title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Ohio State hired the coach of Massillon Washington High School football team, Paul Brown, to succeed Schmidt. Brown's Tigers had just won their sixth straight state championship. Brown immediately changed Ohio State's style of offense, planned and organized his program in great detail, and delegated to his assistant coaches using highly structured practices.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: In 1942, Ohio State lost 22 veteran players to military service as the United States joined World War II, and with a team of mostly sophomores went on to lose only once in winning its first national championship. Brown accepted a commission in the United States Navy in 1944, ending his coaching run prior to the season.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: When Brown went into the Navy, he directed his assistant Carroll Widdoes to head the team in his absence. The 1944 team fielded 31 freshmen but went undefeated and untied, including a victory over Paul Brown's Great Lakes Navy team. Ohio State finished second in the national rankings behind Army and Les Horvath became the first Buckeye to be awarded the Heisman Trophy. Also prominent on the 1942–44 teams was the first Buckeye African American star, Bill Willis. Brown chose not to return to Ohio State after the war, going into professional football instead.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Widdoes, despite having the highest two-year winning percentage of any Buckeye coach, asked to return to an assistant's position. Offensive coordinator Paul Bixler and Widdoes switched positions, and Bixler endured a mediocre 4–3–2 season. Bixler resigned and talk of Ohio State being a "graveyard of coaches" became commonplace, a reputation that lingered for decades. Wes Fesler became head coach in 1947 but finished last in the Big Ten for the only time in team history. Ohio State improved greatly in 1948, winning 6 and losing 3, then in 1949 enjoyed a successful season due to the play of sophomore Vic Janowicz. Ohio State received the Rose Bowl invitation, where they came from behind to defeat California. In 1950, Fesler, rumored to be resigning because of pressures associated with the position and abuse of his family by anonymous critics, returned to coach the Buckeyes, who won six games in a row to move into the top ranking in the AP poll. However, the season fell apart as the Buckeyes lost to Michigan during a blizzard, a game that came to be known as the "Snow Bowl". Two weeks later, citing concerns about his health and family, Fesler resigned.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Wayne Woodrow "Woody" Hayes beat out Paul Brown, among others, to be named head coach on February 18, 1951. He instituted a demanding practice regimen and was both aggressive and vocal in enforcing it, alienating many players accustomed to Fesler's laid-back style. The 1951 Buckeyes won 4, lost 3, and tied 2, leaving many to question the ability of the new coach. In 1952, the team improved to 6–3 and recorded their first victory over Michigan in eight years, but after a 1953 loss to Michigan, critics called for the replacement of Hayes. In 1954, the Buckeyes were picked to finish no higher than 10th in the Big Ten. Hayes, however, had the talents of Howard "Hopalong" Cassady, and a historic goal-line stand against Michigan propelled Ohio State to a perfect season. Hayes led the powerhouse Buckeyes to a shared national championship (his first and the team's second). In 1955 the team again won the Big Ten, set an attendance record, and won in Ann Arbor for the first time in 18  years, while Hopalong Cassady was securing the Heisman Trophy. Ohio State passed only three times against Michigan (the sole reception was the only completion in the final three games of the year), leading to the characterization of Hayes' style of offensive play as "three yards and a cloud of dust". In a 1955 article in "Sports Illustrated", Hayes admitted to making small personal loans to financially needy players. The article resulted in a furor over possible violations of NCAA rules, and the faculty council, followed by the Big Ten and NCAA, conducted lengthy investigations. Big Ten Commissioner Kenneth "Tug" Wilson found Hayes and the program guilty of violations and placed it on a year's probation in 1956.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: In 1957, Ohio State won all of its remaining games after an opening loss to claim the Big Ten championship, win the Rose Bowl over Oregon, and share a national title with Auburn, for which Hayes was named Coach of the Year.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: In 1961, the team went undefeated to be named national champions by the FWAA but a growing conflict between academics and athletics over Ohio State's reputation as a "football school" resulted in a faculty council vote to decline an invitation to the Rose Bowl, resulting in much public protest and debate. Over the next 6 seasons, Ohio State finished no higher than 2nd and had a losing season in 1966, and public speculation that Hayes would be replaced as a coach grew to its highest point since 1953. In 1968, Ohio State defeated the number one-ranked Purdue Boilermakers and continued to an undefeated season including a 50–14 rout of Michigan and a Rose Bowl victory over the USC Trojans that resulted in the national championship. The Class of 1970 became known as the "super sophomores" in 1968 and might have gone on to three consecutive national championships except for what may have been the most bitter loss in Buckeye history. The winning streak reached 22 games as Ohio State traveled to Michigan. The Buckeyes were 17-point favorites but directed by first-year coach Bo Schembechler, Michigan shocked the Buckeyes in a 24–12 upset. The 1969 loss to Michigan initiated what came to be known as "The Ten Year War", in which the rivalry, which pitted some of OSU's and UM's strongest teams ever, rose to the uppermost level of all sports and the competition between Schembechler and Hayes became legendary. Four times between 1970 and 1975, Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup. The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once, a 10–7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20, 1971. Both teams used the annual game as motivation for entire seasons and after the initial win by Michigan, played dead even at four wins and a tie apiece. Hayes had the upper hand during the first part of the war, in which Ohio State won the conference championship and went to the Rose Bowl four straight years, while Michigan won the final three. It was also an era in which through television Ohio State football again came to the forefront of national attention.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Hayes set the tone in spring practice in 1970, placing a rug at the entrance to the Buckeye dressing room emblazoned with the words: "1969 MICH 24 OSU 12 — 1970 MICH:__ OSU:__" as a constant reminder of their objective. The "super sophomores", now seniors, used a strong fullback-oriented offense to smash their way through the season undefeated, struggling only with Purdue the week before the Michigan game. The return match in Columbus found both teams undefeated and untied, a "first" in the history of the rivalry, with Michigan, ranked fourth and Ohio State fifth. Ohio State combined a powerful defense that held Michigan to only 37  yards rushing, a rushing offense employing two tight ends as blockers, and a 26-yard touchdown pass from Kern to Bruce Jankowski to win 20–9. The Buckeyes returned to the Rose Bowl to be upset by Stanford 27–17. The "super sophomores" had garnered a record of 27–2, the best winning percentage of any three-year period in team history, and won or shared the Big Ten title all three years. The National Football Foundation named Ohio State as a national co-champion, along with Texas, for 1970 and awarded the teams joint possession of the MacArthur Bowl. 1971 was less successful than the preceding seasons, but the middle four years of the 10-year war saw the greatest success for Hayes against Michigan, although the teams fell short of repeating their 1968 national championship. Archie Griffin began his college football career in 1972, taking advantage of new NCAA eligibility rules that allowed freshmen to compete at the varsity level. In his second game, sent in against North Carolina late in the first quarter, Griffin set a new Buckeye rushing record with 239 yards and led the team in rushing for the season with 867.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: The following season, Hayes installed an I-formation attack with Griffin at tailback and fellow sophomore Cornelius Greene at quarterback. The Buckeyes went undefeated with a powerful offense and impenetrable defense, achieving an average margin of victory of 31 points a game. The only blemish on their record was a 10–10 tie with Michigan after both teams had entered the game unbeaten. (The tie was more galling for the Wolverines, however, as the Big Ten selected Ohio State to represent the conference in the Rose Bowl.) Despite soundly defeating defending national champion USC, however, the tie with Michigan resulted in the Buckeyes finishing second to Notre Dame in the final AP rankings. Griffin, Randy Gradishar, Van DeCree, and John Hicks were named All-Americans; Hicks, an offensive tackle, not only won both the Outland and Lombardi Trophies but placed second in the Heisman Trophy competition. 1974 and 1975 were seasons of both elation and frustration. The Buckeyes twice more defeated Michigan, and went to two Rose Bowls, but lost both. The 1974 team seemed bound for another national championship when it was derailed by a loss to unranked Michigan State (Ohio State lost only twice in the regular season during Griffin's four-year career, both to the Spartans), and the next year, the No. 1-ranked Bucks lost 23–10 to 11th-ranked UCLA in the 1976 Rose Bowl. In all, the Buckeyes were 40–5–1 from 1972 to 1975, winning the Big Ten all four years and never losing to Michigan, but it was the losses and ties that proved important to Ohio State missing out on achieving a national championship. At any rate, Archie Griffin rushed for 5,589 yards combined in his four seasons at Ohio State while winning the Heisman Trophy in 1974 (1,695 yards rushed) and 1975 (1,450 yards).


