title: Speed Racer

text: The overall purpose of the anime was to please a growing fan base worldwide with exciting stories that involved facing adversity on the race track and beyond. Review of the episodes in the "Speed Racer: Collector's Edition" of Japanese and English-language episodes reveals frequent changes to the sound-track (dialogue and the addition of an off-screen narrator) but very little editing of the image-track. Most significantly, the names of villains are often changed to be more cartoony, e.g. Professor Anarchy in episode 31 ("Lightning-Quick Ninja Cars" in Japanese, "Gang of Assassins" in English).


title: Speed Racer

text: Many of the show's cars have special abilities in the series. *Note: The names of the cars that have appeared in both the manga and the original anime have been fitted with "Italics".


title: Speed Racer

text: The Mach 5, Speed Racer's car ("Mahha Gō," or "Mahha," in the Japanese version), is a technological marvel, containing useful pieces of equipment. Gō Mifune/Speed Racer easily deployed these gadgets by pressing buttons marked "A" through "G" on the steering wheel hub (although there are buttons on the steering wheel in the manga, the letter designations are exclusive to the anime and the 2008 live action film). This uniquely designed car, built with a sleek Coke bottle bodystyle, has a white exterior with a large "M" on its hood, the logo for the family business, Mifune Motors (changed to Pops Motors in the anime and Racer Motors in the live action film). The two-seat car had a mostly red-colored interior. The number 5 is emblazoned on both side doors of the car. In the manga and anime this is the car's racing number; in the film, it is because it is the fifth car built in Pops' "Mach" series of racing vehicles. Although technically inferior to other racing vehicles such as the Mammoth Car and the GRX, the Mach 5 manages to win most races because of Speed's superior driving skills.


title: Speed Racer

text: The Mach 5 has been stolen from Speed a few times, once when Cornpone Blotch took the car to add it to his car collection in the "Girl Daredevil" saga. However, Speed always gets it back at the end of the episode. At one point, the car was replicated, functions and all, by Dr. Nightcall. However, this replica included other new abilities that inspired later functions of the car in remakes of the show, one of which were the Aero-Jacks, used as a replacement for the Auto Jacks in "Speed Racer X". In manga continuity, the Mach 5 was destroyed and rebuilt. See "Manga and Anime Differences" for more information on the Mach 5's manga continuity.


title: Speed Racer

text: In both American comic and movie continuity, Pops is portrayed as having built a "Mach" Series consisting of other variants, such as the Mach 4 and Mach 6, in addition to Rex Racer's Mach 1 and the Mach 5.


title: Speed Racer

text: The Shooting Star is Racer X's car, colored bright yellow with a black front bumper and numbered 9 on the hood and sides. The car's engine is located in the back, and it is a very agile machine, often displaying abilities akin to and even above those of the Mach Five. Many of its high-tech features allowed Racer X to keep an eye on Speed Racer, who is his younger brother.


title: Speed Racer

text: In later comics written by Tommy Yune, Rex acquires the car that he names the "Shooting Star" from Prince Kabala of Kapetapek. During his time training with the royal leader, Rex is informed that he is the ninth student of Kabala, hence the number 9. Rex also builds other cars numbered 9 with similar paint schemes and names them with variants like the "Falling Star."


title: Speed Racer

text: In the 2008 film adaptation, the car makes an appearance but is not named. The car was the only car built in addition to the Mach Five for the movie, and it features weapons like machine guns mounted above the cockpit and under the chassis. In addition to this car, Racer X also drives a car built for the competitions in the film, a T180. This car was titled the "Augury" in the film's video game counterpart. Like Racer X's unnamed street car, it features a number 9 and has the black and yellow color scheme, with a large black "X" on the front bumper. The T180 only makes one appearance in the film, when Racer X competes to protect Speed in the Fuji race after he has rejected Royalton's offer.


title: Speed Racer

text: Appearing only in the anime, it is supposedly the largest racing vehicle in the world. Similar in design to an extremely long trailer truck, the Mammoth Car is mostly red and is built by "Speed Racer" villain Cruncher Block. The Mammoth Car was built almost entirely of $50,000,000 in stolen gold bars. This amount of gold, however, would actually occupy only 74 cubic feet, based on the then price of gold of $35 per ounce. By entering it in "The No Limit World Race", Cruncher wished to smuggle the gold out of the country. The Mammoth Car's main engine has . Each wheel also has an engine with , giving it a total of . It can travel at , on any kind of road or terrain. It makes screeching sounds reminiscent of Godzilla. It has magnetic brakes and is over long, making the Mammoth Car one of the most interesting cars in the series. It was destroyed after it crashed into an oil refinery and melted into its original gold form by the intense heat.


title: Speed Racer

text: The Mammoth Car makes a small cameo in the 2008 film in the scene where Cruncher Block interrogates Taejo Togokhan (a character created for the movie) after he resists Royalton Industries in the race-fixing business. They were interrupted by Racer X, who battles the Mammoth and saves Taejo. The Mammoth Car in this movie is shown to have view ports for its drivers to shoot out of, just like in the original series, and it is shown to fire missiles from its grill.


title: Speed Racer

text: The Mammoth Car also makes an appearance along with Flash Marker Jr.'s X3 in "Speed Racer: The Next Generation" in the second and third episodes of "The Fast Track" saga, as an enemy program of the show's virtual racing track. Although the Mammoth Car is rendered in CGI after its original anime design, the car is missing its grill and many other details that had appeared in the original anime. The Mammoth Car in this episode makes the same sound as it did in the anime. It pays homage to the original series by using its signature attack of surrounding and circling a rival.


title: Speed Racer

text: The Melange was a roofless racing car numbered with a "3," driven by Flash Marker. When investigating the mysterious car, Speed recalls the name Melange was the name of Napoleon's horse, who saved his life several times in battles. (The name was actually Marengo but became Melange due to an erroneous transliteration from Japanese to English.) When Speed recalls his knowledge of French history, a rendition of Jacques-Louis David's painting of "Napoleon Crossing the Alps", which depicts Napoleon riding Marengo, is drawn in the episode. Pops Racer, however, identified the name "Melange" as a car driven 15 years earlier by a young driver named Flash Marker. The Melange's chassis was colored with two shades of purple and had an exposed engine on its hood. During the "Race at Danger Pass", the Melange, along with Marker, was finally destroyed in a crash caused by the Three Roses Club.


title: Speed Racer

text: Since then, Flash's son, Flash Marker Jr., had plotted revenge on the Three Roses Club by building a car with a sleek, black body marked "X3." The car was driven through remote control and a robot dummy was placed in the driver's seat, broadcasting the phrases "Melange still races" and "Melange is alive" to haunt the Three Roses Club. The X3 was used primarily to deliberately crash into and kill those affiliated with the Three Roses Club, leaving behind a card marked X3 to taunt the remaining members. Speed, who had volunteered to help the police, was chasing down the X3 when it narrowly avoided colliding with a train, leaving the robot dummy hanging over the level crossing's boom gate.


title: Speed Racer

text: Speed noticed its robot "driver" and brought it back to the police for further investigation. Meanwhile, Flash Marker Jr. secretly brought back the damaged car and replaced its body with a replica of the original Melange, placing it over the X3 chassis in his secret underground car factory, to prepare for the next Race at Danger Pass. Since it is the same car with the chassis of the Melange, the car can still be controlled remotely. While the new Melange is still numbered "3", it has the ability to be changed through remote control to X3, which makes the drivers of the Three Roses Club realize that the "new Melange" is actually the X3. The car, controlled by Flash Jr. in his helicopter, was used to fatally crash into two Three Roses drivers before it was destroyed when it lost control and crashed into the final member of the Three Roses Club.


title: Speed Racer

text: The GRX was technically an engine, but it has become more identified with the gold-colored car that housed the engine in the series episode "The Fastest Car on Earth." The engine was designed by Ben Cranem, and it was responsible for the crashes and deaths of four test drivers and its inventor due to the impossible speeds it could attain. Cranem died and the GRX engine was buried with him, but Oriana Flub and her men exhumed the engine and placed it into the car with a sleek, golden, and markless body.


title: Speed Racer

text: Oriana convinced Speed to test drive the car with the GRX and Speed was sprayed with a special serum known as the V-gas to artificially sharpen his reflexes. The V-gas causes its driver to become extremely thirsty and if the driver consumed any compound containing water, they would develop a strong phobia of speed. The car got a new driver, Cranem's son, Curly. Curly was given the V-gas and soon experienced its side effects. The GRX and its engine were destroyed when he fatally crashed the car due to Curly drinking water during a pit stop.


title: Speed Racer

text: The GRX episodes mark one of the few continuity errors introduced by the English dubbing. In the first episode the GRX's speedometer with a maximum speed of on it is shown in the beginning of the episode, however, due to a continuity error in the Japanese animation, as Speed drives it, the speedometer tops out at This would make the GRX "slower" than the Mammoth Car by the English dialogue.


title: Speed Racer

text: In the 2008 film adaptation, the name makes an appearance as a car developed by Royalton Industries and driven by Jack "Cannonball" Taylor. The car retains none of the back story from its anime counterpart. It is numbered 66 and colored purple and gold and was transformed from a two-seater to a single-seater. In the Grand Prix race that closes the film, the GRX is the main competitor for Speed in the Mach 6 and features a secret weapon called a "spear-hook" that is illegal in professional racing. After Taylor deploys the device against Speed during the Grand Prix, Speed uses the Mach 6's auto-jacks to flip the cars and reveal the hook to the track cameras, automatically disqualifying Taylor and aiding the case built by Inspector Detector against Royalton.


title: Speed Racer

text: Like most manga series adapted to anime, changes occur in both timelines of the "Speed Racer" series. Besides the obvious Americanization of the original Japanese characters' names, other changes include character's backstory and new characters. ("See Manga section for more information")


title: Speed Racer

text: The show's mainstream success in the United States spawned an ongoing "Speed Racer" franchise. This ranged from comics, video releases, merchandise, a live-action film, and newer series either rebooting or continuing the original series . The franchise began in the early 1990s when a company, Speed Racer Enterprises, acquired rights to the original series. At the time when the series was originally released, very little merchandise was released in the United States. However, during the series' re-airing during the 1990s, Speed Racer Enterprises was responsible for the creation of actual "Speed Racer" merchandise, ranging from small collectible die-cast cars, to action figures, to home video releases of episodes from the original series. Speed Racer Enterprises was also involved in creating original American takes on the Japanese series such as "The New Adventures of Speed Racer" and "Speed Racer: The Next Generation".


