title: Evita (musical)

text: Rebecca (Becky) Norman played Eva with James Sbano as Che and David Wasson as Perón with performances in Italy, Holland and Germany.


title: Evita (musical)

text: A touring production was mounted in anticipation of the film version which lasted over a year and featured several actresses in the title role, including future Tony nominee Marla Schaffel. It was directed and choreographed by Larry Fuller and featured Daniel C. Cooney as Che.


title: Evita (musical)

text: Paul Nicholas and David Ian, with the original producers Robert Stigwood and David Land, mounted a version closely based on the original London production starring Marti Webb, one of the first performers to play Eva, with Chris Corcoran as Che, Duncan Smith as Perón, Leo Andrew as Magaldi and Poppy Tierney as the mistress. Despite some criticism over the casting of Webb at the age of 50, the success of the tour led to extensions throughout 1996.


title: Evita (musical)

text: A tour, based on the original Broadway production, which was originally scheduled to play on Broadway in the 1999–2000 season started in Detroit on 3 November 1998 and closed in Boston, Massachusetts, in the summer of 1999. It starred Natalie Toro as Eva, with Raul Esparza as Che and Raymond Jaramillo McLeod as Juan Perón. This production focused more on Latin themes. According to Playbill, "The Latin casting is part of an effort to instill this production with a more culturally authentic feel." Toro received excellent reviews, along with her leading men.


title: Evita (musical)

text: A production opened in November 2004 with Kathy Voytko and Bradley Dean, directed by Harold Prince and Larry Fuller. This production closed in May 2007 but reopened later that year. It closed finally in June 2008.


title: Evita (musical)

text: A tour, following the then recent London production, began in 2008 starring Louise Dearman and later Rachael Wooding as Eva, Seamus Cullen (a finalist in the BBC show "Any Dream Will Do") as Che, Mark Heenehan as Perón with James Waud as Magaldi who won the role in a competition, and Nikki Mae as Perón's Mistress, later Carly Bowmen. The UK tour ended in late 2009 but was remounted in March 2010, touring throughout Europe until April 2011. It continued in the UK and Germany from May to September 2011 featuring Abigail Jaye as Eva, Mark Powell as Che, Mark Heenehan as Perón and Reuben Kaye as Magaldi.


title: Evita (musical)

text: A US national tour of the musical, based on the 2012 Broadway revival, began in September 2013. The cast for the tour included Caroline Bowman as Eva, Josh Young as Che, Sean McLaughlin as Perón, Christopher Johnstone as Magaldi, Krystina Alabado as Mistress and Desi Oakley as the alternate for Eva Perón.


title: Evita (musical)

text: A tour, announced after the success of the Broadway production of the show, which was produced by Bill Kenwright. It opened on 15 May 2013 at the New Wimbledon Theatre, before dates at the Glasgow Kings Theatre, Theatre Royal Norwich, and the Wolverhampton Grand. The production starred Marti Pellow, the lead singer of the band Wet Wet Wet, as Che, Andrew C Wadsworth as Juan Perón, and Madalena Alberto as Eva Perón. The tour concluded with 55 performances at the Dominion Theatre in the West End in September and October 2014. This production was directed by Bob Thompson, with choreography by Bill Deamer, and musical direction by David Steadman.


title: Evita (musical)

text: A replica of the 2013–2014 UK Tour began touring early 2017, once again in the UK. Led by Emma Hatton, with Gian Marco Schiaretti as Che; Jeremy Secomb as Juan Perón; Oscar Balmaseda as Magaldi and Sarah O’Connor as the Mistress; this production ran through to July. In the same way the previous tour had a limited London run, this production performed a limited 91 performance run (due to the failure of "The Girls") at the Phoenix Theatre from July to October 2017. Hatton reprised her role along with all her previous cast members. The tour then continued into 2018.


title: Evita (musical)

text: A revival of the original production (as directed by Hal Prince and choreographed by Larry Fuller) toured South Africa, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, featuring a cast from South Africa and led by Emma Kingston from the UK in the title role.


title: Evita (musical)

text: The Singapore season ran from 23 February 2018 to 18 March 2018 in the Marina Bay Sands Theatre. 18 young talents were selected to be cast in this Evita production. Three sets of six children alternate in ensemble roles. The young actors are: Federica Aramburu, Lilo Baier, Mika Barel, Charmaine Chan, Hindya Dickinson, Jasmine Huilian Ellis, Gabriel Frade, Sam Howie, Annabelle Jarvis, Jayden Alim Lai, Lia Marie Elaine Macdonell, Max Makatsaria, Nanako Masui, Faith Ong, Sofia Ella Poston, Sebastian Street, Damien Rocco Weber, Charisse Low Yu Xin.


title: Evita (musical)

text: A 2018 Australian revival of the stage musical, directed by Harold Prince, was announced on 21 August 2017, by Opera Australia, with Australian singer-songwriter, musician, musical theatre actress Tina Arena being confirmed as the lead actress. The stage tour production will begin at the Sydney Opera House, in the "Joan Sutherland Theatre", with opening night on 13 September, running to 3 November 2018. The next venue on the national tour leg will be at the Arts Centre Melbourne, from 5–30 December 2018. Arena says she felt the time was right to tackle the role. "I have been approached to do this role on a couple of occasions," Arena stated. "I never felt emotionally ready for it. I felt I had a lot of living and learning before I could get up and take on the enormity of the story and the human spirit she possessed".


title: Evita (musical)

text: On 7 May 2018, Opera Australia Artistic Director Lyndon Terracini, along with producers John Frost and David Ian, announced the full cast for the upcoming Australian production of "Evita". With Arena announced in the lead role as Eva Perón, the remainder of the cast was announced as: Paulo Szot, Brazilian operatic baritone in the role of Juan Perón; Kurt Kansley will take on the role of the revolutionary Che Guevara. Michael Falzon will portray tango singer Agustín Magaldi, while the role of Perón's Mistress will be played by Alexis van Maanen. Jemma Rix has been cast as the alternate Eva Perón and is currently scheduled to be appearing in the role at least once a week (the Wednesday 7:30 pm show) throughout the Sydney season, according to the Evita-Australia website.


title: Evita (musical)

text: On 21 July 2018, Opera Australia Artistic Director Lyndon Terracini, along with producers John Frost and David Ian, announced the 18 young performers who have been cast in the upcoming production of "Evita", in season at the Sydney Opera House from September 2018. Three sets of six children will alternate in ensemble roles. The young actors are: Jack Barton, Alysiah Carlino, Julien Daher, Jacob Drew, Paige Hewlett, BeBe Liu-Brennan, Robbi Morgan, Allerah Murdock, William Oakley, Pamelia Papacosta, Benjamin Park, Sara Petrovski, Raffaella Reid, Avaleigh Rock, Amelie Rose, Austin Taylor, Oliver Trus, and Zoe Zantey.


title: Evita (musical)

text: Plans for a film directed by Ken Russell developed soon after the West End and Broadway openings. Much speculation of potential leads included Barbra Streisand or Liza Minnelli as Eva, and Barry Gibb or Elton John as Che. These plans never came to fruition.


title: Evita (musical)

text: Russell has said that his own first choice for the film lead was Karla DeVito, who had come to fame in rock tours and on Broadway, where she had impressed the wife of Andrew Lloyd Webber. DeVito was screen tested for the role while in England shooting music videos for her solo album "Is This A Cool World or What?" DeVito's performance of "Don't Cry For Me, Argentina" in the screen test caused much positive buzz. Russell wrote that she brought viewers to tears (except Tim Rice – who wanted Elaine Paige, with whom he was romantically involved). Although Russell rejected the idea, Paige was screen tested twice.


title: Evita (musical)

text: Russell's biography indicates that he met with Barbra Streisand, who dismissed the role immediately. He wrote that he then suggested Liza Minnelli. A year had passed between the first screen tests and Minnelli's, which Russell reports was amazing. Russell approached Stigwood with Minnelli's test, convinced she had the necessary talent and star quality, but he was soon told it was going to be Elaine Paige. Having already protested that idea, Russell quit the film. Years later when he saw Karla DeVito again, Russell addressed her as "My Evita."


title: Evita (musical)

text: It was not until 1996 that "Evita" came to the big screen. Alan Parker directed the film, with Madonna in the title role, Antonio Banderas as Che and Jonathan Pryce as Perón. The film was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning one for Best Original Song ("You Must Love Me," composed especially for the film). Madonna received mixed reviews but received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her performance. The film was choreographed by Vincent Paterson.


title: Evita (musical)

text: One episode of "The Simpsons", "The President Wore Pearls", has a plot loosely based on the musical, with Lisa Simpson in Eva's role. The episode includes parodies of songs such as "A Vote For A Winner" which includes the lyrics, "don't cry for me, kids of Springfield". At the end of the episode, a comical disclaimer is displayed stating, "On the advice of our lawyers, we swear we have never heard of a musical based on the life of Eva Perón".


title: Evita (musical)

text: During "Glee", "Special Education", the characters Kurt Hummel and Rachel Berry sing "Don't Cry for Me, Argentina" when Kurt is auditioning for a solo in the Warblers for Sectionals. In the season three episode "Hold On to Sixteen", a rival showchoir sings "Buenos Aires" as their competition piece.


title: Evita (musical)

text: In the short "The Ballad of Magellan" in the cartoon series "Animaniacs", the country of Argentina is depicted with a sign reading, "EVITA Coming Soon!".


title: Evita (musical)

text: First recorded by a cast assembled specifically for the recording in 1976, the first stage cast recording of Evita was of the original London production in 1978. The original Broadway cast was recorded for an album released in 1979. Lloyd Webber and Rice produced these first three recordings.


