title: Xoloitzcuintle

text: The Xolo has been developed by natural selection for thousands of years, and is therefore generally not prone to health and structure problems as other dog breeds more modified by human selection efforts. Xolos came from tropical climates and are not suited for outdoor life in colder temperate and northern climates; they should be considered an indoor dog breed. They need bathing, light grooming and skin care as with other dogs of similar physical type, or acne can result. Most skin problems arise from poor breeding, neglect, or over-bathing and over-lotioning, stripping natural protections and clogging pores.


title: Xoloitzcuintle

text: Xoloitzcuintles have been receiving more recognition in recent years, this can be seen in increased representation in popular culture and in the popularity of the dog as a pet. Museo El Carmen in Mexico City exhibited a show titled "Xolos, compañeros de viaje" (Xolos, travel companions) in 2019–20 of more than 100 artifacts – ceramics, remains, and artworks – overviewing the importance of the Xoloitzcuintle in Mexican heritage. A Xolo named Dante stars in the US blockbuster CGI animation 2017 Disney/Pixar film "Coco". On August 12, 2016, the Mayor of Mexico City Miguel Ángel Mancera designated the Xoloitzcuintle a "cultural heritage and symbol" of Mexico City. The Dolores Olmedo Museum keeps a pack of Xolos on their grounds.


title: Xoloitzcuintle

text: The Xoloitzcuintle is the symbol and mascot of Club Tijuana, the Xoloitzcuintles de Caliente, a professional soccer club founded in 2007. Xolos are depicted in some of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo's paintings, one of which is commemorated on the 2007 500-peso note, featuring Kahlo's painting titled "Love's Embrace of the Universe, Earth, (Mexico), I, Diego, and Mr. Xólotl" (1949) on the reverse of the note. Diego Rivera's large murals, "The History of Mexico", in the Palacio Nacional in Mexico City feature numerous Xolos.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Sejong of Joseon (15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450), personal name Yi Do (Korean: 이도; Hanja: 李祹), widely known as Sejong the Great (Korean: 세종대왕; Hanja: 世宗大王), was the fourth ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. Initially titled Grand Prince Chungnyeong (Korean: 충녕대군; Hanja: 忠寧大君), he was born as the third son of King Taejong and Queen Wongyeong. In 1418, he was designated as heir after his eldest brother, Crown Prince Yi Je, was stripped of his status. Today, King Sejong is regarded as one of the greatest leaders in Korean history.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Despite ascending to the throne after his father's voluntary abdication in 1418, Sejong was a mere figurehead while Taejong continued to hold the real power and govern the country up till his death in 1422. Sejong was the sole monarch for the next 28 years, although after 1439 he became increasingly ill, and starting from 1442, his eldest son, Crown Prince Yi Hyang (the future King Munjong), acted as regent.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Sejong reinforced Korean Confucian and Neo-Confucian policies, and enacted major legal amendments (공법, 貢法). He personally created and promulgated the Korean alphabet (today known as hangul), encouraged advancements in science and technology, and introduced measures to stimulate economic growth. He dispatched military campaigns to the north and instituted the "Samin Jeongchaek" ("Peasants Relocation Policy"; 사민정책, 徙民政策) to attract new settlers to the region. To the south, he helped subjugate Japanese pirates, during the Ōei Invasion.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Although the appellation "the Great" (대왕, 大王) was posthumously given to almost every monarch from the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, this style is usually associated with Gwanggaeto and Sejong.


title: Sejong the Great

text: He was born on 10 April 1397, which was later adjusted to 15 May, after Korea's adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1896. This date is his officially recognized birthday, and is celebrated along with National Teachers Day in South Korea.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Sejong was the son of King Taejong by his wife, Queen Wongyeong. When he was twelve, he became Grand Prince Chungnyeong (충녕대군). During childhood, he was favored by his father over his two older brothers.


title: Sejong the Great

text: As the third son of the king, his ascension to the throne was unique. Taejong's eldest son, Yi Je (이제), was named heir apparent in 1404. However, his free spirited nature as well as his preference for hunting and leisure activities resulted in his removal from the position in June 1418. Though it is said that he abdicated in favor of Sejong, there are no definitive records. Taejong's second son, Grand Prince Hyoryeong (효령대군), became a Buddhist monk upon the elevation of his younger brother.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Following Yi Je's demotion, Taejong moved quickly to secure his third son's place as heir apparent, and the government was purged of officials who disagreed with the change. In September 1418, Taejong abdicated. However, even in retirement he continued to influence government policy. Sejong's surprising political skill and creativity did not become apparent until after his father's death in 1422.


title: Sejong the Great

text: King Sejong reorganized the government by appointing people from different social classes as civil servants. Furthermore, he performed government ceremonies according to Confucianism, and encouraged people to behave according to the teachings of Confucius.


title: Sejong the Great

text: He suppressed Buddhism by banning outside monks from entering Hanseong (modern Seoul) and reduced the seven schools of Buddhism down to two, "Seon" and "Gyo", drastically decreasing the power and wealth of the religious leaders. One of the key factors in this suppression was Sejong's reform of the land system. This policy resulted in temple lands being seized and redistributed for development, with the monks losing large amounts of economic influence. During the Goryeo dynasty, monks wielded a strong influence in politics and the economy. With the dominant powers of Joseon now being devout Confucianists, Buddhism was considered a false philosophy and the monks were viewed as corrupted by power and money. The Seokbosangjeol, a 24-volume Korean-language translation of Chinese Buddhist texts (a biography of Buddha and some of his sermons), was commissioned and published in Sejong's reign by his son Suyang, as an act of mourning for Queen Soheon.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 1427, Sejong also gave a decree against the Huihui (Korean Muslim) community that had held special status and stipends since Yuan dynasty's rule over Goryeo. The Huihui were forced to abandon their headgear, to close down their "ceremonial hall" (a mosque in the city of Gaegyeong, in present-day Kaesong) and worship like everyone else. No further mention of Muslims exist during the Joseon era.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In the early years of the Joseon dynasty, the economy was based on a barter system with cloth, grain, and cotton being the most common forms of currency. In 1423, under King Sejong’s administration, the government attempted to develop a national currency modeled off of the Tang dynasty's "Kaiyuan Tongbao". The "Joseon Tongbo" was a bronze coin, backed by a silver standard, with 150 coins being equal to 600 grams of silver. Production of the Joseon Tongbo ceased in 1425 because they were too expensive to make, with the exchange rate falling to less than the intrinsic value of the coin.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Sejong collaborated closely with China's Ming dynasty. In relations with Jurchen people, he installed ten military posts (사군육진, 四郡六鎭), in the northern part of the peninsula.


title: Sejong the Great

text: He opened three ports to trade with Japan. However, he also launched expeditions to crush Japanese pirates (known as "Waegu") in the East China Sea.


title: Sejong the Great

text: King Sejong was an effective military planner. He created various military regulations to strengthen the safety of his kingdom, and supported the advancement of military technology, including cannon development. Different kinds of mortars and fire arrows were tested as well as the use of gunpowder.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In June 1419, under the advice and guidance of his father, Sejong embarked upon the Ōei Invasion. The ultimate goal of this military expedition was to remove the nuisance of Japanese pirates who had been operating close to Tsushima Island. During the invasion, 245 Japanese were killed, and another 110 were captured in combat, while 180 Korean soldiers died. More than 150 kidnap victims (146 Chinese and 8 Koreans) were also liberated. A truce was made in July 1419 and the Joseon army returned to the Korean peninsula, but no official documents were signed until 1443. In this agreement, known as the Treaty of Gyehae, the "daimyo" of Tsushima promised to pay tribute to the king of Joseon, and in return, the Joseon court rewarded the Sō clan with preferential rights regarding trade between the two countries.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 1433, Sejong sent Gim Jong-seo (김종서, 金宗瑞), a prominent general, to the north to destroy the Jurchens (later known as the Manchus). Gim's military campaign captured several fortresses, pushed north, and expanded Korean territory, to the Songhua River. Four counties and six commanderies were established to safeguard the people from the Jurchens.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 1420, King Sejong's love for science led him to create an institute within Gyeongbok Palace known as the Hall of Worthies ("Jiphyeonjeon"; literally "Jade Hall"; 집현전, 集賢殿). The institute was responsible for conducting scientific research with the purpose of advancing the country's technology. The Hall of Worthies was meant to be a collection of Joseon's best and brightest thinkers, with the government offering grants and scholarships to encourage young scholars to attend.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Sejong promoted the sciences. He wanted to help farmers so he decided to create a farmer's handbook. The book—"Nongsa Jikseol" (농사직설, 農事直說)—contained information about the different farming techniques that were gathered by scientists from different regions of Korea. These techniques were needed in order to maintain the newly adopted methods of intensive and continuous cultivation.


title: Sejong the Great

text: One of his close associates was the great inventor Jang Yeong-sil (장영실, 蔣英實). As a young person, Jang was a naturally creative and smart thinker. Sejong noticed his skill and immediately called him to his court in Hanseong. Upon giving Jang a government position and funding for his inventions, officials protested, believing a person from the lower classes should not rise to power among nobles. Sejong instead believed he merited support because of his ability. Jang Yeong-sil created new significant designs for water clocks, armillary spheres, and sundials.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 1442, Jang Yeong-sil made one of the world's first standardized rain gauges named "Cheugugi". This model has not survived, with the oldest existing Korean rain gauge being made in 1770, during the reign of King Yeongjo. According to the Daily Records of the Royal Secretariat (승정원일기, 承政院日記), Yeongjo wanted to revive the glorious times of King Sejong the Great, and so he read chronicles from that era. When he came across the mention of a rain gauge, Yeongjo ordered a reproduction. Since there is a mark of the Qing dynasty ruler Qianlong (r. 1735–96), dated 1770, this Korean-designed rain gauge is sometimes misunderstood as having been imported from China.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 1434, Jang Yeong-sil, tasked by King Sejong, invented the "Gabinja" (갑인자, 甲寅字), a new type of printing press. This printing press was said to be twice as fast as the previous model and was composed of copper-zinc and lead-tin alloys.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Sejong also wanted to reform the Korean calendar system, which was at the time based upon the longitude of the Chinese capital. He had his astronomers create a calendar with the Joseon capital of Hanseong as the primary meridian. This new system allowed Joseon astronomers to accurately predict the timing of solar and lunar eclipses.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In the realm of traditional Korean medicine, two important treatises were written during his reign. These were the "Hyangyak Jipseongbang" and the "Euibang Yuchwi", which historian Kim Yong-sik says represents "the Koreans' efforts to develop their own system of medical knowledge, distinct from that of China".


