title: The Artist (film)

text: On 9 January 2012, actress Kim Novak stated that "rape" had been metaphorically committed in the film's licensed use of a portion of Bernard Herrmann's score from Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film "Vertigo" (in which Novak starred). The final portion of "The Artist" is accompanied not by original music, but by a 1992 recording of the Herrmann composition "Scene d'Amour", conducted by Elmer Bernstein. In the article published, by "Variety", she stated that "I feel as if my body—or at least my body of work—has been violated by the movie." "This film should've been able to stand on its own without depending on Bernard Herrmann's score from Alfred Hitchcock's 'Vertigo' to provide more drama" and that "It is morally wrong for the artistry of our industry to use and abuse famous pieces of work to gain attention and applause for other than what they were intended", ending her comments with "Shame on them!"


title: The Artist (film)

text: In response, director Hazanavicius released a statement:"The Artist" was made as a love letter to cinema, and grew out of my (and all of my cast and crew’s) admiration and respect for movies throughout history. It was inspired by the work of Hitchcock, Lang, Ford, Lubitsch, Murnau and Wilder. I love Bernard Herrmann and his music has been used in many different films and I’m very pleased to have it in mine. I respect Kim Novak greatly and I’m sorry to hear she disagrees. Hazanavicius also told CNN "I used music from another movie, but it’s not illegal. We paid for that, we asked for that and we had the permission to do it. For me there is no real controversy... I feel sorry for her, but there’s a lot of movies with music from other movies, directors do that all the time and I’m not sure it’s a big deal."


title: The Artist (film)

text: In May 2011, when the film was first shown at the Cannes Festival, Todd McCarthy from "The Hollywood Reporter" mentioned the use of Herrmann's music, "Hazanavicius and Bource daringly choose to explicitly employ Bernard Herrmann’s love theme from "Vertigo", which is dramatically effective in its own right but is so well known that it yanks you out of one film and places you in the mind-set of another. Surely some sort of reworked equivalent would have been a better idea."


title: The Artist (film)

text: At the 65th British Academy Film Awards, the film won seven awards, including Best Film, Best Actor for Dujardin, Best Original Screenplay for Hazanavicius, Cinematography for Schiffman, Costume Design for Bridges and Original Score for Ludovic Bource. At the 69th Golden Globe Awards, the film was nominated for six Golden Globes to win three of them; Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Dujardin and Best Musical Score for Bource.


title: The Artist (film)

text: At the 84th Academy Awards, "The Artist" received ten nominations, winning five awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for Hazanavicius, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Jean Dujardin, Best Costume Design, and Best Original Score.


title: The Artist (film)

text: "The Artist" was released on region 1 DVD and Blu-ray on 26 June 2012. It was released in the UK by Entertainment in Video on 28 May 2012.


title: Aye-aye

text: The aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a long-fingered lemur, a strepsirrhine primate native to Madagascar with rodent-like teeth that perpetually grow and a special thin middle finger.


title: Aye-aye

text: It is the world's largest nocturnal primate. It is characterized by its unusual method of finding food: it taps on trees to find grubs, then gnaws holes in the wood using its forward-slanting incisors to create a small hole into which it inserts its narrow middle finger to pull the grubs out. This foraging method is called "percussive foraging", and takes up 5–41% of foraging time. The only other animal species known to find food in this way is the striped possum. From an ecological point of view, the aye-aye fills the niche of a woodpecker, as it is capable of penetrating wood to extract the invertebrates within.


title: Aye-aye

text: The aye-aye is the only extant member of the genus "Daubentonia" and family Daubentoniidae. It is currently classified as Endangered by the IUCN. A second species, "Daubentonia robusta", appears to have become extinct at some point within the last 1000 years, and is known from subfossil finds.


title: Aye-aye

text: The genus "Daubentonia" was named after the French naturalist Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton by his student, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in 1795. Initially, Geoffroy considered using the Greek name "Scolecophagus" ("worm-eater") in reference to its eating habits, but he decided against it because he was uncertain about the aye-aye's habits and whether other related species might eventually be discovered. In 1863, British zoologist John Edward Gray coined the family name Daubentoniidae.


title: Aye-aye

text: The French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat was the first to use the vernacular name "aye-aye" in 1782 when he described and illustrated the lemur, though it was also called the "long-fingered lemur" by English zoologist George Shaw in 1800—a name that did not stick. According to Sonnerat, the name "aye-aye" was a "" (cry of exclamation and astonishment). However, American paleoanthropologist Ian Tattersall noted in 1982 that the name resembles the Malagasy name "hai hai" or "hay hay", (also "ahay", "aiay", "haihay") which refers to the animal and is used around the island. According to Dunkel "et al." (2012), the widespread use of the Malagasy name indicates that the name could not have come from Sonnerat. Another hypothesis proposed by Simons and Meyers (2001) is that it derives from ""heh heh"", which is Malagasy for "I don't know". If correct, then the name might have originated from Malagasy people saying ""heh heh"" to avoid saying the name of a feared, magical animal.


title: Aye-aye

text: Due to its derived morphological features, the classification of the aye-aye was debated following its discovery. The possession of continually growing incisors (front teeth) parallels those of rodents, leading early naturalists to mistakenly classify the aye-aye within the mammalian order Rodentia and as a squirrel, due to its toes, hair coloring, and tail. However, the aye-aye is also similar to felines in its head shape, eyes, ears and nostrils.


title: Aye-aye

text: The aye-aye's classification with the order Primates has been just as uncertain. It has been considered a highly derived member of the family Indridae, a basal branch of the strepsirrhine suborder, and of indeterminate relation to all living primates. In 1931, Anthony and Coupin classified the aye-aye under infraorder Chiromyiformes, a sister group to the other strepsirrhines. Colin Groves upheld this classification in 2005 because he was not entirely convinced the aye-aye formed a clade with the rest of the Malagasy lemurs.


title: Aye-aye

text: However, molecular results have consistently placed "Daubentonia" as the most basal of lemurs. The most parsimonious explanation for this is that all lemurs are derived from a single ancestor that rafted from Africa to Madagascar during the Paleogene. Similarities in dentition between aye-ayes and several African primate fossils ("Plesiopithecus" and "Propotto") have led to the alternate theory that the ancestors of aye-ayes colonized Madagascar separately from other lemurs. In 2008, Russell Mittermeier, Colin Groves, and others ignored addressing higher-level taxonomy by defining lemurs as monophyletic and containing five living families, including Daubentoniidae.


title: Aye-aye

text: Further evidence indicating that the aye-aye belongs in the superfamily Lemuroidea can be inferred from the presence of petrosal bullae encasing the ossicles of the ear. The aye-ayes are also similar to lemurs in their shorter back legs.


title: Aye-aye

text: A full-grown aye-aye is typically about long with a tail longer than its body. The species has an average head and body length of plus a tail of , and weighs around .


title: Aye-aye

text: Young aye-ayes typically are silver colored on their front and have a stripe down their back. However, as the aye-ayes begin to reach maturity, their bodies will be completely covered in thick fur and are typically not one solid color. On the head and back, the ends of the hair are typically tipped with white while the rest of the body will ordinarily be a yellow and/or brown color.


title: Aye-aye

text: Among the aye-aye's signature traits are its fingers. The third finger, which is much thinner than the others, is used for tapping, while the fourth finger, the longest, is used for pulling grubs and insects out of trees, using the hooked nail. The skinny middle finger is unique in the animal kingdom in that it possesses a ball-and-socket metacarpophalangeal joint, can reach the throat through a nostril and is used for picking one's nose and eating mucus (mucophagy) so harvested from inside the nose. The aye-aye has also evolved a sixth digit, a pseudothumb, to aid in gripping.


title: Aye-aye

text: The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of aye-aye ears helps to sharply focus not only echolocation signals from the tapping of its finger, but also to passively listen for any other sound produced by the prey. These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a Fresnel lens, and may be seen in a large variety of unrelated animals, such as lesser galago, bat-eared fox, mouse lemur, and others.


title: Aye-aye

text: The aye-aye is a nocturnal and arboreal animal meaning that it spends most of its life high in the trees. Although they are known to come down to the ground on occasion, aye-ayes sleep, eat, travel and mate in the trees and are most commonly found close to the canopy where there is plenty of cover from the dense foliage. During the day, aye-ayes sleep in spherical nests in the forks of tree branches that are constructed out of leaves, branches and vines before emerging after dark to begin their hunt for food. Aye-aye are solitary animals that mark their large home range with scent. The smaller territories of females often overlap those of at least a couple of males. Male aye-ayes tend to share their territories with other males and are even known to share the same nests (although not at the same time), and can seemingly tolerate each other until they hear the call of a female that is looking for a mate.


title: Aye-aye

text: The aye-aye is an omnivore and commonly eats seeds, fruits, nectar and fungi, but also insect larvae and honey.


title: Aye-aye

text: Aye-ayes tap on the trunks and branches of trees at a rate of up to eight times per second, and listen to the echo produced to find hollow chambers. Studies have suggested that the acoustic properties associated with the foraging cavity have no effect on excavation behavior. Once a chamber is found, they chew a hole into the wood and get grubs out of that hole with their highly adapted narrow and bony middle fingers. The aye-aye begins foraging between 30 minutes before and three hours after sunset. Up to 80% of the night is spent foraging in the canopy, separated by occasional rest periods. It climbs trees by making successive vertical leaps, much like a squirrel. Horizontal movement is more difficult, but the aye-aye rarely descends to jump to another tree, and can often travel up to a night.


title: Aye-aye

text: Though foraging is usually solitary, they occasionally forage in groups. Individual movements within the group are coordinated using both vocalisations and scent signals.


title: Aye-aye

text: The aye-aye is classically considered 'solitary' as they have not been observed to groom each other. However, recent research suggests that it is more social than once thought. It usually sticks to foraging in its own personal home range, or territory. The home ranges of males often overlap, and the males can be very social with each other. Female home ranges never overlap, though a male's home range often overlaps that of several females. The male aye-ayes live in large areas up to , while females have smaller living spaces that goes up to . It is difficult for the males to defend a singular female because of the large home range. They are seen exhibiting polygyny because of this. Regular scent marking with their cheeks and neck is how aye-ayes let others know of their presence and repel intruders from their territory.