title: Speed Racer

text: Due to Speed Racer Enterprises, the original 1967 series made a comeback through reruns on MTV, broadcast in the early morning hours. In 1993, the series was rebroadcast in syndication concurrently with a new American-created remake. Since all the rights were now under Speed Racer Enterprises, all references to the original rights holder, Trans-Lux, were removed. Therefore, the opening sequence included an entirely recreated logo, which most people are familiar with today; however when Speed Racer Enterprises authorized Volkswagen to use Speed Racer in a July 1996 GTI commercial, J.J. Sedelmaier faithfully replicated the look of the original episode title cards, including the original logo.


title: Speed Racer

text: This is the version that later aired on the Cartoon Network in the late afternoon (and later on in late night/overnight) programming, and it is also the version released on Region 1 DVD. This version can also be seen on the streaming video service Hulu.


title: Speed Racer

text: In December 2013, Tatsunoko gained all rights to the "Speed Racer" franchise, retroactively as to May 2011, as part of a settlement of lawsuits between Speed Racer Enterprises and the animation studio. Tatsunoko had claimed that SRE had exceeded its contractual rights in continuing to license the property after 2011.


title: Speed Racer

text: NOW Comics launched an American "Speed Racer" comic book series in 1987. The series became a hit with the high production values of airbrush artist Ken Steacy. The comics continued for 38 issues and included a spin-off "Racer X" series and crossovers. A miniseries adapting "The New Adventures of Speed Racer" was also released, which included art by Oscar González Loyo. In 1993, NOW Comics and Antarctic Press also published a four-issue intercompany crossover between Speed Racer and the characters of Ben Dunn's "Ninja High School".


title: Speed Racer

text: In 1999, DC Comics/Wildstorm Productions released a new "Speed Racer" limited series, which became the #1 pick of industry publication "Wizard" magazine. The manga style of writer/artist Tommy Yune recaptured the look of the original anime, which was soon followed by an industry-wide revival of comic adaptations of other classic animated series. The limited series was collected as the trade paperback "Speed Racer: Born to Race" , and a "Racer X" limited series featuring the artwork of Chinese manga artist Jo Chen.


title: Speed Racer

text: In 2008, IDW Productions re-released the Wildstorm series as "Speed Racer/Racer X: The Origins Collection", and previously published issues from NOW Comics as "Speed Racer Vol. 1–5". A new limited series, "Speed Racer: Chronicles of the Racer", was also produced.


title: Speed Racer

text: Editorial Abril, an Argentine company established by César Civita, published a Spanish-language comic book in the 1970s. Soon after, his brother, Victor Civita, published a magazine in Brazil through Editora Abril. In 2000, Editora Abril published a series by Tommy Yune.


title: Speed Racer

text: In 1993, "The New Adventures of Speed Racer", an American-produced series, had a much more contemporary art style. It was not a direct continuation of the original series; therefore, it is considered a reboot. While the original series had more realistic themes, such as gang violence and family ties, this series introduced science fiction themes, like robots and mutants. Tatsunoko did not authorize the production of this series, and it was off the air after only 13 episodes.


title: Speed Racer

text: For the original series' 40th anniversary in 2006, a Flash-based series of "webisodes" titled "Speed Racer Lives" was released. This series was depicted as a continuation of the original series, taking place many years after it. The series was made available on the Internet solely to promote a new line of toys made by Art Asylum.


title: Speed Racer

text: In 2008, "", a new series, was released on Nicktoons. Like "Speed Racer Lives", this series was conceived as taking place years after the original. It focuses on the sons of the original Speed Racer. Its premiere coincided with the live-action feature film in May 2008. Peter Fernandez voices a middle-aged version of Spritle, Speed's younger brother from the original Japanese series. The show's protagonist, also named Speed, and one of Spritle's nephews, is voiced by New Jersey native Kurt Csolak. Larry Schwarz is the creator of the TV series, which is produced by Animation Collective, the creators of "Kappa Mikey" and "Three Delivery". Like the 1993 remake, this series was not authorized by Tatsunoko. Pangea Corporation has been working with Speed Racer Enterprises for over 20 years and has created several new show iterations.


title: Speed Racer

text: The original series was also revived on MTV for a short period of time in 1993, moved to Cartoon Network in 1996, and again to its sister network Boomerang until 2005.


title: Speed Racer

text: In May 2022, Apple TV+ announced that a live action television series from J.J. Abrams is in development with his company Bad Robot Productions. The series will be based on an unproduced script that Abrams had written in the 1990's.


title: Speed Racer

text: In 1993, the episodes "The Car Hater" and "Race Against the Mammoth Car" were combined into a feature-length film and briefly released in theaters. It was later released on VHS and DVD and has been available on Hulu. The film also featured old commercials for Bondex ready-mix cementing, National Forest Service (featuring Smokey The Bear), Flit insecticide spray, and Pure-Pak milk cartons (featuring Old King Cole), and a bonus cartoon, the Colonel Bleep episode "The Treacherous Pirate".


title: Speed Racer

text: The Wachowskis wrote and directed a live-action adaptation of "Speed Racer", released on May 9, 2008. It was poorly received by most critics and was a box office failure, making just under $93 million worldwide against a production budget of at least $120 million (before prints and advertising).


title: Speed Racer

text: In 1994, Pangea Corporation wrote and produced a one-act play titled "Spridle: A One Man Show", [Sic] which debuted at the San Diego Comic Con and was a huge success. It chronicled what happened to all the Speed Racer characters after the show was canceled, following the concept that the characters were real and had private lives. Spritle, Speed's younger brother, relates the tell-all confessional piece as a disgruntled grown-up who is now sour that his career floundered after his celebrity status on the show. It was cited by "Wizard" magazine as one of the top 10 best sessions at Comic Con 1994. The show was written by John Schulte and John Besmehn, produced, directed and moderated by Cheryl Ann Wong.


title: Speed Racer

text: Sequences from the original TV show were used for the entirety of Ghostface Killah's music video for "Daytona 500."


title: Speed Racer

text: The first major toy line of Speed Racer was developed in 1992 by Pangea Corporation for Ace Novelty Toy Company. Products focused on both the classic Speed Racer anime program from Tatsunoko, plus a whole new line based on the Fred Wolf series, "The New Adventures of Speed Racer." Lego released new Speed Racer construction sets to coincide with the release of the "Speed Racer" film. These include a 242 piece Speed and Snake Oiler set, a 237 piece Racer X and Taejo Togokhan set, a 367 piece Racer X and Cruncher Block set, and a 595 piece Grand Prix set, which includes Trixie, Pops, Speed, Spritle, Chim-Chim, 2 racers, and a racing announcer. Mattel had the master toy license for the 2008 "Speed Racer" film, including action figures, related vehicles, and accessories. Mattel's Hot Wheels division produced miniature replicas of the Mach 5 called the Second Wind, and their Barbie Collector division released a collector doll set featuring Trixie and Speed as they appeared in the film. Also, a Mattel product called UB FunKeys got a new patch, which included a Speed Racer zone.


title: Speed Racer

text: Jada Toys held the rights to produce die-cast replicas of the Mach 5 from the original animated series.


title: Speed Racer

text: Playing Mantis released a wide range of the Speed Racer die-cast miniatures, including replicas of the villains' cars and mini-dioramas under their "Johnny Lightning" line. A limited-edition release of the Mach Four from the Wildstorm comic series remains one of the hardest-to-find collectibles to this day. In 1998 Playing Mantis acquired the rights to the "Captain Action" action figure line, a vintage line about a crusading adventurer who disguises himself as famous super-heroes. Playing Mantis had planned to produce new costumes of Speed Racer, Racer X, and Captain Terror for the revamp of the line, but they were never produced. Control art for the Speed Racer costume appears on the packaging of some figures, and pictures of the prototypes are available online.


title: Speed Racer

text: Resaurus produced two series of five-inch (127 mm) action figures, rich with articulation and accessories; as well as a full-sized Mach V in 1999. A third series of figures and a full-sized Shooting Star were planned, but the line folded before this could happen. Toynami is currently releasing a large-scale version of the Speed Racer vehicles, including a Mach Five playset complete with all of its gadgets. The company Polar Lights is currently manufacturing two 1/25-scale (according to the box) model kits in standard "glue" and snap-together variations (though the scale of the model inside is closer to 1/32). These can be built with or without the waterproof bubble canopy at the modeler's discretion. The kits feature a homing robot and separate jacks; and a rear engine (possibly a tip to NOW comics, which illustrated the engine in the rear).


title: Speed Racer

text: RC ERTL has produced Speed Racer's Mach 5 in 1:18 Die Cast Form with many features of the animated car, including pop out saw blades, ion jacks, opening doors, hood and trunk. It includes Spritle Racer and Chim-Chim figures. Special variants were made with decals celebrating Racer X and other characters from the series as part of the 35th Anniversary Edition in 2001. A similar die-cast version of Racer X's Shooting Star was produced as well. It has now been retired from production and is a sought-after collectible.


title: Speed Racer

text: In 1992, Accolade made "Speed Racer in The Challenge of Racer X" for DOS. Two years later, that company made "Speed Racer in My Most Dangerous Adventures" for SNES, Which developed by Radical Entertainment.


title: Speed Racer

text: In 1993, Pangea Corporation created and authored a CD-Rom title that featured game elements, a video clip creator that allowed players to make a classic Speed Racer mash-up moment, along with other themed interactive content. It was marketed under the name "The Compleat Speed Racer."


title: Speed Racer

text: "Speed Racer" game was released for the PlayStation. It was published in Japan by Tomy (1996) and in North America by Jaleco (1998).


title: Speed Racer

text: A video game based on the 1997 series, simply titled "Mach Go Go Go", was released by TOSE and Tomy for the Game Boy (with Super Game Boy support) in Japan.


title: Speed Racer

text: In 2006, a joint production of enterthemonkey.com and blitinteractive.com, titled "Speed Racer — The Great Plan", was released as a Web browser game to Shockwave.com. The game stays very true to the original television show, with all the original voices, sounds, and Mach 5 controls. The game featured the operational steering wheel buttons from the original animated series. Each button activated a customized accessory to avoid obstacles and take on rough terrains.


title: Speed Racer

text: A based on the movie was created for the Wii, Nintendo DS and PlayStation 2 platforms. Stars Emile Hirsch (Speed), Christina Ricci (Trixie) and Matthew Fox (Racer X) reprise their roles.


title: Speed Racer

text: Artisan Home Entertainment/Lionsgate Entertainment (through Family Home Entertainment) released episodes 1 through 11 of the original series in DVD format in the U.S. and Canada on April 22, 2003. This turned out to be the first in a series of five DVD re-releases of the show. The second volume, containing episodes 12 through 23, went on sale on May 18, 2004. The DVD came in a special package where one could push a button on the cover and the Mach 5's headlights would light up, while a portion of the show's English theme song played. Volumes 1 and 2 were re-released as a two-disc set on April 20, 2010. The third volume came out on May 24, 2005, with the discs packaged in a round metal box made to resemble the steering wheel of the Mach 5. It contains episodes 24 through 36. This volume was later released to promote the live action film in a standard keep case. Lionsgate Family Entertainment released the fourth volume, which featured episodes 37 through 44, on March 14, 2006; this volume included a die-cast toy Mach 5. The last episode, "Race the Laser Tank", was time-compressed (in other words, sped up), similar to when Cartoon Network aired the series in the mid-1990s. Although nothing was removed from the episode, the higher-pitched voices of the characters and the diminished quality of the episode due to the time-compression upset some fans. The fifth and last volume was released on October 31, 2006. This volume included episodes 45 through 52 and for a limited time it came with a miniature license plate with the inscription, "Go-Speed Racer-Go!"


title: Speed Racer

text: The entire anime series was released in Australia on April 30, 2008 and in the United States later that year, on October 7. The U.S. release of the entire anime series is a repackaging of all five individually released volumes into a comic book style box set, in homage to the "Mach GoGoGo" manga. In addition, a bonus disc containing special featurettes and an episode of "Speed Racer: The Next Generation" is included. These discs, six in total, were packaged in an exclusive die-cast casing modeled after the Mach 5.


title: Speed Racer

text: All previous DVD releases went out of print after Tatsunoko gained worldwide rights to the franchise.


title: Speed Racer

text: After FUNimation garnered the rights, they released the English version on separate DVD and Blu-ray sets on May 30, 2017. On November 7, they released a Blu-ray + DVD Combo Collector's Edition of both the English and Japanese versions, as well as the Japanese version of "Speed Racer X", known as "Mach Go Go Go: Restart" on DVD. It has a bust of Speed Racer with sound effects, as well as a key chain and an exclusive interview with the voice actress of Trixie and Spritle, Corinne Orr.


title: Robert Duvall filmography

text: American actor, director, and producer Robert Duvall has had an extensive career in film and television since he first appeared in an episode of "Armstrong Circle Theatre" in 1959. His television work during the 1960s includes "Route 66" (1961), "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1962), "The Twilight Zone" (1963), "The Outer Limits" (1964), "The F.B.I." (1965–1969), and "The Mod Squad" (1969). He was then cast as General Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1979 miniseries "Ike". In 1989, he played Augustus "Gus" McCrae alongside Tommy Lee Jones in the epic Western adventure television miniseries "Lonesome Dove". The role earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. Three years later, he portrayed Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader Joseph Stalin in the television film "Stalin" (1992), which earned him another Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Film.


title: Robert Duvall filmography

text: Duvall's first film role was as Boo Radley in the 1962 film "To Kill a Mockingbird" with Gregory Peck. His other roles in the 1960s included "Bullitt" with Steve McQueen (1968) and "True Grit" with John Wayne (1969). In the 1970s, he played Major Frank Burns in "M*A*S*H" (1970), Tom Hagen in "The Godfather" (1972) and "The Godfather Part II" (1974), Jesse James in "The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid" (1972), Dr. Watson in "The Seven-Per-Cent Solution" (1976), Bull Meechum in "The Great Santini" (1979) and as Lieutenant Colonel Bill Kilgore in "Apocalypse Now" (1979).


title: Robert Duvall filmography

text: In 1983, Duvall was cast as Mac Sledge in the drama film "Tender Mercies", which earned him an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Actor. He went on to co-star in the films "The Natural" with Robert Redford (1984), "Days of Thunder" with Tom Cruise (1990), as Joseph Pulitzer in "Newsies" with Christian Bale (1992), "Something to Talk About" with Julia Roberts (1995), "Sling Blade" with Billy Bob Thornton (1996), "A Family Thing" with James Earl Jones (1996), "Phenomenon" with John Travolta (1996), and "Deep Impact" with Téa Leoni (1998). For his role in the 1998 film "A Civil Action" again with Travolta, he won a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role.


title: Robert Duvall filmography

text: In the 2000s, Duvall had notable roles in the films "Gone in 60 Seconds" opposite Nicolas Cage (2000), "Secondhand Lions" co-starring with Michael Caine (2003), "Open Range" co-starring with Kevin Costner (2003) and in the comedy film "Four Christmases" opposite Vince Vaughn (2008). He starred in and executive produced the 2006 Western television miniseries, "Broken Trail". For that, he won two Emmy Awards, one for Outstanding Lead Actor In A Miniseries Or A Movie and the other for Outstanding Miniseries which he shared with the other producers. In 2012, he reunited with Tom Cruise after 22 years in the action thriller film "Jack Reacher" where he played the character Cash. In 2014, he co-starred with Robert Downey Jr. in the legal drama film "The Judge" where he played Judge Joseph Palmer, the father of Downey's character. He will appear in the upcoming films "The Ploughmen" directed by Ed Harris and "The Pale Blue Eye" with Christian Bale, with whom he co-starred in "Newsies" in 1992.


title: .380 ACP

text: The .380 ACP (9×17mm) (Automatic Colt Pistol) is a rimless, straight-walled pistol cartridge developed by firearms designer John Moses Browning. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case. It was introduced in 1908 by Colt, for use in its new Colt Model 1908 pocket hammerless semi-automatic, and has been a popular self-defense cartridge ever since, seeing wide use in numerous handguns (typically smaller weapons). Other names for .380 ACP include .380 Auto, 9×17mm, 9mm Browning, 9mm Corto, 9mm Kurz, 9mm Short, and 9mm Browning Court (which is the C.I.P. designation). It should not be confused with .38 ACP. The .380 ACP does not strictly conform to cartridge naming conventions, named after the diameter of the bullet, as the actual bullet diameter of the .380 ACP is .355 inches.


title: .380 ACP

text: The .380 ACP cartridge was derived from Browning's earlier .38 ACP design, which was only marginally more powerful. The .380 ACP was designed to be truly rimless, and headspaces on the case mouth instead of the rim for better accuracy. These relatively low-powered designs were intended for blowback pistols which lacked a barrel locking mechanism, which is often required for any handgun firing a round more powerful than a .380 ACP. Using blowback operation, the design can be simplified, and lowered in cost; a locking mechanism is unnecessary, since the mass of the slide and strength of the recoil spring are enough to absorb the recoil energy of the round, due to the round's relatively low bolt thrust. Blowback operation also permits the barrel to be permanently fixed to the frame, which promotes accuracy, unlike a traditional short recoil-operation pistol, which requires a tilting barrel to unlock the slide and barrel assembly when cycling. A drawback of the blowback system is that it requires a certain amount of slide mass to counter the recoil of the round used. The higher the power of the round, the heavier the slide assembly has to be in order for its inertia to safely absorb the recoil, meaning that a typical blowback pistol in a given caliber will be heavier than an equivalent recoil-operated weapon. Blowback weapons can be made in calibers larger than .380 ACP, but the required weight of the slide and strength of the spring makes this an unpopular option. Although the low power of the .380 ACP does not require a locking mechanism, there have been a number of locked-breech pistols chambered in .380 ACP, such as the Remington Model 51, Kel-Tec P3AT and Glock 42; all three being designed to be lighter than blowback-operated .380 ACP weapons. There have also been some relatively diminutive (blowback-operated) submachine guns, such as the Ingram MAC-11 and the Czech vz. 83.


title: .380 ACP

text: The .380 ACP has experienced widespread usage since its introduction in the United States (1908) and in Europe (1912). It was later adopted by the armies of at least five European nations as their standard pistol cartridge before World War II; Czechoslovakia (Vz.38), Hungary (FEMARU 37M), and Italy, all of whom used domestic designs, as well as The Netherlands and Yugoslavia, both of whom adopted the FN Model 1922. It was also used extensively by Germany, who captured or purchased hundreds of thousands of pistols in this caliber during World War II. Popular German built commercial models, such as the Walther PPK were very popular with German officers. The Italian Army used the Beretta M1934, but the Italian Air Force and Navy stuck with the 7.65mm/.32 ACP when they adopted the Beretta M1935.


title: .380 ACP

text: While .380 ACP was considered to be a moderately powerful service pistol round before World War II when compared to the .32 ACP pistols it replaced, no nation retained it as a military service cartridge for very long after the war (when it was largely replaced by the more powerful 9×19mm Parabellum). It was widely used by police forces in Europe until the 1970s, when more powerful 9×19mm handguns began to replace it in this market as well. It does find some use as a backup gun due to the generally small and easily concealable size of the weapons that chambered it (very few "mini pistols" are made in calibers larger than .380 ACP, and those few that are, are recent developments), and is popular on the civilian market as a personal defense round. The .380 ACP round is suitable for self-defense situations as a choice for concealed carry pistols. It was the round used in Defense Distributed's "Wiki Weapon" project to successfully 3D print a firearm.


title: .380 ACP

text: The .380 ACP is compact and light, but has a relatively short range and less stopping power than other modern pistol cartridges, depending on the load of the cartridge and manufacturer. .380 ACP remains a popular self-defense cartridge for shooters who want a lightweight or smaller pistol with manageable recoil. It is slightly less powerful than a standard-pressure .38 Special but also uses 9 mm (.355) diameter bullets. The standard bullet weights are generally 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 115, and 120 grain, though between 80 to 100 grain is the most common.


title: .380 ACP

text: The wounding potential of bullets is often characterized in terms of a bullet's expanded diameter, penetration depth, and energy. Bullet energy for .380 ACP loads varies from roughly . The table below shows common performance parameters for several .380 ACP loads. Bullet weights ranging from are common. Penetration depths from are available for various applications and risk assessments.


title: Moka pot

text: The moka pot is a stove-top or electric coffee maker that brews coffee by passing boiling water pressurized by steam through ground coffee. Named after the Yemeni city of Mocha, it was invented by Italian engineer Alfonso Bialetti in 1933 and quickly became one of the staples of Italian culture. Bialetti Industries continues to produce the same model under the trade name "Moka Express".


title: Moka pot

text: Spreading from Italy, the moka pot is today most commonly used in Europe and in Latin America. It has become an iconic design, displayed in modern industrial art and design museums including the Wolfsonian-FIU, the Cooper–Hewitt, National Design Museum, the Design Museum, the London Science Museum, The Smithsonian and the Museum of Modern Art.


title: Moka pot

text: Moka pots come in different sizes, making from one to eighteen servings. The original design and many current models are made from aluminium with Bakelite handles.


title: Moka pot

text: After the Second World War, the Italian moka pot spread all over the South of Europe and became the standard way of domestically making coffee. Its popularity led to non-Italian South European manufacturers making copies or new designs inspired in the original Italian design.


title: Moka pot

text: In Australia, the moka pot was traditionally used by Italian migrants who arrived mostly after the Second World War. By 2000 the moka had become popular in the homes of many Australians. Today it is quite popular at breakfast time, often Australians will add the brew to a mug and top up with either water off the boil or warmed milk.


title: Moka pot

text: Moka pots are typically made of aluminium, though they are sometimes made out of stainless steel or other alloys.


title: Moka pot

text: Moka pots are used over a flame or electric range. Stainless steel, but not aluminium moka pots can be used with induction cooking.


title: Moka pot

text: Though everyday usage of these pots does not require much in the way of theoretical understanding, a number of physics papers have been written between 2001 and 2009 providing models for the process, utilizing the ideal gas law and Darcy's law to provide insights into how the pot works, dispelling the popular myth that a Moka pot needs to boil water to brew (the water's vapor pressure combined with the expanding gas is sufficient), and offering insights into the dynamics of extraction.


title: Moka pot

text: The boiler (marked A in the diagram) is filled with water almost up to the safety release valve (some models have an etched water level sign) and the funnel-shaped metal filter (B) is inserted. Italians generally do not preheat the water used, though established baristas such as James Hoffmann and Tristan Stephenson recommend using preheated water in the base. Simulations run by physicist Warren King also indicate that using cold water results in the coffee extracting at too low a temperature, but that boiling water may result in the temperature being too high. King recommends a 70°C preheat for optimal results. Finely ground coffee is added to the filter as shown below. How tightly the coffee is packed impacts how quickly the coffee extracts. The pot is placed on a suitable heat source, so that the water is heated.


title: Moka pot

text: A gasket ensures a tightly closed unit and allows for pressure to safely build up in the lower section, where a safety valve provides a necessary release in case this pressure should get too high.


title: Moka pot

text: The heating of the boiler, "A", leads to a gradual increase of the pressure due to both the expansion of the enclosed air and the raised vapor pressure of the increasingly heated water. When pressure becomes high enough to force the water up the funnel through the coffee grinds, coffee will begin to pour into the upper chamber (C). Boiling the water is not necessaryor even desirableto produce sufficient pressure to brew and extraction temperature is in general not greater than that of other brewing methods.


title: Moka pot

text: When the lower chamber is almost empty, bubbles of steam mix with the upstreaming water, producing a characteristic gurgling noise. Navarini et al. call this the "strombolian" phase of brewing, which allows a mixture of highly heated steam and water to pass through the coffee, which leads to rapid overextraction and undesirable results; therefore, brewing should be stopped by removing the pot from the stove as soon as this stage is reached.


title: Moka pot

text: Counterintuitively, adding more water to the lower chamber will not allow more coffee to be extracted at the same temperature; in fact, adding water reduces the volume of air whose expansion forces the water of the boiler up in the funnel, so that in typical operating conditions the volume of coffee is proportional to the volume of air in the lower chamber. On the other hand, the volume of coffee obviously cannot be greater than the initial volume of water. The recommended "just under the safety valve" fill level thus produces near-maximum yield for any given final temperature.


title: Moka pot

text: Moka pots require periodic replacement of the rubber seal and the filters, and a check that the safety release valve is not blocked. When the rubber seal is new, it might alter the coffee taste, so a couple of "dry runs" can be made, without coffee or with used coffee grounds to "prime" it. It is an urban myth that leaving coffee stains in a moka pot is preferablethe rancid coffee should be scrubbed out of all parts of the pot. Moka pots are generally "not" dishwasher safe. Running the pot through the dishwasher generally results in corrosion and oxidation of the protective oxidized layer of aluminium, leaving freshly exposed aluminium to react with the air, creating a dirty, reactive, and blackened surface. Additionally, while not producing unsafe levels, brewing with the pot after dishwasher usage results in a larger aluminium content leaching into the coffee. It is recommended to use a mild detergent.


title: Moka pot

text: The moka pot comes in various sizes based on the number of espresso cups they produce. The following table are the standard sizes for the Bialetti Moka Express.


title: Moka pot

text: The flavor of moka pot coffee depends greatly on bean variety, roast level, fineness of grind, water profile, and the level of heat used.


title: Moka pot

text: Moka pots are sometimes referred to as stove-top espresso makers and produce coffee with an extraction ratio slightly higher than that of a conventional espresso machine.


title: Moka pot

text: However, a typical moka coffee is extracted at relatively low pressures of , while standards for espresso coffee specify a pressure of . Therefore, moka coffee is not considered to be an espresso and has different flavor characteristics.


title: Moka pot

text: A few companies have introduced variations to the Moka pot design. One such design has incorporated a weighted valve as a pressure regulator on top of the nozzle that allows pressure to build up inside the water tank in a manner similar to a pressure cooker. As pressure builds up more quickly in this method (since there is much less leakage of vapour) compared to the standard moka pot, it reaches the level required for water to rise through the ground coffee in a shorter time. The result is coffee brewed at a higher pressure and temperature than the standard pot, making it more similar to espresso and therefore with more visible crema.


title: Jeon Jong-seo

text: Jeon Jong-seo (born July 5, 1994), also known as Rachel Jun, is a South Korean actress. She rose to fame with the role of Hae-mi in the 2018 acclaimed South Korean thriller "Burning", and has won Best Actress at the 57th Baeksang Arts Awards for her performance in the thriller "The Call" (2020). Internationally, she is best known for her role as Tokyo in "" (2022).


title: Jeon Jong-seo

text: Jeon Jong-seo was born in Seoul, the only child in the family. Jeon and her family moved to Canada when she was a child. She attended a middle school in Canada, then returned to Korea and graduated from Anyang Arts High School. After high school, she attended Sejong University majoring in film. Later, she unenrolled from university to pursue her acting career more freely.


title: Jeon Jong-seo

text: Jeon Jong-seo started her acting career after she joined a management agency and attended her first audition in August 2017, for director Lee Chang-dong's mystery flick "Burning". An inexperienced actor without any history in the entertainment industry, Jeon won the competition and landed the lead role at her very first audition, to play alongside recognized actors like Yoo Ah-in and Steven Yeun.


title: Jeon Jong-seo

text: Jeon initially did not seek the role of free-spirited Hae-mi in "Burning" because she thought she had no chance of getting it. The audition took place only three days after she joined her current talent agency. Director Lee Chang-dong said about her audition, "When I saw her, she seemed to have this very childlike sense of innocence, but at the same time, she carried this sense of duality — as if something much bigger was on the other side of that innocence. So I thought she would be great to give Hae-mi the presence that is so central for the film — conveying that inner depth that this character has." And, "Perhaps I was unconsciously drawn to the fact that everything was a 'first time' for her. Also, she has a face that makes people wonder what she's feeling and thinking. I think that made her a good fit for Haemi's character." Lee also said that although the dance scene was in the screenplay, the dance movements were not planned or being rehearsed, but rather Jeon's spontaneous movements. "Burning" premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2018, where Jeon walked the red carpet. The film received universal acclaim, competing for the Palme d'Or at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, and became the first Korean film to make it to the final nine-film shortlist of Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards.


title: Jeon Jong-seo

text: For her first role in the film, Jeon received international critical acclaim, including Best New Performer winner at the 2019 Asian Film Critics Association Awards, and being selected for "The Hollywood Reporter" Critics' "15 International Breakout Talents of 2018" feature. Pierce Conran of "Screen Anarchy" wrote, "Plucked from auditions, first-timer Jeon Jong-seo achieves something almost unthinkable for a rookie, as she embodies a character who is caught between her dreams and reality, her yearning for freedom and role in society, and the powerful desires of those around her and her own. She is magnetic every time she appears on screen, at once playful and aching with a longing for something that she may never understand." John Powers of "Vogue" wrote, "[i]n a marvelous screen debut, she gives a radiant turn, blooming so brightly—especially in a stoned twilight dance to Miles Davis—that she often outshines her male costars. Whenever she's not on-screen, the film instantly grows darker, unhappier." Justin Chang of "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Jeon, making a remarkable screen debut, brings this young woman to beautiful, soulful and defiant life."


title: Jeon Jong-seo

text: In 2020, Jeon starred in her second film, "The Call". She plays Young-sook, who believes that the telephone connected to the future is the only hope to save herself from making dangerous choices. The film premiered on Netflix in November 2020. Jeon's antagonist performance was acclaimed. Anthony Kao of "Cinemaescapist" called it "an outstanding performance" and wrote, "Jeon’s acting gives "The Call" a constant current of electrifying suspense that lasts even into its post-credit scenes." James Marsh of "South China Morning Post" wrote, "Jun cements her position as Korean cinema’s unhinged ingénue du jour, following her star-making turn in Lee Chang-dong’s "Burning", with a brilliantly psychotic performance that reveals Young-sook to be just as dangerous as she is fragile and damaged." "Decider"'s Jade Budowski wrote, "Jong-seo Jun is magnificent as Young-sook [...] She’s convincing in both her quieter moments and her more maniacal outbursts, masterfully drawing out all the thrills and chills you could hope for with a movie of this nature". For her performance in "The Call", Jeon won Best Actress in the 57th Baeksang Arts Awards, and Best Actress awards in the 30th Buil Film Awards and 20th Director's Cut Awards respectively.


title: Jeon Jong-seo

text: The following year, Jeon joined United Talent Agency as her representative agency in the U.S., using her English name Rachel Jun. She made her English-language film debut alongside Kate Hudson and Craig Robinson in "Mona Lisa and the Blood Moon", a fantasy-adventure film by Iranian-American writer-director Ana Lily Amirpour, as the lead character Mona. The film had its premiere at the 78th Venice International Film Festival in September 2021. Jeon's performance, as a woman who has unusual powers escaping from a mental asylum and tries to make it on her own in New Orleans, received positive reviews. Lovia Gyarkye from "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "Jeon ("Burning") excels in her first English-language role, imbuing Mona with personality despite her limited dialogue". "Variety"'s Owen Gleiberman wrote, "[i]n Jeon Jong-seo’s performance as Mona Lisa, you see the power and the alienation. And the two qualities work together in a cool and empathetic way". She next played a late 20s single woman who vows off relationships in a romantic comedy film "Nothing Serious" alongside Son Suk-ku, directed by Jeong Ga-young of "Hit the Night".


title: Jeon Jong-seo

text: Jeon will star in her first series in "", the Korean adaptation of the Spanish crime-drama "Money Heist", as Tokyo. It will be released on Netflix in 2022. She will reunite with "The Call" director Lee Chung-hyun for his short film "Ransom" alongside Jin Seon-kyu, and for his Netflix film "Ballerina", in which she portrays a former bodyguard.


title: Trey Songz

text: Tremaine Aldon Neverson (born November 28, 1984), known professionally as Trey Songz, is an American R&B singer and rapper. His debut album, "I Gotta Make It", was released in 2005 through Atlantic Records. His follow-up album, "Trey Day", spawned his first top 20 single, "Can't Help but Wait". Songz released his third album, "Ready", in 2009 and a single from the album, "Say Aah" (featuring Fabolous), peaked at No. 9 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 making it Songz's first top 10 hit. "Ready" was nominated for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance at the 2008 Grammy Awards. The following year saw Songz's highest-charting song to date, "Bottoms Up" (featuring Nicki Minaj), from his fourth studio album, "Passion, Pain & Pleasure" (2010).


title: Trey Songz

text: In 2012, Songz released his first number one album, "Chapter V", which debuted atop the "Billboard" 200. The album's lead single, "Heart Attack", was nominated for Best R&B Song at the 2013 Grammy Awards. Following that, Songz released his sixth studio album "Trigga" in 2014, his seventh studio album "Tremaine" in 2017, and his eighth studio album "Back Home" in 2020. He has sold over 25 million records worldwide in singles and albums.


title: Trey Songz

text: Tremaine Aldon Neverson was born on November 28, 1984, in Petersburg, Virginia. He is the son of April (Gholson) Tucker, who was seventeen when he was born, and Claude Neverson Jr. Raised as a military brat by his mother and stepfather, Neverson did not have aspirations for a musical career as a child due to his shyness, saying "Singing wasn't a reality for me, until other people started noticing I sounded good." He recognized his vocal abilities at the age of 14. Reluctant to sing, he began performing with encouragement by friends and family in high school.


title: Trey Songz

text: Record producer Troy Taylor was introduced to Songz through Songz's stepfather with whom Taylor attended high school, ultimately leading to Songz signing a recording contract with Atlantic Records in 2003. After graduating from Petersburg High School in 2002, Songz moved to New Jersey to begin recording his debut album, though recording did not actually begin until 2003. While recording his debut album in 2004, Songz released multiple mixtapes under the alias "Prince of Virginia". One of the mixtapes featured an "answer track" to R. Kelly's "Trapped in the Closet", entitled "Open the Closet". The song gave Songz some notoriety. His debut album, "I Gotta Make It" was released on July 26, 2005. It debuted at #20 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 40,000 copies in its first week of sales. It has sold 300,000 records in the US. Songz's debut single, "Gotta Make It", featuring Twista, was released in March 2005 and reached #87 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and #21 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. It garnered success in the R&B/urban community but failed to make a mark in mainstream music. The album's second and final single, "Gotta Go", was released in July 2005 and reached #67 on the Hot 100 and #11 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming even more successful than his debut single in the R&B/urban community and in the mainstream community. After promotion for his debut concluded, he was featured on the lead single from Twista's fifth album, "The Day After". The single, "Girl Tonite", reached #14 on the Hot 100 and #3 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming a huge hit.


title: Trey Songz

text: In mid-2006, Songz began work on a follow-up album to his debut with longtime collaborator Troy Taylor and also employed successful Bryan-Michael Cox, Danja, Stargate and R. Kelly to help create the album. Trey aimed for the album to be more mainstream-oriented than his debut album. His second studio album, "Trey Day", was released on October 2, 2007. The album reached #11 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 73,000 copies in its first week. It has since sold 400,000 records in the US, becoming his second album not to be certified by the RIAA. The album was going to be released on May 8, 2007, but was continually delayed in order for a successful single to precede the album, as the lead single failed to impact charts.


title: Trey Songz

text: His second album was preceded by the lead single, "Wonder Woman", which was released in February 2007. It reached #54 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but failed to impact the Hot 100. Because of the single's failure, his second album was delayed from May 2007 to October 2007. The album's second single, "Can't Help but Wait", was released in August 2007 and was released to promote his second album and the film "Step Up 2 the Streets" soundtrack as a single for it. The single reached #14 on the Hot 100, and #2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It became Songz's first Top 20 hit on the Hot 100, and helped to boost his second album's sales. The single was also nominated for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance at the 2008 50th Grammy Awards. The third single from the album, "Last Time", was released in January 2008 and reached #69 on the Hot 100, and #9 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The fourth and final single from the album, "Missin' You", was released in May 2008, but failed to chart completely. In mid-2008, Songz was nominated for a BET Award for Best Male R&B Artist but did not win the award.


title: Trey Songz

text: In 2008, Trey began work on his third studio album with Bryan-Michael Cox, Sean Garrett, Stargate and Troy Taylor and aimed for a more mature record than his first two. Before releasing his third album, Songz released a mixtape titled "Anticipation" in June 2009 through his blog, which featured songs from his third album. Another mixtape from Trey was released in the summer of 2009, called "Genesis". "Genesis" was a collection of Trey Songz's first recordings when he was fifteen years old and was released to show his fans the dedication that he had to making a record when he was young. Trey released his third studio album, "Ready", on August 31, 2009. The album reached #3 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 131,000 copies in its first week. These are his best first week sales to date and the album was his first to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200. The album has since sold over 1,000,000 records in the US, earning a Platinum certification from the RIAA in June 2014, becoming his first Platinum album.


title: Trey Songz

text: The lead single from the album, "I Need a Girl", was released in April 2009 and reached #5 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop songs chart and #59 on the Hot 100, becoming an R&B/urban hit but not a mainstream hit. A promotional single, "Successful", featuring rapper Drake, was released in June 2009 and reached #17 on the Hot 100, becoming Songz's third Top 20 hit. The single also served as the second and final single from Drake's EP, "So Far Gone". The second official single from his third album, "LOL Smiley Face", featuring Soulja Boy and Gucci Mane, was released in August 2009 and reached #51 on the Hot 100 and #12 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The third single from the album, "I Invented Sex", featuring Drake, was released in October 2009 and reached #42 on the Hot 100 but #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming his first single to top that chart. Like the first two singles from the album, it achieved success in the R&B/urban community but only some mainstream success. Charted within the "Billboard" Hot 100, and topped the R&B chart. The fourth single from the album, "Say Aah", featuring rapper Fabolous, was released in January 2010 and reached #9 on the Hot 100 and #3 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The single has become Trey's highest-charting single on the Hot 100 and one of his most successful singles on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. He also collaborated with R&B singer Amerie on her song "Pretty Brown", the third single from her fourth album, "In Love & War".


title: Trey Songz

text: The fifth and final single from the album, "Neighbors Know My Name", was released in February 2010 and reached #43 on the Hot 100 and #4 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. A sixth single, "Yo Side of the Bed", was going to be released in June 2010, but its release was canceled due to unknown reasons. A music video, featuring singer Keri Hilson, was filmed and released, however. Songz was also the opening act for Jay-Z on his Jay-Z Fall Tour in late 2009. The album was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards in 2010, but lost to Beyoncé's "I Am... Sasha Fierce". On April 1, 2010, he recorded an episode of MTV Unplugged, which aired on April 26, 2010. A documentary-series about Trey, "Trey Songz: My Moment", began in June 2010 to positive reviews and high ratings. The 10-part series ended in August 2010 and follows Trey during his time as opening act on the Jay-Z Fall Tour in late 2009.


title: Trey Songz

text: Songz's fourth studio album, "Passion, Pain & Pleasure", was released on September 14, 2010. Trey began work on the album in early 2010 with Sean Garrett, Troy Taylor and Stargate and has stated that the album will be his most personal to date and was completed in July 2010. The album's lead single, "Bottoms Up", featuring rapper Nicki Minaj, was released on July 27, 2010, and has reached number 6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, becoming his biggest hit to date. The single has since been certified 3× Platinum. "Can't Be Friends" was released as the album's second single in August 2010. Songz embarked on the "Passion, Pain & Pleasure Tour" on August 6, 2010, with singer Monica. The tour is his first headlining tour to date and consists of shows in venues that seat 3,000 to 5,000 people. Songz also contributed the song "Already Taken" to the "Step Up 3D" soundtrack, which was released on July 27, 2010. He filmed a video for the song, which was released in July 2010. The leading lady in the video is former girlfriend and professional dancer Helen Gedlu. Songz appeared at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. Songz also performed at the BET Awards 2011 which was broadcast on June 26, 2011.


title: Trey Songz

text: On August 18, 2011, it was announced Songz will be working on his fifth studio album titled "Chapter V". In an interview Trey said the album, which would act as the follow-up to "Passion, Pain & Pleasure", was nearing completion. He also said, "It's my sixth year in the game so I've been here for a while now. You can expect the best me you've ever heard. I don't have any release dates in mind right now but I'm just making music and enjoying myself in the studio and having fun. I have a few dream collaborations on that album that I want, but they say if you blow out your candle and make a wish you can't tell people what you ask for or it won't come true".


title: Trey Songz

text: On November 28, 2011, his 27th birthday, Songz released his "Inevitable" EP to prepare for the release of his album. The EP opened with first week sales of 27,000 landing it at No. 23 on the "Billboard" 200 and No. 4 on "Billboard"'s Top Hip-Hop R&B Albums chart. As of October 18, 2012, the EP has sold 91,000 copies in the United States. In February 2012, Songz will embark on his Anticipation 2our to promote his mixtape "Anticipation 2" and to raise awareness of his new album. In July 2011, he was cast in "Texas Chainsaw 3D" as Ryan, the male lead role. The film was released on January 4, 2013.


title: Trey Songz

text: "Chapter V" was released on August 21, 2012, by Atlantic Records, and on August 17 as a digital download. Trey Songz toured in promotion of the album on his Anticipation 2our, a tour spanning from February 9 to March 11, 2012, in North America. Rapper Big Sean was the tour's supporting act. The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with first week sales of 135,000 copies. It was Songz' first album to top the chart. "Chapter V" was also Songz' first album to chart in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 10 on the UK Albums Chart. As of October 3, 2012, the album has sold 238,400 copies in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album's lead single, "Heart Attack", was released as a digital download on March 26, 2012. It charted at number 35 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and number 28 on the UK Singles Chart. Its music video was released on May 4 and featured then girlfriend Kelly Rowland playing Songz' love interest. The second single "2 Reasons" was released on June 12. Its video was premiered on June 12 by BET's "106 & Park". "Simply Amazing" was released in the United Kingdom on August 12. It charted at number eight in the UK. Its music video, directed by Justin Francis, was released on July 23. "Never Again" was released as a single in the UK in November. Its music video was released on November 21.


title: Trey Songz

text: On June 20, 2013, in a radio interview with KS 107.5, Songz confirmed that he had already recorded about eight songs for his sixth studio album. On Christmas Day, Songz released the song titled "Na Na" on "The Angel Network". In February 2014, Songz released another track featuring Young Jeezy called "Ordinary" and he was also featured on the remix to Mariah Carey's single, "You're Mine (Eternal)". In March 2014, Songz released the second single of his album called "SmartPhones". On April 1, 2014, 50 Cent released a single featuring Songz, titled "Smoke", from his fifth studio album "Animal Ambition". On July 1, 2014, Trey Songz released his sixth album "Trigga" and it debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 105,000 copies.


title: Trey Songz

text: On May 18, 2015, Songz digitally released the full-length album "Intermission I & II". Half of the tracks on the album were previously available on the "Intermission" EP, which was released on April 14, 2015. "Tremaine The Album" was released on March 24, 2017, three years after his last LP. This album is based on his given name, Tremaine Aldon Neverson. The LP is made up of 15 songs and the lone feature comes from fellow Virginia artist and frequent collaborator MIKExANGEL on "Games We Play."


title: Trey Songz

text: On April 29, 2020, Trey Songz released "Back Home" featuring Summer Walker. The song was produced by Hitmaka and samples Rose Royce's "I'm Going Down". On June 5, in response to the uprising following the murders of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, Songz released "2020 Riots: How Many Times". He also released an accompanying video. On August 14, Songz released the second single "Circles", which was produced by his longtime collaborator Troy Taylor. The official video was directed by Mahaneela and is said to have been inspired by Black love. Songz' eighth album, "Back Home", was released on October 9, 2020.


title: Trey Songz

text: Songz possesses a tenor vocal range. His music is generally R&B. Songz's musical influences include Luther Vandross, Prince, R. Kelly, Michael Jackson, and Usher.


title: Trey Songz

text: In December 2016, following a performance at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Songz was arrested and charged with felony assault of a police officer and misdemeanor aggravated assault for injuring a photographer. It was alleged that the singer "began throwing objects after the venue cut his concert short due to an 11:30 pm curfew" and to have "struck an officer with his fist". Trey Songz pleaded guilty in August 2017 to two reduced counts of disturbing the peace, and was sentenced to 18 months of probation, substance screening and anger-management classes.


title: Trey Songz

text: On January 22, 2017, actress/singer Keke Palmer accused Songz of secretly filming her and using the footage without her permission in the music video for his remix with Fabolous of the Travis Scott and Young Thug song “Pick Up the Phone”. She also accused him of using "sexual intimidation" while recording her, and that at one point during the alleged incident she hid from him in a closet.


title: Trey Songz

text: In June 2018, Songz was sued in federal court for the incident that took place following the 2016 Detroit concert. A Detroit police officer alleges in the lawsuit that he suffered a "career-ending brain injury", and had to undergo a hip replacement when Songz allegedly punched him in the face. The officer alleged that after being hit, he and Songz fell to the floor, with the singer landing on top of the officer, causing him to hit his head on the concrete and also hurt his hip. A photographer working the show, also a party to the lawsuit, alleged that he sustained a head injury after Songz allegedly threw a microphone stand at him.


title: Trey Songz

text: On January 24, 2021, Songz was arrested in Kansas City, Missouri, while attending the conference championship game between the Kansas City Chiefs and Buffalo Bills. Songz was being heckled by fans, and he asked them to "chill out". An officer came over, and from sources and a video released by TMZ, an altercation ensued. This altercation led to Songz being arrested, and charges of trespassing, resisting arrest, both misdemeanors, and for assaulting a police officer, a felony. He was released from custody the next day. Sources connected to Songz with direct knowledge told TMZ he believes the officer in question had been biased against him long before the altercation, and when the officer approached him he was immediately aggressive. Another source says the officer's issue before the incident was that Songz and his crew were not wearing masks and refused to put them on. The Kansas City Police Department released the security video from their section, which showed that the police warned Songz and his entourage several times during multiple encounters with security and police, eventually resulting in Songz being escorted out of the seating area, at which point he threw the first punch at the police officer.


title: Trey Songz

text: A woman claimed that Songz sexually assaulted her at E11Even Miami nightclub on January 1, 2018. She later filed a lawsuit seeking damages of $10 million.


title: Trey Songz

text: On December 30, 2021, Dylan Gonzalez, a former member of University of Las Vegas' women's basketball team, tweeted, "Trey Songz Is A Rapist". On January 11, 2022, she released a statement on social media accusing Songz of raping her "at a well known Las Vegas hotel". Songz later denied the accusation. In February 2022, a third woman accused Trey Songz of rape, saying he anally raped her in March 2016.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: , known professionally as , is a Japanese composer, musical director, conductor and pianist, known for over 100 film scores and solo albums dating back to 1981. He is also known for his piano scores.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: Hisaishi's music has been known to explore and incorporate different genres, including minimalist, experimental electronic, Western classical, and Japanese classical. He has also worked as a music engraver and arranger.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: He has been associated with director and animator Hayao Miyazaki since 1984, having written scores for all but one of Miyazaki's films. He is also recognized for his music for filmmaker 'Beat' Takeshi Kitano, including "A Scene at the Sea" (1991), "Sonatine" (1993), "Kids Return" (1996), "Hana-bi" (1997), "Kikujiro" (1999), "Brother" and "Dolls" (2002), and for the video game series "Ni no Kuni". He was a student of anime composer Takeo Watanabe.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: Hisaishi was born in Nakano, Nagano, Japan, as . He started learning violin at the Violin School Suzuki Shinichi at the age of four, and began watching hundreds of movies each year with his father. He attended the Kunitachi College of Music in 1969, where he majored in music composition, and collaborated with minimalist artists as a music engraver.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 1974 Hisaishi wrote music for the anime series "Gyatoruzu", and composed some of his other early works, under his given name. He also composed for "Sasuga no Sarutobi" (Academy of Ninja) and "Futari Daka" (A Full Throttle).


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In the 1970s, Hisaishi's compositions were influenced by Japanese popular music, electronic music and New Age music, and by the Japanese electronic band Yellow Magic Orchestra. He developed his music from minimalist ideas and expanded toward orchestral work. Around 1975, he presented his first public performance. His first album, "MKWAJU", was released in 1981; his second, the electropop-minimalist "Information", was released a year later. His first major anime scores were for "Hajime Ningen Gyatoruz" (1974) and "Robokko Beeton" (1976).


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: As he became better-known, Hisaishi formulated an alias inspired by American musician and composer Quincy Jones: "Quincy", pronounced "Kuinshī” in Japanese, can be written using the same kanji in "Hisaishi"; and "Joe" came from "Jones".


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 1983, Hisaishi was recommended by Tokuma, who had published "Information", to create an image album for Hayao Miyazaki's animated film "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind". It was the first of many of Miyazaki's films Hisaishi would score. (Their collaboration has been compared to that of director Steven Spielberg and composer John Williams.)


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 1985, Hisaishi founded his own recording studio, Wonder Station. In 1986, he scored "" for Miyazaki's newly established Studio Ghibli; then in the 1990s, scored the Ghibli films "Porco Rosso" and "Princess Mononoke". Hisaishi's compositions (including eight theatrical films and one OVA) become well-known as a style associated with early anime. He also composed for such TV and movie hits as "Sasuga no Sarutobi", "Two Down Full Base", "Tonde Mon Pe" and the anime "Tekuno porisu 21C" (all 1982), "Oz no mahôtsukai" (1982), "Sasuraiger" (1983), "Futari Taka" (1984), and (1985). He also scored the sci-fi adventure series "Mospeada" (1983). Other films he scored included "Mobile Suit Gundam Movie II: Soldiers of Sorrow" (1981), "Mobile Suit Gundam Movie III: Encounters in Space", (1982), "Birth (Bâsu)" (1984), "Arion" (1986), "Robot Carnival" (1987), "Totoro" (1988), "Crest of the Royal Family" and "Maison Ikkoku – Apartment Fantasy" (both 1988), "Venus Wars" (1989), "Kiki's Delivery Service" (1989), "Porco Rosso" (1992) and "Ocean Heaven" (2010). He also did theme-song arrangements and composed other anime opening, closing, and insert title theme songs such as "Mahō Shōjo Lalabel" (1980), "Hello! Sandybell" (1981), "Meiken Jolie" (1981), "Voltron" (1981), "Ai Shite Knight" (1983), "Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel: Curtain Call" (1986), and "" (1988).


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: Hisaishi also developed a solo career, began to produce music. In 1989, he released his first solo album "Pretender", on his new Wonder Land Inc. label.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 1998, Hisaishi provided the soundtrack to the 1998 Winter Paralympics. The next year, he composed the music for the third installment of "The Universe Within (NHK"スペシャル 驚異の小宇宙 人体III 遺伝子")", a series of popular computer-animated educational films about the human body produced by NHK and the score for the Takeshi Kitano film "Kikujiro", whose title track "Summer" became one of his most recognized compositions.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 2001, Hisaishi produced music for another Kitano film, "Brother", and Hayao Miyazaki's animated film "Spirited Away". The opening theme to this film, "One Summer's Day", had great popularity, with over 36 million Spotify streams as of December 2022. He also executive-produced the Night Fantasia 4 Movement at the Japan Expo in Fukushima 2001. On October 6, he debuted as a film director in "Quartet", having also written its music and script; it received excellent reviews at the Montreal World Film Festival. His first soundtrack for a foreign film, "Le Petit Poucet", was released the same year.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: Miyazaki film "Howl's Moving Castle" was released on November 20, 2004 in Japan. Its main theme, "Merry-Go-Round", became Hisaishi's most commercially successful movie score, with over 44 million Spotify streams as of December 2022. From November 3 to 29, 2004, Hisaishi embarked on his "Joe Hisaishi Freedom – Piano Stories 2004" tour with Canadian musicians. In 2005, he composed the soundtrack for the Korean film "Welcome to Dongmakgol" (), and participated in Korea's MBC drama series "The Legend" ( "The Story of the First King's Four Gods"), released in 2007.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 2006, Hisaishi released his studio album "Asian X.T.C.", characterized by a significantly eclectic and contemporary Eastern style. Zhan Li Jun, the erhu player of the Chinese band 12 Girls Band, featured music from the album in a live concert. The next year, Hisaishi composed and recorded the soundtrack for Frederic Lepage's film "Sunny and the Elephant", and for Miyazaki's film "Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea" (both released in 2008), and the score for Jiang Wen's film "The Sun Also Rises" (太阳照常升起).


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 2008, Hisaishi composed soundtracks for the Academy Award-winning film "Departures." He also scored , a post-World War II war-crime trial drama, based on the 1959 Tetsutaro Kato novel and film currently being remade and directed by Katsuo Fukuzawa, starring Masahiro Nakai and Yukie Nakama.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In August 2008, he arranged, performed in, conducted, and played piano in a concert with the World Dream Symphony Orchestra to observe his 25 years of collaboration with director Hayao Miyazaki. Featuring over 1200 musicians, it sold out the world-famous Budokan.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 2009, Hisaishi released a solo album featuring tracks from "Shellfish" and "Departures". In 2010, he became an invited professor at the Japanese National College of Music.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 2013, he composed the score for the NHK wildlife documentary "Legends of the Deep: Giant Squid" , narrated by David Attenborough, for BBC's Natural World special "Giant Squid: Filming the Impossible".


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: On June 28, 2013, Hisaishi was among those invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, recognizing people "who have distinguished themselves by their contributions to theatrical motion pictures."


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In 2017, he gave three concerts in Paris, similar to his 25-year Ghibli collaboration anniversary concert, performed in the Palais des Congrès de Paris.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: In May 2018, Hisaishi performed five sold-out concerts in his North American debut in California, USA at the San Jose Center for the Performing Arts with Symphony Silicon Valley. He also wrote the soundtrack for the TBS Nichiyō Gekijō drama "In This Corner of the World".


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: On February 21, 2020, the album "Dream Songs: The Essential Joe Hisaishi" was released through Decca Gold, featuring 28 compositions from Hisaishi's career.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: On February 19, 2021, the film "Soul Snatcher" (赤狐书生)'s soundtrack album "Red Fox Scholar (Original Soundtrack)" was digitally released, with 34 compositions ranging from 25 seconds to nearly five minutes in length.


title: Joe Hisaishi

text: Hisaishi has won numerous awards, including seven Japanese Academy Awards for Best Music (1992, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2000, 2009, and 2011); the Newcomer Award from the Ministry of Education (Public Entertainment Section) (1997); the Art Choice Award for New Artist (Popular Performing Arts Division) (1998); the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award Music Prize for "Howl's Moving Castle" (2005); and the International Film Music Critics Association Award for Television Division Best Original Score Award (for the Korean drama "Queen Shikigami") (2008).


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The Borgias is a historical-fiction drama television series created by Neil Jordan; it debuted in 2011 and was canceled in 2013.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The series is set in Renaissance-era Italy and follows the Borgia family in their scandalous ascension to the papacy. Mercilessly cruel and defiantly decadent, the Borgias use bribery, simony, intimidation and murder in their relentless quest for wealth and power that make them history's most infamous crime family. It stars Jeremy Irons as Pope Alexander VI with François Arnaud as Cesare, Holliday Grainger as Lucrezia and David Oakes as Juan. Colm Feore also stars as Cardinal della Rovere (later Pope Julius II).


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: It premiered on April 3, 2011, at 9 p.m. ET on Showtime in the United States and 10 p.m. Eastern () on Bravo! in Canada, and received its first major television network premiere on June 21, 2011, on Canada's CTV Television Network. The second season premiered on April 8, 2012. On May 4, 2012, Showtime ordered a third season of 10 episodes, which premiered on April 14, 2013.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: On June 5, 2013, Showtime canceled the series, a season short of Jordan's planned four-season arc for the series. The cancellation was implied to be due to the expense of production, with plans for a two-hour wrap-up finale also scrapped. A fan campaign was started in an attempt to convince Showtime to revive the series. On August 12, 2013, it was announced that the two-hour series finale script would be released as an e-book, after it was determined that a movie would be too expensive to produce.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The series follows the rise of the Borgia family to the pinnacle of the Catholic Church and their struggles to maintain their grip on power. The beginning of the first season depicts the election of Rodrigo Borgia to the papacy through simony and bribery, with the help of his sons, Cesare and Juan. Upon winning the election, Rodrigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI, which then thrusts him and his family deep into the murky heart of politics in fifteenth-century Europe: from shifting loyalties within the College of Cardinals to the ambitions of the kings of Europe to the venomous rivalries between the noble families of Italy at the time.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: Meanwhile, enraged by his loss of the election to Borgia, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere travels across Italy and France, seeking allies to depose or kill Alexander: this would force another papal conclave and race for Pope which della Rovere is convinced he would win without Borgia to oppose him.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The series also follows the complicated sibling relationships between Cesare, Juan, and Lucrezia. Between Cesare and Juan, there is deep rivalry, with jealousy and resentment on Cesare's side; inferiority and aggression on Juan's. Juan's descent into addiction, illness, malice, and madness in the second season leads to a shocking confrontation between him and Cesare which forever changes the family. Between Cesare and Lucrezia, there is an abiding intimacy and closeness which finally delves into incest in Season 3, as the show's take on the persistent rumors about the real-life siblings. Their youngest sibling, Gioffre, is a minor player in the first season, not seen at all in the second, and does not become a major plot point until the third and final season.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The show also addressed Lucrezia's first and second marriage, her illegitimate child, the affair between Alexander VI and Giulia "La Bella" Farnese, the rise of Girolamo Savonarola in Florence, his Bonfire of the Vanities and eventual burning for heresy.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The series cancellation prevented the death of Pope Alexander VI and the succession of Pope Julius II from being explored, and the downfall of Cesare Borgia.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The series is an international co-production, filmed in Hungary, and produced in Canada. Filming in Hungary mainly took place at the Korda Studios in Etyek, just west of Budapest.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: Jordan had tried to direct a film about the Borgia reign for over a decade, and the project had many times come close to fruition, with stars such as Colin Farrell and Scarlett Johansson attached to it. In 2010, Steven Spielberg, the head of DreamWorks Pictures (now a producer of "The Borgias"), suggested the film be turned into a cable drama, and Jordan took the idea over to Showtime executives who, wanting to fill the void historical series "The Tudors" would leave after its final season, commissioned the series. Jordan has stated that the ideal would be a series of four seasons so he could span at least the period of Rodrigo Borgia's papacy (1492–1503).


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: For the role of Rodrigo Borgia, Jordan turned to Academy Award winner Jeremy Irons, known for playing villains and anti-heroes. The actor initially had second thoughts about his suitability to play someone historically described as an obese, dark-complexioned Spaniard, but Jordan wanted him to focus on the aspects of the character's obsession with power and life, which the actor could play to the hilt.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The first season consists of nine episodes; the premiere encompassed two episodes, with the remaining seven episodes being first-aired each week following. The second season consisted of ten episodes, the first half of which were written by show creator Neil Jordan, whereas the latter half was written by noted English writer-director David Leland, who joined the series' staff as co-showrunner and producer and directed its last two episodes. The finale of season 2 was written by Guy Burt, who also helped storyline the season. Season 3, the show's final season, again consists of ten episodes, four of which were written by Burt, while the other six, including the final episode, were again written by Jordan.


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The show's first season received generally favorable reviews in the United States, scoring 66 out of 100 based on 25 critics on Metacritic. Robert Bianco of "USA Today" said, "... seen from a safe distance, captured by a sterling cast led in marvelous high style by Jeremy Irons, and presented with all the brio, flair and sumptuous design TV can muster, the infamous family is almost addictively entertaining". Linda Stasi of the "New York Post" gave the season a 3.5/4 rating, remarking "'The Borgias' (the series) makes "The Tudors" look like a bunch of amateurs with bigger lips."


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: However, it was met with a more mixed reception in the United Kingdom. Rachel Ray of "The Daily Telegraph" called Irons' performance "disappointingly undiabolical". She added that the show is "for history buffs, not for viewers looking for another "Godfather"". Sarah Dempster of "The Guardian" mocked the show's dialogue and visual style: "The ridiculousness mounts. The opening double bill features impromptu palazzo brawls between priapic gadabouts in bejewelled codpieces ("Back to Spain, Borgia!") and flocks of miffed cardinals gliding along darkened corridors like motorised pepperpots". Sam Wollaston recalled the 1981 BBC miniseries of the same name, which had been widely panned, and said there was "more thought to this [2011] version, and attention to character. And Irons is proper". "The Independent"s Holly Williams praised Irons, but said elsewhere, "the acting and script feel about as substantial as a communion wafer. With power struggles, sex, assassinations and sibling rivalries, it should, at least, be racy and fun. Yet the storyline often feels curiously ungripping".


