title: Epic poetry

text: This Virgilian epic convention is referenced in Walt Whitman's poem title / opening line "I sing the body electric".


title: Epic poetry

text: These conventions are largely restricted to European classical culture and its imitators. The "Epic of Gilgamesh", for example, or the "Bhagavata Purana" do not contain such elements, nor do early medieval Western epics that are not strongly shaped by the classical traditions, such as the Chanson de Roland or the Poem of the Cid.


title: Epic poetry

text: Narrative opens "in the middle of things", with the hero at his lowest point. Usually flashbacks show earlier portions of the story. For example, the Iliad does not tell the entire story of the Trojan War, starting with the judgment of Paris, but instead opens abruptly on the rage of Achilles and its immediate causes. So too, Orlando Furioso is not a complete biography of Roland, but picks up from the plot of Orlando Innamorato, which in turn presupposes a knowledge of the romance and oral traditions.


title: Epic poetry

text: Epic catalogues and genealogies are given, called "enumeratio". These long lists of objects, places, and people place the finite action of the epic within a broader, universal context, such as the catalog of ships. Often, the poet is also paying homage to the ancestors of audience members. Examples:


title: Epic poetry

text: In the Homeric and post-Homeric tradition, epic style is typically achieved through the use of the following stylistic features:


title: Epic poetry

text: Many verse forms have been used in epic poems through the ages, but each language's literature typically gravitates to one form, or at least to a very limited set.


title: Epic poetry

text: Ancient Sumerian epic poems did not use any kind of poetic meter and lines did not have consistent lengths;


title: Epic poetry

text: instead, Sumerian poems derived their rhythm solely through constant repetition and parallelism, with subtle variations between lines.


title: Epic poetry

text: Indo-European epic poetry, by contrast, usually places strong emphasis on the importance of line consistency and poetic meter. Ancient Greek epics were composed in dactylic hexameter.


title: Epic poetry

text: Very early Latin epicists, such Livius Andronicus and Gnaeus Naevius, used Saturnian meter. By the time of Ennius, however, Latin poets had adopted dactylic hexameter.


title: Epic poetry

text: Dactylic hexameter has been adapted by a few anglophone poets such as Longfellow in "Evangeline", whose first line is as follows:


title: Epic poetry

text: usually without rhyme. The alliterative form can be seen in the Old English “Finnsburg Fragment” (alliterated sounds are in bold):


title: Epic poetry

text: While the above classical and Germanic forms would be considered stichic, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese long poems favored stanzaic forms, usually written in terza rima


title: Epic poetry

text: "Terza rima" is a rhyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. An example is found in the first lines of the Divine Comedy by Dante, who originated the form:


title: Epic poetry

text: In ottava rima, each stanza consists of three alternate rhymes and one double rhyme, following the ABABABCC rhyme scheme. Example:


title: Epic poetry

text: were also introduced. The French alexandrine is currently the heroic line in French literature, though in earlier literature – such as the chanson de geste – the decasyllable grouped in laisses took precedence. In Polish literature, couplets of Polish alexandrines (syllabic lines of 7+6 syllables) prevail.


title: Epic poetry

text: Balto-Finnic (e.g. Estonian, Finnish, Karelian) folk poetry uses a form of trochaic tetrameter that has been called the Kalevala meter. The Finnish and Estonian national epics, "Kalevala" and "Kalevipoeg", are both written in this meter. The meter is thought to have originated during the Proto-Finnic period.


title: Epic poetry

text: The primary form of epic, especially as discussed in this article, is the heroic epic, including such works as the Iliad and Mahabharata. Ancient sources also recognized didactic epic as a category, represented by such works as Hesiod's Works and Days and Lucretius's De Rerum Natura.


title: Epic poetry

text: A related type of poetry is the epyllion (plural: epyllia), a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme. The term, which means "little epic," came into use in the nineteenth century. It refers primarily to the erudite, shorter hexameter poems of the Hellenistic period and the similar works composed at Rome from the age of the neoterics; to a lesser degree, the term includes some poems of the English Renaissance, particularly those influenced by Ovid.


title: Epic poetry

text: Romantic epic is a term used to designate works such as Morgante, Orlando Innamorato, Orlando Furioso and Gerusalemme Liberata, which freely lift characters, themes, plots and narrative devices from the world of prose chivalric romance.


title: Epic poetry

text: Long poetic narratives that do not fit the traditional European definition of the heroic epic are sometimes known as folk epics. Indian folk epics have been investigated by Lauri Honko (1998), Brenda Beck (1982) and John Smith, amongst others. Folk epics are an important part of community identities. For example, in Egypt, the folk genre known as al-sira relates the saga of the Hilālī tribe and their migrations across the Middle East and north Africa, see Bridget Connelly (1986). In India, folk epics reflect the caste system of Indian society and the life of the lower levels of society, such as cobblers and shepherds, see C.N. Ramachandran, “Ambivalence and Angst: A Note on Indian folk epics,” in Lauri Honko (2002. p. 295). Some Indian oral epics feature strong women who actively pursue personal freedom in their choice of a romantic partner (Stuart, Claus, Flueckiger and Wadley, eds, 1989, p. 5). Japanese traditional performed narratives were sung by blind singers. One of the most famous, The Tale of the Heike, deals with historical wars and had a ritual function to placate the souls of the dead (Tokita 2015, p. 7). A variety of epic forms are found in Africa. Some have a linear, unified style while others have a more cyclical, episodic style (Barber 2007, p. 50). People in the rice cultivation zones of south China sang long narrative songs about the origin of rice growing, rebel heroes, and transgressive love affairs (McLaren 2022). The borderland ethnic populations of China sang heroic epics, such as the Epic of King Gesar of the Mongols, and the creation-myth epics of the Yao people of south China.


title: Discovery+

text: Discovery+ (pronounced "Discovery Plus"; stylized as discovery+) is an American streaming service owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The service focuses on factual programming drawn from the libraries of Discovery's main channel brands, as well as original series (including spin-offs of programs from Discovery's networks), and other acquired content.


title: Discovery+

text: It was first launched in India on March 23, 2020. It launched in the United States on January 4, 2021, and replaced Discovery's Dplay and Eurosport Player services in Europe the next day. , Discovery+ has 24 million subscribers.


title: Discovery+

text: Discovery+ became a sister service to WarnerMedia's HBO Max following their merger in April 2022. The two services are expected to merge in spring 2023.


title: Discovery+

text: Discovery first launched Discovery+ in India on March 23, 2020, and included content from Discovery's various brands. In September of the same year, Discovery announced plans to launch an international version of Discovery+ in early 2021.


title: Discovery+

text: In October 2020, it was announced that Dplay would be renamed Discovery+ in the United Kingdom and Ireland in the following month.


title: Discovery+

text: On January 4, 2021, Discovery+ launched in the U.S. with both a paid ad-supported plan and an ad-free plan. On January 5, 2021, Discovery+ launched in eight European territories, subsuming Dplay and the Eurosport Player services.


title: Discovery+

text: In an earnings call on November 3, 2021, president and CEO of Discovery Streaming and International JB Perrette discussed potential options for the service following the then-proposed spin-off and merger of WarnerMedia into Discovery to form Warner Bros. Discovery. These involved a bundling and/or eventual merger of Discovery+ with WarnerMedia's streaming service HBO Max, and offering such a merged service in markets where Discovery+ has yet to launch, such as other parts of the Asia-Pacific region. On March 14, 2022, after Discovery shareholders approved the merger, CFO Gunnar Wiedenfels stated that the merged company planned to pursue a merger of HBO Max with Discovery+ as a long-term goal, following the process proposed by Perrette earlier.


title: Discovery+

text: In August 2022, Perrette announced that the merged service would launch in the United States "next summer", if not sooner, followed by Latin America in late-2023, HBO Max's European markets in early-2024, and additional Asia-Pacific and European markets. Perrette stated that HBO Max and Discovery+ had complimentary scopes targeting "appointment viewing" and "comfort viewing" respectively, and thus described the unified service as being "an unprecedented combination in an already crowded market." In November 2022, it was announced that the new service will now launch in spring 2023.


title: Discovery+

text: In early-December 2022, it was reported by CNBC via inside sources that the unified platform was being developed under the codename "BEAM", and that multiple names were being considered—including simply "Max".


title: Discovery+

text: Original programming carried by Discovery+ includes spin-offs of programs from Warner Bros. Discovery's factual networks.


title: Discovery+

text: The library of Discovery+ is drawn primarily from the original programming of Warner Bros. Discovery's factual channel brands, including but not limited to Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, TLC, Travel Channel, Magnolia Network, HGTV, Food Network, Investigation Discovery, CNN, and other international brands where applicable such as Asian Food Network.


title: Discovery+

text: In the U.S., Discovery+ has also licensed non-scripted programming from A&E Networks—including A&E, History, and Lifetime programs—and NBCUniversal Global Distribution—including "American Ninja Warrior", "The Biggest Loser", "Flipping Out", "Queer Eye", "The Real Housewives of Melbourne", "Cheshire", "Johannesburg", "Top Chef Canada" (which is produced for the Canadian version of Food Network), and "WAGS".


title: Discovery+

text: On August 4, 2022, WBD announced that a CNN content hub featuring a selection of its original series and documentaries would be added to the service. CNN had attempted to launch a streaming service, CNN+, during the lead-up to the WarnerMedia/Discovery merger, but it was discontinued by Perrette and new CNN head Chris Licht after only operating for a month for being incompatible with the merged company's over-the-top strategies.


title: Discovery+

text: In selected European territories, Discovery+ offers sports content via Warner Bros. Discovery's Eurosport networks, subsuming Eurosport's previous streaming platform Eurosport Player.


title: Discovery+

text: Discovery+ is available through traditional Windows/macOS web browsers, the major digital media player platforms (such as Amazon Fire TV, Roku, Apple TV and Chromecast), Android TV, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S gaming consoles, and through Android and iOS apps.