title: Aye-aye

text: Like many other prosimians, the female aye-aye is dominant to the male. They are not typically monogamous, and will often challenge each other for mates. Male aye-ayes are very assertive in this way, and sometimes even pull other males away from a female during mating. Males are normally locked to females during mating in sessions that may last up to an hour. Outside of mating, males and females interact only occasionally, usually while foraging. The aye-aye is thought to be the only primate which uses echolocation to find its prey.


title: Aye-aye

text: The aye-aye lives primarily on the east coast of Madagascar. Its natural habitat is rainforest or dry deciduous forest, but many live in cultivated areas due to deforestation. Rainforest aye-ayes, the most common, dwell in canopy areas, and are usually sighted above 70 meters altitude. They sleep during the day in nests built from interwoven twigs and dead leaves up in the canopy among the vines and branches.


title: Aye-aye

text: The aye-aye was thought to be extinct in 1933, but was rediscovered in 1957. In 1966, nine individuals were transported to Nosy Mangabe, an island near Maroantsetra off eastern Madagascar. Recent research shows the aye-aye is more widespread than was previously thought, but its conservation status was changed to endangered in 2014. This is for three main reasons: the aye-aye is considered evil, the forests of Madagascar are being destroyed, and the farmers will kill aye-ayes to protect their crops and for poaching. However, there is no direct evidence to suggest aye-ayes pose any legitimate threat to crops and therefore are killed based on superstition.


title: Aye-aye

text: The aye-aye is often viewed as a harbinger of evil and death and killed on sight. Others believe, if one points its narrowest finger at someone, they are marked for death. Some say that the appearance of an aye-aye in a village predicts the death of a villager, and the only way to prevent this is to kill it. The Sakalava people go so far as to claim aye-ayes sneak into houses through the thatched roofs and murder the sleeping occupants by using their middle fingers to puncture their victims' aorta.


title: Aye-aye

text: The conservation of this species has been aided by captive breeding, primarily at the Duke Lemur Center in Durham, North Carolina. This center has been influential in keeping, researching and breeding aye-ayes and other lemurs. They have sent multiple teams to capture lemurs in Madagascar and have since created captive breeding groups for their lemurs. Specifically, they were responsible for the first aye-aye born into captivity and studied how he and the other aye-aye infants born at the center develop through infancy. They have also revolutionized the understanding of the aye-aye diet.


title: Graphic novel

text: A graphic novel is a long-form, fictional work of sequential art. The term "graphic novel" is often applied broadly, including fiction, non-fiction, and anthologized work, though this practice is highly contested by comic scholars and industry professionals. It is, at least in the United States, typically distinct from the term "comic book", which is generally used for comics periodicals and trade paperbacks (see American comic book).


title: Graphic novel

text: Fan historian Richard Kyle coined the term "graphic novel" in an essay in the November 1964 issue of the comics fanzine "Capa-Alpha". The term gained popularity in the comics community after the publication of Will Eisner's "A Contract with God" (1978) and the start of the "Marvel Graphic Novel" line (1982) and became familiar to the public in the late 1980s after the commercial successes of the first volume of Art Spiegelman's "Maus" in 1986, the collected editions of Frank Miller's "The Dark Knight Returns" in 1986 and Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons' "Watchmen" in 1987. The Book Industry Study Group began using "graphic novel" as a category in book stores in 2001.


title: Graphic novel

text: The term is not strictly defined, though Merriam-Webster's dictionary definition is "a fictional story that is presented in comic-strip format and published as a book". Collections of comic books that do not form a continuous story, anthologies or collections of loosely related pieces, and even non-fiction are stocked by libraries and bookstores as graphic novels (similar to the manner in which dramatic stories are included in "comic" books). The term is also sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories, in contrast to collections or compilations of a story arc from a comic book series published in book form.


title: Graphic novel

text: In continental Europe, both original book-length stories such as "Una ballata del mare salato" (1967) by Hugo Pratt or "La rivolta dei racchi" (1967) by Guido Buzzelli, and collections of comics have been commonly published in hardcover volumes, often called "albums", since the end of the 19th century (including such later Franco-Belgian comics series as "The Adventures of Tintin" in the 1930s).


title: Graphic novel

text: As the exact definition of the graphic novel is debated, the origins of the form are open to interpretation.


title: Graphic novel

text: "The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck" is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end. It originated as the 1828 publication "Histoire de M. Vieux Bois" by Swiss caricaturist Rodolphe Töpffer, and was first published in English translation in 1841 by London's Tilt & Bogue, which used an 1833 Paris pirate edition. The first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is "Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags" by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by "The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck". In 1894, Caran d'Ache broached the idea of a "drawn novel" in a letter to the newspaper "Le Figaro" and started work on a 360-page wordless book (which was never published). In the United States, there is a long tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form. In 1897, the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of "The Yellow Kid" by Richard Outcault and it quickly became a best seller.


title: Graphic novel

text: The 1920s saw a revival of the medieval woodcut tradition, with Belgian Frans Masereel cited as "the undisputed king" of this revival. His works include "Passionate Journey" (1919). American Lynd Ward also worked in this tradition, publishing "Gods' Man", in 1929 and going on to publish more during the 1930s.


title: Graphic novel

text: Other prototypical examples from this period include American Milt Gross's "He Done Her Wrong" (1930), a wordless comic published as a hardcover book, and "Une semaine de bonté" (1934), a novel in sequential images composed of collage by the surrealist painter Max Ernst. Similarly, Charlotte Salomon's "Life? or Theater?" (composed 1941–43) combines images, narrative, and captions.


title: Graphic novel

text: The 1940s saw the launching of "Classics Illustrated", a comic-book series that primarily adapted notable, public domain novels into standalone comic books for young readers. "Citizen 13660", an illustrated, novel length retelling of Japanese internment during World War II, was published in 1946. In 1947, Fawcett Comics published "Comics Novel" #1: "Anarcho, Dictator of Death", a 52-page comic dedicated to one story. In 1950, St. John Publications produced the digest-sized, adult-oriented "picture novel" "It Rhymes with Lust", a film noir-influenced slice of steeltown life starring a scheming, manipulative redhead named Rust. Touted as "an original full-length novel" on its cover, the 128-page digest by pseudonymous writer "Drake Waller" (Arnold Drake and Leslie Waller), penciler Matt Baker and inker Ray Osrin proved successful enough to lead to an unrelated second picture novel, "The Case of the Winking Buddha" by pulp novelist Manning Lee Stokes and illustrator Charles Raab. In the same year, Gold Medal Books released "Mansion of Evil" by Joseph Millard. Presaging Will Eisner's multiple-story graphic novel "A Contract with God" (1978), cartoonist Harvey Kurtzman wrote and drew the four-story mass-market paperback "Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book" (Ballantine Books #338K), published in 1959.


title: Graphic novel

text: By the late 1960s, American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form. Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin self-published a 40-page, magazine-format comics novel, "His Name Is... Savage" (Adventure House Press) in 1968—the same year Marvel Comics published two issues of "The Spectacular Spider-Man" in a similar format. Columnist and comic-book writer Steven Grant also argues that Stan Lee and Steve Ditko's Doctor Strange story in "Strange Tales" #130–146, although published serially from 1965 to 1966, is "the first American graphic novel". Similarly, critic Jason Sacks referred to the 13-issue "Panther's Rage"—comics' first-known titled, self-contained, multi-issue story arc—that ran from 1973 to 1975 in the Black Panther series in Marvel's "Jungle Action" as "Marvel's first graphic novel".


title: Graphic novel

text: Meanwhile, in continental Europe, the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as "The Adventures of Tintin" or "Asterix" led to long-form narratives published initially as serials.


title: Graphic novel

text: In January 1968, the now legendary book "Vida del Che" was published in Argentina - a graphic novel written by Héctor Germán Oesterheld and drawn by Alberto Breccia. The book told the story of Che Guevara in comics form, but the military dictatorship confiscated the books and destroyed them. It was later re-released in corrected versions.


title: Graphic novel

text: By 1969, the author John Updike, who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth, addressed the Bristol Literary Society, on "the death of the novel". Updike offered examples of new areas of exploration for novelists, declaring he saw "no intrinsic reason why a doubly talented artist might not arise and create a comic strip novel masterpiece".


title: Graphic novel

text: Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin's "Blackmark" (1971), a science fiction/sword-and-sorcery paperback published by Bantam Books, did not use the term originally; the back-cover blurb of the 30th-anniversary edition () calls it, retroactively, "the very first American graphic novel". The Academy of Comic Book Arts presented Kane with a special 1971 Shazam Award for what it called "his paperback comics novel". Whatever the nomenclature, "Blackmark" is a 119-page story of comic-book art, with captions and word balloons, published in a traditional book format.


title: Graphic novel

text: European creators were also experimenting with the longer narrative in comics form. In the United Kingdom, Raymond Briggs was producing works such as "Father Christmas" (1972) and "The Snowman" (1978), which he himself described as being from the "bottomless abyss of strip cartooning", although they, along with such other Briggs works as the more mature "When the Wind Blows" (1982), have been re-marketed as graphic novels in the wake of the term's popularity. Briggs notes, however, "I don't know if I like that term too much".


title: Graphic novel

text: "" by Jim Steranko, published August, 1976 under the Fiction Illustrated imprint and released in both regular 8.5 x 11" size, and a digest size designed to be sold on newsstands, used the term "graphic novel" in its introduction and "a visual novel" on its cover, predating by two years the usage of this term for Will Eisner's "A Contract with God". It is therefore considered the first Modern graphic novel to be done as an original work, and not collected from previously published segments.


title: Graphic novel

text: "Bloodstar" by Richard Corben (adapted from a story by Robert E. Howard), Morning Star Press, 1976, also a non-reprinted original presentation, used the term 'graphic novel' to categorize itself as well on its dust jacket and introduction.


title: Graphic novel

text: George Metzger's "Beyond Time and Again", serialized in underground comix from 1967 to 1972, was subtitled "A Graphic Novel" on the inside title page when collected as a 48-page, black-and-white, hardcover book published by Kyle & Wheary.