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: The falloff in the success of Hayes' last three years was not great. His teams forged records of 9–2–1, 9–3, and 7–4–1, and made bowl appearances in all three years (the rules had changed to allow appearances in other than the Rose Bowl). However, frustrations in losing three straight years to Michigan, and other factors, resulted in growing criticism of Hayes and his methods, particularly his on-the-field fits of temper. Even so, his downfall was sudden and shocking when near the end of the nationally televised Gator Bowl, Hayes punched Clemson middle guard Charlie Bauman after Bauman intercepted a pass to kill Ohio State's last chance to win. Hayes was fired after the game by Ohio State president Harold Enarson and athletic director Hugh Hindman.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Hayes was replaced by a former protégé, Iowa State head coach Earle Bruce. Bruce inherited a strong team led by sophomore quarterback Art Schlichter but that had also lost 11 starters, and the 1979 squad exceeded pre-season expectations, ending the 3-year loss drought against Michigan and going to the Rose Bowl with an opportunity once again to be national champions. The Buckeyes lost both by a single point, 17–16, but Bruce was named Coach of the Year. His success was hailed by those in the media who saw it as a rebuke of Hayes and the start of a "new era". 1980, however, saw the start of a trend that eventually brought criticism to Bruce, when Ohio State finished with a 9–3 record, the first of six consecutive years at 9–3. Though each of these seasons, and the 10–3 season that followed them, culminated in a bowl game, Ohio State did not appear to be any closer to a national championship than during the end of the Hayes era. Bruce's teams were not without impact players, however. All-Americans and future National Football League stars included Keith Byars, Cris Carter, Chris Spielman, John Frank, Jim Lachey, Tom Tupa, Marcus Marek, and Pepper Johnson. His program was also known for the number of notable assistant coaches on staff, including Jim Tressel, Glen Mason, Pete Carroll, Nick Saban, Urban Meyer and Dom Capers. For the first time since 1922, the Buckeyes lost three in a row in Ohio Stadium in 1982, including rematches with Stanford and Florida State, and for the second year in a row to Wisconsin, but then won seven straight, the last over BYU in the Holiday Bowl. Sophomore running back Keith Byars had a stand-out season in 1983, rushing for 1,199 yards, and Ohio State defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in Norman, but three losses in conference meant a 4th-place finish. 1984 witnessed what Bruce called "the greatest comeback after the worst start" when Ohio State fell behind Illinois 24–0 at home but roared back on 274 yards rushing and five touchdowns by Byars to win 45–38. Ohio State also defeated Michigan to win an outright Big Ten championship. Byars led the nation in rushing and scoring but finished second in Heisman balloting.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: In 1986, Bruce received a 3-year contract, the first for the modern program but the team opened with two losses, which had not occurred in over 90 years. The Buckeyes then won 9 in a row before Michigan took a close game when kicker Matt Frantz missed a field goal with a minute to play. After the season Bruce was offered the position of head coach at the University of Arizona with a 5-year contract but was persuaded to stay at his alma mater by Athletic Director Rick Bay. Hopes for a standout season in 1987 suffered a serious setback when All-American wide receiver Cris Carter was dropped from the team for signing with an agent. Indiana defeated Ohio State for the first time since 1951, 31–10, in a game that came to be known as the "darkest day", and Ohio State lost three conference games in a row going into the Michigan game. On the Monday of Michigan week, after a weekend of rumors and speculation, Ohio State President Edward Jennings fired Bruce but tried to keep the dismissal secret until after the end of the season. Bay, who had been instrumental in keeping Bruce at Ohio State, disregarded Jennings' orders and announced the firing and his own resignation in protest. Jennings made his own situation worse by refusing to give a reason for the firing and the circumstances have been the subject of controversy since. The Buckeyes enjoyed an emotional come-from-behind victory over Michigan in Ann Arbor after the entire team wore headbands bearing the word "EARLE", then declined an invitation to play in the Sun Bowl.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: John Cooper was hired as the 21st football head coach at Ohio State before the end of 1987 and before he had coached his last game at Arizona State University. Cooper's coaching record at ASU and at Tulsa prior to that stood out among his credentials, as did a victory over Michigan in the 1987 Rose Bowl.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Cooper's 13 years as the Buckeye head coach are largely remembered in the litany of negative statistics associated with him: a notorious 2–10–1 record against Michigan, a 3–8 record in bowl games, a 5-year losing streak to Illinois to start his term and a 6–7 record overall, and blowing a 15-point 3rd quarter lead in a 28–24 loss to unranked Michigan State when the Buckeyes were the top-ranked team in the nation and en route to a national championship. However, his record also has many positives: back-to-back victories over Notre Dame, two finishes second-ranked in the polls, and three Big Ten championships (albeit shared). Cooper also recruited 15 players who were first-round draft picks in the National Football League.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Both 1988 and 1989 began identically: an impressive season-opening win followed by an embarrassing loss to a highly regarded team (Pitt and USC); a rebound win against two other highly regarded programs (LSU and Boston College) followed by a loss to Illinois in the conference opener. However, 1988 saw Ohio State lose its first three conference games and a close game at home against Michigan for a 4–6–1 record, its first losing season in 22 years. In 1989 the Buckeyes won 6 consecutive Big Ten games before losing its last two to go 8–4. The most noteworthy victory occurred in Minneapolis when Ohio State overcame a 31–0 deficit to Minnesota to win 41–37. 1990 continued the pattern with a 2-win 2-loss start and an overall 7–4–1 record that included an embarrassing loss to Air Force in the Liberty Bowl. 1991 was 8–4, notable primarily as the season that sophomore running back Robert Smith quit the team. 1992, with senior Kirk Herbstreit at quarterback, and Smith back on the team was 8–3–1, but the losing string to Michigan was broken with a 13–13 tie. Persistent rumors that Cooper would resign or be fired were laid to rest when University President Gordon Gee announced he would be back in 1993.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: The next 6 seasons were very successful, winning ten or more games in 5 of the 6 and sharing the conference championship in three. Eddie George won the Heisman Trophy in 1995 after a tremendous senior season, Ohio State defeated Notre Dame in 1995 and 1996, and won half its bowl games. But in three seasons (1993, 1995, and 1996) the Buckeyes entered the Michigan game undefeated, with the possibility of a national championship in at least one, and lost all three to underdog Wolverine teams. Ohio State had won 62 games and lost only 12, but a third of those were to Michigan. After renewing his contract and becoming a member of the "million dollar coaching club", Cooper started sophomore Austin Moherman against the Miami Hurricanes in the nationally televised Kickoff Classic and was soundly beaten. That presaged a mediocre season in which the Buckeyes finished 6–6, ending their successful 90's run. The 2000 team was more successful, going 8–4, but criticism of Cooper among fans had risen to a clamor again and touched on many areas of the program beyond specific game records. The negative publicity rose to a peak in the days leading up to Ohio State's matchup with South Carolina in the Outback Bowl, when wide receiver Reggie Germany was suspended for having a 0.0 GPA, team captain Matt Wilhelm publicly criticized fellow player Ken-Yon Rambo, and one Buckeye lineman sued another.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: On January 3, 2001, Cooper was fired. His loss in the Outback Bowl to a team that had not even won a single game the year before was a factor in his subsequent firing, as was negative publicity regarding player behavior before and during the game. Other contributing factors included the record against Michigan (which was actually considered by most people to be the biggest reason for his firing), a reputation of inability to win "big games", the lack of a national championship, the perception of him as an outsider by many alumni, the poor bowl game record, and finally a perceived lack of discipline on the team.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Ohio State quickly sought a replacement for Cooper and after a nationwide search hired Jim Tressel. With four NCAA Division I-AA National Championships at Youngstown State University, Tressel, formerly an assistant coach for Earle Bruce, was an Ohioan who was considered to be appreciative of Buckeye football traditions. Although there were some doubts as to whether or not Tressel could repeat his earlier success at the Division 1A level, most fans and alumni met the coaching change with enthusiasm. On the day of his hiring, Jim Tressel, speaking to fans and students at a Buckeye basketball game, made a prophetic implication that he would lead the Buckeyes to beat Michigan in Ann Arbor the following November. Tressel's first season was difficult as the Buckeyes finished 7–5 (all but one loss was by a touchdown or less), but he made good on his promise, beating Michigan in Ann Arbor.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: While its fans were optimistic about the chance for success of the 2002 team, most observers were surprised by Ohio State's National Championship. Ohio State used strong defense, ball-control play-calling, and field position tactics to win numerous close games, a style of play characterized as "Tresselball", and disparaged by detractors as "the Luckeyes".


