title: Saint Seiya

text: Upon Ikki's defeat, the Bronze Saints are attacked by the Silver Saints sent by the Sanctuary's Pope to eliminate them. When they remain victorious, the Bronze Saints learn that Saori is Athena's reincarnation and that the Pope once tried to kill her as a baby. The Sagittarius Gold Saint Aiolos saved Saori but was killed shortly afterwards and gave Saori to her adopted grandfather, Mitsumasa Kido. Deciding to join forces with Saori, the Bronze Saints go to the Sanctuary to defeat the Pope, but upon their arrival, Saori is severely wounded by a gold arrow from a Silver Saint. Believing the Pope may be able to heal her, the Bronze Saints go to find him. To do so, they have to go through 12 temples, each one guarded by one Gold Saint (the most powerful Saints of Athena). Following several battles, Seiya gets to the Pope's temple and learns that he is the Gold Saint Gemini Saga, who in his madness killed the real Pope to obtain more power. With help from his friends' Cosmos, Seiya is able to knock out Saga and use the shield from Athena's statue to heal Saori. Shortly afterwards, Saga, having come to his senses, commits suicide as a self-punishment.


title: Saint Seiya

text: In the second story arc, the Greek god Poseidon reincarnates within the body of Julian Solo, the heir to a rich and powerful family, who follows his will of flooding the Earth. Saori goes to his Temple, where Julian offers her to reduce the flooding by absorbing the water inside the Oceans' Central Pillar. Following Saori, Seiya, Hyōga, Shun and Shiryū go to Poseidon's underwater Temple and are confronted by his underlings, the Marines. As Seiya, Hyōga, and Shiryū make their way to Julian, Ikki learns that the mastermind behind this war is Saga's twin, Gemini Kanon, who is manipulating Poseidon. During the final battle, Poseidon's spirit awakes within Julian and manages to defeat his opponents. Saved by the Saints from the Pillar, Saori seals Poseidon's soul within her amphora.


title: Saint Seiya

text: The third and last arc follows how Hades, the Underworld god, is freed from his seal and revives the deceased Gold Saints and the Pope Aries Shion, and alongside some of his 108 Specters, sends them to the Sanctuary to kill Athena. The remaining Gold Saints serving Athena are able to subdue the enemies, but Saori then commits suicide. This act is instead meant to directly send her to the Underworld to face Hades, and the Bronze Saints follow her. Shion reveals that the revived Gold Saints' true intentions were of giving Saori her own Cloth, and gives it to Seiya's group before dying once again. In the Underworld, as the Saints fight Hades' Specters, Shun is possessed by Hades. Saori reaches Hades and expels his soul from Shun's body. Hades then takes Saori to Elysium, and the five Bronze Saints follow them. In the final fight against Hades and his two followers, Hypnos and Thanatos, the Saints gain the strongest God Cloths and use them to aid Saori in defeating Hades. However, Seiya also sacrifices himself by receiving one of Hades' attacks, and the Saints return to Earth with his body.


title: Saint Seiya

text: At first, Kurumada planned to create a wrestling-themed manga as he enjoys writing individual sports rather than collective sports. He was initially inspired by "The Karate Kid" (1984) to conceive a story about a young karateka named Seiya found by a karate master and his female assistant; however, his publishing department did not approve the idea. Since he thought simple sports like judo or karate would not be interesting enough, he added aspects from Greek mythology and constellations to make it innovative. However, the basic concept of "Saint Seiya" was to be a "nekketsu" manga with a "fashion" touch added by the Saint Cloths. After the quick cancellation of his previous work, "Otoko Zaka", in 1984, this "fashion sense" was something Kurumada thought would be an aspect that would attract fans, making it different from his previous manga with simple high school uniforms. Although they look like European medieval armors, Kurumada said his main inspiration for the Cloths was Hajime Sorayama's 1983 illustration book "Sexy Robot". Besides from fashion, the Cloths were created because Kurumada wanted characters to throw explosive sparks and the armors was a way to give them some protection. Initially, he could not decide what type of armor it would be, considering even Buddhist "kasaya"; based on the Greek motif, he designed the actual Saint Cloths.


title: Saint Seiya

text: When Kurumada was in the process of creating "Saint Seiya", he gave Seiya the name Rin at first, since Kurumada was going to title his manga "Ginga no Rin" (Rin of the Galaxy). However, as Kurumada continued developing his manga, he decided to change the name to Seiya, which was more fitting. First he spelled the name with the kanji that meant "Holy Arrow", to relate it to Seiya's condition as a Saint, but later decided to use the kanji that meant "Star Arrow", to emphasize the constellation and mythological motif. Finally, he changed his manga title as well, to "Saint Seiya", once he fully developed the concept of the Saints. Also, Kurumada stated that one of the first ideas he conceived for "Saint Seiya" was the Pegasus Meteor Fist. Since his manga was going to use the constellations as a very important and ever-present theme, he wanted his protagonist to have a special move that would be like a shower of meteors.


title: Saint Seiya

text: When Kurumada designed Seiya's likeness, he was inspired by his character Ryūji Takane, the protagonist of his hit manga "Ring ni Kakero", which he created 9 years before Seiya. Most protagonists of Kurumada's works bear a resemblance to Ryūji, as Kurumada subscribes to the revered Osamu Tezuka's Star System (a stable cast of characters) technique. The same process is done with almost all the other characters from the series. After creating Seiya as a "nekketsu" character, he decided to give different personality traits to each of other main characters: Shiryū is the "righteous and serious"; Hyoga is "posed and classy"; Shun is the "lovable boy"; and Ikki is the lone wolf.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Written and illustrated by Masami Kurumada, "Saint Seiya" was serialized in Shueisha's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Jump" from January 1, 1986, to November 19, 1990. The last chapter was published in the first issue of "V Jump" (released as an extra edition of "Weekly Shōnen Jump") on December 12, 1990. Shueisha collected its 110 individual chapters in twenty-eight "tankōbon" volumes, released from September 10, 1986, to April 10, 1991. Shueisha has also released the series in other editions; fifteen "aizōban" volumes, from November 20, 1995, to January 20, 1997; fifteen "bunkoban" volumes, from January 18 to August 10, 2001; twenty-two "kanzenban" volumes, from December 2, 2005, to October 4, 2006. Akita Shoten is releasing the series in a "shinsōban" edition since June 8, 2021. As of July 8, 2021, five volumes have been released.


title: Saint Seiya

text: In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media in 2003. Under the title "Saint Seiya: Knights of the Zodiac", Viz Media released its twenty-eight volumes from January 21, 2004, to February 2, 2010.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Kurumada published in Akita Shoten's "Champion Red" a series of special in-depth chapters of events from the manga; "Saint Seiya: Episode Zero", from December 19, 2017, to February 19, 2018. "Saint Seiya Origin", from December 19, 2018, to January 19, 2019; and "Saint Seiya: Destiny", on December 19, 2018. The three chapters of "Episode Zero" were included in the first volume of the series' "shinsōban" edition.


title: Saint Seiya

text: A spin-off series by Megumu Okada, titled "Saint Seiya Episode.G", was serialized in Akita Shoten's "Champion Red" from December 19, 2002, to June 19, 2013.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Kurumada started a sequel to "Saint Seiya", titled "Saint Seiya: Next Dimension", in 2006. A prologue chapter was published in Akita Shoten's "Weekly Shōnen Champion" on April 27, 2006, and the series officially debuted in the magazine on August 23 of the same year. The collected volumes are published in full color.


title: Saint Seiya

text: A second spin-off series by Shiori Teshirogi, titled "Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas", was serialized in "Weekly Shōnen Champion" from August 24, 2006, to April 7, 2013.


title: Saint Seiya

text: A third spin-off series by Chimaki Kuori "Saint Seiya: Saintia Shō", was serialized in "Champion Red" from August 19, 2013, to July 19, 2021.


title: Saint Seiya

text: A fourth spin-off series by Kenji Saito and Shinshu Ueda, titled , started in "Champion Red" on December 19, 2020. Its first volume was released on June 18, 2021.


title: Saint Seiya

text: A fifth spin-off manga series by Tsunaki Suda, titled , started serialization in "Champion Red" on September 16, 2022.


title: Saint Seiya

text: An anime adaptation of "Saint Seiya" was first proposed in June 1986 three months before the first manga volume was published. After Toei Animation started a partnership with TV Asahi, they looked for sponsors. Bandai got interested in selling the Saint Cloths as merchandise so it began development. Masayoshi Kawata, producer of TV Asahi, thought "Saint Seiya" was the perfect fit for the "hero show" they were looking for. By July, scriptwriter Takao Koyama had written the first episode scheduled to be broadcast in October. Since an episode adapts several chapters the anime goes faster than the manga, which led the TV series staff to create some original stories to fill the gap. The anime adaptation was broadcast on TV Asahi from October 11, 1986, to April 1, 1989. It was directed first by Kōzō Morishita (episodes 1–73) and then by Kazuhito Kikuchi (episodes 74–114). The character designers and aestheticists were Shingo Araki and Michi Himeno, and Seiji Yokoyama composed the soundtracks. Following Kurumada's storylines from the manga closely, the chief scriptwriters were Takao Koyama (1–73) and Yoshiyuki Suga (74–114). The series has three main parts: "Sanctuary" (episodes 1–73), "Asgard", an anime original story arc (episodes 74–99), and "Poseidon" (episodes 100–114). The series was cancelled and left unfinished in 1989, leaving one arc of the manga not animated, until finally being adapted into a series of OVAs in 2002. The series one-hundred fourteen episodes was re-released in Japan on two Blu-ray box sets on June 20 and September 24, 2014. The series was re-broadcast on TV Asahi in 2015.


