", and the passive participle is "broken". Other languages have attributive verb forms with tense and aspect. This is especially common among verb-final languages, where attributive verb phrases act as relative clauses.


title: Latinx

text: Latinx is a neologism in American English which is used to refer to people of Latin American cultural or ethnic identity in the United States. The gender-neutral suffix replaces the ending of "Latino" and "Latina" that are typical of grammatical gender in Spanish. Its plural is Latinxs. Words used for similar purposes include Latin@ and Latine. Related gender-neutral neologisms include "Chicanx" and "Xicanx".