title: Buried (film)

text: In 2006, Paul Conroy, an American civilian working in Iraq, awakes to find himself buried in a wooden coffin with only a Zippo lighter, a pen, and a BlackBerry phone at hand. As he gradually begins to piece together what has happened to him, he recalls that he and several others were ambushed by terrorists, passing out after being hit by a rock. After calling 911 in Youngstown, Ohio, the FBI in Chicago and his employer (none of whom help him), he receives a call from his kidnapper, Jabir, demanding that he pay a ransom of $5 million or he will be left in the coffin to die. Along with the script Paul is to read, Paul also finds a malfunctioning flashlight, a glow stick, a flask with alcohol, and a pocket knife.


title: Buried (film)

text: Paul calls the State Department, which tells him that due to the government policy of not negotiating with terrorists, it will not pay the ransom but will try to rescue him. They connect him with Dan Brenner, head of the Hostage Working Group, who tells Paul they are working to find him, to conserve the Blackberry's battery life, and implores him not to make the video that Jabir has demanded. Brenner informs Paul that a man named Mark White was rescued from a similar situation three weeks prior and is now home safe with his family. Paul calls his mother, who is in a nursing home, but she barely remembers him due to severe dementia.


title: Buried (film)

text: Jabir calls Paul again and demands he film a ransom video, sending a photo of his colleague, Pamela, gagged with a gun to her head. Paul insists that no one will pay $5 million, so Jabir drops the amount to $1 million. Paul finds a live snake in the coffin, which he is able to drive away through a hole in the wooden crate side with a fire from the alcohol. After switching the language on the Blackberry to English, he finds the Blackberry's number, which he relays to his wife in a voicemail. Paul records the video, however, the kidnappers execute Pamela anyway and send him video of the murder. He calls Brenner, who is upset with him for making the video, which is now being played on all major networks and has received numerous views on YouTube.


title: Buried (film)

text: Shortly afterward, distant explosions shake the area, which damage his coffin, causing it to slowly fill with sand. His employer's legal counsel calls him, asking him not to speak with anyone in order to keep the situation "contained". His employer then begins to record the call and informs him that he has been retroactively terminated from his job earlier that same day (conveniently before his capture) due to an alleged prohibited relationship with Pamela. Because of this, his company will not only not take any responsibility for his capture, but he and his family also will not be entitled to any benefits or pension earned with the company.


title: Buried (film)

text: Brenner calls saying that the explosions that damaged his coffin earlier were in fact F-16 bombings and that his kidnappers may have been killed. Paul begins to lose hope and makes a last will and testament in video form, leaving his wife his personal savings and his son his clothes. Jabir calls demanding Paul video record himself cutting off a finger, threatening Paul’s family back home by revealing their home address. Paul complies with this demand.


title: Buried (film)

text: Shortly after filming the video, his cell phone rings, and Paul begins to hear digging and distorted voices. The voices become clearer, saying to open the coffin, and the coffin opens. It abruptly becomes obvious that he hallucinated the encounter.


title: Buried (film)

text: Brenner calls and tells Paul an insurgent has given details of where to find a man buried alive, and that they are driving out to rescue him. Paul then receives a tearful call from his wife Linda, and he assures her that he is going to be okay. As sand continues to fill the coffin to dangerous levels, giving Paul seconds left to live, Brenner calls and tells him that he and the rescue team have arrived at the burial site. Through the phone, digging is heard, but Paul cannot hear any digging around him. The team digs up a coffin and opens it, but it is revealed that the insurgent led them to the coffin of Mark White, the man Brenner claimed had been rescued. Knowing that he is not going to be saved, Paul tries to calm himself down and accepts his fate. The film ends with Brenner profusely apologizing to Paul as the sand finally fills the coffin and he suffocates as the light goes out, and the screen goes black.


title: Buried (film)

text: In a post-credits scene, a lighter illuminates the name "Mark White" on the lid of the coffin, written by Paul earlier.


title: Buried (film)

text: The film was produced by Barcelona-based Versus Entertainment, in association with The Safran Company and Dark Trick Films. It was shot in Barcelona over 16 days. Lead actor Ryan Reynolds stated that he suffered from claustrophobia while filming (much like the character he plays). The coffin he was in was gradually filled with sand as filming went on such that he was actually buried while shooting the film's climactic moments. Ryan described the last day of shooting as "unlike anything I experienced in my life, and I never ever want to experience that again." The production crew had a team of paramedics waiting on standby. One of director Rodrigo Cortés' inspirations was the film "Rope" directed by Alfred Hitchcock.


title: Buried (film)

text: "Buried" premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2010. Lionsgate purchased the US and UK distribution rights to the film after a bidding war with Sony Pictures Classics, Screen Gems, TriStar Pictures, Overture Films, Miramax Films, Oscilloscope Laboratories, IFC Films, Strand Releasing, Focus Features, Summit Entertainment, Newmarket Films, Destination Films/Samuel Goldwyn Films, The Weinstein Company/Dimension Films, Fox Searchlight Pictures, After Dark Films, Paramount Vantage, First Look Studios, Magnet Releasing and CBS Films and gave the film a limited theatrical release on September 24, 2010 and a wider release two weeks later on October 8, 2010. The film's first trailer premiered with "A Nightmare on Elm Street". The second trailer premiered at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International, and was attached with select prints of "Dinner for Schmucks", "", "The Expendables" and "The Last Exorcism".


title: Buried (film)

text: The film won the best European feature film of the year award at the Strasbourg European Fantastic Film Festival in September 2010.


title: Buried (film)

text: The film was presented at the Deauville American Film Festival, in competition, and the Toronto International Film Festival, out of competition, in September 2010.


title: Buried (film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 87% based on 157 reviews with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Wringing a seemingly impossible amount of gripping drama out of its claustrophobic premise, "Buried" is a nerve-wracking showcase for Ryan Reynolds' talent." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Buried (film)

text: Film critic Roger Ebert awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and wrote that "Rodrigo Cortés, the Spanish filmmaker behind this diabolical, Hitchcock-influenced narrative stunt, makes merry mischief with camera angles and lighting". Scott Mantz of "Access Hollywood" called it "a brilliantly twisted suspense thriller that would have made Alfred Hitchcock proud." Chris Tilly at IGN gave the film a perfect 10 out of 10. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" awarded the film 2 out of 4 stars, commenting: "Ninety minutes of being buried alive with Ryan Reynolds: Didn't we all suffer that in "The Proposal"?"


title: Buried (film)

text: Film director John Waters named "Buried" as one of the ten best films of 2010 stating "The most excruciatingly painful date movie imaginable comes complete with a very smart feel-bad ending. See it with someone you hate."


title: Buried (film)

text: Filmmakers Nick Park, Peter Lord, Todd Haynes and The Wachowskis, actresses Cate Blanchett and Julie Andrews and actors Ralph Fiennes, Daniel Radcliffe, Freddie Highmore and Alistair Petrie have cited it as one of their favorite films.


title: David Fumero

text: David Fumero (born Joseph Sentielo-Fumero on December 29, 1972) is a Cuban-American actor and former fashion model. Fumero is best known for his role as Cristian Vega on "One Life to Live".


title: David Fumero

text: David Fumero was born on December 29, 1972, in Havana, Cuba. He is an actor and a former United States Marine.


title: David Fumero

text: On December 9, 2007, Fumero married his "One Life to Live" co-star Melissa Fumero (née Gallo) who played Adriana Cramer on the show. They have two children together, a son born in March 2016 and another son born in February 2020.


title: Bobbie Brown

text: Bobbie Jean Brown (born October 7, 1969), sometimes credited as Bobbie Brown-Lane, is an American actress, model, and former beauty pageant contestant. She appeared in the video for Warrant's song "Cherry Pie".


title: Bobbie Brown

text: Brown was born October 7, 1969, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She is the oldest child of Bobby Gene and Judy Ann Brown (née Faul). Brown has three siblings: a brother, a half brother, and a half sister. Her parents divorced when she was a freshman in high school and her mother later remarried. Brown attended high school at Starkey Academy in Central, Louisiana.


title: Bobbie Brown

text: Brown won the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1987 title and represented Louisiana in the Miss Teen USA 1987 pageant broadcast live from El Paso, Texas in July 1987. Brown won the spokesmodel competition on "Star Search" a record thirteen times. In 1990, she hosted the syndicated fashion series "Preview: The Best of the New". Brown also appeared in TV shows such as "Married... with Children" (three episodes) and films such as 1993's "Last Action Hero" in which fellow Miss Teen USA Bridgette Wilson portrayed Arnold Schwarzenegger's daughter.


title: Bobbie Brown

text: Brown worked as a model for Budweiser and other companies. She also appeared in music videos, including Great White's "Once Bitten, Twice Shy" and "House of Broken Love" and Hurricane's "I'm On to You", Louie Louie "Sittin' in the Lap of Luxury". She is best remembered as the girl in Warrant's "Cherry Pie" video released in 1990.


title: Bobbie Brown

text: In the late 1990s, she hosted a TV infomercial that advertised the eight-CD set called "Big Rock: The 80s Generation". In 1998, she sued "Penthouse" for featuring a model also named Bobbie Brown. In 2009, Brown wrote and hosted the VH1 documentary series, "Do It for the Band: Women of the Sunset Strip".


title: Bobbie Brown

text: In 2012, Brown joined the cast of the reality show "Ex-Wives of Rock", airing on the Fuse network. In November 2013, Brown's memoir co-written with Caroline Ryder and titled "Dirty Rocker Boys: Love and Lust on the Sunset Strip", was published by Gallery Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Brown used to run an online clothing store bobbiejeanbrown.net, though the site is currently offline.


title: Bobbie Brown

text: In 2016, Brown appeared as Lexxi's mother in "Live from Lexxi's Mom's Garage" and also is on the album cover, an acoustic live DVD by Steel Panther, and also appeared in their music video for "She's Tight".


title: Bobbie Brown

text: In her 2013 memoirs, Brown admitted that she was a cocaine and methamphetamine addict for a decade. Brown used the latter to drop weight quickly before modeling shoots. She completed several stints in rehab before finally becoming sober in the 2000s. Brown also revealed that she suffers from trichotillomania, which she developed in 2005 while she was involved in what she called, "the worst relationship of my entire life".