title: Saint Seiya

text: After Japan, "Saint Seiya" was first broadcast in France in 1988 on TF1's , under the title "Les Chevaliers du Zodiaque" (which inspired the title in other language versions), and the series became quickly popular. The series was broadcast throughout Asia, Europe and Latin America, where it was a success as well. In North America, the series was first licensed by DIC Entertainment, under the title "Knights of the Zodiac", in 2003. The DIC version was edited for broadcast, cutting overly violent scenes, coloring the red blood to blue, adding in previously non-existent digital scene transitions, rewriting the scripts, renaming several characters and replacing the music themes and the original soundtrack. This version premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on August 30, 2003, and in Canada on YTV on September 5 of the same year. Unlike other territories, "Saint Seiya" did not succeed in North America, and DIC only dubbed forty episodes. ADV Films licensed the home video rights to the series. They released the DIC-edited version and an uncut version of the show with English subtitles, which also included a new dub (with a different voice cast than the one used by DIC). ADV Films released the first twenty-eight episodes of the edited version on seven (of the planned twelve) DVDs from January 27 to October 25, 2004, and released only sixty episodes of the uncut version on twelve DVDs from October 21, 2003, May 31, 2005. A box-set collection was released on January 13, 2009. New Video released the first seventy-three episodes on a subtitle-only DVD set, titled "Saint Seiya: Sanctuary Classic Complete Collection", on April 15, 2014. On October 15, 2019, Netflix began streaming a third English dub, featuring the cast from ""; the first fifteen episodes premiered first and episodes 16–41 were added some days later; episodes 42 to 73 were added in January 2020; and episodes 74 to 114 were added in April 2020, in effect making the Netflix dub the only complete English dub of the entire original series. The series was removed from the platform in December 2021.


title: Saint Seiya

text: A spin-off television series, "Saint Seiya Omega", was broadcast for ninety-seven episodes on TV Asahi from April 1, 2012, to March 30, 2014.


title: Saint Seiya

text: On November 9, 1988, "Weekly Shōnen Jump" released a Jump Gold Selection Anime Special 2, written by Takao Koyama, with illustrations by the series' animation character designers Shingo Araki and Michi Himeno. This special is just a detailed flashback to Gemini Saga's assassination attempt on the newborn Athena.


title: Saint Seiya

text: There is also a series of two light novels by Tatsuya Hamazaki with the name of "Saint Seiya: Gigantomachia", which were published by Jump J-Books. The first novel was released in Japan on August 23, 2002, while the second was released on December 16, 2002.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Four animated feature films were shown in Japanese theaters from 1987 to 1989. A fifth animated film came out in Japanese theaters in 2004, , which was supposed to follow the regular chronology right after the end of the manga (which finished being adapted on August 1, 2008) as a prologue to a new chapter. Toei Animation first announced that this new chapter would be a new animated series, but later Kurumada stated that he wanted the film to be part of a trilogy. Tōru Furuya revealed Kurumada's wishes for the series during a press conference. After Pegasus Seiya eventually defeats Zeus, he is to go on and face Chronos, the God of Time. Toru was not allowed to say anything more. With the serialization of "Saint Seiya: Next Dimension", Kurumada removed "Overture" from the canon of the "Saint Seiya" universe, although some elements that appeared in it remain in the continuity.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Despite the first movie being released in 1987, none of the movies received an official English release in North America until it was announced by Discotek in 2012 that they had acquired the home video rights to the first four movies and intended to release them across two DVDs, each containing two movies. The DVDs contain Japanese audio with English subtitles.


title: Saint Seiya

text: In 2003, the French magazine AnimeLand published an interview with Masami Kurumada where the author revealed that a company in Hollywood had approached him some years prior with a fifteen-minute pilot of a live-action movie of "Saint Seiya". The project was abandoned as Kurumada did not feel the essence of the series had been preserved. In a later interview published in 2005 the reporter was allowed to see the video and commented on how the names of the main characters were changed and noted that one of them, Andromeda Shun had been changed from male to female.


title: Saint Seiya

text: On June 21, 2014, "" was released. Animated in CGI, "Legend of Sanctuary" is based on the classic 1986 series. It was produced by Toei to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the franchise.


title: Saint Seiya

text: In 2017, a collaboration between Toei Animation and Hong Kong-based production company A Really Good Film Company was announced. In the press conference, plans for a live-action "Saint Seiya" movie were detailed, and Polish director Tomasz Bagiński was announced as being in charge of filming, based on the classic 1986 series, which was supposed to take place in Summer 2019. The official title for the movie is "Saint Seiya: Knights of the Zodiac". On September 21, 2021, "The Hollywood Reporter" revealed that the film will star Mackenyu as Seiya, Madison Iseman as Sienna, Sean Bean as Alman Kiddo and Diego Tinoco as a man hired to kill the vulnerable goddess. Famke Janssen, Nick Stahl and Mark Dacascos are also cast in the film. Filming will take place in Hungary and Croatia. The film will be released in 2023.


title: Saint Seiya

text: These are a series of original video animations (OVAs) that cover the last arc of the manga, which was not previously adapted into anime. The first 13 episodes were broadcast on Animax (a Japanese pay-per-view channel) from November 9, 2002, to April 12, 2003, and then released on DVD during the year 2003. These 13 episodes were named and adapt volumes 19 to 22 of the manga. This OVA series was directed by Shigeyasu Yamauchi, still with animation character designs by Shingo Araki and Michi Himeno, while the scripts were adapted from the manga this time by Michiko Yokote, and the soundtrack was entirely taken from Yokoyama's work on the previous TV series.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Two years after the first part of the Hades saga, Chapter Sanctuary, a second part was produced in 2005. This second chapter was named and consists of six episodes, adapting volumes 23 to 25 of the manga. However, most of the original voice actors did not reprise their roles, aside from Hideyuki Tanaka as the narrator. Hirotaka Suzuoki, the original voice actor of Dragon Shiryū, died on August 6, 2006, due to lung cancer.


title: Saint Seiya

text: On the same Animax channel, Toei Animation released the first two OVAs on December 17, 2005, followed by the next two on January 21, 2006. The last pair were released on February 18, 2006. Shortly after their TV broadcasting, which lasted for 2 months, the episodes were released on DVD in 2006. This short OVA series was directed by Tomoharu Katsumata, but the other staff remained the same. Toei Animation officially announced the news on its website on July 18, 2006. Then, , which contains 6 episodes in total, was released, adapting volumes 25 to 26 of the manga.


title: Saint Seiya

text: On June 28, Masami Kurumada announced on his personal blog that production on the OVAs had begun. It was thought that the release was to be in mid-December 2007, as of the last two years with the performance of the two Inferno chapters (Zenshō and Kōshō), but no preview or released images were available as of the end of October. In November 2007, Toei Animation announced that the official release of the Elysion Chapter would be in March 2008 and not December 2007 as originally planned The Elysion OVAs were released in March (episodes #26 and #27), May (#28 and #29), and August (#30 and #31), and adapted the final two volumes of the manga, 27 and 28.


title: Saint Seiya

text: An original net animation (ONA) series titled "" began streaming in 2015. Another ONA series, "", premiered on Netflix, with six episodes, on July 19, 2019. Another six episodes premiered on January 23, 2020. The second season premiered on Crunchyroll on July 31, 2022.


title: Saint Seiya

text: In August 1991, a musical, sponsored by Bandai, was performed at the Aoyama theater in Tokyo, Japan. The story retells the Sanctuary and Poseidon chapters. The cast included members of SMAP as the five Bronze Saints and Poseidon. The characters Aries Mu, Leo Aiolia, and Scorpio Milo were portrayed by members of another band, Tokio.


title: Saint Seiya

text: As of May 2011, Masami Kurumada announced in his website that a new "Saint Seiya" musical was in the works. Debuting in late 2011, the stage play was titled "Saint Seiya Super Musical", and presented a live-action adaptation of the first "Saint Seiya" film, "Evil Goddess Eris".


title: Saint Seiya

text: Seiji Yokoyama was the main composer for the "Saint Seiya" original anime series 1986/90. A selection is listed below:


title: Saint Seiya

text: Starting in 2002, for their popular gashapon high-quality PVC figurines line, Bandai released several "Saint Seiya" themed sets, each one containing an average of 5 figurines. Seven sets were released, the sixth of which was a Special release that included the 12 Gold Saints. The seventh set was released in 2004 to commemorate the release of the "Tenkai Hen Josō Overture" movie, raising the number of figurines released to date to 34.


title: Saint Seiya

text: In 2006, Bandai created a separate gashapon line named . It differed from the original gashapon line in that the figurines were poseable and their armor could be removed. Five sets, each containing five figurines, were released.


title: Saint Seiya

text: In 2008, Bandai released a line of PVC figurines . Each set includes an average of five figures, and four sets have been released to date.


title: Saint Seiya

text: The Japanese hobby figurine and collectible manufacturer Megahouse released in 2007 a line of very high-quality, non-poseable resin figures named Saint Seiya Excellent Model, which are part of the line Excellent Model, composed of various well-known characters from manga and anime. Three figures have been released so far, Pegasus Seiya, Dragon Shiryū and Athena.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Starting in 2008, the Japanese collectible manufacturer Medicos Entertainment is releasing the , a line that consists in various resin figurines of the Cloths worn by the Saints. Three volumes have been released so far, each one containing 6 figures.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Continuing with its "Saint Seiya" themed lines, Medicos Entertainment also released a line of non-poseable resin figures named , composed of various figures of Saint Seiya characters. Nine figures have been released so far. Medicos also released a very high-quality resin figure of Aiolos and Seiya, wearing the Sagittarius Gold Cloth, as part of their Art Collection line. All three sub-lines form part of their Chōzō (Super Figures) line.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Megahouse released of two sets of chibi PVC figures portraying the Gold Saints, titled . Both sets include seven figures; set 1 was released in July 2012, and set 2 was released in September 2012.


title: Saint Seiya

text: In 2016, "D.D.Panoramation", a new line of action figures, was released, consisting of 17 characters of the original series (years 80s)(1986/1990)(12 Gold Saints and 5 Bronze Saints).