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: The 2006 and 2007 regular seasons ended with just one combined loss and consecutive appearances in the national championship game. The Buckeyes lost both by wide margins. On January 1, 2010, the Buckeyes defeated the Oregon Ducks in The Rose Bowl Game by a score of 26–17. This ended a 3-game BCS losing streak for Ohio State, having lost 2 national championships and one Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. Terrelle Pryor was named MVP of the contest with 2 touchdown passes for a career-high 266 passing yards. In addition, he had more total yards than the entire Oregon Ducks team.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: In December 2010, it was announced that five student-athletes on the football team would be suspended for the first five games of the 2011 season for NCAA violations. The punishments stemmed from an incident when some of the Buckeye players received tattoos for their autographs, according to news reports. Other violations committed by the players included the selling of several items given to them by the university, such as Big Ten championship rings.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: On December 22, 2010, the NCAA announced that five players would be suspended for the first five games of the 2011 season due to receiving improper benefits. Mike Adams, Dan Herron, DeVier Posey, Solomon Thomas, and quarterback Terrelle Pryor were found to have signed autographs in return for tattoos, as well as selling memorabilia given to them by the university. In addition, Jordan Whiting was suspended for the season opener for his involvement. The scandal originated at Fine Line Tattoos and Piercings in Columbus, whose owner, Edward Rife, was being investigated for felony drug trafficking. On January 4, 2011, with all the players allowed to participate by the NCAA, the Buckeyes defeated the Arkansas Razorbacks in the Sugar Bowl by a margin of 31–26. The win, along with every other one from the 2010 season, would later be vacated due to the scandal. The Buckeyes finished the season 0–1, with their only official game being a loss to Wisconsin.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: On March 8, 2011, OSU suspended head coach Jim Tressel for the first 2 games of the 2011 season and fined him $250,000 for not informing the university and the NCAA that he had knowledge of his players receiving improper benefits. Coach Tressel's suspension would later be increased to 5 games by the university. On May 30, 2011, Jim Tressel resigned as head coach of the Buckeyes. On June 6, 2011, a story in "Sports Illustrated" reported that at least 28 players, including Rob Rose, T. J. Downing, Louis Irizarry, Chris Vance, C. J. Barnett, Dorien Bell, Jamaal Berry, Bo DeLande, Zach Domicone, Storm Klein, Etienne Sabino, John Simon, Nathan Williams, Jermale Hines, Devon Torrence, Donald Washington, Thaddeus Gibson, Jermil Martin, Lamaar Thomas, and Doug Worthington traded team memorabilia or used equipment for tattoos or other merchandise or services between 2002 and 2010. The report alleged that Tressel had violated NCAA bylaw 10.1, unethical conduct, three times by not acting when told of the tattoo improprieties, by signing a statement saying he knew of no violations, and for withholding information on what was going on from university officials.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: On July 8, 2011, Ohio State University decided to vacate all victories from the 2010 football season as self-imposed punishment for major NCAA violations. Former coach Jim Tressel received more than $52,000 from the university and didn't have to pay a $250,000 fine for his involvement in the scandal. His status was also changed from "Resigned" to "Retired" in keeping with his wishes to "remain a Buckeye for life". Ohio State named Luke Fickell interim head coach for the 2011 season following Tressel's resignation, and Fickell coached the 2011 Buckeyes to a 6–7 record; going 6–6 in the regular season and losing in the Gator Bowl to Florida.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: On November 28, 2011, former University of Florida head coach and ESPN college football analyst Urban Meyer accepted the position of Buckeyes head coach. Meyer assumed head coaching responsibilities following the Buckeyes' January 2012 Gator Bowl appearance. Meyer's first season at Ohio State did not include a postseason contest, as the Buckeyes were sanctioned with a one-year bowl ban on December 20, 2011. The NCAA sanctions also included the loss of three scholarships each year for the following three years and three years' probation to end on December 19, 2014. Ohio State was required to vacate all wins from the 2010 season, the 2010 Big Ten Conference championship and their win in the 2011 Sugar Bowl. The school's share of the Sugar Bowl proceeds was forfeited as well. In Meyer's first year, the Buckeyes went a perfect 12–0, winning the 2012 Big Ten Leaders Division, though the previously mentioned sanctions kept them from playing in the 2012 Big Ten Football Championship Game and a postseason bowl game. On November 23, 2013, the Buckeyes clinched their second straight Leaders Division Championship, after defeating Indiana 42–14. With the victory over Indiana, Ohio State set a team record for all-time consecutive wins, with 23. The following week, Ohio State defeated Michigan 42–41 in Ann Arbor, to increase the streak to 24. The streak ended with Ohio State's 34–24 loss to Michigan State in the 2013 Big Ten Conference Championship game on December 7, marking Meyer's first loss as the Buckeyes' head coach. On January 3, 2014, the Buckeyes were defeated by Clemson in the Orange Bowl 40–35.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: On November 22, 2014, the Buckeyes clinched the first-ever Big Ten East Division Championship when they defeated Indiana 42–27, earning a berth in the 2014 Big Ten Championship Game, where they defeated West Division champion Wisconsin 59–0 to win the Big Ten Conference Championship and qualified for the four-team playoff to decide the National Champion. OSU defeated Alabama in the Sugar Bowl 42–35, on January 1, 2015, to qualify for the National Championship Game against Rose Bowl winner Oregon on January 12 (the Rose and Sugar Bowls were the designated semifinal games in 2014). OSU claimed the first-ever College Football Playoff National Championship by defeating Oregon 42–20.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: The 2015 season for the Buckeyes began with a 10–0 start before losing on a last-second field goal to Michigan State on November 21, ending the Buckeyes' quest to repeat as National Champions. However, the Buckeyes recovered their 2 next games with dominating wins over Michigan and then over Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl to finish the season at 12–1. The 2016 season started off great with 6 straight victories, including a win over the Oklahoma Sooners, but the streak came to an end as the team lost a heart-breaker to the Penn State Nittany Lions. The Buckeyes went on to win the rest of their regular-season games, finishing 11–1. They did not play in the Big Ten Championship as Penn State took the division. In a controversial call, the College Football Playoff committee gave Ohio State a spot in the Playoff. Ohio State lost in the Fiesta Bowl to the Clemson Tigers in an embarrassing 31–0 loss, ending the season 11–2. The 2017 season started out on a high note with a victory over the Indiana Hoosiers, but the next week the Buckeyes fell to the Oklahoma Sooners. The Buckeyes won the next 6 games, including a win over No. 2 Penn State in a revenge game of sorts. The Buckeyes suffered an embarrassing defeat against the Iowa Hawkeyes. The Buckeyes ended the season 12-2 overall, winning the rest of their games including a Big Ten Championship victory over Wisconsin and a Cotton Bowl victory over USC.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Urban Meyer was suspended for the first three games of the 2018 season for mishandling domestic violence allegations against then-wide receivers coach Zach Smith. Co-Offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach Ryan Day served as interim coach and led the Buckeyes to a 3–0 start. Meyer returned to the sidelines and coached the team to four more victories before the team suffered a loss on October 20 to Purdue, 49–20. The Buckeyes won their last four games of the regular season, including a 62–39 win over archrival Michigan, in Columbus. The win gave the Buckeyes a share of the Big Ten East Division title, and the right to face Northwestern in the Big Ten Championship Game, which Ohio State won for its second consecutive Big Ten Championship. Ohio State would go on to win the Rose Bowl over Pac-12 Champion Washington 28–23, giving Ohio State their 8th Rose Bowl win.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: On December 4, 2018, the university announced that Meyer would retire after the 2019 Rose Bowl and be replaced by co-offensive coordinator Ryan Day.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: In Day's first year, the Buckeyes went a perfect 13–0, including a win over archrival Michigan by a score of 56-27 and defeating Wisconsin for the Big Ten Championship. They would earn a spot in the College Football Playoff but would lose to Clemson 29–23 in the 2019 Fiesta Bowl. In Day's second year, the Big Ten season didn't start until late October due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Buckeyes would only play five out of a scheduled eight games due to several virus-related cancellations - including the Michigan game. Nevertheless, the Buckeyes would go 5–0 in the regular season, win the East Division title, and go on to beat Northwestern 22–10 in the Big Ten Championship Game, giving Day his second straight conference title. On January 1, 2021, the Buckeyes defeated Clemson 49–28 to win the Sugar Bowl in a rematch of the 2019 Fiesta Bowl to advance to the CFP National Championship Game against Alabama on January 11, which they lost 52–24. On September 11, 2021, he suffered his first regular season loss as head coach when the Oregon Ducks defeated the Buckeyes 35–28 in the 2nd game of the season. Ohio State's streak of defeating Michigan also came to an end on November 27, 2021, in Ann Arbor, when Ohio State lost 42–27. They then won the 2022 Rose Bowl against Utah 48-45 on January 1, 2022. In 2022, Day led the team to an 11–0 record and was ranked #2 going into the Michigan game, which #3 Michigan would win 45–23 on November 26, 2022 (outscoring the Buckeyes 28–3 in the second half), in Ohio State's first loss to Michigan in Columbus since 2000, and first back–to–back losses to Michigan since 1999–2000.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Ohio State joined the Big Ten in 1912; before that they were a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference and won two OAC titles. Ohio State has won a championship in the Big Ten 39 times, second-most in the conference.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Since 2011, Big Ten has moved to divisions to ultimately decide who would play for the conference championship. The divisions were known as Legends and Leaders from 2011 to 2013. In 2014, the divisions were realigned geographically into East and West.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Ohio State has played in 54 bowl games in which they are 27–27–0. The Buckeyes have been to the Rose Bowl 16 times. Below are the team's most recent bowl games.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: The Ohio State University Marching Band is the most visible and possibly best-known tradition of Ohio State football. Home games are preceded by four marching band traditions:


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: The series versus Illinois began in 1902 and became the longest continuous series in 2002 when the schools played in their 89th consecutive year. In 2007, Ohio State was given their only defeat of the regular season by the Illini. Through the 2019 season, Ohio State leads the series 68–30–4.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: When Penn State was added to the Big Ten conference football play in 1993, every member was given two designated rivals, teams to be played every year, with the other conference teams rotated out of the schedule at regular intervals. For geographic convenience, the Big Ten named Penn State as Ohio State's new designated rival in addition to Michigan. Ohio States leads the series 24–14 through the 2022 season.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Of the team's eight national championships to date, Woody Hayes won five, with Paul Brown, Jim Tressel, and Urban Meyer each having one.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: This table reflects the results of Big Ten match-ups when both OSU and its opponent were members of the conference through November 9, 2019. Ohio State began Big Ten play in 1913. Examples of excluded results are Chicago after 1939, Michigan between 1907 and 1916, Michigan State before 1953, Penn State before 1993, and Nebraska before 2011 (see Big Ten History for further information). Ohio State's vacated wins from 2010 are not included (see 2010 Ohio State Buckeyes football team for further information).


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Through the 2006 season, Ohio State players have by a significant margin won more trophies than any other NCAA Division 1A program. Ohio State players have won 34 of the listed major awards, with the next closest being 26 (Oklahoma). Ohio State is the only university to have received each of the awards at least once. Of the five awards created prior to 1980 (Heisman, Lombardi, Maxwell, Outland, and Walter Camp), Ohio State has received the most with 25 (Notre Dame follows with 23).


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Although these numbers are cited as "retired" on Ohio State website, they are considered enshrined rather than retired, and are available to be worn. All previously retired jersey numbers remain retired.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: In 2020, the NCAA approved the use of the No. 0. In order to further pay tribute to Bill Willis, Coach Day decided to start a new tradition and choose the player who will wear the number each season.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Note: Due to number restrictions, Thayer Munford could not wear number 0. Instead, he wore his regular number and honored the award with a patch.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Ohio State players have won the Heisman Trophy seven times, which ties Notre Dame and Oklahoma (7) for the most awards for any school. Archie Griffin is the only two-time recipient in the history of the award.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: Through 2017, 199 Buckeyes have been named first team All-Americans since 1914. Of those 85 have been consensus picks. 388 have been named to the All-Big Ten team, and 16 have won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football, the Big Ten's Most Valuable Player award, including Troy Smith for 2006. The Athletic Directors of the Big Ten Conference voted Eddie George Big Ten-Jesse Owens Athlete of the Year for 1996.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: On November 22, 2006, ten Buckeyes were named to either the Coaches or Conference media All-Big Ten First Team selections for the 2006 season, and seven were named to both. Troy Smith was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year. Four other Buckeyes received Second Team honors.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: The Buckeyes are covered on the radio by the Ohio State Sports Network, operated by Learfield IMG College. WBNS/Columbus (1460 AM) and sister station WBNS-FM/Columbus (97.1 FM) serve as flagship stations, with more than 60 affiliates in Ohio, and two additional affiliates in West Virginia. Paul Keels is the play-by-play announcer, while former Buckeye left guard Jim Lachey serves as color analyst. They are joined by sideline reporter Matt Andrews and Skip Mosic, host of the network pregame and halftime shows.