title: Bobbie Brown

text: During the shooting of Warrant's "Cherry Pie" video, Brown met lead singer Jani Lane. Lane and Brown married on July 15, 1991. They had a daughter, Taylar Jayne Lane, in 1992, and divorced in 1993. After her divorce from Lane, Brown was engaged to Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee. They broke up in February 1995, as Lee married Pamela Anderson four days later. Brown has been in a relationship with rocker Joshua Bissell of the band Joy Island since 2014.


title: Bobbie Brown

text: Brown co-wrote an autobiography, "Dirty Rocker Boys", with Caroline Ryder which was published in 2013.


title: The Casagrandes

text: The Casagrandes is an American animated comedy television series developed by Michael Rubiner and Miguel Puga that aired on Nickelodeon from October 14, 2019 to September 30, 2022. It is a spin-off of "The Loud House" and the second television series in the overall franchise, which follows the adventures of Ronnie Anne, her brother Bobby Santiago, and their family living in the fictional Great Lakes City.


title: The Casagrandes

text: Having moved to Great Lakes City back in "The Loud House" episode "The Loudest Mission: Relative Chaos", Ronnie Anne Santiago, her older brother Bobby, and their mother Maria move in with their extended family called the Casagrandes consisting of grandparents Hector and Rosa, aunt and uncle Frida and Carlos, their cousins Carlota, C.J., Carl, and Carlitos, and their pets Lalo and Sergio. Ronnie Anne meets new friends like Sid Chang, expresses more about her relatives, and explores the endless possibilities in Great Lakes City. Bobby helps Hector run the mercado as he discovers similarities with his family's quirky neighbors.


title: The Casagrandes

text: On March 6, 2018, it was announced that Nickelodeon was developing a spinoff of "The Loud House" under the working title of "Los Casagrandes". On July 2, 2018, it was announced that Nickelodeon officially green-lit the comedy series with a 20-episode order. On February 14, 2019, it was announced that "The Casagrandes", formerly "Los Casagrandes", would premiere in October 2019.


title: The Casagrandes

text: On May 7, 2019, it was announced that Eugenio Derbez, Ken Jeong, Melissa Joan Hart, Leah Mei Gold, and Lexi Sexton joined the voice cast. Mike Rubiner serves as executive producer, while Karen Malach serves as producer. On September 4, 2019, it was announced that the series would premiere on October 14, 2019. The series is produced by Nickelodeon.


title: The Casagrandes

text: On February 19, 2020, it was announced that the series was renewed for a second season of 20 episodes, which premiered on October 9, 2020. On September 24, 2020, it was announced that the series was renewed for a third season.


title: The Casagrandes

text: On February 17, 2022, "Axios" reported that Nickelodeon had cancelled the series, though with the characters set to appear more in "The Loud House".


title: The Casagrandes

text: The series received a positive reception. Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media described the series as a "charming Loud House spin-off about Mexican American family." She further noted that cartoon violence only happens infrequently, with differences between characters rarely coming up, and said that while "humor can be slightly vulgar," it is a lot of fun, and is "worth your while."


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit (also known as Oswald the Rabbit or Oswald Rabbit) is a cartoon character created in 1927 by Walt Disney for Universal Pictures. He starred in several animated short films released to theaters from 1927 to 1938. Twenty-seven animated Oswald shorts were produced at the Walt Disney Studio.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: After the control of Oswald's character was taken in 1928, Walt created a new character similar in appearance to Oswald as a replacement; Mickey Mouse, who went on to become one of the most famous cartoon characters in the world.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 2003, Buena Vista Games pitched a concept for an Oswald-themed video game to then-Disney President and future-CEO Bob Iger, who became committed to acquiring the rights to Oswald. In 2006, The Walt Disney Company acquired the trademark of Oswald (with NBCUniversal effectively trading Oswald for the services of Al Michaels as play-by-play announcer on "NBC Sunday Night Football").


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Oswald returned in Disney's 2010 video game, "Epic Mickey". The game's metafiction plot parallels Oswald's real-world history, dealing with the character's feelings of abandonment by Disney and envy towards Mickey Mouse. He has since appeared in Disney theme parks and comic books, as well as two follow-up games, "" and "". Oswald made his first appearance in an animated production in 85 years through his cameo appearance in the 2013 animated short "Get a Horse!". He was the subject of the 2015 feature film "Walt Before Mickey". Oswald also appears as a townsperson in "". In 2022, Oswald appeared in a brand new short produced by Disney.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: While under Disney's creative control, Oswald was one of the first cartoon characters that had personality. As outlined by Walt himself: "Hereafter we will aim to [make] Oswald a younger character, peppy, alert, saucy and venturesome, keeping him also neat and trim." With Oswald, Disney began to explore the concept of "personality animation", in which cartoon characters were defined as individuals through their movements, mannerisms and acting, instead of simply through their design. Around this period, Disney had expressed, "I want the characters to be somebody. I don't want them just to be a drawing." Not only were gags used, but his humor differed in terms of what he used to make people laugh. He presented physical humor, used situations to his advantage, presented situational humor in general and frustration comedy best shown in the cartoon "The Mechanical Cow". He would make use of animal limbs to solve problems and even use his own limbs as props and gags. He could be squished as if he was made of rubber and could turn anything into tools. His distinct personality was inspired by Douglas Fairbanks for his courageous and adventurous attitude as seen in the cartoon short "Oh, What a Knight".


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In regards to Oswald's personality, Disney historian David Gerstein describes the difference between Mickey and Oswald: "Imagine Mickey if he were a little more egotistical or fallible, or imagine Bugs Bunny if he talked the talk but wasn't as good at walking the walk."


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In order to make his Oswald cartoons look "real", Disney turned away from the styles of Felix the Cat, Koko the Clown, Krazy Kat and Julius the Cat and began emulating the camera angles, effects and editing of live-action films. To learn how to base gags on personality and how to build comic routines, rather than heaping one gag after another, he studied Laurel and Hardy, Harold Lloyd, Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton. In order to stir emotion in an audience, Disney studied and scrutinized the shadow effects, cross-cutting and staging of action in films featuring Douglas Fairbanks and Lon Chaney.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Walt Disney did not want for Oswald to simply be "a rabbit character animated and shown in the same light as the commonly known cat characters", as well as merely just a peg for gags. Instead, his stated intention was "to make Oswald peculiarly and typically OSWALD."


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 1927, because of cost and technical restrictions, Disney and his chief animator Ub Iwerks decided to end their work on the Alice Comedies and Julius the Cat. Around the same time, Charles Mintz got word that Universal Pictures wanted to get into the cartoon business, so he told Disney to create a new character he could sell to Universal. After Oswald was created, Winkler signed a contract with Universal on March 4, 1927 that would guarantee 26 "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" cartoons. Work on both the character and series began soon after Disney moved his studio to Hyperion Avenue.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Disney chose to make the character a rabbit since there were already two popular animated cats at the time, Felix the Cat and Krazy Kat.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: The first Oswald cartoon, "Poor Papa", was rejected by the Universal studio heads for its poor production quality and the sloppiness and age of Oswald. Disney, together with Iwerks, decided to create a second cartoon titled "Trolley Troubles" featuring a much younger, neater Oswald. The short, released on September 5, 1927, officially launched the series and proved to be Universal's greatest success to date. Poor Papa was later released in 1928 and the storyline was reused in a Mickey Mouse short five years later, in "Mickey's Nightmare". Oswald the Lucky Rabbit became Universal's first major hit in 1927, rivaling other popular cartoon characters, such as Felix the Cat and Koko the Clown.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: The success of the Oswald series allowed the Walt Disney Studio to grow to a staff of nearly twenty. Walt's weekly salary from the series was $100 while Roy Disney's was $65. The Disney brothers earned $500 per Oswald short and split the year-end profits, with Walt receiving 60% ($5,361), and Roy receiving 40% ($3,574). With income gained from the Oswald series, Walt and Roy purchased ten acres of land in the desert. They also invested in an oil-drilling venture. Iwerks also invested his income in several stone mills to crush paint pigment he used to make paint formulas that were utilized by animators for decades.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Oswald's success also resulted in Universal and Winkler signing another contract in February 1928, guaranteeing three more years of Oswald cartoons.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: As time passed, Disney feared that Mintz would forgo renewal of the contract, partly due to Iwerks informing Disney that George Winkler, at the behest of Mintz, had been going behind Disney's back during pick-up runs for Oswald reels and hiring away his animators. Eventually, Walt traveled with his wife Lilly to New York to find other potential distributors for his studio's cartoons, including Fox and MGM, prior to meetings with Mintz. As Walt later recalled, he placed two Oswald prints under one arm and—feeling "like a hick"—marched "one half-block north" on Broadway to MGM to visit Fred Quimby. During this period, Walt and Lillian attended the premier of the Oswald short "Rival Romeos", which debuted at the Colony on 53rd and Broadway.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In the spring of 1928, Disney traveled to New York City in hopes of negotiating a more profitable contract with his producer Charles Mintz. But as economic problems were apparent at the time, Mintz figured Disney should settle for a 20% cut, although large turnarounds were promised if the studio's finances showed considerable growth. While most of his fellow animators left for Mintz's studio, Disney decided to quit working on the Oswald cartoons. On his long train ride home, he came up with an idea to create another character, and retain the rights to it. He and Iwerks would go on to develop a new cartoon in secret, starring a new character which would soon become the most successful cartoon character in film history and later became the foundation of a global entertainment empire. The first Mickey Mouse cartoon to be filmed was "Plane Crazy" in the summer of 1928, but it was produced as a silent and held back from release. The first Mickey Mouse film with a synchronized soundtrack, "Steamboat Willie", reached the screen that fall and became a major hit, eclipsing Oswald. "Plane Crazy" was later given its own synchronized soundtrack and released on March 17, 1929.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Mintz, meanwhile, opened his own studio (later known as Screen Gems) consisting primarily of former Disney employees, where he continued to produce Oswald cartoons, among them the first Oswald with sound, "Hen Fruit" (1929). Coincidentally, Disney and Mintz each produced nine cartoons the first year and 17 the next, before Oswald was taken over by others. Animators Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising, unhappy with Mintz, asked Universal head Carl Laemmle to remove Mintz, suggesting they would be the ones to continue the Oswald series. Laemmle did terminate Mintz's contract, but instead of hiring Harman and Ising, he opted to have the Oswald cartoons produced right on the Universal lot. Laemmle selected Walter Lantz to produce the new series of Oswald shorts (the first of which was 1929's "Race Riot").