title: Graphic novel

text: The following year, Terry Nantier, who had spent his teenage years living in Paris, returned to the United States and formed Flying Buttress Publications, later to incorporate as NBM Publishing (Nantier, Beall, Minoustchine), and published "Racket Rumba", a 50-page spoof of the noir-detective genre, written and drawn by the single-name French artist Loro. Nantier followed this with Enki Bilal's "The Call of the Stars". The company marketed these works as "graphic albums".


title: Graphic novel

text: The first six issues of writer-artist Jack Katz's 1974 Comics and Comix Co. series "The First Kingdom" were collected as a trade paperback (Pocket Books, March 1978), which described itself as "the first graphic novel". Issues of the comic had described themselves as "graphic prose", or simply as a novel.


title: Graphic novel

text: Similarly, "Sabre: Slow Fade of an Endangered Species" by writer Don McGregor and artist Paul Gulacy (Eclipse Books, August 1978) — the first graphic novel sold in the newly created "direct market" of United States comic-book shops — was called a "graphic album" by the author in interviews, though the publisher dubbed it a "comic novel" on its credits page. "Graphic album" was also the term used the following year by Gene Day for his hardcover short-story collection "Future Day" (Flying Buttress Press).


title: Graphic novel

text: Another early graphic novel, though it carried no self-description, was "The Silver Surfer" (Simon & Schuster/Fireside Books, August 1978), by Marvel Comics' Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Significantly, this was published by a traditional book publisher and distributed through bookstores, as was cartoonist Jules Feiffer's "Tantrum" (Alfred A. Knopf, 1979) described on its dust jacket as a "novel-in-pictures".


title: Graphic novel

text: Hyperbolic descriptions of longer comic books as "novels" appear on covers as early as the 1940s. Early issues of DC Comics' "All-Flash", for example, described their contents as "novel-length stories" and "full-length four chapter novels".


title: Graphic novel

text: In its earliest known citation, comic-book reviewer Richard Kyle used the term "graphic novel" in "Capa-Alpha" #2 (November 1964), a newsletter published by the Comic Amateur Press Alliance, and again in an article in Bill Spicer's magazine "Fantasy Illustrated" #5 (Spring 1966). Kyle, inspired by European and East Asian graphic albums (especially Japanese "manga"), used the label to designate comics of an artistically "serious" sort. Following this, Spicer, with Kyle's acknowledgment, edited and published a periodical titled "Graphic Story Magazine" in the fall of 1967. "The Sinister House of Secret Love" #2 (Jan. 1972), one of DC Comics' line of extra-length, 48-page comics, specifically used the phrase "a graphic novel of Gothic terror" on its cover.


title: Graphic novel

text: The term "graphic novel" began to grow in popularity months after it appeared on the cover of the trade paperback edition (though not the hardcover edition) of Will Eisner's "A Contract with God" (October 1978). This collection of short stories was a mature, complex work focusing on the lives of ordinary people in the real world based on Eisner's own experiences.


title: Graphic novel

text: One scholar used graphic novels to introduce the concept of graphiation, the theory that the entire personality of an artist is visible through his or her visual representation of a certain character, setting, event, or object in a novel, and can work as a means to examine and analyze drawing style.


title: Graphic novel

text: Even though Eisner's "A Contract with God" was finally published in 1978 by a smaller company, Baronet Press, it took Eisner over a year to find a publishing house that would allow his work to reach the mass market. In its introduction, Eisner cited Lynd Ward's 1930s woodcuts (see above) as an inspiration.


title: Graphic novel

text: The critical and commercial success of "A Contract with God" helped to establish the term "graphic novel" in common usage, and many sources have incorrectly credited Eisner with being the first to use it. These included the "Time" magazine website in 2003, which said in its correction: "Eisner acknowledges that the term 'graphic novel' had been coined prior to his book. But, he says, 'I had not known at the time that someone had used that term before'. Nor does he take credit for creating the first graphic book".


title: Graphic novel

text: One of the earliest contemporaneous applications of the term post-Eisner came in 1979, when "Blackmark" sequel—published a year after "A Contract with God" though written and drawn in the early 1970s—was labeled a "graphic novel" on the cover of Marvel Comics' black-and-white comics magazine "Marvel Preview" #17 (Winter 1979), where "Blackmark: The Mind Demons" premiered—its 117-page contents intact, but its panel-layout reconfigured to fit 62 pages.


title: Graphic novel

text: Following this, Marvel from 1982 to 1988 published the "Marvel Graphic Novel" line of 10" × 7" trade paperbacks—although numbering them like comic books, from #1 (Jim Starlin's "The Death of Captain Marvel") to #35 (Dennis O'Neil, Mike Kaluta, and Russ Heath's "Hitler's Astrologer", starring the radio and pulp fiction character the Shadow, and released in hardcover). Marvel commissioned original graphic novels from such creators as John Byrne, J. M. DeMatteis, Steve Gerber, graphic-novel pioneer McGregor, Frank Miller, Bill Sienkiewicz, Walt Simonson, Charles Vess, and Bernie Wrightson. While most of these starred Marvel superheroes, others, such as Rick Veitch's "Heartburst" featured original SF/fantasy characters; others still, such as John J. Muth's "Dracula", featured adaptations of literary stories or characters; and one, Sam Glanzman's "A Sailor's Story", was a true-life, World War II naval tale.


title: Graphic novel

text: Cartoonist Art Spiegelman's Pulitzer Prize-winning "Maus" (1986), helped establish both the term and the concept of graphic novels in the minds of the mainstream public. Two DC Comics book reprints of self-contained miniseries did likewise, though they were not originally published as graphic novels: "" (1986), a collection of Frank Miller's four-part comic-book series featuring an older Batman faced with the problems of a dystopian future; and "Watchmen" (1986-1987), a collection of Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons' 12-issue limited series in which Moore notes he "set out to explore, amongst other things, the dynamics of power in a post-Hiroshima world". These works and others were reviewed in newspapers and magazines, leading to increased coverage. Sales of graphic novels increased, with "Batman: The Dark Knight Returns", for example, lasting 40 weeks on a UK best-seller list.


title: Graphic novel

text: Outside North America, Eisner's "A Contract with God" and Spiegelman's "Maus" led to the popularization of the expression "graphic novel" as well. Until then, most European countries used neutral, descriptive terminology that referred to the form of the medium, and not the contents. In Francophone Europe for example, the expression "bandes dessinées" — which literally translates as "drawn strips" – is used, while the terms "stripverhaal" ("strip story") and "tegneserie" ("drawn series") are used by the Dutch/Flemish and Scandinavians respectively. European comics studies scholars have observed that Americans originally used "graphic novel" for everything that deviated from their standard, 32-page comic book format, meaning that all larger-sized, longer Franco-Belgian comic albums, regardless of their contents, fell under the heading.


title: Graphic novel

text: Writer-artist Bryan Talbot claims that the first collection of his "The Adventures of Luther Arkwright", published by Proutt in 1982, was the first British "graphic novel."


title: Graphic novel

text: American comic critics have occasionally referred to European graphic novels as "Euro-comics", and attempts were made in the late 1980s to cross-fertilize the American market with these works. American publishers Catalan Communications and NBM Publishing released translated titles, predominantly from the backlog catalogs of Casterman and Les Humanoïdes Associés.


title: Graphic novel

text: Some in the comics community have objected to the term "graphic novel" on the grounds that it is unnecessary, or that its usage has been corrupted by commercial interests. "Watchmen" writer Alan Moore believes:


title: Graphic novel

text: Author Daniel Raeburn wrote: "I snicker at the neologism first for its insecure pretension - the literary equivalent of calling a garbage man a 'sanitation engineer' - and second because a 'graphic novel' is in fact the very thing it is ashamed to admit: a comic book, rather than a comic pamphlet or comic magazine".


title: Graphic novel

text: Writer Neil Gaiman, responding to a claim that he does not write comic books but graphic novels, said the commenter "meant it as a compliment, I suppose. But all of a sudden I felt like someone who'd been informed that she wasn't actually a hooker; that in fact she was a lady of the evening".


title: Graphic novel

text: Responding to writer Douglas Wolk's quip that the difference between a graphic novel and a comic book is "the binding", "Bone" creator Jeff Smith said: "I kind of like that answer. Because 'graphic novel' ... I don't like that name. It's trying too hard. It is a comic book. But there is a difference. And the difference is, a graphic novel is a novel in the sense that there is a beginning, a middle and an end". "The Times" writer Giles Coren said: "To call them graphic novels is to presume that the novel is in some way 'higher' than the karmicbwurk (comic book), and that only by being thought of as a sort of novel can it be understood as an art form".


title: Graphic novel

text: Some alternative cartoonists have coined their own terms for extended comics narratives. The cover of Daniel Clowes' "Ice Haven" (2001) refers to the book as "a comic-strip novel", with Clowes having noted that he "never saw anything wrong with the comic book". (The cover of Craig Thompson's "Blankets" calls it "an illustrated novel".)


title: Drew Lock

text: Andrew Stephen Lock (born November 10, 1996) is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Missouri and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock attended Lee's Summit High School in Lee's Summit, Missouri. As a junior, he passed for 3,060 yards and 35 touchdowns. As a senior in 2014, he was the Kansas City Star's All-Metro Player of the Year after passing for 2,731 yards and 28 touchdowns. Lock was rated by Rivals as a four-star recruit and was ranked as the sixth-best pro-style quarterback in the 2015 class. He committed to the University of Missouri to play college football. He was considered a two-star basketball prospect as a shooting guard, but he retired from basketball after high school.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock began his collegiate career by going 6-for-10 for 138 yards and a touchdown in the 2015 season-opener against Southeast Missouri State while coming off the bench for two series. He took over as Mizzou's starting quarterback over the final eight games of 2015. In a win over South Carolina, he became the school's first true freshman to start at quarterback since Corby Jones in 1995, going 21-for-28 for 136 yards and a pair of touchdowns. Against BYU at Arrowhead Stadium, Lock was 19-of-28 for a career-best 244 yards and a touchdown while also setting career highs in both passer rating and passing yards while posting his second-best completion percentage of the season. He finished the season 129-of-263 for 1,332 yards and four touchdowns.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock finished the 2016 regular season ranked first in the SEC in passing yards (3,399) and second in passing yards per game (283.3) and yards per completion (14.34) while posting top-20 marks nationally in all three categories as well, peaking at 10th nationally with his 3,399 passing yards. Also, he ranked second in the SEC in completions per game (19.75) and third in total offense (293.5). His 3,399 yards through the air are the fifth-most in program history in a single season and the most ever in a 12-game season at Mizzou, while his 23 passing touchdowns were the sixth-most in program history and only three Missouri quarterbacks have thrown for more in a single season. He completed 24-for-37 for a career-high 450 yards while tying a school record with five touchdowns against Eastern Michigan in Mizzou's home opener. He tossed for three more touchdowns on 23-of-38 passing in Misssouri's 28–27 loss to Georgia. His passing total of 1,106 yards was more than any Mizzou quarterback in his first three games ever. He played only the first half against Delaware State, but put up huge numbers in the 79–0 win. In the first half alone, he completed 26 of 36 passes for 402 yards while matching the school record with five touchdowns. He closed his season by sparking a second-half, 17-point comeback with a 67-yard TD pass to Johnathon Johnson against Arkansas. He finished that game going 16-for-26 with 268 yards and a score.