title: Discovery+

text: In October 2021, Discovery announced that Discovery+ would launch in Canada on October 19. Corus Entertainment (which is the Canadian licensee for most of Discovery's lifestyle brands) is a marketing partner for the service, and has promoted Discovery+ via its television networks, digital platforms, and radio. Discovery stated that over a thousand episodes of programming would be available with French-language subtitles at launch.


title: Discovery+

text: It is planned that Discovery+ will be available on Sky Glass, Sky Q and Sky X in Austria and Germany and to Vodafone customers in Romania, Portugal, Greece, Czech Republic, Hungary and Iceland by mid-2022.


title: Discovery+

text: In May 2022, it was announced that BT Group would become a distribution partner for the service in the UK, as part of a planned joint venture between Eurosport and BT Sport.


title: Discovery+

text: In August, Brazilian website "vcfaz.tv" has said that Discovery+ will launch in Brazil on September 1, but Discovery has denied this. It was then confirmed by Discovery that Discovery+'s launch date in Brazil would be November 9, 2021.


title: Discovery+

text: There was criticism of the service at launch by some viewers of the networks and industry analysts, especially concerns that existing Discovery programming is being taken away from cable and satellite viewers and is being placed behind an additional paywall that may be inaccessible to viewers without robust broadband plans, or are in rural areas with little access to broadband, which in turn may imperil future carriage of those channels by Discovery's provider partners. Other viewers have criticized Discovery's bait-and-switch tactics in forcing them to sign up for Discovery+ to have the 'full experience' of a series, as is being done for various Discovery+ spin-offs of "90 Day Fiancé", along with obtrusive Discovery+ advertising throughout the broadcast day (including a lower third sized banner in the top-right corner during actual programming) of many Discovery networks.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Lamborghini Gallardo (; ) is a sports car built by the Italian automotive manufacturer Lamborghini from 2003 to 2013. It is Lamborghini's second car released under parent company Audi, and best-selling model with 14,022 built throughout its production run. Named after a famous breed of fighting bull, the V10 powered Gallardo has been Lamborghini's sales leader and stable-mate to a succession of V12 flagship models—first to the Murciélago (4,099 built between 2001 and 2010), then to the current flagship, the Aventador, being the first entry-level Lamborghini in one-and-half decades. On 25 November 2013, the last Gallardo was rolled off the production line. The Gallardo was replaced by the Huracán in 2014.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: After the Megatech's purchase of Automobili Lamborghini S.P.A, the Italdesign Giugiaro was hired to design concept cars to replace their existing cars. One of the concepts built by them was the Lamborghini Calà, built to replace the Lamborghini Jalpa and was displayed at the 1995 Geneva Motor Show.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: After the Volkswagen AG took hold of the company in 1998, the Lamborghini Gallardo was built on the basis of the Calà and had many features absorbed from the concept car such as the exterior design and the traditional V10 engine.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The car name is taken from the 18th century Spanish bullfighting breeder Francisco Gallardo. It means "galant".


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The first generation of the Gallardo was powered with an even firing 90 degree V10 engine generating a maximum power output of at 7500 rpm and of torque at 4500 RPM. The Gallardo was offered with two choices of transmission; a conventional (H-pattern) six-speed manual transmission, and a six-speed electro-hydraulically actuated single-clutch automated manual transmission that Lamborghini called "E-gear". Both gearboxes were built by Graziano Trasmissioni. The "E-gear" transmission provides gear changes more quickly than could be achieved through a manual shift. The driver shifts up and down via paddles behind the steering wheel, but can also change to an automatic mode via the gear selector located in place of the gear shift lever. The vehicle was designed by Luc Donckerwolke and was based on the 1995 Calà prototype designed by Italdesign Giugiaro.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: For the 2006 model year (launched in late 2005), Lamborghini introduced many changes to the car to counter some criticisms garnered from the press and owners. The exhaust system was changed to a more sporty one (including a flap to make it quieter during city driving), the suspension was revised, a new steering rack was fitted, the engine power was increased by 20 PS to a maximum of , and the biggest change was overall lower gearing ratios, especially in 1st to 5th gear. These changes gave the car a much better performance than the original and were also included in the limited edition Gallardo SE.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The convertible variant of the Gallardo, called the Gallardo Spyder, was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 2006. It was considered by the company to be an entirely new model, with the engine having a power output of and a low-ratio six-speed manual transmission. The Spyder has a retractable soft-top.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: At the 2007 Geneva Auto Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Gallardo Superleggera. The name paid tribute to the construction style of the first Lamborghini production model, the 350 GT, designed and built by Carrozzeria Touring and its emphasis on weight reduction. The Superleggera is lighter than the base model by due to the use of carbon fiber panels for the rear diffuser, undertray, the rearview-mirror housings, the interior door panels, the central tunnel, engine cover; titanium wheel nuts and carbon fibre sports seats. The engine power was uprated by courtesy of an improved intake, exhaust and ECU for a total power output of . The 6-speed E-Gear transmission was standard on US spec models with the 6-speed manual transmission offered as a no cost option. Production of the Superleggera amounted to 618 units worldwide.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: Lamborghini recalled about 1,500 Gallardo Coupé and Spyder models, from model years 2004 to 2006, because of the possibility of power steering fluid leaking and the risk of fire. The cars were built from May 2003 through April 2008.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: Presented at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, the Gallardo LP 560-4 was a significant update of the Gallardo, powered by a new, uneven firing V10 engine that produces at 8,000 rpm and of torque at 6,500 rpm. Featuring "Iniezione Diretta Stratificata" direct fuel injection system to improve efficiency; fuel consumption and CO emissions have been reduced by 18% despite the increase in performance. The car was redesigned, inspired by the Murciélago LP 640 and Reventón.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The new engine, more powerful than in the previous car, comes with two transmission choices: a 6-speed manual or 6-speed E-gear, the latter of which was revised to offer a Corsa mode which makes 40% quicker shifts than before and decreases traction control restrictions, a Thrust Mode launch control system was also added. Accompanied with a weight reduction. All the improvements add up to a claimed performance of 0- in 3.7 seconds, 0- of 11.8 and a top speed of .


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The MSRP base price was $198,000 in the US and £147,330 (including NavTrak vehicle tracking system and delivery package) in the UK. The first US car was sold in the 16th Annual Race to Erase MS charity auction for $198,000 to former True Religion Jeans co-founder/co-creator Kymberly Gold and music producer Victor Newman.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560-4 Spyder was unveiled at the 2008 LA Auto Show. as the replacement for the previous Gallardo Spyder. It is the convertible model of the Gallardo LP 560-4 and as such possess all of its features like the new uneven firing V10 engine, improved E-gear transmission and weight reduction.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: In March 2010, Lamborghini announced the release of the Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera, a lightweight and more powerful version of the Gallardo LP 560–4 in the same vein as the previous Superleggera. With carbon fibre used extensively inside and out to reduce weight to just making it the lightest road-going Lamborghini in the range. The odd firing 5.2 L V10 on the LP 570-4 gets a power bump over the standard Gallardo to at 8,000 rpm and at 6,500 rpm of torque. Performance has been improved to 0- in 3.2 seconds, and a top speed.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: In November 2010, Lamborghini announced the LP 570-4 Spyder Performante, a convertible version of the LP 570-4 Superleggera. Employing the same odd firing 5.2L V10 and with a curb weight of , heavier than the coupé as usual with coupé based convertibles, the LP 570-4 Spyder Performante goes from 0 to in 3.9 seconds, to in 12.0 seconds and has a top speed of .


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: Following the LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni and LP 550-2 Bicolore special editions, the LP 550-2 Coupé was offered by Lamborghini in the 2011 model year as the lowest-priced model in the Gallardo line-up. The rear-wheel-drive LP 550-2 Coupé is distinguished by unique black side skirts and "LP 550-2" badging, suspension tuning borrowed from the Valentino Balboni edition, and came equipped with a 6-speed manual transmission with E-gear available as a cost option.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The LP 550–2 AD is based on the LP 550-2 Coupé with Ad Personam customization, which includes transparent engine cover, engine room LED lighting, diamond pattern leather interior upholstery, travel package.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: In 2012, the LP 550-2 Spyder was introduced with the same specifications as the Coupé, as the lowest priced Spyder model.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: Marrone Apus (matte brown), Giallo Horus (matte gold), Nero Nemesis (matte black), Bianco Canopus (matte white) body colors were introduced to the Taiwan market on 10 August 2010.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: In a test drive of the LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni, the test driver bearing the name of the car said he was against E-gear because it takes some amount of vehicle control away from the driver, and all-wheel drive Lamborghinis from the beginning and the company was divided over AWD cars. In that review, an LP 550–2 with E-Gear was tested.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: As part of the Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera launch in Taiwan, Jean-Michel Lorain of the La Côte Saint Jacques restaurant was invited by Taiwan Lamborghini dealer Gramus International Co., Ltd. and Taiwan American Express company to cook French meals at The Landis Taipei Paris 1930 between 1 December 2010 and 4 December 2010, and at the Le Moût restaurant between 6 December 2010 and 9 December 2010, with a Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera Nero Nemesis unveiled at the 1st-floor lounge of The Landis Taipei hotel. In addition, for Lamborghini buyers using an American Express card until 31 December 2010, all Lamborghini vehicles got an order price of 2 million NTD, and Lamborghini LP 570-4 Superleggera Nero Nemesis buyers using an American Express Centurion card can purchase the vehicle for 17,880,000 NTD.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: At the end of its production run, Lamborghini produced special editions of the Gallardo featuring parts from its Gallardo Super Trofeo race cars. These editions were based on all the basic variants of the Gallardo and the cars receiving such modifications were given the Edizione Technica designation in addition to their names.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: Changes to the Gallardo LP 560-4 and the LP 550-2 includes revised front fascias with triangular and trapezoidal forms with diagonal elements in body color and black, larger air intakes ahead of the front wheels, new 19-inch "Apollo polished" alloy wheels in matte black with spokes in polished silver, redesigned rear end with a wider surface area, optional Style Package (high-gloss black paintwork on the underside of the front spoiler, front and rear grilles and the transverse element of the rear trim).