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Over the next decade, Lantz produced 142 Oswald cartoons, for a total of 194 films featuring the character, spanning the work of all three producers. After Lantz took over production in 1929, the character's look was changed to some degree over the following years: Oswald got white gloves on his hands, shoes on his feet, a shirt, a "cuter" face with larger eyes, a bigger head, and shorter ears. With 1935's "Case of the Lost Sheep", an even more major makeover took place: the character was drawn more realistically now, with white fur rather than black, shoes are removed, plus wearing suspenders instead of a shirt and shorts. Both redesigns were done by Manuel Moreno, who recalled that in the 1935 redesign that Lantz said to make Oswald cute and to get rid of the black on him, because Disney was also changing his characters.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: The cartoons containing the new, white-furred Oswald seemed to be different from their predecessors in more than one way, as the stories themselves became softer. Minor changes in the drawing style would continue, too. With "Happy Scouts" (1938), the second-to-last Oswald film produced, the rabbit's fur went from being all-white to a combination of white and gray.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Unlike the Disney shorts, in which Oswald did not speak, Lantz's cartoons began to feature actual dialogue for Oswald, although most of the cartoons were still silent to begin with. Animator Bill Nolan performed the voice of Oswald in "Cold Turkey", the first Lantz cartoon with dialogue, and the following year Pinto Colvig, who was working as an animator and gag man at the studio, started voicing Oswald. When Colvig left the studio in 1931, Mickey Rooney took over the voicing of Oswald until early in the following year. Starting in 1932, Lantz ceased to use a regular voice actor for Oswald, and many studio staff members (including Lantz himself) would take turns in voicing the character over the years. June Foray provided Oswald's voice in "The Egg Cracker Suite", which was the final theatrical short to feature the character. She later voiced him again for an unaired radio pilot, "Sally in Hollywoodland" (1947).


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Oswald made a cameo appearance in the first animated sequence with both sound and color (two-strip Technicolor), a 2½-minute animated sequence of the live action movie "The King of Jazz" (1930), produced by Laemmle for Universal. However, it was not until 1934 that Oswald got his own color sound cartoons in two-strip Technicolor, "Toyland Premiere" and "Springtime Serenade". The Oswald cartoons then returned to black-and-white, except for the last one, "The Egg Cracker Suite" (1943), released as a part of the Swing Symphonies series. "Egg Cracker" was also the only Oswald cartoon to use three-strip Technicolor. Oswald's last cartoon appearance was a cameo in "The Woody Woodpecker Polka" (1951), also in Technicolor, which by then had become the norm in the cartoon industry. He also appeared in a 1952 theatrical commercial for the Electric Autolite Company, with his voice being provided by Dick Beals.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Oswald's first appearance in comics was in a series of comic strips titled "Oswald the Rabbit", which ran from February 1935 to January 1936. They were drawn by Al Stahl and published by National Allied Publications. The comics were serialized on one page of the entirety of "New Fun" and the first issue of "More Fun".


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Oswald's second run in comics began in Dell Comics' "New Funnies", which ran from 1942 to 1962. Following the typical development seen in most new comics, the New Funnies stories slowly morphed the character in their own direction.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: At the start of the "New Funnies" feature, Oswald existed in a milieu reminiscent of Winnie-the-Pooh: he was portrayed as a live stuffed animal, living in a forest together with other anthropomorphized toys. These included Toby Bear, Maggie Lou the wooden doll, Hi-Yah Wahoo the turtle-faced Indian, and Woody Woodpecker—depicted as a mechanical doll filled with nuts and bolts (hence his "nutty" behavior). In 1944, with the addition of writer John Stanley, the stuffed animal motif was dropped, as were Maggie Lou, Woody, and Wahoo. Oswald and Toby became flesh and blood characters living as roommates in "Lantzville". Initially drawn by Dan Gormley, the series was later drawn by the likes of Dan Noonan and Lloyd White.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 1948, Toby adopted two orphan rabbits for Oswald to raise. Floyd and Lloyd, "Poppa Oswald's" new sons, stuck around; Toby was relegated to the sidelines, disappearing for good in 1953. Later stories focused on Oswald adventuring with his sons, seeking odd jobs, or simply protecting the boys from the likes of rabbit-eating Reddy Fox and (from 1961) con man Gabby Gator—a character adapted from contemporary Woody Woodpecker cartoon shorts. This era of Oswald comics typically featured the art of Jack Bradbury, known also for his Mickey Mouse work.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: After the assassination of John F. Kennedy, with the publishers not liking the name of the rabbit anymore, Oswald comics tended to be produced outside the United States, for example in Mexico, Italy, and Japan.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: He made brief appearances in the "Woody Woodpecker" comics series until it ended in the 1970s. Through the end of the 20th century, the foreign comics carried on the look and story style of the Dell Oswald stories.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 2010, Oswald starred in the digi-comic series "Epic Mickey: Tales of the Wasteland", a prequel to the Epic Mickey video game, sharing what the Wasteland was like before Mickey arrived there.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 2011, Oswald starred in the Norwegian Disney comic story "En magisk jul!", written by David Gerstein and drawn by Mark Kausler. It is based on and takes place in the times of the classic Oswald shorts from 1927–28. The story was later reprinted, as "Just Like Magic!", in the American Disney comic "Walt Disney's Comics and Stories" #726 (2015).


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In February 2006, Disney CEO Bob Iger initiated a trade with NBC Universal in which a number of minor assets, including the rights to Oswald and the 27 shorts that Walt Disney had worked on, were acquired by The Walt Disney Company in exchange for sending sportscaster Al Michaels from Disney's ABC and ESPN to NBC Sports. At the time, ABC had lost its contract for NFL broadcast rights, and despite recently signing a long-term contract with ESPN, Michaels was interested in rejoining broadcast partner John Madden at NBC for the Sunday night package. Universal transferred the trademark of the character to Disney, and in exchange, Disney released Michaels from his employment contract, allowing him to sign with NBC.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: The deal included the trademark rights to the character and the 27 Disney-produced Oswald shorts along with the handover of any physical Disney-produced Oswald material Universal still had in their possession. Iger had been interested in the property because of an internal design document for a video game, which became "Epic Mickey". Walt Disney's daughter, Diane Disney Miller, issued the following statement after the deal was announced:


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Around the same time, the Kansas City Chiefs and New York Jets made a similar deal, the Chiefs giving the Jets a draft pick as compensation for releasing coach Herm Edwards from his contract. Referring to this trade, Michaels said:


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In January 2007, a T-shirt line from Comme des Garçons seems to have constituted the first new Disney Oswald merchandise. Following in December was a two-disc DVD set, "The Adventures of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit", included in of the "Walt Disney Treasures" DVD series. Several Oswald collectors' figurines and a limited edition grayscale plush toy appeared shortly after the DVD set's release. The Disney Store also began to introduce Oswald into its merchandise lines, starting with a canvas print and Christmas ornament that became available Fall 2007. A standard-issue color plush toy matching Oswald's appearance in "Epic Mickey" appeared in late 2010. This was followed by an ongoing roll-out of clothing and other products at the Disney Store, various chain stores, and the Disney California Adventure theme park.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 2012, the newly-redesigned Buena Vista Street at Disney California Adventure included Oswald's Filling Station, an Oswald merchandise stand themed as a 1920s Gas Station. The shop exclusively only sells just "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" merchandise such as "Oswald Ears" hats (a similar style to the popular Mickey Mouse Club black mouse eared caps), as well as shirts, t-shirts, plush toys, pins, mugs among other special Oswald items. In 2014, Oswald began making appearances in the area near the shop.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 1995, Oswald briefly appeared in "Férias Frustradas do Pica-Pau", a Woody Woodpecker video game released for the Sega Master System and the Mega Drive in Brazil only.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Oswald is one of the main characters in the video game franchise "Epic Mickey". The world of "Epic Mickey" is called "Wasteland" and it is similar to Disneyland but for "forgotten" Disney characters, including Oswald, who rules the place. Actually, Oswald fashioned it after Disneyland, but he put images of himself in the place of Mickey in the statue with Walt Disney and other places throughout the town. Oswald was the first cartoon character to be "forgotten" and inhabit Wasteland. Oswald dislikes Mickey for stealing his popularity that he felt he deserved. Oswald tries to make Wasteland a better place for forgotten characters, especially his "bunny children" and his wife Ortensia.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: "" is a video game that was released on November 18, 2012. Unlike the previous game, "Epic Mickey 2" features full voiced cut-scenes with Frank Welker (Welker had also provided Oswald's vocal effects in the previous game) as Oswald's first voice actor in an "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" production from Disney. (Bill Nolan was Oswald's first voice actor in 1929, when Walter Lantz produced the Oswald cartoons.)


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Tetsuya Nomura, creator and lead producer of the "Kingdom Hearts" franchise, had requested for Oswald's use in "Kingdom Hearts III", but the response from Disney was that the character would be "too difficult" to use, with no further clarification or details from Disney. Nomura cites Oswald as one of his favorite Disney characters.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 2012, sketch animation from a lost 1928 cartoon, "Harem Scarem", was compiled by archivists at Disney and released to help celebrate Oswald's 85th Anniversary. He made an appearance in a 2013 throwback style Mickey Mouse cartoon, "Get a Horse!"