title: Evita (musical)

text: At least 25 English language cast albums have been released, along with many foreign language recordings. There are currently four in Spanish, five German, three in Japanese, and two in Hebrew, with additional recordings in Czech, Danish, Dutch, French, Hungarian, Icelandic, Korean, Portuguese, and Swedish.


title: Evita (musical)

text: Soprano Kiri Te Kanawa recorded a complete operatic version of the score with Christopher Lee as Perón. This recording, however, has never been released. Marti Webb also recorded a highlights album of sorts for the Pickwick Records label that featured Dave Willetts and Carl Wayne. It was released to coincide with the 1995 UK Tour of the show in which Webb starred.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: Rüfüs Du Sol, stylised as RÜFÜS DU SOL and formerly known as simply Rüfüs (stylized RÜFÜS) from 2010 to 2018, is an Australian alternative dance group from Sydney, that consists of Tyrone Lindqvist, Jon George and James Hunt. Their debut album "Atlas" peaked at number one in Australia, while their second album "Bloom" debuted atop the Australian albums chart in early 2016. Their single "You Were Right" won the ARIA Award for Best Dance Release in 2015. While still known as Rüfüs elsewhere, they performed as Rüfüs Du Sol in the United States because Rufus was already taken. In 2018 they changed their name to Rüfüs Du Sol internationally.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: They have performed at the Byron Bay Bluesfest in NSW in 2013, Byron Bay's Splendour in the Grass in 2014, Electric Forest Festival at Double JJ Resort in 2016 and 2018, Mountain Sounds in 2017 in NSW, Coachella in 2016, 2017, and 2019, as well as Lollapalooza Chicago and Field Day on New Years Day in Sydney in 2019.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: The band formed consisting of Jon George, Tyrone Lindqvist and James Hunt in November 2010. On 1 January 2011 they released their debut EP "Rüfüs". "We Left" their debut single was released on 25 July 2011. Two tracks from the EP, "Paris Collides" and "We Left" reached Nos. 8 and 13 on the Hype Machine charts simultaneously, while the video for "We Left" was nominated as one of 12 finalists internationally in the 2012 Vimeo awards for best music video.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: In April 2012 they released their second EP "Blue". The double A-sided single "This Summer"/"Selena" was released on 16 July 2012.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: Their debut studio album, "Atlas", was released on 9 August 2013. It debuted at number 1 on the Australian Albums Chart on 25 August 2013. It was preceded by "Take Me" as the lead single on 8 March 2013, and "Desert Night" as the second single on 2 August 2013. "Tonight" was released as the third single 22 November 2013, followed by "Sundream" as the fourth single on 21 March 2014.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: In June 2015, RÜFÜS released "You Were Right", the lead single from their forthcoming second album. It peaked at number 22 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and was certified double platinum. The album "Bloom" was released in January 2016 and become the band's second number-one album.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: In May 2018, the band changed its Australian name to Rüfüs Du Sol. Lead singer Tyrone Lindqvist explained the name change: "I guess we don't really know any other bands that have two names throughout the entire world so it just seemed fitting." They released "No Place" on 25 May 2018. They later released the singles "Underwater" and "Lost in My Mind", along with announcing their third album "Solace". A remix album was released in September 2019. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2019, "Solace" was nominated for three ARIA Music Awards.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: On 13 July 2021, the band released "Alive"; their first song in three years. In a press statement, frontman Tyrone Lindqvist said "It's a heavier song in some ways, but at its core it's hopeful." "Next to Me" was released on 11 August 2021. Jon George said it "is a song of devotion, caring compassion and pure love." On 24 September 2021, they released the single "On My Knees". On the same day, they also announced their fourth studio album, "Surrender", which was released on 21 October 2021. In October 2022, the band launched Mate Maker Co., a line of hard kombucha drinks, with the help of Justin Medcraft, ex-global senior brand manager at Diageo and brand director at Pabst Brewing co, their artist manager Danny Robson, and drinks trade expert Tom Appleton.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Rüfüs Du Sol has been nominated for one award.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: The annual ARIA Music Awards have been presented since 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). RÜFÜS/Rüfüs Du Sol have won four awards from twenty nominations.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: The Electronic Music Awards is an annual award show with an emphasis on the electronic music genre. It commenced in 2017. Rüfüs Du Sol have won two awards from three nominations.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: The Grammy Awards are an annual award ceremony presented by The Recording Academy, recognising achievements in the music industry.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.


title: Rüfüs Du Sol

text: The Rolling Stone Australia Awards are awarded annually in January or February by the Australian edition of "Rolling Stone" magazine for outstanding contributions to popular culture in the previous year.


title: Astrolabe

text: An astrolabe ( ; ; ) is an ancient astronomical instrument that was a handheld model of the universe. Its various functions also make it an elaborate inclinometer and an analog calculation device capable of working out several kinds of problems in astronomy. In its simplest form it is a metal disc with a pattern of wires, cutouts, and perforations that allows a user to calculate astronomical positions precisely. Historically used by astronomers, it is able to measure the altitude above the horizon of a celestial body, day or night; it can be used to identify stars or planets, to determine local latitude given local time (and vice versa), to survey, or to triangulate. It was used in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery for all these purposes.


title: Astrolabe

text: The astrolabe's importance comes not only from the early developments into the study of astronomy, but is also effective for determining latitude on land or calm seas. Although it is less reliable on the heaving deck of a ship in rough seas, the mariner's astrolabe was developed to solve that problem.


title: Astrolabe

text: A 10th-century astronomer deduced that there were around 1000 applications for the astrolabe's various functions, and these ranged from the astrological, the astronomical and the religious, to seasonal and daily time-keeping and tide tables. At the time of their use, astrology was widely considered as much of a serious science as astronomy, and study of the two went hand-in-hand. The astronomical interest varied between folk astronomy (of the pre-Islamic tradition in Arabia) which was concerned with celestial and seasonal observations, and mathematical astronomy, which would inform intellectual practices and precise calculations based on astronomical observations. In regards to the astrolabe's religious functionality, the demands of Islamic prayer times were to be astronomically determined to ensure precise daily timings, and the qibla, the direction of Mecca towards which Muslims must pray, could also be determined by this device. In addition to this, the lunar calendar that was informed by the calculations of the astrolabe was of great significance to the religion of Islam, given that it determines the dates of important religious observances such as Ramadan.


title: Astrolabe

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" gives the translation "star-taker" for the English word "astrolabe" and traces it through medieval Latin to the Greek word ἀστρολάβος : , from ἄστρον : "star" and λαμβάνειν : "to take".


title: Astrolabe

text: In Arabic texts, the word is translated as (, lit. "star-taker"), a direct translation of the Greek word.


title: Astrolabe

text: Al-Biruni quotes and criticises medieval scientist Hamza al-Isfahani who stated: "asturlab is an arabisation of this Persian phrase" (, meaning "taker of the stars"). In medieval Islamic sources, there is also a folk etymology of the word as "lines of lab", where "Lab" refers to a certain son of Idris (Enoch). This etymology is mentioned by a 10th-century scientist named al-Qummi but rejected by al-Khwarizmi.


title: Astrolabe

text: An early astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic civilization by Apollonius of Perga between 220 and 150 BC, often attributed to Hipparchus. The astrolabe was a marriage of the planisphere and dioptra, effectively an analog calculator capable of working out several different kinds of problems in astronomy. Theon of Alexandria ( – ) wrote a detailed treatise on the astrolabe, and Lewis argues that Ptolemy used an astrolabe to make the astronomical observations recorded in the "Tetrabiblos". The invention of the plane astrolabe is sometimes wrongly attributed to Theon's daughter Hypatia (; died 415 AD), but it is, in fact, known to have already been in use at least 500 years before Hypatia was born. The misattribution comes from a misinterpretation of a statement in a letter written by Hypatia's pupil Synesius ( – ), which mentions that Hypatia had taught him how to construct a plane astrolabe, but does not state anything about her having invented it herself.


title: Astrolabe

text: Astrolabes continued in use in the Greek-speaking world throughout the Byzantine period. About 550 AD, Christian philosopher John Philoponus wrote a treatise on the astrolabe in Greek, which is the earliest extant treatise on the instrument. Mesopotamian bishop Severus Sebokht also wrote a treatise on the astrolabe in the Syriac language in the mid-7th century. Sebokht refers to the astrolabe as being made of brass in the introduction of his treatise, indicating that metal astrolabes were known in the Christian East well before they were developed in the Islamic world or in the Latin West.


title: Astrolabe

text: The first Renaissance treatises dealing with scientific problems were based on earlier classical works and were often concerned with Ptolemaic doctrines.


title: Astrolabe

text: Astrolabes were further developed in the medieval Islamic world, where Muslim astronomers introduced angular scales to the design, adding circles indicating azimuths on the horizon. It was widely used throughout the Muslim world, chiefly as an aid to navigation and as a way of finding the Qibla, the direction of Mecca. Eighth-century mathematician Muhammad al-Fazari is the first person credited with building the astrolabe in the Islamic world.


title: Astrolabe

text: The mathematical background was established by Muslim astronomer Albatenius in his treatise "Kitab az-Zij" (c. 920 AD), which was translated into Latin by Plato Tiburtinus ("De Motu Stellarum"). The earliest surviving astrolabe is dated AH 315 (927–28 AD). In the Islamic world, astrolabes were used to find the times of sunrise and the rising of fixed stars, to help schedule morning prayers (salat). In the 10th century, al-Sufi first described over 1,000 different uses of an astrolabe, in areas as diverse as astronomy, astrology, navigation, surveying, timekeeping, prayer, Salat, Qibla, etc.