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The LP 570-4 Edizione Tecnica was based on the LP 570-4 Superleggera and the LP 570-4 Spyder Performante, with a fixed rear wing, carbon-ceramic brakes, roof arch and front air intakes painted in contrasting color schemes (Nero Nemesis (matt black) body with Arancio Argos (orange) pillars and front air intakes, Bianco Canopus (matt white) body with Arancio Argos pillars and front air intakes, and Arancio Argos body with Nero Nemesis pillars and front air intakes).


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicles were unveiled at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, followed by the 2013 Shanghai Motor Show (in which a Gallardo LP 560-4 Spyder Edizione Technica in Grigio Telesto paint scheme was unveiled).


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicles were available at Lamborghini dealerships from November 2012. Early models include the LP 550-2 (Coupé/Spyder), LP 560-4 (Coupé/Spyder), LP 570-4 (Superleggera/Spyder Performante).


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The 2013 LP 570-4 Super Trofeo is a race car version of the Gallardo LP 570-4 for the Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo series. It features adjustable aerodynamic devices, a ten-position rear wing, and improved front brake cooling over the 2012 Gallardo via remodeled brake ducts.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the final round of the 2012 Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo European series in Los Arcos, Navarra.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: Unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show, the Lamborghini Gallardo LP 570-4 Squadra Corse is a limited production (50 units, 15 in USA, 3 in Canada) street-legal version of the Lamborghini Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo 2013 race car. It features a removable engine cover with quick-release system, different front and rear bumpers, rear wing and the engine cover made from carbon composite material, carbon-ceramic brake system, e-gear six-speed transmission with, tricolore decals on the sides. It was available in 4 body colors (Giallo Midas (yellow), Bianco Monocerus (white), Grigio Thalasso (grey) and Rosso Mars (red)), matte black rear wing with contrasts in body color, hood, front air intakes, rear diffuser and 19-inch forged wheels in high-gloss black; choice of three brake caliper colors (red, black, yellow), carbon fiber (at door panels, racing seats and center console cover, handbrake frame, the middle of the center console, the lower rim of the steering wheel, the trim around the main and secondary instrument panels, the door handles, the handle for opening the glove box) and Alcantara (at the underside of the dashboard, central panel of the seat cushion and the backrest) interior upholstery, bucket seats (optional comfort seats). The rear wing was reported to produce three times more downforce than the standard Gallardo's electronically adjusted spoiler.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The US model was offered in Giallo Midas color only. Deliveries of the vehicle began in September 2013.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo LP 560-4 Macau GP is a limited (3 units) version of the Gallardo LP 560-4 Coupé for the Taiwan market, commemorating Hanss Lin (#38) of the Taiwan-based Gama Racing Team taking 2nd place in the Macau race of the 2013 Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia series. Changes include the Gallardo Super Trofeo parts (front/rear bumpers, adjustable rear wing, and diffuser, front skirt, detachable carbon fiber engine cover), orange body color, hexagon '63' decal and Tricolore stripes throughout the whole vehicle.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the Lamborghini Taipei event between 26 December 2013 and 30 December 2013 and went on sale for $16 million NTD.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: In December 2004, two Gallardos were donated to the Italian Polizia di Stato in honor of the force's 152nd anniversary. One car was donated by Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. while a second one was donated by an independent organization.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: However, both of the cars were destroyed in the course of duty. When the Huracán, Gallardo's successor, was introduced, Lamborghini S.p.A. produced a personalized version for the Italian police force serving as the replacement of the destroyed cars.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo LP 560-4 Polizia is a police car version of the Gallardo LP 560-4 coupé for the Italian State Police. It features a camera recording system featuring a camera beside the rearview mirror, GPS navigation, a gun holster, a police radio, a Paletta warning sign, a portable screen, a refrigerator and defibrillator in the front cargo compartment, blu Polizia body color, a police beacon with blue LEDs at the vehicle's front, roof, side, and rear.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: Two Gallardos have temporarily been used as police cars by the Metropolitan Police in London, one in 2005 and one in 2006, for specific publicity events. The car used in 2006 was seen at the start of the 2006 Gumball Rally. Both vehicles were lent by Lamborghini London and were fitted with yellow and blue battenburg markings, police logos, and a small blue lightbar.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: It was a version of the Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560-4 for Panama's National Police, seized from David Murcia Guzman of DMG Group Holding, S.A.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo SE is a limited edition of 250 units introduced in 2005. It is distinguished from the regular Gallardo externally by a black-roofed two-tone color scheme as well as specially designed "Callisto" wheels. It also featured a two-tone interior further distinguishing it from the base model. All piping and stitching on the leather are executed in the same color as the bodywork of the car. The midsections of the seats are finished in color-coded upholstery and even the black floormats have a color-coded border. A rear-view camera was standard on the Gallardo SE, as was the multimedia and navigation system, sports suspension, and an exclusive cover. The optional E-gear transmission came with a new function: 'thrust' mode. This feature automatically revs the car to 5,000 rpm then drops the clutch engaging all four wheels in a controlled burnout to ensure that the car performs maximum acceleration.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo Nera is a special edition (limited to 185 units) of the Gallardo and was introduced at the Paris Motor Show. The car was designed to showcase the customization options available to the customer in the Ad Personam program. It features special matte black body panels and was only available in a special shade of black: a combination of Nero Serapis and Nero Noctis. Brake calipers are painted a special silver and the taillights are smoked to match the darker paint scheme. The interior is stitched from high-contrast black and white leather in the Q-Citura (lozenge-shaped) fashion.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: Limited to 250 units, the Gallardo LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni was named after Lamborghini test driver Valentino Balboni and to his request, unlike the contemporary line-up, the Balboni is rear wheel drive, reducing the curb weight by to . The engine is rated at . Other features include re-calibrated optional E-gear transmission, redeveloped 45% limited-slip differential, full leather black upholstery with white color strips, Polar white center console, a stripe down the center of the car, and a badge below the left side window bears the signature of Valentino Balboni and the production number of the car. On right-hand drive cars, the badge is located at the bottom of the right-hand-drive rear window. A special one-off Balboni was created by the Singapore distributor of Lamborghini (Eurosport) which had Superleggera seats and a full Reiter Engineering Super Trofeo Strada body derived directly from the Super Trofeo series cars. This one-off Balboni was viewed as the predecessor to the Singapore Edition limited run LP 550-2 (see below) which had a stripped out Superleggera interior, Superleggera side skirts, rear deck, rear diffuser and front bumper (sans Superleggera rear wing) but which critically was a 2wd car which catered to the enthusiast driver. This special Balboni was exported from Singapore to Indonesia in 2015. Lamborghini claims the LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni can reach a top speed of and reach in 3.9 seconds.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo LP 560-4 Gold Edition (金色限量版) is a limited (10 units) version of the Gallardo LP 560-4 for the Chinese market, with gold body color, black engine cover frame, LED headlamps, Cordelia glossy wheels, red brake calipers, black interior, red stitching and embroidery at steering wheel and headrest.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2012 Shenzhen-HongKong-Macau International Auto Show, and was sold for 3.988 million yuan (US$810,000).


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Bicolore is a special edition of the Gallardo, available in both LP 560-4 and LP 550-2 trims. Released in 2010 it features a unique two-tone paint job. The car was available only in orange, yellow, grey, white or blue with a black roof with unique Skorplus alloy wheels.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The LP 550-2 Super Trofeo is a version of the LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni for the Hong Kong market. It does not include the center stripe of the original car. It includes an e-Gear transmission, Super Trofeo body kit (tail wing, front and tail diffuser, side skirts), front and side airbags, TFT screen with USB/iPod connection, GPS with Bluetooth, front axle height control.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo Asia (亞洲限量版) is a limited (3 units, 1 in Taiwan, 2 in Thailand) version of the LP 570-4 Super Trofeo 2013 for the Asian market. It includes a matte black carbon fiber tail wing, matt black carbon-fiber engine cover, yellow body color, high gloss carbon fiber door pedal, rear diffuser, rearview mirror cover; red ceramic carbon-fiber brake caliper, Alcantara interior upholstery, 'Super Trofeo Asia' plaque at red rear window frame interior border with the serial number, red stitching, carbon fiber upholstery at door trim, racing seats, center console.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The LP 570-4 Superleggera Nero Nemesis (消光黑色特別版) is a version of the LP 570-4 Superleggera for the Taiwan market, with matte black body color, matte black interior upholstery, silver interior stitching, 4-point seat belt.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo LP 560-2 50° Anniversario is a version of the Gallardo LP 550-2 Coupé with increased engine power to , clear carbon fiber rear wing from the original Gallardo Superleggera, transparent engine cover, dark grey Scorpius wheels and a Bianco Opalis (white metallic) body color.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 Shanghai Motor Show, followed by The 2013 Quail Motorsport Gathering.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The LP 570-4 Superleggera Bianco Canopus Limited Edition (中華民國建國百年特仕車) is a version of the LP 570-4 Superleggera for the Taiwan market, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Republic of China. It includes matte white body color, e-gear transmission, silver interior stitching, and 4-point seat belts.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicle went on sale during the 100th year of the Republic of China, with pre-order which began in February 2011.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The LP 550-2 Tricolore is a version of the Gallardo LP 550-2 for the Europe, Middle East, and Asian Pacific markets, commemorating the 150th anniversary of Italian unification. It includes green, white, and red stripes (representing the flag of Italy) from the cargo bay to engine cover; white body color, carbon fiber rearview mirror and side skirts are taken from the Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera, matte black front air intake grille from the Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera, black interior, green, white, red stripes at left seat aligned to the exterior tricolor stripes; 'Tricolore' embroidering at the driver seat, e-gear panel and steering wheel in carbon fiber, Alcantara upholstery at the center console and door trim, Nero Perseus black leather upholstery, 'Tricolore' plaque at door sill, seat side and inner window frame.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: Presented at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show, the Super Trofeo Stradale was a limited (150 units) version of the LP 570-4 Superleggera. Boasting a dry weight of , it is lighter than a comparably equipped LP 560-4. Essentially a road version of the Super Trofeo race car, equipped with the same adjustable rear spoiler that offers an aerodynamic load 3 times that of the standard Gallardo LP 560-4 for increased dynamic stability during tight, high-speed driving. Another element taken directly from the racing version was the removable engine hood with a quick-release system. The vehicle includes Rosso Mars (red) body-color, 6-speed "E-gear" automated manual transmission, carbon fiber and Alcantara interior upholstery with red stitching, double-A-arm suspension, 19-inch wheels, titanium bearing and bolts, Pirelli P Zero Corsa tires. Optional equipment includes carbon-ceramic brake discs, a tubular interior roll cage, 4-point safety belts, and fire extinguisher, satellite navigation, with Bluetooth connection for mobile phones, an anti-theft system, grey or white brake calipers and a lifting system that raises the front axle.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Taiwan model was sold in limited quantities (3 units), with both road and track versions. The road version includes exclusive carbon fiber tail wing and engine cover, Alcantara interior upholstery and Alcantara racing seats. The track version includes a racing type roll cage, red 4-point seat belts, travel package, and a chrome and carbon fiber interior package.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Singapore Limited Edition was a limited (10 units) version of the Gallardo LP 550–2 in Singapore, celebrating 10 years of Lamborghini's presence in Singapore. Available in black and white primary body color with red side stripes accented by a badge featuring the Merlion, it includes parts taken from the LP 570-4 Superleggera such as the front spoiler, a rear wing, a wheelset and interior trim.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicle went on sale with SGD$20000 from the sale of each car donated to The Straits Times School Pocket Money Fund. Delivery took place at the Mandarin Oriental hotel in Singapore.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The LP 550-2 Hong Kong Edition commemorates the 20th anniversary of Lamborghini cars being sold in Hong Kong. Modifications on the model include custom paint with a coat of Bianco Monocerus, a white color, matte gold stripes that run the length of the hood, over the roof, and down the rear. Matte black accents round out the paintwork with a matte black rear bumper and spoiler, side skirts, and spoiler, with HK20 graphics on the front spoiler, rear fascia, and side sills. These extend to the interior on the headrests and center console. Only 8 will be produced with pricing at $3,680,000 each.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo Malaysia Limited Edition is a limited edition (20 units) version of the Gallardo LP 550-2 for the Malaysian market. Available in Bianco Monocerus (solid white), Verde Ithaca (pearl green) and Arancio Borealis (pearl orange) body color, it includes the body kit from the LP 570-4 Superleggera (front bumper, carbon side skirts, 4 titanium exhaust tips, and a carbon fiber rear diffuser), a different interior with Alcantara and leather with bespoke stitching and a 6-speed E-gear transmission.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicle was unveiled at Eminent Century Sdn Bhd, the official Malaysian importer of Lamborghini cars, and JH Italia Sdn Bhd, the sole dealer, in Kuala Lumpur. The vehicle went on sale for RM868,000 before duties, road tax and insurance (RM 1,680,000 excluding insurance).