title: Drew Lock

text: In the 2017 season, Lock led the NCAA (FBS) and set the SEC and Missouri record for passing touchdowns (44) while helping the Tigers reach a bowl game after starting the season 1–5. He finished the season with 242-of-419 passing (57.8%) for 3,964 yards with 44 touchdowns and 13 interceptions (165.7 rtg.). Lock was selected to the First-team All-SEC. He finished his college football career with a total of 108 (99 passing, 9 rushing) touchdowns.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock was selected by the Denver Broncos in the second round as the 42nd overall pick in the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock suffered a thumb injury in the preseason and was placed on injured reserve on September 1, 2019. He was designated for return from injured reserve on November 12, 2019, and resumed practicing with the team.


title: Drew Lock

text: On November 30, 2019, the Broncos activated Lock off of injured reserve and named him the starter for their game the next day against the Los Angeles Chargers. He threw for 134 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception, and he moved the Broncos down the field in the last 15 seconds (via a pass interference penalty on the Chargers' Casey Heyward Jr.) to set up a Brandon McManus 53-yard field goal as time expired, leading the Broncos to a 23–20 win, his first NFL victory.


title: Drew Lock

text: During Week 14 against the Houston Texans, a game in which the Texans were favored by nine points, Lock threw three touchdowns in the first half and led another scoring drive to start the second half, giving his team a 38–3 lead. The Broncos eventually won the game 38–24, and Lock finished with 309 passing yards, three touchdowns, and an interception. He ended up starting the remainder of the season.


title: Drew Lock

text: In five games, he finished with 1,020 passing yards, seven touchdowns, and three interceptions. He went 4–1 as a starter in 2019 and in the process, tied with legendary Broncos quarterback John Elway for the most franchise wins by a rookie QB with four, only needing five games to accomplish the feat that Elway did not reach until his 10th game.


title: Drew Lock

text: In Week 1 against the Tennessee Titans on "Monday Night Football", Lock threw for 216 yards and a touchdown during the 16–14 loss. In Week 2, he left the game early in the first quarter with a shoulder injury against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Without Lock the Broncos lost the game 26–21.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock would return from his injury in the Broncos' Week 6 matchup against the New England Patriots. In the game, Lock had only 189 yards passing and two interceptions, but the Broncos won the game 18–12 thanks to six Brandon McManus field goals. With the win, Lock became the youngest quarterback ever to defeat the Patriots at Gillette Stadium under head coach Bill Belichick, as well as the second quarterback to do so while throwing multiple interceptions (Kurt Warner also accomplished the feat back in 2001). In Week 8 against the Los Angeles Chargers, he had 248 passing yards, three passing touchdowns, and one interception in the 31–30 comeback victory. The third touchdown pass was a game-winning one-yard pass to K. J. Hamler with no time remaining. In Week 9 against the Atlanta Falcons, Lock threw for 313 yards, two touchdowns, and an interception and rushed for 47 yards and another touchdown in the 34–27 loss.


title: Drew Lock

text: In Week 10 against the Las Vegas Raiders, Lock would have the worst passing performance of his career, throwing for 257 yards, one touchdown, and 4 interceptions during the 37–12 loss. On November 28, 2020, Lock was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list after coming in close contact with Jeff Driskel, who tested positive for the virus. Lock and the other three quarterbacks on the Broncos roster were fined by the team for violating COVID-19 protocols. He was activated on December 1. In Week 14, against the Carolina Panthers, he had 280 passing yards and four passing touchdowns in the 32–27 victory. In Week 17 against the Las Vegas Raiders, Lock threw for 339 yards and 2 touchdowns during the 32–31 loss.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock finished the 2020 season with 16 touchdowns and 15 interceptions, tied for the most interceptions in the NFL with Carson Wentz, despite only playing in 13 games. His completion percentage of 57.3% was the lowest among the 35 quarterbacks with at least 150 passing attempts in 2020.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock spent the 2021 preseason in a competition with newly acquired quarterback Teddy Bridgewater. On August 25, Bridgewater was named the starter for week one ahead of Lock, after a close battle in the first and second preseason games.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock played in Week 4 against the Baltimore Ravens after Bridgewater suffered a concussion. He completed 12 of 21 (57.1%) passes for a total of 113 yards and an interception, resulting in a 52.3 QB rating in the 23–7 loss. Lock entered the Week 12 game against the Los Angeles Chargers late in the first half after a leg injury temporarily sidelined Teddy Bridgewater. Lock completed 4 of 7 (57.1%) for a total of 26 yards and an interception, resulting in a QB rating of 25.6 in the 28–13 win. Bridgewater reentered and finished the game in the second half. Lock also came in the Broncos Week 15 matchup against the Cincinnati Bengals after Bridgewater left the game with a concussion. He completed 6 of 12 passes (50%) for 88 yards and a touchdown, and lost a fumble in the 15–10 loss.


title: Drew Lock

text: Lock was named the starter for the Broncos Week 16 matchup against the Las Vegas Raiders due to Bridgewater's injury. Lock threw for 153 yards, and no touchdowns or interceptions in the 17–13 loss. Lock would be the starter for the remainder of the season after Bridgewater was placed on injured reserve. Against the Kansas City Chiefs, Lock completed 12/24 passes (50%) for 162 yards, rushed for 35 yards, and rushed for two touchdowns becoming the first Broncos quarterback to rush for two touchdowns since Tim Tebow in 2011 in the 28–24 loss.


title: Drew Lock

text: On March 16, 2022, Lock was traded to the Seattle Seahawks along with two first-round picks, two second-round picks, a fifth-round pick, defensive lineman Shelby Harris, and tight end Noah Fant in exchange for quarterback Russell Wilson. After competing with Geno Smith for three preseason games, Smith was named the starter, relegating Lock to a backup role for the regular season.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: Alexander Amin Caspar "Skandar" Keynes (born 5 September 1991) is an English political adviser and former actor. Best known for starring as Edmund Pevensie in "The Chronicles of Narnia" film series, he appeared in all three installments: "," "", and "".


title: Skandar Keynes

text: His mother, Zelfa Hourani, is Lebanese; and his father, Randal Keynes, is a British author. He has an older sister, Soumaya, a journalist and economist, who is currently the Britain economics editor at "The Economist" magazine. They grew up in Islington, London.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: On his father's side, Keynes is of English descent, and is the grandson of physiologist Richard Keynes, the nephew of two Cambridge professors, the historian Simon Keynes, and the neuroscientist Roger Keynes, the cousin of Catholic writer and apologist Laura Keynes, and the great-great-nephew of economist John Maynard Keynes. His great-great-great-grandfather was naturalist Charles Darwin. Keynes' great-grandparents were Nobel Prize laureate Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian and Hester Adrian, Baroness Adrian.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: On his mother's side, Keynes is of Lebanese and distant Persian and Turkish descent. His maternal grandfather was Lebanese writer Cecil Fadlo Hourani, who was an advisor to the late Tunisian president Habib Bourguiba. The Hourani family were immigrants to Manchester from Marjeyoun in southern Lebanon. Cecil's two brothers were Albert Hourani, a historian of the Middle East, and George Hourani, philosopher, historian, and classicist. Lebanese nationality law states that citizenship is passed on patrilineally, so Keynes is legally a foreigner in the country he considers his second home.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: Keynes attended the Anna Scher Theatre School, after going to Thornhill Primary School. He then studied at the all-boys City of London School where he was awarded the Merit prize in the 2006 European Kangaroo competition, the City of London Corporate Scholarship (2008), The Geoffrey Clark Prize for Services to Drama (2009), and The Bennet Brough Prize for Chemistry (2010). He passed his A-level exams in spring 2010 with A*s and As in biology, chemistry, mathematics, further mathematics and history.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: In October 2010, Keynes began his degree in Arabic, Persian and Middle Eastern History at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He consistently attained first-class results. Thus, in first year he was awarded the Marie Shamma'a Frost Prize in Oriental Studies (Arabic) and the College Scholarship; in second year the College Prize and the Foundation Scholarship which made him an elected member of the Faculty Board of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (2011-2012); and in senior year the EG Browne Prize in Oriental Studies. He spent his third year studying in Lebanon to perfect his colloquial Arabic and wrote about his experiences on a weekly column in "The Tab". His dissertation presented a comparison between the teaching of history in Iran and Saudi Arabia which required him to translate school textbooks from both countries. Achieving Firsts in all three Parts of the Tripos, Keynes graduated with a Triple First Class Honours BA degree in Middle Eastern Studies (Arabic and Persian) in June 2014. He was listed as one of "Business Insider" ""16 Incredibly Impressive Students At Cambridge University"".


