title: E Street Band

text: Springsteen followed up the Summer '17 tour by announcing a solo concert residency on Broadway without the E Street Band. "Springsteen on Broadway" ran from October 3, 2017, to December 15, 2018. On January 18, 2018, Lofgren was asked on Twitter if the E Street Band will ever tour with Springsteen again. Lofgren responded saying "I sure hope so" however Tallent responded saying that it was "looking unlikely though", fueling rumors of the end of the E Street Band. The following day, Tallent responded to his original comment saying "just to be clear, I know as much as you. I like Nils' answer better". On February 2, 2018, Weinberg commented on the future of the E Street Band performing with Springsteen saying "Don't worry, we ain’t done yet. The E Street Band will be back out on the road."


title: E Street Band

text: On December 2, 2018, Springsteen announced that new music was on the way but the E Street Band would not be touring in 2019. He is taking a break after his Broadway run and various recording projects. In April 2019 it was announced that Springsteen's next album, "Western Stars", would be a solo release without the E Street Band. In a May 5, 2019 interview with Martin Scorsese, Springsteen revealed that he has written almost an album's worth of material for a new album with the E Street Band and that there will be a tour. Springsteen said that writer's block caused problems for him in coming up with new music for the E Street Band and even made him doubt if he could create new music. "I couldn't write anything for the band. And I said, ‘Well, of course ... you'll never be able to do that again!’ And it's a trick every time you do it, you know? And then about a month or so ago, I wrote almost an album's worth of material for the band. And it came out of just... I mean, I know where it came from, but at the same time, it just came out of almost nowhere. You go, ‘Fuck, I'm not fucked, all right? There'll be another tour!"


title: E Street Band

text: On May 25, 2019, Springsteen was quoted by Italian newspaper "la Repubblica" saying an E Street Band tour and new album will happen in 2020. "We will go on tour next year. I will go into the studio to record with the E Street Band, starting in the fall, and when we finish we will go on tour" Springsteen said. Despite Springsteen's comments in late 2019 on a new album and tour, on February 12, 2020, Van Zandt cast some doubt over a 2020 tour saying "Let's just say I thought I was going to be busier than I am. So at the moment, 2020 seems to have opened up." Weinberg also said he planned on touring with his own band from April through December 2020. On September 10, 2020, Springsteen announced his twentieth studio album, "Letter to You" which will be released on October 23, 2020. The album marks the first release featuring the E Street Band since 2014's "High Hopes".


title: E Street Band

text: In a September 20, 2020 interview with Rolling Stone, Springsteen said that he didn't expect to tour again until at least 2022 saying "My antenna tells me, at best, 2022. And I would consider the concert industry lucky if it happens then. I'm going to consider myself lucky if I lose just a year of touring life. Once you hit 70, there's a finite amount of tours and a finite amount of years that you have. And so you lose one or two, that's not so great. Particularly because I feel the band is capable of playing at the very, very, very top, or better than, of its game right now. And I feel as vital as I’ve ever felt in my life... It's not being able to do something that is a fundamental life force, something I’ve lived for since I was 16 years old."


title: E Street Band

text: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band performed as the musical guest on the December 12, 2020 episode of "Saturday Night Live" marking their first performance since 2017 and their first to promote "Letter to You". "Ghosts" and "I'll See You in My Dreams" were performed. Garry Tallent and Soozie Tyrell opted to not travel and perform due to COVID-19 restrictions. Jack Daley of the Disciples of Soul filled in for Tallent.


title: E Street Band

text: On May 13, 2021, during a four-song acoustic set following his acceptance of the Woody Guthrie Prize, Springsteen announced that a new album was coming out soon saying "California was an enormous influence on some of my most topical writing through my ‘90s, 2000s and even now. We have a record coming out soon that's set largely in the West." It is unknown if this album will feature the E Street Band or if it will be a solo album.


title: E Street Band

text: In June 2021, Springsteen announced that he was talked into resuming his "Springsteen on Broadway" performances by a "friend" in the summer of 2021 however confirmed there would be an E Street Band tour in 2022 saying "It gives me something to do this summer so I won't be lazying around on the beach. I knew we were going to tour with the band next year so I said I'll take some time off." Springsteen also discussed future music releases saying "We have something coming out in the fall. I'm not sure if it's been announced yet. I got projects I've been working on basically that are slated for release either next year or in the fall. Not new records, but things I think the fans are going to be interested in."


title: E Street Band

text: On December 14, 2021, Max Weinberg indicated that he felt a tour with Springsteen and the E Street Band was very likely in 2022 saying "Until the bus pulls up at my house, figuratively speaking, I'm not quite sure but I'm pretty convinced ... (that) myself, my colleagues and the people who are interested are going to be very pleasantly surprised in 2022. I don't make plans for Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band but I feel very good about the next 18, 24 months." In May 2022, a US and European tour was announced for 2023.


title: E Street Band

text: "These albums are notable for "not" using the E Street Band; however, a few members of the band appeared on each of them, including singer Patti Scialfa who appeared on all of them."


title: Mathematical induction

text: Mathematical induction is a method for proving that a statement "P"("n") is true for every natural number "n", that is, that the infinitely many cases "P"(0), "P"(1), "P"(2), "P"(3), ...  all hold. Informal metaphors help to explain this technique, such as falling dominoes or climbing a ladder:


title: Mathematical induction

text: A proof by induction consists of two cases. The first, the base case, proves the statement for "n" = 0 without assuming any knowledge of other cases. The second case, the induction step, proves that "if" the statement holds for any given case "n" = "k", "then" it must also hold for the next case "n" = "k" + 1. These two steps establish that the statement holds for every natural number "n". The base case does not necessarily begin with "n" = 0, but often with "n" = 1, and possibly with any fixed natural number "n" = "N", establishing the truth of the statement for all natural numbers "n" ≥ "N".


title: Mathematical induction

text: The method can be extended to prove statements about more general well-founded structures, such as trees; this generalization, known as structural induction, is used in mathematical logic and computer science. Mathematical induction in this extended sense is closely related to recursion. Mathematical induction is an inference rule used in formal proofs, and is the foundation of most correctness proofs for computer programs.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Although its name may suggest otherwise, mathematical induction should not be confused with inductive reasoning as used in philosophy (see Problem of induction). The mathematical method examines infinitely many cases to prove a general statement, but does so by a finite chain of deductive reasoning involving the variable "n", which can take infinitely many values.


title: Mathematical induction

text: In 370 BC, Plato's Parmenides may have contained traces of an early example of an implicit inductive proof. An opposite iterated technique, counting "down" rather than up, is found in the sorites paradox, where it was argued that if 1,000,000 grains of sand formed a heap, and removing one grain from a heap left it a heap, then a single grain of sand (or even no grains) forms a heap.


title: Mathematical induction

text: The earliest implicit proof by mathematical induction is in the "al-Fakhri" written by al-Karaji around 1000 AD, who applied it to arithmetic sequences to prove the binomial theorem and properties of Pascal's triangle.


title: Mathematical induction

text: None of these ancient mathematicians, however, explicitly stated the induction hypothesis. Another similar case (contrary to what Vacca has written, as Freudenthal carefully showed) was that of Francesco Maurolico in his "Arithmeticorum libri duo" (1575), who used the technique to prove that the sum of the first "n" odd integers is "n".


title: Mathematical induction

text: The earliest rigorous use of induction was by Gersonides (1288–1344). The first explicit formulation of the principle of induction was given by Pascal in his "Traité du triangle arithmétique" (1665). Another Frenchman, Fermat, made ample use of a related principle: indirect proof by infinite descent.


title: Mathematical induction

text: The induction hypothesis was also employed by the Swiss Jakob Bernoulli, and from then on it became well known. The modern formal treatment of the principle came only in the 19th century, with George Boole, Augustus de Morgan, Charles Sanders Peirce, Giuseppe Peano, and Richard Dedekind.


title: Mathematical induction

text: The simplest and most common form of mathematical induction infers that a statement involving a natural number (that is, an integer or 1) holds for all values of . The proof consists of two steps:


title: Mathematical induction

text: The hypothesis in the induction step, that the statement holds for a particular , is called the induction hypothesis or inductive hypothesis. To prove the induction step, one assumes the induction hypothesis for and then uses this assumption to prove that the statement holds for .


title: Mathematical induction

text: Authors who prefer to define natural numbers to begin at 0 use that value in the base case; those who define natural numbers to begin at 1 use that value.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Mathematical induction can be used to prove the following statement "P"("n") for all natural numbers "n".


title: Mathematical induction

text: This states a general formula for the sum of the natural numbers less than or equal to a given number; in fact an infinite sequence of statements: formula_2, formula_3, formula_4, etc.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Assume the induction hypothesis that for a particular "k", the single case "n" = "k" holds, meaning "P"("k") is true:formula_9It follows that:


title: Mathematical induction

text: Equating the extreme left hand and right hand sides, we deduce that:formula_12That is, the statement "P"("k" + 1) also holds true, establishing the induction step.


title: Mathematical induction

text: "Conclusion:" Since both the base case and the induction step have been proved as true, by mathematical induction the statement "P"("n") holds for every natural number "n". ∎


title: Mathematical induction

text: Induction is often used to prove inequalities. As an example, we prove that formula_13 for any real number formula_14 and natural number formula_15.


title: Mathematical induction

text: At first glance, it may appear that a more general version, formula_13 for any "real" numbers formula_17, could be proven without induction; but the case formula_18 shows it may be false for non-integer values of formula_15. This suggests we examine the statement specifically for "natural" values of formula_15, and induction is the readiest tool.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Proof. Fix an arbitrary real number formula_14, and let formula_25 be the statement formula_23. We induct on formula_15.