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: The second season's premiere was met with much more positive reviews, and holds a Metacritic score of 81/100, based on six reviews. Curt Wagner of RedEye has stated, "Based on the first four episodes of the new season, I'd say Jordan has figured things out. "The Borgias" still overflows with delicious intrigues, sex and deadly politics, but it now has an energy and constant forward momentum the first season lacked." Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" has stated, ""Borgias" retains the intrigue and conniving family politics that made season one such a pleasure ride, but it all has more snap now, with Jordan spinning the plates with aplomb."


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: "The Borgias" garnered 16 different Emmy nominations throughout its run, and won three: twice for Outstanding Costumes for a Series (2011 & 2013) and once for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music (2011). The excellence of the costume design on the series was further recognized by the Costume Designers Guild, which twice nominated "The Borgias" for the Excellence in Period Television award (2011 & 2013).


title: The Borgias (2011 TV series)

text: Jeremy Irons was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama in 2012.


title: Disaronno

text: Disaronno Originale (28% abv) is a type of amaretto—an amber-colored liqueur with a characteristic almond taste, although it does not actually contain almonds. It is produced in Saronno, in the Lombardy region, and is sold worldwide. According to the company, the liqueur is an infusion of apricot kernel oil with "absolute alcohol, burnt sugar, and the pure essence of seventeen selected herbs and fruits". The liqueur is sold in an oblong glass decanter designed by a craftsman from Murano.


title: Disaronno

text: The product was called Amaretto di Saronno (Amaretto from Saronno) until 2001, when it was rebranded as "Disaronno Originale" for marketing reasons.


title: Disaronno

text: Disaronno can be served neat as a cordial, on the rocks, or as part of a cocktail mixed with other alcoholic beverages, cola, ginger ale, or fruit juice. It may also be added to hot chocolate and is an ingredient in the Italian variant of an Irish coffee. The amaretto liqueur can also be used in the Italian dessert Tiramisu.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The Tupolev Tu-154 (; NATO reporting name: "Careless") is a three-engined, medium-range, narrow-body airliner designed in the mid-1960s and manufactured by Tupolev. A workhorse of Soviet and (subsequently) Russian airlines for several decades, it carried half of all passengers flown by Aeroflot and its subsidiaries (137.5 million/year or 243.8 billion passenger-km in 1990), remaining the standard domestic-route airliner of Russia and former Soviet states until the mid-2000s. It was exported to 17 non-Russian airlines and used as a head-of-state transport by the air forces of several countries.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The aircraft has a cruising speed of and a range of . Capable of operating from unpaved and gravel airfields with only basic facilities, it was widely used in the extreme Arctic conditions of Russia's northern/eastern regions, where other airliners were unable to operate. Originally designed for a 45,000-hour service life (18,000 cycles), but capable of 80,000 hours with upgrades, it was expected to continue in service until 2016, although noise regulations have restricted flights to Western Europe and other regions.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The Tu-154 was developed to meet Aeroflot's requirement to replace the jet-powered Tu-104 and the Antonov An-10 and Ilyushin Il-18 turboprops. The requirements called for either a payload capacity of with a range of while cruising at , or a payload of with a range of while cruising at . A take-off distance of at maximum takeoff weight was also stipulated as a requirement. Conceptually similar to the British Hawker Siddeley Trident, which first flew in 1962, and the American Boeing 727, which first flew in 1963, the medium-range Tu-154 was marketed by Tupolev at the same time as Ilyushin was marketing the long-range Ilyushin Il-62. The Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Industry chose the Tu-154, as it incorporated the latest in Soviet aircraft design and best met Aeroflot's anticipated requirements for the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The first project chief was ; in 1964, assumed that position. In 1975, the project lead role was turned over to .


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The Tu-154 first flew on 4 October 1968. The first deliveries to Aeroflot were in 1970 with freight (mail) services beginning in May 1971 and passenger services in February 1972. Limited production of the 154M model was still occurring as of January 2009, despite previous announcements of the end of production in 2006. 1025 Tu-154s have been built, 214 of which were still in service as of 14 December 2009. The last serial Tu-154 was delivered to the Russian Defense Ministry on 19 February 2013 from the Aviakor factory, equipped with upgraded avionics, a VIP interior and a communications suite. The factory has four unfinished airframes in its inventory which can be completed if new orders are received.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The Tu-154 is powered by three rear-mounted, low-bypass turbofan engines arranged similarly to those of the Boeing 727, but it is slightly larger than its American counterpart. Both the 727 and the Tu-154 use an S-duct for the middle (number-two) engine. The original model was equipped with Kuznetsov NK-8-2 engines, which were replaced with Soloviev D-30KU-154 in the Tu-154M. All Tu-154 aircraft models have a relatively high thrust-to-weight ratio, giving the type excellent performance, though at the expense of lower fuel efficiency. This became an important factor in later decades as fuel costs grew.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The cockpit is fitted with conventional dual yoke control columns. Flight control surfaces are hydraulically operated.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The cabin of the Tu-154, although of the same six-abreast seating layout, gives the impression of an oval interior, with a lower ceiling than is common on Boeing and Airbus airliners. The passenger cabin accommodates 128 passengers in a two-class layout and 164 passengers in single-class layout, and up to 180 passengers in high-density layout. The layout can be modified to what is called a winter version where some seats are taken out and a wardrobe is installed for passenger coats. The passenger doors are smaller than on its Boeing and Airbus counterparts. Luggage space in the overhead compartments is very limited.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: Like the Tupolev Tu-134, the Tu-154 has a wing swept back at 35° at the quarter-chord line. The British Hawker Siddeley Trident has the same sweepback angle, while the Boeing 727 has a slightly smaller sweepback angle of 32°. The wing also has anhedral (downward sweep) which is a distinguishing feature of Russian low-wing airliners designed during this era. Most Western low-wing airliners such as the contemporary Boeing 727 have dihedral (upward sweep). The anhedral means that Russian airliners have poor lateral stability compared to their Western counterparts, but also are more resistant to Dutch roll tendencies.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: Considerably heavier than its predecessor Soviet-built airliner the Ilyushin Il-18, the Tu-154 was equipped with an oversized landing gear to reduce ground load, enabling it to operate from the same runways. The aircraft has two six-wheel main bogies fitted with large, low-pressure tires that retract into pods extending from the trailing edges of the wings (a common Tupolev feature), plus a two-wheel nosegear unit. Soft oleo struts (shock absorbers) provide a much smoother ride on bumpy airfields than most airliners, which very rarely operate on such poor surfaces.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The original requirement was to have a three-person flight crew – captain, first officer, and flight engineer – as opposed to a four- or five-person crew, as on other Soviet airliners. It became evident that a fourth crew member, a navigator, was still needed, and a seat was added on production aircraft, although their workstation was compromised due to the limitations of the original design. Navigators are no longer trained, and this profession is becoming obsolete with the retirement of the oldest Soviet-era planes.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: The latest variant (Tu-154M-100, introduced 1998) includes an NVU-B3 Doppler navigation system, a triple autopilot, which provides an automatic ILS approach according to ICAO category II weather minima, an autothrottle, a Doppler drift and speed measure system (DISS), and a "Kurs-MP" radio navigation suite. A stability and control augmentation system improves handling characteristics during manual flight. Modern upgrades normally include modernised TCAS, GPS, and other systems (mostly American-made or EU-made).


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: Early versions of the Tu-154 cannot be modified to meet the current Stage III noise regulations, so are no longer allowed to fly into airspace where such regulations are enforced, such as the European Union. However, the Tu-154M's D-30 engines can be fitted with hush kits, allowing them to meet noise regulations.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: Many variants of this airliner have been built. Like its Western counterpart, the 727, many of the Tu-154s in service have been hush-kitted, and some converted to freighters.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: As of August 2017, there were 44 Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft of all variants still in civil or military service. A 45th aircraft has been sighted flying with Air Kyrgyzstan in 2017, but is not listed by the airline as part of its fleet. A 46th aircraft, a Polish Tu-154 with operational number 102, is currently in storage at the military airport in Mińsk Mazowiecki. It was operated by 36th Special Aviation Regiment, but after the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash of the Tu-154 101, the Regiment has been disbanded and the plane was grounded. It was fully operational, but the government decided not to use or sell it until the investigation into the Smoleńsk crash is finished. As of June 2021 the aircraft is not flying, and it is unlikely to come back into service, since the government operates a fleet of brand-new, more fuel-efficient jets like the Gulfstream G550 and the Boeing 737 NG. In 2020 it was revealed by the investigation team, led by Antoni Macierewicz, that the aircraft was structurally damaged. The access to the aircraft was restricted by the general prosecutor, and entering its hangar requires a special permission.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: In January 2010 Russian flag carrier Aeroflot announced the retirement of its Tu-154 fleet after 40 years, with the last scheduled flight being Aeroflot Flight 736 from Yekaterinburg to Moscow on 31 December 2009. In December 2010, Uzbekistan Airways also declared that it was retiring its Tu-154s.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: In October 2020 ALROSA, the last Russian passenger airline to operate this aircraft, retired its last remaining Tu-154.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: On 27 December 2016, the Russian Ministry of Defence announced that it had grounded all of its Tu-154s until the end of the investigation into the December 2016 crash of a 1983 Tupolev Tu-154. This was followed by the grounding of all Tu-154s in Russia. The Tu-154 had crashed into the Black Sea just after takeoff from Sochi, Russia, on 25 December 2016 killing all 92 people on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble, an official army choir of the Russian Armed Forces.


title: Tupolev Tu-154

text: Between 1970 and December 2016 there were 110 serious incidents involving the Tu-154, including 73 hull losses, with 2,911 fatalities. Of the fatal incidents, five resulted from terrorist or military terrorist action (two other wartime losses were non-fatal), several from poor runway conditions in winter (including one in which the airplane struck snow plows on the runway), cargo overloading in the lapse of post-Soviet federal safety standards, and mid-air collisions due to faulty air traffic control. Other incidents resulted from mechanical problems, running out of fuel on unscheduled routes, pilot errors (including inadequate flight training for new crews), and cargo fires; several accidents remain unexplained.