title: Saint Seiya

text: In November 2016, a new line of action figures called "Saint Seiya Daizenshuu", consisting of 12 characters of the original series (years 80s)(1986\1990) Saint Seiya, in "Superdeformer" version, was released.


title: Saint Seiya

text: In 2019, a new line of action figures called "Saint Seiya Revival", consisting of characters of the original series (years 80s)(1986/1990)(5 Bronze Saints and 12 Gold Saints).


title: Saint Seiya

text: In the early 1990s, Renaissance-Atlantic Entertainment planned to produce an American animated version of the series titled "Guardians of the Cosmos". Only a pilot was made, and the intro was revealed at the end of YouTuber Ray Mona's documentary on the subject titled "The Secret Stories of Saint Seiya" in December 2022.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Many different events took place to celebrate the manga's 30th anniversary. In June 2016, there was a convention in Akihabara (Tokyo) commemorating the historic series, with numerous commemorative gadgets on sale. An official website called "seiya30th" was launched. A second exhibition was held in Hong Kong in September 2016. "Saint Seiya 30 Shunen Keny Gashu, Seiiki - Sanctuary", an art book consisting of 130 pages illustrated by Masami Kurumada, was launched in Japan on October 21, 2016, by Takarajimash. A third exhibition was held in China (Hong Kong) in April 2018.


title: Saint Seiya

text: The "Saint Seiya" manga has sold over 25 million copies in Japan as of 2007. It had over 35 million copies in circulation as of 2017, and over 50 million copies in circulation as of 2022. The anime series won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize in 1987. In Animage's 2001 "Top-100 Anime" ranking, "Saint Seiya" was 53rd. In 2006, TV Asahi conducted a nationwide survey for the one hundred most popular animated television series, where "Saint Seiya" came in 25th place. In NHK's "Best 100 Anime" online poll ranking, celebrating a century of Japanese Animation, "Saint Seiya" came in 123rd place.


title: Saint Seiya

text: The series was considered one of the biggest phenomena of the 1980s. It would become the inspiration for future series, including several Gundam series such as "Mobile Suit Gundam Wing" and "Mobile Fighter G Gundam", "Legend of Heavenly Sphere Shurato", "Ronin Warriors", "Wild Knights Gulkeeva", and Kurumada's later work "B't X". In "The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917", Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy praises the series' complex plot and felt that animation designers' Shingo Araki and Michi Himeno had worked "magic" with both the anime series and the films. They also praised the grand soundtrack and director Shigeyasu Yamauchi's ability to stretch out the tension and chose the perfect places to stop an episode to keep audiences waiting for the next one. Clements and McCarthy did, however, find the series disturbing in that its main emotional impact comes from the audience seeing "older boys and men fighting brave but naive teenagers" and through victories earning more weapons. Jason Thompson describes the series as being "almost pure battle".


title: Saint Seiya

text: Yaoi dōjinshi based on "Saint Seiya" popularized the term "yaoi" in 1987. "Saint Seiya" was particularly popular as a subject in yaoi as it had a large cast which was predominantly male. This allowed "an incredible number" of pairings, although Andromeda Shun was one of the more popular characters to create yaoi for.


title: Saint Seiya

text: Tite Kubo, the author of the manga series "Bleach", named "Saint Seiya" as one of his biggest inspirations for the designs of the different types of weapons that his characters use in the story as well as the battle scenes.


title: Feroze Khan

text: Feroze Khan (; born 11 July 1990) is a Pakistani actor, model and video jockey. who works in Urdu television. He made his acting debut with "Bikhra Mera Naseeb" as Harib and later on played various roles. Khan got his breakthrough after portraying Adeel in Hum TV's romantic "Gul-e-Rana" in 2015. His other notable works including "Khaani", "Ishqiya" and "Khuda Aur Muhabbat 3".


title: Feroze Khan

text: In 2022, he was seen playing Mustajab Ahmed in "Aye Musht-E-Khaak". Khan is currently seen playing Basit in ARY Digital's "Habs" opposite Ushna Shah.


title: Feroze Khan

text: Khan was born on 11 July 1990, in Quetta, Balochistan Pakistan. Khan has two sisters, Humaima Malick and Dua Malik.


title: Feroze Khan

text: In 2018, Khan married Syeda Alizey Fatima Raza in an arranged marriage. On the 3 May 2019, Feroze Khan had a son named Mohammad Sultan Khan.


title: Feroze Khan

text: In 2020 there was speculation that Khan and his wife had parted ways. None spoke up about this until Khan’s wife posted a family photo, showing her with Khan and their son, on Instagram with the caption “Home” thus ending the divorce rumours.


title: Feroze Khan

text: In September 2022, there were reports of Khan going to court in Karachi. A couple of days later on the 21 September, Khan posted a statement on social media revealing that he and his wife had parted ways, and that their divorce was finalised on the 3 September. His ex wife, Syeda Aliza, stated in an Instagram post that their “marriage was filled with emotional and physical abuse as well as infidelity”. She stated the mental and physical well being of her and her children are the reason for their divorce. The two are currently involved in a custody battle.


title: Feroze Khan

text: Khan began his career as a VJ on ARY Musik and then later on became a model. He made his acting debut in 2014 with television series, "Bikhra Mera Naseeb" as Harib. He then went on to play Aazer in ARY Digital’s romantic thriller "Chup Raho", it was criticised due to its unauthentic, flawed dramatisation and misleading depiction. In 2015, Khan starred as Humayun in the romantic series "Tumse Mil Kay" but these failed to propel his career forward.


title: Feroze Khan

text: The same year, he starred as Adeel Ahmed in Hum TV's Drama romance Gul-e-Rana, a drama based on a novel, titled "Hasti Ke Ahang", by Samra Bukhari alongside Sajal Aly. It was known as one of the popular series during its run, but received negative reviews and has been criticized for its misogynistic, sexist and regressive approach though khan received a nomination for Best Actor - popular in Hum Awards.


title: Feroze Khan

text: In 2016 Khan made his Lollywood debut in Anjum Shahzad's drama film "Zindagi Kitni Haseen Hay" opposite Sajal Ali which was released on (Eid ul Adha) 13 September 2016 opened to mixed reviews from critics.


title: Feroze Khan

text: In 2017, he starred as Arish in Hum TV's drama "Woh Aik Pal" alongside Ayesha Khan and debutante Ramsha Khan. It received mixed reviews from critics wrote, "what took the makers so long to wrap it up, because Woh Aik Pal was being stretched to the extremes without a need" further wrote, It could not hold its audience because the script lost its essence midway and performances deteriorated".


title: Feroze Khan

text: In the same year, Khan starred as Mir Hadi, the son of a rising politician who, out of anger, gunned down a university student, alongside Sana Javed in Geo Entertainment's drama "Khaani" which is loosely based on the real life murder of Shahzeb Khan. The series was a commercial success and earned Khan Best TV Actor - Viewer's choice at Lux Style Awards. In 2018, Khan appeared as Romeo Raja in the romantic, comedy "Romeo Weds Heer" in which he reunited with Sana Javed. It received mixed reviews and average ratings in the initial episodes but towards February the TRP began falling down and had a terrible audience reception, and was no longer in the top 10. By the last episode, the show lost its viewership; both on TV, and YouTube.


title: Feroze Khan

text: In 2019, he played Armaan Salman in "Dil Kiya Karay" opposite Yumna Zaidi which didn't perform well in the ratings.


title: Feroze Khan

text: In 2020, Khan starred, as Hamza Khalid, in ARY Digital’s romantic Ishqiya opposite Hania Aamir and Ramsha Khan. The show received mixed reviews from critics, Khan received Best Actor (Popular) at 2nd Pakistan International Screen Awards. In that same year Khan declared that he would be quitting the showbiz industry saying that he would “only act and provide [his] services for the teaching of Islam...” In late December Khan rejoined the showbiz industry after claiming that his Sheikh ordered him not to leave.


title: Feroze Khan

text: In 2021, Khan starred as Fahad in the highly anticipated drama, Khuda Aur Muhabbat 3 alongside Iqra Aziz which premiered on Geo Entertainment, and ended up becoming the most watched Pakistani television series on YouTube but received mixed to negative reviews from critics, the story for being problematic.


title: Feroze Khan

text: Khan then went on to play Mustajab Ahmed, a narcissist Atheist who falls in love with a religious Muslim woman, in Aye Musht-e-Khaak alongside Sana Javed. Since mid 2022, Khan has been portraying Basit, an adult suffering the consequences of his childhood trauma and trying to navigate through life and relationships, in ARY Digital’s drama "Habs" opposite Ushna Shah.


title: Feroze Khan

text: On 28th October, Khan announced on his Instagram story that he had launched his YouTube channel titled “FK”. On 3 November Khan released his single titled “Maangain Sabki Khairain”.


title: Self-actualization

text: Self-actualization, in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, is the highest level of psychological development, where personal potential is fully realized after basic bodily and ego needs have been fulfilled.


title: Self-actualization

text: Self-actualization was coined by the organismic theorist Kurt Goldstein for the motive to realize one's full potential: "the tendency to actualize itself as fully as possible is the basic drive ... the drive of self-actualization." Carl Rogers similarly wrote of "the curative force in psychotherapy"man's tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities" ... to express and activate all the capacities of the organism."


title: Self-actualization

text: Maslow defined self-actualization to be "self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him [the individual] to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming." He used the term to describe a desire, not a driving force, that could lead to realizing one's capabilities. He did not feel that self-actualization determined one's life; rather, he felt that it gave the individual a desire, or motivation to achieve budding ambitions. Maslow's idea of self-actualization has been commonly interpreted as "the full realization of one's potential" and of one's "true self."