title: Skandar Keynes

text: Skandar Keynes’ acting career began when he was 9 years old with a role as a 'boy in rags' in the Royal Shakespeare Company production of "Macbeth" (2001) for British television. It was followed with a supporting role of a Victorian waif in the BBC2 television documentary "Queen Victoria Died in 1901 and is Still Alive Today" (2001). His first notable film part was at the age of ten playing the role of young Enzo Ferrari in the biopic film "Ferrari" (2003), directed by Carlo Carlei, which depicts Ferrari's rise from a successful race driver to one of the most famous entrepreneurs of all time.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: Keynes achieved international prominence in the role of Edmund Pevensie in the major motion picture "" (2005) directed by Andrew Adamson. Shot predominantly in New Zealand and a few in Central Europe, it was released in December 2005 to critical and high commercial success, grossing more than $745 million worldwide. Unlike the others who had endured an 18-month lengthy casting process, he was cast within weeks. In 2004, after the producers saw 2,000 young hopefuls, Keynes won the role of Edmund whose story is especially dramatic as his character is central to themes of betrayal, forgiveness, and redemption. He performed his own complex stunts: jumping into the ditch, sword fighting, and horse riding. He also voiced his character in the video game "". In 2006, Keynes was awarded the CAMIE Award (Character and Morality in Entertainment) for his portrayal.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: He reprised his role as Edmund in "," directed by Andrew Adamson and released in May 2008 to generally positive reviews, grossing $419.7 million worldwide. He enjoyed the action-oriented stuntwork, touring New Zealand, Prague, Slovenia, Poland, and Czech Republic within seven months of shooting. For his performance, he was nominated for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor and Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast at the 30th Young Artist Awards. Keynes also voiced his character in the video game .


title: Skandar Keynes

text: He returned as Edmund in "", the third installment of "The Chronicles of Narnia", directed by Michael Apted, filmed in Australia and released in December 2010, grossing $415.7 million worldwide. In preparation, Keynes trained to earn his Professional Association of Diving Instructors license for underwater scenes. In 2011, the cast was nominated for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast at the 32nd Young Artist Awards.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: In May 2014, Keynes was cast to voice the antagonist Sir Allan Kerr in Heirloom Audio Production's award-winning audio adventure "In Freedom's Cause," a historical novel by G.A. Henty which recounts how the 14th-century Scottish hero William Wallace, famously portrayed by Mel Gibson in "Braveheart," was a strong man of God. Keynes also appeared as himself in its promotional short film. The drama was released in November that year, winning five of the six categories it was nominated for at the 2015 Voice Arts Awards —the Oscars equivalent of voice acting: Outstanding Production, Outstanding Casting, Outstanding Audio Engineering, Audiobook Narration – Inspirational/Faith-Based Fiction, and Audiobook Narration – History. In January 2016, Keynes announced his retirement from acting.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: In January 2015, Keynes completed a three-month internship at the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. During his stay in Amman, Jordan, he assisted in the research and writing of "Living in the Shadows: Jordan Home Visits Report 2014," a study that found evidence of a rapid deterioration in the living conditions of Syrian refugees in Jordan as the Syrian conflict entered its fifth year. The report is based on data from home visits covering almost 150,000 Syrian refugees living outside of camps in Jordan. Published on January 14, 2015, it has been widely reported in the media and cited by foreign policy think tanks.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: Keynes then worked at the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as a parliamentary adviser to Crispin Blunt, a British Conservative MP and former Chair of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee (2015-2017), until January 2018. In November 2015, he joined the committee on its visit to Beirut for an inquiry on the UK's role in the fight against the ISIL. In February 2016, with committee members Daniel Kawczynski and Stephen Gethins, he attended the European Parliament forum in Brussels which focused on conflicts in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region and discussed the then upcoming NATO Summit in Warsaw. In December that year, he participated in the IISS Manama Dialogue at the 12th Regional Security Summit in Bahrain and posed a question on the practical ways by which they could move constructive dialogue with Russia forward having identified shared interests in defeating extremism and ending bloodshed in Syria, considering their "disagreements on the causes, solutions, and desired end states of these two problems". In February 2017, on behalf of the Qatar All-Party Parliamentary Group, he visited Qatar to meet ministers and officials, visit sites in development for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, and discuss issues of bilateral relations and regional crises. From 2016 to 2017, he accompanied Blunt in diplomatic visits to Cairo, Tunisia, Kurdistan, and Baghdad. Since then, Keynes has been working as a political adviser.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: Keynes plays the guitar, flute, and cornet. He won a 1500-meter long race competition in 2006, and also ran 42 km at the 2012 Beirut Marathon in aid of Prostate Cancer UK. He earlier attained a green belt in taekwondo and did extreme sports through bungee jumping in New Zealand at the Nevis Bungy, Sky Tower, Ledge Bungy, Shotover Canyon Swing, and from a jet. He plays cricket and football, and is a supporter of Arsenal Football Club. At Cambridge, he was a Rugby varsity player and played football with Freddie Highmore.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: Keynes supports conservation projects. He tracked down the Grey Wolf in the Jura Mountains in Switzerland as part of his work shadowing the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). His interview with wolf expert Jean-Marc Landry and deputy head Jean-Christophe Viẻ is featured on Wild Talk Radio Podcast. In March 2009, he contributed to English Heritage by writing the foreword to the Darwin issue of the "Heritage Learning Journal (Issue 40)". He also promoted connect2earth, an online community run by World Wide Fund for Nature. He joined his father in the Galapagos Tortoise Project by promoting Sebastian, one of the largest of the giant tortoises conserved by the archipelago's national park.


title: Skandar Keynes

text: Keynes and his family have been visiting Marjeyoun, Lebanon yearly despite the political situation since he was a child. "I was here in 1996 during Operation Grapes of Wrath. I was four at the time and had no concept that it was war," Keynes told a reporter. "I remember when the gravity of the situation dawned on me. It was during the 2006 July war, I was 14 then... but it didn't really shake my view of Lebanon as effectively a second home, a place where I come to and I have family." Cognisant of the Lebanese nationality law, he expressed, "I understand that in part the law that a mother cannot pass her nationality to her children is tied with the Palestinian issue... I would like to see the law changed and be considered Lebanese by the government. When I arrive at the airport, I would like to show a Lebanese passport, and go to my [family's] house without having to get permission..."


title: Adriano (footballer, born February 1982)

text: Adriano Leite Ribeiro (born February 17, 1982), commonly known simply as Adriano, is a Brazilian former professional footballer. A striker known for his long range left footed strikes.


text: Adriano had four prolific seasons in Italy with Italian clubs Parma and Inter Milan, being considered one of the best strikers in the world during this time and earning the nickname ""L'Imperatore" (the Emperor)". Adriano finished within the top 10 of the Ballon d'Or in 2004 and 2005 and was awarded the IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of 2005. He was a key figure in Inter's 2005–06 Scudetti win before his career was, however, marked by inconsistency and a decline in his performances which coincided with the death of his father. He moved back to his native Brazil in 2009 and went on to win a Brasileirão with both Flamengo and Corinthians. He retired in 2016 at the age of 34.


text: Making his Brazil debut at 18, Adriano was considered the long-term successor to Ronaldo. In the absence of Ronaldo he led Brazil to the 2004 Copa América, receiving the Golden Boot as the competition's leading scorer with seven goals. He also won the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup with Brazil, receiving the Golden Boot Award as the competition's leading scorer with five goals. Prior to the 2006 World Cup he was part of Brazil's much-vaunted "magic quartet" of offensive players alongside Ronaldo, Ronaldinho and Kaká, which ultimately was not successful at the finals.


text: Adriano started his career in 1999 on Flamengo's youth squad and earned promotion to the senior squad one year later. He made his team debut on 2 February 2000, a Torneio Rio-São Paulo match against Botafogo. He scored a goal against São Paulo in the same competition 4 days later.


text: Despite signing a two-year contract with Flamengo in June 2000, he secured a move to Inter Milan for the 2001–02 season. Inter sold another half of Vampeta to PSG (ultimately to Flamengo from PSG for undisclosed fee) for €9.757 million in exchange for Adriano who was valued €13.189 million. Adriano scored his first goal with the club against Real Madrid in a friendly match as a substitute.


text: Adriano was loaned to Fiorentina for the 2001–02 season, after which a two-year co-ownership deal with Parma was agreed, for €8.8 million, in order to acquire Fabio Cannavaro which also included another half of Matteo Ferrari for €5.7 million He formed an impressive striking duo with Adrian Mutu, scoring 22 goals in 36 appearances. He missed the month of November 2003 due to injury.


text: Adriano returned to the San Siro in January 2004 on a -year contract, for about €23.4 million and scored a total of 12 goals in the rest of 2003–04 season. From 11 July 2004 through 29 June 2005, Adriano was in peak form, scoring 42 goals in both domestic and international competitions. He was voted sixth for the 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year. In September 2005, Inter rewarded him for his efforts with an improved contract running until June 30, 2010.


text: Following the signing of the new deal, Adriano's future at Inter suffered due to poor performances, fueled by questions and speculation regarding his work ethic, which was called into question when he was twice caught partying at nightclubs during the 2006–07 campaign. Brazilian coach Dunga did not call Adriano up for a friendly against Ecuador on 10 October 2006, and called for him to "change his behavior" and "focus on football". On 18 February 2007, Adriano skipped a team practice due to effects from a lengthy celebration of his birthday the night before, which led to Inter manager Roberto Mancini benching him for the team's Champions League match against Valencia and subsequent Serie A fixture against Catania.


text: On November 16, 2007, Inter owner Massimo Moratti sent Adriano on unpaid leave to his native Brazil for the second time in eighteen months, where he attended São Paulo's training center, due to his poor physical condition and a past battle with alcoholism. Though his agent denied Adriano's desire to return to Brazilian club football, Adriano claimed he was willing to leave Inter in the January transfer window in search of regular playing time, with the Italian press stating interest from West Ham United and Manchester City. In December 2007, Manchester City owner Thaksin Shinawatra expressed interest in bringing Adriano to the club during the January transfer window, commenting,


text: Moratti, however, stated that Adriano would remain with Inter. "I would like him back here in January, as strong and as good as he was." On 10 December, Inter technical director Marco Branca said that Adriano was expected to rejoin the team at the start of the new year. "[The] news has been good. We intend to leave him in peace until the end of the programme and then he will be treated like the other players." Inter finalized a deal on 19 December to loan Adriano to São Paulo for the remainder of the 2007–08 season in order to allow him to compete in the 2008 Copa Libertadores. São Paulo fans were soon seen standing in long lines to buy his new number 10 jersey at the team's official merchandise retailer after Adriano was introduced and his shirt was unveiled at a team press conference. Adriano celebrated his competitive debut with São Paulo by scoring both goals in their 2–1 victory over Guaratinguetá on the opening day of the 2008 Paulista tournament.