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 1426, Sejong enacted a law that granted government "nobi" (slave) women 100 days of maternity leave after childbirth, which, in 1430, was lengthened by one month before childbirth. In 1434, he also granted the husbands 30 days of paternity leave.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In order to provide equality and fairness in taxation for the common people, Sejong issued a royal decree to administer a nationwide public opinion poll regarding a new tax system called "Gongbeop" in 1430. Over the course of five months, the poll surveyed 172,806 people, of which approximately 57% responded with approval for the proposed reform.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Joseon's economy depended on the agricultural output of the farmers, so Sejong allowed them to pay more or less tax according to the fluctuations of economic prosperity and hard times. Because of this, farmers could worry less about tax quotas and instead work at maintaining and selling their crops.


title: Sejong the Great

text: It is said that once, when the palace had a significant surplus of food, the king distributed it to poor peasants who needed it.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 1429, "Nongsa Jikseol" ("Explanations of Agriculture"; 농사직설, 農事直說) was compiled. It was the first book about Korean farming, dealing with agricultural subjects such as planting, harvesting, and soil treatment.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Sejong was also a writer. He composed the famous "Yongbieocheonga" ("Songs of Flying Dragons"; 1445), "Seokbo Sangjeol" ("Episodes from the Life of Buddha"; July 1447), "Worin Cheongang Jigok" ("Songs of the Moon Shining on a Thousand Rivers"; July 1447), and "Dongguk Jeongun" ("Dictionary of Proper Sino-Korean Pronunciation"; September 1447).


title: Sejong the Great

text: One of Sejong’s closest friends and mentors was the 15th century musician Park Yeon. Together they composed over two hundred musical arrangements. Sejong’s independent musical compositions include the "Chongdaeop" ("Great Achievements"), "Potaepyeong" ("Preservation of Peace"), "Pongnaeui" ("Phoenix"), and "Yominrak" ("A Joy to Share with the People"). "Yominrak" continues to be a standard piece played by modern traditional Korean orchestras, while "Chongdaeop" and "Potaepyeong" are played during the "Jongmyo Jerye" (memorials honoring the kings of the Joseon dynasty).


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 1418, during Sejong's reign, scholars developed the "Pyeongyeong" (편경, 編磬), a lithophone modeled off of the Chinese "Bianqing". The Pyeongyeong is a percussion instrument consisting of two rows of 8 pumice slabs hung on a decorative wooden frame with a 16-tone range and struck with an ox horn mallet. It was manufactured using pumice mined from the Gyeonggi Province and was primarily used for ceremonies.


title: Sejong the Great

text: King Sejong profoundly affected Korea's history with the creation and introduction of "hangul", the native phonetic writing system for the Korean language. Although it is widely assumed that he ordered the Hall of Worthies to invent the script, contemporary records such as the "Veritable Records of King Sejong" and Jeong In-ji's preface to the "Hunminjeongeum Haerye" emphasize that Sejong invented it himself.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Before the creation of the new letters, people in the country primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside phonetic writing systems based on Chinese script that predated hangul by hundreds of years, including "idu", "hyangchal", "gugyeol", and "gakpil". However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters that needed to be studied, the lower classes, who often lacked the privilege of education, had much difficulty in learning how to write. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created this unique alphabet (which numbered 28 letters at its introduction, of which four letters have become obsolete) to promote literacy among the common people. Each consonant letter is based on a simplified diagram of the patterns made by the human speech organs (the mouth, tongue and teeth) when producing the sound related to the character, while vowels were formed by combinations of dots and lines representing heaven (a circular dot), earth (a horizontal line) and humanity (a vertical line). Morphemes are built by writing the characters in syllabic blocks. The blocks of letters are then strung together linearly.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Hangul was completed in 1443 and published in 1446 along with a 33-page manual titled "Hunminjeongeum", explaining what the letters are as well as the philosophical theories and motives behind them. The manual purported that anyone could learn the alphabet in a matter of days. People previously unfamiliar with it can typically pronounce Korean words accurately after only a few hours of study.


title: Sejong the Great

text: King Sejong faced backlash from the noble class as many disapproved of the idea of a common writing system, with some openly opposing its creation. Many within the nobility believed that giving the peasants the ability to read and write would allow them to find and abuse loopholes within the law. Others felt that hangul would threaten their families’ positions in court by creating a larger pool of civil servants. The Joseon elite continued to use the Chinese "hanja" long after Sejong’s death. Hangul was often treated with contempt by those in power and received criticism in the form of nicknames, including "eonmun" ("vulgar script"), "amkeul" ("women’s script"), and "ahaekkeul" ("children’s script"). Despite this, the system gained popularity among women and fiction writers.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 1504, the study and publication of hangul was banned by Yeonsangun. Its spread and preservation can be largely attributed to three main factors: books published for women, its use by Buddhist monks, and the introduction of Christianity in Korea in 1602. Hangul was brought into the mainstream culture in the 16th century, due to a renaissance in literature and poetry. It continued to gain popularity well into the 17th century, and gained wider use after a period of nationalism in the 19th century. In 1849, it was adopted as Korea’s national writing system, and saw its first use in official government documents. After the Treaty of 1910, hangul was outlawed again until the liberation of Korea in 1945.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Sejong was blinded by diabetes complications that eventually took his life in 1450. He was buried at "Yeongneung" (, ), in the same mound as his wife, Queen Soheon, who died four years earlier. The tomb is located in Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.


title: Sejong the Great

text: His successor was his first son, Yi Hyang (posthumously honored as King Munjong). Sejong judged that the sickly Munjong was unlikely to live long, and on his deathbed asked the scholars from the Hall of Worthies to look after his young grandson, Danjong. As predicted, Munjong died two years after his ascension, and the political stability enjoyed in the past decades disintegrated when Danjong became the sixth king of Joseon at the age of twelve. Eventually, Sejong's second son, Grand Prince Suyang (later known as King Sejo), usurped the throne in 1455. When six court officials were implicated in a plot to restore his nephew, Sejo abolished the Hall of Worthies and executed Danjong along with several ministers who served during Sejong's reign.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In 2009, a bronze statue of King Sejong was placed on a concrete pedestal on the boulevard of Gwanghwamun Square and directly in front of the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts in Seoul. The sculptor was Kim Young-won. The pedestal contains one of the several entrances to the 3,200 m underground museum exhibit entitled "The Story of King Sejong". It was unveiled on Hangul Day in celebration of the 563rd anniversary of the invention of the Korean alphabet.


title: Sejong the Great

text: Sejong Street ("Sejongno"; 세종로, 世宗路) and the Sejong Centre for the Performing Arts, both located in central Seoul, are named after King Sejong.


title: Sejong the Great

text: In early 2007, the government of the Republic of Korea decided to create a special administrative district from a part of the South Chungcheong Province, near what is presently Daejeon. The district was named "Sejong Special Autonomous City".


title: Sejong the Great

text: A portrait of Sejong is featured on the 10,000 won banknote of the South Korean won, along with various scientific tools invented under his reign.


title: Agnelli family

text: The Agnelli family () is an Italian multi-industry business dynasty founded by Giovanni Agnelli, one of the original founders of the Fiat motor company which became Italy's largest automobile manufacturer. They are also primarily known for other activities in the automotive industry by investing in Ferrari (1969), Lancia (1969), Alfa Romeo (1986) and Chrysler, the latter acquired by Fiat after it filed for bankruptcy in 2009. The Agnelli family is also known for managing, since 1923, and being majority investors of the connational Serie A football club Juventus F.C. since the club's conversion to a limited private company in 1949, as well as being the first shareholders of Sisport. Most members of the family are stakeholders in privately owned Giovanni Agnelli B.V., which in turn has a controlling stake in the publicly listed holding company Exor.


title: Agnelli family

text: The family has sometimes been described in the English-speaking world as "the Kennedys of Italy" for their role in the country's contemporary history and their activity of patronage in modern art and in sports. As of 2020, the extended Agnelli family comprised about two hundred members.


title: Agnelli family

text: In 1899, Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945) and a group of investors founded the company Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino (Fiat).


title: Agnelli family

text: Edoardo Agnelli (1892–1935), industrialist and principal family shareholder of the Italian car company Fiat, was the son of Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945), the founder of Fiat. He had seven children, Clara (1920–2016), Gianni (1921–2003), Susanna (1922–2009), Maria Sole Agnelli (1925–), Cristiana (1927–), Giorgio Agnelli (1929–1965) and Umberto (1934–2004).


title: Agnelli family

text: Agnelli's daughter Susanna Agnelli was the first woman to have been Minister of Foreign Affairs in Italy.


title: Agnelli family

text: Gianni Agnelli (1921–2003) was the oldest son of the industrialist and principal family shareholder of the Italian car company Fiat, Edoardo Agnelli. After WWII he earned a law degree at Turin University and his nickname was L'Avvocato ("The Lawyer"). He was the head of Fiat from 1966 to 2003 and made the company into the most important company in Italy and one of the major car builders of Europe. Gianni was a Fiat CEO. By 1956 he had become the "richest businessman in modern Italian history". In the 1960s and 1970s Fiat produced millions of modest cars including tiny 500 and 600 hatchbacks. Its Mirafiori plant in Turin, built 600,000 autos a year.


title: Agnelli family

text: In the 1970s Gianni and Umberto Agnelli hired Cesare Romiti, known as "Il Duro" or "the tough guy". During that time Fiat's production in Italy "peaked in 1970, when it employed well over 100,000 people there and made 1.4 million cars." Romiti led the firm from 28 February 1996 to 22 June 1998. Romiti was instrumental in the company's return to profitability during this period. Paolo Fresco succeeded him in the aforementioned post.


title: Agnelli family

text: February 1992 saw the start of the "mani pulite" (Clean Hands) judicial inquiry into "Tangentopoli", nationwide corruption with a large number of politicians, bureaucrats and entrepreneurs involved including senior Fiat executives.