title: Mathematical induction

text: "Induction step:" We show the implication formula_30 for any natural number formula_31. Assume the induction hypothesis: for a given value formula_32, the single case formula_33 is true. Using the angle addition formula and the triangle inequality, we deduce:


title: Mathematical induction

text: The inequality between the extreme left-hand and right-hand quantities shows that formula_35 is true, which completes the induction step.


title: Mathematical induction

text: In practice, proofs by induction are often structured differently, depending on the exact nature of the property to be proven.


title: Mathematical induction

text: If one wishes to prove a statement, not for all natural numbers, but only for all numbers greater than or equal to a certain number , then the proof by induction consists of the following:


title: Mathematical induction

text: In this way, one can prove that some statement holds for all , or even for all . This form of mathematical induction is actually a special case of the previous form, because if the statement to be proved is then proving it with these two rules is equivalent with proving for all natural numbers with an induction base case .


title: Mathematical induction

text: Assume an infinite supply of 4- and 5-dollar coins. Induction can be used to prove that any whole amount of dollars greater than or equal to can be formed by a combination of such coins. Let denote the statement " dollars can be formed by a combination of 4- and 5-dollar coins". The proof that is true for all can then be achieved by induction on as follows:


title: Mathematical induction

text: "Induction step:" Given that holds for some value of ("induction hypothesis"), prove that holds, too. Assume is true for some arbitrary . If there is a solution for dollars that includes at least one 4-dollar coin, replace it by a 5-dollar coin to make dollars. Otherwise, if only 5-dollar coins are used, must be a multiple of 5 and so at least 15; but then we can replace three 5-dollar coins by four 4-dollar coins to make dollars. In each case, is true.


title: Mathematical induction

text: In this example, although also holds for formula_38, the above proof cannot be modified to replace the minimum amount of dollar to any lower value . For , the base case is actually false; for , the second case in the induction step (replacing three 5- by four 4-dollar coins) will not work; let alone for even lower .


title: Mathematical induction

text: It is sometimes desirable to prove a statement involving two natural numbers, "n" and "m", by iterating the induction process. That is, one proves a base case and an induction step for "n", and in each of those proves a base case and an induction step for "m". See, for example, the proof of commutativity accompanying "addition of natural numbers". More complicated arguments involving three or more counters are also possible.


title: Mathematical induction

text: The method of infinite descent is a variation of mathematical induction which was used by Pierre de Fermat. It is used to show that some statement "Q"("n") is false for all natural numbers "n". Its traditional form consists of showing that if "Q"("n") is true for some natural number "n", it also holds for some strictly smaller natural number "m". Because there are no infinite decreasing sequences of natural numbers, this situation would be impossible, thereby showing (by contradiction) that "Q"("n") cannot be true for any "n".


title: Mathematical induction

text: The validity of this method can be verified from the usual principle of mathematical induction. Using mathematical induction on the statement "P"("n") defined as ""Q"("m") is false for all natural numbers "m" less than or equal to "n"", it follows that "P"("n") holds for all "n", which means that "Q"("n") is false for every natural number "n".


title: Mathematical induction

text: whereupon the induction principle "automates" "n" applications of this step in getting from "P"(0) to "P"("n"). This could be called "predecessor induction" because each step proves something about a number from something about that number's predecessor.


title: Mathematical induction

text: A variant of interest in computational complexity is "prefix induction", in which one proves the following statement in the induction step:


title: Mathematical induction

text: The induction principle then "automates" log "n" applications of this inference in getting from "P"(0) to "P"("n"). In fact, it is called "prefix induction" because each step proves something about a number from something about the "prefix" of that number — as formed by truncating the low bit of its binary representation. It can also be viewed as an application of traditional induction on the length of that binary representation.


title: Mathematical induction

text: If traditional predecessor induction is interpreted computationally as an "n"-step loop, then prefix induction would correspond to a log-"n"-step loop. Because of that, proofs using prefix induction are "more feasibly constructive" than proofs using predecessor induction.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Predecessor induction can trivially simulate prefix induction on the same statement. Prefix induction can simulate predecessor induction, but only at the cost of making the statement more syntactically complex (adding a bounded universal quantifier), so the interesting results relating prefix induction to polynomial-time computation depend on excluding unbounded quantifiers entirely, and limiting the alternation of bounded universal and existential quantifiers allowed in the statement.


title: Mathematical induction

text: whereupon the induction principle "automates" log log "n" applications of this inference in getting from "P"(0) to "P"("n"). This form of induction has been used, analogously, to study log-time parallel computation.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Another variant, called complete induction, course of values induction or strong induction (in contrast to which the basic form of induction is sometimes known as weak induction), makes the induction step easier to prove by using a stronger hypothesis: one proves the statement formula_43 under the assumption that formula_25 holds for "all" natural numbers formula_15 less than formula_46; by contrast, the basic form only assumes formula_47. The name "strong induction" does not mean that this method can prove more than "weak induction", but merely refers to the stronger hypothesis used in the induction step.


title: Mathematical induction

text: In fact, it can be shown that the two methods are actually equivalent, as explained below. In this form of complete induction, one still has to prove the base case, formula_29, and it may even be necessary to prove extra-base cases such as formula_49 before the general argument applies, as in the example below of the Fibonacci number formula_50.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Although the form just described requires one to prove the base case, this is unnecessary if one can prove formula_47 (assuming formula_25 for all lower formula_15) for all formula_54. This is a special case of transfinite induction as described below, although it is no longer equivalent to ordinary induction. In this form the base case is subsumed by the case formula_55, where formula_29 is proved with no other formula_25 assumed;


title: Mathematical induction

text: this case may need to be handled separately, but sometimes the same argument applies for formula_55 and formula_59, making the proof simpler and more elegant.


title: Mathematical induction

text: In this method, however, it is vital to ensure that the proof of formula_47 does not implicitly assume that formula_59, e.g. by saying "choose an arbitrary formula_62", or by assuming that a set of "m" elements has an element.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Complete induction is equivalent to ordinary mathematical induction as described above, in the sense that a proof by one method can be transformed into a proof by the other. Suppose there is a proof of formula_25 by complete induction. Let formula_64 be the statement "formula_47 holds for all formula_66 such that formula_67". Then formula_64 holds for all formula_15 if and only if formula_25 holds for all formula_15, and our proof of formula_25 is easily transformed into a proof of formula_64 by (ordinary) induction. If, on the other hand, formula_25 had been proven by ordinary induction, the proof would already effectively be one by complete induction: formula_29 is proved in the base case, using no assumptions, and formula_76 is proved in the induction step, in which one may assume all earlier cases but need only use the case formula_25.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Complete induction is most useful when several instances of the inductive hypothesis are required for each induction step. For example, complete induction can be used to show that


title: Mathematical induction

text: where formula_79 is the "n"th Fibonacci number, and formula_80 (the golden ratio) and formula_81 are the roots of the polynomial formula_82. By using the fact that formula_83 for each formula_84, the identity above can be verified by direct calculation for formula_85 if one assumes that it already holds for both formula_86 and formula_87. To complete the proof, the identity must be verified in the two base cases: formula_88 and formula_89.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Another proof by complete induction uses the hypothesis that the statement holds for "all" smaller formula_15 more thoroughly. Consider the statement that "every natural number greater than 1 is a product of (one or more) prime numbers", which is the "existence" part of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. For proving the induction step, the induction hypothesis is that for a given formula_91 the statement holds for all smaller formula_91. If formula_66 is prime then it is certainly a product of primes, and if not, then by definition it is a product: formula_94, where neither of the factors is equal to 1; hence neither is equal to formula_66, and so both are greater than 1 and smaller than formula_66. The induction hypothesis now applies to formula_97 and formula_98, so each one is a product of primes. Thus formula_66 is a product of products of primes, and hence by extension a product of primes itself.


title: Mathematical induction

text: We shall look to prove the same example as , this time with "strong induction". The statement remains the same:


title: Mathematical induction

text: However, there will be slight differences in the structure and the assumptions of the proof, starting with the extended base case.


title: Mathematical induction

text: "Induction step:" Given some formula_104, assume formula_105 holds for all formula_66 with formula_107. Prove that formula_108 holds.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Choosing formula_109, and observing that formula_110 shows that formula_111 holds, by the inductive hypothesis. That is, the sum formula_112 can be formed by some combination of formula_113 and formula_114 dollar coins. Then, simply adding a formula_113 dollar coin to that combination yields the sum formula_116. That is, formula_108 holds. ∎


title: Mathematical induction

text: Sometimes, it is more convenient to deduce backwards, proving the statement for formula_118, given its validity for formula_15. However, proving the validity of the statement for no single number suffices to establish the base case; instead, one needs to prove the statement for an infinite subset of the natural numbers. For example, Augustin Louis Cauchy first used forward (regular) induction to prove the


title: Mathematical induction

text: inequality of arithmetic and geometric means for all powers of 2, and then used backwards induction to show it for all natural numbers.


title: Mathematical induction

text: The induction step must be proved for all values of "n". To illustrate this, Joel E. Cohen proposed the following argument, which purports to prove by mathematical induction that all horses are of the same color:


title: Mathematical induction

text: "Induction step:" assume as induction hypothesis that within any set of formula_15 horses, there is only one color. Now look at any set of formula_121 horses. Number them: formula_122. Consider the sets formula_123 and formula_124. Each is a set of only formula_15 horses, therefore within each there is only one color. But the two sets overlap, so there must be only one color among all formula_121 horses.


title: Mathematical induction

text: The base case formula_127 is trivial, and the induction step is correct in all cases formula_128. However, the argument used in the induction step is incorrect for formula_129, because the statement that "the two sets overlap" is false for formula_130 and formula_131.