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: To mark its 50th anniversary, Lamborghini wanted to provide something special for the Indian market where they had found a good business potential, hence a limited edition of six cars based on the best selling variant of the Gallardo, the LP 550-2 was created. Two cars were produced in Arancio Borealis (pearl orange), two in Bianco Isis (pearl white), and two in Verde Ithaca (pearl green), representing the colors of the Indian Flag. All cars featured the Indian flag tricolor stripes running the entire length of the car and engine intake manifold cover in the same color. To suit Indian road conditions, the car features a lift suspension. With the push of a button, the ground clearance increases by taking it to .


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo LP 550-2 Indonesia Limited Edition is based on the LP 550-2 model but features a Superleggera style body and a bright green Verde Ithaca body color. It was limited to the Indonesian Market only and available in January 2013. The 2013 Gallardo LP 550-2 Indonesia Limited Edition received several items from the option list as standard equipment, the most eye-catching naturally being the Superleggera bumpers and side skirts, a glass engine cover with the optional LED lights installed which gave an even better view of the V10 engine at night and available with E-Gear transmission. The wheels are the regular dual five-spoke Apollo wheels seen on the Gallardo LP 560-4 model, but finished in glossy black for the Indonesian edition.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The LP 560-4 Noctis is a version of the Gallardo LP 560–4 with two-tone color schemes, for Hong Kong and Chinese markets. Available in dark grey/silver and dark blue/silver body color, 6-speed E-gear transmission, 19-inch alloy wheels, black leather, and grey Alcantara upholstery, adjustable suspension.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the Auto Guangzhou 2011, and later the 2012 Auto Qingdao. The Chinese version was sold for 3,980,000 yuan.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo LP 560-4 Bianco Rosso (ガヤルド LP 560-4 ビアンコ・ロッソ) is a limited (10 units) version of the Gallardo LP 560-4 coupé for the Japanese market, commemorating 45 years of importing Lamborghini to Japan and 10 years of Lamborghini Japan, inspired by Japan's flag. Designed by Lamborghini Design Centre, it includes red side mirror cover, red engine cover frame, red brake caliper, black interior, red leather upholstery at side holder, door handle, hand brake; rearview camera, LED headlight package, 19-inch high gloss black Cordelia wheels, car navigation system, lifting system.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Lamborghini Concept S is a concept car based on the Gallardo, featuring a speedster (Barchetta) body designed by Luc Donckerwolke. It was built in 2005 and was first shown at that year's Geneva Motor Show. The Concept S was intended to be a modern interpretation of the single-seat roadsters of the past. Utilizing a 'saute-vent' (French for 'change wind') instead of a traditional windscreen, and dividing the interior into two distinct compartments by continuing the bodywork between the seats, which also serves as an air inlet feeding the mid-mounted 5.0 L V10 engine, giving the car a distinctly futuristic look along with increasing aerodynamic flow. The rear-view mirror is even electronically retractable to allow the driver to see behind, when necessary, or to retract it into the dashboard when not needed. Though considered more of a styling exercise than a working production vehicle, the final working show car only had to be modified slightly from the original computer-aided designs. Lamborghini was rumored to be building 100 examples for customers but decided to keep it as a styling exercise. Only 2 cars were produced: the high-window prototype sits in the Lamborghini museum with no engine, while the running low-window prototype featured at Pebble Beach was up for auction on 10 December 2015 at RM Sotheby's Manhattan event "Driven by Disruption". It was expected to sell for US$2.4 to 3 million, but failed to sell.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The last Lamborghini vehicle with a manual transmission was reported to be a Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560-2 50° Anniversario by "Popular Mechanics".


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: On 25 November 2013, the last Lamborghini Gallardo, an LP 570-4 Spyder Performante with Rosso Mars (red) body colour, was built at the Sant'Agata Bolognese factory, to be received by a private collector in the upcoming weeks. A total of 14,022 units of the Lamborghini Gallardo had been built during its 10-year product cycle.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: In 2007, the Gallardo was entered in the FIA GT3 Championship, with the Gallardo GT3, built by German motorsport specialists Reiter Engineering, who previously manufactured the Murciélago R-GT and the Diablo GTR Super Trophy race cars. All the extra aerodynamic components were bolt-on parts, conforming with cost-effective regulations that meant the finished car had to closely resemble its road-going counterpart. Brembo racing brakes and OZ Racing wheels were also added. It was converted to rear-wheel drive, other than when racing in the one-make Lamborghini Super Trofeo. The engine generated a maximum power output of at 7,800 rpm and of torque at 4,500 RPM.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: In 2007, the Gallardo was entered by Japan Lamborghini Owners Club (JLOC) to the GT300 class of the Japanese Super GT Championship, the car had to conform to rather different regulations. The engine could only have a power output of and the car must be rear-wheel-drive. The power was limited by air restrictions placed in the engine bay. The gearbox is a sequential 6-Speed twin-clutch setup. The rules regarding aerodynamics are far looser than those in FIA GT, meaning the Super GT car has more advanced aero, including a much bigger rear wing. It took a while to be competitive, only being consistently at the top during the 2009 season.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: In May 2009 Lamborghini introduced what it calls the 'Fastest one-make series in the world', featuring the Gallardo LP 560-4 Super Trofeo, a race-prepared version of the newer Gallardo LP 560-4. The series supported European race series such as Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM), FIA GT Series and the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC), featuring 18 races overall and having a 30-car grid consisting of privateer teams as well as Lamborghini dealer teams and one factory team featuring guest drivers.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Super Trofeo race car was based on the Gallardo LP 560-4 sports car, but with a reworked chassis, dramatic bodywork/aerodynamics and a direct injection odd firing V10 engine rated at with a higher compression ratio of 12.5:1, variable valve timing all prepared by the Reiter Engineering group. The car has dry weight of . E-gear transmission was standard. The race car and parts package cost €200,000 (US$284,300) plus tax, available via Lamborghini dealerships, with support and parts sales trackside.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The final motorsport iteration of the Gallardo was created externally by Lamborghini's long time motorsport partner Reiter Engineering. Introduced in 2014, the Gallardo Reiter Extenso R-EX extended the racing life of the Gallardo beyond the introduction of its successor, the Lamborghini Huracán GT3.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: West Racing campaigned an LP 560 GT in the GT class of the American Le Mans Series for certain races of the 2011 season. However, as of July 2011, the team announced that they were developing a new car and by implication would no longer race the LP 560.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: DP7 Racing has currently entered two Gallardos in the Speed World Challenge GT Series, driven by Dan Pastorini and Chip Herr.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

text: The Gallardo features a unique gas port located on the top of the car, and is designed in a way that is incompatible with the anti-vapor sheath that most American gas stations use as a safety feature. This design issue causes gas pumps to fail to engage, or disengage in the middle of the fill process. Lamborghini owners have resorted to using mechanical hacks, such as pulling back the sheath with their fingers, or employing a plastic ring fitted over the port to force the sheath backwards.


title: 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson

text: In 1993, Evan Chandler, a dentist and screenwriter based in Los Angeles, accused the American singer Michael Jackson of sexually abusing his 13-year-old son, Jordan Chandler. Jackson had befriended Jordan after renting a vehicle from Jordan's stepfather. Though Evan Chandler initially encouraged the friendship, he later confronted his ex-wife, who had custody of Jordan, with suspicions that the relationship was inappropriate.