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: While only 19 of 26 cartoons were previously known to have survived, a couple of Oswald's lost cartoons were found in the 2010s. In 2015, the British Film Institute's National Archives were found to hold his "Sleigh Bells" (1927) footage. The BFI and Walt Disney Animation Studios worked to restore the short. Long-term Disney animator David Bossert wrote a book, "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit: The Search for the Lost Disney Cartoons" which was released in 2017. A Japanese man, Yasushi Watanabe, read the book and discovered that he had a missing 1928 Oswald cartoon, "Neck & Neck", since he was a teenager.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: A series centered on Oswald was in development with the project announced in 2019 for a potential release on Disney+. Disney Television Animation veteran Matt Danner revealed that a series was in development as a follow up for the team behind "Legend of the Three Caballeros", but that they "got broken up and scattered to the wind." He expressed hope that the series could still be revived in the future and further hinted that another team would develop it as Disney was still heavily invested in wanting to revive the character.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: On December 1, 2022, an online hand-drawn animated Oswald short by Walt Disney Animation Studios was released. The short was directed by Eric Goldberg, scored by Dean McClure, and produced by Dorothy McKim, with Mark Henn and Randy Haycock working on the animation alongside Goldberg. It marked Oswald's first short produced by Disney, as well as his last short ever since "Feed the Kitty" (1938). The short's music was registered in the Copyright Office in August of 2020. A few weeks later, a hand-drawn animation piece by Disney Animation featuring Oswald was released, meant to promote a line of products developed by Disney and Givenchy.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Shortly after the rabbit starred in his black and white animated silent shorts between 1927 and 1928, he was successfully able to sell merchandise for Universal: a chocolate-covered marshmallow candy bar, a stencil set, and a pin-backed button. In 2004 and 2005, Oswald products became popular in Japan and were primarily made available as prizes in UFO catchers and as official merchandise in Universal Studios Japan, manufactured by Taito and/or Medicom, these products included puppets, inflatable dolls, keyrings, and watches Oswald made his first Disneyland appearance at Tokyo Disneyland on March 31, 2010, as an Easter float. At the Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World, a poster of Oswald can be seen at the Town Square Theater where Mickey Mouse is available for meet and greets. Also inside Mickey's meeting area, a doodle of Oswald and Mickey can be seen. Clothing products are also available at Disneyland Paris in Walt Disney Studios Park. As of October 4, 2017, Oswald now has a Service Station at Disney's California Adventure (Near the entrance.) that only sells exclusive "Oswald The Lucky Rabbit" merchandise including Oswald ears, hats (baseball caps), shirts, t-shirts, plates, coats, cups, mugs, plush toys, key-chains and much more.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: The Oswald character showed up at the parks in Florida and California on the day Disney reacquired Oswald, but made no further appearances at the time.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 2011, Oswald appeared with other old Disney characters on the Construction walls for Disney California Adventure Park's new entrance.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 2011, Oswald appeared on a poster as a magician's rabbit in Town Square Theater in Magic Kingdom park.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 2011, Oswald appeared on various items of clothing available for purchase at Disneyland Paris in the shops on Main Street USA.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: In 2012, Disney California Adventure park at the Disneyland Resort reopened with a new entry area called Buena Vista Street, themed to 1920s Los Angeles. Oswald's Service Station is a 1920s gas station (housing a gift shop) located at the north end of the street and features Oswald prominently in its logo. Disney California Adventure also sells Oswald merchandise, while next door Disneyland Park offers Mickey Mouse merchandise exclusively.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: As of May 28, 2014, Oswald can be spotted on the exit of "The Seven Dwarves" ride at Magic Kingdom, Orlando. He is carved into a tree near the exit door.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: On September 14, 2014, Oswald began making appearances on Buena Vista Street at Disney California Adventure.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: As of October 4, 2017, Oswald now has a Service Station at Disney California Adventure and has been spotted making appearances.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: On June 2, 2018 at the FanDaze event Oswald's spouse, Ortensia accompanied him as a VIP guest In Disneyland Paris. They also performed in the show, "Oh My, Ortensia".


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Oswald was featured on the medal of the Walt Disney World Marathon Weekend 10K. The event took place on January 7, 2022 as part of runDisney's WDW Marathon Weekend.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: During the 1920s, the Oswald shorts, as well as Oswald himself, proved extremely popular and had received substantial critical acclaim. "The Film Daily" noted that the series was "one of the best sellers of the 'U[niversal]' short subject program." According to "The Moving Picture World", Oswald had "accomplished the astounding feat of jumping into the first-run favor overnight".


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: With the release of "Trolley Troubles", "The Film Daily" wrote, "As conductor on a 'Toonerville' trolley, Oswald is a riot. This ... you can book on pure faith, and our solemn word that they have the goods."


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: "The Moving Picture World" noted Oswald was "good for a lot of smiles and real laughs. 'Trolley Troubles' presents Oswald as the skipper of a dinky little trolley on a wild ride over mountains."


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: With the release of "Oh, Teacher", "Moving Picture World" wrote that it "lives up to the promise of the first ... as a clever, peppy, and amusing series of cartoons that should prove popular in any type of house. This one deals with Oswald as a school kid and introduces a cat as his rival. It contains some of the best gags we have seen in cartoons."


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: With the release of "The Mechanical Cow", "Moving Picture World" wrote that Oswald "has a wild and amusing time with his ingenuous milk producer".


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: With the release of "Great Guns", "Moving Picture World" wrote that Oswald is a "hero in action in the trenches and [in] a situation where two planes fight each other like pugilists". They found that "Great Guns" was "chock full of humor" and wrote, "This series is bound to be popular in all types of houses if the present standard is maintained."


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Oswald won Best New Character in both Readers' Choice and Editors' Choice in Nintendo Power's Best of 2010 awards.


title: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

text: Tetsuya Nomura, creator and lead producer of the "Kingdom Hearts" franchise, lists Oswald as one of his favorite Disney characters.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: Dunder Mifflin Paper Company, Inc. is a fictional paper and office supplies wholesale company featured in the American television series "The Office". It is analogous to Wernham Hogg in the British original of the series, and Papiers Jennings and Cogirep in the French Canadian and French adaptations, respectively. Originally, the company was completely fictitious, but eventually, the brand was used to sell products at Staples and other office supply outlets.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: Two websites were created to support the fictional company, one with the image of a public website, and one meant to look like the corporation's intranet. NBC sold branded merchandise at its NBC Universal Store website. Its logo was prominently displayed in several locations in downtown Scranton, Pennsylvania, where the show is set. Scranton has been associated internationally with Dunder Mifflin due to the show's international reach. In a 2008 St. Patrick's Day speech in the suburb of Dickson City, then-Taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland, Bertie Ahern, made a reference to the city's fictional branch office.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: The name is also at the center of a trademark infringement lawsuit filed by NBCUniversal against Jay Kennette Media Group; when NBC tried to obtain a trademark for the name in 2020, they were denied because Jay Kennette had already registered the trademark in 2017, and was selling merchandise well before NBC.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: A fourth-season episode, "Dunder Mifflin Infinity", said the company was founded in 1949 by Robert Dunder (John Ingle) and Robert Mifflin, originally to sell brackets for use in construction. The fifth-season episode "Company Picnic" said that the co-founders met on a tour of Dartmouth College. "U.S. News & World Report" likens it to many real companies in its size range: "It is facing an increasingly competitive marketplace. Like many smaller players, it just can't compete with the low prices charged by big-box rivals like Staples, OfficeMax and Office Depot, and it seems to be constantly bleeding corporate customers that are focused on cutting costs themselves." The show's creators share this assessment—"It's basically a Staples, just not as big", says co-producer Kent Zbornak—as do some of those companies. "Since Dunder Mifflin could be considered among our competitors", says Chuck Rubin, an Office Depot executive, "I think Michael Scott is actually the perfect person to run their Scranton office."


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: The company was depicted as based in New York City, with branches in smaller Northeastern cities. Episodes are set in the Scranton branch, but other branches have been mentioned and seen. The now-closed Stamford, Connecticut, branch was seen when Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) transferred there during the first half of the third season. Another episode, "Branch Wars", gave viewers a brief glimpse of the Utica branch, one of several purportedly in upstate New York. Zbornak says that city was on the short list for where to base the show, with some of its writers having ties to Central New York, and that they always intended for at least a branch office to be located there, for reasons of phonetics. "Utica was just such a different-sounding name than Scranton", Zbornak says. But also, "we had done a little research and thought our kind of business could survive in Utica."


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: A Buffalo branch has been mentioned in several episodes, and a Rochester office was also mentioned in the episode titled "Lecture Circuit". The Dunder Mifflin website also lists a Yonkers branch. Albany is yet another mentioned New York location, which in a deleted scene in "Stress Relief" is revealed to have closed. It is also said that there are branches in other states, including: Akron, Ohio; Camden, New Jersey; and Nashua, New Hampshire. In "Company Picnic", it is announced that the Camden and Yonkers branches have closed, and that the Buffalo branch is about to close. In "Boys and Girls", a Pittsfield, Massachusetts branch was mentioned by Jan as having been shut down when their warehouse workers unionized. The episode "Turf War" focuses on the closing of the Binghamton branch, and how reps from the Syracuse branch are competing with Scranton employees for Binghamton's old clients.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: Business writer Megan Barnett has pointed out parallels between Dunder Mifflin and the real-life W.B. Mason paper company, based near Boston, in Brockton, Massachusetts. It is similarly regional in focus, serving corporate and institutional customers in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states. Like Dunder Mifflin, its original product line (rubber stamps) was something other than paper, and it faces stiff competition from national and international chains. It, too, has a branch office in Stamford, but Mason's has remained open. In 2009, it had an accounting scandal that resulted in a $545,000 payment to corporate customers, much as Dunder Mifflin had to deal with the arrest of Ryan Howard for fraud the year before.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: Dunder Mifflin also bears a strong resemblance to Alling and Cory, a mid-sized Northeastern US printing paper, business products and packaging company. Alling and Cory had branches in Scranton, Akron (closed), Buffalo, Utica, Syracuse, Albany and Rochester, along with several other cities, including Marlton, NJ (10 miles from Camden). Alling and Cory was organized into three regions, and also appointed regional managers. Most Alling and Cory offices were co-located with a warehouse facility, including Pittsburgh, a branch briefly run (in 1992) by Thomas Scott, Western Regional Manager (former salesman). Like Dunder Mifflin, Alling and Cory faced strong competition from larger suppliers and was bought by another company. (Union Camp Corp. in 1998).