title: Agnelli family

text: In 1996 when Gianni reached the mandatory retirement age of 75 after serving as Fiat chairman for 30 years, Romiti replaced him as chairman. A year after Romiti took over as chairman of Fiat, he was convicted of "having falsified company accounts, committing tax fraud and making illegal payments to political parties." Romiti "was one of the most prominent people convicted since the start of Italy's campaign against corruption in 1992." Even though Gianni Agnelli was not implicated by the magistrates, some believed that he had lacked judgement in not denouncing Italy's endemic corruption and in downplaying Fiat's responsibilities. Gianni Agnelli in fact had defended the actions of Romiti and the co-accused Francesco Paolo Mattioli, Fiat's chief financial officer. A 1997 article published in "The Economist" quoted Gianni Agnelli confidence in the Turin Two's innocence and concluded that business attitudes among Italy's powerful "ancien régime" was left unchanged since the scandal of "tangentopoli" ("bribesville") emerged. "Mr. Romiti and Mr. Mattioli had approved a series of slush funds from 1980 through 1992 to provide for Fiat's illegal political contributions and had falsified accounts to hide the payments."


title: Agnelli family

text: While Fiat was a family-controlled company, Gianni Agnelli alone held the family's controlling stake for nearly 60 years. Fiat is an "individual privately-owned oligopoly". Giovanni Agnelli & C. (GA&C), the family's limited partnership was Gianni's command center. By 2003, when he died, "The GA&C partnership was worth about 1.3 billion euros, and its assets consisted of listed holding companies Istituto Finanziario Industriale (IFI) and Istituto Finanziaria di Partecipazioni (IFIL), through which the family controlled Fiat and IFIL's stakes in other companies."


title: Agnelli family

text: By the time of Gianni Agnelli's death in 2003, the "Agnelli family controlled Fiat through a chain of three separate holding companies." Giovanni Alberto Agnelli, Gianni's nephew, who died of cancer in 1997, had been in line to take control of the family companies. In 1997 Gianni publicly announced that his grandson, John Elkann, who was then 21, would succeed him as the head of the family empire. Edoardo Agnelli, Gianni's first-born son died in 2000.


title: Agnelli family

text: He "died at the age of 81, after a prolonged battle with prostate cancer". At one time the Agnelli assets represented 4.4% of Italy's GDP. At the prestigious 2008 photography exhibition in Rome entitled "Gianni Agnelli: An Extraordinary Life", the Agnelli family and the Italian government honoured L'Avvocato. Gianni Agnelli married Marella Agnelli (1927–2019) They had one son Edoardo Agnelli and one daughter Countess Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen.


title: Agnelli family

text: According to the "Independent" Fiat survived the early first years of the twentieth century thanks to "generous government subsidies paid by Italian taxpayers." "As recently as 2002, Italy accounted for more than a third of Fiat's revenue, and the company built more than 1 million vehicles at six plants in the country."


title: Agnelli family

text: Gianni Agnelli was considered to be the most prominent spokesperson representing the Italian economic elites.


title: Agnelli family

text: Gianni explained his popularity in Italy by saying that he was "always present". "There was a war and I, like many others, took part. Then there were other events such as closer relations with the Americans, and I was there. ... We had difficult moments such as terrorism, and I never pulled back. In the course of our lives, of our generation, there also have been happier moments."


title: Agnelli family

text: Professor Gaspare Nevola of the Università degli Studi di Trento, explained that Italian society celebrated a common sense of belonging and national identity through collective identification at Gianni Agnelli's Funeral.


title: Agnelli family

text: At the end of the 1990s Sergio Garavini claimed that, "Fiat seems like the Austro-Hungarian empire on the eve of the First World War. ... When the big push came, it fell to pieces while the royal court continued to fight over succession." L'Avvocato's death was associated with the closing of a chapter by "commentators, politicians, and institutional representatives".


title: Agnelli family

text: Giorgio Agnelli (1929–1965) was a member of the Agnelli family. He was the second son of Virginia Agnelli and of the industrialist Edoardo Agnelli. His brother, Gianni Agnelli, was the head of Fiat until 1996.


title: Agnelli family

text: Umberto Agnelli (1934–2004) was Gianni Agnelli's youngest brother. He was CEO of Fiat from 1970 to 1976. When he knew he was dying and Fiat was in financial trouble, Gianni asked Umberto to return as Fiat's CEO. Fiat had taken out a three-billion-euro loan in 2002 and was unable to pay it back. If they were unable to find a solution, Fiat would belong to its creditor banks.


title: Agnelli family

text: Umberto Agnelli was chairman and later honorary chairman of Juventus, the football team long-associated with Fiat and the Agnelli family. His son Andrea is the current chairman of Juventus.


title: Agnelli family

text: Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen (1955–present) the "only daughter and sole surviving child" of Gianni Agnelli, received an estimated inheritance of $2 billion when her father, Gianni Agnelli died. In a lawsuit filed in 2007 and rejected in 2010, Margherita Agnelli asked that the "2004 inheritance agreement signed with her mother be annulled, claiming that it was based on incomplete information." eventually filing "a lawsuit against her father's three longtime advisors: Gabetti, Grande Stevens and Marrone and her own mother, Marella Agnelli, on May 30, 2007. The lawsuit demanded that Gabetti, Grande Stevens, and Marrone provide a report on her father's estate "with information pertaining to the historic evolution of the assets" from January 24, 1993, forward. D'Antona & Partners, a Milan-based public-relations firm, provided "The Wall Street Journal" with news of the lawsuit before the Agnelli family was aware of it. In Turin, Italy in March 2010 Judge Brunella Rosso rejected the lawsuit filed against Margherita's mother Marella Agnelli and advisers Franzo Grande Stevens and Gianluigi Gabetti. She had three children John, Lapo and Ginevra who inherited the largest shares of the Agnelli fortune.


title: Agnelli family

text: John Elkann (1976–) is the chairman and CEO of Exor, an investment company controlled by the Agnelli family, which controls Stellantis, CNH Industrial, Ferrari, Juventus F.C., Cushman & Wakefield and the Economist Group. In 2013 he was considered to be the world's fourth most influential manager under the age of 40 by "Fortune" magazine. He was chosen as heir to the family empire in 1997 by his grandfather Gianni Agnelli who died in 2003. Currently, Elkann chairs and controls the automaker Stellantis (which owns the Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram and Vauxhall brands).


title: Agnelli family

text: He is the oldest son of Alain Elkann and Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen. In 2004 John Elkann married Donna Lavinia Borromeo, an heiress of the Borromeo family. His grandmother, Marella Agnelli (1927–2019) gave her shares to him to secure his control of the family empire. She divided up Gianni Agnelli's (1934–2003) personal assets with her daughter, Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen.


title: Agnelli family

text: Fiat formerly represented 4.4% of Italy's GDP. From 2001 to 2004 Fiat had lost more than 6 billion euros and was close to bankruptcy. CEO Sergio Marchionne returned the company to profit in 2005. In 2009 as the U.S. automobile industry was collapsing Fiat became a trailblazer by acquiring an initial 20% stake in the then-bankrupt Chrysler company in a deal with the Obama administration. This saved Chrysler. By 2013 Fiat was taking full control of Chrysler and merging Fiat-Chrysler into a global giant. By 2013 Chrysler was profitable again but an article in "The Economist" questioned the financial future of the merged company.


title: Agnelli family

text: In 2005, Lapo Elkann, (1977–) John's brother, was forced to leave the family company because of a scandal but by 2015 was still one of the largest shareholders in the family business along with John, and their sister Ginevra Elkann (1979–).


title: Agnelli family

text: Gianni Agnelli's longtime financial advisors were Franzo Grande Stevens and Gianluigi Gabetti. According to an article in the "Financial Post", in February 2007 Consob, Italy's market regulator, fined the Agnelli family holding company, then-called Ifil (now known as Exor), for engaging in a complicated illegal trade in 2005. They signed contracts with Merrill Lynch which allowed Ifil "to retain its 30 per cent of Fiat in spite of banks in the same period converting billions of euros of debt owed to them by Fiat into equity in the company." According to an article in the "Financial Post", Gianluigi Gabetti, Virgilio Marrone and Franzo Grande Stevens, "were suspended from holding posts in public companies for between two and six months."


title: Agnelli family

text: Gianluigi Gabetti was director general of IFIL Group, the family investment company since 1971 and worked there as Gianni's closest financial adviser for over 30 years. When Gianni died in 2003, Umberto asked the octogenarian to return as CEO of Ifil.


title: Agnelli family

text: Franzo Grande Stevens (1928–), is the lawyer of the family. In 2009 he was prosecuted for market manipulation in the equity swap of Ifi-Ifil (now Exor), Agnelli's holding company and Fiat's financial company.


title: Agnelli family

text: Stellantis, multi-national company and core business of the clan founded in 2021 after Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and Groupe PSA were merged. They have also majority control and some participation in several Italian organizations:


title: Off-White (company)

text: Off-White (stylized as Off-White™ or OFF-WHITE c/o VIRGIL ABLOH) is an Italian luxury fashion label founded by American designer Virgil Abloh. The company was incorporated in Milan in 2012.


title: Off-White (company)

text: The company was first founded as "PYREX VISION" by Virgil Abloh in the Italian city of Milan in 2012. Abloh then rebranded the company as Off-White in 2013, which he described as "the grey area between black and white as the color off-white" to the fashion world. It has shown collections at Paris Fashion Week shows, and is sold in retail stores in Hong Kong, Tokyo, Milan, London, United Kingdom and New York.


title: Off-White (company)

text: In August 2019, José Neves, owner of Farfetch, purchased New Guards Group, the parent organization of Off-White for US$675 million.


title: Off-White (company)

text: In July 2021, LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton announced it would be taking a 60% stake in Off-White, with founder Virgil Abloh, at the time the creative director of menswear for Louis Vuitton, retaining the remaining 40%.


title: Off-White (company)

text: Abloh died on November 28, 2021, of cardiac angiosarcoma at the age of 41. The diagnosis was not made public.


title: Off-White (company)

text: Following the passing of Abloh, Ib Kamara was appointed Art & Image Director for Off-White on April 30, 2022.