title: Mathematical induction

text: where "P"(.) is a variable for predicates involving one natural number and "k" and "n" are variables for natural numbers.


title: Mathematical induction

text: In words, the base case and the induction step (namely, that the induction hypothesis implies ) together imply that for any natural number . The axiom of induction asserts the validity of inferring that holds for any natural number from the base case and the induction step.


title: Mathematical induction

text: The first quantifier in the axiom ranges over "predicates" rather than over individual numbers. This is a second-order quantifier, which means that this axiom is stated in second-order logic. Axiomatizing arithmetic induction in first-order logic requires an axiom schema containing a separate axiom for each possible predicate. The article Peano axioms contains further discussion of this issue.


title: Mathematical induction

text: The axiom of structural induction for the natural numbers was first formulated by Peano, who used it to specify the natural numbers together with the following four other axioms:


title: Mathematical induction

text: In first-order ZFC set theory, quantification over predicates is not allowed, but one can still express induction by quantification over sets:


title: Mathematical induction

text: One variation of the principle of complete induction can be generalized for statements about elements of any well-founded set, that is, a set with an irreflexive relation < that contains no infinite descending chains. Every set representing an ordinal number is well-founded, the set of natural numbers is one of them.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Applied to a well-founded set, transfinite induction can be formulated as a single step. To prove that a statement "P"("n") holds for each ordinal number:


title: Mathematical induction

text: This form of induction, when applied to a set of ordinal numbers (which form a well-ordered and hence well-founded class), is called "transfinite induction". It is an important proof technique in set theory, topology and other fields.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Strictly speaking, it is not necessary in transfinite induction to prove a base case, because it is a vacuous special case of the proposition that if "P" is true of all , then "P" is true of "m". It is vacuously true precisely because there are no values of that could serve as counterexamples. So the special cases are special cases of the general case.


title: Mathematical induction

text: The principle of mathematical induction is usually stated as an axiom of the natural numbers; see Peano axioms. It is strictly stronger than the well-ordering principle in the context of the other Peano axioms. Suppose the following:


title: Mathematical induction

text: It can then be proved that induction, given the above-listed axioms, implies the well-ordering principle. The following proof uses complete induction and the first and fourth axioms.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Proof. Suppose there exists a non-empty set, "S", of natural numbers that has no least element. Let "P"("n") be the assertion that "n" is not in "S". Then "P"(0) is true, for if it were false then 0 is the least element of "S". Furthermore, let "n" be a natural number, and suppose "P"("m") is true for all natural numbers "m" less than . Then if is false is in "S", thus being a minimal element in "S", a contradiction. Thus is true. Therefore, by the complete induction principle, "P"("n") holds for all natural numbers "n"; so "S" is empty, a contradiction. ∎


title: Mathematical induction

text: On the other hand, the set formula_134, shown in the picture, is well-ordered by the lexicographic order.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Moreover, except for the induction axiom, it satisfies all Peano axioms, where Peano's constant 0 is interpreted as the pair (0, 0), and Peano's "successor" function is defined on pairs by for all formula_135 and formula_22.


title: Mathematical induction

text: As an example for the violation of the induction axiom, define the predicate as or for some formula_137 and formula_138. Then the base case "P"(0, 0) is trivially true, and so is the induction step: if , then . However, "P" is not true for all pairs in the set.


title: Mathematical induction

text: Peano's axioms with the induction principle uniquely model the natural numbers. Replacing the induction principle with the well-ordering principle allows for more exotic models that fulfill all the axioms.


title: Mathematical induction

text: It is mistakenly printed in several books and sources that the well-ordering principle is equivalent to the induction axiom. In the context of the other Peano axioms, this is not the case, but in the context of other axioms, they are equivalent; specifically, the well-ordering principle implies the induction axiom in the context of the first two above listed axioms and


title: Mathematical induction

text: A common mistake in many erroneous proofs is to assume that is a unique and well-defined natural number, a property which is not implied by the other Peano axioms.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: A fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable, but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is used. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example, long distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Optical fiber consists of a core and a cladding layer, selected for total internal reflection due to the difference in the refractive index between the two. In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a layer of acrylate polymer or polyimide. This coating protects the fiber from damage but does not contribute to its optical waveguide properties. Individual coated fibers (or fibers formed into ribbons or bundles) then have a tough resin buffer layer or core tube(s) extruded around them to form the cable core. Several layers of protective sheathing, depending on the application, are added to form the cable. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-absorbing ("dark") glass between the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another. This reduces crosstalk between the fibers, or reduces flare in fiber bundle imaging applications.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: For indoor applications, the jacketed fiber is generally enclosed, together with a bundle of flexible fibrous polymer "strength members" like aramid (e.g. Twaron or Kevlar), in a lightweight plastic cover to form a simple cable. Each end of the cable may be terminated with a specialized optical fiber connector to allow it to be easily connected and disconnected from transmitting and receiving equipment.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: For use in more strenuous environments, a much more robust cable construction is required. In "loose-tube construction" the fiber is laid helically into semi-rigid tubes, allowing the cable to stretch without stretching the fiber itself. This protects the fiber from tension during laying and due to temperature changes. Loose-tube fiber may be "dry block" or gel-filled. Dry block offers less protection to the fibers than gel-filled, but costs considerably less. Instead of a loose tube, the fiber may be embedded in a heavy polymer jacket, commonly called "tight buffer" construction. Tight buffer cables are offered for a variety of applications, but the two most common are "Breakout" and "Distribution". Breakout cables normally contain a ripcord, two non-conductive dielectric strengthening members (normally a glass rod epoxy), an aramid yarn, and 3 mm buffer tubing with an additional layer of Kevlar surrounding each fiber. The ripcord is a parallel cord of strong yarn that is situated under the jacket(s) of the cable for jacket removal. Distribution cables have an overall Kevlar wrapping, a ripcord, and a 900 micrometer buffer coating surrounding each fiber. These "fiber units" are commonly bundled with additional steel strength members, again with a helical twist to allow for stretching.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: A critical concern in outdoor cabling is to protect the fiber from damage by water. This is accomplished by use of solid barriers such as copper tubes, and water-repellent jelly or water-absorbing powder surrounding the fiber.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Finally, the cable may be armored to protect it from environmental hazards, such as construction work or gnawing animals. Undersea cables are more heavily armored in their near-shore portions to protect them from boat anchors, fishing gear, and even sharks, which may be attracted to the electrical power that is carried to power amplifiers or repeaters in the cable.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor, designed for applications such as direct burial in trenches, dual use as power lines, installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles, submarine installation, and insertion in paved streets.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: In September 2012, NTT Japan demonstrated a single fiber cable that was able to transfer 1 petabit per second () over a distance of 50 kilometers.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Modern fiber cables can contain up to a thousand fiber strands in a single cable although the highest strand-count single-mode fiber cable commonly manufactured is the 864-count, consisting of 36 ribbons each containing 24 strands of fiber.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: In some cases, only a small fraction of the fibers in a cable may actually be in use. Companies can lease or sell the unused fiber to other providers who are looking for service in or through an area. Depending on specific local regulations, companies may overbuild their networks for the specific purpose of having a large network of dark fiber for sale, reducing the overall need for trenching and municipal permitting. Alternatively, they may deliberately under-invest to prevent their rivals from profiting from their investment.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Optical fibers are very strong, but the strength is drastically reduced by unavoidable microscopic surface flaws inherent in the manufacturing process. The initial fiber strength, as well as its change with time, must be considered relative to the stress imposed on the fiber during handling, cabling, and installation for a given set of environmental conditions. There are three basic scenarios that can lead to strength degradation and failure by inducing flaw growth: dynamic fatigue, static fatigues, and zero-stress aging.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Telcordia GR-20, "Generic Requirements for Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber Cable", contains reliability and quality criteria to protect optical fiber in all operating conditions. The criteria concentrate on conditions in an outside plant (OSP) environment. For the indoor plant, similar criteria are in Telcordia GR-409, "Generic Requirements for Indoor Fiber Optic Cable".


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: The jacket material is application-specific. The material determines the mechanical robustness, chemical and UV radiation resistance, and so on. Some common jacket materials are LSZH, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyurethane, polybutylene terephthalate, and polyamide.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: There are two main types of material used for optical fibers: glass and plastic. They offer widely different characteristics and find uses in very different applications. Generally, plastic fiber is used for very short-range and consumer applications, whereas glass fiber is used for short/medium-range (multi-mode) and long-range (single-mode) telecommunications.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: The buffer or jacket on patchcords is often color-coded to indicate the type of fiber used. The strain relief "boot" that protects the fiber from bending at a connector is color-coded to indicate the type of connection. Connectors with a plastic shell (such as SC connectors) typically use a color-coded shell. Standard color codings for jackets (or buffers) and boots (or connector shells) are shown below:


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Remark: It is also possible that a small part of a connector is additionally color-coded, e.g. the lever of an E-2000 connector or a frame of an adapter. This additional color coding indicates the correct port for a patchcord, if many patchcords are installed at one point.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Individual fibers in a multi-fiber cable are often distinguished from one another by color-coded jackets or buffers on each fiber. The identification scheme used by Corning Cable Systems is based on EIA/TIA-598, "Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding" which defines identification schemes for fibers, buffered fibers, fiber units, and groups of fiber units within outside plant and premises optical fiber cables. This standard allows for fiber units to be identified by means of a printed legend. This method can be used for identification of fiber ribbons and fiber subunits. The legend will contain a corresponding printed numerical position number or color for use in identification.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: In the UK a different color code is followed. Each 12-fiber bundle or element within a Cable Optical Fibre 200/201 cable is colored as follows:


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Each element is in a tube within the cable (not a blown fiber tube) The cable elements start with the red tube and are counted around the cable to the green tube. Active elements are in white tubes and yellow fillers or dummies are laid in the cable to fill it out depending on how many fibers and units exists – can be up to 276 fibers or 23 elements for external cable and 144 fibers or 12 elements for internal. The cable has a central strength member normally made from fiberglass or plastic. There is also a copper conductor in external cables.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Optical cables transfer data at the speed of light in glass. This is the speed of light in vacuum divided by the refractive index of the glass used, typically around 180,000 to 200,000 km/s, resulting in 5.0 to 5.5 microseconds of latency per km. Thus the round-trip delay time for 1000 km is around 11 milliseconds.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Signal loss in optic fiber is measured in decibels (dB). A loss of 3 dB across a link means the light at the far end is only half the intensity of the light that was sent into the fiber. A 6 dB loss means only one quarter of the light made it through the fiber. Once too much light has been lost, the signal is too weak to recover and the link becomes unreliable and eventually ceases to function entirely. The exact point at which this happens depends on the transmitter power and the sensitivity of the receiver.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Typical modern multimode graded-index fibers have 3 dB per kilometre of attenuation (signal loss) at a wavelength of 850 nm, and 1 dB/km at 1300 nm. Singlemode loses 0.35 dB/km at 1310 nm and 0.25 dB/km at 1550 nm. Very high quality singlemode fiber intended for long distance applications is specified at a loss of 0.19 dB/km at 1550 nm. Plastic optical fiber (POF) loses much more: 1 dB/m at 650 nm. POF is large core (about 1 mm) fiber suitable only for short, low speed networks such as TOSLINK optical audio or for use within cars.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Each connection between cables adds about 0.6 dB of average loss, and each joint (splice) adds about 0.1 dB.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Invisible infrared light (750 nm and larger) is used in commercial glass fiber communications because it has lower attenuation in such materials than visible light. However, the glass fibers will transmit visible light somewhat, which is convenient for simple testing of the fibers without requiring expensive equipment. Splices can be inspected visually, and adjusted for minimal light leakage at the joint, which maximizes light transmission between the ends of the fibers being joined.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: The charts "Understanding wavelengths in fiber optics" and "Optical power loss (attenuation) in fiber" illustrate the relationship of visible light to the infrared frequencies used, and show the absorption water bands between 850, 1300 and 1550 nm.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: The infrared light used in telecommunications cannot be seen, so there is a potential laser safety hazard to technicians. The eye's natural defense against sudden exposure to bright light is the blink reflex, which is not triggered by infrared sources. In some cases the power levels are high enough to damage eyes, particularly when lenses or microscopes are used to inspect fibers that are emitting invisible infrared light. Inspection microscopes with optical safety filters are available to guard against this. More recently indirect viewing aids are used, which can comprise a camera mounted within a handheld device, which has an opening for the connectorized fiber and a USB output for connection to a display device such as a laptop. This makes the activity of looking for damage or dirt on the connector face much safer.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Small glass fragments can also be a problem if they get under someone's skin, so care is needed to ensure that fragments produced when cleaving fiber are properly collected and disposed of appropriately.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: There are hybrid optical and electrical cables that are used in wireless outdoor Fiber To The Antenna (FTTA) applications. In these cables, the optical fibers carry information, and the electrical conductors are used to transmit power. These cables can be placed in several environments to serve antennas mounted on poles, towers, and other structures.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: According to Telcordia GR-3173, "Generic Requirements for Hybrid Optical and Electrical Cables for Use in Wireless Outdoor Fiber To The Antenna (FTTA) Applications," these hybrid cables have optical fibers, twisted pair/quad elements, coaxial cables or current-carrying electrical conductors under a common outer jacket. The power conductors used in these hybrid cables are for directly powering an antenna or for powering tower-mounted electronics exclusively serving an antenna. They have a nominal voltage normally less than 60 VDC or 108/120 VAC. Other voltages may be present depending on the application and the relevant National Electrical Code (NEC).


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: These types of hybrid cables may also be useful in other environments such as Distributed Antenna System (DAS) plants where they will serve antennas in indoor, outdoor, and roof-top locations. Considerations such as fire resistance, Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) Listings, placement in vertical shafts, and other performance-related issues need to be fully addressed for these environments.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Since the voltage levels and power levels used within these hybrid cables vary, electrical safety codes consider the hybrid cable to be a power cable, which needs to comply with rules on clearance, separation, etc.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Innerducts are installed in existing underground conduit systems to provide clean, continuous, low-friction paths for placing optical cables that have relatively low pulling tension limits. They provide a means for subdividing conventional conduit that was originally designed for single, large-diameter metallic conductor cables into multiple channels for smaller optical cables.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Innerducts are typically small-diameter, semi-flexible subducts. According to Telcordia GR-356, there are three basic types of innerduct: smoothwall, corrugated, and ribbed. These various designs are based on the profile of the inside and outside diameters of the innerduct. The need for a specific characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as pulling strength, flexibility, or the lowest coefficient of friction, dictates the type of innerduct required.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Beyond the basic profiles or contours (smoothwall, corrugated, or ribbed), innerduct is also available in an increasing variety of multiduct designs. Multiduct may be either a composite unit consisting of up to four or six individual innerducts that are held together by some mechanical means, or a single extruded product having multiple channels through which to pull several cables. In either case, the multiduct is coilable, and can be pulled into existing conduit in a manner similar to that of conventional innerduct.


title: Fiber-optic cable

text: Innerducts are primarily installed in underground conduit systems that provide connecting paths between manhole locations. In addition to placement in conduit, innerduct can be directly buried, or aerially installed by lashing the innerduct to a steel suspension strand.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Michael Stephen Portnoy (born April 20, 1967) is an American musician who is primarily known as the former drummer, backing vocalist, and co-founder of the progressive metal band Dream Theater. In September 2010, Portnoy announced his departure from Dream Theater after 25 years, with Mike Mangini taking his place as drummer of the band. Since his departure Portnoy has remained active, with a variety of bands and projects, including Adrenaline Mob, Transatlantic, Yellow Matter Custard, Flying Colors, The Winery Dogs, Liquid Tension Experiment, Metal Allegiance, Sons of Apollo, the Neal Morse Band and BPMD.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Portnoy was born April 20, 1967, and raised on Long Island in Long Beach, New York. His father, Howard Portnoy (1940–2009), worked as a DJ at a local radio station. Mike and his father later moved to Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, to work at KRML radio station after watching the 1971 film "Play Misty for Me". His mother died on November 16, 1984, when the private plane she was riding in, with her boyfriend, crashed off the Atlantic City coastline.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Portnoy's father's job helped him gain an appreciation for music at an early age particularly, as Portnoy has pointed out, because he had access to his father's collection of LPs. He developed a preference for bands including Rush, Queen, Led Zeppelin, The Who, Iron Maiden, and the Beatles, among many others. Portnoy claims to be self-taught as a drummer, though he did take music theory classes in high school. During that period he began playing in local bands, two of which (Rising Power and Inner Sanctum) recorded and released independent albums.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: He left Inner Sanctum (his last high school band) after being awarded a scholarship to attend the Berklee College of Music in Boston. There, he met John Petrucci and John Myung. They formed a band, initially taking the name "Majesty" before changing their name to Dream Theater. They left Berklee soon after.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Known for his technical skill as a drummer in Dream Theater, Portnoy has won 30 awards from the "Modern Drummer" magazine. He co-produced six Dream Theater albums with guitarist John Petrucci, starting from "" through "Black Clouds and Silver Linings" and was one of the main songwriters during his tenure. He is the second youngest person (after Neil Peart) to be inducted into the "Modern Drummer" Hall of Fame, at 37 years of age.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: In the spring of 2010, Portnoy filled in for Avenged Sevenfold's former drummer, Jimmy "The Rev" Sullivan, who died during the production of the band's fifth album "Nightmare". On May 5, 2010, Portnoy released a statement on his status with Avenged Sevenfold on their official website, concluding his working relationship with the band.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: On September 8, 2010, Portnoy announced he would be leaving Dream Theater. The band hired Mike Mangini to take his place after inviting and holding auditions with seven "world-class" drummers.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Avenged Sevenfold chose not to continue working with Portnoy after the "Nightmare" tour was completed, in part due to the significant controversy surrounding his departure from Dream Theater. Following this, Portnoy announced that he asked to return to Dream Theater, but was turned down by their lawyer as the band had already brought Mangini fully onboard and he had left his tenured teaching position at Berklee College of Music to join the band.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Portnoy is known for his many side projects and tribute bands. He is a founding member of Liquid Tension Experiment, an instrumental progressive rock band featuring fellow Dream Theater members John Petrucci and Jordan Rudess along with bassist Tony Levin. He is also a founding member of Transatlantic, a progressive rock "super-group" featuring former Spock's Beard keyboardist/vocalist Neal Morse, Flower Kings guitarist Roine Stolt and Marillion bassist Pete Trewavas. Outside of Transatlantic, Portnoy has worked with Neal Morse extensively, appearing on most of his solo albums. He is a member of The Neal Morse Band, featuring guitarist/vocalist Eric Gillette, bassist Randy George, and second keyboardist/vocalist Bill Hubauer. Portnoy has also recorded and/or toured/performed live with OSI, Hail!, Stone Sour, Fates Warning, Overkill and G3. Over the years, Portnoy has created tribute bands to the Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Rush, and the Who.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: After his departure from Dream Theater, Portnoy formed several new bands, starting with Adrenaline Mob, a traditional heavy metal/hard rock band with singer Russell Allen (of Symphony X) and guitarist Mike Orlando. On June 4, 2013, however, Portnoy announced his departure from Adrenaline Mob, citing scheduling conflicts.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Portnoy is a founding member of Flying Colors, a progressive rock band also featuring Steve Morse, Neal Morse, Dave LaRue, and Casey McPherson.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: He also founded The Winery Dogs, a power trio also featuring bassist Billy Sheehan (Mr. Big) and guitarist Richie Kotzen (formerly of Mr. Big and Poison); Sons of Apollo, a progressive metal supergroup also featuring Sheehan, Derek Sherinian, Jeff Scott Soto and Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal; Metal Allegiance, a thrash metal/groove metal band also featuring Mark Menghi, David Ellefson (Megadeth) and Alex Skolnick (Testament); and BPMD, a supergroup/cover band also featuring Menghi, Phil Demmel (Vio-lence) and Bobby "Blitz" Ellsworth (Overkill). He is also a member of PSMS, with Tony Macalpine, Billy Sheehan and Derek Sherinian.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: In the April 2001 edition of "Modern Drummer" and Portnoy's website, he names Neil Peart, Carl Palmer, Bill Bruford, Terry Bozzio, Billy Cobham, Alan White, Stewart Copeland, Phil Collins, Chester Thompson, Simon Phillips, Nick D'Virgilio, Andy Sturmer, Dave Lombardo, Jon Fishman, Vinnie Colaiuta, Peter Criss, Ringo Starr, Tommy Lee, John Bonham, Lars Ulrich, and Keith Moon as influences.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Portnoy played bass when Dream Theater performed as the fictitious band Nightmare Cinema. Before live performances of "Trial of Tears", he would sometimes switch instruments with John Petrucci and play a fragment of "Eruption" by Van Halen. In Nightmare Cinema, he went by the stage name "Max Del Fuvio".