text: Chandler wanted to resolve the issue with a financial settlement, but he and Jackson could not agree on an amount. In July, Jordan told a psychiatrist and police that Jackson had sexually abused him, triggering an investigation. Some of Jackson's staff reported inappropriate behavior, but the police dismissed their accounts as not credible as they had sold their stories to tabloids or had grievances against Jackson. Jackson's legal team maintained that Chandler was attempting to extort Jackson, citing a phone recording in which he said he was going to "humiliate" Jackson and "win big-time".


text: In August 1993, as the third leg of Jackson's Dangerous World Tour began, news of the allegations broke and received worldwide media attention. Jackson canceled the remainder of the tour, citing health problems arising from the scandal. That September, the Chandlers filed a lawsuit against Jackson. They and Jackson reached a financial settlement in January 1994; Jackson and his legal team stressed that this was not an admission of guilt. In September 1994, the criminal investigation was closed after the Chandlers declined to cooperate, leaving the case without its main witness.


text: The allegations affected Jackson's public image and commercial standing. Several of his endorsement deals were canceled, including his decade-long Pepsi endorsement. In November 2009, five months after Jackson's death, Evan Chandler died by suicide following several years of depression and estrangement from his family. Further allegations of abuse by Jackson led to the "People v. Jackson" trial in 2005.


text: According to "Consequence of Sound", in 1993, the American pop star Michael Jackson was the most popular musician in the world."" That February, Jackson's car broke down and was towed to a local garage, Rent-A-Wreck. The Rent-A-Wreck owner David Schwartz called his wife, June Chandler-Schwartz, to meet Jackson. She brought her son from a previous marriage, Jordan Chandler. Jordan's father, Evan Chandler, was a dentist who treated Hollywood celebrities. He was also a screenwriter who co-wrote the 1993 comedy "."


text: Jackson and Jordan became close; the "National Enquirer" ran a featured story titled "Michael's New Adopted Family", implying that Jackson had "stolen" Jordan from Evan. Jackson invited Jordan, his stepsister and his mother to visit his home, Neverland Ranch, on the weekends. They would also take trips to Las Vegas and Florida. These trips interfered with Jordan's scheduled visits with Evan, with Jordan preferring to visit Neverland Ranch.


text: In May, Evan encouraged Jackson to spend more time with Jordan. Evan suggested that Jackson should build an extension onto Jackson's house; when they were denied planning permission, Chandler suggested Jackson buy him a house. In the same month, Jordan and June flew with Jackson to Monaco for the World Music Awards. According to June's lawyer, Michael Freeman, Evan was jealous and felt left out. Upon their return, Jackson stayed in the Schwartz-Chandler home for five days; Jackson slept in a room with Jordan and his stepbrother. Chandler said this is when he became suspicious of sexual misconduct by Jackson, although he said that Jackson and Jordan were clothed when he saw them in bed together, and never claimed to have witnessed sexual misconduct. Jordan and Jackson's contact ended in June 1993.


text: On July 8, 1993, Schwartz phoned Evan to discuss Jordan’s relationship with Jackson. Unbeknownst to Evan, Schwartz recorded the phone call. Chandler was hostile about Jackson, describing him as "evil". He said he had hired "the nastiest son of a bitch he could find", the lawyer Barry Rothman, to humiliate Jackson, and said:


text: In August, Chandler extracted one of Jordan's teeth. While Jordan was under the effects of the sedative, Evan asked him if Jackson had ever touched his penis; Jordan said yes.


text: Chandler and his legal team approached Jackson asking for $20 million, threatening to take the dispute to a criminal court. Jackson refused, saying, "No way in hell." A few weeks later, Jackson's legal team made a counter-offer of $1 million; this was declined by Chandler, who then requested $15 million. Jackson refused and lowered his offer to $350,000, which Chandler also refused.


text: On July 15, the child psychiatrist Mathis Abrams wrote to Rothman, who was seeking an expert opinion to help establish the allegations against Jackson. Abrams wrote that there was "reasonable suspicion" of sexual abuse without having met Evan or Jordan. He also said that, if this were not a hypothetical case, he would be required by law to report the matter to the Los Angeles County Department of Children’s Services. On August 17, Evan took Jordan to Abrams and told him Jordan had been molested. Over a three-hour session, Jordan told Abrams that Jackson had sexually abused him for months and gave graphic accounts of masturbation and oral sex. Jordan repeated these allegations to police and described Jackson's penis.


text: On August 18, 1993, the Los Angeles Police Department's Sexually Exploited Child Unit began a criminal investigation into Jackson. June Chandler initially told police that she did not believe Jackson had molested her son; however, her position wavered a few days later. On August 21, a search warrant was issued, allowing police to search Neverland Ranch. Police questioned 30 children who were friends of Jackson; all stated that he was not a child molester. Gary Hearne, Jackson's chauffeur, testified in his deposition to driving Jackson to Jordan's house at night and collecting him in the morning for a period of about thirty days.


text: On August 24, the day the allegations were made public, Jackson began the third leg of his Dangerous World Tour in Bangkok. That day, Anthony Pellicano, a private detective hired by Jackson, held a press conference accusing Chandler of trying to extort $20 million from Jackson. He did not mention that Jackson had made several counter-offers. The Jackson family also held a press conference, saying it was their "unequivocal belief" that Michael was a victim of extortion. On August 26, Jackson's promoters released an audiotape of him apologizing to his fans for cancelling his second show in two days.


text: According to the county's DCFS reports on August 26, Jordan had difficulty remembering the times and dates of his alleged molestation, but was consistent in his story. Another investigation source there police had found no medical or taped evidence to support the allegations. The child abuse case file read that Jordan first told his father about the alleged abuse, in spite of Jackson's alleged threats. Jordan claimed that he and his father then met with Jackson and his lawyers "and confronted him with allegations in an effort to make a settlement and avoid a court hearing". Evan had unsuccessfully sought a $20-million movie production and financing deal with Jackson and wanted a settlement to avoid going to court.


text: On August 31, attorney Gloria Allred held a press conference stating she had been retained on behalf of the Chandlers, and implied a civil suit against Jackson would be made. On September 10, Allred said that she was off the case, declining further comment as to why. On September 13, the Chandlers hired Larry R. Feldman, former Los Angeles County Bar Association president.


text: On October 6, 1993, Jordan Chandler underwent a psychiatric interview with Dr. Richard Gardner in New York. Dr. Gardner had formulated Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) in 1985, a disorder that arises primarily in the context of child-custody disputes. Jordan gave his account of what allegedly happened between him and Jackson in May 1993, during their trip to Monaco for the World Music Awards. On November 8, police searched the Jackson family home, Hayvenhurst.


text: The Schwartzes gave the tape of Chandler's July conversation with Schwartz to the authorities, who leaked it to the press. The recorded conversation was a critical aspect of Jackson's defense against the allegations made against him. Jackson and his supporters argued that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort Jackson. The tape was publicly released by Pellicano, after edits had been made. In October 1994, Mary A. Fischer of "GQ" reported it was Chandler who initially accused Jackson of molesting his son, before he demanded a screenwriting deal from Jackson instead of going to the police.


text: Brett Barnes, aged 11, publicly said he had shared a bed with Jackson, but insisted there was no sexual abuse: "I was on one side of the bed and he was on the other. It was a big bed." Wade Robson, aged 10, told Fox Television that he too shared a bed with Jackson but that nothing sexual had happened. Several parents complained of aggressive investigative techniques by police; they claimed the police frightened their children with lies such as "we have nude photos of you", and told parents their children had been molested even though their children had denied it.


text: In September 1993, police officers traveled to the Philippines to interview two of Jackson's ex-housekeepers. However, the ex-employees lacked credibility due to a back salary argument they had with Jackson. A former security guard made various allegations about Jackson, saying he was fired because he "knew too much", and alleged that he was ordered by Jackson to destroy a photo of a naked boy. Instead of reporting this alleged event to the police, he sold the story to "Hard Copy" for $150,000. On December 13, 1993, Jackson's maid, Blanca Francia, alleged that she "quit in disgust" after seeing Jackson in a shower with a child, but did not inform the police. Lisa D. Campbell reported that Francia had been fired in 1991 and had sold her story to "Hard Copy" for $20,000. However, when Diane Dimond interviewed Francia on the show, she denied being fired but acknowledged being compensated by "Hard Copy."


text: On December 2, 1993, attorney Charles Mathews held a press conference about his clients allegedly being threatened and harassed by Anthony Pellicano's machinations. Mathews was representing Jackson's former security guards in a wrongful termination lawsuit filed on November 22. The lawsuit alleged wrongful termination due to "firsthand personal knowledge of many of [Michael Jackson's] nighttime visits with young boys".


text: The police also began an investigation into Evan Chandler for extortion, finding that he was $68,400 behind in his child support payments despite being well-paid as a dentist. Following a five-month investigation, deputy Los Angeles County District Attorney Michael Montagna released a public statement stating no charges had been brought against Chandler, citing Jackson's lawyers' failure to file for extortion in a timely manner and Jackson's willingness to negotiate with Chandler for several weeks. Montagna explained that settlements were encouraged as they were favored by the law. Montagna also said the discussions between Jackson's representatives and Barry K. Rothman, Chandler's attorney at that time, appeared to have been attempts to settle a possible civil case, not efforts to extort money.


text: Chandler admitted he had used the sedative sodium amytal during Jordan's dental surgery, during which Jordan said Jackson had touched his penis. Sodium amytal is a barbiturate that puts people in a hypnotic state when injected intravenously. Studies carried out in 1952 demonstrated that it enabled false memories to be implanted. According to Alison Winter, a science historian at the University of Chicago, these types of drug place people in a state of "extreme suggestibility ... People will pick up on cues about what questioners want to hear and repeat that back."