title: Off-White (company)

text: Off-White has collaborated with brands and designers such as Nike, Levi, Rimowa, Jimmy Choo, Ikea, Moncler, Browns, Warby Parker, SSENSE, Sunglass Hut, Champion, Evian, Converse, Dr. Martens, Barneys New York, Umbro, Timberland, Takashi Murakami, Heron Preston, ASAP Rocky, Byredo, Boys Noize, Le Bon Marché, Chrome Hearts, Asspizza and Kerwin Frost.


title: Off-White (company)

text: In Fall 2016, and Winter 2017, the company collaborated with Levi's main line, Made & Crafted, and released twelve pieces, six of which were unisex.


title: Off-White (company)

text: In early 2017, the company collaborated with Nike and worked on a project named "", which is a sneaker collection featuring Air Jordans, Converse, Nike Air Max, Nike Air Force One, and Nike Blazers shoes. The collaborations shoe line was divided into two categories, the "Revealing" and "Ghosting". The Off-White and Nike designers had an updated take on Nineties-style shoes, with various patterns and different types of material such as plastic and tulle.


title: Off-White (company)

text: In 2017, the company collaborated with Champion developing sixteen items of clothing, including tracksuits, hoodies, fleeces, and t-shirts. In August 2017, the company also collaborated with ASAP Rocky with his label AWGE. In 2018, the company partnered with Jimmy Choo to create a Summer/Spring collection inspired by Lady Diana, former Princess of Wales.


title: Off-White (company)

text: In April 2018, the company collaborated with IKEA on furniture targeted towards millennials. In Fall 2018 and Winter 2019, the company collaborated with Sunglass Hut on a unisex line of sunglasses called "For Your Eyes Only". In March 2019, the company collaborated with SSENSE on a range of workout clothes.


title: Off-White (company)

text: On June 5, 2018, the company released its collaboration with Rimowa, a transparent suitcase in limited edition. Following the success of the collaboration, a second collection including two RIMOWA x Off-White transparent suitcases (a white version and a black version) is launched in October 2018.


title: Off-White (company)

text: In June 2019, the company collaborated with the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, to create a new "University Blue" color of the Nike Air Force One.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Joseph Roland Wilkinson (born 2 May 1975) is an English comedian, actor and screenwriter. He began his comedy career in 2004 and has supported Alan Carr and Russell Howard on tour. He has also made numerous appearances on television programmes such as "Live at the Apollo" and "Live at the Electric" and has been touring solo since 2011. He began appearing on "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown" in 2012, initially as Rachel Riley's assistant. He has since gone on to become a frequent panellist or guest team captain. He is also in the comedy duo Two Episodes of Mash, alongside Diane Morgan. In 2019 Wilkinson won a celebrity special version of "The Great British Bake Off" (for Stand Up to Cancer UK).


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson was born to Stella (née Dunster) and Brian Rodney Wilkinson and grew up in Kemsing, Kent. He has a brother Robert Brian Wilkinson. He was named after his grandfather, Roland Joseph.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson started his career in 2004 at his local pub, which was holding an 'open mic' evening. Since 2008, he has performed many stand-up shows, including the tour "Joe Wilkinson: My Mum's Called Stella and My Dad's Called Brian", and has appeared at venues such as the Edinburgh Fringe and the Bloomsbury Theatre.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Since 2010, Wilkinson has appeared in a number of television shows. In 2010, he played various characters in the first series of "Robert's Web". He appeared on "The Rob Brydon Show", "The Wright Stuff", "Show & Tell", "Comedy Lab", "My Funniest Year", and the television film "England's Worst Ever Football Team". He played a major role in "Him & Her" as Dan Perkins, the lonely, socially awkward neighbour to main characters Becky and Steve.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson is a regular on popular British panel shows. He has appeared on "8 Out of 10 Cats", "Have I Got News for You", "Mock the Week" and "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" and has performed at a stand-up section of "Russell Howard's Good News". He has appeared in "Miranda".


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson wrote three episodes in the first series of "Anna & Katy", as well as an animated short in 2012, "A Fishy Tale". Three episodes of "Show & Tell" and the episode '2001' for "My Funniest Year" were written by him.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson was involved in the BBC Three comedy show "Live at the Electric" as a member of the comedic double act Two Episodes of Mash with Diane Morgan. It had been previously broadcast on BBC Radio 2.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Since 2014, Wilkinson has appeared as a resident comedian on the revived TV game show "Celebrity Squares", hosted by Warwick Davis on ITV. It returned for a second series in April 2015.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: In 2016, he starred in the Sky 1 series "Rovers" which he co-wrote with David Earl. He was also a contestant on the second series of Dave comedy panel show "Taskmaster".


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: In 2019, Wilkinson appeared as Jeffrey in the first and third series of the Netflix original series "Sex Education", and featured in Ricky Gervais' comedy-drama "After Life" as "Postman Pat", the incompetent and nosey postman of the main character's street.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: In November 2019 he starred in the three-part Gold sitcom "The Cockfields", which he co-wrote with David Earl. Wilkinson plays Simon, who takes his girlfriend Donna (Diane Morgan) to meet his family at their home on the Isle of Wight for the first time.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Since 2012, Wilkinson has made semi-regular appearances on the "8 Out of 10 Cats" spin-off show "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown". He generally participates in the show's latter half and occasionally acts as Rachel Riley's assistant. He often appears in costumes, performs stunts and brings on special guests, and routinely refers to the show's regular model, Robert Deaton, (aka "Fabio"), as his half-brother. In 2012, during the special episode of "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Deal or No Deal?", Wilkinson made a special appearance as the banker's assistant.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson has performed two major tours: "My Mum's Called Stella and my Dad's Called Brian" and "The Joe Wilkinson Experience". Both tours have received mixed reviews, but those for "The Joe Wilkinson Experience" exceeded those of "My Mum's Called Stella and my Dad's Called Brian". In an August 2011 review for "My Mum's Called Stella and my Dad's Called Brian", critic Steve Bennett said, "There's just enough to earn Wilkinson three stars, but it's a close call for a comedian who always seems to attract industry attention but never really comes up with the goods to make an impact."


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: In 2014, Wilkinson appeared in a commercial for Hellmann's Mayonnaise with Sue Barker and Brian Blessed, and in 2015, Wilkinson began voicing ads for Hotels.com.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: In June 2015, Wilkinson appeared in a live recording for the Pappy's Flatshare Slamdown. From the beginning of the show, he was quite inebriated and had to be substituted with a member of the audience when he left to get himself another glass of wine. The episode was published in August 2017.


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: In 2019, Wilkinson took part in a special episode of "The Great British Bake Off" for Stand Up to Cancer, with Georgia Toffolo, Jeremy Paxman and Sally Lindsay. He made Gherkin-inspired biscuits in round one, which host Paul Hollywood loved, and he won first place. Round 2 was chocolate crumpets, which also won first place. Round 3 was to bake a cake representing a hobby: he chose a Chocolate Orange cake to represent his "peachy bum" Rear of the Year award, again coming first. Overall, Wilkinson won Star Baker


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: In 2019 he started a podcast called "Gossipmongers" with David Earl and Poppy Hillstead. He also has two other podcasts with Earl, "Chatabix" and "My New Football Club".


title: Joe Wilkinson

text: Wilkinson has described his life as "boring" but argues it has been useful in giving him material for his stand-up act. He is a supporter of Gillingham F.C.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: The Toyota ZZ engine family is a straight-4 piston engine series. The ZZ series uses a die-cast aluminium engine block with thin press-fit cast iron cylinder liners, and aluminium DOHC 4-valve cylinder heads. The camshafts are chain-driven. The two 1.8 L members of the family, the 1ZZ and 2ZZ, use different bore and stroke. The former was optimised for economy, with torque emphasised in lower revolutions per minute operating range, while the latter is a "square" design optimised for high-RPM torque, yielding higher peak power. The ZZ family replaced the extremely popular cast-iron block "4A" engines.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: Toyota engine names are interpreted as follows. The leading number denotes the generation, and the next one or two letters, specify the engine family. The remaining letters, following a hyphen, describe the engine's major features. For example, the 2ZZ-GE can be decoded as being the second generation of the ZZ engine series and features a performance-oriented cylinder head with widely angled valves (G) and electronic fuel injection (E).