title: Astrolabe

text: The spherical astrolabe was a variation of both the astrolabe and the armillary sphere, invented during the Middle Ages by astronomers and inventors in the Islamic world.


title: Astrolabe

text: The earliest description of the spherical astrolabe dates back to Al-Nayrizi (fl. 892–902). In the 12th century, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī invented the "linear astrolabe", sometimes called the "staff of al-Tusi", which was "a simple wooden rod with graduated markings but without sights. It was furnished with a plumb line and a double chord for making angular measurements and bore a perforated pointer". The geared mechanical astrolabe was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan in 1235.


title: Astrolabe

text: The first known metal astrolabe in Western Europe is the Destombes astrolabe made from brass in the eleventh century in Portugal. Metal astrolabes avoided the warping that large wooden ones were prone to, allowing the construction of larger and therefore more accurate instruments. Metal astrolabes were heavier than wooden instruments of the same size, making it difficult to use them in navigation.


title: Astrolabe

text: Herman Contractus of Reichenau Abbey, examined the use of the astrolabe in "Mensura Astrolai" during the 11th century. Peter of Maricourt wrote a treatise on the construction and use of a universal astrolabe in the last half of the 13th century entitled "Nova compositio astrolabii particularis". Universal astrolabes can be found at the History of Science Museum in Oxford. David A. King, historian of Islamic instrumentation, describes the universal astrolobe designed by Ibn al-Sarraj of Aleppo (aka Ahmad bin Abi Bakr; fl. 1328) as "the most sophisticated astronomical instrument from the entire Medieval and Renaissance periods".


title: Astrolabe

text: English author Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400) compiled "A Treatise on the Astrolabe" for his son, mainly based on a work by Messahalla or Ibn al-Saffar. The same source was translated by French astronomer and astrologer Pélerin de Prusse and others. The first printed book on the astrolabe was "Composition and Use of Astrolabe" by Christian of Prachatice, also using Messahalla, but relatively original.


title: Astrolabe

text: In 1370, the first Indian treatise on the astrolabe was written by the Jain astronomer Mahendra Suri, titled "Yantrarāja".


title: Astrolabe

text: A simplified astrolabe, known as a "balesilha", was used by sailors to get an accurate reading of latitude while out to sea. The use of the "balesilha" was promoted by Prince Henry (1394–1460) while out navigating for Portugal.


title: Astrolabe

text: The astrolabe was almost certainly first brought north of the Pyrenees by Gerbert of Aurillac (future Pope Sylvester II), where it was integrated into the quadrivium at the school in Reims, France sometime before the turn of the 11th century. In the 15th century, French instrument maker Jean Fusoris (c. 1365–1436) also started remaking and selling astrolabes in his shop in Paris, along with portable sundials and other popular scientific devices of the day. Thirteen of his astrolabes survive to this day. One more special example of craftsmanship in early 15th-century Europe is the astrolabe designed by Antonius de Pacento and made by Dominicus de Lanzano, dated 1420.


title: Astrolabe

text: In the 16th century, Johannes Stöffler published "Elucidatio fabricae ususque astrolabii", a manual of the construction and use of the astrolabe. Four identical 16th-century astrolabes made by Georg Hartmann provide some of the earliest evidence for batch production by division of labor.


title: Astrolabe

text: Mechanical astronomical clocks were initially influenced by the astrolabe; they could be seen in many ways as clockwork astrolabes designed to produce a continual display of the current position of the sun, stars, and planets. For example, Richard of Wallingford's clock (c. 1330) consisted essentially of a star map rotating behind a fixed rete, similar to that of an astrolabe.


title: Astrolabe

text: Many astronomical clocks use an astrolabe-style display, such as the famous clock at Prague, adopting a stereographic projection (see below) of the ecliptic plane. In recent times, astrolabe watches have become popular. For example, Swiss watchmaker Dr. Ludwig Oechslin designed and built an astrolabe wristwatch in conjunction with Ulysse Nardin in 1985. Dutch watchmaker Christaan van der Klauuw also manufactures astrolabe watches today.


title: Astrolabe

text: An astrolabe consists of a disk, called the "mater" (mother), which is deep enough to hold one or more flat plates called "tympans", or "climates". A tympan is made for a specific latitude and is engraved with a stereographic projection of circles denoting azimuth and altitude and representing the portion of the celestial sphere above the local horizon. The rim of the mater is typically graduated into hours of time, degrees of arc, or both.


title: Astrolabe

text: Above the mater and tympan, the "rete", a framework bearing a projection of the ecliptic plane and several pointers indicating the positions of the brightest stars, is free to rotate. These pointers are often just simple points, but depending on the skill of the craftsman can be very elaborate and artistic. There are examples of astrolabes with artistic pointers in the shape of balls, stars, snakes, hands, dogs' heads, and leaves, among others. The names of the indicated stars were often engraved on the pointers in Arabic or Latin. Some astrolabes have a narrow "rule" or "label" which rotates over the rete, and may be marked with a scale of declinations.


title: Astrolabe

text: The rete, representing the sky, functions as a star chart. When it is rotated, the stars and the ecliptic move over the projection of the coordinates on the tympan. One complete rotation corresponds to the passage of a day. The astrolabe is, therefore, a predecessor of the modern planisphere.


title: Astrolabe

text: On the back of the mater, there is often engraved a number of scales that are useful in the astrolabe's various applications. These vary from designer to designer, but might include curves for time conversions, a calendar for converting the day of the month to the sun's position on the ecliptic, trigonometric scales, and graduation of 360 degrees around the back edge. The "alidade" is attached to the back face. An alidade can be seen in the lower right illustration of the Persian astrolabe above. When the astrolabe is held vertically, the alidade can be rotated and the sun or a star sighted along its length, so that its altitude in degrees can be read ("taken") from the graduated edge of the astrolabe; hence the word's Greek roots: "astron" (ἄστρον) = star + "lab-" (λαβ-) = to take.


title: Astrolabe

text: A shadow square also appears on the back of some astrolabes, developed by Muslim astrologists in the 9th Century, whereas devices of the Ancient Greek tradition featured only altitude scales on the back of the devices. This was used to convert shadow lengths and the altitude of the sun, the uses of which were various from surveying to measuring inaccessible heights.


title: Astrolabe

text: Devices were usually signed by their maker with an inscription appearing on the back of the astrolabe, and if there was a patron of the object, their name would appear inscribed on the front, or in some cases, the name of the reigning sultan or the teacher of the astrolabist has also been found to appear inscribed in this place. The date of the astrolabe's construction was often also signed, which has allowed historians to determine that these devices are the second oldest scientific instrument in the world. The inscriptions on astrolabes also allowed historians to conclude that astronomers tended to make their own astrolabes, but that many were also made to order and kept in stock to sell, suggesting there was some contemporary market for the devices.


title: Astrolabe

text: Parts of the astrolabe consisted of a circular disk, a sighting tube, an alidade, and arms that held graduated scales. The circular disk is the main part of the astrolabe. It was mainly used to view figures in the sky. The sighting tube is placed on top of the circular disk and was used to observe stars or planets. The alidade had vertical and horizontal cross-hairs which plots locations on an azimuthal ring called an almucantar (altitude-distance circle). An arm called a radius connects from the center of the astrolabe to the optical axis which is parallel with another arm also called a radius. The other radius contains graduations of altitude and distance measurements.


title: Maddam Sir

text: Maddam Sir is an Indian Hindi-language comedy action television series that premiered on 24 February 2020 on Sony SAB, digitally streamed on SonyLIV. Produced by Jay Mehta under Jay Production, it stars Gulki Joshi, Yukti Kapoor, Sonali Naik and Priyanshu Singh.


title: Maddam Sir

text: The series revolves around three (formerly four) Lucknow-based female police officers and one male officer who work at a Mahila Police Station that consists of S.H.O. Haseena Mallik, S.I. Karishma Singh, Head Constable Pushpa Singh and Constable Cheeteshwar Chaturvedi. They are helped by a prisoner-turned-spy Billu Champat. Karishma Singh is short-tempered while Haseena Malik is emotional in solving cases which sometimes creates a conflict between them.


title: Maddam Sir

text: DSP Anubhav Singh is a negotiation specialist and a secret agent in IB, also the cousin of Karishma comes to sort out the differences between them and becomes successful in it. Despite their differences, they truly respect each other. Karishma soon becomes a protective friend to Haseena, always defending the latter and shielding her from all harm possible. The Thana continues solving various cases. Soon, love brews between Haseena Malik and Anubhav Singh. Haseena proposes to Anubhav which he accepts, but later Haseena learns that he pretended to love her for a mission of national security. After being successful in the mission, Anubhav realises that he was wrong to have used Haseena for the mission, also he realises that he was actually in love with Haseena from the beginning. So he apologises to her, confesses his love for her and proposes marriage to her. Yet, she rejects it fearing another heartbreak. However, things between them get better with every passing day and they come closer. Eventually, Haseena accepts Anubhav's proposal and they plan their engagement. On their engagement day, Anubhav is ordered to call off his marriage and is told to leave his city for a mission of national security. A mission from which he might not return alive. Being helpless, he leaves Haseena as being with him can be a threat to her life as well with the help of Karishma. And their story takes a pause. However, circumstances bring them together again after months.


title: Maddam Sir

text: A new case comes up when the Thana gets a humanoid, ASI Mira, for a trial of 90 days to test whether it is successful to teach about human emotions to her. However, Karishma feels the robot is trying to take the place of human police officers. Karishma and Meera solve cases together and the former uses Haseena's philosophy and handles the cases her way. While returning to her police station, Haseena collides with a secret agent who has to deliver a hard disc containing the details of all the secret agents in the country. The leader of the perpetrators who killed the agent after failing to get the disk from him hacks Mira to get it and orders her to kill Haseena. Mira shoots but realises it afterward and tells everybody in the police station. They realise that Mira has attained the emotions which Haseena wanted to add but dismantle her to prevent her from getting hacked again. Everyone including Karishma salutes her and feels her loss.