text: He was sent off after headbutting Santos fullback Domingos on 10 February 2008, and was suspended for two matches after initially risking a suspension of eighteen months. He was fined by São Paulo on 29 February for arriving 30 minutes late for training, then leaving early and exchanging words with a photographer. According to team sporting director Marco Aurélio Cunha, Adriano "left the training ground because he wanted to. The team does not miss him. If he is not happy at São Paulo, he is free to go." São Paulo sporting director Carlos Augusto de Barros e Silva announced on 17 June that Adriano was returning to Inter ahead of schedule. "We have a balanced squad and it was better for Adriano to go back, given that we won't be able to count on him for the rest of the campaign."


text: Adriano was a regular goalscorer in the early stages of the 2008–09 Serie A campaign, reaching a combined total of 100 domestic goals in the Italian Serie A and the Brazilian Série A. On 22 October 2008, Adriano scored the winner in a 1–0 win over Anorthosis Famagusta, and, with this goal, Adriano scored his 18th Champions League goal, and 70th for the club.


text: In December, Inter Milan allowed him special dispensation to return to Brazil over the winter break earlier than planned. Inter confirmed on 4 April that Adriano had not returned from international duty with Brazil and had signed no contract with the club. On 24 April, Adriano finally rescinded his contract with Inter.


text: Adriano signed a one-year contract for Brazilian club Flamengo on 6 May 2009, the club with which he started his career. On his debut after returning to Flamengo, played on 31 May 2009, he scored a goal against Atlético Paranaense. On 21 June 2009, he scored his first hat-trick for Flamengo in the 4–0 win over Internacional in the Brazilian Série A; his performances would be instrumental to lead Flamengo to their first Brazilian Serie A title since 1992.


text: On 31 January 2010, Adriano scored his second hat-trick since his return, this time in a 5–3 comeback win in the Fla-Flu derby against rivals Fluminense in the 2010 Rio de Janeiro State League.


text: On 8 June 2010, Italian Serie A club Roma announced that Adriano had signed a three-year contract with the club, effective on 1 July, earning a gross annual salary of €5M. He was then presented to the press with the no. 8 shirt. Roma terminated the contract on 8 March 2011, after seven months in the Italian capital.


text: On 25 March 2011, he signed a one-year deal with Corinthians. Adriano ruptured his Achilles tendon on 19 April, while he was training, after the surgery he spent six months recovering. After recovering, he played his first game for Corinthians on 9 October 2011, when his club beat Atlético Goianiense 3–0. His first goal for Corinthians came on 20 October in the home game versus Atlético Mineiro, and was the winning goal that made the game 2-1 and gave Corinthians a two-point lead in the Championship with only two games remaining. On 12 March 2012, Adriano was released by Corinthians, after his irregular appearances and lack of interest.


text: On 21 August 2012 Adriano signed a contract with Flamengo. On 7 November 2012 he was released by Flamengo.


text: On 11 February 2014 the Brazilian striker signed a deal with Atlético Paranaense. On 11 April 2014 he was released by Atlético Paranaense.


text: On 29 January 2016, Adriano signed a contract with Miami United of the National Premier Soccer League. On 28 May 2016 he left Miami United.


text: Adriano made his international debut for Brazil in a World Cup qualifier against Colombia on 15 November 2000 at the age of 18. He was often considered as the long-term successor to Ronaldo. Adriano scored his first international goal on 11 June 2003 in a friendly against Nigeria. He was included in the Brazil team for 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup, and led Brazil's attack alongside Ronaldinho in the absence of Ronaldo. He appeared in all three matches and scored two goals as Brazil was eliminated in the group stage. He missed the 2004 CONMEBOL Men Pre-Olympic Tournament due to injury.


text: The following year, he was included in Brazil team for 2004 Copa América. Brazil won the cup and Adriano won the Golden Boot as the competition's leading scorer with seven goals. In the final match against Argentina, Adriano dramatically scored the equalizer in the 93rd minute. The match went on to penalties and Brazil finally won 4–2, with Adriano scoring his penalty. After the match, coach Carlos Alberto Parreira singled out Adriano as a very important factor in winning the title.


text: In 2005, Adriano once again had an impressive tournament with Brazil, this time in the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup. Adriano was named Player of the Tournament and received the Golden Boot Award as the competition's leading scorer with five goals. In the final, he steered Brazil to victory, scoring two goals in a 4–1 victory over Argentina.


text: Adriano was called up for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, forming part of Brazil's highly publicized "magic quartet" of offensive players alongside Ronaldo, Ronaldinho and Kaká. He scored his first goal on 18 June 2006 in a 2–0 win against Australia and his second in a 3–0 victory against Ghana. Despite his two goals, Adriano's World Cup campaign was considered a disappointment, as he managed only five shots all tournament, while Brazil as a whole were unable to find the right mix between defence and attack, ultimately being eliminated in the quarter-finals by France.


text: After the disappointing World Cup, Adriano's international career declined due to a series of poor club performances and personal problems. Adriano has featured once for Brazil under Dunga's regime since the conclusion of the World Cup, as a halftime substitute during a 2–0 friendly loss to Portugal on 6 February 2007. In 2008, Adriano finally regained his form during his stint at São Paulo FC and earned a recall to the national team. On 10 October 2008, Adriano scored his first international goal in two years in a World Cup qualifier against Venezuela. He was a regular member of Brazil squad during World Cup qualification, and was brought for the team's last friendly prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup against Republic of Ireland. However, Adriano was one of the two players dropped from the final 23-men squad by coach Dunga, along with Carlos Eduardo (who had replaced an injured Elano against Ireland). The backup of injured Luís Fabiano on the Ireland game, Grafite, instead occupied Adriano's place. Adriano was also left out of the backup player list.


text: Adriano was a well-rounded, versatile, and modern striker, who combined pace and physicality with nimble footwork and excellent technical skills; due to his dominance, power, and skill, he was nicknamed "L'Imperatore" ("The Emperor") after the famous Roman Emperor Hadrian, during his time in Italy. Adriano was a left-footed player, who was gifted with excellent ball control, dribbling ability, and creativity. He was also a strong forward, with an eye for goal, and an immensely powerful striker of the ball with his left foot, as well as was an accurate free-kick taker; he was also effective in the air, and had the ability to link-up with his teammates and provide assists. Regarded as a highly promising player in his youth, Adriano's qualities and playing style drew comparisons with that of compatriot Ronaldo, and he was even initially regarded as his potential successor in the media. Despite his natural talent, Adriano's consistency, character, fitness, and work-rate were brought into question after the death of his father; moreover, his struggles with depression and alcoholism, combined with his hedonistic and turbulent lifestyle off the pitch, as well as his personal troubles, injury struggles, and lack of discipline in training, also contributed to his significant weight gain as his career progressed. Due to his inconsistency in later years, he was widely regarded in the media for failing to live up to his initial potential. As such, although he was considered one of the best players in the world at his peak, Adriano is also a record three–time winner of the Bidone d'Oro Award, a prize is given to the worst Serie A player during a particular season, which he won in 2006 and 2007 with Inter, and in 2010 with Roma.


text: In November 2014, a judge in Rio de Janeiro cleared Adriano of charges of drug trafficking which had first been alleged in 2010, due to a lack of sufficient evidence.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The 2012 UEFA Champions League Final was an association football match which took place on Saturday, 19 May 2012 between Bayern Munich of Germany and Chelsea of England at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany. The match was to decide the winner of the 2011–12 season of the UEFA Champions League, Europe's premier club football tournament. Bayern were making their ninth appearance in the competition's final, having won four and lost four, most recently losing in 2010. Chelsea were appearing in their second final, having lost their first in 2008.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: It was the first Champions League final to be held at the Allianz Arena (known as Fußball Arena München for the final). As tenants of the Arena, this meant Bayern were the first finalists to have home advantage since 1984. Both teams progressed to the knockout stages by finishing top of their group. Bayern then beat Basel, Marseille and Real Madrid to reach the final, while Chelsea knocked out Napoli, Benfica and defending champions Barcelona.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Bayern took the lead late in the second half through Thomas Müller, but Didier Drogba equalised for Chelsea five minutes later to take the game to extra time, in which Arjen Robben missed an awarded penalty, Petr Čech saving the low drive. The teams stayed level at 1–1 and the match went to a penalty shoot-out, which Chelsea won 4–3 to clinch their first Champions League title. In doing so, they became the first London club to win the tournament, the fifth English club and 22nd overall.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: As winners, Chelsea took part in the 2012 UEFA Super Cup, losing 4–1 to Atlético Madrid, the winners of the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. The victory also allowed them to enter the following season's Champions League competition (having failed to qualify for it by their league finishing position) at the expense of London rivals Tottenham Hotspur, who would otherwise have entered the competition having finished fourth in the Premier League. Chelsea also represented UEFA at the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup, entering at the semi-final stage; however, they were beaten 1–0 by Corinthians in the final.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The Allianz Arena was announced by UEFA as the venue of the 2012 final on 30 January 2010, although the stadium was referred to as "Fußball Arena München" for the match, as UEFA does not recognise sponsorship by companies that are not among its partner organisations. The stadium, which opened in 2005, was then the home stadium of both Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich, and was used for six matches at the 2006 FIFA World Cup including the opening match.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The stadium was hosting its first major European final. The Olympiastadion in Munich, the previous home of Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich, hosted three European Cup finals; in 1979, 1993 and 1997. On each previous occasion, a European Cup final held in Munich had produced a first-time winner of the competition (Nottingham Forest, Olympique Marseille and Borussia Dortmund).


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: During the match, the stadium was illuminated in green and turquoise to represent the official UEFA emblem of the Munich final, as the outer shell of the Allianz Arena can change colour.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: To reach the final, in the knockout phase Bayern defeated Basel, Marseille, and Real Madrid (3–1 on penalties after a 3–3 aggregate score), while Chelsea overcame Napoli, Benfica, and the defending champions Barcelona (3–2 on aggregate).