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: The company's "clearly dysfunctional" top-down management style is a major source of tension on the show, notes Chicago-based writer Ramsin Canon. Corporate headquarters rejects the television commercial Michael created, as he in turn insisted on his own ideas for the commercial. Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), who began as a temp, becomes Michael's new boss because he has an M.B.A. despite never having sold any paper or paper products. The show's depiction of a dysfunctional corporate culture has led some commentators to liken Dunder Mifflin to the software maker Initech in Mike Judge's cult comedy "Office Space" and the nameless company in which the "Dilbert" comic strip is set.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: Dunder Mifflin is also depicted as struggling to accommodate the demands of a diverse workforce. Episodes have focused on sensitivity training sessions and other informal efforts. Sexual harassment has occurred often enough, however, that it has lent its name to an episode. Employment lawyer Julie Elgar started a blog analyzing each episode for plot developments likely to be actionable if they occurred in real life and estimating the legal bill and/or possible verdict the company would incur should a suit be filed—as Michael's former supervisor, Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) did in one episode, alleging wrongful termination. Greg Daniels, the show's creator, said many episode plotlines are in fact based on anecdotes recounted during the sensitivity training he and the other members of the show's cast and crew are required to take annually as employees of NBC, a General Electric subsidiary. The episode "Boys and Girls" showed that the company strongly resisted unionization efforts by its employees, to the point of closing down a branch, as many real companies do or threaten to do in the same situation.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: The office and warehouse of the Scranton branch office were sets on the production company's office in Van Nuys, California, although a real office was used in the show's first season. For episodes in season two and beyond, scenes set in the parking lot made use of the exterior of the production company's office building. Since the stage set had no windows, writer Jennifer Celotta's office was dressed to look like Michael Scott's when the script called for him or someone else to look out the window into the parking lot. In the second and subsequent seasons, the office interiors and exteriors are at a different location in Van Nuys.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: Some viewers have presumed that the Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company's tower, a downtown Scranton landmark which appears in video footage shot by cast member John Krasinski for the show's opening credits, is the Dunder Mifflin office. The real company, which also sells paper and office supplies, has welcomed the exposure (and increase in business) and has a ground-floor showroom where it sells both its products and T-shirts with the tower. In 2008 it announced it would add a Dunder Mifflin logo to the circular insets near the top of the tower. As of December 2021, this logo can be seen through Google's Street View at the corner of Vine Street and Penn Avenue. Mifflin Avenue ends adjacent to the Penn Paper & Supply building.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: The success of the show has led to the sale of actual products with the Dunder Mifflin logo as souvenirs. NBC sells branded T-shirts, mugs, calendars and other items at its website, as well as in the NBC store located in New York City. In 2006, the website 80stees.com ranked Dunder Mifflin second only to Duff Beer from "The Simpsons" as the best fictional brand.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: At the first annual "The Office" convention in Scranton in 2007, fans who had paid for reserved seating at an "uncommon stockholders meeting" in the Mall at Steamtown received an annual report and complimentary ream of paper. A nearby elevator shaft is also decorated with the company logo. While the Scranton branch's address, 1725 Slough Avenue, does not actually exist (the street name was invented as a tribute to the original British version of the show, set in Slough, near London), the company logo can be seen two places in the city's downtown section outside the mall: on one of the pedestrian overpasses along Lackawanna Avenue, and a lamppost banner in front of City Hall.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: In November 2011, Staples Inc. announced that they would be selling their own product of manufactured paper under the "Dunder Mifflin" name, under license from NBC's parent company, Comcast. The Dunder Mifflin products were produced and sold by Quill.com, a wholly owned subsidiary of Staples. The brand expanded its paper product line beyond manufactured paper in November 2012.


title: Dunder Mifflin

text: In August 2022, the production held a convention at the Meadowlands in New Jersey. Dubbed "Dundercon", the event allowed fans to meet up with cast members from the show.


title: Saptarishi

text: The Saptarishi () are the seven rishis of ancient India who are extolled in the Vedas, and other Hindu literature. The Vedic Samhitas never enumerate these rishis by name, although later Vedic texts such as the Brahmanas and Upanisads do so.


title: Saptarishi

text: An early prototype of the "Saptarishi" concept may stem from the six families associated with the six "Family Books" in the Rigveda Samhita (Mandalas 2–7 in ascending order: Gṛtsamāda, Viśvāmitra, Vāmadeva, Atri, Bhardwaja, Vasiṣṭha). While not a "Family Book", Mandala 8 is mostly attributed to Kaṇva, who could be considered the 7th prototypical Saptarishi.


title: Saptarishi

text: The earliest formal list of the seven rishis is given by Jaiminiya Brahmana 2.218–221: Agastya, Atri, Bhardwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Vashistha, and Vishvamitra followed by Brihadaranyaka Upanisad 2.2.6 with a slightly different list: Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kashyapa, Vashistha, and Vishvamitra. The late Gopatha Brahmana 1.2.8 has Vashistha, Vishvamitra, Jamadagni, Gautama, Bharadvaja, Gungu, Agastya, and Kashyapa.


title: Saptarishi

text: In post-Vedic texts, different lists appear; some of these rishis were recognized as the 'mind-born sons' (Sanskrit: मनस पुत्र, "manasaputra") of Brahma, the representation of the "Supreme Being" as "Creator". Other representations are Maheshvara or Shiva as the "Destroyer" and Vishnu as the "Preserver". Since these seven rishis were also among the primary eight rishis, who were considered to be the ancestors of the Gotras of Brahmins, the birth of these rishis was mythicized.


title: Saptarishi

text: According to legend, the seven rishis in the next "manvantara" will be Diptimat, Galava, Parashurama, Kripa, Drauni or Ashwatthama, Vyasa, and Rishyasringa.


title: Saptarishi

text: A "manvantara" (age of Manu) is a unit of time within a "kalpa" (day of Brahma). There are fourteen "manvantaras" in a "kalpa", each separated by "sandhyas" (connecting periods). Each "manvantara" is ruled by a different Manu, with the current seventh one ruled by Vaivasvata Manu. Rishis and their sons are born anew in each "manvantara".


title: Saptarishi

text: 1. The "Shatapatha Brahmana" and "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad(2.2.4)" acknowledge the names of seven rishis(or Saptarshis) as:


title: Saptarishi

text: In Jainism it is stated that, "Once at Mathura situated in Uttar Pradesh seven Riddhidhari Digamber saints having 'Aakaashgamini Vidhya' came during the rainy season for chaturmaas whose names were 1.) Surmanyu, 2.) Shrimanyu, 3.) Shrinichay, 4.) Sarvasundar, 5.) Jayvaan, 6.) Vinaylaala and 7.) Jaymitra. They all were sons of King Shri Nandan of Prabhapurnagar and queen Dharini. Shri Nandan king took diksha becoming shishya of Omniscient Pritinkar Muniraaj and attained salvation. Because of great tapcharan of these seven digamber munis the 'Mahamaari' disease stopped its evil effect and they all gained the name as 'Saptrishi'. Many idols of these seven munis were made after that event by King Shatrughna in all four directions of the city."


title: Saptarishi

text: In the Dasam Granth, a text which is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, mentions the biographies of the seven rishis i.e. Valmiki, Kashyap, Sukra, Baches, Vyas, Khat and Kalidas. These are described under the composition Brahm Avtar.


title: Saptarishi

text: In ancient Indian astronomy, the asterism of the Big Dipper (part of the constellation of Ursa Major) is called saptarishi, with the seven stars representing seven rishis, namely "Vashistha", "Marichi", "Pulastya", "Pulaha", "Atri", "Angiras" and "Kratu". There is another star slightly visible within it, known as "Arundhati". Arundhati and Vashishtha are married, and together form the Mizar double.


title: Saptarishi

text: Vasishtha is accompanied by Arundhati, a faint companion star (Alcor/80 Ursa Majoris). The valid avatar's clan is supposed to be named after their ashvamedha.


title: Match Point

text: Match Point is a 2005 psychological thriller film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Scarlett Johansson, Emily Mortimer, Matthew Goode, Brian Cox, and Penelope Wilton. In the film, Rhys Meyers' character marries into a wealthy family, but his social position is threatened by his affair with his brother-in-law's girlfriend, played by Scarlett Johansson. The film deals with themes of morality and greed, and explores the roles of lust, money, and luck in life, leading many to compare it to Allen's earlier film "Crimes and Misdemeanors" (1989). It was produced and filmed in London after Allen had difficulty finding financial support for the film in New York. The agreement obliged him to make it there using a cast and crew mostly from the United Kingdom. Allen quickly re-wrote the script, which was originally set in New York, for a British setting.


title: Match Point

text: Critics in the United States praised the film and its British setting, and welcomed it as a return to form for Allen. In contrast, reviewers from the United Kingdom treated "Match Point" less favorably, finding fault with the locations and especially the British idiom in the dialogues. Allen was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.


title: Match Point

text: Chris Wilton, a recently retired tennis professional from Ireland, is taken on as an instructor at an upmarket club in London. He strikes up a friendship with a wealthy pupil, Tom Hewett, after discovering their common affinity for opera. Tom's older sister, Chloe, is smitten with Chris, and the two begin dating. During a family gathering, Chris meets Tom's American fiancée, Nola Rice, and they are instantly attracted to each other. Tom's mother, Eleanor, does not approve of her son's relationship with Nola, a struggling actress. This is a source of tension in the family. Chloe persuades her father, Alec, to give Chris a job as an executive in one of his companies. Alec does so, and Chris begins to be accepted into the family, and marriage is discussed.


title: Match Point

text: One afternoon, Nola's choice of profession is questioned by Eleanor, and Nola leaves the house in anger during a rainstorm. Chris follows Nola outside and confesses his feelings for her, and they passionately have sex in a wheat field. Feeling guilty, Nola treats this as an accident. Chris, however, wants an ongoing clandestine relationship. Chris and Chloe marry, while Tom ends his relationship with Nola.