title: Maddam Sir

text: A month later, Pushpa and Karishma meet Urmila Mahadev Mhatre in Mumbai, Haseena's lookalike a Marathi Vada-pav seller when they go to Mumbai. Karishma devises a plan of taking Urmila to Lucknow disguising her as Haseena Malik which will help her catch Haseena's murderers. It is later revealed that Urmila is none other than Haseena herself. She disguised herself on the order of her senior, secret agent Ajay Bakshi to catch the perpetrators involved in terror activities who also tried to kill Haseena for the hard disc containing sensitive information of the agents which if goes in the wrong hands can be a threat to national security. Bakshi suspects that someone from her station is involved in hacking Mira. After a while Haseena is convinced that no one from her station hacked Mira. Later Bakshi suspects Anubhav, but changes it after Anubhav saves Haseena from goons. Haseena is convinced that Anubhav isn't the hacker and reveals him about her identity. Karishma finds out about the Hard Drive and Anubhav tells her to guard it safely. IPS Chandramukhi Chautala enters and helps MPT officers in a case involving a stolen mummy. Soon Haseena finds out that there is Anubhav's hand behind all this. She steals the hard drive from Karishma and accuses Anubhav for being a traitor to the nation. She shoots Anubhav, who shoots her back, leading Haseena to lose her memory. Karishma destroys the pen drive and shoots Anubhav to dead, but Haseena lost her memory. Haseena regains her memory at a fight and reunites with her MPT team.


title: Maddam Sir

text: Amar Vidrohi with his team enters the Mahila Police Thana which makes cases interesting with the rivalry between the two police teams to get permanent control over MPT. Soon Cheeta and Santosh confess their love to each other while Haseena goes underground to prove her innocence from false charges. While Amar realises that MPT belongs to the MPT team only and leaves, Misri Pandey marks her re-entry this time as SHO. Soon it is revealed that she along with her politician uncle framed Haseena and they get jailed and Haseena returns back with full dignity.


title: Maddam Sir

text: Soon Karishma's twin sister, Kaushalya aka Kareena who in her bid to become an actress fled with money saved by their father for Karishma's admission in the police force arrives back in Lucknow to play a female cop in her upcoming movie and asks Karishma to train her with Police tactics. She becomes friendly with the MPT team and Haseena asks them to swap their places in an attempt to make them realize the difficulties faced in each other's jobs. Eventually, Karishma forgives Kareena and reconciles with her after learning about her sacrifices for their father. Later, the MPT team finds out that Kareena is unknowingly planned to be used as a suicide bomber by a terrorist group and rescues her. Kareena bids farewell to the MPT team and leaves for Chennai for pursuing her career.


title: Maddam Sir

text: Post Kareena's farewell, conflicts arise between Haseena and Karishma which leads to a competition between. Haseena won the competition by 1 vote which made Karishma Singh to follow Haseena's way of solving the cases.


title: Maddam Sir

text: Soon, Chingari Gang comes into the picture and tries to replace the police. They provide justice to all women by torturing and traumatising the men who harass the women. Haseena and the team members try to stop them but fail each time. Due to Cheetah's negligence, he was about to get suspended but then Santosh took the blame on herself and got suspended. Karishma secretly joins Chingari Gang to end their gang. Meanwhile Cheetah and Binni talk through a online app and fall in love, they decided to meet but Cheetah found out that the one who he was talking with is actually Binni, Haseena learns about it and tell Cheetah to continue to date Binni to gain her trust so she'll gain some prove and end the Chingari Gang. Cheetah does the same and Haseena catches Karishma in Chingari Gang's saree while chasing them. Haseena tell Karishma to continue the drama. Shivani learns about Binni-Cheetah's affair and removes her from her post. Later Binni decide to leave Chingari Gang but learns Karishma is betraying Chingari Gang so she called Shivani and tells her. Shivani tries to kill Karishma then Haseena and others arrive to save her then Shivani tried to kill Haseena but mistakenly kills Saira Begum. Shivani decides to take all the blame of Chingari Gang on herself and surrenders to the MPT.


title: Maddam Sir

text: DSP Mahesh gives Haseena a secret mission and tells Haseena to not tell anyone about it. She a pretends to fall and forget her memory and start acting like Urmila.


title: Maddam Sir

text: Before its premiere, it was titled "Mahila Police Thana" but was later changed to "Maddam Sir". In early February 2020, the main cast promoted the series in Lucknow.


title: Maddam Sir

text: Gaurav Wadhwa quit the show in 2021 due to COVID-19 and was replaced by Jatin Arora who also quit the show in 2022. Gaurav Wadhwa returned in 2022 reprising his role as Reporter Sunny.


title: Maddam Sir

text: Bhavika Sharma quit the show in 2022 as she was not happy with the growth of her character in the show.


title: Maddam Sir

text: The Big Shanivaar is Mahasangam (crossover) of all Sony SAB (except "Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah") shows telecasting at that time on 9 October 2021 to promote Sony SAB telecasting their shows on Saturday also.


title: Maddam Sir

text: The Big Shanivaar is Mahasangam (crossover) of all Sony SAB (except "Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah") shows telecasting at that time on 20 November 2021 on the occasion of Diwali in Parakram SAF ("Ziddi Dil Maane Na") and to help its Cadet Koel Roy in escaping from her husband.


title: Maddam Sir

text: Shaam Shaandar is the New Year special, a one-hour special episode on 31 December 2021 along with "Ziddi Dil Maane Na" and "Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey".


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Dil Dhadakne Do () is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film directed by Zoya Akhtar and produced by Ritesh Sidhwani and Farhan Akhtar under the Excel Entertainment banner. The film features an ensemble cast of Anil Kapoor, Shefali Shah, Priyanka Chopra, Ranveer Singh, Anushka Sharma and Farhan Akhtar in lead roles, with a voice-over performance by Aamir Khan as the family dog Pluto, the narrator of the film. The supporting cast includes Rahul Bose, Zarina Wahab, Vikrant Massey, Pawan Chopra, Parmeet Sethi, Dolly Mattdo and Manoj Pahwa. The film tells the story of the Mehras, a dysfunctional family who invite their family and friends on a cruise trip to celebrate the parents' 30th wedding anniversary and later reconcile.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Zoya conceived the film as a family drama centered on a brother-sister relationship. She wanted to depict a more realistic sibling relationship in contrast to the dubious and over-the-top portrayal for which Bollywood is known. She later wrote the script with her friend and longtime collaborator Reema Kagti, while Farhan penned the dialogues. Much of the principal photography was done on Pullmantur Cruises' ship MS "Sovereign" while sailing across the Mediterranean and Europe, and on land in France, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey and Italy.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: The soundtrack was composed by the trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. The film was released worldwide on 5 June 2015 to positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Kapoor, Shah, Chopra and Singh, who portrayed the members of the Mehra family, as well as Akhtar's direction, the film's music, cinematography and costumes. The film was commercial failure.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: At the 61st Filmfare Awards, "Dil Dhadakne Do" received 5 nominations, including Best Supporting Actress (for both Shah and Sharma), winning Best Supporting Actor (Kapoor). It also received 9 nominations at the 2016 Screen Awards, including Best Film and Best Director (Zoya Akhtar), and won 2 awards – Best Supporting Actor (Kapoor) and Best Ensemble Cast.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Kamal Mehra, a billionaire businessman in Delhi owns AyKa, a company on the verge of bankruptcy, and has a troubled relationship with his wife Neelam, daughter Ayesha and son Kabir. Ayesha has a successful travel business in Mumbai, but is unhappy with her marriage to the narcissistic and controlling Manav Sangha who along with his mother Smita hates her family. Unwillingly Kabir takes part in the business, instead dreaming of becoming a pilot. Kamal and Neelam invite their family and friends for a cruise across the Mediterranean Sea to celebrate their 30th wedding anniversary.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Their guests include the Sood family. Kamal and Neelam plan Kabir's wedding to the Soods' daughter Noorie, in exchange to her father Lalit investing in AyKa, aiming to prevent bankruptcy. Aboard, Kabir falls in love with ship performer and dancer Farah Ali, a Pakistani Muslim girl. Noorie falls for Rana, the son of the Soods' sworn rival Khannas. Ayesha wishes to divorce Manav. Sunny Gill, the son of Kamal's manager Amrish enters aboard. Sunny is a childhood friend of Ayesha and Kabir, and he and Ayesha were in love as teenagers. However, Kamal had paid for and arranged Sunny's Yale University scholarship to separate him from Ayesha. Ayesha and Sunny, now a successful journalist, still harbor feelings for each other. Unlike Manav, Sunny appreciates Ayesha's strong personality and is a feminist.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Neelam sees Kamal flirting with a local guest and wonders why she did not divorce him despite his past infidelities. Ayesha confronts Sunny about their separation and kisses him, which shocks them both. Farah hears that Kabir is going to marry Noorie and storms off. Kamal sees Noorie making out with Rana and learns that Kabir and Noorie are not together as he had thought, causing him to have a gas attack.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Kabir reveals to his family that he is in love with Farah and intends to leave the family business. He asks them to consider Ayesha, who is actually interested in business. When he tries to persuade them to let her proceed with her divorce, Kamal and Neelam refuse, believing marriages are lifelong commitments. Infuriated, Kabir bursts out that they are hypocrites for talking of marriage, values, and morals, as the whole family circle is aware of Kamal's adultery and that Neelam has been suffering silently for years. Kamal asks Neelam why she had not left him; she reveals she had no choice because her family would not accept her back due to dishonour. Kamal realises his mistake and asks for Neelam's forgiveness. While trying to reconcile Manav and Ayesha, Kamal sees how his son-in-law mistreats his daughter and orders him and Smita to leave, finally agreeing to the divorce and apologizing to his daughter.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Farah is dismissed from her job for being romantically involved with a passenger and told to leave the ship. Kabir learns about her dismissal after the ship has set sail. He breaks news of Ayesha's now-impending divorce to Sunny, and after publicly rejecting his impending marriage to Noorie, jumps off the ship to swim to shore, believing his family will rescue him. Kamal, Neelam, Ayesha scramble aboard a lifeboat and go after him with the help of their friends. While leaving, Ayesha asks Sunny if he will wait for her, to which he replies "forever". The family rescues Kabir and head toward shore to help him find Farah while being chased by the ship's crew. The Mehra family is seen happy in each other's presence for the first time.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: When Excel Entertainment announced its upcoming films in March 2012, one of them was Zoya Akhtar's next film following "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara" (2011). It was reported that she was working on a script and that filming was due to start in December 2012. Akhtar dismissed the reports, saying she was yet to start writing her next script. In May that year, media reports suggested Akhtar was already writing her next film. That July, it was reported the script was about siblings partially based on Akhtar and her brother Farhan Akhtar. Farhan Akhtar later denied reports of the film being autobiographical, saying it had nothing to do with their real life relationship and that it is entirely a work of fiction. In November 2012, Akhtar said she was still writing the script and that the film was a family drama.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Akhtar co-wrote the screenplay with her long-time friend and collaborator Reema Kagti. Akhtar had always aspired to make a family drama with a brother-sister relationship at its core. She felt such topics not been well represented in Indian films, and that the brother-sister relationship bond has always been shown "wrapped in rituals" and never portrayed as it really is. She believed the theme of brother-sister relationships "generally have cheesy representations. They are never at ease. This is one of the most important relationships in the world because nobody else shares your parents. I wanted to show that relationship in "Dil Dhadakne Do"." Akhtar also wanted to showcase the quirkiness of a dysfunctional family, with different layers to each family member, saying, "the beauty of families lies in their flaws".


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: When asked whether the film had any similarities with her own life and family, she said it had none and that the only thing common to herself and the film's characters was the bond between her and her brother; all their problems and conflicts were unalike. Akhtar said the film was a partly fictionalised version of people around her, such as her friends and their families, and her observations from literature and news articles. Kagti and Akhtar revealed that some of their material came from observing people of Delhi during their friends' back-to-back, elite-class wedding parties as they were finishing the script; they made notes about people's behaviour and demeanor, and incorporated these into their script. After finalising the characters, they felt something was missing, so they added Pluto, the family dog, as an observer. The completed film has 25 characters and a dog.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: When asked about interweaving travel in the narrative, Akhtar said she and Kagti wanted a device to bring all the characters—the entire family—together. She said the film could have been set anywhere, such as a hill station, but they chose to set it on a cruise ship because the characters would not be able to leave. Akhtar called it a metaphor for the bigger journey that every family undertakes; the characters are stuck together on a ship in the middle of an ocean and could not leave if they wanted to. The film's title "Dil Dhadakne Do" was chosen because Akhtar wanted a catchy, easily identifiable title; it makes a reference to an eponymous song, featured on the soundtrack and in the opening credits of "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara".


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: During the initial scripting phase, in May 2012, media reports suggested cousins Kareena Kapoor and Ranbir Kapoor had been approached to play the siblings and had accepted the parts. In late December 2012, Hrithik Roshan and Katrina Kaif joined the cast to play the Kapoors' characters' love interests respectively. In June 2013, Ranbir Kapoor dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts with his other projects; he was replaced by Ranveer Singh. It was then reported that after her cousin dropped out, Kareena Kapoor was having second thoughts about appearing in the film; the opportunity to act alongside her cousin had been the main attraction for her. She left the production later that month, saying she could not leave her family for the required three months and calling her decision "her loss". In late June 2013, Akhtar approached Priyanka Chopra to part that role, and Chopra accepted. In October, Anil Kapoor was confirmed to play the role of Chopra and Singh's father in the film. It was also reported that Dimple Kapadia could possibly play his wife, but this was not to be.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: In December 2013, Farhan Akhtar confirmed he was playing a crucial role in his sister's film. In January 2014, Anushka Sharma was cast for the role of Singh's love interest. Madhuri Dixit, Tabu and Raveena Tandon were all approached to play Chopra and Singh's mother in the film; although they liked the part, all of them turned down the role because they did not want to play a mother. Akhtar later approached Shefali Shah for the part, which she accepted. Newcomer Ridhima Sud joined the cast in June 2014. A few days later, Rahul Bose was cast to play the role of Manav (Chopra's husband) in the film. Zarina Wahab joined the cast to play Chopra's mother-in-law. Parmeet Sethi was later cast in a supporting role.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Although meant for a surprise, the details about Aamir Khan's voiceover performance as the family dog Pluto was leaked before the film's release. Javed Akhtar had initially provided the voiceover for Pluto. After watching the film weeks before the release, however, Akhtar asked Aamir to do the voiceover and the actor accepted, saying, "I had loved the film so much that I was just happy to be a part of it ... I think it is a great film to be part of".


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Compared with the rest of the cast, Akhtar spent a whole year persuading Anil Kapoor to sign up for the film. Akhtar's brother Farhan and father Javed Akhtar also spoke to him about the role. However, when Aamir Khan approached him on Akhtar's behalf, he finally accepted the part. Kapoor described his role of Kamal Mehra as a "manipulative patriarch" and a businessman who "has no qualms about manipulating people, even his own family members, to achieve his goal". He said, "Kamal is a self-made man and does not want to lose [his business empire] and will do anything to save it". Kapoor found playing his character very exciting, being completely opposite to his real self; a patriarch whose company, rather than his family, comes first.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Shah called her character, Neelam Mehra, a "Delhi elite society queen bee" with multiple layers, saying, "It looks like nothing can put a chink in her armour, but inside, she is a vulnerable and lost person". She said her character shows an artificial side about her marriage while facing the world, opposed to her behaviour in their home: "It's not one of the best marriages. She hates what’s happened to both of them. But when they come in front of the world, she will stand by her husband". Her character discriminates between her son and her daughter; she said, "She is evidently partial to her son. With her daughter, she displays a mentality typical of many Indian mothers. Even though her daughter is in a bad marriage as well, she discourages her from taking a divorce." Shah said accepted the part because it "was one of the best scripts I had read in a very long time. It was sharp, wicked, and emotional, without being melodramatic." To prepare for her role, she formed an outline of her character by forming Neelam's history and personality.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Chopra has described her character, Ayesha Mehra, as strong but also feminine and gentle, noting her inner strength. She said Ayesha has complicated emotions, and that she "has no idea what she wants and she keeps changing her mind, probably like most women ... that is exactly what Ayesha does. She doesn't know which direction to go in. She actually has no opinion on love or marriage, but just wants to be able to feel that she can be loved." Chopra had to shed the muscle weight she gained for playing the boxer in "Mary Kom" (2014). She said, "I was not muscular but had acquired bulked-up physique. I had to be in right shape as I was playing a girly role. I had to ... go on a crash diet and lose shape." Singh called his character, Kabir Mehra, a privileged, "born with a silver spoon" kind of person who wants to pursue different things other than inherit his father's fortune. He said, "Ever since his childhood, he was raised to take over his father's company. But this isn't what he wants to do. He loves planes, he wants to be a pilot. Because of this miscommunication he is in a lot of pain." Khan described Pluto as a "very philosophical" dog who is "really into observing human nature and has a take on everything".


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Principal photography began on 17 May 2014 on the Pullmantur Cruises ship MS "Sovereign" throughout the Mediterranean Sea and onshore in France, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey and Italy. Filming on the ship was done over a non-consecutive period of five weeks; the cast and crew members would board the ship at Barcelona and would film the scenes while en route to different destinations; five different places in five weeks, where the cast and crew would shoot the onshore scenes. Onshore filming took two months, finishing on 18 July 2014. Filming took ninety days, finishing in early August 2014. The second and final schedule began in mid-August 2014 in Mumbai, and was completed on 23 September 2014.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Filming also took place in several locations in Turkey, such as Antalya, Cappadocia and Istanbul. For one scene set in Istanbul's Sophia Museum, tourists and museum staff were used as extras for the sequence, which took six hours to film. For a sequence featuring Chopra and Bose's characters playing squash, Chopra, helped by Bose, had to learn the sport on set. The pre-production work was a challenge for the makers, who had to plan everything in detail; Akhtar and her team reconnoitered to find perfect places to shoot the film. Akhtar found the filming unforgettable, saying, "Can you imagine the whole crew is in a new country everyday! That is what it is like to be on a cruise ship in the Mediterranean. It was logistically insane, visually gorgeous and emotionally cathartic."


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Neil Patel handled the production design. Akhtar's frequent collaborator Carlos Catalan provided the cinematography, and Anand Subaya and Manan Mehta edited the film. Arjun Bhasin designed all of the film's costumes. Bosco–Caesar choreographed the songs; The entire song "Gallan Goodiyaan" was shot in a single five-minute take. It required detailed planning and choreography, which the cast rehearsed before filming it.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: "Dil Dhadakne Do" soundtrack was composed by the trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy and Javed Akhtar wrote the lyrics. The album consists of five original songs. The vocals are performed by Priyanka Chopra, Farhan Akhtar, Sukriti Kakar, Siddharth Mahadevan, Shankar Mahadevan, Yashita Sharma, Manish Kumar Tipu, Sukhwinder Singh, Sunidhi Chauhan, Vishal Dadlani, Divya Kumar and Alyssa Mendonsa. It was released on 2 May 2015 by T-Series.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics, who labelled it more narrative-based than a chartbuster. Chopra's singing on the first fully-Hindi song she had recorded was also lauded by critics. Joginder Tuteja of "Bollywood Hungama" gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5, describing it as "a classy soundtrack [that] is unadulterated when it comes to quintessential Bollywood scheme of things". "The Times of India" also gave it a rating of 3.5 out of 5, calling the compositions "foot-tapping and swingy". In another positive review, "Filmfare" said the composers had "done a good job despite the hurdles", noting the limiting setting of the film. "Koimoi" rated it 2.5 out of 5, terming it a mixed bag. However, it praised the songs "Dil Dhadakne Do" and "Pehli Baar", noting them as standouts. The reviewer wrote that Chopra particularly "impresses with her vocals" in the former song.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: "Dil Dhadakne Do" was one of the most highly anticipated films of 2015, owing to its ensemble star cast and the success of Akhtar's previous films "Luck By Chance" and "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara". The first-look teaser poster, photographed from behind the 6 pivotal characters and their family dog sunbathing on a cruise deck was released on 21 July 2014, almost a year before the scheduled release. The poster did not reveal the actors' looks, instead making the audience puzzle about the actors from behind. A few days later, the first full poster revealing the position of the actors photographed from the front was revealed. In April 2015, seven character posters, including one for the family dog Pluto, were released. The poster releases generated much hype for the film. The trailer release was highly anticipated in the media because the plot was kept secret.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Emphasizing the theme of the film, Akhtar and Kapoor hosted a private screening of the trailer for their friends and family. The official theatrical release posters were released before the trailer. The almost-three-minute official trailer was released on 15 April 2015, garnering over one million views in less than 24 hours. The trailer was well received by the media, who deemed it promising. Alaka Sahani of "The Indian Express" called it "overwhelming" and wrote, "The top-view of the cruise line with expansive ocean as the backdrop, stunning foreign locales and beautiful people in their stylish best make for compelling visuals. But scratch the surface, and you find a dysfunctional family trying hard to act normal to the world."


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: "Dil Dhadakne Do" released on 5 June 2015 in 2,300 screens worldwide on a budget of 580 million. According to an analysis by "Box Office India", the film was likely to perform better in major Indian cities than in smaller centers, but predicted it would perform much better overseas due to its niche content. Distributed by Big Home Entertainment, it was released on DVD in all regions on 30 August 2015 as a two-disc pack in NTSC widescreen format; bonus content included the making of the film and deleted scenes. A VCD version was released at the same time. The film's Blu-ray version was released on 5 September 2015. "Dil Dhadakne Do" had its Indian television premiere on 24 October 2015 on Zee Cinema.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: "Dil Dhadakne Do" received positive reviews, receiving praise for the cast performances, humor, cinematography, music, costumes and direction, but it received criticism for its running time and climax. In a 4-star review for "Mumbai Mirror", critic Kunal Guha described the film as an "emotional roller-coaster", comparing Akhtar's direction to that of Woody Allen and Wes Anderson, and complimented the performances of the cast. Rajiv Vijayakar from "India-West" gave a rating of 4 stars, describing it as "entertaining with stellar performances", praising Akhtar's direction and writing, "Zoya gets the emotions right by making the entertainment riveting and the experience full of many perceptive insights into basic relationships". Srijana Mitra Das of "The Times of India" gave the film 4 stars, praising the performances of the lead actors and writing, "On this ship, a few bolts could be tighter. But these are fleeting clouds on an otherwise beautiful sea, hosting a cruise ... while searching beyond Bollywood's emotional Botox for a family's warts - and its heart." Shubha Shetty-Saha of "Mid-Day" gave the film 4 stars and complimented the story, stating, "If this film looks like an entertaining, escapist film at the outset, it is, but it is also much deeper than that". She also appreciated the performances, particularly those of Chopra and Singh, writing, "These two blazing talents are magical when they come together sharing what perhaps could be one of the best sibling chemistry in Hindi films".


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: The reviewer from "Bollywood Hungama" gave the film 3.5 stars, praising Akhtar's direction for "[pulling] off such a magnificent film with such utmost ease". Writing for "Hindustan Times", film critic Anupama Chopra rated the film 3.5 stars, commending the performances - particularly those of Kapoor, Shah and Chopra - and the high production value, writing, "There are soaring top shots of the ship, of gorgeous towns in Turkey and Greece, and of staggering fashions". Rachit Gupta of "Filmfare" described the film as a "spunky comedy, straight from the heart", attributing the performances of the lead actors as the prime reason for the film's success. Sonia Chopra from "Sify" also gave 3.5 stars, calling "Dil Dhadakne Do" a film with a "robust heartbeat", admiring Akhtar's ability to create "real and interesting" characters and writing, "Zoya Akhtar brings in several delightful elements of her filmmaking style - there's the gorgeous cast playing interesting characters, the overt and covert equations between them, the hints at societal hypocrisy and sexism, the romance, the gorgeous locales, and the measured pace".


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Raja Sen of "Rediff.com" gave a 3 out of 5 star rating explaining that "Despite its flaws, I find myself looking back at "Dil Dhadakne Do" and smiling. Because of Kapoor, a man who is unerringly good when given enough elbow room, and here he’s silver-maned and smooth and selfish and playing his part with superb gusto...And because of Ranveer, who owns his moments of frustration, of resignation, of outrage and of wry comebacks." Film critic Rajeev Masand of "News18" gave 3 stars, appreciating the performances of the lead actors - especially that of Kapoor and Shah - calling them "absolutely riveting". He praised the humor in the screenplay and concluded that the film is "easy and breezy, and packed with terrific actors who appear to be enjoying themselves", although he criticized the pacing and climax of the film, calling it "silly". In a 3 star review, film critic Mayank Shekhar of "ABP News" said that "patiently drawing out emotions from every character" made the film "horrendously long [and] too languidly paced", although he called the film ""intensely real, intrinsically adult, with several sharp observations about relationships and life". Scoring the film 3 stars, Sukanya Verma of "Rediff.com" wrote that "Dil Dhadakne Do" "unravels like an entire season of soap opera condensed into a nearly three-hour movie", but found it "too facile to rise above the charming fluff".


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Ritika Bhatia of "Business Standard" wrote that the film "does have its enjoyable moments, but with a three-hour runtime, it fails to sail the high seas", and termed the film "ambitious" but "meandering". Shilpa Jamkhandikar of "Reuters" called it "Akhtar's weakest film yet, because she tries to tell too many stories at once and tells none entirely". Sarita A. Tanwar of "Daily News and Analysis" gave the film 2.5 stars, and said it would have "been a lot of fun [if] had it been shorter, crisper and less indulgent".


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: "Dil Dhadakne Do" had a decent opening, with collections of 100 million on its opening day. Collections rose 20% on its second day, collecting 120 million, and another 20% on its third day, with collections of 140 million for the opening domestic weekend of 360 million. Upon its release, the film recorded the highest overseas opening of the year for an Indian film, collecting 195 million in its opening weekend.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: Notably, the film debuted at number 9 at the U.K. box office, where it earned $330,000 in its opening weekend. The total worldwide opening weekend collections stood at 675 million, making it the top worldwide opener among Indian films at the time of its release. On its first Monday, the film's collections dropped 40%, earning another 57.5 million. It earned 550 million in its first week at the domestic box office and over 980 million worldwide. In its second weekend, "Dil Dhadakne Do" earned 100 million. During its theatrical run, the film grossed over 1 billion in India and a further 450 million worldwide, for a worldwide total of 1.45 billion.


title: Dil Dhadakne Do

text: "Dil Dhadakne Do" received a number of accolades, particularly for the actors. It earned 5 Filmfare nominations, winning Best Supporting Actor for Kapoor. The film was nominated in 9 categories at the 2016 Screen Awards, including Best Film, Best Director for Akhtar and Best Actress for Chopra. It went on to win two; Best Supporting Actor for Kapoor and Best Ensemble Cast. At the 2015 Stardust Awards, the film garnered 5 nominations, including Actor of the Year – Female for Chopra and Actor of the Year – Male for Singh, winning three awards: Best Supporting Actor for Kapoor, Best Supporting Actress for Shah and Best Costume Design.