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: WBNS-TV (channel 10) in Columbus is the long-standing "official TV home" of the Buckeyes, airing the official coach's show "Game Time with Ryan Day" (simulcast statewide on Bally Sports Ohio).


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: In addition, Ohio State football games are broadcast by their student radio organization, Scarlet and Gray Sports Radio on OhioStateSports.net


title: Ohio State Buckeyes football

text: In 2011, a study conducted by Nate Silver of the "New York Times" determined that Ohio State had the most fans of any college football team.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: Tahar Rahim (born 4 July 1981) is a Franco-Algerian actor. He is known for his starring role as Malik El Djebena in the 2009 award-winning French movie "A Prophet" by Jacques Audiard, FBI Agent Ali Soufan in "The Looming Tower", Judas in the film "Mary Magdalene", and Charles Sobhraj in "The Serpent". Rahim garnered critical acclaim and nominations for the Golden Globe Award and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: Rahim was born in Belfort, France, into a family that had immigrated from the region of Oran, Algeria.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: After earning a Baccalauréat at the Lycée Condorcet of Belfort, Rahim enrolled first in sports and then computer science programmes. After two subsequent years of boredom studying the subjects in Strasbourg and Marseille, Rahim decided to pursue his passion and began to study film at the Paul Valéry University of Montpellier. His life as a film student was chronicled in a documentary by fellow "Belfortain" Cyril Mennegun titled "Tahar, student", aired on French TV channel France 5 in 2006.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: Following this, Rahim moved to Paris in 2005 and studied drama at the "Laboratoire de l'Acteur" under Hélène Zidi-Chéruy while working in a factory during the week, and in a nightclub at weekends, to make ends meet.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: In mid-2006, after signing with an agent, Rahim won a part in the hit Canal+ television series "La Commune" written by Abdel Raouf Dafri. Dafri penned the first draft of the script to "A Prophet". Rahim then met Audiard when the two coincidentally shared a cab while leaving a set. Tahar introduced himself saying that "I knew it was Audiard and I said I was a fan but I think I was a bit silly" and was afterward very surprised that Audiard remembered him enough to contact him about "A Prophet". After a two-line appearance in the 2008 horror movie "Inside" starring Béatrice Dalle, he went through a gruelling three months of auditioning. After eight callbacks, he landed his breakthrough role.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: Rahim also starred in controversial Chinese director Lou Ye's film "Love and Bruises". The director, twice banned from making movies by the Chinese government, likely met Tahar at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival where they were each presenting "Spring Fever" and "A Prophet" respectively. "Love and Bruises" is the adaptation of the banned biography of Jie Liu Falin.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: Another project he starred in was "Free men", the biopic about Si Kaddour Benghabrit, founder of the Great Mosque of Paris, directed by Ismaël Ferroukhi of "Le Grand Voyage" fame.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: He was selected to be on the jury for the Un Certain Regard section of the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: In 2018, he appeared as Judas in the film "Mary Magdalene", written by Helen Edmundson. In the U.S., he had a starring role as FBI agent Ali Soufan in "The Looming Tower".


title: Tahar Rahim

text: In 2021, he was nominated for a Golden Globe for portraying the role of Mohamedou Ould Salahi in "The Mauritanian". Rahim also served as a jury member at the 74th Cannes Film Festival.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: In 2022, Deadline reported that he would play the role of Paul Barras in Ridley Scott's Napoleon portrayed by Joaquin Phoenix in 2023, for Apple TV+.


title: Tahar Rahim

text: He is due to appear with Anne Hathaway in Rebecca Miller's upcoming film "She Came to Me". and joined Sony's Spider-Man Universe film "Madame Web"


title: Tahar Rahim

text: Rahim is married to fellow French-Algerian actress Leïla Bekhti, whom he met while filming "A Prophet" in 2007. Together they are parents to a son, Souleymane, born in July 2017 and a daughter, born in February 2020.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: An Evening with Silk Sonic is the debut studio album by American musical superduo Silk Sonic, composed of Bruno Mars and Anderson .Paak. It was released on November 12, 2021, by Aftermath Entertainment and Atlantic Records. Silk Sonic reunited with Christopher Brody Brown and James Fauntleroy to write the album. They recruited American musician Bootsy Collins, who came up with the name for Mars and Paak's duo, for narration and American record producer D'Mile to compose the album. Recording sessions for "An Evening with Silk Sonic" took place in 2017 and between early 2020 to mid-2021 at Shampoo Press & Curl Studios.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "An Evening with Silk Sonic" debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 chart with first-week sales of 104,000 equivalent album units and became Mars's second and .Paak's first number-one album on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It also peaked in the top-five in Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, and produced five singles: "Leave the Door Open" and "Smokin out the Window", which were commercially successful, while "Skate" charted moderately in various countries. Two other singles "Love's Train", a cover of Con Funk Shun's song, and "After Last Night" were made available for consumption in 2022, with each one of them having minor commercial success. "Leave the Door Open" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and New Zealand, becoming Mars's eighth and .Paak's first number-one song in the United States. The album was certified gold by Music Canada (MC) and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "An Evening with Silk Sonic" received universal acclaim, and is the most acclaimed studio album of Mars' career, with reviewers praising its retro sensibility and the chemistry between Mars and .Paak. At the 64th Grammy Awards in 2022, "Leave The Door Open" won four Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best R&B Performance and Best R&B song. Several publications listed the album as one of the best records of the year. The album was also promoted via "An Evening with Silk Sonic at Park MGM" (2022), along with a number of performances at various award shows.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: American singers Bruno Mars and Anderson .Paak met in 2017 while touring together on the European leg of Mars's 24K Magic World Tour (2017–18). The two were seen in the studio working with Nile Rodgers and Guy Lawrence of Disclosure. They quickly became friends and decided to collaborate on a project together. In an interview with New Zealand radio DJ Zane Lowe for the Apple Music radio station "Apple Music 1", Mars said that most of the album is "rooted in [.Paak's] drum beats". He continued, saying that he works "backward from the guitar or piano", whereas .Paak's "music is percussion-driven, derived from old-school Motown influence." They credit each other for the sound that models Silk Sonic. According to American record producer and songwriter D'Mile, Silk Sonic became a project after Mars, .Paak and he worked on a song.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: On February 26, 2021, Mars and .Paak announced they had recorded an album together under the band name Silk Sonic. At the time, the band's debut album was set to be titled "An Evening with Silk Sonic", featuring American musician Bootsy Collins as a special guest host. At the same time, the artwork was revealed and is a retro sketch of the two hitmakers' floating heads that reads, "An evening with Silk Sonic ... with special guest host Bootsy Collins". They also announced the release of the first single the following week, along with the album title.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: .Paak says Mars considers every detail of a song, such as its theme, its sounds, and how they would engage people with the chorus, while .Paak is more of a free form, perceptive and "What's the vibe?" musician. The latter affirmed they were inspired by the 1960s, 1970s, and "the old school". According to Mars, they reunited in the studio during the night to drink and play music they enjoy. .Paak said the duo was influenced by Aretha Franklin, James Brown, Miles Davis, Stevie Wonder and Prince. The duo "bonded over their love of classic soul" and would usually play each other songs they loved. .Paak was not sure the project would become a reality if the COVID-19 pandemic did not end, since they would have been playing shows at that time.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: Silk Sonic explained that despite the police killings and the pandemic, they decided not to address said issues on their music. Mars furthered, "A good song can bring people together...so that was our mindset with the whole album. If it makes us feel good, and resonates with us, that's gonna be infectious and make other people feel good." .Paak said both have suffered a lot during their lives and that this album is their way to cope with it. Nevertheless, Silk Sonic recorded a track with "heavier" substance, but Mars was uncertain if he wanted to include the song on the album. When they finished the session, Mars played the recording for himself and decided to drive to .Paak's house. When the latter listened to the song on the car he decided to reject it, despite working on it for weeks. Mars explained that he has mixed every album he released since his debut, by listening to it in his Cadillac CTS to understand how it would play out in an ideal "real-world scenario".


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: In early 2017, after .Paak and Mars met on tour, they decided to get together in the studio with no intent, besides their mutual appreciation and affection. At this point, the duo decided to try if they could turn the "backstage in-jokes" into songs. The first thing they wrote together started with one of them saying the sentence "Smoking out the window". They created an amusing "stressed-out" man smoking too many cigarettes as he tries to find his way out of "anxious" situations. When they got together in the studio, the "joke" was turned into a hook. Once the tour ended, the sessions were put on hold.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: Nevertheless, in February 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Mars was listening to what they had recorded, and "it hit the right chord" so he called .Paak to join him in the studio. However, it was the latter's birthday and, despite being drunk, he met Mars at the studio. When they started to write a song, "a competitive" and a friendly spirit emerged as they were trying to improve on the work. They enjoyed so much working together, the duo decided to keep going. .Paak affirmed that, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, they decided to get together in the studio instead of "trying to make music long-distance". In the studio, the duo would jam out, trying to understand how to make people feel good with the songs they created from scratch and what was missing on the tracks, having to recreate a song from scrap at times. While in the studio, Mars and .Paak tried to create a dream setlist. They dubbed it as "the setlist of doom", however they needed someone who could "thread" all the songs. They both admired American musician and singer Bootsy Collins, who not only came up with the name for Mars and Paak's duo but also hosted the album. Mars declared, "Anderson coming into the studio and unlocking something in my brain that I've never used before ... That's how inspiration happens, you know?"