title: Match Point

text: Chloe, to her distress, does not become pregnant immediately. Chris vainly tries to track down Nola, but meets her by chance sometime later at Tate Modern. He discreetly asks for her number, and they begin an affair. While Chris is spending time with his wife's family, Nola calls to inform him that she is pregnant. Panicked, Chris asks her to get an abortion, but she refuses, saying that she wants to raise the child with him. Chris becomes distant from Chloe, who suspects he is having an affair, which he denies. Nola urges Chris to divorce his wife, and he feels trapped and finds himself lying to Chloe as well as to Nola. Nola confronts him on the street outside his apartment and he just barely escapes public detection.


title: Match Point

text: Soon afterwards, Chris takes a shotgun from his father-in-law's home and carries it to his office in a tennis bag. After leaving the office, he calls Nola on her mobile to tell her he has good news for her. He goes to Nola's building and gains entry into the apartment of her neighbor, Mrs. Eastby, whom he shoots and kills and then stages a burglary by ransacking the rooms and stealing jewelry and drugs. As Nola returns, he shoots her in the stairwell. Chris then takes a taxi to the theater to watch a musical with Chloe. Scotland Yard investigates the crime and concludes it was likely committed by a drug addict stealing money. The following day, as the murder is in the news, Chris returns the shotgun and he and Chloe announce that she is pregnant.


title: Match Point

text: Detective Mike Banner invites Chris for an interview in relation to the murder. Before he goes in to see the detectives, Chris throws Mrs. Eastby's jewelry and drugs into the river, but by chance her ring bounces on the railing and falls to the pavement. This imagery ties in to the opening scene when a tennis ball hits the net, but bounces back, and the narrator (Chris) says, "The man who said, 'I'd rather be lucky than good,' saw deeply into life. People are afraid to face how great a part of life is dependent on luck. It's scary to think so much is out of one's control. There are moments in a match when the ball hits the top of the net, and for a split second, it can either go forward or fall back. With a little luck, it goes forward, and you win. Or maybe it doesn't, and you lose."


title: Match Point

text: At the police station, Chris lies about his relationship with Nola, but Banner surprises him with her diary, in which he is featured extensively. He confesses his affair but denies any link to the murder, and appeals to the detectives not to involve him further in their investigation as news of the affair may end his marriage just as he and his wife are expecting a baby.


title: Match Point

text: One night, Chris sees apparitions of Nola and Mrs. Eastby, who tell him to be ready for the consequences of his actions. He replies that his crimes, though wrong, had been "necessary", and that he is able to suppress his guilt. The same night, Banner dreams that Chris committed the murders.


title: Match Point

text: The next morning, however, his theory is discredited by his partner, Dowd, who informs him that a drug addict found murdered on the streets had Mrs. Eastby's ring in his pocket. Banner and Dowd consider the case closed and abandon any further investigation. Chloe gives birth to a baby boy named Terence, and his uncle blesses him not with greatness but with luck.


title: Match Point

text: The script was originally set in The Hamptons, a wealthy enclave in New York, but was transferred to London when Allen found financing for the film there. The film was partly funded by BBC Films, which required that he make the film in the UK with largely local cast and crew. In an interview with "The Observer", Allen explained that he was allowed "the same kind of creative liberal attitude that I'm used to", in London. He complained that the American studio system was not interested in making small films: "They only want these $100 million pictures that make $500m." A further change was required when Kate Winslet, who was supposed to play the part of Nola Rice, resigned a week before filming was scheduled to begin. Scarlett Johansson was offered the part, and accepted, but the character had to be re-written as an American. According to Allen, "It was not a problem...It took about an hour."


title: Match Point

text: Filming took place in London in the summer of 2004 over a seven-week schedule. Some of the city's landmarks, such as Tate Modern, Norman Foster's "Gherkin" building at 30 St Mary Axe, Richard Rogers' Lloyd's building, the Royal Opera House, the Palace of Westminster, Blackfriars Bridge, and Cambridge Circus form a backdrop to the film. The tennis club scenes were filmed at the Queen's Club. One of the University of Westminster's Marylebone campus lecture theatres was also used. UK-based graffiti artist Banksy's "" appears briefly in the film. One of the Parliament View apartments at Lambeth Bridge was used for interiors of Chris and Chloe's apartment. The restaurant scene was shot at the Covent Garden Hotel.


title: Match Point

text: The film's opening voiceover from Wilton introduces its themes of chance and fate, which he characterizes as simple luck, to him all-important. The sequence establishes the protagonist as an introvert, a man who mediates his experience of the world through deliberation, and positions the film's subjective perspective through his narrative eyes. Charalampos Goyios argued that this hero, as an opera lover, maintains a sense of distance from the outer world and that ramifications therein pale in comparison to the purity of interior experience.


title: Match Point

text: The film is a debate with Fyodor Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment", which Wilton is seen reading early on, identifying him with the anti-hero Raskolnikov. That character is a brooding loner who kills two women to prove that he is a superior being, but is racked by guilt and is finally redeemed by confession of his crime, the love of a young woman forced into prostitution, and the discovery of God. Wilton is a brooding loner who kills a poor girl who loves him because he considers his interests superior to those around him, knows little guilt, and avoids detection through luck. Allen signals his intentions with more superficial similarities: both are almost caught by a painter's unexpected appearance in the stairwell, and both sleuths play cat and mouse with the suspect. Allen argues, unlike Dostoevsky, that there is neither God, nor punishment, nor love to provide redemption. The theme of parody and reversal of Dostoevsky's motifs and subject matter has been visited by Allen before, in his film "Love and Death". In "Love and Death", the dialogue and scenarios parody Russian novels, particularly those by Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, such as "The Brothers Karamazov", "Crime and Punishment", "The Gambler", "The Idiot", and "War and Peace". In "Match Point", Allen moves the theme from parody to the more direct engagement of Dostoevsky's motifs and narratives.


title: Match Point

text: Allen revisits some of the themes he had explored in "Crimes and Misdemeanors" (1989), such as the existence of justice in the universe. Both films feature a murder of an unwanted mistress, and "offer a depressing view on fate, fidelity, and the nature of man". That film's protagonist, Judah Rosenthal, is an affluent member of the upper-middle class having an extramarital affair. After he tries to break the affair off, his mistress blackmails him and threatens to go to his wife. Soon, Rosenthal decides to murder his mistress, but is racked with guilt over violating his moral code. Eventually, he learns to ignore his guilt and go on as though nothing has happened. Philip French compared the two films' plots and themes in "The Observer", and characterized "Match Point"'s as a "clever twist on the themes of chance and fate".


title: Match Point

text: Money is an important motivator for the characters: both Wilton and Nola come from modest backgrounds and wish to enter the Hewett family using their sex appeal. That family's secure position is demonstrated by their large country estate, and, early on in their relationships, both prospective spouses are supported by Mr. Hewett, Wilton with a position on "one of his companies" and Nola reports being "swept off her feet" by Hewett's attention and presents. Roger Ebert posed the film's underlying question as "To what degree are we prepared to set aside our moral qualms in order to indulge in greed and selfishness? Wilton is facing a choice between greed and lust, but his sweet wife, Chloe, herself has no qualms about having her father essentially 'buy' her husband for her."


title: Match Point

text: Jean-Baptiste Morain, writing in "Les Inrockuptibles", noticed how the strong do not accept their own weakness and have no qualms about perpetuating an injustice to defend their interests. This wider political sense is, he argued, accentuated by its English setting, where class differences are more marked than in the USA. The film pits passion and the dream of happiness against ambition and "arrivisme", resolving the dispute with a pitiless blow that disallows all chance of justice.


title: Match Point

text: The film's soundtrack consists almost entirely of pre-World War I 78 rpm recordings of opera arias sung by the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. This bold use, despite Caruso's variety of musical styles, constitutes a first for Allen. Opera has been used before in his work as an indicator of social class, such as in "Husbands and Wives" (1992). In "Match Point", the arias and opera extracts make an ironic commentary on the actions of the characters and sometimes foreshadow developments in the movie's narrative. Furthermore, given Wilton's status as an introvert and opera enthusiast himself, the accompaniment emphasizes his detachment from his crime.


title: Match Point

text: The 10-minute murder scene which forms the film's climax is scored with almost the whole of the Act II duet between Otello and Iago from Giuseppe Verdi's "Otello". This is an atypical scoring for a film, since Verdi's piece is not an aria, but a dramatic dialogue in which the words are as important as the music. Thus the astute spectator will be presented with "two" dramatic narratives to follow; Allen is not respecting traditional conventions of cinematic accompaniment, since the score's events do not match the story unfolding onscreen.


title: Match Point

text: Arias and extracts include work by Verdi (in particular "Macbeth", "La traviata", " Il trovatore" and "Rigoletto"), Gaetano Donizetti's "L'elisir d'amore", Georges Bizet's "Les pêcheurs de perles", and Antônio Carlos Gomes's "Salvator Rosa" sung by Caruso. The romanza "Una furtiva lagrima" from "L'elisir d'amore" is featured repeatedly, including during the opening credits. The Caruso arias are supplemented by diegetic music from contemporary performances that the characters attend over the course of the film. There are scenes at the Royal Opera House and elsewhere performed by opera singers (scenes from "La traviata" performed by Janis Kelly and Alan Oke, from "Rigoletto" performed by Mary Hegarty), accompanied by a piano (performed by Tim Lole).


title: Match Point

text: Allen has said that "Match Point" is one of his few "A-films", and even "arguably may be the best film that I've made. This is strictly accidental, it just happened to come out right. You know, I try to make them all good, but some come out and some don't. With this one everything seemed to come out right. The actors fell in, the photography fell in and the story clicked. I caught a lot of breaks!"


title: Match Point

text: The film was screened out of competition at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. "Match Point" broke a streak of box office flops for Allen: it earned $85,306,374 worldwide, of which $23,151,529 was in its North American run. Allen was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.