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Portnoy played bass guitar and xylophone during a song on "Liquid Tension Experiment 2". He has also contributed lead and harmony vocals to numerous projects.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Portnoy and his wife Marlene (née Apuzzo) live in Upper Saucon Township in the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania with their children, Melody Ruthandrea and Max John. Marlene used to be a guitarist in the all-female band Meanstreak, and two of the other members, guitarist Rena Sands and bassist Lisa Martens, are married to Dream Theater guitarist John Petrucci and bassist John Myung, respectively.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Max Portnoy, like his father Mike, is a drummer. His band Next to None opened for Adrenaline Mob in Atlanta on April 6, 2013. As of December 26, 2017, Max is playing drums in his new band Tallah. With a post he published on his official Instagram account on October 14, he revealed that he is the new drummer of the band Code Orange, too.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: Portnoy is a recovering addict and has openly discussed it. The five song set "Twelve-step Suite" deals with his experience of substance abuse. He edged away from alcohol and drugs in April 2000 after the final show on Dream Theater's "Scenes from a Memory" tour and since then he remained clean and sober.


title: Mike Portnoy

text: He endorses Tama drums, Sabian Cymbals, Promark Drumsticks and Remo Drumheads. Though Portnoy is mainly a drummer and backing vocalist he also contributes lead vocals, bass guitar and keyboards.


title: Fivel Stewart

text: Trente Heavyn "Fivel" Stewart (born November 4, 1996) is an American actress and singer best known for her roles in "Atypical", "Freeze", "Pit Fighter" and "The Recruit". She played the recurring role of Izzie in three seasons of "Atypical."


title: Fivel Stewart

text: Fivel Stewart was born in Beverly Hills, California. Her father, Nils Allen Stewart, is a professional stuntman. Her mother is of Japanese, Korean, and Chinese ancestry while her father is of Russian, Scottish, and Native American (Blackfoot) descent. Stewart is the younger sister of fellow actor Booboo Stewart as well as actress and stuntwoman Maegan Stewart. Stewart previously performed with siblings Booboo and Maegan as part of "TSC" (The Stewart Clan).


title: Fivel Stewart

text: Stewart has worked in the entertainment industry since the age of seven. She was the lead singer of the band My Allowance. She toured with Demi Lovato, Menudo, and Mitchel Musso. She has also been the lead singer in the band 5L, accompanied by her brother Booboo Stewart who plays the guitar.


title: Fivel Stewart

text: Stewart began martial arts training in karate when she was five years old. She began competing at age six, becoming a 2002 and 2003 World Champion in Martial Arts, and was inducted into the Black Belt Junior Hall of Fame in 2003. She played the role of Izzie Taylor in the last three seasons of Netflix show Atypical.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: National Lampoon was an American humor magazine that ran from 1970 to 1998. The magazine started out as a spinoff from the "Harvard Lampoon". "National Lampoon" magazine reached its height of popularity and critical acclaim during the 1970s, when it had a far-reaching effect on American humor and comedy. The magazine spawned films, radio, live theater, various sound recordings, and print products including books. Many members of the creative staff from the magazine subsequently went on to contribute creatively to successful media of all types.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: During the magazine's most successful years, parody of every kind was a mainstay; surrealist content was also central to its appeal. Almost all the issues included long text pieces, shorter written pieces, a section of actual news items (dubbed "True Facts"), cartoons and comic strips. Most issues also included "Foto Funnies" or fumetti, which often featured nudity. The result was an unusual mix of intelligent, cutting-edge wit, combined with some crass, bawdy jesting.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: In both cases, "National Lampoon" humor often pushed far beyond the boundaries of what was generally considered appropriate and acceptable. It was especially anarchic, satirically attacking what was considered holy and sacred. As co-founder Henry Beard described the experience years later: "There was this big door that said, 'Thou shalt not.' We touched it, and it fell off its hinges." The magazine declined during the late 1980s, and ceased publication in 1998.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Projects using the "National Lampoon" brand name continue to this day, under its production company successor, National Lampoon Inc. The 50th anniversary of the magazine took place in 2020 and to celebrate the magazine was issued digitally for the first time by Solaris Entertainment Studio.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: "National Lampoon" was started by Harvard graduates and "Harvard Lampoon" alumni Doug Kenney, Henry Beard and Robert Hoffman in 1969, when they first licensed the "Lampoon" name for a monthly national publication. "The Harvard Lampoon" was established in 1876 and became a long-standing tradition of the campus, influencing the later National Lampoon Brand in its evolution from illustration-heavy publications to satirical wit, ranging from short fiction to comic strips. The magazine's first issue was dated April 1970 and went on sale on March 19, 1970. The company that owned the magazine was called Twenty First Century Communications.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: After a shaky start for a few issues, the magazine rapidly grew in popularity. Like "The Harvard Lampoon," individual issues had themes, including such topics as "The Future," "Back to School," "Death," "Self-Indulgence," and "Blight." The magazine regularly reprinted material in "best-of" omnibus collections. Its writers joyfully targeted every kind of phoniness, and had no specific political stance, even though individual staff members had strong political views.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Thomas Carney, writing in "New Times", traced the history and style of the "National Lampoon" and the impact it had on comedy's new wave. "The National Lampoon," Carney wrote, "was the first full-blown appearance of non-Jewish humor in years—not anti-Semitic, just non-Jewish. Its roots were W.A.S.P. and Irish Catholic, with a weird strain of Canadian detachment. . . . This was not Jewish street-smart humor as a defense mechanism; this was slash-and-burn stuff that alternated in pitch but moved very much on the offensive. It was always disrespect everything, mostly yourself, a sort of reverse deism."


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: "National Lampoon" was a monthly magazine for most of its publication history. Numerous "special editions" were also published and sold simultaneously on newsstands. Some of the special editions were anthologies of reprinted material; others were entirely original. Additional projects included a calendar, a songbook, a collection of transfer designs for T-shirts, and a number of books. The magazine sold yellow binders with the Lampoon logo, designed to store a year's worth of issues.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The original art directors were cartoonist Peter Bramley and Bill Skurski, founders of New York's Cloud Studio, an alternative-culture outfit known at the time for its eclectic style. Bramley created the "Lampoon" first cover and induced successful cartoonists Arnold Roth and Gahan Wilson to become regular contributors.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Beginning with the eighth issue, the art direction of the magazine was taken over by Michael C. Gross, who directed the look of the magazine until 1974. A number of the "National Lampoon" most acerbic and humorous covers were designed or overseen by Gross, including:


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Michael Gross and Doug Kenney chose a young designer from "Esquire" named Peter Kleinman to succeed the team of Gross and David Kaestle. During his" Lampoon" tenure, Kleinman was also the art director of "Heavy Metal" magazine, published by the same company. The best known of Kleinman's" Lampoon "covers were "Stevie Wonder with 3-D Glasses" painted by Sol Korby, a photographed "Nose to The Grindstone" cover depicting a man's face being pressed against a spinning grinder wheel for the "Work" issue, the "JFK's First 6000 Days" issue featuring a portrait of an old John F. Kennedy, the "Fat Elvis" cover which appeared a year before Elvis Presley died, and many of the Mara McAfee covers done in a classic Norman Rockwell style. Kleinman designed the logos for "Animal House" and "Heavy Metal."