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: The 1ZZ-FE is a version built in Buffalo, West Virginia. Bore X stroke of . Compression ratio is 10.0:1. Output is between at 5,600 rpm with of torque at 4,400 rpm, and at 6,400 rpm with of torque at 4,200 rpm. It uses MPFI, has VVT-i (1998-99 1ZZ engines don't have VVT-i), and features fracture-split forged powder metal connecting rods, one-piece cast camshafts, and either a cast aluminum intake manifold or a molded plastic intake manifold.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: A factory supported bolt-on supercharger kit was sold for the 2003–2004 Corolla and Matrix by Toyota Racing Development, and Pontiac Vibe by GM Performance. The supercharger gives of boost, with a and of torque increase at the wheels.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: Toyota announced a voluntary recall of 2005 to 2008 Toyota Corollas and Matrixes equipped with 1ZZ-FE engines. The issue involves the engine control module, and includes the potential for it to develop a crack on the module's circuit board, which can result in the car not starting, the transmission shifting harshly, or the engine stalling. Additionally, Pontiac announced a voluntary recall of Pontiac Vibes from years 2005 to 2008 for the same issue.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: The 1ZZ-FED is similar to the 1ZZ-FE but is built separately in the Shimoyama plant. Toyota's advertised power output is at 6,400 rpm and of torque at 4,400 rpm. Additional power output over the 1ZZ-FE is accomplished by larger valves and corresponding revisions to the ports. It uses Multi-point fuel injection, VVT-i and has larger 32mm intake valves and 27.5mm exhaust valves compared to the 2002-2008 1ZZ-FE.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: The 2ZZ-GE is a version built in Japan, in collaboration with Yamaha Motor Corporation. Bore x stroke is . It uses Multi-point Fuel Injection, VVTL-i, and features forged steel connecting rods. Compression ratio is 11.5:1, but necessitating "premium" gasoline (91 octane or above in the (R+M)/2 scale used in North America). Power output for this engine varies depending on the vehicle and tuning, with the Celica GT-S, Corolla T-Sport, Lotus Elise and Lotus Exige offering , whereas the American versions of the 2003 Matrix and Pontiac Vibe versions produce @ 7,600 rpm and @ 6800 rpm, with all later years offering anywhere from in 2004 to in 2006 due to a recurved powerband. The differing power figures from 2004 through 2006 are due to changes in dynamometer testing procedures. The Australian variant Corolla Sportivo produces at 7,600 rpm and of torque. Due to noise regulations, Toyota recalled them for a flash of the PCM to up their output to classify them in the more lenient "sports car" noise category. The Corolla Compressor and Lotus Exige S add a supercharger with intercooler to achieve , while the Exige 240R's supercharger increases output to . The addition of a non-intercooled supercharger to the Elise SC produces with a considerable weight saving. The supercharged engines are not labeled 2ZZ-GZE.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: Unique to the ZZ family, the 2ZZ-GE utilizes a dual camshaft profile system (the "L" in VVTL-i, known by enthusiasts and engineers alike as "lift" similar to Honda's VTEC) to produce the added power without an increase in displacement or forced induction. The 2ZZ-GE was the first production engine to combine cam-phasing variable valve timing with dual-profile variable valve lift in the American market. The table below lists the specifications of the two camshaft profiles.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: Toyota commissioned Yamaha to design the 2ZZ-GE, based on Toyota's ZZ block, for high-RPM operation and producing a power peak near the top of the RPM range. The high-output cam profile is not activated until approximately 6,200 rpm, (lift set-points are between 6,000–6,700 rpm depending on the vehicle) and will not engage until the engine has reached at least . The Toyota PCM electronically limits RPM to about 8,200 RPM via fuel and/or spark cut. The "lift" engagement and the engine redline vary by application. Lotus 2ZZ-GEs are rev limited to 8,500 RPM, for example, whereas Celicas were rev limited to 7,900 to 8,200 RPM in North America, depending on the model year. The first Japanese versions were rev limited to 8,600 rpm with a peak of . Consequently, it is impossible to "over-rev" the engine with the throttle alone; a downshift from a higher gear must be involved. A typical "over-rev" can damage the oil pump, commonly disintegrating the lobe ring, resulting in damage similar to the picture at right. The oil pump is the Achilles heel of the 2ZZ, though incidents are rare and usually occur due to fault of the driver. Even the briefest period of oil starvation is usually fatal to this engine design.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: For the first few years of production, the engines were notorious for failing "lift bolts". This did not damage the engine, but would hamper performance as the high output cam profile was unable to properly engage. Toyota fixed the problem in late 2002 with a redesigned bolt that was installed on later engines. Earlier engines with the problematic bolts can be fixed via a Toyota-issued TSB simply requiring the new bolt to be installed in place of the old one.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: The 2004 and newer Matrix and Corolla XRS models were equipped with smog pumps and have an extra hole above each exhaust port in the engine head and manifold where air is injected to achieve complete fuel burning before the exhaust stream reaches the catalyst. All 2ZZ-GE heads from 03/03 onwards carry this modification even if the vehicle does not have the air injection system.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: The high-pressure die-cast aluminum alloy engine block of the 2ZZ-GE featured Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) reinforced cylinder walls. MMC is a reinforcement material composed of ceramic parts and fibers.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: The 3ZZ-FE is a engine unit built in Japan for models built from 2000 to 2010. Bore and stroke is . Max. output is at 6,000 rpm and max. torque is at 4,400 rpm. It features SMP pistons v/s Toyota made in 1ZZ-FE engine. The preferred engine oil is 5W30 API grade SL/SM.


title: Toyota ZZ engine

text: It is found in the Toyota Corolla Altis which is sold in Asian countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan (as SE Saloon) and Taiwan; the Toyota Corolla sedan, hatchback and station wagon sold in Sri Lanka, parts of Europe and the Middle East; and the Toyota Corolla XLi sedan in Brazil. In South Africa, the motor can be found in the RunX 160 and Corolla 160.


title: Kim Fields

text: Kim Victoria Fields-Morgan ( Fields, formerly Freeman; born May 12, 1969) is an American actress and director. Fields is best known for her roles as Dorothy "Tootie" Ramsey on the NBC sitcom "The Facts of Life" (1979–1988), and as Regine Hunter on the Fox sitcom "Living Single" (1993–1998). She currently stars in the "Netflix" original series "The Upshaws".


title: Kim Fields

text: Fields is the daughter of actress/director Chip Fields-Hurd, and the older sister of actress Alexis Fields, best known for her roles on "Kenan & Kel", "Moesha" and "Sister, Sister" as well as "Roc".


title: Kim Fields

text: Before appearing on "The Facts of Life", Fields co-starred in a short-lived sitcom called "Baby, I'm Back" with Demond Wilson and Denise Nicholas, and she appeared in a television commercial for Mrs. Butterworth's syrup. She later appeared on two episodes of "Good Times" as a friend of Penny Gordon Woods, played by Janet Jackson. Fields' episodes on "Good Times" were "The Snow Storm" and "The Physical".


title: Kim Fields

text: Fields played the role of Dorothy "Tootie" Ramsey on the NBC sitcom "The Facts of Life" from 1979 to 1988. Even years later, many still recognize her catchphrase, ""We're in troouu-ble!"". When the show began production, Fields was so short that the producers put her on roller skates during the first season so that they could avoid difficult camera angles. However, she later lost a role as Arnold Jackson's girlfriend on "The Facts of Life"s parent show "Diff'rent Strokes" because she was taller than Gary Coleman, who played Arnold. In 1984, during the run of "The Facts of Life", Fields released two singles on the Critique Records label: the disco/Hi-NRG "He Loves Me He Loves Me Not" (which became a minor club hit), and "Dear Michael" (which became a minor R&B hit, reaching No. 50).


title: Kim Fields

text: After taking time away from acting to attend Pepperdine University. Fields also appeared in a 1993 episode of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", in which Will Smith pretended to marry her in an attempt to seduce her. Fields had a starring role in the hit Fox sitcom "Living Single" from 1993 to 1998 as Regina "Reginé" Hunter.


title: Kim Fields

text: After the cancellation of "Living Single", Fields began performing rap music and R&B with a group called Impromp 2. With her degree from Pepperdine University, Fields began directing. Fields directed a number of episodes of the "All That!" spin-off "Kenan & Kel", in which she also appeared in two episodes. She has worked as a director on the sitcoms "Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns", "Tyler Perry's House of Payne" and BET's "Let's Stay Together".


title: Kim Fields

text: Fields guest-starred on television shows such as UPN's "One on One", "The Golden Palace", and appeared as herself on HBO's "The Comeback". On February 1, 2007, Fields was reunited with her co-star Lisa Whelchel on WFAA-TV's "Good Morning Texas". Fields was in Dallas to promote her appearance in the production "Issues: We've All Got 'Em" when Whelchel was introduced as a surprise guest. It marked the first time in six years (since "The Facts of Life Reunion" movie) that Fields and Whelchel had seen each other.


title: Kim Fields

text: Fields has worked with her husband Christopher Morgan on projects. In 2010, she and Christopher produced and directed a Christmas television special called "Holiday Love". They shot the entire show in three days. "Holiday Love" aired on TV One and a second episode aired for Christmas, 2011. In an interview that included background on the show, Fields described the Christmas special as "restorative and transformative" of her Christian faith. Fields revived "Holiday Love" on the Internet in 2013.


title: Kim Fields

text: On August 18, 2015, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of Bravo reality television show "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" for its eighth season. On March 21, 2016, she announced that she would not return to the show for another season.


title: Kim Fields

text: On March 8, 2016, Fields was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete on season 22 of "Dancing with the Stars". She was partnered with professional dancer Sasha Farber. On May 2, 2016, during a double elimination, Fields and Farber were eliminated and finished the competition in 8th place.


title: Kim Fields

text: In 2017, Fields played the role of Theresa Newman in the Christian film "A Question of Faith". The movie featured Fields' first co-starring appearance in a feature film and premiered in theaters on September 29, 2017.


title: Kim Fields

text: Fields was married to film producer Johnathon Franklin Freeman from 1995 to 2001. Fields gave birth to her first child, Sebastian Alexander Morgan, by then-boyfriend, Broadway actor Christopher Morgan. The couple introduced their son the following week in "People" magazine. On July 23, 2007, they were married in a private ceremony officiated by Pastor Donnie McClurkin. On July 24, 2013, she announced on the talk show, "The Real", that she and her husband were expecting another child, a boy. The couple welcomed their second son, Quincy Morgan, in Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The Volvo XC90 is a mid-size luxury SUV manufactured and marketed by Volvo Cars since 2002 and now in its second generation.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The first generation was introduced at the 2002 North American International Auto Show and used the Volvo P2 platform shared with the first generation Volvo S80 and other large Volvo cars. It was manufactured at Volvo's Torslandaverken. Volvo moved production equipment of the first generation to China and ended Swedish production at the end of 2014, renaming the car as the Volvo XC Classic (or Volvo XC90 Classic).


title: Volvo XC90

text: At the end of 2014, the second generation XC90 was introduced. It is based on a new global platform, the Scalable Product Architecture (SPA). Both generations of the XC90 have won "Motor Trend"s SUV of the Year award in their debuts.


title: Volvo XC90

text: In January 2001, Volvo débuted its "Adventure Concept Car" at the North American International Auto Show, to gauge reaction to the styling and features of its upcoming SUV. In November 2001, Volvo released a teaser image showing the frontal styling of the production version, named the XC90. Notable as Volvo's first SUV model, the styling of the XC90 recalled the concept. In January 2002, the full XC90 unveiling occurred, at the North American International Auto Show. Production began in August 2002, after Volvo's traditional mid-year shutdown, with the first XC90s coming out of the Torslanda factory in Sweden.


title: Volvo XC90

text: At its North American launch for the 2003 model year, the XC90 was presented with a choice of two trim levels, the 2.5 T and the T6. The 2.5 T was the entry level version and offered a 2.5-litre "B5254T2" "T5" turbocharged inline-five engine, producing and mated to an Aisin co-developed five-speed "AW55-50/51" automatic. The T6 offered a 2.9-litre "B6294T" twin-turbocharged inline-six with and mated to a GM-sourced, Volvo-modified four-speed "4T65EV/GT" automatic. While the 2.5T came standard with front-wheel drive, a Haldex Traction all-wheel drive (AWD) system was optional. The T6 was offered only with the AWD system.