text: Mark Torbiner, the dental anesthesiologist who administered the drug, told "GQ" that if sodium amytal was used, "it was for dental purposes". According to Diane Dimond of the tabloid TV program "Hard Copy", Torbiner's records show that Robinul and Vistaril were administered instead of sodium amytal. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration was investigating Torbiner's administration of drugs during house calls, where he mostly gave patients morphine and Demerol. Torbiner's credentials with the Board of Dental Examiners indicated that he was restricted by law to administering drugs solely for dental procedures, but he had not adhered to those restrictions; for example, he had given general anesthetic to Barry Rothman during hair transplant procedures. Torbiner had introduced Chandler and Rothman in 1991, when Rothman needed dental work.


text: On February 10, 1993, Jackson had revealed in a televised interview that he had vitiligo, a skin disorder that destroys skin pigmentation and creates blotches. The interview was watched by 90 million viewers, and after it aired expert information on vitiligo was widely shared in the media. According to Pellicano, Jordan Chandler said in July 1993 that Jackson did lift his shirt once to show the blotches on his skin.


text: On December 20, 1993, investigators for the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Department and the LAPD issued Jackson with a warrant for a strip search, as police wanted to verify Jordan's description of Jackson's private anatomy. The officers photographed Jackson's entire body. The police were looking for discoloration, any signs of vitiligo that Jordan had spoken about, or any other skin disorder. Refusal to comply would have been used in court as an indication of guilt.


text: Those present for the prosecution were District Attorney Tom Sneddon, a detective, a photographer, and a doctor. Those present on behalf of Jackson were his two attorneys, a physician, a detective, a bodyguard, and a photographer. The attorneys and Sneddon agreed to leave the room when the examination took place. At Jackson's insistence, the prosecution detective also left. In an emotional state, Jackson stood on a platform in the middle of the room and disrobed. The search lasted for approximately 25 minutes. He was never touched.


text: On January 28, 1994, Reuters and "USA Today" reported that an unidentified source had told that the pictures did not match Jordan's description. According to LAPD detective and pedophilia expert Bill Dworin, who spoke to NBC News in February 2003, Jordan's description matched the photos of Jackson's genitalia. Dworin did not believe that Jordan's accusations were coached. The DA and the sheriff's photographer stated that the description was accurate, but the jurors felt that the photos did not match the description. In March 1994, Jackson's mother Katherine was called to testify in front of the LA County Grand Jury. Investigators asked whether her son had altered the appearance of his genitalia. Jordan claimed that Jackson was circumcised. However, Jackson's autopsy report showed that he had not been circumcised and his foreskin appeared intact, with no signs of surgical restoration.


text: On January 4, 1994, Larry Feldman filed a court motion in an effort to obtain the police photographs of Jackson. The motion stated a "multiple choice" request: either provide copies of the photographs, submit Jackson to a second search, or the court can bar the photographs from the civil trial as evidence. Feldman said that the district attorney's office previously refused the request of these photographs. Jackson's lawyers asked a Santa Barbara County judge to order prosecutors to return the nude photographs, fearing they would become public, but were denied.


text: On September 2, 1993, as a guest on the "Today" show, Jackson's sister La Toya Jackson expressed support for her brother, stating: "I stand by [Michael] one thousand percent… If you think about it, he has been convicted before a trial." In the same interview, she said she could not tell if the allegations were true and that, not being a judge, could not assess this. A few weeks later, on the "Maury" show, La Toya said Jackson was being convicted by the public without having been charged with any crime. She said there was nothing inappropriate about his relationship with children and that she would never believe such allegations.


text: However, on December 8, 1993, La Toya, who had been estranged from the Jackson family and not seen her brother for several years, said Jackson was a pedophile. She said she had seen checks made out to different boys' families and that Jackson's own childhood physical abuse had turned him into an abuser. She and her then-husband Jack Gordon also said that Jackson had tried to kidnap and kill her. On December 9, La Toya repeated her suspicions to Katie Couric on "Today": "I do know he'd have boys over all the time and they'd stay in his room for days. Then they would come out ... There'd be another boy and he'd bring someone else but never two at a time."


text: La Toya said she had proof of Jackson's pedophilia and offered to disclose it for $500,000. A bidding war between US and UK tabloids began, but fell through when, as Jackson's biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli wrote, "She didn't have much to offer, after all." The Jackson family disowned her, and in later years she recanted the allegations, saying she had been forced to make them by her husband. Prior to making the allegations, Gordon had been arrested for assaulting her, and the couple divorced three years later. By the turn of the millennium, Jackson had forgiven his sister. In 2009, when recanting her 1993 statements to the broadcaster Barbara Walters, she said that Jackson had not been a pedophile and had never indulged in improper relations with a child.


text: According to Chris Cadman, Jackson met the singer Lisa Marie Presley around May 26, 1974, during a Jackson 5 engagement in Lake Tahoe. Her father, Elvis Presley, was closing a two-week engagement at the Sahara Tahoe while the Jackson 5 were just about to begin one. In November 1992, Jackson was reconnected with Presley through a mutual friend, and they talked almost every day by telephone. As the abuse accusations became public, he became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health. She stated, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it." She described him in one call as high, incoherent and delusional. He proposed to her over the phone in late 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?" They divorced less than two years later.


text: Jackson took painkillers for his scalp surgeries, administered due to the Pepsi commercial accident in 1984, and became dependent on them to deal with the stress of the allegations. Within a few months of the allegations becoming news, he had lost approximately 10 pounds and stopped eating. According to Jackson, he had a tendency to stop eating when "really upset or hurt" and his friend Elizabeth Taylor had to make him eat: "She took the spoon and would put it into my mouth." He said that he eventually became unconscious and had to be fed intravenously.


text: While in Mexico on November 8, 1993, in a court deposition unrelated to the alleged child abuse, Jackson appeared drowsy, lacked concentration, and slurred while speaking. He said he could not remember the dates of his album releases or the names of people he had worked with, and took several minutes to name some of his recent albums. On November 12, Jackson canceled the remainder of his tour and flew with Taylor and her husband to London. When Jackson arrived at the airport, he had to be held up. He was rushed to the home of Elton John's manager and afterward to a clinic. When he was searched for drugs on entry, 18 vials of medicine were found in a suitcase. Jackson booked the whole fourth floor of the clinic and was put on a Valium IV to wean him from painkillers. While in the clinic, he took part in group and one-on-one therapy sessions.


text: On November 15, Jackson's lawyer, Bert Fields, spoke publicly of their last meeting in Mexico City and Jackson's painkiller addiction: "[Michael's] life was in danger if he continued taking these massive quantities of drugs. He was barely able to function adequately on an intellectual level." Fields insisted that a U.S. drug rehabilitation center would not have the privacy Jackson wanted. He also stated that his client was not trying to evade investigation: "If Michael Jackson wanted an excuse to stay out of the United States, all he had to do is stay on his tour." On November 23, Fields resigned from the case.


text: On December 22, 1993, Jackson responded to the accusations for the first time via satellite from Neverland Ranch. He denied all the allegations and stated his intent to prove his innocence. He accused the media of manipulating the allegations to "reach their own conclusions", and described the "dehumanizing" police search as "the most humiliating ordeal of my life". On January 5, 1994, a few weeks before the settlement, Jackson gave a five-minute speech at the 26th NAACP Image Awards asserting his innocence and received a standing ovation. During the ceremony, one presenter had included Jackson in a list of names, calling him "Michael (Innocent Until Proven Guilty) Jackson".


text: Most of the information available on the allegations was released (officially or unofficially) by the prosecution and unchallenged by Jackson. He was largely portrayed as guilty by the media, which used sensational headlines implying guilt when the content itself did not support the headline. Stories were purchased of his alleged criminal activity, police investigation material was leaked, and unflattering photographs of Jackson were printed.


text: Two weeks after the allegations were reported, the headline "Michael Jackson: A Curtain Closes" reflected the attitude of most tabloid media. The "New York Post" ran the headline "Peter Pan or pervert". In a piece for "Hard Copy", Dimond—a journalist who spent the next fifteen years trying to prove Jackson was a pedophile—ran a story stating it had acquired "new documents in the criminal investigation of Michael Jackson, and they are chilling; they contain the name of child movie actor Macaulay Culkin". In fact, the document stated that Culkin denied being abused by Jackson.


text: Two tabloid media outlets bought confidential leaked documents from the LAPD for $20,000. A number of Jackson's former employees—most of whom had worked at Neverland—sold stories which alleged prior sexual misconduct on Jackson's part, instead of reporting their claims to police. One couple asked for $100,000, claiming that Jackson had sexually caressed Culkin. For a fee of $500,000, they would also allege that Jackson put his hands down Culkin's pants. Culkin strongly denied the allegation and did so again in court during Jackson's 2005 trial.


text: When Jackson left the US to go into drug rehabilitation, the "Daily Mirror" (UK) held a "Spot the Jacko" contest, offering readers a trip to Disney World if they could correctly predict where he would appear next. A "Daily Express" headline read "Drug treatment star faces life on the run", while a "News of the World" headline said Jackson was a fugitive. These tabloids also falsely alleged that Jackson had traveled to Europe to have cosmetic surgery that would make him unrecognizable. Geraldo Rivera set up a mock trial, with a jury made up of audience members, even though Jackson had not been charged with a crime. A poll at the time, conducted by "A Current Affair", found that nearly 75 percent of Americans believed Jackson was telling the truth.


text: On September 14, 1993, Jordan Chandler and his parents filed a lawsuit against Jackson. The lawsuit claimed that Jackson had committed sexual battery, seduction, willful misconduct, intentional infliction of emotional distress, fraud and negligence. In November, Jackson's lawyers asked the case be put on hold for as long as six years or until the criminal case was concluded. Concerns about a civil trial during an ongoing criminal investigation, and prosecutors' access to plaintiffs' civil trial information, stemmed from Jackson's Fifth Amendment rights. Since two grand juries deemed there was insufficient evidence for criminal charges by the end of the investigation, the prosecution could have been able to form the elements of a case around the defense strategy in the trial, creating a situation akin to double jeopardy.