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: Mars reunited with frequent collaborators, American songwriter and producer Christopher Brody Brown, as well as Canadian recording engineer Charles Moniz to record "An Evening with Silk Sonic". At this point, Mars asked American singer-songwriter James Fauntleroy to get in touch with D'Mile, after Mars found the latter on Instagram and heard his composition on Lucky Daye's debut studio album, "Painted" (2019). Once in the studio, D'Mile wanted to make a good impression by finishing the track that Mars had started and do nothing else until he completed it. However, Mars told him "we're here all the time. I would love for you to come rock with us." The former became one of the core composers of the album. The duo also worked with American rapper and record producer Dr. Dre, who gave feedback on the project. Homer Steinweiss, American drummer of the Dap-Kings, who had previously worked with Mars on "Unorthodox Jukebox" (2012) and "24K Magic" (2016), also contributed to the album by playing drums on a song.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: To achieve the sound they were aiming for, Sonic and Moniz had to reach out to elderly "session guys" and read "old drumming magazines". They needed the right gear, such as a Ludwig drums with Remo Ambassador heads, Giovanni Hidalgo congas, a Hohner Clavinet D6 keyboard, a Danelectro sitar, a Trophy Music mini-Glockenspiel and a Solid State Logic mixing board. Afterward, they were "emulating old-school playing styles and recording them", using one or two mics and several musicians playing at the same time in the same place. Despite having all the instruments to re-create the sound they were not able to do so at that time. According to .Paak, they were "fucking bashing!", while the ones that came before them were "tiptoeing".


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: Sonic disclosed their process when re-working a small transaction on a song. The latter pays tribute to Philadelphia soul featuring a "string section and a sampled rainstorm". Its lyrics detail a heartbreak and how to deal with it after. Mars, D'Mile, and .Paak heard each instrument isolated and realized that the drums were not adequate. The latter replayed the drum section for 20 minutes, as Mars and D'Mile gave their opinion. Once the drumline was established, Mars turned its attention to the piano section, which took ten minutes to find an arrangement everyone enjoyed. According to D'Mile, all the tracks they came up with are included on the album, but one. When they were unhappy with the version created, they remixed it so that everyone from Mars to the engineer's assistant, liked it.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "An Evening with Silk Sonic" has been described as an R&B, soul, funk, and pop album. In talking about the album's sound, "The Ringer" stated "though styled as a 1960s to '70s retro endeavor, Silk Sonic isn't a work of nostalgia but rather a fusion: funk, rap, and R&B as they've sounded in heavy rotation as recently as the 2000s."


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: In late February 2021, Mars and .Paak announced on social media the formation of their new band, Silk Sonic, and revealed the artwork for their debut studio album, titled "An Evening with Silk Sonic". They also announced the release of the first single on March 5, 2021. "Leave the Door Open" was released as the first single in various countries. On the same date, "Silk Sonic Intro" was also issued featuring the album's special guest Bootsy Collins. Silk Sonic performed "Leave the Door Open" live for the first time at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards on March 14, 2021; their performance received critical acclaim from music critics. They also performed it live at the 2021 iHeartRadio Music Awards on May 27, 2021. "Consequence"s Nina Corcoran called the performance "mesmerizing". Joe Lynch, from "Billboard", praised Silk Sonic's performance as they, "worked the crowd exactly like the '70s soul singers that Silk Sonic pays homage to would have." A month later, the duo performed "Leave the Door Open" at the BET Awards 2021.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: On July 30, 2021, "Skate" was issued as the second single also in several countries. Initially, Mars and .Paak stated the album would be released in the fall of 2021. However, its release was delayed to January 2022, as they wanted to issue more songs. Despite their previous scheduling, on October 8, 2021, coinciding with Mars's birthday, Silk Sonic announced the album's release date of November 12, 2021. On the same date, the record was made available for pre-saves and for pre-order worldwide via Mars's official site with four buying options. On October 29, 2021, the digital marketing agency, Get Engaged, affirmed they were working on campaigns to promote the album. On November 10, 2021, two days before the release of the album, in an event hosted by Spotify, Silk Sonic premiered several songs at West Hollywood's Peppermint Club for a selected group of people. On November 21, 2021, the duo performed "Smokin out the Window" at the American Music Awards of 2021. One week later, Silk Sonic sung "Fly as Me" and "Smokin Out the Window" at the 2021 Soul Train Music Awards. The song "777" appeared in a commercial for AirPods shortly after the release of the album.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: On February 14, 2022, the duo released a cover of Con Funk Shun's "Love's Train" (1982) as a commemorative song for Valentine's day. Silk Sonic embarked on their concert residency, An Evening with Silk Sonic at Park MGM, which started on February 25, 2022, held at the Park Theater, Park MGM in Las Vegas. At the 64th Annual Grammy Awards in 2022, the duo performed "777" as the opening act. The duo performed their cover version of "Love's Train" at the 2022 Billboard Music Awards.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "Leave the Door Open" was released as the album's lead single on March 5, 2021, along with its music video. The song was generally well received; reviewers complimented both singers' vocals, as well as the song's composition. It was listed by several publications, including "Billboard" and "Complex", as being among the best songs of the year. The recording was a success, topping the charts in the United States, Israel, and New Zealand, and reached the top ten in several other countries, including Australia, Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), Canada, and Portugal.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "Skate" was released as the album's second single on July 30, 2021, along with its music video. The single received critical acclaim from music critics, who noted the track's "summer vibes", in addition to the "funky" influences of the 1970s. It charted moderately, reaching number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number 12 in New Zealand, and topping the Israel charts.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "Smokin out the Window" was released as the album's third single on November 5, 2021, alongside its music video. The song reached the top five in the United States and New Zealand, as well as top twenty in several other countries, including Australia, Canada, Denmark and the United Kingdom.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: A cover version of Con Funk Shun's "Love's Train" was first released on February 14, 2022, to digital stores and streaming services. It was later confirmed as the record's fourth single by "Billboard" with a radio release date of March 18, 2022, in Italy. The single received critical acclaim from music critics, who praised Mars and .Paak's vocals and their commitment to the original version of the song. It spent 13 weeks on the top spot of the "Billboard" Adult R&B Songs chart.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "After Last Night" was only released as a single to American urban adult contemporary radio stations, on July 5, 2022. Its charting was influenced by the release of its parent album "An Evening with Silk Sonic". It topped the "Billboard" Adult R&B Songs chart.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "An Evening with Silk Sonic" received acclaim from music critics upon release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 83, based on 15 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave "An Evening with Silk Sonic" 8.0 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: Music critics appreciated Mars' and .Paak's chemistry and songwriting. Andy Kellman of AllMusic praised "the duo's playfulness", as "they push each other into new levels of showmanship without pandering to the audience." Talking about the album's themes, Tani Levitt of "Clash" described it as "an album about friendship and swagger masquerading as a love album." Sophie Williams of "NME" lauded Silk Sonic for their attention to detail and wrote that the songs are "rich and colourful", complementing the "all-out pop hooks, lush harmonies and conversational verses." Jon Dolan of "Rolling Stone" called the album "a lavish love letter to Seventies soul music" and dubbed it the most enjoyable album in Mars's repertoire. Music journalist Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" said that Mars and .Paak "flaunt skill, effort and scholarship" in the album, which he called a "lavish, impeccable bauble, a purely ornamental not-quite-period piece." Wongo Okon of "Uproxx" called the album "fun, charismatic, and ambitious in all the best ways," adding that it will "undoubtedly be one of 2021's most memorable albums." Mary Siroky of "Consequence" called the album "delicious, indulgent, and dripping with Motown, funk, and soul". In a mixed review, "No Ripcord" writer Joe Rivers rated the album 6 out of 10 and wrote "An Evening with Silk Sonic" suffers from "a paucity of ideas" with tracks that recycle the same sounds and subject matter.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "An Evening with Silk Sonic " appeared on many year-end best-of lists, with several critics identifying it as one of the best albums of 2021. The following is a selected list of publications.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: In 2022, "An Evening with Silk Sonic" was nominated for Outstanding Album at the 53rd NAACP Image Awards. The album won R&B Album of the Year at the 2022 iHeartRadio Music Awards. It was also nominated for Top R&B Album at the 2022 Billboard Music Awards. It was named Modern Pop-Rock Album/Voice Recording of the Year at the 2022 Fonogram Awards. In the same year, "Leave The Door Open" was nominated for four Grammy Awards at the 64th Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year. Mars and .Paak won the four Grammy Awards for the song, adding Best R&B Performance (tied with "Pick Up Your Feelings" (2020) by Jazmine Sullivan) and Best R&B song. The album would later be nominated for and would go on to win the Album of the Year at the BET Awards 2022.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: The album was nominated for Favorite R&B Album at the American Music Awards of 2022. However, the duo declined to submit it for the 65th Annual Grammy Awards, citing the amount of accolades they had already garnered. Previously, the album had been assumed to be a top contender for Album of the Year.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "An Evening with Silk Sonic" debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 104,000 equivalent album units, which consists of 42,000 album sales, 60,000 streaming units calculated from the 82.6 million on-demand streams of the album's tracks, and 2,000 in track equivalent album units. In its second week, the album remained in the top ten and fell to number four, earning 50,000 album-equivalent units. By the end of 2021, the album had surpassed a billion streams.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: "An Evening With Silk Sonic" sold 37,000 copies on vinyl becoming the largest sales week for an R&B album on vinyl, a record previously held by The Weeknd's "Dawn FM" (2022) with 34,000 copies.