title: Self-actualization

text: A more explicit definition of self-actualization according to Maslow is "intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately of what is the organism itself ... self-actualization is growth-motivated rather than deficiency-motivated." This explanation emphasizes the fact that self-actualization cannot normally be reached until other lower order necessities of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are satisfied. While Goldstein defined self-actualization as a driving force, Maslow uses the term to describe personal growth that takes place once lower order needs have essentially been met, one corollary being that, in his opinion, "self-actualisation ... rarely happens ... certainly in less than 1% of the adult population." The fact that "most of us function most of the time on a level lower than that of self-actualization" he called the "psychopathology of normality".


title: Self-actualization

text: Maslow's usage of the term is now popular in modern psychology when discussing personality from the humanistic approach.


title: Self-actualization

text: Maslow's work is considered to be part of humanistic psychology, which is one of several frameworks used in psychology for studying, understanding, and evaluating personality. The humanistic approach was developed because other approaches, such as the psychodynamic approach made famous by Sigmund Freud, focused on unhealthy individuals that exhibited disturbed behavior; whereas the humanistic approach focuses on healthy, motivated people and tries to determine how they define the self while maximizing their potential. Humanistic psychology in general and self-actualisation in particular helped change our view of human nature from a negative point of view – man is a conditioned or tension reducing organism – to a more positive view in which man is motivated to realize his full potential. This is reflected in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and in his theory of self-actualization.


title: Self-actualization

text: Instead of focusing on what goes wrong with people, Maslow wanted to focus on human potential, and how we fulfill that potential. Maslow (1943, 1954) stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfillment and change through personal growth. Self-actualized people are those who are fulfilled and doing all they are capable of. It refers to the person's desire for self-fulfillment, namely to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. "The specific form that these needs will take will of course vary greatly from person to person. In one individual it may take the form of the desire to be an ideal mother, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in still another it may be expressed in painting pictures or in inventions."


title: Self-actualization

text: One of Abraham Maslow's earliest discussions of self-actualization was in his 1943 article "A Theory of Human Motivation" in "Psychological Review" 50, pp. 370–396.


title: Self-actualization

text: Here, the concept of self-actualization was first brought to prominence as part of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory as the final level of psychological development that can be achieved when all basic and mental needs are essentially fulfilled and the "actualization" of the full personal potential takes place.


title: Self-actualization

text: In this treatment, self-actualization is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and is described as becoming "'fully human' ... maturity or self-actualization."


title: Self-actualization

text: According to Maslow, people have lower order needs that in general must be fulfilled before high order needs can be satisfied: 'five sets of needs physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and finally self-actualization'.


title: Self-actualization

text: As Abraham Maslow noted, the basic needs of humans must be met (e.g. food, shelter, warmth, security, sense of belonging) before a person can achieve self-actualization. Yet, Maslow argued that reaching a state of true self-actualization in everyday society was fairly rare. Research shows that when people live lives that are different from their true nature and capabilities, they are less likely to be happy than those whose goals and lives match. For example, someone who has inherent potential to be a great artist or teacher may never realize their talents if their energy is focused on attaining the basic needs of humans. As a person moves up Maslow's hierarchy of needs, they may eventually find themselves reaching the summit — self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs begins with the most basic necessities deemed "the physiological needs" in which the individual will seek out items like food and water, and must be able to perform basic functions such as breathing and sleeping. Once these needs have been met, a person can move on to fulfilling "the safety needs", where they will attempt to obtain a sense of security, physical comfort and shelter, employment, and property. The next level is "the belongingness and love needs", where people will strive for social acceptance, affiliations, a sense of belongingness and being welcome, sexual intimacy, and perhaps a family. Next are "the esteem needs", where the individual will desire a sense of competence, recognition of achievement by peers, and respect from others.


title: Self-actualization

text: While the theory is generally portrayed as a fairly rigid hierarchy, Maslow noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow this standard progression. For example, he notes that for some individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the need for love. For others, the need for creative fulfillment may supersede even the most basic needs.


title: Self-actualization

text: In his later work, Maslow suggested that there are two additional phases an individual must progress through before achieving self-actualization. These are "the cognitive needs," where a person will desire knowledge and an understanding of the world around them, and "the aesthetic needs," which include a need for "symmetry, order, and beauty."


title: Self-actualization

text: Maslow also added a further step beyond self-actualization, which is self-transcendence. Self-transcendence occurs at the "very highest and most inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness."


title: Self-actualization

text: A "self-actualizer" is a person who is living creatively and fully using his or her potentials. It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. Maslow based his theory partially on his own assumptions or convictions about human potential and partially on his case studies of historical figures whom he believed to be self-actualized, including Albert Einstein and Henry David Thoreau. He considered self-actualizing people to possess "an unusual ability to detect the spurious, the fake, and the dishonest in personality, and in general to judge people correctly and efficiently." Maslow examined the lives of each of these people in order to assess the common qualities that led each to become self-actualized. In his studies, Maslow found that self-actualizers really do share similarities. He also believed that each of these people had somehow managed to find their core-nature that is unique to them, and is one of the true goals of life. Whether famous or unknown, educated or not, rich or poor, self-actualizers tend to fit the following profile.


title: Self-actualization

text: Maslow's writings are used as inspirational resources. The key to Maslow's writings is understanding that there are no quick routes to self-actualization: rather it is predicated on the individual having their lower deficiency needs met. Once a person has moved through feeling and believing that they are deficient, they naturally seek to grow into who they are, i.e. self-actualization. Elsewhere, however, Maslow (2011) and Carl Rogers (1980) both suggested necessary attitudes and/or attributes that need to be inside an individual as a pre-requisite for self-actualization. Among these are a real wish to be themselves, to be fully human, to fulfill themselves, and to be completely alive, as well as a willingness to risk being vulnerable and to uncover more "painful" aspects in order to learn about/grow through and integrate these parts of themselves (this has parallels with Jung's slightly similar concept of individuation).


title: Self-actualization

text: Although their studies were initially biologically centered (or focused around the more ordinary, psychological self-nature), there have been many similarities and cross-references between various spiritual schools or groups (particularly Eastern spiritual ways) in the past 40 years.


title: Self-actualization

text: The term "self-actualization" was first used by the German psychiatrist Kurt Goldstein. Maslow attributed the term "self-actualization" to Goldstein in his original 1943 paper.


title: Self-actualization

text: 'Kurt Goldstein first introduced the concept of the "organism as a whole,"' which is built on the assumption that "every individual, every plant, every animal has only one inborn goal to actualize itself as it is."


title: Self-actualization

text: Kurt Goldstein's book, "" (1939), presented self-actualization as "the tendency to actualize, as much as possible, [the organism's] individual capacities" in the world.


title: Self-actualization

text: The tendency toward self-actualization is "the only drive by which the life of an organism is determined." However, for Goldstein self-actualization cannot be understood as a kind of goal to be reached sometime in the future. At any moment, the organism has the fundamental tendency to actualize all its capacities and its whole potential, as it is present in that exact moment, under the given circumstances.


title: Self-actualization

text: Goldstein's work was in the context of Classical Adlerian psychotherapy, which also promotes this level of psychological development by utilizing the foundation of a 12-stage therapeutic model to realistically satisfy the basic needs. This then leads to an advanced stage of "meta-therapy", creative living, and self/other/task-actualization. Goldstein's work is also seen in the context of Gestalt therapy.


title: Self-actualization

text: The German term used by Goldstein, translated as "self-actualization", is "Selbstverwirklichung." "Self-realization" may be a more adequate translation than the "self-actualization" used in the translation of "The Organism".


title: Self-actualization

text: Goldstein sets this notion of self-actualization in contrast to "self-preservation" (Selbsterhaltung). "Self-actualization" for Goldstein means something that comes close to realization of one's "essence", one's identity, one's felt sense of oneself; which may in consequence mean that a person is willing to risk his or her life in order to maintain "self-actualization" (Selbsverwirklichung), the realization of his or her "essence" of the person he or she feels that she/he IS.


title: Self-actualization

text: Carl Rogers used the term "self-actualization" to describe something distinct from the concept developed by Maslow: the actualization of the individual's sense of 'self.' In Rogers' theory of person-centered therapy, self-actualization is the ongoing process of maintaining and enhancing the individual's self-concept through reflection, reinterpretation of experience, allowing the individual to recover, develop, change, and grow. Self-actualization is a subset of the overall organismic actualizing tendency, and begins with the infant learning to differentiate what is "self" and what is "other" within its "total perceptual field," as their full self-awareness gradually crystallizes. Interactions with significant others are key to the process of self-actualization:


title: Self-actualization

text: The process of self-actualization is continuous as the individual matures into a socially competent, interdependent autonomy, and is ongoing throughout the life-cycle. When there is sufficient tension between the individual's sense of self and their experience, a psychopathological state of incongruence can arise, according to Rogers, "individuals are culturally conditioned, rewarded, reinforced, for behaviors which are in fact perversions of the natural directions of the unitary actualizing tendency." In Rogers' theory self-actualization is not the end-point; it is the process that can, in conducive circumstances (in particular the presence of positive self-regard and the empathic understanding of others), lead to the individual becoming more "fully-functioning".


title: Self-actualization

text: Maslow early noted his impression that "impulsivity, the unrestrained expression of any whim, the direct seeking for 'kicks' and for non-social and purely private pleasures ... is often mislabelled self-actualization." In this sense, "self-actualization" is little more than what Eric Berne described as the game of "'Self-Expression' ... based on the dogma 'Feelings are Good'".


title: Self-actualization

text: Broader criticism from within humanistic psychology of the concept of self-actualization includes the danger that 'emphasis on the actualizing tendency ... can lead to a highly positive view of the human being but one which is strangely non-relational.' According to Fritz Perls there is also the risk of confusing ""self"-actualizing and self-"image" actualizing ... the curse of the ideal." For Perls, by conflating "the "virtue" of self-actualization and the "reality" of self-actualization," the latter becomes merely another measuring rod for the "topdog" the nagging conscience: "You tell me to do things. You tell me to be "real". You tell me to be self-actualized ... I don't have to be that good!" Barry Stevens remarked:


title: Self-actualization

text: According to Paul Vitz, this may be connected with the charge that "Rogers and Maslow both transform self-actualization from a descriptive notion into a moral norm." However, if it is indeed as good a reality as they purport, then a certain eagerness in their communication is understandable.


title: Self-actualization

text: In general, during the early twenty-first-century, "the usefulness of the concepts of self and self-actualization continue to attract discussion and debate."