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Both teams reached the final having already lost out in their domestic leagues (the Bundesliga and Premier League respectively), but having also reached the final of their domestic cup competitions (the DFB-Pokal and FA Cup respectively), to be played prior to the Champions League Final. Chelsea won the FA Cup by defeating Liverpool 2–1, while Bayern lost the Final of the DFB-Pokal 5–2 to Borussia Dortmund.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Both clubs had lost their most recent Champions League final – Bayern in 2010 to Inter Milan 2–0 and Chelsea in 2008 in an all-English clash with Manchester United on penalties after a 1–1 draw. While that was Chelsea's only Champions League final, Bayern had previously played in eight Champions League/European Cup finals, winning four (1974, 1975, 1976, 2001) and losing four (1982, 1987, 1999 and 2010). The clubs had only met each other once in Europe before, with Chelsea winning 6–5 on aggregate in the quarter-finals of the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The match was the fourth occasion that a team had reached a final of the European Cup which was scheduled to be played at their own home ground, after 1957, 1965 and 1984, and the first occasion since the tournament was rebranded to the UEFA Champions League. For this reason, fans of Bayern Munich called the match "Finale dahoam" (Bavarian for "final at home"). This was the first time since 2007 that neither of the participants were current champions of their domestic league. This was the sixth time that an English side and a German side had met in a European Cup/Champions League final; the other occasions were 1975, 1977, 1980, 1982 and 1999. It was also Bayern's fourth time facing an English side in the European Cup/Champions League final, having won in 1975 vs. Leeds United and lost in 1982 vs. Aston Villa and 1999 to Manchester United.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The two teams each received 17,500 tickets to distribute to their supporters. A further 7,000 tickets were available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com, with prices between €70 and €370. The remaining tickets were allocated to the local organising committee, UEFA's 53 national football associations, and commercial and broadcast partners.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: In May 2012, Pedro Proença, the Portuguese referee was selected to oversee the final. Joining him, was fellow Portuguese officials Bertino Miranda and Ricardo Santos as assistant referees, Jorge Sousa and Duarte Gomes as additional assistant referees, Tiago Trigo as reserve assistant referee, and Spaniard Carlos Velasco Carballo as fourth official.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The UEFA Champions League Anthem was performed by German tenor Jonas Kaufmann and violinist David Garrett.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The UEFA Champions Festival was held at Munich's Olympiapark from 16 to 19 May. An official public screening of the final took place at the Olympiastadion during the match, with capacity for 65,000 fans, including a section for Chelsea supporters. A second public screening was planned on the Theresienwiese, where the famous Oktoberfest takes place.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Both clubs had players missing due to suspensions; Bayern were missing David Alaba, Holger Badstuber and Luiz Gustavo, while Chelsea were without Branislav Ivanović, Raul Meireles, Ramires and John Terry. Terry was suspended after being sent off in the semi-final, which automatically excludes a player from the final. The other six all received yellow cards in the semi-finals, which took them over the limit of a third yellow card of the competition, which triggers an automatic suspension from the next match. Players union FIFPro appealed to UEFA to allow the players with yellow cards to play, seeing the punishment of "missing the match of your life" as too harsh; UEFA rejected the appeal and stated the rule would not be reviewed for at least three years. Ivanović stated how he "had no idea [he] was one booking away from missing the Champions League final." UEFA confirmed that Chelsea captain Terry would be allowed to lift the trophy should Chelsea win, in spite of his suspension. Ryan Bertrand also got his initial first-team start as a left winger ahead of his regular left back position.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Only two of the 36 players had previously been in a winning squad in a Champions League final: Chelsea's Paulo Ferreira and José Bosingwa were in the Porto squad in 2004. Ten of the Bayern 18 had earlier been in their squad that lost the 2010 final, although only four started both games: Philipp Lahm, Bastian Schweinsteiger, Arjen Robben and Thomas Müller. Eight of the Chelsea squad had been in their losing 2008 squad, including four who started both games: Petr Čech, Ashley Cole, Frank Lampard and Didier Drogba.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Bayern had control for most of the match, with Robben having the best chance, which Čech deflected onto the frame of the goal with his legs. Chelsea, however, also had chances, with Salomon Kalou nearly finishing at the near post. Bayern kept pushing Chelsea to the limit but missed sitters from Mario Gómez, who sent his shot over the bar; and Robben, who was blocked at the last second by Gary Cahill. Bayern took the lead in the 83rd minute, when Toni Kroos crossed in to Müller, who headed the ball down into the ground, causing it to bounce over Čech and in off the crossbar. Bayern took Müller off and replaced him with Daniel Van Buyten in an attempt to shore up the defence, but on 88 minutes, Drogba was first to a Juan Mata corner and powered a header past Manuel Neuer for the equaliser. Chelsea won a free kick just outside the area in the 93rd minute, but Drogba smashed it over. The game went to extra time. The first good chance of extra time was when Ivica Olić inside the box passed to Gómez but his shot was wide. Later, Drogba fouled Franck Ribéry in the penalty area, injuring him and earning Bayern a penalty; Robben took it, but his shot was saved by Čech. In the second half of extra time, Olić attempted to set up Van Buyten instead of taking a shot and the ball rolled wide of Čech's far post.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: For the first time since 2008, when Chelsea had lost to Manchester United, the European Cup would be decided by penalties. Lahm went first and scored to Čech's left, as Čech got his fingertips to the ball but was unable to keep it out. Mata took Chelsea's first penalty and his weak shot was saved by Neuer. Next was Gómez, who drilled his shot into the bottom-right corner. David Luiz took Chelsea's second penalty and scored with a powerful shot into the top corner after a long run up. Goalkeeper Neuer took Bayern's third penalty, and Čech went the right way again but was unable to keep his opposite number's low shot from creeping past him into the bottom-left corner. Lampard was next and he hit a hard shot down the middle. Olić was next, but Čech, who had guessed the correct direction for every Bayern penalty up to that point, saved to his left - Olic's final competitive kick for Bayern. With a chance to tie the shoot-out, Cole slotted his kick into the bottom-right corner, just out of Neuer's reach, leveling the scores at 3–3 and hastening sudden death. Schweinsteiger, who had scored Bayern's decisive fifth penalty against Real Madrid's Iker Casillas in the semi-finals, was their fifth penalty taker again, but Čech tipped his effort onto the post to leave Chelsea one kick away from winning the trophy. In 2008, after Drogba had been sent off in extra time, captain Terry stood in as Chelsea's fifth penalty taker with a chance to win but hit the outside of the post with his kick. Now in the same position, Drogba sent Neuer the wrong way and put his kick into the bottom-left corner to win it for Chelsea. It proved to be his final kick as a Chelsea player until his return in 2014.