title: An Evening with Silk Sonic

text: Seven of the nine songs from the album charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 the same week. "Leave the Door Open", "Smokin out the Window", "Love's Train" and "After Last Night" topped the Adult R&B Airplay. This achievement led "An Evening with Silk Sonic" to become the second album with four number-one singles on the former chart, tying with Toni Braxton's self-titled (1993) studio album.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: On July 8, 2020, American actress and singer Naya Rivera was declared missing after she failed to return from a boating excursion on Lake Piru near her home in California. Shortly afterwards, her rented boat with her 4-year-old son, Josey Dorsey, was located. Dorsey was unharmed. A search conducted by various authorities in southern California began, though Rivera was formally presumed dead the next day; the search lasted until the morning of July 13, 2020, when her body was recovered and she was pronounced dead from drowning at the age of 33. The death was ruled accidental, with the investigation determining Rivera exhausted herself saving her son's life in the water. In November 2020, Rivera's ex-husband, Ryan Dorsey, and estate brought wrongful death lawsuits against Ventura County and the management of Lake Piru.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: The public manner of the search and Rivera's celebrity contributed to extensive media attention on developments before and after she was found. Rivera had been a series regular on the popular television series "Glee", and was the third series actor to die young. Her body was found on the anniversary of the death of her co-star and close friend Cory Monteith in 2013. Following her death, authorities banned swimming in Lake Piru. Prior to Rivera, several people had drowned in the reservoir.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Lake Piru is a man-made reservoir in the Los Padres National Forest in Ventura County, California, and is sourced by the Santa Clara River. From at least 1993, Lake Piru was the only lake in the county to permit swimming, a popular recreational activity, though it has seen multiple drownings since then. The Lake Piru Recreation Area was closed to the public for much of 2020, with the closure starting before April 4 because of the COVID-19 pandemic and lasting until it reopened on July 1. American actress and singer Naya Rivera had been visiting Lake Piru for years by 2020, and is said to have considered it a "sanctuary".


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Rivera was a strong swimmer. She had vertigo that could become worse when swimming, but had previously been treated for the condition at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and managed it with appropriate medication. Rivera was an experienced boater, taking similar trips from a young age. In a 2017 interview, Rivera had mentioned a scary experience on one such trip, when the anchor of her family's boat got stuck and her father injured himself on the propeller trying to free it. Between 2009 and 2015, Rivera starred on the television comedy "Glee", about a high school glee club. In 2013 and 2018, other young actors from the show, Cory Monteith and Mark Salling respectively, died.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Rivera's mother, Yolanda Previtire, said that Rivera and her four-year-old son, Josey Dorsey, were planning a barbecue by Lake Piru on July 8, 2020, before deciding to rent a boat when they arrived. They left the dock at about 1:00 p.m. PDT, and were expected back at 4:00 p.m., three hours after they left the dock; when they did not return, a search began. Dorsey was found at around 5:00 p.m., alone and asleep on the boat wearing a life jacket. When interviewed by the Ventura County Sheriff's Office, Dorsey told investigators that he and Rivera had jumped off the boat into the lake together and swam briefly, but his mother quickly told him to get back onto the boat. The boat had begun to drift and rock violently while they were in the water because of the wind, which Ryan Dorsey's lawsuit says reached speeds of up to that afternoon. Police reports state that Josey Dorsey recalled that Rivera helped him climb back into the boat but was unable to climb back onboard herself and then disappeared underwater, while the lawsuit claims that Dorsey climbed aboard unaided while his mother struggled to do the same. Both accounts state that Dorsey watched his mother reaching up and calling out for help; he searched for a rope on the boat to help while she was struggling. He also stated that she was not wearing a life jacket.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: The Ventura County sheriff suggested that Rivera and Dorsey likely found themselves caught in a rip current – these can be common in the area of the lake they were in, especially during the afternoon – and struggled to get back to the boat, which was found unanchored and so may have drifted from where they entered the water. He concluded that Rivera likely "mustered enough energy to save her son, but not enough to save herself", noting how Dorsey described being pushed back onto the boat by his mother.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: After Dorsey was found at about 5:00 p.m. on July 8, 2020, in the Narrows, an area at the north of the lake that can be quite deep and windy, a 9-1-1 call was made and a formal search and rescue operation was launched. The boat was searched and an adult life jacket was found on board, along with Rivera's identification. Dorsey was interviewed in the evening of July 8. Rivera's vehicle, a black Mercedes G-Class, was found in the parking lot by the dock.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: The sheriff's office suspended the search and rescue operation that evening and resumed again the following day. The lake was closed to the public, with dive teams from across the region taking part in the search. On July 9, the sheriff's department confirmed to NBC that Rivera was presumed dead and that rescue efforts would now shift to recovery efforts: on the first day of the search, efforts had been made on land to determine if Rivera had made it out of the lake; a lack of evidence and Dorsey telling officers that he saw his mother disappear underwater led them to change the search to recovery. They also released closed-circuit television footage of Rivera and her son arriving in the parking lot and leaving the dock on the boat. On July 10, the number of divers involved was cut from around 100 to around 40. The sheriff's department explained that the visibility was so poor it was more probable Rivera would be found by using sonar devices. As well as dive teams and sonar, sniffer dogs were taken out on the lake.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: On July 11 and 12, Rivera's parents and stepfather, brother Mychal Rivera, ex-husband Ryan Dorsey and close friend and "Glee" co-star Heather Morris joined the search team at the lake. Morris had wanted to conduct her own search around the shoreline, and was in contact with the sheriff's captain in charge of the search, Eric Buschow, whom she already knew, several times. The sheriff's office dissuaded more civilians from trying to search because of dangerous terrain. They restated that they were searching on land as well as in the lake. On July 11, the sheriff's office had announced that other counties and a private contractor were assisting with the search.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: On July 13, it was announced that a body had been found floating in Lake Piru by divers when the search resumed in the morning, at around 9:30 a.m.; the body was confirmed to be Rivera's at a press conference held later that day. Buschow told the media that the body had been found just north of Diablo Cove, and the sheriff's office stated that it was likely the body had been trapped in vegetation underwater before resurfacing. Rivera was officially declared dead on July 13, which is reflected on her death certificate, though this document does state that she died "within minutes".


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: On July 14, the Ventura County medical examiner released an autopsy report stating that the cause of death was an accidental drowning and that there was no evidence of injury or intoxication. The complete toxicology report was made public on September 11, 2020. It said that small amounts of prescription medications for anxiety – amphetamine and diazepam – were found in Rivera's system, as well as caffeine. She also had a negligible blood alcohol content at the time of her death. The autopsy concluded that none of these factors led to intoxication or contributed to her death.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Fans of Rivera posted messages of support during the time of her disappearance, though some expressed "frustration" on social media as the sheriff's office repeatedly asked fans not to attempt to search themselves in the land around the shore of Lake Piru; while Morris had initially suggested she would do this, she also joined the authorities in asking civilians to keep away, as they may get into difficulty in the rural terrain and need rescuing themselves. Shortly after Rivera's disappearance was reported, a petition was started by fans to have signs warning of the danger of swimming erected at Lake Piru.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Another "Glee" actress, Lea Michele, deleted her Twitter account during Rivera's disappearance after becoming a target for internet trolls. While many of the show's actors had stayed close after it ended in 2015 and had posted on social media with prayers for her safe rescue, Michele had stayed silent. In May and June 2020, Michele had been the subject of backlash as many of her co-stars accused her of unpleasant and even racist behavior on set, and she had been absent on social media after this. In previous years, Rivera had personally spoken out against Michele, saying she was difficult and that they were not on speaking terms by the end of the show's run, but said that they did not have any "beef". Michele reportedly received death threats for her silence.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Rivera was interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, Hollywood, a cemetery known for its many entertainment industry burials, following a private service attended by family and close friends, including members of the "Glee" cast, on July 24, 2020. Rivera's crypt is located two to the left of that of Sandra Dee.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: In November 2020, Ryan Dorsey, on behalf of his and Rivera's young son, Josey Dorsey, and Rivera's estate, brought wrongful death lawsuits against Ventura County and the management of Lake Piru. The suit claims that there were no signs to warn of the dangers of the lake and of swimming in the lake, and that the rental boat provided to Rivera did not meet safety standards under California law, specifically that it did not come equipped with flotation devices, nor "with a safely accessible ladder, adequate rope, an anchor, a radio, or any security mechanisms to prevent swimmers from being separated from their boats". The lawsuit is also pursuing survivor's claims for Dorsey and claims of negligent emotional distress, stating that "Rivera may not have known that her son had made it to the boat but she surely knew that she was dying and would not make it back to her son", as well as highlighting the later publication of toxicology reports, which it says were the defendants' "attempts to discredit [Rivera] in the media and distract from their own negligence".