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA), also known as fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII), and first named as Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP), is a condition in which a caregiver creates the appearance of health problems in another person, typically their child. This may include injuring the child or altering test samples. The caregiver then presents the person as being sick or injured. Permanent injury or death of the victim may occur as a result of the disorder. The behaviour occurs without a specific benefit to the caregiver.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The cause of FDIA is unknown. The primary motive may be to gain attention and manipulate physicians. Risk factors for FDIA include pregnancy related complications and a mother who was abused as a child or has factitious disorder imposed on self. Diagnosis is supported when removing the child from the caregiver results in improvement of symptoms or video surveillance without the knowledge of the caregiver finds concerns. Those affected by the disorder have been subjected to a form of physical abuse and medical neglect.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Management of FDIA may require putting the child in foster care. It is not known how effective therapy is for FDIA; it is assumed it may work for those who admit they have a problem. The prevalence of FDIA is unknown, but it appears to be relatively rare. More than 95% of cases involve a person's mother.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The prognosis for the caregiver is poor. However, there is a burgeoning literature on possible courses of therapy.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The condition was first named, as "Munchausen syndrome by proxy", in 1977 by British pediatrician Roy Meadow. Some aspects of FDIA may represent criminal behavior.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In factitious disorder imposed on another, a caregiver makes a dependent person appear mentally or physically ill in order to gain attention. To perpetuate the medical relationship, the caregiver systematically misrepresents symptoms, fabricates signs, manipulates laboratory tests, or even purposely harms the dependent (e.g. by poisoning, suffocation, infection, physical injury). It is important to note the caregiver is not performing this behavior for obvious external reward, such as money. Studies have shown a mortality rate of between six and ten percent, making it perhaps the most lethal form of abuse.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In one study, the average age of the affected individual at the time of diagnosis was four years old. Slightly over 50% were aged 24 months or younger, and 75% were under six years old. The average duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 22 months. By the time of diagnosis, six percent of the affected persons were dead, mostly from apnea (a common result of smothering) or starvation, and seven percent had long-term or permanent injury. About half of the affected had siblings; 25% of the known siblings were dead, and 61% of siblings had symptoms similar to the affected or that were otherwise suspicious. The mother was the perpetrator in 76.5% of the cases, the father in 6.7%.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Most present about three medical problems in some combination of the 103 different reported symptoms. The most-frequently reported problems are apnea (26.8% of cases), anorexia or feeding problems (24.6% of cases), diarrhea (20%), seizures (17.5%), cyanosis (blue skin) (11.7%), behavior (10.4%), asthma (9.5%), allergy (9.3%), and fevers (8.6%). Other symptoms include failure to thrive, vomiting, bleeding, rash, and infections. Many of these symptoms are easy to fake because they are subjective. A parent reporting that their child had a fever in the past 24 hours is making a claim that is impossible to prove or disprove. The number and variety of presented symptoms contribute to the difficulty in reaching a proper diagnosis.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Aside from the motive (most commonly attributed to be a gain in attention or sympathy), another feature that differentiates FDIA from "typical" physical child abuse is the degree of premeditation involved. Whereas most physical abuse entails lashing out at a child in response to some behavior (e.g., crying, bedwetting, spilling food), assaults on the FDIA victim tend to be unprovoked and planned.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Also unique to this form of abuse is the role that health care providers play by actively, albeit unintentionally, enabling the abuse. By reacting to the concerns and demands of perpetrators, medical professionals are manipulated into a partnership of child maltreatment. Challenging cases that defy simple medical explanations may prompt health care providers to pursue unusual or rare diagnoses, thus allocating even more time to the child and the abuser. Even without prompting, medical professionals may be easily seduced into prescribing diagnostic tests and therapies that may be painful, costly, or potentially injurious to the child. If the health practitioner resists ordering further tests, drugs, procedures, surgeries, or specialists, the FDIA abuser makes the medical system appear negligent for refusing to help a sick child and their selfless parent. Like those with Munchausen syndrome, FDIA perpetrators are known to switch medical providers frequently until they find one that is willing to meet their level of need; this practice is known as "doctor shopping" or "hospital hopping".


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The perpetrator continues the abuse because maintaining the child in the role of patient satisfies the abuser's needs. The cure for the victim is to separate the child completely from the abuser. When parental visits are allowed, sometimes there is a disastrous outcome for the child. Even when the child is removed, the perpetrator may then abuse another child: a sibling or other child in the family.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Factitious disorder imposed on another can have many long-term emotional effects on a child. Depending on their experience of medical interventions, a percentage of children may learn that they are most likely to receive the positive parental attention they crave when they are playing the sick role in front of health care providers. Several case reports describe Munchausen syndrome patients suspected of themselves having been FDIA victims. Seeking personal gratification through illness can thus become a lifelong and multi-generational disorder in some cases. In stark contrast, other reports suggest survivors of FDIA develop an avoidance of medical treatment with post-traumatic responses to it.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The adult caregiver who has abused the child often seems comfortable and not upset over the child's hospitalization. While the child is hospitalized, medical professionals must monitor the caregiver's visits to prevent an attempt to worsen the child's condition. In addition, in many jurisdictions, medical professionals have a duty to report such abuse to legal authorities.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Use of the term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" is controversial. In the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), the official diagnosis is factitious disorder (301.51 in ICD-9, F68.12 in ICD-10). Within the United States, factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA or FDIoA) was officially recognized as a disorder in 2013, while in the United Kingdom, it is known as fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII).


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In DSM-5, the diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013, this disorder is listed under "300.19 Factitious disorder". This, in turn, encompasses two types:


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Both types include an optional specifier to identify if the observed behavior was a single episode or part of recurrent episodes.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: FDIA is rare. Incidence rate estimates range from 1 to 28 per million children, although some assume that it may be much more common.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Studies have showed that over 90 percent of FDIA cases, the abuser is the mother or another female guardian or caregiver. A psychodynamic model of this kind of maternal abuse exists.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Fathers and other male caregivers have been the perpetrators in only seven percent of the cases studied. When they are not actively involved in the abuse, the fathers or male guardians of FDIA victims are often described as being distant, emotionally disengaged, and powerless. These men play a passive role in FDIA by being frequently absent from the home and rarely visiting the hospitalized child. Usually, they vehemently deny the possibility of abuse, even in the face of overwhelming evidence or their child's pleas for help.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Overall, male and female children are equally likely to be the victim of FDIA. In the few cases where the father is the perpetrator, however, the victim is three times more likely to be male.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: One study in Italy found that 4 out of more than 700 children admitted to the hospital met the criteria (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the FDIA person.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy", in the United States, has never officially been included as a discrete mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association, which publishes the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM), now in its fifth edition. Although the DSM-III (1980) and DSM-III-R (1987) included Munchausen syndrome, they did "not" include MSbP. DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) added MSbP as a proposal only, and although it was finally recognized as a disorder in DSM-5 (2013), each of the last three editions of the DSM designated the disorder by a different name.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: FDIA has been given different names in different places and at different times. What follows is a "partial" list of alternative names that have been either used or proposed (with approximate dates):


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: While it initially included only the infliction of harmful medical care, the term has subsequently been extended to include cases in which the only harm arose from medical neglect, noncompliance, or even educational interference. The term is derived from Munchausen syndrome, a psychiatric factitious disorder wherein those affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma to draw attention, sympathy, or reassurance to themselves. Munchausen syndrome by proxy perpetrators, by contrast, are willing to fulfill their need for positive attention by hurting their own child, thereby assuming the sick role onto their child, by proxy. These proxies then gain personal attention and support by taking on this fictitious "hero role" and receive positive attention from others, by appearing to care for and save their so-called sick child. They are named after Baron Munchausen, a literary character based on Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Freiherr von Münchhausen (1720–1797), a German nobleman and well-known storyteller. In 1785, writer and con artist Rudolf Erich Raspe anonymously published a book in which a fictional version of "Baron Munchausen" tells fantastic and impossible stories about himself, establishing a popular literary archetype of a bombastic exaggerator.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: "Munchausen syndrome" was first described by R. Asher in 1951 as when someone invents or exaggerates medical symptoms, sometimes engaging in self-harm, to gain attention or sympathy.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" was first coined by John Money and June Faith Werlwas in a 1976 paper titled "Folie à deux in the parents of psychosocial dwarfs: Two cases" to describe the abuse-induced and neglect-induced symptoms of the syndrome of abuse dwarfism. That same year, Sneed and Bell wrote an article titled "The Dauphin of Munchausen: factitious passage of renal stones in a child".


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: According to other sources, the term was created by the British pediatrician Roy Meadow in 1977. In 1977, Meadow – then professor of pediatrics at the University of Leeds, England – described the extraordinary behavior of two mothers. According to Meadow, one had poisoned her toddler with excessive quantities of salt. The other had introduced her own blood into her baby's urine sample. This second case occurred during a series of Outpatient visits to the Paediatric Clinic of Dr. Bill Arrowsmith at Doncaster Royal Infirmary. He referred to this behavior as Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP).