title: 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The victory marked not only Chelsea's first ever European Cup, but also the first time a London team had won the competition – previously, aside from Chelsea's 2008 defeat to United, which was the last time an English club had won the competition, Arsenal had also lost the 2006 final in Paris against Barcelona.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of the city on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. Despite not being ordered to storm the city, with Charles V intending to only use the threat of military action to make Pope Clement VII come to his terms, a largely unpaid Imperial army formed by 14,000 Germans, many of Lutheran faith, 6,000 Spaniards and some Italian contingents, occupied the scarcely defended Rome and began looting, slaying and holding citizens for ransom in excess without any restraint. Clement VII took refuge in Castel Sant'Angelo after the Swiss Guard were annihilated in a delaying rearguard action, where he remained until a ransom was paid to the pillagers.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: Benvenuto Cellini, eyewitness to the events, described the sack in his works. It was not until February, 1528 that the spread of a plague and the approach of the League forces under Odet de Foix forced the army to withdraw towards Naples from the city. Rome's population had dropped from 55,000 to 10,000 due to the atrocities, famine, an outbreak of plague and fleeing the city. The subsequent loss of the League army during the Siege of Naples secured a victory in the War of the League of Cognac for Charles V. The Emperor denied responsibility in the sack and was eventually absolved by Clement VII for the event. On the other hand, the Sack of Rome further exacerbated religious hatred and antagonism between Catholics and Lutherans.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: The growing power of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V alarmed Pope Clement VII, who perceived Charles as attempting to dominate the Catholic Church and Italy. Clement VII formed an alliance with Charles V's arch-enemy, King Francis I of France, which came to be known as the League of Cognac, to resist the Habsburg dynasty in Italy.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: The army of the Holy Roman Emperor defeated the French army in Italy, but funds were not available to pay the soldiers. The 34,000 Imperial troops mutinied and forced their commander, Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, to lead them towards Rome, which was an easy target for pillaging, due to the unstable political landscape at the time.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: Aside from some 6,000 Spaniards under Duke Charles, the army included some 14,000 Landsknechte under Georg von Frundsberg; some Italian infantry led by Fabrizio Maramaldo; the powerful Italian cardinal Pompeo Colonna and Luigi Gonzaga; and some cavalry under the command of Ferdinando Gonzaga and Philibert, Prince of Orange. Though Martin Luther himself was against attacking Rome and Pope Clement VII, some who considered themselves followers of Luther's Protestant movement viewed the papal capital as a target for religious reasons. Numerous bandits, along with the League's deserters, joined the army during its march.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: Duke Charles left Arezzo on 20 April 1527, taking advantage of chaos among the Venetians and their allies after a revolt broke out in Florence against Pope Clement VII's family, the Medici. His largely undisciplined troops sacked Acquapendente and San Lorenzo alle Grotte, and then occupied Viterbo and Ronciglione, reaching the walls of Rome on 5 May.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: The troops defending Rome were not at all numerous, consisting of 5,000 militiamen led by Renzo da Ceri and 189 papal Swiss Guard. The city's fortifications included the massive walls, and it possessed a good artillery force, which the imperial army lacked. Duke Charles needed to conquer the city swiftly to avoid the risk of being trapped between the besieged city and the League's army.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: On 6 May, the imperial army attacked the walls at the Gianicolo and Vatican Hills. Duke Charles was fatally wounded in the assault, allegedly shot by Benvenuto Cellini. The Duke was wearing his famous white cloak to mark him out to his troops, but it also had the unintended consequence of pointing him out as the leader to his enemies. The death of the last respected commander of authority among the Imperial army caused any restraint in the soldiers to disappear, and they easily captured the walls of Rome the same day. Philibert of Châlon took command of the armies, but he was not as popular or feared, leaving him with little authority.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: In the event known as the Stand of the Swiss Guard, the Swiss, alongside the garrison's remnant, made their last stand in the Teutonic Cemetery within the Vatican. Their captain, Kaspar Röist, was wounded and later sought refuge in his house, where he was killed by Spanish soldiers in front of his wife. The Swiss fought bitterly, but were hopelessly outnumbered and almost annihilated. Some survivors, accompanied by a band of refugees, fell back to the Basilica steps. Those who went toward the Basilica were massacred, and only 42 survived. This group of 42, under the command of Hercules Goldli, managed to stave off the Habsburg troops pursuing the Pope's entourage as it made its way across the Passetto di Borgo, which was a secure elevated passage that connects the Vatican City to Castel Sant'Angelo.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: After the execution of some 1,000 defenders of the papal capital and shrines, the pillage began. Churches and monasteries, as well as the palaces of prelates and cardinals, were looted and destroyed. Even pro-imperial cardinals had to pay to save their properties from the rampaging soldiers. On 8 May, Cardinal Pompeo Colonna, a personal enemy of Clement VII, entered the city. He was followed by peasants from his fiefs, who had come to avenge the sacks they had suffered at the hands of the papal armies. Colonna was touched by the pitiful conditions in the city and gave refuge to some Roman citizens in his palace.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: The Vatican Library was saved because Philibert had set up his headquarters there. After three days of ravages, Philibert ordered the sack to cease, but few obeyed. In the meantime, Clement remained a prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo. Francesco Maria della Rovere and Michele Antonio of Saluzzo arrived with troops on 1 June in Monterosi, north of the city. Their cautious behaviour prevented them from obtaining an easy victory against the now totally undisciplined imperial troops. On 6 June, Clement VII surrendered, and agreed to pay a ransom of 400,000 ducati in exchange for his life; conditions included the cession of Parma, Piacenza, Civitavecchia and Modena to the Holy Roman Empire (however, only the last would change hands). At the same time Venice took advantage of this situation to capture Cervia and Ravenna, while Sigismondo Malatesta returned to Rimini.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: Often cited as the end of the Italian High Renaissance, the Sack of Rome impacted the histories of Europe, Italy, and Christianity, creating lasting ripple effects throughout European culture and politics.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: Before the Sack, Pope Clement VII opposed the ambitions of Emperor Charles V and the Spanish, who he believed wished to dominate Italy and the Church. Afterward, he no longer had the military or financial resources to do so. To avert more warfare, Clement adopted a conciliatory policy toward Charles. Charles then began exerting more control over the Church and Italy.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: The Sack had major repercussions for Italian society and culture, and in particular, for Rome. Clement's War of the League of Cognac would be the last fight for Italian independence until the nineteenth century. Rome, which had been a center of Italian High Renaissance culture and patronage before the Sack, suffered depopulation and economic collapse, causing artists and thinkers to scatter. The city's population dropped from over 55,000 before the attack to 10,000 afterward. An estimated 6,000 to 12,000 people were murdered. Many Imperial soldiers also died in the aftermath, largely from diseases caused by masses of unburied corpses in the streets. Pillaging finally ended in February 1528, eight months after the initial attack, when the city's food supply ran out, there was no one left to ransom, and plague appeared. Clement would continue artistic patronage and building projects in Rome, but a perceived Medicean golden age had passed. The city did not recover its population losses until approximately 1560.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: A power shift – away from the Pope, toward the Emperor – also produced lasting consequences for Catholicism. After learning of the Sack, Emperor Charles professed great embarrassment that his troops had imprisoned Pope Clement; however, he had ordered troops to Italy to bring Clement under his control, albeit he wanted to avoid destruction within the city of Rome, which damaged his reputation. Charles eventually came to terms with the Pope with the treaty of Barcelona and the coronation of Bologna. This done, Charles molded the Church in his own image. Clement, never again to directly oppose the Emperor, rubber-stamped Charles' demands – among them naming cardinals nominated by the latter; crowning Charles Holy Roman Emperor at Bologna in 1530 and refusing to annul the marriage of Charles' beloved aunt, Catherine of Aragon, to King Henry VIII of England, prompting the English Reformation. Cumulatively, these actions changed the complexion of the Catholic Church, steering it away from Renaissance freethought personified by the Medici Popes, toward the religious orthodoxy exemplified by the Counterreformation. After Clement's death in 1534, under the influence of Charles and later his son King Phillip II of Spain (1556–1598), the Inquisition became pervasive, and the humanism encouraged by Renaissance culture came to be viewed as contrary to the teachings of the Church.


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: The Sack also contributed to making permanent the split between Catholics and Protestants. Before the Sack, Charles and Clement disagreed over how to address Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, which was spreading throughout Germany. Charles advocated for calling a Church Council to settle the matter. Clement opposed this, believing that monarchs shouldn't dictate Church policy; and also fearing a revival of conciliarism, which had exacerbated the Western Schism during the 14th–15th centuries, and deposed numerous Popes. Clement advocated for fighting a Holy War to unite Christendom. Charles opposed this because his armies and treasury were occupied in fighting other wars. After the Sack, Clement acceded to Charles' wishes, agreeing to call a Church Council and naming the city of Trent, Italy as its site. He did not convene the Council of Trent during his lifetime, fearing that the event would be a dangerous powerplay, and perhaps even a death-trap. In 1545, eleven years after Clement's death, his successor Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent. As Charles predicted, it reformed the corruption present in certain orders of the Catholic Church. However, by 1545, the moment for reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants – arguably a possibility during the 1520s, given cooperation between the Pope and Emperor – had passed. In assessing the effects of the Sack of Rome, Martin Luther commented: "Christ reigns in such a way that the Emperor who persecutes Luther for the Pope is forced to destroy the Pope for Luther" (LW 49:169).


title: Sack of Rome (1527)

text: In commemoration of the Swiss Guard's bravery in defending Pope Clement VII during the Sack of Rome, recruits to the Swiss Guard are sworn in on 6 May every year.


title: Deborah Chow

text: Deborah Chow (born June 16, 1972) is a Canadian filmmaker, television director and screenwriter known for her independent films and her work on "Star Wars" television. Two of her first short films, "Daypass" (2002) and "The Hill" (2004) have both won awards at various international film festivals. Her first feature film was "The High Cost of Living" (2010), which she both wrote and directed.


title: Deborah Chow

text: Chow has directed various projects for television, including the 2014 TV movie adaption of V. C. Andrews' Gothic novel "Flowers in the Attic" and episodes of the series "Copper", "Murdoch Mysteries", "Reign", "Beauty and the Beast", and "Mr. Robot". Chow is also a director on the first season of the "Star Wars" series "The Mandalorian" (2019) and directed all six episodes of "Obi-Wan Kenobi" (2022) for Disney+.


title: Deborah Chow

text: Chow is the half-Chinese daughter of parents who emigrated from Australia to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where she grew up.


title: Deborah Chow

text: Her Chinese father was an ardent movie fan and introduced to her the world of classic films and filmmaking. Chow graduated from Gordon Graydon Memorial Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario.


title: Deborah Chow

text: She received her undergraduate degree, major of cultural theory and minor in art history, from McGill University in Montreal, where she made her first short film. After graduation, she went on to complete her MFA in directing at Columbia University's School of the Arts, where she completed two short films and a feature screenplay, including her short film, "Daypass", which screened internationally at over 35 festivals and won multiple awards.


title: Deborah Chow

text: Chow began her career writing and directing short films while studying film at university and broke out with her first feature film, "The High Cost of Living", in 2010. As a film director, she has worked with notable actors James Urbaniak, Zach Braff and Isabelle Blais, among others.


title: Deborah Chow

text: As a television director, she has worked on the BBC show "Copper", the CW programs "Reign" and "Beauty and the Beast", the CBC show "Murdoch Mysteries" and the USA Network series "Mr. Robot". She also directed the adaptation of "Flowers in the Attic" on Lifetime, which starred Heather Graham and "Mad Men"'s Kiernan Shipka.


title: Deborah Chow

text: Chow served as director of two episodes of the Disney+ exclusive streaming television series, "Star Wars: The Mandalorian", in which she also had a cameo role as a New Republic X-wing pilot. She was announced as the sole director for the Disney+ series that centers on Obi-Wan Kenobi. Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy stated that "We really wanted to select a director who is able to explore both the quiet determination and rich mystique of Obi-Wan in a way that folds seamlessly into the "Star Wars" saga. Based on her phenomenal work developing our characters in "The Mandalorian", I'm absolutely confident Deborah is the right director to tell this story."


title: Deborah Chow

text: Chow directed the music video for "Black Summer", the first single off of the Red Hot Chili Peppers 2022 album, "Unlimited Love".


title: Deborah Chow

text: Her short film, "Daypass", won the Best Actor Award at the Milano Film Festival and the Best Short at the Turin Film Festival. The feature-length screenplay version of the film won the Comedy Central Award for Best Comedy Screenplay. Chow was the winner of the 2005 Kodak New Vision Mentorship award for her short film "The Hill," the winnings from which included funding for her first feature film. She was a participant in the Berlinale Talent Campus, Toronto International Film Festival Talent Lab, and the Praxis Screenwriting Lab. Her debut feature film "The High Cost of Living" won Best First Feature and Top Ten at the Toronto International Film Festival, Best Canadian Feature at the Female Eye Film Fest, and Prix Super-Écran at the Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois. She received the Andrew Sarris Award at the 2022 Columbia University Film Festival.


title: Deborah Chow

text: "The High Cost of Living" has received mixed reviews. This film bears all the hallmarks of a conventional indie drama: "a downbeat scenario, flawed protagonists, and a strongly regional inflection." Chow is credited on hitting every mark and narrative turning point. The result is a strange dramatic complexity, with a work of superficial depth.


title: Battle of Peleliu

text: The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II by the US military, was fought between the United States and Japan during the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign of World War II, from September 15 to November 27, 1944, on the island of Peleliu.


title: Battle of Peleliu

text: US Marines of the 1st Marine Division and then soldiers of the US Army's 81st Infantry Division, fought to capture an airfield on the small coral island of Peleliu. The battle was part of a larger offensive campaign known as Operation Forager, which ran from June to November 1944 in the Pacific Theater.