title: Volvo XC90

text: A Yamaha V8 engine was added in 2005. This 4.4-litre Volvo B8444S engine produced and of torque. Volvo sold just over 40,000 XC90 units in North America that year.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The XC90 won the "North American Car of the Year" award and "Motor Trend" magazine's Sport/Utility of the Year for 2003.


title: Volvo XC90

text: Jeremy Clarkson, ex-host of "Top Gear", has previously owned three XC90s, and claims they were designed by "someone who must've had children due to its practicality."


title: Volvo XC90

text: The XC90 was updated for 2007 with a restyled front and rear and a revised interior. The 3.2 L "SI6" straight-6 engine replaced the B524T2 straight-5 in the base model for the US market. The 2007 XC90 debuted in April 2006 at the New York Auto Show.


title: Volvo XC90

text: For model year (MY) 2009, the XC90 received a new rear logo, featuring larger lettering with wider spaces between the "VOLVO" letters.


title: Volvo XC90

text: In 2010, all XC90 models received painted wheel arches (previously they were optional). In addition, a new, larger, circular Volvo logo appeared on the front grille.


title: Volvo XC90

text: For MY 2012, new LED tail-lights became available on certain models, although entry-level models retain the previous style. For MY 2013, the XC90 received a cosmetic refresh that included standard LED daytime running lights and taillights, and exterior revisions including body colour bumpers, rocker panels and silver trim replacing black plastic trim.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The refreshed model went on sale during late spring 2012 with a base price of for a front-wheel drive base model. For the 2014 model year the base price is .


title: Volvo XC90

text: In 2001 Volvo became the main sponsor of an around-the-world sailing race, now called the Volvo Ocean Race. The 2005 edition was the first in which all competitors used the same boat known as the Volvo Open 70, a racing yacht made for a crew of 10+ and to be robust enough to survive the open ocean.


title: Volvo XC90

text: In early 2005, Volvo released a special version called "Ocean Race Edition". Special blue colour, leather interior with contrast stitching and special interior trim. A total of 800 were made.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The first generation Volvo XC90 was sold in China as the "XC Classic". It was produced at the Volvo factory located in Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, with necessary tooling shipped from Sweden.


title: Volvo XC90

text: Equipment levels were changed compared to the international versions, and only one engine, a 2.5L turbo petrol 5-cylinder engine with 220 hp, was available. All "XC Classic" models came with AWD as standard and either a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmission. It was priced below the second generation XC90.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The Volvo XC90's front end is designed to absorb frontal impacts and also deflect any pedestrians up on to the hood of the vehicle rather than underneath the vehicle. Volvo has patented the unique frontal structure that features crumple zones, and predetermined positions for the engine and other ancillaries during a frontal impact.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The XC90's roof is reinforced with ultra-high-strength steel to help prevent a collapse in the passenger cavity in the event of a roll-over. This Volvo system is marketed as ROPS, and is closely associated with the Roll Stability Control (RSC), electronic stability control (DSTC), and SIPS systems of Volvo to prevent and ultimately minimise accident forces. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration measures the roll-over risk of the 2013 XC90 as 17.9%. The maximum sideway thrust is 0.77g.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The XC90's rear structure has been designed to absorb impact energy, with occupants are also protected by a whiplash protection system. Marketed as WHIPS, the system cradles the occupants during a rear-end collision.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety awarded the Volvo XC90 their Top Safety Pick award. The XC90 was granted the IIHS's rating of "good" in front, side, rear and roof strength tests and has Electronic Stability Control as standard equipment to receive the award.


title: Volvo XC90

text: At the end of July 2007, Volvo Car Corp. announced the recall of 42,211 2005 model year XC90s for risk of battery short circuit and fire. The vehicles were manufactured in the Swedish Torslanda Plant between 7 June 2004, and 13 May 2005. The recall only applies to cars in the US and Canada. There have been no reports of short circuiting in the vehicles.


title: Volvo XC90

text: In May 2012 Volvo announced that the second generation XC90 would go into production in late 2014, with orders being taken in 2014 and the vehicle officially going on sale in 2015. The SUV would be sold in Europe, Asia and North America, with the United States expected to account for at least a third of global sales.


title: Volvo XC90

text: Volvo had begun development of a second generation XC90 using Ford's EUCD platform under the codename Y305, but was cancelled in 2008 as Ford wouldn't have enough funds to also facelift the rest of the Volvo lineup.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The XC90 is based on Volvo's new platform, marketed as Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) technology which features a stronger platform offering weight reduction while improving safety and efficiency.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The vehicle is longer, wider and lower than its predecessor. All engines in the XC90 are 2.0-litre four-cylinder Drive-E powertrains with Volvo's eight-speed Geartronic transmission, delivered by Aisin. The line-up include two petrol engines: a twincharged T6, producing of torque and a turbocharged T5, producing of torque, two diesel engines: a twin turbo D5, producing of torque and a turbocharged D4, producing of torque. The top-of-the-line model is the XC90 T8 Twin Engine, a plug-in hybrid which combines the more powerful petrol engine at the front with an electric motor at the rear to produce and of torque.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The First Edition of the all-new Volvo XC90, was 1,927 individually numbered cars only available for sale via digital commerce, and sold out in 47 hours after orders opened on 3 September 2014. All 1,927 of the First Edition models, which could feature either the Petrol T6 or Diesel D5 engine, were finished in Onyx Black and feature 21-inch alloy wheels and include every available vehicle option. The limited production run number represents the year the Swedish brand was launched, with each model fitted with uniquely numbered tread plates and a distinctive rear mounted badge, with customers able to select their XC90 First Edition numbers. Number 1 was allocated to Carl XVI Gustav, the King of Sweden, with number 10 going to Zlatan Ibrahimović, a Swedish professional footballer.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The new XC90 has a redesigned chassis with double wishbone front suspension and a new integral link rear axle incorporating transverse leaf spring of lightweight material. The new XC90 can also be equipped with electronically controlled air suspension with a choice of five modes.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The interior features a 9" tablet-like touch screen control console along with steering wheel controls and voice-control system, all linked to an interface, marketed as Sensus, which allows for access to cloud-based apps including Internet radio, connected navigation, parking, music streaming, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, and a Wi-Fi hot spot for using a tablet in the car. Other features include a gear lever made of Orrefors crystal as well as diamond-cut controls for the start/stop button and drive mode control, located on the centre console between the driver and passenger seats.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The highest level audio system in the XC90 features a 1400W Class-D amplifier and 19 Bowers & Wilkins speakers as well as one of the first air-ventilated subwoofers in a car. Integrated into the car body, it turns the entire interior space into a large subwoofer. The latest sound processing software has been used to manage the timing of the sound and co-ordination of the speakers.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The vehicle's seats have also been redesigned with adjustable side bolsters, seat cushion extension and massage. The second row features three individual seats with recline adjustment. A sliding function can be used to create more legroom for the passengers in the third row or to increase loading space. An integrated child booster cushion in the centre seat is available. The Volvo XC90 seats 5 people in two rows of seating or seats 7 people in three rows of seating. The former was discontinued for the 2018 model year. Second-row captain chairs, which eliminates the centre seat in the 2nd-row and reduces capacity to six people, became optional on the Volvo XC90 for the 2020 model year.


title: Volvo XC90

text: Volvo Cars' air purification system has been improved by adding a new carbon filter for more efficient capture of small, particles and pollen in the incoming air. The second generation XC90 offers a 360° view system capable of providing the driver with a birds-eye view, whereby information from all cameras is gathered and digitally integrated in a central processor to form a 360° image. The rear sensing system, marketed as "Park Assist Pilot", offers automatic reversing into a parking bay.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The 2nd generation XC90 was the first Volvo to carry the company's new, more prominent iron mark, which has the iconic arrow aligned with the diagonal metallic slash across the grille, along with T-shaped LED daytime running lights known as "Thor's Hammer" by Volvo designers.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The car is available in five trim levels (Volvo describing it as "expressions"), namely Kinetic (base trim level), Momentum, Inscription (a more luxurious trim), R-design (a sportier trim) and Excellence (ultra-luxury).


title: Volvo XC90

text: The Second Generation Volvo XC90 SUV feature (IntelliSafe), including Run-off-road protection package and Auto brake at intersection.


title: Volvo XC90

text: A lane departure warning system includes a semi-autonomous drive technology, Pilot Assist II as standard on the XC90 in selected markets for model year 2017.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The Volvo brand has also made the claim that "By 2020, nobody shall be seriously injured or killed in a new Volvo."


title: Volvo XC90

text: Euro NCAP tested a 2015 XC90 (model year 2016), 5-door SUV with standard equipment. Euro NCAP regards the XC90 model as a "best in class" performer. NHTSA only recorded for rollover.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety also crash-tested the XC90, and presented the following results:


title: Volvo XC90

text: The T8 plug-in hybrid version of the XC90 is based on technology used in the Volvo V60 PHEV. The batteries, which are situated at the centre of the vehicle, can be charged using an electric vehicle charger and can also store energy recovered by regenerative braking. Volvo says that the XC90 T8 sacrifices no passenger or cargo space to accommodate the hybrid equipment. However, the tank capacity was reduced to for 2016-2018 models and the spare tire was removed.


title: Volvo XC90

text: The vehicle emits 49 g/km of CO and has an all-electric range of under the New European Driving Cycle. Normal driving is conducted in the default hybrid mode, but the driver can switch to a mode that uses only electric power, with zero emission driving. Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tests, at launch, the XC90 T8 had an all-electric range of , with some gasoline consumption (0.1 gal/100 mi), so the actual all-electric range was rated between .


title: Volvo XC90

text: The EPA, under its five-cycle tests, rated the 2016 model year XC90 T8 energy consumption in all-electric mode at 58 kWh per 100 miles, which translates into a combined city/highway fuel economy of 53 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPG-e) ( gasoline equivalent). When powered only by the gasoline engine, EPA's official combined city/highway fuel economy is .


title: Volvo XC90

text: At launch, for the 2016 model year, the XC90 T8 used a lithium-ion battery ( usable). Over time, Volvo continued to gradually increase the battery size. For the 2018 model year, it was increased to ( usable); for the 2020 model year, it was increased to ; and for the 2023 model year, it was increased to .