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: He was succeeded by Skip Johnson, the designer responsible for the "Sunday Newspaper Parody" and the "Arab Getting Punched in the Face" cover of the "Revenge" issue. Johnson went on to "The New York Times." He was followed by Michael Grossman, who changed the logo and style of the magazine.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: In 1984, Kleinman returned as creative director and went back to the 1970s logo and style, bringing back many of the artists and writers from the magazine's heyday. He left four years later to pursue a career in corporate marketing. At that time, the "National Lampoon" magazine entered a period of precipitous decline.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Every regular monthly issue of the magazine had an editorial at the front of the magazine. This often appeared to be straightforward, but was always a parody. It was written by whoever was the editor of that particular issue, since that role rotated among the staff, but Kenney had been the main writer of them for the first few issues. Some issues were guest-edited.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The magazine was an outlet for some notable writing talents, including Douglas Kenney, Henry Beard, George W. S. Trow, Chris Miller, P. J. O'Rourke, Michael O'Donoghue, Anne Beatts, Chris Rush, Sean Kelly, Tony Hendra, Brian McConnachie, Gerald Sussman, Derek Pell, Ellis Weiner, Ted Mann, Chris Cluess, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jeff Greenfield, John Hughes and Ed Subitzky.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The work of many important cartoonists, photographers, and illustrators appeared in the magazine's pages, including Neal Adams, Gahan Wilson, Robert Grossman, Michael Sullivan, Ron Barrett, Peter Bramley, Vaughn Bode, Bruce McCall, Rick Meyerowitz, Warren Sattler, M. K. Brown, Shary Flenniken, Bobby London, Edward Gorey, Jeff Jones, Joe Orlando, Arnold Roth, Rich Grote, Ed Subitzky, Mara McAfee, Sam Gross, Charles Rodrigues, Buddy Hickerson, B. K. Taylor, Birney Lettick, Frank Frazetta, Boris Vallejo, Marvin Mattelson, Stan Mack, Chris Callis, John E. Barrett, Raymond Kursar, Andy Lackow, and David C.K. McClelland.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Comedy stars John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Gilda Radner, Bill Murray, Brian Doyle Murray, Harold Ramis, and Richard Belzer first gained national attention for their performances in the National Lampoon's stage show and radio show. The first three subsequently went on to become part of "Saturday Night Live" original wave of Not Ready for Primetime Players, Bill Murray replaced Chase when Chase left "SNL" after the first season, and Brian Doyle Murray later appeared as an "SNL" regular. Harold Ramis went on to star in the Canadian sketch show SCTV and assumed role as its head writer, then left after season 1 to be a prolific director and writer working on such films as "Animal House", "Caddyshack", "Ghostbusters", and many more. Brian Doyle Murray has had roles in dozens of films, and Belzer is an Emmy Award-winning TV actor.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Gerald L. "Jerry" Taylor was the publisher, followed by William T. Lippe. The business side of the magazine was controlled by Matty Simmons, who was chairman of the board and CEO of Twenty First Century Communications, a publishing company.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: "True Facts" was a section near the front of the magazine which contained true but ridiculous items from real life. Together with the masthead, it was one of the few parts of the magazine that was factual. "True Facts" included photographs of unintentionally funny signage, extracts from ludicrous newspaper reports, strange headlines, and so on. For many years John Bendel was in charge of the "True Facts" section of the magazine. Steven Brykman edited the "True Facts" section of the National Lampoon website. Several "True Facts" compilation books were published in the 1980s and early 90s, and several all-True-Facts issues of the magazine were published during the 1980s.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Most issues of the magazine featured one or more "Foto Funny" or fumetti, comic strips that use photographs instead of drawings as illustrations. The characters who appeared in the Lampoon's Foto Funnies were usually writers, editors, artists, photographers or contributing editors of the magazine, often cast alongside nude or semi-nude models. In 1980, a paperback compilation book, "National Lampoon Foto Funnies" which appeared as a part of National Lampoon Comics, was published.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The "Funny Pages" was a large section at the back of the magazine that was composed entirely of comic strips of various kinds. These included work from a number of artists who also had pieces published in the main part of the magazine, including Gahan Wilson, Ed Subitzky and Vaughn Bode, as well as artists whose work was only published in this section. The regular strips included "Dirty Duck" by Bobby London, "Trots and Bonnie" by Shary Flenniken, "The Appletons" and "Timberland Tales" by B. K. Taylor, "Politeness Man" by Ron Barrett, and many other strips. A compilation of Gahan Wilson's "Nuts" strip was published in 2011. The Funny Pages logo header art, which was positioned above Gahan Wilson's "Nuts" in each issue, and showed a comfortable, old-fashioned family reading newspaper-sized funny papers, was drawn by Mike Kaluta.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: From time to time, the magazine advertised Lampoon-related merchandise for sale, including T-shirts that had been specially designed.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The magazine existed from 1970 to 1998. Some consider its finest period was from 1971 to 1975, although it continued to be produced on a monthly schedule throughout the 1970s and the early 1980s, and did well during that time.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: However, during the late 1980s, a much more serious decline set in. Upstart video distributor Vestron Inc. attempted a takeover bid in 1986, but the board members of the magazine rejected the offer. In 1989, the company that controlled the magazine and its related projects (which was part of "Twenty First Century Communications") was the subject of a hostile takeover by film producer Daniel Grodnik and actor Tim Matheson, who had starred in the Lampoon's first big hit, Animal House. In 1990 it was sold outright to another company, "J2 Communications".


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: At that point "National Lampoon" was considered valuable only as a brand name that could be licensed out to other companies. The magazine was issued erratically and rarely from 1991 onwards. 1998 saw the last issue.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The first issue was April 1970; by November of that year, Michael C. Gross had become the art director. He achieved a unified, sophisticated, and integrated look for the magazine, which enhanced its humorous appeal. The sixth issue from September 1970 entitled "Show Biz," got the company in hot water with The Walt Disney Company after a lawsuit was threatened because of the issue's cover, which showed a drawing of Minnie Mouse topless, wearing pasties.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: National Lampoon's most successful sales period was 1973–75. Its national circulation peaked at 1,000,096 copies sold of the October 1974 "Pubescence" issue. The 1974 monthly average was 830,000, which was also a peak. Former "Lampoon" editor Tony Hendra's book "Going Too Far" includes a series of precise circulation figures.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: It was also during this time that "National Lampoon: Lemmings" stage show and "The National Lampoon Radio Hour" show was broadcast, bringing interest and acclaim to the National Lampoon brand with magazine talent like writer Michael O'Donoghue that would go on to write for "Saturday Night Live".


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The magazine was considered by many to be at its creative zenith during this time. It should however be noted that the publishing industry's newsstand sales were excellent for many other titles during that time: there were sales peaks for "Mad" (more than 2 million), "Playboy" (more than 7 million), and "TV Guide" (more than 19 million).


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Some fans consider the glory days of National Lampoon to have ended in 1975, although the magazine remained popular and profitable long after that point. During 1975, the three founders (Kenney, Beard, and Hoffman) took advantage of a buyout clause in their contracts for $7.5 million (although Kenney remained on the magazine's masthead as a senior editor until about 1976). About the same time, writers Michael O'Donoghue and Anne Beatts left to join the NBC comedy show "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL"). At the same time, the" National Lampoon Show's "John Belushi and Gilda Radner left the troupe to join the original septet of" SNL's" Not Ready for Primetime Players.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The magazine was a springboard to the cinema of the United States for a generation of comedy writers, directors, and performers. Various alumni went on to create and write for "SNL," "The David Letterman Show," SCTV, "The Simpsons", "Married... with Children", "Night Court", and various films including "National Lampoon's Animal House", "Caddyshack", "National Lampoon's Vacation", and "Ghostbusters".


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: As some of the original creators departed, the magazine remained popular and profitable as it had the emergence of John Hughes and editor-in-chief P.J. O'Rourke, along with artists and writers such as Gerry Sussman, Ellis Weiner, Tony Hendra, Ted Mann, Peter Kleinman, Chris Cluess, Stu Kreisman, John Weidman, Jeff Greenfield, Bruce McCall, and Rick Meyerowitz.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: In 1985, Matty Simmons (who had been working only on the business end of the Lampoon up to that point) took over as editor-in-chief. He fired the entire editorial staff, and appointed his two sons, Michael Simmons and Andy Simmons, as editors, Peter Kleinman as creative director and editor, and Larry "Ratso" Sloman as executive editor. The magazine was on an increasingly shaky financial footing, and beginning in November 1986, the magazine was published six times a year instead of every month.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: On December 29, 1988, producer Daniel Grodnik and actor Tim Matheson (who played "Otter" in the 1978 film "National Lampoon's Animal House") filed with the SEC that their production company, Grodnick/Matheson Co., had acquired voting control of 21.3 percent of National Lampoon Inc. stock and wanted to gain management control. They were named to the company's board in January 1989, and eventually took control of the company by purchasing the ten-percent share of Simmons, who departed the company. Grodnik and Matheson became the co-chairmen/co-CEOs. During their tenure, the stock went up from under $2 to $6, and the magazine was able to double its monthly ad pages. The company moved its headquarters from New York to Los Angeles to focus on film and television. The publishing operation stayed in New York. Grodnik and Matheson sold the company in 1990.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: In 1990, the magazine (and more importantly, the rights to the brand name "National Lampoon") were bought by a company called J2 Communications (a company previously known for marketing Tim Conway's "Dorf" videos), headed by James P. Jimirro.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: J2 Communications' focus was to make money by licensing out the "National Lampoon" brand. The company was contractually obligated to publish at least one new issue of the magazine per year to retain the rights to the Lampoon name. However, the company had very little interest in the magazine; throughout the 1990s, the number of issues per year declined precipitously and erratically. In 1991, an attempt at monthly publication was made; nine issues were produced that year. Only two issues were released in 1992. This was followed by one issue in 1993, five in 1994 and three in 1995. For the last three years of its existence, the magazine was published only once a year.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The magazine's final print publication was November 1998, after which the contract was renegotiated and, in a sharp reversal, J2 Communications was then prohibited from publishing issues of the magazine. J2, however, still owned the rights to the brand name, which it continued to franchise out to other users. In 2002, the use of the brand name and the rights to republish old material were sold to a new, and otherwise unrelated, company which chose to call itself National Lampoon, Incorporated.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: In 2007, in association with Graphic Imaging Technology, Inc. National Lampoon, Inc. released a collection of the entire 246 issues of the magazine in .pdf format viewable with Adobe Acrobat. The cover of the DVD box featured a remake of the January 1973 "Death" issue, with the caption altered to read "If You Don”t Buy This DVD-ROM, We’ll Kill This Dog". The pages are viewable on both Windows (starting with Windows 2000) and Macintosh (starting with OSX) systems.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: During its most active period, the magazine spun off numerous productions in a wide variety of media.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Many of the older albums that were originally on vinyl have been re-issued as CDs and a number of tracks from certain albums are available as MP3s.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: During the 1970s and early 1980s, a few films were made as spin-offs from the original "National Lampoon" magazine, using its creative staff. The first theatrical release, and by far the most successful "National Lampoon" film was "National Lampoon's Animal House" (1978). Starring John Belushi and written by Doug Kenney, Harold Ramis, and Chris Miller, it became the highest-grossing comedy film of that time. Produced on a low budget, it was so enormously profitable that, from that point on for the next two decades, the name "National Lampoon" applied to the title of a movie was considered to be a valuable selling point in and of itself.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Numerous movies were subsequently made that had "National Lampoon" as part of the title. Many of these were unrelated projects because, by that time, the name "National Lampoon" could simply be licensed on a one-time basis, by any company, for a fee. Critics such as the "Orlando Sentinel"′s Roger Moore and "The New York Times"′ Andrew Adam Newman have written about the cheapening of the "National Lampoon"′s movie imprimatur; in 2006, an Associated Press review said: "The National Lampoon, once a brand name above nearly all others in comedy, has become shorthand for pathetic frat boy humor."