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The medical community was initially skeptical of FDIA's existence, but it gradually gained acceptance as a recognized condition.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: During the 1990s and early 2000s, Roy Meadow was an expert witness in several murder cases involving MSbP/FII. Meadow was knighted for his work for child protection, though later, his reputation, and consequently the credibility of MSbP, became damaged when several convictions of child killing, in which he acted as an expert witness, were overturned. The mothers in those cases were wrongly convicted of murdering two or more of their children, and had already been imprisoned for up to six years.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: One case was that of Sally Clark. Clark was a lawyer wrongly convicted in 1999 of the murder of her two baby sons, largely on the basis of Meadow's evidence. As an expert witness for the prosecution, Meadow asserted that the odds of there being two unexplained infant deaths in one family were one in 73 million. That figure was crucial in sending Clark to jail but was hotly disputed by the Royal Statistical Society, who wrote to the Lord Chancellor to complain. It was subsequently shown that the true odds were much greater once other factors (e.g. genetic or environmental) were taken into consideration, meaning that there was a significantly higher likelihood of two deaths happening as a chance occurrence than Meadow had claimed during the trial. Those odds in fact range from a low of 1:8500 to as high as 1:200. It emerged later that there was clear evidence of a "Staphylococcus aureus" infection that had spread as far as the child's cerebrospinal fluid. Clark was released in January 2003 after three judges quashed her convictions in the Court of Appeal in London, but suffering from catastrophic trauma of the experience, she later died from alcohol poisoning. Meadow was involved as a prosecution witness in three other high-profile cases resulting in mothers being imprisoned and subsequently cleared of wrongdoing: Trupti Patel, Angela Cannings and Donna Anthony.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In 2003, Lord Howe, the Opposition spokesman on health, accused Meadow of inventing a "theory without science" and refusing to produce any real evidence to prove that Munchausen syndrome by proxy actually exists. It is important to distinguish between the act of harming a child, which can be easily verified, and motive, which is much harder to verify and which FDIA tries to explain. For example, a caregiver may wish to harm a child out of malice and then attempt to conceal it as illness to avoid detection of abuse, rather than to draw attention and sympathy.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The distinction is often crucial in criminal proceedings, in which the prosecutor must prove both the act and the mental element constituting a crime to establish guilt. In most legal jurisdictions, a doctor can give expert witness testimony as to whether a child was being harmed but cannot speculate regarding the motive of the caregiver. FII merely refers to the fact that illness is induced or fabricated and does not specifically limit the motives of such acts to a caregiver's need for attention and/or sympathy.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In all, around 250 cases resulting in conviction in which Meadow was an expert witness were reviewed, with few changes, but all where the only evidence was Meadow's expert testimony were overturned. Meadow was investigated by the British General Medical Council (GMC) over evidence he gave in the Sally Clark trial. In July 2005, the GMC declared Meadow guilty of "serious professional misconduct", and he was struck off the medical register for giving "erroneous" and "misleading" evidence.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: At appeal, High Court judge Mr. Justice Collins said that the severity of his punishment "approaches the irrational" and set it aside.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Collins's judgment raises important points concerning the liability of expert witnesses – his view is that referral to the GMC by the losing side is an unacceptable threat and that only the Court should decide whether its witnesses are seriously deficient and refer them to their professional bodies.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In addition to the controversy surrounding expert witnesses, an article appeared in the forensic literature that detailed legal cases involving controversy surrounding the murder suspect. The article provides a brief review of the research and criminal cases involving Munchausen syndrome by proxy in which psychopathic mothers and caregivers were the murderers. It also briefly describes the importance of gathering behavioral data, including observations of the parents who commit the criminal acts. The article references the 1997 work of Southall, Plunkett, Banks, Falkov, and Samuels, in which covert video recorders were used to monitor the hospital rooms of suspected FDIA victims. In 30 out of 39 cases, a parent was observed intentionally suffocating their child; in two they were seen attempting to poison a child; in another, the mother deliberately broke her three-month-old daughter's arm. Upon further investigation, those 39 patients, ages 1 month to 3 years old, had 41 siblings; 12 of those had died suddenly and unexpectedly. The use of covert video, while apparently extremely effective, raises controversy in some jurisdictions over privacy rights.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In most legal jurisdictions, doctors are allowed to give evidence only in regard to whether the child is being harmed. They are not allowed to give evidence in regard to the motive. Australia and the UK have established the legal precedent that FDIA does not exist as a medico-legal entity.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The Queensland Supreme Court further ruled that the determination of whether or not a defendant had caused intentional harm to a child was a matter for the jury to decide and not for the determination by expert witnesses:


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Principles of law and implications for legal processes that may be deduced from these findings are that:


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The Queensland Judgment was adopted into English law in the High Court of Justice by Mr. Justice Ryder. In his final conclusions regarding Factitious Disorder, Ryder states that:


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In his book "Playing Sick" (2004), Marc Feldman notes that such findings have been in the minority among U.S. and even Australian courts. Pediatricians and other physicians have banded together to oppose limitations on child-abuse professionals whose work includes FII detection. The April 2007 issue of the journal "Pediatrics" specifically mentions Meadow as an individual who has been inappropriately maligned.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In the context of child protection (a child being removed from the custody of a parent), the Australian state of New South Wales uses a "on the balance of probabilities" test, rather than a "beyond reasonable doubt" test. Therefore, in the case "The Secretary, Department of Family and Community Services and the Harper Children [2016] NSWChC 3", the expert testimony of Professor David Isaacs that a certain blood test result was "highly unlikely" to occur naturally or accidentally (without any speculation about motive), was sufficient to refuse the return of the affected child and his younger siblings to the mother. The children had initially been removed from the mother's custody after the blood test results became known. The fact that the affected child quickly improved both medically and behaviourly after being removed was also a factor.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Beverley Allitt, a British nurse who murdered four children and injured a further nine in 1991 at Grantham and Kesteven Hospital, Lincolnshire, was diagnosed with Munchausen syndrome by proxy.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Wendi Michelle Scott is a Frederick, Maryland, mother who was charged with sickening her four-year-old daughter.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: The book "Sickened", by Julie Gregory, details her life growing up with a mother who had Munchausen by proxy, who took her to various doctors, coached her to act sicker than she was and to exaggerate her symptoms, and who demanded increasingly invasive procedures to diagnose Gregory's enforced imaginary illnesses.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Lisa Hayden-Johnson of Devon was jailed for three years and three months after subjecting her son to a total of 325 medical actions – including being forced to use a wheelchair and being fed through a tube in his stomach. She claimed her son had a long list of illnesses including diabetes, food allergies, cerebral palsy, and cystic fibrosis, describing him as "the most ill child in Britain" and receiving numerous cash donations and charity gifts, including two cruises.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In the mid-1990s, Kathy Bush gained public sympathy for the plight of her daughter, Jennifer, who by the age of 8 had undergone 40 surgeries and spent over 640 days in hospitals for gastrointestinal disorders. The acclaim led to a visit with first lady Hillary Clinton, who championed the Bushs' plight as evidence of need for medical reform. However, in 1996, Kathy Bush was arrested and charged with child abuse and Medicaid fraud, accused of sabotaging Jennifer's medical equipment and drugs to agitate and prolong her illness. Jennifer was moved to foster care where she quickly regained her health. The prosecutors claimed Kathy was driven by Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy, and she was convicted to a five-year sentence in 1999. Kathy was released after serving three years in 2005, always maintaining her innocence, and having gotten back in contact with Jennifer via correspondence.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In 2014, 26-year-old Lacey Spears was charged in Westchester County, New York, with second-degree depraved murder and first-degree manslaughter. She fed her son dangerous amounts of salt after she conducted research on the Internet about its effects. Her actions were allegedly motivated by the social media attention she gained on Facebook, Twitter, and blogs. She was convicted of second-degree murder on March 2, 2015, and sentenced to 20 years to life in prison.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Dee Dee Blanchard was a Missouri mother who was murdered by her daughter and a boyfriend in 2015 after having claimed for years that her daughter, Gypsy Rose, was sick and disabled; to the point of shaving her head, making her use a wheelchair in public, and subjecting her to unnecessary medication and surgery. Gypsy possessed no outstanding illnesses. Feldman said it is the first case he is aware of in a quarter-century of research where the victim killed the abuser. Their story was shown on HBO's documentary film "Mommy Dead and Dearest" and is featured in the Hulu limited series "The Act". Gypsy Rose pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and is serving a ten-year sentence, her boyfriend was convicted of first-degree murder and is sentenced to life in prison without parole.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Rapper Eminem has spoken about how his mother would frequently take him to hospitals to receive treatment for illnesses that he did not have. His song "Cleanin' Out My Closet" includes a lyric regarding the illness, "...going through public housing systems victim of Münchausen syndrome. My whole life I was made to believe I was sick, when I wasn’t ‘til I grew up and blew up..." His mother's illness resulted in Eminem receiving custody of his younger brother, Nathan.


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: In 2013, when Justina Pelletier was 14, her parents took her to the emergency room at Boston Children's Hospital where doctors diagnosed her problems as psychiatric, but when her parents rejected the diagnosis and attempted to have her released, the hospital filed a report with Massachusetts Department of Children and Families alleging medical child abuse. This resulted in her being housed for 18 months in the psychiatric hospital, with her parents having limited access, until a judge ordered her returned to her parents. In 2016 her parents sued Boston Children's for medical malpractice, alleging that their civil rights were violated. At the trial, Pelletier's treating neurologist stated that several of her doctors suspected factitious disorder by proxy, and wanted her parents to stop encouraging her to be sick. Her parents lost the lawsuit, with one juror stating that Pelletier's parents thought of psychiatry as "psychological baloney".


title: Factitious disorder imposed on another

text: Medical literature describes a subset of FDIA caregivers, where the proxy is a pet rather than another person. These cases are labeled Munchausen syndrome by proxy: pet (MSbP:P). In these cases, pet owners correspond to caregivers in traditional FDIA presentations involving human proxies. No extensive survey has yet been made of the extant literature, and there has been no speculation as to how closely FDIA:P tracks with human FDIA.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Stree (; ) is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language comedy horror film directed by debutant Amar Kaushik in his directorial debut and produced by Dinesh Vijan and Raj & D.K. It stars Rajkummar Rao and Shraddha Kapoor alongside Pankaj Tripathi, Aparshakti Khurana and Abhishek Banerjee. The plot is based on the urban legend Nale Ba ("Come tomorrow") of Karnataka Modified as O Stree Kal Aana ("Oh woman come tomorrow") in the film.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: In late November 2017, Raj and DK approached Rao to star in the maiden production. As part of the preparation for his role of a tailor, Rao learned to sew. In December, Shraddha Kapoor was confirmed as the film's female lead. Raj and DK brought on their first assistant director from "Go Goa Gone", Amar Kaushik, to direct the film in January 2018. Principal photography began on 13 January 2018 in Chanderi. Filming took place in Bhopal and Mumbai; the final schedule was completed in May 2018. The soundtrack was composed by Sachin–Jigar with lyrics written by Vayu, Badshah and Jigar Saraiya.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: "Stree" had its theatrical release on 31 August 2018. It received high critical acclaim upon release especially for the performances of Kapoor, Rao and others. With earnings of over ₹180.76 crores against a budget of ₹14 crores, "Stree" emerged as a major critical and commercial success. The film received ten nominations at the 64th Filmfare Awards, including Best Film, Best Director for Kaushik, Best Actor for Rao, and Best Supporting Actor for Tripathi and Khurrana. It won Best Debut Director for Kaushik. The film is the first installment in Dinesh Vijan's horror-comedy universe followed by "Roohi" (2021) and "Bhediya" (2022).