title: Volvo XC90

text: Deliveries of the XC90 T8 PHEV began in the United States in August 2015. Sales in Europe totaled 2,653 units in 2015. Cumulative sales in the US totaled 488 units up until February 2016. According to Volvo, sales of the plug-in variant represent 20% of Volvo XC90 global sales by mid-March 2016.


title: Volvo XC90

text: In 2021 the T8 powertrain was updated with a more powerful electric motor (delivering ), updated engine and increased battery capacity ().


title: Volvo XC90

text: The second-generation Volvo XC90 is available in three distinct trim levels: Momentum, R Design, and Inscription. Momentum is the "base" design, and does not include features such as full leather-trimmed seating surfaces, woodgrain interior trim, or a GPS navigation system as standard equipment. The R Design features "Nubuck" upholstery and a sports exterior body kit, as well as dark trim accents on the exterior and interior. Inscription is the top-of-the-line design, and features full perforated Napa leather-trimmed seating surfaces, woodgrain interior trim, dual heated front and outboard rear seats, and additional bright accents on the exterior. For 2017, an "Excellence" trim was introduced (see below) with the "T8" plug-in hybrid (PHEV) powertrain as standard equipment, as well as additional luxury features.


title: Volvo XC90

text: For 2017, a new "Excellence" trim level was introduced as a luxury-oriented version of the XC90. The Excellence offered a four-passenger (front/rear) seating configuration, which included rear "lounge" bucket seats that were heated and ventilated. Additional features included the Bowers and Wilkins premium surround-sound audio system with amplifier, heated and ventilated front and rear seats, a dual-pane panoramic power moonroof, rear seat entertainment system, and the "T8" plug-in hybrid (PHEV) powertrain. There were a limited number of additional options available for the Excellence trim. The Excellence trim was discontinued following the 2020 model year, leaving the Inscription as the top trim level of the XC90.


title: Volvo XC90

text: In May 2019, for the 2020 model year, the Volvo XC90 received a mid-cycle facelift. The facelift included revised front and rear fascias, a new front grille design, and the previous Excellence trim was discontinued. For the 2021 model year, the "T8" powertrain was renamed the "XC90 Recharge".


title: Volvo XC90

text: For 2022 models, the base Momentum was replaced with the Core model, the R Design replaced with the Plus model, and the Inscription replaced with the Ultimate. All models include features as standard which were previously cost-extra options.


title: Volvo XC90

text: Volvos sold in Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam are all imported from Malaysia's Volvo factory in Shah Alam.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album "The Beatles" (also known as "the White Album"). It was written by George Harrison, the band's lead guitarist. Harrison wrote "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" as an exercise in randomness inspired by the Chinese "I Ching". The song conveys his dismay at the world's unrealised potential for universal love, which he refers to as "the love there that's sleeping".


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: The song also serves as a comment on the disharmony within the Beatles after their return from studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968. This lack of camaraderie was reflected in the band's initial apathy towards the composition, which Harrison countered by inviting his friend and occasional collaborator, Eric Clapton, to contribute to the recording. Clapton overdubbed a lead guitar part, although he was not formally credited for his contribution. Harrison first recorded it with a sparse backing of acoustic guitar and harmonium – a version that appeared on the 1996 "Anthology 3" outtakes compilation and, with the addition of a string arrangement by George Martin, on the "Love" soundtrack album in 2006. The full group recording was made in September 1968, at which point the song's folk-based musical arrangement was replaced by a production in the heavy rock style. The recording was one of several collaborations between Harrison and Clapton during the late 1960s and was followed by the pair co-writing the song "Badge" for Clapton's group Cream.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: On release, the song received praise from several music critics, and it has since been recognised as an example of Harrison's maturing as a songwriter beside his Beatles bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney. "Rolling Stone" ranked "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" 136th on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", seventh on the "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time", and at number 10 on its list of "The Beatles 100 Greatest Songs". Clapton's performance was ranked 42nd in "Guitar World"s 2008 list of the "100 Greatest Guitar Solos". Harrison and Clapton often performed the song together live, during which they shared the lead guitar role over the closing section. Live versions featuring the pair were included on the "Concert for Bangladesh" album in 1971 and "Live in Japan" in 1992. Backed by a band that included McCartney and Ringo Starr, Clapton performed the song at the Concert for George in November 2002, a year after Harrison's death.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: George Harrison wrote "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" after his return from India, where the Beatles had been studying Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi during the spring of 1968. The visit had allowed Harrison to re-engage with the guitar as his primary instrument, after focusing on the Indian sitar for the previous two years, and also marked the start of a prolific period for him as a songwriter. Inspiration for the song came to him when he was visiting his parents in Warrington, Cheshire, and he began reading the "I Ching", or "The Book of Changes". As Harrison put it, "[the book] seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to "everything" else, as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental." Embracing this idea of relativism, he committed to writing a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a book, which happened to be "gently weeps". Harrison continued to work on the lyrics after this initial writing session.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: The song reflects the disharmonious atmosphere within the Beatles following their return from India. Harrison had led the band in their highly publicised endorsement of Transcendental Meditation and viewed this spiritual pursuit as superior in importance to their career momentum. When discussing another song he wrote at this time, "Not Guilty", Harrison said it referred to "the grief I was catching" from John Lennon and Paul McCartney for leading them to Rishikesh and supposedly hindering the group's career and the launch of their Apple record label. Eric Clapton, with whom Harrison collaborated on several recordings throughout 1968 as a distraction from the Beatles, said that "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" conveyed Harrison's spiritual isolation within the group. Author Jonathan Gould writes that, although in the past each of the Beatles had become temporarily subsumed in fads and personal interests, the level of Harrison's commitment to Indian spirituality as an alternative to the band was unprecedented.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: A demo that Harrison recorded at his home in Esher includes an unused verse: "I look at the trouble and hate that is raging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I'm sitting here, doing nothing but ageing …" This version also includes the line "The problems you sow are the troubles you're reaping", which he similarly discarded. An early acoustic guitar and harmonium performance of the song features a slightly different third verse: "I look from the wings at the play you are staging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I'm sitting here, doing nothing but ageing …" This version was released on the 1996 compilation "Anthology 3" and was used as the basis of the 2006 "Love" remix, with a string arrangement by George Martin.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was one of the few Beatles compositions from early 1968 that changed markedly from demo form to the official recording. Harrison's demos suggest the influence of folk music, yet the Beatles' version is in the heavy rock style typical of much of the band's late 1960s work. While noting the importance of Harrison's return to the guitar during this period, Gould describes the song as "virtually a declaration of his recommitment to rock".


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: The song as originally issued by the Beatles is in the key of A minor, changing to A major over the bridges. Aside from the intro, the composition is structured into two rounds of verse and bridge, with an instrumental passage extending the second of these verse sections, followed by a final verse and a long instrumental passage that fades out on the released recording. All the sections consist of an even sixteen bars or measures, which are divided into four phrases.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: The chord progression over the verses includes a descending bass of A–G–F–F (8–7–6–6) over an A-minor chord, leading to F-major on the F bass note. According to musicologist Dominic Pedler, the 8–7–6–6 progression represents a hybrid of the Aeolian and Dorian modes. The change to the parallel major key is heralded by a C chord as the verse's penultimate chord (replacing the D used in the second phrase of each verse) before the E that leads into the bridge. Musicologist Alan Pollack views this combination of C and E as representing a sense of "arrival", after which the bridge contains "upward [harmonic] gestures" that contrast with the bass descents that dominate the verse. Such contrasts are limited by the inclusion of minor triads (III, VI and II) played over the E chord that ends the bridge's second and fourth phrases.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: In his lyrics to "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", Harrison revisits the theme of universal love and the philosophical concerns that were evident in his overtly Indian-influenced compositions, particularly "Within You Without You". The song is a lament for how a universal love for humankind is latent in all individuals yet remains unrealised. In the description of theologian Dale Allison, the song "conveys spiritual angst and an urgent religious point of view without being explicitly theological". Harrison sings of surveying "you all" and seeing "the love there that's sleeping". Musicologist Walter Everett comments that the change from the minor-mode verse to the parallel major might express hope that "unrealized potential" described in the lyrics is to be "fulfilled", but the continued minor triads "seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded". During the bridges, Harrison adopts a repetitive rhyming scheme in the style of Bob Dylan to convey how humankind has become distracted from its ability to manifest this love. He sings of people that have been "inverted" and "perverted" from their natural perspective.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" follows in a lyrical tradition established by Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger and Bo Diddley, whereby emotions and actions are attributed to a musical instrument. According to an "NME" reviewer, writing in 1998, the song conveys "serious concern" for the Beatles' "dwindling "esprit de corps"". Harrison biographer Joshua Greene says that its message reflects the pessimism encouraged by world events throughout 1968, such as the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy in the United States, and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Allison writes that the lyrics represent the "antithesis of spiritual triumphalism", in which Harrison "mourns because love has not conquered all".


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: The Beatles recorded "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" several times during the sessions for their self-titled double album, also known as "the White Album". The recording sessions, which began in late May 1968, were characterised by a lack of cooperation among the four band members, and by what Lennon's bandmates regarded as the overly intrusive presence of his new romantic partner, Yoko Ono. In this atmosphere, Harrison had initially been reluctant to present his new compositions to the group. Take 1 on 25 July – the version later issued on "Anthology 3" – was a solo performance by Harrison, playing his Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar, with an overdubbed harmonium part.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Sessions on 16 August and 5 September produced full band recordings of the song. In the case of the 16 August version, an overdubbing session on 3 September marked the first time that the Beatles had used eight-track recording at EMI Studios. According to Ken Scott, the band's recording engineer, Harrison saw the eight-track recorder in a corridor and, defying EMI regulations that new equipment should be thoroughly tested, insisted that they use it immediately. At the same session, Harrison overdubbed a backwards (or "backmasked") guitar solo, as he had done two years before on "I'm Only Sleeping", on the "Revolver" album, but he was not satisfied with the results. The Beatles then remade the basic track on 5 September – a session that marked Ringo Starr's return to the group after he had walked out on 22 August, upset at the unpleasant atmosphere. While Harrison led the band in welcoming back their drummer, by installing a large flower display all over Starr's drum kit, he continued to think that his bandmates were not giving their best to the song.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: On 6 September, during a ride from Surrey into London, Harrison asked Clapton to play guitar on the track. Clapton, who recognised Harrison's talent as a songwriter, and considered that his abilities had long been held back by Lennon and McCartney, was nevertheless reluctant to participate; he later recalled that his initial response was: "I can't do that. Nobody ever plays on Beatles records." Harrison convinced him, and Clapton's lead guitar part, played on Harrison's Gibson Les Paul electric guitar "Lucy" (a recent gift from Clapton), was overdubbed that evening. Recalling the session in his 2007 autobiography, Clapton says that, while Lennon and McCartney were "fairly non-committal", he thought the track "sounded fantastic", adding: "I knew George was happy, because he listened to it over and over in the control room."