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: In 1978, "National Lampoon's Animal House" was released. Made on a small budget, it did phenomenally well at the box office. In 2001, the United States Library of Congress considered the film "culturally significant", and preserved it in the National Film Registry.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The script had its origins in a series of short stories that had been previously published in the magazine. These included Chris Miller's "Night of the Seven Fires", which dramatized a fraternity initiation and included the characters Pinto and Otter, which contained prose versions of the toga party, the "road trip", and the dead horse incident. Another source was Doug Kenney's "First Lay Comics", which included the angel and devil scene and the grocery-cart affair. According to the authors, most of these elements were based on real incidents.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The film was of great cultural significance to its time, as "The New York Times" describes the magazine's 1970s period as "Hedonism {} in full sway and political correctness in its infancy." Animal House, as the article describes was a crucial film manifestation of that culture.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: An article from "The Atlantic Monthly" describes how "Animal House" captures the struggle between "elitist {fraternity} who willingly aligned itself with the establishment, and the kind full of kooks who refused to be tamed." That concept was a crucial figment of the early National Lampoon Magazine, according to a "The New York Times" article concerning the early years of the Magazine and co-founder Douglas Kenney's brand of comedy as a "liberating response to a rigid and hypocritical culture."


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: This 1982 movie was an attempt by John Hughes to make something similar to "Animal House". "National Lampoon's Class Reunion" was not successful, however.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Released in 1983, the movie "National Lampoon's Vacation" was based upon John Hughes's "National Lampoon" story "Vacation '58". The movie's financial success gave rise to several follow-up films, including "National Lampoon's European Vacation" (1985), "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation" (1989), based on John Hughes's "Christmas '59", "Vegas Vacation" (1997), and most recently "Vacation" (2015), all featuring Chevy Chase.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The Robert Altman film "O.C. and Stiggs" (1987) was based on two characters who had been featured in several written pieces in "National Lampoon" magazine, including an issue-long story from October 1982 entitled "The Utterly Monstrous, Mind-Roasting Summer of O.C. and Stiggs." Completed in 1984, the film was not released until 1987, when it was shown in a small number of theaters and without the "National Lampoon" name. It was not a success.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: Following the success of "Animal House", "MAD" magazine lent its name to a 1980 comedy titled "Up the Academy". Although two of "Animal House" co-writers were the "Lampoon" Doug Kenney and Chris Miller, "Up The Academy" was strictly a licensing maneuver, with no creative input from "Mad" staff or contributors. It was a critical and commercial failure.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: In 2015, a documentary film was released called "". The film featured a great deal of content from the magazine, as well as interviews with staff members and fans, and it explains how the magazine changed the course of humor.


title: National Lampoon (magazine)

text: The 2018 film "A Futile and Stupid Gesture", a biography of co-founder Douglas Kenney, also depicts the magazine's early years. The film was described by a 2018 "New York Times" article as a "snapshot of a moment where comedy's freshest counter-culture impulse was gleefully crass and willfully offensive." In the same article, Kenney was said to "spot a comical hollowness and rot in the society he and his peers were trained to join."


title: Rajisha Vijayan

text: Rajisha Vijayan is an Indian actress, who primarily appears in Malayalam films, in addition to a few Tamil films. She hosted several television shows in Malayalam before making her acting debut in the 2016 film "Anuraga Karikkin Vellam," for which she won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress.


title: Rajisha Vijayan

text: Rajisha Vijayan was born in Perambra, Kozhikode, Kerala, India to Vijayan and Sheela. She graduated in Mass Communication and Journalism from Amity University, Noida.


title: Rajisha Vijayan

text: She hosted "Susi's Code", a youth-centric programme and a music chat show. She hosted Surya challenge along with Vidhu Pratap on Surya TV.


title: Rajisha Vijayan

text: Rajisha Vijayan debuted in the Malayalam film "Anuraga Karikkin Vellam". She won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress in 2016 for the role, and went on to receive a nomination for a Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam.


title: Rajisha Vijayan

text: Her second role was in the commercially failed movie "Georgettan's Pooram" alongside Dileep. Her next venture was


title: Rajisha Vijayan

text: "Oru Cinemakkaran" starring Vineeth Sreenivasan. She also acted in a theatre drama, "Hand of god" as a queen.


title: Rajisha Vijayan

text: In 2019, Rajisha Vijayan appeared in the lead role in the coming of age film "June" by Friday Film House"." Both the film and her performance were critically and commercially acclaimed.


title: Rajisha Vijayan

text: Rajisha Vijayan played her Tamil debut in "Karnan", directed by Mari Selvaraj and featuring Dhanush, Lal, Natarajan Subramaniam, Yogi Babu, Gouri Kishan and Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli.


title: Yuki Kaji

text: He was part of the four-unit singing group , which was part of the "Goulart Knights" project, and has acted as one of the main protagonists in the film "Kami Voice: The Voice Makes a Miracle". He won the Best Rookie Actor Award in the 3rd Seiyu Awards. He won the Best Voice Actor Award two times consecutively at the 7th Seiyu Awards and 8th Seiyu Awards. He has hosted the web radio show since March 2014. His variety show "Kaji 100!: The 100 Things Yuki Kaji Wants to Do" debuted on the Nitteleplus channel in April 2017. Kaji married Ayana Taketatsu on June 23, 2019. On June 30, 2022, he and Taketatsu announced that they were expecting their first child together. On November 3, 2022, the couple announced the birth of their first child.


title: Rima Horton

text: Rima Elizabeth Horton (born 31 January 1947) is a retired English academic and former Labour Party politician. She was a member of the Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council from 1986 to 2006, and worked as a senior lecturer at Kingston University.


title: Rima Horton

text: Rima Elizabeth Horton was born in the Bayswater neighborhood of London, the third of four children of Elice Irene (née Frame) and Wilfred Stewart Horton. Her mother was from Wales while her father was London-born. Horton attended the co-Ed private St. Vincent's primary school, City of London School for Girls and later the University of Southampton.


title: Rima Horton

text: She performed in theatre at school and then in several amateur groups, such as the Brook Drama Club which took her to Paris in 1962 when she was only 15. Fellow members reported that she already had a strong presence and a real talent for directing the group. At 18, she won the Most Promising Youngster Award at the Southhall Music & Drama Festival, where young Alan Rickman acted beside her.


title: Rima Horton

text: Horton won election as a Labour Party councillor on the Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council in 1986, serving as its Chief Whip and a spokesperson on education during her tenure. She lost her place on the council in May 2006, as "part of the national shift" (in which there was a swing against Labour, who had been in government nationally for nine years by that point). She twice ran as a Labour candidate for Parliament, losing to the Conservative candidate both times. Horton also worked as a senior economics lecturer at Kingston University in London. She retired in 2012.


title: Rima Horton

text: Horton served on the board of directors of The Making Place, a children's charity. She was appointed in 2002 and stepped down in 2005. She has also served on the board of trustees of the Gate Theatre in Notting Hill.


title: Rima Horton

text: Horton was a contributor to "The Elgar Companion to Radical Political Economy" in 1994, penning a piece titled "Inequality". In it, she posed three questions: whether people are "naturally equal in essence"; whether and when the redistribution of wealth is justified; and, if so, how much is "fair"? She cited "much recent work" suggesting that health status and mortality rates in developed countries "actually depends on the distribution of income".


title: Rima Horton

text: Horton met aspiring actor Alan Rickman in 1965, when they both found themselves in an amateur theatre group at Chelsea College of Arts he was attending. She was 18 and he was 19. They were married in a private ceremony in New York City in 2012. Their marriage was announced publicly three years afterwards, in 2015. Horton lived with Rickman from 1977 until his death in January 2016. They had no children.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The 1983 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 9 June 1983. It gave the Conservative Party under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher the most decisive election victory since that of the Labour Party in 1945, with a majority of 144 seats.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: Thatcher's first term as Prime Minister had not been an easy time. Unemployment increased during the first three years of her premiership and the economy went through a recession. However, the British victory in the Falklands War led to a recovery of her personal popularity, and economic growth had begun to resume.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: By the time Thatcher called the election in May 1983, opinion polls pointed to a Conservative victory, with most national newspapers backing the re-election of the Conservative government. The resulting win earned the Conservatives their biggest parliamentary majority of the post-war era, and their second-biggest majority as a single-party government, behind only the 1924 election (they earned even more seats in the 1931 election, but were part of the National Government).