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: The plot is based on the Indian folk legend about a witch who abducts men at night when they are alone and only leaves their clothes behind. The residents of a town named Chanderi believe in the spirit of an angry woman, referred to as "Stree", who stalks men and whisks them away during the four days of a religious festival every year, causing many disappearances over the years. To protect the residents from her wrath, "O Stree, come tomorrow" is written in Hindi (ओ स्त्री, कल आना) with bat's blood on the entrances of all homes and men are advised to not roam alone after 10 pm during the festive season, and move in groups for safety - a parallel of instructions women are usually told to follow for their own safety.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Vicky, a ladies' tailor in Chanderi, mysteriously encounters an unnamed charming woman who only comes to the town during the annual Pooja season and falls in love with her at first sight. She asks him to stitch her a lehanga. Her frequent disappearances, her shopping list including peculiar items such as a lizard's tail, white cat's fur, flowers of Datura, meat, brandy and such like presumed to be ingredients for black magic and the fact that she is not seen by anybody except Vicky, makes his friend Bittu suspicious, and he starts believing that she could be Stree. After one of his friends, Janna, is kidnapped by Stree, Vicky grows suspicious of the woman as well. He confronts her on which she disappears yet again.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: They decide to find a way to save their friend and ask the town's librarian Rudra Bhaiya for help, who is also a paranologist. In Rudra's book shop, they come across a partially torn book titled "Chanderi Puran" in his library which mentions Stree's story and an old fort which Vicky claims he has seen when he was on a date with the woman. Vicky, Bittu, and Rudra then visit the old fort, which Stree is supposedly inhabiting, to find Janna. Stree drives away Bittu and Rudra and is about to attack Vicky but does not, as she senses the feeling of love and respect in his eyes. She is then driven away by the unknown woman's spell. She reveals later that she has been trying to defeat 'Stree' for the last three years after losing someone close to her and that is why she comes to the town only during the festive season. This clarifies that she & Stree are two different persons. Stree releases Janna as requested by Vicky the same night, however, he starts having sporadic violent episodes. More men go missing after a possessed Janna, under Stree's control, erases the word "Tomorrow" (कल) from the protective phrases outside everyone's homes, leaving it as "O Stree, come"; (ओ स्त्री, आना) an invitation.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Vicky, Bittu, Rudra and the woman decide to meet the book's author Shankar Shastri to find a permanent solution to save the town, and he informs them that Stree had once been an extremely beautiful courtesan who every man in town desired. At last, she found a man who truly loved her and wanted to marry her, but on their wedding night, Stree and her husband were killed by the town's jealous men. Her spirit has ever since been searching for her true love and also seeks revenge on the town by aiming to abduct every last man in it. Shastri tells them of a prophecy pointing to a savior and Vicky surprisingly appears to have all the characteristics describing the savior. Initially, Vicky believes that too until he recalls the inclusive feature of the savior, son of a courtesan. His friends then reveal the secret of him being a courtesan's son which infuriates Vicky and he leaves in haste. In a drunk state, he confronts his father to which he silently agrees to upset Vicky further but then feels grateful for his father's affection and efforts, and decides to save his town which accepted him and didn't denounce him. The friends and the woman make a trap to kill Stree but Vicky realizes that Stree only desires love and respect and hesitates with the plan. The woman then suggests Vicky simply cut her long braid - the source of her powers - so that she will be rendered powerless. He does so, and Stree vanishes. The woman leaves the city the next day and Vicky bids her farewell, forgetting to ask her name all this time. On the bus, the woman merges Stree's braid with her own hair and then vanishes from the bus, implying that she is the witch who wanted Stree's power through her braid.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Stree visits Chanderi again the following year and finds her own statue at the town entrance with a new phrase - "O Stree, protect us" (ओ स्त्री, रक्षा करना)- thus giving her respect, and she does not enter Chanderi.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: In November 2017, it was reported that Dinesh Vijan had finalized Rajkummar Rao to be the lead actor for his next film, which would be a horror comedy written by Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K. Raj and DK revealed that the popular myth of "Oh Stree Repu Ra" () was behind the core of idea of the film. They found the idea of ghost turning back upon reading the sign "absurd and funny." "We decided to take this idea further, and find a unique perspective to it. With the "Stree" now going after men, and men being afraid to go out in the night etc.. a sort of gender-reversal," they added.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: In December 2017, Shraddha Kapoor informed through her Twitter handle that she would be working with Rajkummar Rao and Maddock Films in their next film. In January 2018, it was revealed that the title of the horror comedy would be "Stree" and Amar Kaushik would be the director of the film. As part of preparation for the role, Rao was provided with a sewing machine and a tailor would visit him every day for a period of 20 days so as to teach him the process of sewing clothes.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Principal photography of the film began on 13 January 2018 in Chanderi, Madhya Pradesh and the first schedule was wrapped up on 30 January 2018. The second schedule of shooting took place in Bhopal in the month of March. According to producer Dinesh Vijan, the location in Bhopal was chosen because of the mysterious stories associated with the place. After reaching the place, the locals informed the production team about the unexplained events that had taken place in the area and the safety precautions that they must follow. Keeping in mind the advice given by the locals, a set of guidelines to be followed by everyone were created and placed in all the rooms inside the fort. Kapoor finished filming half of her schedule within 10 days. The final schedule of shooting was completed on 1 May 2018. After completing the shooting, a promotional song was filmed in Mumbai with Rajkummar Rao and Shraddha Kapoor during May 2018.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: The music for the film has been composed by Sachin–Jigar. The lyrics are written by Vayu except for one song "Aao Kabhi Haveli Pe" which is written by Badshah and Jigar Saraiya. The score, which is composed by Ketan Sodha, who had previously worked on "Talvar", also included an extract of the theme song from "" (1996), with an Indian instrumentation in a comedic way.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Vipin Nair of "The Hindu" gave the soundtrack 2.5/5 stating that it is entertaining though familiar. "The Times of India" based Debarati S Sen, in her review, said the album will "appeal to the masses."


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Following the film's release, an additional song, """Dil Ka Darzi""", not included on the official jukebox, was released by Maddock Films as a separate song intended for Rao's character, a ladies tailor, and was played in the film in the title credits. Written by Vayu, it featured him as the vocalist along with Prakriti Kakar.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: "Stree" had its trailer released on 26 July 2018. It was released worldwide on 31 August 2018. "Stree" had collected 6.83 crore in India on the first day. In its first weekend, the film crossed 32.27 crore in India, earning over its production budget of 23 crore. It crossed 60.39 crore in its first week run. In its second week movie grossed 35.14 crore net. Movie held well in week 3 and grossed 17.14 crore net. It grossed 9.99 crore net in the fourth week. Its lifetime India net was 129.90 crore. Worldwide the movie grossed 180.76 crore at end of its initial theatrical run.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of , based on reviews, with an average rating of . The film received positive reviews, with praise directed to the film's entertainment aspect, dialogues, frightening moments, performances and storyline.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Anupama Chopra of Film Companion gave the film 3.5 stars out of five, stating that "With laughs and scares, Stree delivers an important message." Anna M. M. Vetticad of Firstpost rated it 3.5/5. Praising Rao's acting and the film's humor, she also wrote that "The primary reason why Stree is so effective though is that it does not caricature the people of Chanderi - they are as real and foolish and prejudiced and good as most human beings are, and could well be you or me with less sophistication." Rajeev Masand of News18 also gave 3.5 out of 5: "Stree is especially entertaining, packed with laugh-aloud moments and a cast that’s on top of their game. It’s one of the most original films this year, and I recommend that you make the time for it."


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Rachit Gupta of "The Times of India" offered 3.5 out of 5, noting the superlative writing and dialogues, but felt the film was a little too long and had some 'ambiguous ideas.'


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: Raja Sen of the "Hindustan Times" had a more moderate tone, commending the actor's energy and collaborative efforts but noting a rushed-feeling plot: "The laughs are inconsistent, and the plotting feels sloppy and rushed. The ideas are fine, but the writing needed work."