text: Superior Court Judge David M. Rothman ordered Jackson's deposition scheduled before the end of January 1994 but said he might reconsider if Jackson was indicted on criminal charges. Jackson agreed to be deposed on January 18. His attorneys said he was eager to testify, but also said they might oppose the deposition if criminal charges were filed or were still under consideration on his deposition date. They said if charges were filed, they would want the criminal trial to go first. However, when authorities notified Jackson's lawyers that they expected their investigation to continue at least through February, Jackson's team failed to win a delay of the civil case. Rothman denied the motion to delay the civil proceedings until the criminal investigation had been completed, and set March 21, 1994, as the trial start date.


text: Pellicano said Chandler's negotiations had been an attempt to extort Jackson. To try to demonstrate this, he produced illicit recordings of his negotiations with Rothman. Illicit recordings are generally not admissible as evidence, but may be used in California where extortion is threatened. Howard Weitzman turned over the tapes to the district attorney's office.


text: On December 17, 1993, Rothman allowed the prosecutors to receive information from Jackson's lawyers and approved discovery information for media disclosure. Both Feldman's and Jackson's camps expressed concerns about Jackson's right to a fair trial being compromised by publicly discussing discovery results. Johnnie Cochran and Howard Weitzman, attorneys representing Jackson, argued that investigators were trying to use the suit to advance their criminal investigation, a technique that should not be allowed.


text: On January 24, 1994, prosecutors announced that they would not bring charges against Chandler for attempted extortion, as Jackson's camp had been slow to report an extortion claim to the police and had tried to negotiate a settlement for several weeks. Chandler had made his settlement demand in early August 1993, and the Jackson camp had filed extortion charges against the Chandler camp in late August. In the extortion investigation, a search warrant was never sought to search the homes and offices of Chandler and Barry Rothman. No grand jury convened when both men refused police interviews. In contrast, the police had searched Jackson's residences solely based on Jordan's allegations, and taken lengths to interview or intimidate witnesses. Weitzman said they had not gone to the police earlier because "It was our hope that this would all go away. We tried to keep it as much in-house as we could."


text: In February 1994, the Santa Barbara County Grand Jury convened to assess whether criminal charges should be filed. The Los Angeles County Grand Jury began in March 1994. By 1994 prosecution departments in California had spent $2 million and convened two grand juries, but Jordan Chandler's allegations could not be corroborated.


text: Jackson's legal team met three times a week at Taylor's home to discuss the case. Eventually, they agreed that Jackson was too sick to endure a lengthy trial and that he should settle out of court. The lawsuit was settled on January 25, 1994, with $15,331,250 to be held in a trust fund for Jordan, $1.5 million for each of his parents, and $5 million for the family's lawyer, for a total of approximately $23 million. According to a motion passed to Judge Melville in 2004, "the settlement was for global claims of negligence and the lawsuit was defended by Mr. Jackson's insurance carrier. The [carrier] negotiated and paid the settlement, over the protests of Mr. Jackson and his personal legal counsel."


text: On January 29, 1994, the Associated Press reported that Jackson had requested his insurance company, Transamerica Insurance Group (TIG), contribute to the settlement. A lawyer for TIG, Jordan Harriman, had made a "one-time-only" offer to Jackson on January 13 to resolve his claim. Jackson refused that offer but further negotiations followed. Russ Wardrip, a TIG claims analyst, had sent a January 13 registered letter to Jackson's lawyer, Howard Weitzman:


text: According to Jackson's attorney Thomas Mesereau, Jackson's insurance company was "the source of the settlement amounts", as noted in a 2005 memorandum in "People v. Jackson". The memorandum also noted that "an insurance carrier has the right to settle claims covered by insurance where it decides settlement is expedient and the insured may not interfere with nor prevent such settlements", as established by a number of precedents in California. Defeating the right would involve convincing a court with the power to overrule the precedent that the earlier decision was either wrongly decided or more often, "clearly" wrong (depending on the criteria of the court) or the court must be convinced to distinguish the case. That is, to make the ruling narrower than that in the precedent due to some difference in facts between the current and precedent case while supporting the result reached in the earlier case.


text: In 2004, Mesereau said: "People who intended to earn millions of dollars from [Jackson's] record and music promotions did not want negative publicity from these lawsuits interfering with their profits. Michael Jackson now regrets making these payments. These settlements were entered into with one primary condition – that condition was that Mr. Jackson never admitted any wrongdoing. [He] always denied doing anything wrong ... Mr. Jackson now realizes the advice he received was wrong." Jackson explained why he had settled: "I wanted to go on with my life. Too many people had already been hurt. I want to make records. I want to sing. I want to perform again ... It's my talent. My hard work. My life. My decision." He also wanted to avoid a "media circus". Mesereau later said Jackson regretted settling.


text: The settlement cannot be used as evidence of guilt in future civil and criminal cases. In 1994, Larry Feldman said "nobody bought anybody's silence" with the civil settlement. Bribery to not testify in a trial is a felony according to California Penal Code 138. Receiving such a bribe is also a felony according to this law.


text: District Attorney Gil Garcetti said that the settlement did not affect criminal prosecution and that the investigation was ongoing. Jordan Chandler was interviewed after the settlement by detectives seeking evidence of child molestation, but no criminal charges were filed. On May 2, 1994, the Santa Barbara County grand jury disbanded without indicting Jackson, while a Los Angeles County grand jury continued to investigate the sexual abuse allegations.


text: On April 11, 1994, the grand jury session in Santa Barbara was extended by 90 days, allowing DA Sneddon to gather more evidence. Prosecution sources said they were frustrated in their grand jury probe, failing to find direct evidence of the molestation charges. The final grand jury disbanded in July without returning an indictment against Jackson.


text: The Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994. Until that time, Jordan Chandler had indicated his possible willingness to testify according to prosecutors. The police never pressed criminal charges. Citing a lack of evidence without Jordan's testimony, the state closed its investigation on September 22, 1994. District attorney Sneddon and Lauren Weis, head of the county DA's Sex Crimes Unit, said that ending the investigation did not reflect any lack of faith in the alleged victims' credibility. The entire investigation involved two grand juries and more than 400 people interviewed over a period of 13 months.


text: DA Sneddon said several leads were explored which later turned out to be false. According to the grand juries, the evidence presented by the Santa Barbara police and the LAPD was not convincing enough to indict Jackson or subpoena him, even though grand juries can indict the accused purely on hearsay evidence. According to a 1994 report by "Variety", a source in contact with the grand juries said that none of the witnesses had produced anything to directly implicate Jackson. According to a 1994 report by "Showbiz Today", the grand jurors claimed that "no damaging evidence was heard" and they "did not hear any damaging testimony" during the hearings. The FBI files on Michael Jackson, released after his death, also noted that the prosecution had no outstanding leads.


text: A week after the settlement in January 1994, L.A. District Attorney Garcetti announced that he supported amending a law that prohibited sexual assault victims from being compelled to testify in criminal proceedings. The amendment, introduced into the state assembly in February, would have immediately allowed Garcetti to compel Jordan Chandler's testimony.


text: On February 15, 1994, "PBS Frontline" aired the documentary "Tabloid Truth: The Michael Jackson Story" about the tabloid sensationalism, more preoccupied with selling papers than reporting an accurate narrative of the scandal. The documentary reported Jackson's housekeepers Mark and Faye Quindoy selling stories about Jackson for money, and bargaining for more money regarding child abuse allegations. They were depicted as untrustworthy. Phillip and Stella LeMarque, another pair of former employees to Jackson, sold a child abuse story to tabloids through pornographic film actor Paul Barresi, who once successfully sold a story to the "National Enquirer". At the opportunity of the scandal, Barresi made a taped recording of alleged evidence and told the "Globe" that he intended to turn it over to the district attorney. The "Globe" and Barresi agreed on $15,000 for his story. "Splash News" journalist Kevin Smith said, "A lot of people who claimed to have witnessed Jackson doing this, that or the other—they weren't going to the police first. Their main interest was money, and they would come to journalists who could give them money. So in those circumstances, journalists know more about what happened than the police do."


text: Three years later, Victor M. Gutierrez self-published a book on the relationship between Jordan Chandler and Jackson. Gutierrez claimed that the book is based on a diary Jordan had kept at the time and included details of alleged sexual encounters with Jackson. According to German newspaper "Die Tageszeitung", Gutierrez attended meetings of North American Man Boy Love Association (NAMBLA), a group advocating the decriminalization of pedophilia and pederasty, as a reporter in the 1980s. He said the group thought of Jackson as "one of us" and they insisted that the relationship between Jordan and Jackson was romantic.


text: In 1997, Jackson filed a civil suit against Gutierrez for slander after the writer claimed that he had a tape of Jackson molesting his nephew Jeremy, son of Jermaine Jackson. The jury ruled in Jackson's favor, awarding him $2.7 million. Gutierrez fled to Chile after the suit. Jackson's attorney Zia Modabber said, "Jurors told us that they not only wanted to compensate Mr. Jackson and punish Victor Gutierrez, but to send a message that they are tired of tabloids lying about celebrities for money." Jackson also filed a $100 million lawsuit against Diane Dimond after she appeared on KABC morning show "Ken and Barkley" to discuss Gutierrez's alleged tape. After the report was broadcast, Jackson announced he would sue members of the media who "spread vicious lies and rumors about me in their attempts to make money, benefit their careers, sell papers or get viewers to watch their programs." It was dismissed in 1997.


text: Jordan legally emancipated himself from his parents in 1994, at age 14. In 1996, Evan Chandler sued Jackson for around $60 million, claiming Jackson had breached an agreement never to discuss the case. In 1999, a court ruled in Jackson's favor and threw out the lawsuit. In 2006, Jordan accused his father of attacking him with a barbell, choking him and spraying his face with mace. The charges were dropped. On November 5, 2009, fourteen weeks after Jackson's death, Evan Chandler was found dead from suicide.


text: Jackson's commercial standing and public image declined in the wake of the allegations. The government of Dubai forbade him from performing in response to an anonymous pamphlet campaign that attacked him as immoral. Jackson backed out of a deal to create a song and video for the film "Addams Family Values", returning an estimated $5 million, and a brand of fragrances was canceled because of Jackson's drug problems. Jackson completed the video once planned for "Addams Family Values" and released it as "Ghosts" in 1996"," with a framing story about an eccentric maestro who entertains children and is pursued by a bigoted local official. On November 14, 1993, PepsiCo dropped their nine-year partnership with Jackson, causing some fans to boycott the company. According to conflicting sources, Jackson agreed to compose music for the video game "Sonic the Hedgehog 3", but left the project and was uncredited, possibly due to the allegations.