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The Labour Party had been led by Michael Foot since the resignation of former Prime Minister James Callaghan in 1980, and its new policies were considered more left-wing than usual. Several "moderate" Labour MPs had defected from the party to form the Social Democratic Party (SDP), which then formed the SDP–Liberal Alliance with the existing Liberal Party.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The opposition vote split almost evenly between the Alliance and Labour. With its worst electoral performance since 1931, the Labour vote fell by over 3 million votes from 1979, accounting for both a national swing of almost 4% towards the Conservatives and their larger parliamentary majority of 144 seats, even though the Conservatives' total vote fell by almost 700,000. This was the last general election until 2015 in which a governing party increased its number of seats.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The Alliance finished in third place but came within 700,000 votes of out-polling Labour; by gaining 25.4% of the vote it won the largest percentage for any third party since 1923. Despite this, it won only 23 seats, whereas Labour won 209. The Liberals argued that a proportional electoral system would have given them a more representative number of MPs. Changing the electoral system had been a long-running campaign plank of the Liberal Party and would later be adopted by its successor, the Liberal Democrats.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The election night was broadcast live on the BBC and was presented by David Dimbleby, Sir Robin Day and Peter Snow. It was also broadcast on ITV and presented by Alastair Burnet, Peter Sissons and Martyn Lewis.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: Three future leaders of the Labour Party (Tony Blair, Gordon Brown and Jeremy Corbyn) were first elected during this election; Blair and Brown went on to hold the office of Prime Minister.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: As the likes of Blair, Brown and Corbyn entered parliament, a string of prominent members of parliament stepped aside or lost their seats. Former Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson stood down from parliament after 38 years, while the SDP's Shirley Williams and Bill Rodgers lost their seats only a short time after winning them. Joan Lestor, Tony Benn as well as Speaker of the House of Commons and former Labour cabinet minister George Thomas also departed from parliament at this election, although Benn would return after winning a by-election in Chesterfield the following year, and Lestor returned to parliament after winning a seat at the following general election in 1987. In addition, two future Leaders of the Liberal Democrats were first elected—Paddy Ashdown and Charles Kennedy. Michael Howard, who later served the Conservatives as Home Secretary in government and as party leader in opposition, was also elected to parliament in 1983.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: Michael Foot was elected leader of the Labour Party at the end of 1980, replacing James Callaghan. The election of Foot signalled that the core of the party was swinging to the left and the move exacerbated divisions within the party. During 1981, a group of senior figures including Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams left Labour to found the Social Democratic Party (SDP). The SDP agreed to a pact with the Liberals for the 1983 election and stood as "The Alliance". For a while the Alliance topped the opinion polls and looked capable of achieving their goal of forming a coalition government at the next general election, but the success of the Falklands campaign in 1982 saw the political tide turn in favour of the Conservative government.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The election did not have to be held until 1984. Although political circumstances were clearly favourable for the government and opposition parties anticipated that Mrs Thatcher would go to the country in June, earlier in 1983 the Conservatives were split on the timing of the election. One faction favoured a June election, but another group wanted to wait until October before going to the country, while some within the Party even advocated delaying the contest until 1984. Supporters of waiting to a later time to hold an election included Thatcher's deputy and Home Secretary Willie Whitelaw and John Biffen who was then serving as Leader of the House of Commons. On 27 April it was reported that all the Conservative party's regional agents had unanimously expressed a preference to Thatcher for a June election, although some members of her cabinet were advising her to wait until October. On 8 May senior Conservatives met at Chequers and agreed to go to the country on 9 June. The election was formally called the next day and Parliament was dissolved on 13 May for a four-week official election campaign.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The campaign displayed the huge divisions between the two major parties. Thatcher had been highly unpopular during her first two years in office until the swift and decisive victory in the Falklands War, coupled with an improving economy, considerably raised her standings in the polls. The Conservatives' key issues included reducing unemployment (which had increased from 1.5 million in 1979 to more than 3 million by 1982), continuing economic growth following the recent recession, and defence. Labour's campaign manifesto involved leaving the European Economic Community, abolishing the House of Lords, abandoning the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent by cancelling Trident and removing cruise missiles — a programme dubbed by Labour MP Gerald Kaufman "the longest suicide note in history"; "Although, at barely 37 pages, it only seemed interminable", noted Roy Hattersley. Pro-Labour political journalist Michael White, writing in "The Guardian", commented: "There was something magnificently brave about Michael Foot's campaign but it was like the Battle of the Somme."


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The Alliance had had a setback ahead of the campaign at the Darlington by-election in March. The contest was one that had looked promising ground for the SDP, but despite heavily campaigning in the Labour-held seat, the SDP candidate, who struggled when interviewed for television by Vincent Hanna finished a poor third, which stalled the momentum of the Alliance. During the campaign, on Sunday 29 May, David Steel held a meeting with Jenkins and other Alliance leaders at his Ettrickbridge home. Steel, who polls showed was more popular proposed that Jenkins take a lower profile and that Steel take over as leader of the campaign. Jenkins rejected Steel's view and remained "Prime Minister designate", but Steel did have a heightened role on television for the last 10 days of the election campaign. According to Steve Richards the meeting meant Jenkins' "confidence was undermined and he staggered to the finishing line with less verve than he had displayed in the early days of the SDP" and showed little sign of his earlier "exuberance".


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: Following boundary changes in 1983, the BBC and ITN (Independent Television News) co-produced a calculation of how the 1979 general election would have gone if fought on the new 1983 boundaries. The following table shows the effects of the boundary changes on the House of Commons: <ref name="BBC/ITN(1983)"></ref>


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The election saw a landslide victory for the Conservatives, achieving their best results since 1935. Although there was a slight drop in their share of the vote, they made significant gains at the expense of Labour. The Tories have yet to match their 1983 seat total in any subsequent general election, although they recorded a higher share of the popular vote in 2019.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: The night was a disaster for the Labour Party; their share of the vote fell by over 9%, which meant they were only 700,000 votes ahead of the newly-formed third party, the SDP–Liberal Alliance. The massive increase of support for the Alliance at the expense of Labour meant that, in many seats, the collapse in the Labour vote allowed the Conservatives to gain. Despite winning over 25% of the national vote, the Alliance got fewer than 4% of seats, 186 fewer than Labour. The most significant Labour loss of the night was Tony Benn, who was defeated in the revived Bristol East seat. SDP President Shirley Williams, then a prominent leader in the Social Democratic Party, lost her Crosby seat which she had won in a by-election in 1981. Bill Rodgers, another leading figure in the Alliance (like Williams, one of the "Gang of Four") also failed to win his old seat that he previously held as a Labour MP.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: In Scotland, both Labour and the Tories sustained modest losses to the Alliance. Labour remained by far the largest party, with 41 seats to 21 for the Scottish Conservatives. The Scottish Conservatives have been unable to match their 1983 Westminster seat total since, although they did record a slightly larger share of the Scottish vote in 2017, by which time the Scottish National Party had become the dominant party in Scotland with the Tories being the largest unionist party.


title: 1983 United Kingdom general election

text: On a UK-wide basis, the 1983 election was the worst result in Labour's modern history until the 2019 election, in terms of seats won. The 1983 result remains the worst-ever modern performance for Labour in England.


title: Alba Baptista

text: Alba Baptista (born 10 July 1997) is a Portuguese actress. She began her career in her native Portugal with the series "Jardins Proibidos" (2014–2015). She then starred in multiple Portuguese series and films such as "A Impostora", "Filha da Lei", "A Criação", and "Jogo Duplo".


title: Alba Baptista

text: From 2020 to 2022, she has starred in the Netflix series "Warrior Nun", which marked her English-language debut.


title: Alba Baptista

text: Baptista was born in Lisbon, Portugal. Her Portuguese mother met her father, a Brazilian engineer from Rio de Janeiro, when she worked as a translator in Brazil. She attended a German school in Portugal. Around age 15, she decided to become an actor. She has cited "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1996) as her favorite movie growing up.


title: Alba Baptista

text: At age 16, Alba Baptista started her career as the main character in Simão Cayatte's short film "Miami". For her performance, she received the Best Actress Award at the Festival Ibérico de Ciné. She furthered her career with appearing in Portuguese series "A Criação" and the telenovelas "A Impostora" and "Jogo Duplo." During the following years, Alba developed a strong cinema career in Portugal, as well as starring in roles on three popular Portuguese series. Her film work includes: "Caminhos Magnétykos" by Edgar Pêra, in which she played the role of "Catarina"; and "Equinócio" by Ivo Ferreira. In 2019 she appeared in the film "Patrick", the directorial debut of Gonçalo Waddington, and which was in competition at San Sebastián International Film Festival, where it premiered. She appeared in the 2020 feature film "Fatima" opposite Harvey Keitel, Sônia Braga, and Joana Ribeiro, which is directed by Marco Pontecorvo.


title: Alba Baptista

text: Her first English-language role came as the lead role of Ava in Netflix's series "Warrior Nun", which was released on July 2, 2020. She reprised her role in the second season, which was released on November 10, 2022.