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: In end-of-year reports for 2020, Rivera's death was widely covered in the media. Mitú noted that she was the eighth most-searched topic on Google, writing that "in a year of catastrophic loss, [...] the tragic loss of Naya Rivera [...] seems to have struck a major chord among all of us", and news outlets in Australasia described the drowning as the "most chilling celebrity death" of the year. "Insider" listed a photograph of "Glee" cast members holding hands along the shore of Lake Piru on July 13 as one of the most powerful images of 2020.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Fans of Rivera shared tributes after she was found dead. Her family thanked them for the "outpouring of love" in a message shared on July 15. On July 13, Rivera's boyfriend Jermaine Jones made an Instagram post expressing his grief while focusing on Rivera's love for her son, and her ex-fiancé, Big Sean, wrote a post on July 19 saying she was "a hero", referring to saving her son and the representation she gave for many. Her ex-husband Ryan Dorsey made no public statement until after Rivera's funeral, when he posted on Instagram to say that he was still finding her death hard to believe, but that having their son makes coping easier "because a part of [Rivera] will always be with [him]", promising to raise Josey knowing who his mother was. Other reactions from public figures included prominent politicians Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Kamala Harris, who noted her profound impact in creating intersectional representation on primetime television; Demi Lovato, who played the girlfriend of Rivera's character on "Glee" in its fifth season, expressed similar sentiments, writing: "The character you played was groundbreaking for tons of closeted (at the time) queer girls like me and your ambition and accomplishments were inspiring to Latina women all over the world". Tributes came from performers across music, television, film, and theatre.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Rivera's many "Glee" co-stars, a group of whom had gathered at the lake on July 13 to say prayers shortly before her body was found, also paid tribute. Jane Lynch was one of the first to react after her death, tweeting "Rest sweet, Naya. What a force you were"; several other members of the cast also described her as "a force". The show's creators, Ryan Murphy, Ian Brennan, and Brad Falchuk, announced that they planned to start a college fund for Rivera's son, Josey. Heather Morris posted photos of their sons together, calling Rivera a "consistent and loving friend" who was the "strongest and most resilient human being [she knew]", and shared a video of herself dancing to Rivera's song "Radio Silence" in tribute.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: The media noted that Rivera's body was found on the anniversary of the death of her co-star and friend, Cory Monteith seven years earlier; a tribute she had sung for him, the song "If I Die Young", saw a surge of views. Lea Michele posted black-and-white images of Monteith and Rivera on Instagram to remember both of the actors, while Max Adler tweeted "Hey, July 13th" followed by a middle finger emoji, and John Lock tweeted "today of all the days", as reactions to the deaths of their co-stars. Another member of the cast, Kevin McHale, tweeted that "[he is] not religious by any means, but you'd be hard-pressed to convince [him] that Cory didn't help find our girl [Rivera] today". Monteith's mother, Ann McGregor, also posted a lengthy tribute, writing how much Rivera's friendship had meant to her son and their family and saying: "We'll carry you in our hearts forever. We miss you. Friends reunited for eternity".


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Rivera had a lead role in the television series "Step Up", which was renewed for a third season and moved network to Starz in May 2020; Rivera was announced to be continuing her role as the season went into production. With Rivera's death, the season is set to be rewritten. In the two weeks following her death, the single "Supermassive Black Hole", a 2012 track by 2Cellos featuring Naya Rivera, appeared in the charts; it reached number 16 on the iTunes Top 100 Classical chart in the week of July 13 to July 19, 2020, dropping to number 81 the week after.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: In February 2020, shortly before filming was shut down, Rivera recorded a guest spot in an episode of the Netflix show "Sugar Rush", to be released on July 31, 2020. Following her death shortly before this date, Netflix entered discussions with Rivera's family and manager about releasing the episode; it was announced on the day before the season's release that it would be airing as planned, with the episode dedicated to her. She made another posthumous appearance in November 2020, in an episode of "The Eric Andre Show". Eric Andre told IndieWire that, though the show had said they would never release the long cuts of celebrity interviews, "[they] almost did put an extended interview up this year [...] with Naya Rivera because she had so many funny gags in her interview that [they] couldn't cram in the episode's time. [They] were gonna put it out but then she passed away and [they] didn't want it to feel like [they] were exploiting her death or anything dark or weird for marketing."


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Lake Piru remained closed to the public for over a month after Rivera's death. It planned to reopen on August 17, 2020, but the Holser Fire between the town of Piru and the reservoir prevented access and the lake remained closed until August 20. While it reopened for fishing and boating, swimming at the reservoir is now prohibited.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Rivera began dating recording artist Big Sean in April 2013; they were engaged between October 2013 and April 2014. They had an unpleasant separation and Big Sean rapped about Rivera on his diss track "I Don't Fuck with You", despite her begging him not to. In an interview shortly after her death, Big Sean claimed that Rivera liked the song "I Don't Fuck with You" when he was asked if he regretted dissing her; as she had expressed her dislike for what "Distractify" described as a "super demeaning song" in life, some fans became upset that Big Sean appeared to be lying about her feelings to improve his own image and "<nowiki>#bigseanisoverparty</nowiki>" began trending on Twitter.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: The interview had been conducted as publicity for his album "Detroit 2"; after the album was released it was described as "polarizing", with "Pitchfork" taking particular issue with the song "Lucky Me". Part of the track is a "vapid [...] insistence that someone's personal struggles might specifically be a problem for [Big Sean]", as he describes trouble involving his ex-girlfriends as a "living nightmare" for himself. The review found this unpleasant on the surface, adding that such lyrics "[become] borderline sociopathic when you recall that earlier this summer, Big Sean's ex-girlfriend, the actress Naya Rivera, died in a boating accident while saving her son's life."


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: A memorial to Rivera was constructed under the Lake Piru sign in the days after her death. In late July 2020, Filipino director Drama Del Rosario thanked Rivera and her representation in his acceptance speech for the Jury Prize at the PBS Short Film Festival; his winning film looked at how his family came to accept his sexuality when he was outed in high school, with Rivera's "Glee" character Santana Lopez helping them understand, and he said "[she] is a testament to how much queer entertainment can change the life of a family on the other side of the world". Chris Colfer guest wrote an article for "Variety" eulogizing her. To honor Rivera, the Gay Emmys replaced its Best Coming Out Story award with the Santana Lopez Legacy Award For Outstanding Queer Teen Character, beginning with the 2020 event.


title: Death of Naya Rivera

text: Singer Amber Riley (also a former "Glee" actress), under her stage name RILEY, performed a tribute to Rivera on the August 27, 2020 episode of "Jimmy Kimmel Live!"; guest host Lil Rel Howery, another friend of the late actress, organized the tribute when a musical guest dropped out, inviting Riley instead. The performance, broadcast in black-and-white, included a montage of images from Rivera's life provided by her mother. Rivera was featured in the In Memoriam segment at the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, appearing with Regis Philbin at the beginning of the montage, and, despite not being primarily associated with music in 2020, she was similarly remembered at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards, appearing along with Chadwick Boseman at the end of the montage. When Boseman died in August 2020, his death was likened to other unexpected deaths of young black celebrities in 2020, particularly Kobe Bryant and Rivera; the Associated Press and "Clarín" noted Rivera and Boseman as Hollywood's most impactful 2020 deaths. On April 8, 2021, at the 32nd GLAAD Media Awards, several members of the Glee cast honored Rivera in a tribute introduced by Demi Lovato.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Iris is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers. As well as being the scientific name, "iris" is also widely used as a common name for all "Iris" species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is 'flags', while the plants of the subgenus "Scorpiris" are widely known as 'junos', particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.


title: Iris (plant)

text: The often-segregated, monotypic genera "Belamcanda" (blackberry lily, "I. domestica"), "Hermodactylus" (snake's head iris, "I. tuberosa"), and "Pardanthopsis" (vesper iris, "I. dichotoma") are currently included in "Iris".


title: Iris (plant)

text: Three Iris varieties are used in the Iris flower data set outlined by Ronald Fisher in his 1936 paper "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems" as an example of linear discriminant analysis.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Irises are perennial plants, growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises) or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect flowering stems which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have a circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3–10 basal sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species also have 2–10 narrow leaves growing from the bulb.


title: Iris (plant)

text: The inflorescences are in the shape of a fan and contain one or more symmetrical six-lobed flowers. These grow on a pedicel or peduncle. The three sepals, which are usually spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as "falls". They expand from their narrow base (the "claw" or "haft"), into a broader expanded portion ("limb" or "blade") and can be adorned with veining, lines or dots. In the centre of the blade, some of the rhizomatous irises have a "beard", a row of fuzzy hairs at the base of each falls petal which gives pollinators a landing place and guides them to the nectar.


title: Iris (plant)

text: The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called "standards". Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards, but generally limb and standards differ markedly in appearance. They are united at their base into a floral tube that lies above the ovary (known as an epigynous or inferior ovary). The three styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches; this is significant in pollination.


title: Iris (plant)

text: The iris flower is of interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing for nectar, will first come into contact with the perianth, then with the three stigmatic stamens in one whorled surface which is borne on an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorled underside of the stamens is beneath the overarching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma; in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower will, in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma; in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower.


title: Iris (plant)

text: The iris fruit is a capsule which opens up in three parts to reveal the numerous seeds within. In some species, the seeds bear an aril. Such as "Iris stolonifera" which as light brown seeds that have thick white aril (or coatings).


title: Iris (plant)

text: It takes its name from the Greek word "îris" "rainbow", which is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris. Some authors state that the name refers to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species.


title: Iris (plant)

text: "Iris" is the largest genus of the family Iridaceae with up to 300 species – many of them natural hybrids. Plants of the World Online lists 310 accepted species from this genus as of 2022. Modern classifications, starting with Dykes (1913), have subdivided them. Dykes referred to the major subgroupings as sections. Subsequent authors such as Lawrence (1953) and Rodionenko (1987) have generally called them subgenera, while essentially retaining Dykes' groupings, using six subgenera further divided into twelve sections. Of these, section "Limneris" (subgenus "Limneris") was further divided into sixteen series. Like some older sources, Rodionenko moved some of the bulbous subgenera ("Xiphium", "Scorpiris" and "Hermodactyloides") into separate genera ("Xiphion", "Juno" and "Iridodictyum" respectively), but this has not been accepted by later writers such as Mathew (1989), although the latter kept "Hermodactylus" as a distinct genus, to include "Hermodactylus tuberosus", now returned to "Hermodactyloides" as "Iris tuberosa".


title: Iris (plant)

text: Rodionenko also reduced the number of sections in subgenus Iris, from six to two, depending on the presence ("Hexapogon") or absence ("Iris") of arils on the seeds, referred to as "arilate" or "nonarilate". Taylor (1976) provides arguments for not including all arilate species in "Hexapogon".


title: Iris (plant)

text: In general, modern classifications usually recognise six subgenera, of which five are restricted to the Old World; the sixth (subgenus "Limniris") has a Holarctic distribution. The two largest subgenera are further divided into sections. The Iris subgenus has been divided into six sections; bearded irises (or pogon irises), Psammiris, Oncocyclus, Regelia, Hexapogon and Pseudoregelia. Iris subg. Limniris has been divided into 2 sections; Lophiris (or 'Evansias' or crested iris) and Limniris which was further divided into 16 series.