text: Jackson produced a special show for the premium cable network HBO, "For One Night Only", to be recorded in front of a special invited audience at New York City's Beacon Theatre for broadcast in December 1995. The shows were canceled after Jackson collapsed at the theater on December 6 during rehearsals. Jackson was admitted overnight to Beth Israel Medical Center North. The shows were never rescheduled. The following year, Jackson began the HIStory World Tour. The only concerts in the USA were two shows at the Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii.


text: Jackson's album "", released shortly after the allegations, "creates an atmosphere of paranoia," according to critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Its content focuses on the public struggles Jackson went through prior to its production. In the songs "Scream", "Tabloid Junkie", and "You Are Not Alone", Jackson expresses his anger and hurt at the media. In the ballad "Stranger in Moscow", he laments his "swift and sudden fall from grace". In "D.S.", he attacks a character identified as Tom Sneddon, the District Attorney who requested his strip search. Jackson describes the person as a white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Sneddon said: "I have not, shall we say, done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot."


text: According to "The Washington Post", the O.J. Simpson trial overshadowed Jackson's scandal. A source from the Los Angeles District Attorney's Office said the scandal took "a back seat" once the Simpson case emerged. Scriptwriter Alison Taylor said that "O.J. Simpson is the best thing that ever happened to Michael Jackson". A judge observed in 2021 that "the fact that [Jackson] earned not a penny from his image and likeness in 2006, 2007, or 2008 shows the effect those allegations had, and continued to have, until his death".


text: On December 18, 2003, Jackson was charged with seven counts of child sexual abuse and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent to commit a child sexual abuse felony against Gavin Arvizo. Jackson denied the allegations. Sneddon again led the prosecution.


text: The "People v. Jackson" trial began in Santa Maria, California, on January 31, 2005. The judge allowed testimony about past allegations, including the 1993 case, to establish whether the defendant had a propensity to commit certain crimes. However, Jordan Chandler left the country to avoid testifying. Mesereau later said: "The prosecutors tried to get [Chandler] to show up and he wouldn't. If he had, I had witnesses who were going to come in and say he told them it never happened and that he would never talk to his parents again for what they made him say."


text: June Chandler testified that she had not spoken to her son in 11 years. During her testimony, she claimed that she could not remember being counter-sued by Jackson and that she had never heard of her own attorney. She also said she never witnessed any molestation. Jackson was found not guilty of all 14 charges on June 13, 2005.


text: In 2013, Wade Robson, who testified in Jackson's defense, reversed his position and filed a lawsuit against Jackson's estate, saying Jackson had sexually abused him when Robson was aged between seven and 14. The allegations by Robson and another man, James Safechuck, are the focus of the 2019 documentary "Leaving Neverland".


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: The Craft: Legacy is a 2020 American supernatural horror film written and directed by Zoe Lister-Jones. A stand-alone sequel to "The Craft" (1996), the film stars Cailee Spaeny, Gideon Adlon, Lovie Simone, and Zoey Luna as four teenage girls who practice witchcraft as a coven. Additional cast include Nicholas Galitzine, Michelle Monaghan, and David Duchovny, with Fairuza Balk making a cameo appearance.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: Also known as Blumhouse's The Craft: Legacy, the film was released in the United States through video on demand on October 28, 2020, by Sony Pictures Releasing under its Columbia Pictures label, with a theatrical release in select international markets beginning the same day. The film has grossed over $2.3 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, and earned a nomination for the 2021 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Wide Release Film.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: The film begins with three girls, Frankie, Tabby, and Lourdes, trying to freeze time with magic, but failing as they require a fourth member. Lily Schechner moves into the town with her therapist mother, Helen, to live with Helen's new boyfriend Adam Harrison and his three sons, Jacob, Isaiah, and Abe. The girls befriend Lily after she has her period in class and is mocked by her other classmates, particularly by the school bully Timmy Andrews. They are amazed when she telekinetically pushes Timmy into the lockers. When Lily responds to them using only her mind, the girls confirm her to be their fourth member and invite her to join their coven, to which she agrees. As a result, they succeed in freezing time.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: To seek revenge on Timmy, the girls cast a spell on him. The next day, Timmy behaves sensitively, confirming the girls' success. They continue to experiment with their powers, including levitation. Adam learns of the incident in school and scolds Lily, but Helen defends her. Lily overhears them arguing and goes outside where Abe talks to her about his father's authoritarian beliefs. Timmy hosts a party, inviting the coven, and apologizes to Lily, eventually becoming friends with the coven. When Timmy is at Lily's home for a project with Jacob, he admits to the girls that he had sex with Isaiah, Jacob's elder brother and that he is bisexual. Later, Lily places a love spell on Timmy, using his sweatshirt, and the two kiss.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: The next morning, during class, the coven is told by their teacher that Timmy allegedly committed suicide the night before. Lily opens up to her friends about her kiss and love spell. They sever ties with her and bind themselves from magic. Lily suspects Adam to be dangerous and asks her mother for them to move out, but she does not agree. In hopes of finding something against Adam, she searches his office only to find her own adoption papers, forcing Helen to admit to her that Lily is actually her patient's child. After Timmy's funeral, Helen tells Lily she agrees to move out. Helen also admits that she knows about her powers of telepathy, telekinesis, and magic. The conversation prompts Helen to ask Lily to give her powers to Helen. When Lily suspects her, Helen shapeshifts and turns out to be a disguise by Adam, who, being part of a pagan cult, has been after her powers since the beginning and knocks her unconscious.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: Lily awakens in a forest at night with Adam, who confesses that he murdered Timmy and threatens to kill her too. When Timmy contacts Lily's friends through a Ouija board and tells them about being murdered by Adam, they arrive to save Lily by freezing time, but Adam subdues them quickly. The girls then work together and use their elemental powers to defeat Adam, burning him to death. Later, Lily continues her friendship with the girls and Helen takes her to a mental health hospital to meet her birth mother, who is revealed to be Nancy Downs.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: A straight-to-DVD sequel to "The Craft" was in the works circa 2010, but was terminated. In May 2016, Sony Pictures announced that a sequel to "The Craft" was in development and would be written and directed by Leigh Janiak. The announcement of the sequel spawned negative reactions from fans of the original.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: In March 2019 Zoe Lister-Jones was named as writer and director of the soft reboot, with Jason Blum as producer under his Blumhouse Productions banner, with Andrew Fleming (director of the 1996 film) as executive producer, and Columbia Pictures distributing.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: In June 2019, Cailee Spaeny was set to star in the film. In September 2019, Gideon Adlon, Lovie Simone, and Zoey Luna joined the cast as the other witches. In October 2019, Nicholas Galitzine, David Duchovny, Julian Grey, and Michelle Monaghan were also added, and in November 2019, Donald MacLean Jr. was cast.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: Principal photography began in October 2019. During filming in Toronto, director Zoe Lister-Jones explained in an on-set interview that "The Craft" sequel “... centers on young people, and young women specifically coming into their power in today’s current climate..."


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: The film's original music, composed by Heather Christian, was released digitally by Madison Gate Records on October 28, 2020.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: "The Craft: Legacy" was released on video on demand by Sony Pictures Releasing on October 28, 2020, followed by a theatrical release internationally. The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 22, 2020 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: In its first weekend the film earned $680,000 while in the following weekend it earned $390,000 and in its third $242,000.


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds approval rating based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics' consensus reads, "Although director Zoe Lister-Jones has forged a new path for the weirdos of today, "The Craft: Legacy"s spells may only enchant fans of the original." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 54 out of 100 based on reviews from 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: Kate Erbland, writing for Indiewire, said the film is "an entertaining and insightful mashup of tropes, both respectful of what came before and willing to try new tricks."


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave the film two stars, saying, ""The Craft: Legacy" gets sidetracked with the Timmy sub-plot, and the film morphs into a teenage soap opera and/or ABC Afterschool Special."


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: "The Craft: Legacy" was nominated for the 2021 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film (Wide Release).


title: The Craft: Legacy

text: In October 2020, when interviewed about Fairuza Balk's cameo, Zoe Lister-Jones explained that she wrote the script with a continuation in mind. Lister-Jones also revealed that she had met with the original film's actresses during the preparation for "Legacy" and that she would be interested in making a third installment with an intergenerational storyline.


title: French Southern and Antarctic Lands

text: The French Southern and Antarctic Lands (, TAAF) is an Overseas Territory ( or ) of France. It consists of:


title: French Southern and Antarctic Lands

text: The territory is sometimes referred to as the French Southern Lands () or the French Southern Territories, usually to emphasize non-recognition of French sovereignty over Adélie Land as part of the Antarctic Treaty System.


title: French Southern and Antarctic Lands

text: The entire territory has no permanently settled inhabitants. Approximately 150 (in the winter) to 310 (in the summer) people are usually present in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands at any time, but they are mainly made up of military personnel, officials, scientific researchers and support staff.


title: French Southern and Antarctic Lands

text: On July 5, 2019, the Crozet, Kerguelen, and Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as the "French Austral Lands and Seas" because of their pristine wilderness, biodiversity, and enormous bird colonies.


title: French Southern and Antarctic Lands

text: Several of the islands within this territory were originally discovered as part of the sea route to India. The Portuguese discovered Île Saint-Paul in the sixteenth century; in the seventeenth century, the Dutch became the first to land on (and name) Île Amsterdam. The French discovered the Crozet Islands some time later, in the eighteenth century; the other islands were also first explored by Europeans in this time frame.


title: French Southern and Antarctic Lands

text: The French Southern and Antarctic Lands have formed a (an overseas territory) of France since 1955. Formerly, they were administered from Paris by an assisted by a secretary-general; since December 2004, however, their administrator has been a "préfet", currently Charles Giusti, with headquarters in Saint Pierre on Réunion Island.