title: Match Point

text: The film received generally strong reviews from critics, particularly in the United States. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 216 reviews with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Woody Allen's sharpest film in years, "Match Point" is a taut, philosophical thriller about class and infidelity." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 72 out of 100, and thus "generally favorable reviews", based on 40 professional critics. Roger Ebert gave the film a full four stars, and considered it among the four best Allen films. He described it as having a "terrible fascination that lasts all the way through". "Empire" magazine gave the film four stars out of five, calling it Allen's best of his last half a dozen films, and recommended it even to those who are not fans of the director.


title: Match Point

text: Reviewers in the United Kingdom were generally less favorable. Philip French, writing in "The Observer", criticized Allen's grasp of British idiom and the film's lack of humor, especially considering that two comic actors from the UK were cast in minor roles. Also, he called the dialogue "rather lumbering" and said that "the lexicons of neither the City financier nor the London constable are used convincingly." Tim Robey, writing in "The Daily Telegraph", disdained the claim that the film was Allen's return to form. Although he acknowledged that the consensus was stronger this time, he called it "as flat-footed a movie as Allen has ever made, a decent idea scuppered by a setting – London – which he treats with the peculiarly tin-eared reverence of a visitor who only thinks he knows his way around." He called Johansson's character "the chain-smoking mistress from hell", but said the tennis net analogy has an "unexpectedly crisp payoff" and that the last act was well handled. Reviewing for the BBC's website, Andy Jacobs awarded the film four stars out of five, and called it Allen's best film since "Deconstructing Harry" (1997). He also criticized some other British reviewers whose dislike, Jacobs stated, was due to the fact that Allen presented an agreeable portrait of middle class life in London. He also praised the performances by Rhys Meyers and Johansson.


title: Match Point

text: Like many of Allen's films, "Match Point" was popular in France: AlloCiné, a cinema information website, gave it a score of 4.4 out of 5, based on a sample of 30 reviews. In "Les Inrockuptibles", a left-wing French cultural magazine, Jean-Baptiste Morain gave the film a strong review, calling it "one of his most accomplished films". He characterized Allen's move to London as re-invigorating for him, while recognizing the caricatured portrayal of Britain which made the film less appreciated there than in Allen's homeland, the United States. Morain called Rhys-Meyers' and Johansson's performances "impeccable".


title: Match Point

text: "Match Point" has also been the object of scholarship. Joseph Henry Vogel argued the film is exemplary of ecocriticism as an economic school of thought. Several critics and commentators have compared elements of the film to the central plot of George Stevens' film "A Place in the Sun" (1951), but with some characters in reverse positions.


title: Metric prefix

text: A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The prefix "kilo-", for example, may be added to "gram" to indicate "multiplication" by one thousand: one kilogram is equal to one thousand grams. The prefix "milli-", likewise, may be added to "metre" to indicate "division" by one thousand; one millimetre is equal to one thousandth of a metre.


title: Metric prefix

text: Decimal multiplicative prefixes have been a feature of all forms of the metric system, with six of these dating back to the system's introduction in the 1790s. Metric prefixes have also been used with some non-metric units. The SI prefixes are metric prefixes that were standardised for use in the International System of Units (SI) by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in resolutions dating from 1960 to 2022. Since 2009, they have formed part of the ISO/IEC 80000 standard. They are also used in the Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM).


title: Metric prefix

text: First uses of prefixes in SI date back to definition of kilogram after the French Revolution at the end of the 18th century. Several more prefixes came into use by the 1947 IUPAC 14th International Conference of Chemistry before being officially adopted for the first time in 1960.


title: Metric prefix

text: The most recent prefixes adopted were "ronna-", "quetta-", "ronto-", and "quecto-" in 2022, after a proposal from British metrologist Richard J. C. Brown. The large prefixes "ronna-" and "quetta-" were adopted in anticipation of needs from data science, and because unofficial prefixes that did not meet SI requirements were already circulating. The small prefixes were added as well even without such a driver in order to maintain symmetry. After these adoptions, all Latin letters have now been used for prefixes or units.


title: Metric prefix

text: There is an old extended ASCII symbol ("", Unicode U+00B5) for "micro" for use when the Greek letter "" (U+03BC) is unavailable.


title: Metric prefix

text: The LaTeX typesetting system features an "SIunitx" package in which the units of measurement are spelled out, for example, codice_1 formats as "3 THz".


title: Metric prefix

text: The use of prefixes can be traced back to the introduction of the metric system in the 1790s, long before the 1960 introduction of the SI. The prefixes, including those introduced after 1960, are used with any metric unit, whether officially included in the SI or not (e.g., millidyne and milligauss). Metric prefixes may also be used with some non-metric units, but not, for example, with the non-SI units of time.


title: Metric prefix

text: The units kilogram, gram, milligram, microgram, and smaller are commonly used for measurement of mass. However, megagram, gigagram, and larger are rarely used; tonnes (and kilotonnes, megatonnes, etc.) or scientific notation are used instead. The megagram does not share the risk of confusion that the tonne has with other units with the name "ton".


title: Metric prefix

text: The kilogram is the only base unit of the International System of Units that includes a metric prefix.


title: Metric prefix

text: The litre (equal to a cubic decimetre), millilitre (equal to a cubic centimetre), microlitre, and smaller are common. In Europe, the centilitre is often used for liquids, and the decilitre is used less frequently. Bulk agricultural products, such as grain, beer and wine, often use the hectolitre (100 litres).


title: Metric prefix

text: Larger volumes are usually denoted in kilolitres, megalitres or gigalitres, or else in cubic metres (1 cubic metre = 1 kilolitre) or cubic kilometres (1 cubic kilometre = 1 teralitre). For scientific purposes, the cubic metre is usually used.


title: Metric prefix

text: The kilometre, metre, centimetre, millimetre, and smaller units are common. The decimetre is rarely used. The micrometre is often referred to by the older non-SI name "micron". In some fields, such as chemistry, the ångström (0.1 nm) has been used commonly instead of the nanometre. The femtometre, used mainly in particle physics, is sometimes called a fermi. For large scales, megametre, gigametre, and larger are rarely used. Instead, ad hoc non-metric units are used, such as the solar radius, astronomical units, light years, and parsecs; the astronomical unit is mentioned in the SI standards as an accepted non-SI unit.


title: Metric prefix

text: Prefixes for the SI standard unit second are most commonly encountered for quantities less than one second. For larger quantities, the system of minutes (60 seconds), hours (60 minutes) and days (24 hours) is accepted for use with the SI and more commonly used. When speaking of spans of time, the length of the day is usually standardised to seconds so as not to create issues with the irregular leap second.


title: Metric prefix

text: Larger multiples of the second such as kiloseconds and megaseconds are occasionally encountered in scientific contexts, but are seldom used in common parlance. For long-scale scientific work, particularly in astronomy, the Julian year or "annum" is a standardised variant of the year, equal to exactly seconds ( days). The unit is so named because it was the average length of a year in the Julian calendar. Long time periods are then expressed by using metric prefixes with the annum, such as megaannum or gigaannum.


title: Metric prefix

text: The SI unit of angle is the radian, but degrees, as well as arc-minutes and arc-seconds, see some scientific use.


title: Metric prefix

text: Official policy also varies from common practice for the degree Celsius (°C). NIST states: "Prefix symbols may be used with the unit symbol °C and prefix names may be used with the unit name "degree Celsius". For example, 12 m°C (12 millidegrees Celsius) is acceptable." In practice, it is more common for prefixes to be used with the kelvin when it is desirable to denote extremely large or small absolute temperatures or temperature differences. Thus, temperatures of star interiors may be given in units of MK (megakelvins), and molecular cooling may be described in mK (millikelvins).


title: Metric prefix

text: In use the joule and kilojoule are common, with larger multiples seen in limited contexts. In addition, the kilowatt-hour, a composite unit formed from the kilowatt and hour, is often used for electrical energy; other multiples can be formed by modifying the prefix of watt (e.g. terawatt-hour).


title: Metric prefix

text: There exist a number of definitions for the non-SI unit, the calorie. There are gram calories and kilogram calories. One kilogram calorie, which equals one thousand gram calories, often appears capitalised and without a prefix (i.e. "Cal") when referring to "dietary calories" in food. It is common to apply metric prefixes to the gram calorie, but not to the kilogram calorie: thus, 1 kcal = 1000 cal = 1 Cal.


title: Metric prefix

text: Metric prefixes are widely used outside the metric SI system. Common examples include the megabyte and the decibel. Metric prefixes rarely appear with imperial or US units except in some special cases (e.g., microinch, kilofoot, kilopound). They are also used with other specialised units used in particular fields (e.g., megaelectronvolt, gigaparsec, millibarn, kilodalton). In astronomy, geology, and palaeontology, the year, with symbol a (from the Latin "annus"), is commonly used with metric prefixes: ka, Ma, and Ga.


title: Metric prefix

text: Official policies about the use of SI prefixes with non-SI units vary slightly between the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and the American National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). For instance, the NIST advises that 'to avoid confusion, prefix symbols (and prefix names) are not used with the time-related unit symbols (names) min (minute), h (hour), d (day); nor with the angle-related symbols (names) ° (degree), ′ (minute), and ″ (second), whereas the BIPM adds information about the use of prefixes with the symbol "as" for arcsecond when they state: "However astronomers use milliarcsecond, which they denote mas, and microarcsecond, μas, which they use as units for measuring very small angles."


title: Metric prefix

text: Some of the prefixes formerly used in the metric system have fallen into disuse and were not adopted into the SI. The decimal prefix for ten thousand, "myria-" (sometimes spelled "myrio-"), and the prefixes "double-" (2×) and "demi-" (×) were parts of the original metric system adopted by France in 1795, but were not retained when the SI prefixes were internationally adopted by the 11th CGPM conference in 1960.


title: Metric prefix

text: Double prefixes have been used in the past, such as "micromillimetres" or "millimicrons" (now nanometres), "micromicrofarads" (μμF; now picofarads, pF), "kilomegatonnes" (now gigatonnes), "hectokilometres" (now 100 kilometres) and the derived adjective "hectokilometric" (typically used for qualifying the fuel consumption measures). These are not compatible with the SI.


title: Metric prefix

text: Other obsolete double prefixes included "decimilli-" (10), which was contracted to "dimi-" and standardised in France up to 1961.