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: The film was originally available on Hotstar and JioCinema, but was later on also available on Netflix after Jio Studios signed a deal with the platform. The film is also available on Prime Video.


title: Stree (2018 film)

text: In October 2018, director Amar Kaushik announced that he is planning a sequel to the film. But according to sources, the original creators Raj and D.K. will not be part of it.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Kurdish (, ) is a language or a group of languages spoken by Kurds in the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan and the Kurdish diaspora. Kurdish constitutes a dialect continuum, belonging to Western Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. The main three dialects or languages of Kurdish are Northern Kurdish (), Central Kurdish (), and Southern Kurdish ().


title: Kurdish languages

text: A separate group of non-Kurdish Northwestern Iranian languages, the Zaza–Gorani languages, are also spoken by several million ethnic Kurds. The majority of the Kurds speak Kurmanji, and most Kurdish texts are written in Kurmanji and Sorani. Kurmanji is written in the Hawar alphabet, a derivation of the Latin script, and Sorani is written in the Sorani alphabet, a derivation of Arabic script.


title: Kurdish languages

text: The classification of Laki as a dialect of Southern Kurdish or as a fourth language under Kurdish is a matter of debate, but the differences between Laki and other Southern Kurdish dialects are minimal.


title: Kurdish languages

text: The literary output in Kurdish was mostly confined to poetry until the early 20th century, when more general literature became developed. Today, the two principal written Kurdish dialects are Kurmanji and Sorani. Sorani is, along with Arabic, one of the two official languages of Iraq and is in political documents simply referred to as "Kurdish".


title: Kurdish languages

text: The Kurdish languages belong to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. They are generally classified as Northwestern Iranian languages, or by some scholars as intermediate between Northwestern and Southwestern Iranian. Martin van Bruinessen notes that "Kurdish has a strong South-Western Iranian element", whereas "Zaza and Gurani [...] do belong to the north-west Iranian group".


title: Kurdish languages

text: Ludwig Paul concludes that Kurdish seems to be a Northwestern Iranian language in origin, but acknowledges that it shares many traits with Southwestern Iranian languages like Persian, apparently due to longstanding and intense historical contacts.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Windfuhr identified Kurdish dialects as Parthian, albeit with a Median substratum. Windfuhr and Frye assume an eastern origin for Kurdish and consider it as related to eastern and central Iranian dialects.


title: Kurdish languages

text: The present state of knowledge about Kurdish allows, at least roughly, drawing the approximate borders of the areas where the main ethnic core of the speakers of the contemporary Kurdish dialects was formed. The most argued hypothesis on the localisation of the ethnic territory of the Kurds remains D.N. Mackenzie's theory, proposed in the early 1960s (Mackenzie 1961). Developing the ideas of P. Tedesco (1921: 255) and regarding the common phonetic isoglosses shared by Kurdish, Persian, and Baluchi, Mackenzie concluded that the speakers of these three languages may once have been in closer contact.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Kurdish is divided into three or four groups, where dialects from different groups are not mutually intelligible without acquired bilingualism.


title: Kurdish languages

text: In historical evolution terms, Kurmanji is less modified than Sorani and Pehlewani in both phonetic and morphological structure. The Sorani group has been influenced by among other things its closer cultural proximity to the other languages spoken by Kurds in the region including the Gorani language in parts of Iranian Kurdistan and Iraqi Kurdistan.


title: Kurdish languages

text: According to "Encyclopaedia of Islam", although Kurdish is not a unified language, its many dialects are interrelated and at the same time distinguishable from other Western Iranian languages. The same source classifies different Kurdish dialects as two main groups, northern and central. The reality is that the average Kurmanji speaker does not find it easy to communicate with the inhabitants of Sulaymaniyah or Halabja.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Some linguistic scholars assert that the term "Kurdish" has been applied extrinsically in describing the language the Kurds speak, whereas some ethnic Kurds have used the word term to simply describe their ethnicity and refer to their language as "Kurmanji", "Sorani", "Hewrami", "Kermanshahi", "Kalhori" or whatever other dialect or language they speak. Some historians have noted that it is only recently that the Kurds who speak the Sorani dialect have begun referring to their language as "Kurdî", in addition to their identity, which is translated to simply mean Kurdish.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Mokriani dialect of Central Kurdish is widely spoken in Mokrian. Piranshahr and Mahabad are two principal cities of the Mokrian dialect area.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Zaza–Gorani languages, which are spoken by communities in the wider area who identify as ethnic Kurds, are not linguistically classified as Kurdish. Zaza-Gorani is classified as adjunct to Kurdish, although authorities differ in the details. groups Kurdish with Zaza Gorani within a "Northwestern I" group, while Glottolog based on "Encyclopædia Iranica" prefers an areal grouping of "Central dialects" (or "Kermanic") within Northwest Iranic, with Kurdish but not Zaza-Gorani grouped with "Kermanic".


title: Kurdish languages

text: Gorani is distinct from Northern and Central Kurdish, yet shares vocabulary with both of them and there are some grammatical similarities with Central Kurdish. The Hawrami dialects of Gorani includes a variety that was an important literary language since the 14th century, but it was replaced by Central Kurdish in the 20th century.


title: Kurdish languages

text: European scholars have maintained that Gorani is separate from Kurdish and that Kurdish is synonymous with the Northern Kurdish group, whereas ethnic Kurds maintain that Kurdish encompasses any of the unique languages or dialects spoken by Kurds that are not spoken by neighbouring ethnic groups.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Gorani is classified as part of the Zaza–Gorani branch of Indo-Iranian languages. The Zaza language, spoken mainly in Turkey, differs both grammatically and in vocabulary and is generally not understandable by Gorani speakers but it is considered related to Gorani. Almost all Zaza-speaking communities, as well as speakers of the closely related Shabaki dialect spoken in parts of Iraqi Kurdistan, identify themselves as ethnic Kurds.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Geoffrey Haig and Ergin Öpengin in their recent study suggest grouping the Kurdish languages into Northern Kurdish, Central Kurdish, Southern Kurdish, Zaza, and Gorani, and avoid the subgrouping Zaza–Gorani.


title: Kurdish languages

text: The notable professor Zare Yusupova has carried out a lot of work and research into the Gorani dialect (as well as many other minority/ancient Kurdish dialects).


title: Kurdish languages

text: During his stay in Damascus, historian Ibn Wahshiyya came across two books on agriculture written in Kurdish, one on the culture of the vine and the palm tree, and the other on water and the means of finding it out in unknown ground. He translated both from Kurdish into Arabic in the early 9th century AD.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Among the earliest Kurdish religious texts is the "Yazidi Black Book", the sacred book of Yazidi faith. It is considered to have been authored sometime in the 13th century AD by "Hassan bin Adi" (b. 1195 AD), the great-grandnephew of Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir (d. 1162), the founder of the faith. It contains the Yazidi account of the creation of the world, the origin of man, the story of Adam and Eve and the major prohibitions of the faith. From the 15th to 17th centuries, classical Kurdish poets and writers developed a literary language. The most notable classical Kurdish poets from this period were Ali Hariri, Ahmad Khani, Malaye Jaziri and Faqi Tayran.


title: Kurdish languages

text: The Italian priest Maurizio Garzoni published the first Kurdish grammar titled "Grammatica e Vocabolario della Lingua Kurda" in Rome in 1787 after eighteen years of missionary work among the Kurds of Amadiya. This work is very important in Kurdish history as it is the first acknowledgment of the widespread use of a distinctive Kurdish language. Garzoni was given the title "Father of Kurdology" by later scholars. The Kurdish language was banned in a large portion of Kurdistan for some time. After the 1980 Turkish coup d'état until 1991 the use of the Kurdish language was illegal in Turkey.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Today, Sorani is an official language in Iraq. In Syria, on the other hand, publishing materials in Kurdish is forbidden, though this prohibition is not enforced any more due to the Syrian civil war.


title: Kurdish languages

text: Before August 2002, the Turkish government placed severe restrictions on the use of Kurdish, prohibiting the language in education and broadcast media. In March 2006, Turkey allowed private television channels to begin airing programming in Kurdish. However, the Turkish government said that they must avoid showing children's cartoons, or educational programs that teach Kurdish, and could broadcast only for 45 minutes a day or four hours a week. The state-run Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) started its 24-hour Kurdish television station on 1 January 2009 with the motto "we live under the same sky". The Turkish Prime Minister sent a video message in Kurdish to the opening ceremony, which was attended by Minister of Culture and other state officials. The channel uses the "X", "W", and "Q" letters during broadcasting. However, most of these restrictions on private Kurdish television channels were relaxed in September 2009. In 2010, Kurdish municipalities in the southeast began printing marriage certificates, water bills, construction and road signs, as well as emergency, social and cultural notices in Kurdish alongside Turkish. Also Imams began to deliver Friday sermons in Kurdish and Esnaf price tags in Kurdish. Many mayors were tried for issuing public documents in Kurdish language. The Kurdish alphabet is not recognized in Turkey, and prior to 2013 the use of Kurdish names containing the letters "X", "W", and "Q", which do not exist in the Turkish alphabet, was not allowed. In 2012, Kurdish-language lessons became an elective subject in public schools. Previously, Kurdish education had only been possible in private institutions.


title: Kurdish languages

text: In Iran, though it is used in some local media and newspapers, it is not used in public schools. In 2005, 80 Iranian Kurds took part in an experiment and gained scholarships to study in Kurdish in Iraqi Kurdistan.


title: Kurdish languages

text: In Kyrgyzstan, of the Kurdish population speak Kurdish as their native language. In Kazakhstan, the corresponding percentage is 88.7%.


title: Kurdish languages

text: The Kurdish language has been written using four different writing systems. In Iraq and Iran it is written using an Arabic script, composed by Sa'id Kaban Sedqi. More recently, it is sometimes written with a Latin alphabet in Iraq. In Turkey, Syria, and Armenia, it is now written using a Latin script. Kurdish was also written in the Arabic script in Turkey and Syria until 1932. There is a proposal for a unified international recognized Kurdish alphabet based on ISO-8859-1 called "Yekgirtú". Kurdish in the former USSR is written with a Cyrillic alphabet. Kurdish has even been written in the Armenian alphabet in Soviet Armenia and in the Ottoman Empire (a translation of the Gospels in 1857 and of all New Testament in 1872).


title: Sea anemone

text: Sea anemones are a group of predatory marine invertebrates of the order Actiniaria. Because of their colourful appearance, they are named after the "Anemone", a terrestrial flowering plant. Sea anemones are classified in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, subclass Hexacorallia. As cnidarians, sea anemones are related to corals, jellyfish, tube-dwelling anemones, and "Hydra". Unlike jellyfish, sea anemones do not have a medusa stage in their life cycle.