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Harrison recalled that Clapton's presence also ensured that his bandmates "tr[ied] a bit harder" and "were all on their best behaviour". The Beatles carried out the remaining overdubs, which included an ascending piano motif, played by McCartney, over the introduction, Hammond organ by Harrison, and further percussion by Starr. McCartney also added a second bass part, played on his Fender Jazz Bass rather than on either of his usual Höfner or Rickenbacker models.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Still wary that his contribution might present too much of a departure from the band's sound, Clapton requested that Harrison give the lead guitar track a more "Beatley" sound when mixing the song. During final mixing for the White Album, on 14 October, the guitar part was run through an ADT circuit with "varispeed", with engineer Chris Thomas manipulating the oscillator to achieve the desired "wobbly" effect. According to Everett, Lennon's tremolo-rich guitar part, recorded on 5 September, was retained only in the song's coda.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Everett credits Clapton's guitar contribution with making the Beatles recording a "monumental" track. As particularly notable features, he highlights the increasing lengths of thrice-heard first scale degrees (0:17–0:19), the restraint shown by rests in many bars then unexpected appearances (as at 0:28–0:29), commanding turnaround phrases (0:31–0:33), expressive string bends marking modal changes from C to C (0:47–0:53), power retransition (1:21–1:24), emotive vibrato (2:01–2:07), and a solo (1:55–2:31) with a "measured rise in intensity, rhythmic activity, tonal drive and registral climb". In October 1968, Harrison reciprocated by co-writing "Badge" with Clapton and playing on Cream's recording of the track. Released on Cream's final album, "Goodbye", "Badge" reflected Harrison's pop sensibilities and helped Clapton transition from the heavy blues style and its reliance on extended soloing, and onto the more song-based approach that he and Harrison admired in the Band's 1968 album "Music from Big Pink".


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Apple Records released "The Beatles" on 22 November 1968. One of four Harrison compositions on the double album, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was sequenced as the penultimate track on side one in the LP format, between Lennon's "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" and "Happiness Is a Warm Gun". The song was issued as the B-side of "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", a McCartney-written song that had also tested the Beatles' patience during the White Album sessions. This single was an international hit, topping charts in Australia, Austria, Switzerland and West Germany, but was not released in Britain or the United States.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Recalling the release in his 1977 book "The Beatles Forever", Nicholas Schaffner said that, in returning to pop/rock songwriting after his excursions into the Indian classical style, Harrison's four White Album songs "firmly established him as a contender" beside Lennon and McCartney. In Schaffner's description, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was the most instantly popular of "a quartet of more conventionally accessible pop songs [written by Harrison] that many felt were among the finest on the album". According to Beatles historian Erin Torkelson Weber, the release of the White Album marked the start of a period when many observers began to consider his songs "equal to some of Lennon and McCartney's best compositions", a view that was heightened with his two contributions to the Beatles' 1969 album "Abbey Road", "Something" and "Here Comes the Sun". "New Yorker" columnist Mark Hertsgaard, writing in his 1995 book "A Day in the Life", said "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was "the first great composition of George's career and perhaps the single most impressive song on the White Album".


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Among contemporary reviews, Jann Wenner of "Rolling Stone" said that "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was "one of George Harrison's very best songs", and likened it to "Blue Jay Way" in that it "recalls California, the simple Baja California beat, the dreamy words of the Los Angeles haze, the organic pace lapping around every room as if in invisible waves". Wenner found the lyrics "slightly self-righteous and preaching", representing "a general set of incidents, a message, like a sermon, impersonally directed to everyone", and concluded: "I am willing to bet something substantial that the lead guitarist on this cut is Eric Clapton, yet another involution of the circular logic on which this song [is] so superbly constructed as a musical piece." In his review for the "International Times", Barry Miles said the song was a "great tune" with "nice hi-hats" but a "lifeless" guitar part.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Alan Smith of the "NME" credited the "warm voice" and "very strong melody" to McCartney and said that the track was one of the "highlights ... moving into a slightly Hendrix thing" and was bound to be "Another hit for somebody".<ref name="Smith/NME"></ref> Three weeks later, Smith acknowledged that the singer and composer was in fact Harrison, and added: "the words are evocative and the melody line is creeping into my mind to stay." Geoffrey Cannon wrote in "The Guardian": "George Harrison has seen the truth, and is anxious that we should see our truth. He's a preacher, man of fire. When his songs speak of 'you', the address is direct. He achieves his character in 'While My Guitar Gently Weeps', which, with Phil Ochs's 'Tape from California', is the first track I know that succeeds in making magnanimous love serious and touching."


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" became a staple of US rock radio during the early 1970s, on a par with songs such as "Layla" by Clapton's short-lived band Derek and the Dominos, Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" and the Who's "Won't Get Fooled Again". In 1973, it appeared on the Beatles' double album compilation "1967–1970", as one of only three tracks representing the White Album. Capitol Records included it on "The Best of George Harrison" in 1976; a year before this, Harrison released a sequel to the song, titled "This Guitar (Can't Keep from Crying)", which also served as the final single issued by Apple in its original incarnation. The Beatles' recording appeared on the soundtrack to "Withnail and I", a 1987 comedy film set in late-1960s London and produced by Harrison's company HandMade Films.<ref name="Pirnia/MentalFloss"></ref>


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Writing for "The Observer" in 2004, Pete Paphides described "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" as "George Harrison's startling coming of age as a songwriter" and one of the few tracks that "pick themselves" when listeners attempt to edit the double album down to a single disc. In his book "Revolution in the Head", Ian MacDonald was less impressed with the track, saying that it "exudes a browbeating self-importance which quickly becomes tiresome". McCartney identified it as one of his favourite selections on the 1995–96 "Anthology" outtakes series, and he grouped the song with "Something" and "Here Comes the Sun" as candidates for Harrison's "greatest track". Starr paired it with "Something" as "Two of the finest love songs ever written", adding: "they're really on a par with what John and Paul or anyone else of that time wrote." In their written tributes to Harrison following his death in November 2001, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards each expressed their admiration for the song. Jagger said: "It's lovely, plaintive. Only a guitar player could write that ..."


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: "Rolling Stone" ranked "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" 136th on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", seventh on the "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time", and at number 10 on its list of "The Beatles 100 Greatest Songs". Clapton's performance was ranked 42nd in "Guitar World"s 2008 list of the "100 Greatest Guitar Solos". Among other critics' lists of the best Beatles songs, "Paste" magazine and "Ultimate Classic Rock" each ranked it at number 4, while "Mojo" placed it at number 17.<ref name="Alexander/Mojo"></ref> In his commentary for the "Mojo" selection, English songwriter Chris Difford said that he had only come to fully appreciate the lyrics following Harrison's death in 2001; describing them as a "riposte" to Harrison's bandmates, particularly Lennon and McCartney, Difford added: "George was the one who came back from India with the spiritual awakening and carried it through to the rest of his life, whereas the others came back with the postcards." In 2018, the music staff of "Time Out London" ranked "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" 20th on their list of the best Beatles songs. Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the White Album's release, Jacob Stolworthy of "The Independent" listed it at number 1 on his ranking of the album's 30 tracks. He said the song was "hands down one of The Beatles' greatest" and, having been conceived through "disharmony – in the world, as well as in the band he'd grown up with", "testament to Harrison's genius".


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Harrison played "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at every one of his rare concerts as a solo artist. Writing for "Mojo" in 2003, Ashley Kahn attributed the track's "classic" status to its evocation of "a band falling out of harmony" and, with regard to the enduring musical bond between Harrison and Clapton, its standing as ""their" song". At Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh, held at Madison Square Garden in New York on 1 August 1971, Clapton performed the song on a Gibson Byrdland, a hollow-body guitar more suited to jazz or country music than rock. He later said that this was a poor decision and, as with his substandard playing at the event, one that was indicative of his descent into heroin addiction.<ref name="Clapton/BD Revisited">"The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends", DVD, 2005.</ref> In his entry for "The Concert for Bangladesh" in the book "1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die", Tom Moon nevertheless describes Clapton and Harrison's interplay as "one of the more thrilling two-man guitar explorations in rock", adding: "As they finish each other's thoughts, the two extend and amplify the song's intent: You haven't heard the full gamut of gentle (and not so) guitar weeping until you've heard this."


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: The version performed by Harrison during his brief set at the 1987 Prince's Trust Concert reunited him with Starr and Clapton, and features an extended coda with the guitars of Harrison and Clapton interweaving. On their 1991 tour of Japan, Harrison and Clapton performed "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" with additional background vocals. An edit combining parts of the 14 December and 17 December Tokyo Dome performances of the song was included on Harrison's 1992 double album "Live in Japan".


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Harrison also featured the song in the set list for his only other tour as a solo artist, a series of North American concerts over November–December 1974 with Ravi Shankar. Harrison shared the lead guitarist's role with Robben Ford, often extending the piece to eight minutes. While it was a popular inclusion in a set list that barely acknowledged Harrison's past as a former Beatle, his alteration of some of the lyrics – so that his guitar "gently smiles" and "tries to smile" – disappointed many concert-goers and reviewers. Author Simon Leng comments that on Harrison's return to Madison Square Garden towards the end of the tour, his playing on the song nevertheless received a standing ovation.


title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey covered "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" on his 1990 album "Hell to Pay". Harrison participated in the recording, contributing on acoustic guitar and backing vocals. Also issued as a single, Healey's version peaked at number 27 in Canada, number 85 in the UK and number 25 in New Zealand.