The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established an international environmental treaty to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system", in part by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. Its original secretariat was in Geneva but relocated to Bonn in 1996. It entered into force on 21 March 1994.


title: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: The treaty called for ongoing scientific research and regular meetings, negotiations, and future policy agreements designed to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.


text: The Kyoto Protocol, which was signed in 1997 and ran from 2005 to 2020, was the first implementation of measures under the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol was superseded by the Paris Agreement, which entered into force in 2016. By 2022 the UNFCCC had 198 parties. Its supreme decision-making body, the Conference of the Parties (COP), meets annually to assess progress in dealing with climate change. Because key signatory states are not adhering to their individual commitments, the UNFCCC has been criticized as being unsuccessful in reducing the emission of carbon dioxide since its adoption.


text: The treaty established different responsibilities for three categories of signatory states. These categories are developed countries, developed countries with special financial responsibilities, and developing countries. The developed countries, also called Annex 1 countries, originally consisted of 38 states, 13 of which were Eastern European states in transition to democracy and market economies, and the European Union. All belong to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).


text: Annex 1 countries are called upon to adopt national policies and take corresponding measures on the mitigation of climate change by limiting their anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases as well as to report on steps adopted with the aim of returning individually or jointly to their 1990 emissions levels. The developed countries with special financial responsibilities are also called Annex II countries. They include all of the Annex I countries with the exception of those in transition to democracy and market economies. Annex II countries are called upon to provide new and additional financial resources to meet the costs incurred by developing countries in complying with their obligation to produce national inventories of their emissions by sources and their removals by sinks for all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The developing countries are then required to submit their inventories to the UNFCCC Secretariat.


text: The text of the Framework Convention was produced during the meeting of an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. The Convention was adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature on 4 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro (known by its popular title, the Earth Summit). On 12 June 1992, 154 nations signed the UNFCCC, which upon ratification committed signatories' governments to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases with the goal of "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with Earth's climate system". This commitment would require substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (see the later section, "Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations"). The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change.


text: Article 3(1) of the Convention states that Parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of "common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities", and that developed country Parties should "take the lead" in addressing climate change. Under Article 4, all Parties make general commitments to address climate change through, for example, climate change mitigation and adapting to the eventual impacts of climate change. Article 4(7) states:


text: The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties.


text: The Framework Convention specifies the aim of Annex I Parties stabilizing their greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide and other anthropogenic greenhouse gases not regulated under the Montreal Protocol) at 1990 levels, by 2000.


text: "UNFCCC" is also the name of the United Nations Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices in Haus Carstanjen, and the UN Campus (known as Langer Eugen) in Bonn, Germany. From 2010 to 2016 the head of the secretariat was Christiana Figueres. In July 2016, Patricia Espinosa succeeded Figueres. The Secretariat, augmented through the parallel efforts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aims to gain consensus through meetings and the discussion of various strategies. Since the signing of the UNFCCC treaty, Conferences of the Parties (COPs) have discussed how to achieve the treaty's aims.


text: Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by the UNFCCC in 2015 to have a better name for this topic than "Article 6". It refers to Article 6 of the convention's original text (1992), focusing on six priority areas: education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information, and international cooperation on these issues. The implementation of all six areas has been identified as the pivotal factor for everyone to understand and participate in solving the challenges presented by climate change. ACE calls on governments to develop and implement educational and public awareness programmes, train scientific, technical and managerial personnel, foster access to information, and promote public participation in addressing climate change and its effects. It also urges countries to cooperate in this process, by exchanging good practices and lessons learned, and strengthening national institutions. This wide scope of activities is guided by specific objectives that, together, are seen as crucial for effectively implementing climate adaptation and mitigation actions, and for achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC.


text: The (COP-1) decided that the aim of Annex I Parties stabilizing their emissions at 1990 levels by 2000 was "not adequate", and further discussions at later conferences led to the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations under international law, for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in the period 2008–2012. The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference produced an agreement stating that future global warming should be limited to below 2 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.


text: The Kyoto Protocol had two commitment periods, the first of which lasted from 2008 to 2012. The Protocol was amended in 2012 to encompass the second one for the period 2013–2020 in the Doha Amendment.


text: One of the first tasks set by the UNFCCC was for signatory nations to establish national greenhouse gas inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, which were used to create the 1990 benchmark levels for accession of Annex I countries to the Kyoto Protocol and for the commitment of those countries to GHG reductions. Updated inventories must be submitted annually by Annex I countries.


text: The US did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol, while Canada denounced it in 2012. The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by all the other Annex I Parties.


text: All Annex I Parties, excluding the US, participated in the 1st Kyoto commitment period. 37 Annex I countries and the EU agreed to second-round Kyoto targets. These countries are Australia, all members of the European Union, Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine stated that they might withdraw from the Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets. Japan, New Zealand, and Russia participated in Kyoto's first round but did not take on new targets in the second commitment period. Other developed countries without second-round targets were Canada (which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012) and the United States.


text: A "National Communication" is a type of report submitted by the countries that have ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Developed countries are required to submit National Communications every four years and developing countries should do so. Some Least Developed Countries have not submitted National Communications in the past 5–15 years, largely due to capacity constraints.


text: National Communication reports are often several hundred pages long and cover a country's measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions as well as a description of its vulnerabilities and impacts from climate change. National Communications are prepared according to guidelines that have been agreed by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. The (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that form the basis of the Paris Agreement are shorter and less detailed but also follow a standardized structure and are subject to technical review by experts.


text: The parties met in Durban, South Africa in 2011 and expressed "grave concern" that efforts to limit global warming to less than 2 or 1.5 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level, appeared inadequate. They committed to develop an "agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties".


text: At the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference in Paris the then-196 parties agreed to aim to limit global warming to less than 2 °C, and try to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016 in those countries that had ratified the Agreement, and other countries had ratified the Agreement since.


text: At the 19th session of the Conference of the Parties in Warsaw in 2013, the UNFCCC created a mechanism for Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to be submitted in the run up to the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties in Paris (COP21) in 2015. Countries were given freedom and flexibility to ensure that these climate change mitigation and adaptation plans were nationally appropriate. This flexibility, especially regarding the types of actions to be undertaken, allowed for developing countries to tailor their plans to their specific adaptation and mitigation needs, as well as towards other needs.


text: In the aftermath of COP21, these INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as each country ratified the Paris Agreement, unless a new NDC was submitted to the UNFCCC at the same time. The 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties (COP22) in Marrakesh focused on these Nationally Determined Contributions and their implementation, after the Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016.


text: The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) created a guide for NDC implementation, for the use of decision makers in Less Developed Countries. In this guide, CDKN identified a series of common challenges countries face in NDC implementation, including how to:


text: In addition to the Kyoto Protocol (and its amendment) and the Paris Agreement, parties to the Convention have agreed to further commitments during UNFCCC Conferences of the Parties. These include the Bali Action Plan (2007), the Copenhagen Accord (2009), the Cancún agreements (2010), and the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (2012).


text: As part of the Bali Action Plan, adopted in 2007, all developed country Parties have agreed to "quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives, while ensuring the comparability of efforts among them, taking into account differences in their national circumstances." Developing country Parties agreed to "[nationally] appropriate mitigation actions context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner." 42 developed countries have submitted mitigation targets to the UNFCCC secretariat, as have 57 developing countries and the African Group (a group of countries within the UN).


text: As part of the 2009 Copenhagen negotiations, a number of countries produced the Copenhagen Accord. The Accord states that global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F). The Accord does not specify what the baseline is for these temperature targets (e.g., relative to pre-industrial or 1990 temperatures). According to the UNFCCC, these targets are relative to pre-industrial temperatures.


text: 114 countries agreed to the Accord. The UNFCCC secretariat notes that "Some Parties ... stated in their communications to the secretariat specific understandings on the nature of the Accord and related matters, based on which they have agreed to [the Accord]." The Accord was not formally adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Instead, the COP "took note of the Copenhagen Accord."


text: As part of the Accord, 17 developed country Parties and the EU-27 submitted mitigation targets, as did 45 developing country Parties. Some developing country Parties noted the need for international support in their plans.


text: As part of the Cancún agreements, developed and developing countries submitted mitigation plans to the UNFCCC. These plans were compiled with those made as part of the Bali Action Plan.


text: At the 2021 annual meeting UNFCCC launched the 'UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs'. The aim of the campaign is to transform 20 sectors of the economy in order to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions. At least 20% of each sector should take specific measures, and 10 sectors should be transformed before COP 26 in Glasgow. According to the organizers, 20% is a tipping point, after which the whole sector begins to irreversibly change.


text: At Berlin, Cancún, and Durban, the development needs of developing country parties were reiterated. For example, the Durban Platform reaffirms that:


text: As of 2022, the UNFCCC has 198 parties including all United Nations member states, United Nations General Assembly observers the State of Palestine and the Holy See, UN non-member states Niue and the Cook Islands, and the supranational union European Union.


text: There are 43 Annex I Parties including the European Union. These countries are classified as industrialized countries and economies in transition. Of these, 24 are Annex II Parties, including the European Union, and 14 are Economies in Transition.


text: The United Nations Climate Change Conference are yearly conferences held in the framework of the UNFCCC. They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC Parties ("Conferences of the Parties") (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2005 the Conferences also served as the Meetings of Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) and since 2016 the Conferences also serve as Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA).


text: The first conference (COP1) was held in 1995 in Berlin. The 3rd conference (COP3) was held in Kyoto and resulted in the Kyoto protocol, which was amended during the 2012 Doha Conference (COP18, CMP 8). The COP21 (CMP11) conference was held in Paris and resulted in adoption of the Paris Agreement. The COP26 (CMA3) was held in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.


text: A subsidiary body is a committee that assists the Conference of the Parties. Subsidiary bodies include:


text: The work under the UNFCCC is facilitated by a secretariat in Bonn, Germany. The secretariat is established under Article8 of the convention and headed by the Executive Secretary. Patricia Espinosa was appointed Executive Secretary on 18 May 2016 by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and took office on 18 July 2016. Espinosa retired on 16 July 2022. UN Under Secretary General Ibrahim Thiaw acts as the acting Executive Secretary in the interim. On 15 August 2022, Secretary-General António Guterres appointed former Grenadian climate minister Simon Stiell as Executive Secretary, replacing Espinosa.


text: The ultimate objective of the Framework Convention is "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-caused] interference with the climate system". Article 2 of the convention says this "should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner".


text: To stabilize atmospheric GHG concentrations, global anthropogenic GHG emissions would need to peak then decline (see climate change mitigation). Lower stabilization levels would require emissions to peak and decline earlier compared to higher stabilization levels. The graph above shows projected changes in annual global GHG emissions (measured in CO-equivalents) for various stabilization scenarios. The other two graphs show the associated changes in atmospheric GHG concentrations (in CO-equivalents) and global mean temperature for these scenarios. Lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of global warming compared to higher stabilization levels.


text: There is uncertainty over how GHG concentrations and global temperatures will change in response to anthropogenic emissions (see climate change feedback and climate sensitivity). The graph opposite shows global temperature changes in the year 2100 for a range of emission scenarios, including uncertainty estimates.


text: There are a range of views over what level of climate change is dangerous. Scientific analysis can provide information on the risks of climate change, but deciding which risks are dangerous requires value judgements.


text: The global warming that has already occurred poses a risk to some human and natural systems (e.g., coral reefs). Higher magnitudes of global warming will generally increase the risk of negative impacts. According to Field "et al." (2014), climate change risks are "considerable" with 1 to 2 °C of global warming, relative to pre-industrial levels. 4 °C warming would lead to significantly increased risks, with potential impacts including widespread loss of biodiversity and reduced global and regional food security.


text: Climate change policies may lead to costs that are relevant to the article 2. For example, more stringent policies to control GHG emissions may reduce the risk of more severe climate change, but may also be more expensive to implement.


text: There is considerable uncertainty over future changes in anthropogenic GHG emissions, atmospheric GHG concentrations, and associated climate change. Without mitigation policies, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels could lead to global warming (in 2100) of 3.7 to 4.8 °C relative to pre-industrial levels (2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty).


text: To have a likely chance of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 2 °C, GHG concentrations would need to be limited to around 450 ppm CO-eq. The current trajectory of global emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C.


text: In decision making, the precautionary principle is considered when possibly dangerous, irreversible, or catastrophic events are identified, but scientific evaluation of the potential damage is not sufficiently certain (Toth "et al"., 2001, pp. 655–656). The precautionary principle implies an emphasis on the need to prevent such adverse effects.


text: Uncertainty is associated with each link of the causal chain of climate change. For example, future GHG emissions are uncertain, as are climate change damages. However, following the precautionary principle, uncertainty is not a reason for inaction, and this is acknowledged in Article 3.3 of the UNFCCC (Toth "et al"., 2001, p. 656).


text: The overall umbrella and processes of the UNFCCC and the adopted Kyoto Protocol have been criticized by some as not having achieved their stated goals of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide (the primary driver of rising global temperatures of the 21st century). At a speech given at his alma mater, Todd Stern—the US Climate Change envoy—expressed the challenges with the UNFCCC process as follows: "Climate change is not a conventional environmental issue ... It implicates virtually every aspect of a state's economy, so it makes countries nervous about growth and development. This is an economic issue every bit as it is an environmental one." He went on to explain that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a multilateral body concerned with climate change and can be an inefficient system for enacting international policy. Because the framework system includes over 190 countries and because negotiations are governed by consensus, small groups of countries can often block progress.


text: The failure to achieve meaningful progress and reach effective -reducing policy treaties among the parties over the past eighteen years has driven some countries like the United States to hold back from ratifying the UNFCCC's most important agreement—the Kyoto Protocol—in large part because the treaty did not cover developing countries which now include the largest emitters. However, this failed to take into account both the historical responsibility for climate change since industrialisation, which is a contentious issue in the talks, and also responsibility for emissions from consumption and importation of goods. It has also led Canada to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011 out of a wish not to make its citizens pay penalties that would result in wealth transfers out of Canada. Both the US and Canada are looking at internal Voluntary Emissions Reduction schemes to curb carbon dioxide emissions outside the Kyoto Protocol.


text: The perceived lack of progress has also led some countries to seek and focus on alternative high-value activities like the creation of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants which seeks to regulate short-lived pollutants such as methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which together are believed to account for up to 1/3 of current global warming but whose regulation is not as fraught with wide economic impacts and opposition.


text: In 2010, Japan stated that it will not sign up to a second Kyoto term, because it would impose restrictions on it not faced by its main economic competitors, China, India and Indonesia. A similar indication was given by the Prime Minister of New Zealand in November 2012. At the 2012 conference, last-minute objections at the conference by Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan were ignored by the governing officials, and they have indicated that they will likely withdraw or not ratify the treaty. These defections place additional pressures on the UNFCCC process that is seen by some as cumbersome and expensive: in the UK alone, the climate change department has taken over 3,000 flights in two years at a cost of over £1,300,000 (British pounds sterling).


text: Further, the UNFCCC (mainly during the Kyoto protocol) failed to facilitate the transfer of environmentally sound technologies (SETs) which are mechanisms used to decrease the vulnerability of the human race against the unfavourable effects of climate change. One of the more widely used of these being renewable energy sources. The UNFCCC created the body "technology mechanism" who would distribute these resources to developing countries; however this distribution was too moderate and, coupled with the failings of the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol, led to low ratification numbers for the second commitment (resulting in it not going ahead).


text: Before the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, "National Geographic" magazine added to the criticism, writing: "Since 1992, when the world's nations agreed at Rio de Janeiro to avoid 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,' they've met 20 times without moving the needle on carbon emissions. In that interval we've added almost as much carbon to the atmosphere as we did in the previous century."


text: Benchmarking is the setting of a policy target based on some frame of reference. An example of benchmarking is the UNFCCC's original target of Annex I Parties limiting their greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels by 2000. Goldemberg "et al." (1996) commented on the economic implications of this target. Although the target applies equally to all Annex I Parties, the economic costs of meeting the target would likely vary between Parties. For example, countries with initially high levels of energy efficiency might find it more costly to meet the target than countries with lower levels of energy efficiency. From this perspective, the UNFCCC target could be viewed as inequitable, i.e., unfair.


text: Benchmarking has also been discussed in relation to the first-round emissions targets specified in the Kyoto Protocol (see views on the Kyoto Protocol and Kyoto Protocol and government action).


text: Academics and environmentalists criticize article 3(5) of the convention, which states that any climate measures that would restrict international trade should be avoided.


text: In 2014, The UN with Peru and France created the Global Climate Action Portal NAZCA for writing and checking all the climate commitments.


text: Civil Society Observers under the UNFCCC have organized themselves in loose groups, covering about 90% of all admitted organisations. Some groups remain outside these broad groupings, such as faith groups or national parliamentarians.


title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: The Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act, popularly known as the Federal Assault Weapons Ban (AWB), was a subsection of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, a United States federal law which included a prohibition on the manufacture for civilian use of certain semi-automatic firearms that were defined as assault weapons as well as certain ammunition magazines that were defined as large capacity.


title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: The 10-year ban was passed by the U.S. Congress on August 25, 1994 and was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on September 13, 1994. The ban applied only to weapons manufactured after the date of the ban's enactment. It expired on September 13, 2004, in accordance with its sunset provision. Several constitutional challenges were filed against provisions of the ban, but all were rejected by the courts. There have been multiple attempts to renew the ban, but none have succeeded.


title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: Criminologists and other researchers found that the ban had little to no effect on firearm deaths or the lethality of gun crimes. Studies have found that the overwhelming majority of gun crimes are committed with weapons which are not covered by the AWB, and that assault weapons are less likely to be used in homicides than other weapons. There is tentative evidence that the frequency of mass shootings may have slightly decreased while the ban was in effect, but research is inconclusive, with independent researchers finding conflicting results.


title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: Efforts to create restrictions on assault weapons at the federal government level intensified in 1989 after the shooting of a teacher and 34 children, five of whom died, in Stockton, California, with a semi-automatic Kalashnikov-pattern rifle. The Luby's shooting in October 1991, which left 23 people dead and 27 wounded, was another factor. The July 1993 101 California Street shooting that killed eight people and wounded six, also contributed to passage of the ban. Two of the three firearms he used were TEC-9 semi-automatic handguns with Hell-Fire triggers. The ban tried to address public concerns about mass shootings by restricting firearms that met the criteria for what it defined as a "semiautomatic assault weapon," as well as magazines that met the criteria for what it defined as a "large capacity ammunition feeding device."


title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: In November 1993, the proposed legislation passed the U.S. Senate. The bill's author, Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) and other advocates said that it was a weakened version of the original proposal. In May 1994, former presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan, wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives in support of banning "semi-automatic assault guns." They cited a 1993 CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll that found 77 percent of Americans supported a ban on the manufacture, sale, and possession of such weapons.


title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: US Representative Jack Brooks (D-TX), then chair of the House Judiciary Committee, tried unsuccessfully to remove the assault weapons ban section from the crime bill. The National Rifle Association (NRA) opposed the ban. In November 1993, NRA spokesman Bill McIntyre said that assault weapons "are used in only 1 percent of all crimes." The low usage statistic was supported in a 1999 Department of Justice brief.


title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: The legislation passed in September 1994 with the assault weapon ban section expiring in 2004 due to its sunset provision.


title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: The Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Act was enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The prohibitions expired on September 13, 2004.


title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: The Act prohibited the manufacture, transfer, or possession of "semiautomatic assault weapons," as defined by the Act. "Weapons banned were identified either by specific make or model (including copies or duplicates thereof, in any caliber), or by specific characteristics that slightly varied according to whether the weapon was a pistol, rifle, or shotgun" (see below). The Act also prohibited the manufacture of "large capacity ammunition feeding devices" (LCAFDs) except for sale to government, law enforcement or military, though magazines made before the effective date ("pre-ban" magazines) were legal to possess & transfer. An LCAFD was defined as "any magazine, belt, drum, feed strip, or similar device manufactured after the date [of the act] that has the capacity of, or that can be readily restored or converted to accept, more than 10 rounds of ammunition."