title: Iris (plant)

text: The concept of introgressive hybridization (or "introgression") was first invented to describe the pattern of interspecific hybridization followed by backcrossing to the parentals that is common in this genus.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Nearly all species are found in temperate Northern Hemisphere zones, from Europe to Asia and across North America. Although diverse in ecology, "Iris" is predominantly found in dry, semi-desert, or colder rocky mountainous areas. Other habitats include grassy slopes, meadowlands, woodland, bogs and riverbanks. Some irises like "Iris setosa" can tolerate damp (bogs) or dry sites (meadows), and "Iris foetidissima" can be found in woodland, hedge banks and scrub areas.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Iris is extensively grown as ornamental plant in home and botanical gardens. Presby Memorial Iris Gardens in New Jersey, for example, is a living iris museum with over 10,000 plants, while in Europe the most famous iris garden is arguably the Giardino dell'Iris in Florence (Italy) which every year hosts a well attended iris breeders' competition. Irises, especially the multitude of bearded types, feature regularly in shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show.


title: Iris (plant)

text: For garden cultivation, iris classification differs from taxonomic classification. Garden iris are classed as either bulb iris or rhizome iris (called rhizomatous) with a number of further subdivisions. Due to a wide variety of geographic origins, and thus great genetic diversity, cultivation needs of iris vary greatly.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Iris grow well in most any garden soil types providing they are well-drained. The earliest to bloom are species like "I. junonia" and "I. reichenbachii", which flower as early as February and March in the Northern Hemisphere, followed by the dwarf forms of "I. pumila", and then by most of the tall bearded varieties, such as the German iris and its variety "florentina", sweet iris, Hungarian iris, lemon-yellow iris ("I. flavescens"), "Iris sambucina", and their natural and horticultural hybrids such as those described under names like "I. neglecta" or "I. squalens" and best united under "I. × lurida".


title: Iris (plant)

text: The iris is promoted in the United Kingdom by the British Iris Society. The national collection of Arthur Bliss Irises is held in Gloucestershire.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Bearded iris are classified as dwarf, tall, or aril. In Europe, the most commonly found garden iris is a hybrid iris (falsely called German iris, "I. germanica" which is sterile) and its numerous cultivars. Various wild forms (including "Iris aphylla") and naturally occurring hybrids of the Sweet iris ("I. pallida") and the Hungarian iris ("I. variegata") form the basis of almost all modern hybrid bearded irises. Median forms of bearded iris (intermediate bearded, or IB; miniature tall bearded, or MTB; etc.) are derived from crosses between tall and dwarf species like "Iris pumila".


title: Iris (plant)

text: The "beard", short hairs arranged to look like a long furry caterpillar, is found toward the back of the lower petals and its purpose is to guide pollinating insects toward the reproductive parts of the plant. Bearded irises have been cultivated to have much larger blooms than historically; the flowers are now twice the size of those a hundred years ago. Ruffles were introduced in the 1960s to help stabilize the larger petals.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Bearded iris are easy to cultivate and propagate and have become very popular in gardens. A small selection is usually held by garden centres at appropriate times during the season, but there are thousands of cultivars available from specialist suppliers (more than 30,000 cultivars of tall bearded iris). They are best planted as bare root plants in late summer, in a sunny open position with the rhizome visible on the surface of the soil and facing the sun. They should be divided in summer every two or three years, when the clumps become congested.


title: Iris (plant)

text: A truly red bearded iris, like a truly blue rose, remains an unattained goal despite frequent hybridizing and selection. There are species and selections, most notably based on the beardless rhizomatous Copper iris ("I. fulva"), which have a relatively pure red color. However, getting this color into a modern bearded iris breed has proven very difficult, and thus, the vast majority of irises are in the purple and blue range of the color spectrum, with yellow, pink, orange and white breeds also available. Irises like many related genera lack red-based hues because their anthocyanins are delphinidin-derived. Pelargonidin-derived anthocyanins would lend the sought-after blue-based colors but these genera are metabolically disinclined to produce pelargonidin. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductases in "Iris"s relatives selectively do not catalyse dihydrokaempferol to leucopelargonidin, the precursor, and this is probably the case here as well. The other metabolic difficulty is the presence of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, which in "Chrysanthemum" inhibits pelargonidin synthesis. The bias in irises towards delphinidin-anthocyanins is so pronounced that they have served as the gene donors for transgenic attempts at the aforementioned blue roses. Although these have been technically successful over 99% of their anthocyanins are blue their growth is crippled and they have never been commercializable.


title: Iris (plant)

text: The following is a selection of bearded irises that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:


title: Iris (plant)

text: This section contains the cushion irises or royal irises, a group of plants noted for their large, strongly marked flowers. Between 30 and 60 species are classified in this section, depending on the authority. Species of section "Oncocyclus" are generally strict endemics, typically occurring in a small number of scattered, disjunct populations, whose geographical isolation is enhanced by their pollination strategy and myrmecochory seed dispersal. Morphological divergence between populations usually follows a cline reflecting local adaptation to environment conditions; furthermore, this largely overlaps divergence between species, making it difficult to identify discrete species boundaries in these irises. Compared with other irises the cushion varieties are scantily furnished with narrow sickle-shaped leaves and the flowers are usually borne singly on the stalks; they are often very dark and in some almost blackish. The cushion irises are somewhat fastidious growers, and to be successful with them they must be planted rather shallow in very gritty well-drained soil. They should not be disturbed in the autumn, and after the leaves have withered the roots should be protected from heavy rains until growth starts again naturally.


title: Iris (plant)

text: This section, closely allied to the cushion irises, includes several garden hybrids with species in section "Oncocyclus", known as "Regelio-cyclus" irises. They are best planted in September or October in warm sunny positions, the rhizomes being lifted the following July after the leaves have withered.


title: Iris (plant)

text: There are six major subgroupings of the beardless iris, depending on origin. They are divided into Pacific Coast, Siberica, Spuria, Louisiana, Japanese, and other.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Beardless rhizomatous iris types commonly found in the European garden are the Siberian iris ("I. sibirica") and its hybrids, and the Japanese Iris ("I. ensata") and its hybrids. "Japanese iris" is also a catch-all term for the Japanese iris proper ("hanashōbu"), the blood iris ("I. sanguinea, ayame") and the rabbit-ear iris ("I. laevigata, kakitsubata"). "I. unguicularis" is a late-winter-flowering species from Algeria, with sky-blue flowers with a yellow streak in the centre of each petal, produced from Winter to Spring. Yet another beardless rhizomatous iris popular in gardening is "I. ruthenica", which has much the same requirements and characteristics as the tall bearded irises. In North America, Louisiana iris and its hybrids are often cultivated.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Often called 'junos', this type of iris is one of the more popular bulb irises in cultivation. They are generally earliest to bloom.


title: Iris (plant)

text: This group includes irises generally of European descent, and are also classified as Dutch, English, or Spanish iris.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Reticulate irises with their characteristic bulbs, including the yellow "I. danfordiae", and the various blue-purple "I. histrioides" and "I. reticulata", flower as early as February and March. These reticulate-bulbed irises are miniatures and popular spring bulbs, being one of the first to bloom in the garden. Many of the smaller species of bulbous iris, being liable to perish from excess of moisture, should have a well-drained bed of good but porous soil made up for them, in some sunny spot, and in winter should be protected by a covering of half-decayed leaves or fresh coco-fiber.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Rhizomes of the German iris ("I. germanica") and sweet iris ("I. pallida") are traded as orris root and are used in perfume and medicine, though more common in ancient times than today. Today Iris essential oil (absolute) from flowers are sometimes used in aromatherapy as sedative medicines. The dried rhizomes are also given whole to babies to help in teething. Gin brands such as Bombay Sapphire and Magellan Gin use orris root and sometimes iris flowers for flavor and color.


title: Iris (plant)

text: For orris root production, iris rhizomes are harvested, dried, and aged for up to 5 years. In this time, the fats and oils inside the roots undergo degradation and oxidation, which produces many fragrant compounds that are valuable in perfumery. The scent is said to be similar to violets. The aged rhizomes are steam-distilled which produces a thick oily compound, known in the perfume industry as "iris butter" or orris oil.


title: Iris (plant)

text: Iris rhizomes also contain notable amounts of terpenes, and organic acids such as ascorbic acid, myristic acid, tridecylenic acid and undecylenic acid. Iris rhizomes can be toxic. Larger blue flag ("I. versicolor") and other species often grown in gardens and widely hybridized contain elevated amounts of the toxic glycoside iridin. These rhizomes can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or skin irritation, but poisonings are not normally fatal. Irises should only be used medicinally under professional guidance.


title: Iris (plant)

text: In water purification, yellow iris ("I. pseudacorus") is often used. The roots are usually planted in a substrate (e.g. lava-stone) in a reedbed-setup. The roots then improve water quality by consuming nutrient pollutants, such as from agricultural runoff. This highly aggressive grower is now considered a noxious weed and prohibited in some states of the US where it is found clogging natural waterways.


title: Iris (plant)

text: The Iris is one of the flowers listed as birth flower for February. In Christianity, the iris represents Our Lady of Sorrows as its sharp leaves are like swords.


title: Iris (plant)

text: The Iris croatica is the unofficial National Flower of Croatia. "Iris nigricans", the black iris is the national flower of Jordan. Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth Iris, is the symbol of the city of Upper Nazareth.


title: Iris (plant)

text: In 1998, "Iris lacustris", the Dwarf Lake iris was designated the state wildflower of Michigan, where the vast majority of populations exist.


title: Iris (plant)

text: In 1990, the Louisiana iris was voted the state wildflower of Louisiana, though the state flower is the magnolia blossom.


title: Iris (plant)

text: In Iran and Kashmir, "Iris kashmiriana" and "Iris germanica" are most commonly grown on Muslim grave yards.