title: Metric prefix

text: There are no more letters of the Latin alphabet available for new prefixes (all the unused letters are already used for units). As such, Richard J. C. Brown (who proposed the prefixes adopted for 10 and 10) has proposed a reintroduction of compound prefixes (e.g. "kiloquetta-" for 10) if a driver for prefixes at such scales ever materialises, with a restriction that the last prefix must always be "quetta-" or "quecto-". This usage is not currently approved by the BIPM.


title: Metric prefix

text: In written English, the symbol "K" is often used informally to indicate a multiple of thousand in many contexts. For example, one may talk of a "40K salary" (), or call the Year 2000 problem the "Y2K problem". In these cases, an uppercase K is often used with an implied unit (although it could then be confused with the symbol for the kelvin temperature unit if the context is unclear). This informal postfix is read or spoken as "thousand" or "grand", or just "k".


title: Metric prefix

text: The financial and general news media mostly use m or M, b or B, and t or T as abbreviations for million, billion (10) and trillion (10), respectively, for large quantities, typically currency and population.


title: Metric prefix

text: The medical and automotive fields in the United States use the abbreviations "cc" or "ccm" for cubic centimetres. One cubic centimetre is equal to one millilitre.


title: Metric prefix

text: For nearly a century, engineers used the abbreviation "MCM" to designate a "thousand circular mils" in specifying the cross-sectional area of large electrical cables. Since the mid-1990s, "kcmil" has been adopted as the official designation of a thousand circular mils, but the designation "MCM" still remains in wide use. A similar system is used in natural gas sales in the United States: "m" (or "M") for thousands and "mm" (or "MM") for millions of British thermal units or therms, and in the oil industry, where "MMbbl" is the symbol for "millions of barrels". This usage of the capital letter "M" for "thousand" is from Roman numerals, in which "M" means 1000.


title: Metric prefix

text: In some fields of information technology, it has been common to designate non-decimal multiples based on powers of 1024, rather than 1000, for some SI prefixes ("kilo-", "mega-", "giga-"), contrary to the definitions in the International System of Units (SI). The SI does not permit the metric prefixes to be used in this conflicting sense. This practice was once sanctioned by some industry associations, including JEDEC. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standardised the system of binary prefixes ("kibi-", "mebi-", "gibi-", etc.) for this purpose.


title: Ship

text: A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research, and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity, and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. After the 15th century, new crops that had come from and to the Americas via the European seafarers significantly contributed to world population growth. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce.


title: Ship

text: The word "ship" has meant, depending on the era and the context, either just a large vessel or specifically a ship-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts, each of which is square-rigged.


title: Ship

text: As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 merchant ships, totaling almost 1.8 billion dead weight tons. Of these 28% were oil tankers, 43% were bulk carriers, and 13% were container ships.


title: Ship

text: Ships are typically larger than boats, but there is no universally accepted distinction between the two. Ships generally can remain at sea for longer periods of time than boats. A legal definition of ship from Indian case law is a vessel that carries goods by sea. A common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not "vice versa". A ship is likely to have a full-time crew assigned. A US Navy rule of thumb is that ships heel towards the "outside" of a sharp turn, whereas boats heel towards the "inside" because of the relative location of the center of mass versus the center of buoyancy. American and British 19th century maritime law distinguished "vessels" from other watercraft; ships and boats fall in one legal category, whereas open boats and rafts are not considered vessels.


title: Ship

text: Particularly in the Age of Sail, the word "ship" might apply generally to a seagoing vessel or particularly to a full-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts, all square-rigged. Other rigs on seagoing vessels included brig, barque, and barquentine.


title: Ship

text: Some large vessels are traditionally called "boats", notably submarines. Others include Great Lakes freighters, riverboats, and ferryboats, which may be designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters.


title: Ship

text: In most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a ship class often named after its first ship.


title: Ship

text: In many documents the ship name is introduced with a ship prefix being an abbreviation of the ship class, for example "MS" (motor ship) or "SV" (sailing vessel), making it easier to distinguish a ship name from other individual names in a text.


title: Ship

text: "Ship" (along with "nation") is an English word that has retained a female grammatical gender in some usages, which allows it sometimes to be referred to as a "she" without being of female natural gender.


title: Ship

text: The earliest attestations of ships in maritime transport in Mesopotamia are model ships, which date back to the 4th millennium BC. In archaic texts in Uruk, Sumer, the ideogram for "ship" is attested, but in the inscriptions of the kings of Lagash, ships were first mentioned in connection to maritime trade and naval warfare at around 2500–2350 BCE.


title: Ship

text: Austronesian peoples originated in what is now Taiwan. From here, they took part in the Austronesian Expansion. Their distinctive maritime technology was integral to this movement and included catamarans and outriggers. It has been deduced that they had sails some time before 2000 BCE. Their crab claw sails enabled them to sail for vast distances in open ocean. From Taiwan, they rapidly colonized the islands of Maritime Southeast Asia, then sailed further onwards to Micronesia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar, eventually colonizing a territory spanning half the globe.


title: Ship

text: Austronesian rigs were distinctive in that they had spars supporting both the upper and lower edges of the sails (and sometimes in between). The sails were also made from woven leaves, usually from pandan plants. These were complemented by paddlers, who usually positioned themselves on platforms on the outriggers in the larger boats. Austronesian ships ranged in complexity from simple dugout canoes with outriggers or lashed together to large edge-pegged plank-built boats built around a keel made from a dugout canoe. Their designs were unique, evolving from ancient rafts to the characteristic double-hulled, single-outrigger, and double-outrigger designs of Austronesian ships.


title: Ship

text: Early Austronesian sailors influenced the development of sailing technologies in Sri Lanka and Southern India through the Austronesian maritime trade network of the Indian Ocean, the precursor to the spice trade route and the maritime silk road, which was established at around 1500 BC. Some scholars believe that the triangular Austronesian crab claw sail may have influenced the development of the lateen sail in western ships due to early contact. The junk rigs of Chinese ships is also believed to be developed from tilted sails.


title: Ship

text: In the 2nd century AD, people from the Indonesian archipelago already made large ships measuring over 50 m long and standing 4–7 m out of the water. They could carry 600–1000 people and 250–1000 ton cargo. These ships were known as "kunlun bo" or "k'unlun po" (崑崙舶, lit. "ship of the Kunlun people") by the Chinese, and "kolandiaphonta" by the Greeks. They had 4–7 masts and were able to sail against the wind due to the usage of tanja sails. These ships may have reached as far as Ghana. In the 11th century, a new type of ship called djong or jong was recorded in Java and Bali. This type of ship was built using wooden dowels and treenails, unlike the "kunlun bo" which used vegetal fibres for lashings.


title: Ship

text: In China, miniature models of ships that feature steering oars have been dated to the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BC). By the Han dynasty, a well kept naval fleet was an integral part of the military. Sternpost-mounted rudders started to appear on Chinese ship models starting in the 1st century AD. However, these early Chinese ships were fluvial (riverine), and were not seaworthy. The Chinese only acquired sea-going ship technologies in the 10th century AD Song Dynasty after contact with Southeast Asian "k'un-lun po" trading ships, leading to the development of the junks.


title: Ship

text: Archaeological evidence in Egypt, dated to 3000 BC, shows wooden planks assembled into a hull. They used woven straps to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. The Greek historian and geographer Agatharchides had documented ship-faring among the early Egyptians: ""During the prosperous period of the Old Kingdom, between the 30th and 25th centuries BC, the river-routes were kept in order, and Egyptian ships sailed the Red Sea as far as the myrrh-country."" Sneferu's ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded (2613 BC) to a ship being referred to by name.


title: Ship

text: The ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their shipbuilding skills was the Khufu ship, a vessel in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954.


title: Ship

text: The oldest discovered sea faring hulled boat is the Late Bronze Age Uluburun shipwreck off the coast of Turkey, dating back to 1300 BC.


title: Ship

text: By 1200 B.C., the Phoenicians were building large merchant ships. In world maritime history, declares Richard Woodman, they are recognized as "the first true seafarers, founding the art of pilotage, cabotage, and navigation" and the architects of "the first true ship, built of planks, capable of carrying a deadweight cargo and being sailed and steered."


title: Ship

text: At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe. Japan used defensive naval techniques in the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1281. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques. During the 15th century, China's Ming dynasty assembled one of the largest and most powerful naval fleets in the world for the diplomatic and power projection voyages of Zheng He. Elsewhere in Japan in the 15th century, one of the world's first iron-clads, "Tekkōsen" (), literally meaning "iron ships", was also developed. In Japan, during the Sengoku era from the 15th century to 17th century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the atakebune. In Korea, in the early 15th century during the Joseon era, "Geobukseon"(거북선), was developed.


title: Ship

text: The empire of Majapahit used large ships called jong, built in northern Java, for transporting troops overseas. The jongs were transport ships which could carry 100–2000 tons of cargo and 50–1000 people, 28.99–88.56 meter in length. The exact number of jong fielded by Majapahit is unknown, but the largest number of jong deployed in an expedition is about 400 jongs, when Majapahit attacked Pasai, in 1350.


title: Ship

text: Several civilizations became sea powers. Such examples include the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice, Hanseatic League, and the Byzantine navy. The Vikings used their knarrs to explore North America, trade in the Baltic Sea and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe.


title: Ship

text: Towards the end of the 14th century, ships like the carrack began to develop towers on the bow and stern. These towers decreased the vessel's stability, and in the 15th century, the caravel, designed by the Portuguese, based on the Arabic "qarib" which could sail closer to the wind, became more widely used. The towers were gradually replaced by the forecastle and sterncastle, as in the carrack "Santa María" of Christopher Columbus. This increased freeboard allowed another innovation: the freeing port, and the artillery associated with it.


title: Ship

text: The carrack and then the caravel were developed in Portugal. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established. In 1498, by reaching India, Vasco da Gama proved that access to the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic was possible. These explorations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were soon followed by France, England and the Netherlands, who explored the Portuguese and Spanish trade routes into the Pacific Ocean, reaching Australia in 1606 and New Zealand in 1642.


title: Ship

text: Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance.