title: B.o.B

text: In a 2009 interview, when asked about his music B.o.B said: "I try to be more personal than try to be different". In a review for his debut album "The Adventures of Bobby Ray" (2010), "HipHopDX" wrote: "The versatility that B.o.B encapsulates is evident from the outset of the album." B.o.B sings, raps, plays the piano and the guitar, all throughout his debut. He utilizes pop music, political hip hop, trap music, rock music, and club music, often dividing himself into two personas that handle specific genres; the B.o.B alter ego is responsible for the pop, trap and club music, while Bobby Ray is the more heartfelt multi-instrumentalist who shares his views through conscious rap and rock music. Simmons heavily explored this concept on his 2009 mixtape "B.o.B vs. Bobby Ray", and later on the 2012 single "Where Are You (B.o.B vs. Bobby Ray)".


title: B.o.B

text: B.o.B is an outspoken conspiracy theorist and is noted for his anti-establishment views, which he has expressed in interviews, social media and his music. He has also been vocal on several social and political issues, including the rights of African Americans, police brutality and American exceptionalism. He believes that the Earth is flat, the 1969 moon landing was faked, 9/11 was an inside job, the world will be taken over by the Illuminati and celebrity cloning is administered by the U.S. government. B.o.B's 2016 song "Flatline" alludes to antisemitic conspiracy theories, asking his audience to "Do their research" on Holocaust denier David Irving, adding "Stalin was way worse than Hitler / That's why the POTUS gotta wear a Kipper ["kippah"]." These comments gained the attention of the Anti-Defamation League, which stated the lyrics invoke the antisemitic conspiracy theory that alleges Jews control the U.S. government.


title: B.o.B

text: In January 2016, B.o.B expressed the belief that the Earth is flat. Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson responded to B.o.B on Twitter and attempted to persuade him that the Earth is round, but the rapper refused to retract his views and accused NASA of avoiding questions, while releasing a diss track against Tyson. The track, titled "Flatline", expands on B.o.B.'s views about the shape of the Earth. Tyson and his rapper nephew, Stephen, responded to B.o.B's flat Earth diss with their own diss track titled "Flat to Fact". Tyson followed this with a January 2016 television appearance on the Comedy Central late-night talk show "The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore" where he addressed the rapper: "It's a fundamental fact of calculus and non-Euclidean geometry: Small sections of large curved surfaces will always look flat to little creatures that crawl upon it ... And by the way, this is called gravity" Tyson said, dropping his mic. B.o.B. accepted membership in The Flat Earth Society in 2016.


title: B.o.B

text: In September 2017, B.o.B sought $200,000 in donations to launch his own satellites to verify the shape of the Earth. Shortly after seeking the original $200,000, B.o.B upped his request to $1,000,000 to cover the cost of many test seeking drones, weather balloons, and satellites.


title: Drishyam

text: Drishyam () is a 2013 Indian Malayalam-language crime thriller film written and directed by Jeethu Joseph. It stars Mohanlal and Meena, with Ansiba Hassan, Esther Anil, Kalabhavan Shajohn, Asha Sharath, Siddique, Roshan Basheer and Neeraj Madhav in supporting roles. The film was produced by Antony Perumbavoor for Aashirvad Cinemas. It is the first installment to the series followed by "Drishyam 2". It follows the struggle of Georgekutty and his family, who come under suspicion when Varun Prabhakar, the son of the IG Geetha Prabhakar, goes missing.


title: Drishyam

text: The film began principal photography in the first week of October 2013 at Thodupuzha in Kerala, where the film was extensively shot. Filming was completed in 44 days which was originally scheduled for 52 days. The cinematography was done by Sujith Vaassudev and was edited by Ayoob Khan. The soundtrack of the film was composed by Anil Johnson and Vinu Thomas.


title: Drishyam

text: Released on 19 December 2013 in Kerala, "Drishyam" received widespread critical acclaim with critics praising the screenplay, the performances and direction. It was the first Malayalam film to collect 50 crore at the box office. The film grossed over 75 crore worldwide and ran for more than 150 days in theatres. It remained the highest-grossing Malayalam film of all time until it was surpassed by "Pulimurugan" in 2016. It also became the longest-running film in the United Arab Emirates, running 125 days.


title: Drishyam

text: "Drishyam" won numerous accolades, including the Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value and the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam and screened at the 45th International Film Festival of India and the 8th Asian Film Festival.


title: Drishyam

text: It was remade into four other Indian languages: "Drishya" (2014) in Kannada, "Drushyam" (2014) in Telugu, "Papanasam" (2015) in Tamil and "Drishyam" (2015) in Hindi. It was also remade in Sinhala language as "Dharmayuddhaya" (2017) and in Chinese as "Sheep Without a Shepherd" (2019) thereby becoming the first Indian film to be remade in Mainland China. The Indonesian remake was announced in September 2021 making it the first Indian movie to be remade in Indonesian. A sequel "Drishyam 2" was released in 2021.


title: Drishyam

text: Georgekutty is an orphan who had dropped out of school after his 4th standard. He is now is a businessman running a cable television service in a rural area in Rajakkad. He is married to Rani and they have two daughters, Anju, a +2 student, and Anu, a student of 6th class. His only interest apart from his family is watching films. He spends most of his time in front of the TV in his small office.


title: Drishyam

text: During a nature camp, Anju gets photographed in the bathroom by a hidden cell phone. The culprit Varun, is the son of IG Geetha Prabhakar. Varun is accidentally killed by Rani and her daughter when he comes to blackmail them using the clip either any one of them should sleep with him or he will surely publish the clip through Internet. They hide his body in a compost pit, which is witnessed by Anu. Rani tells Georgekutty about the incident and he devises a way to save his family from the law. He removes the broken cell phone and disposes of Varun's car, which is seen by a police constable, Sahadevan, who has a grudge against Georgekutty. Georgekutty takes his family on a trip to attend a religious meeting, watch a movie and eat at a restaurant. Geetha, realising that her son has gone missing starts an investigation.


title: Drishyam

text: After a preliminary investigation, Geetha calls Georgekutty and family for questioning. Georgekutty had predicted that this would happen and taught his family how to change their alibi at the time of murder. When questioned individually, they reply the same thing and they had also shown the bill of the restaurant, the movie tickets and the bus journeys' tickets as proof of their alibi. Geetha questions the owners of the establishments they have been to and their statements prove Georgekutty's alibi. Geetha realises that on the day of the incident, Georgekutty had taken the tickets and the bill, made acquaintance with the owners and had gone for the trip with his family the next day, thus proving his alibi and making the owners unwittingly tell the lie.


title: Drishyam

text: Geetha arrests Georgekutty and family and Sahadevan uses brute force to beat the truth out of them. Eventually, Anu gives in and reveals the place where the body is buried. After digging the compost pit, they find the carcass of a calf, indicating that Georgekutty had moved the body. Anu reports to the media and complains against Sahadevan, who is later suspended and Geetha resigns from her post. Geetha and her husband meet Georgekutty to ask forgiveness for their rude and violent behavior. Georgekutty suspects there might be foul play involved and still does not reveal directly that his family has committed a crime. Georgekutty, now in remand, signs a register at the newly constructed local police station and leaves.


title: Drishyam

text: As he exits from the Police Station, it is revealed that Georgekutty had hidden Varun's body in the foundations of the very police station that he is walking out of.


title: Drishyam

text: In July 2013, it was reported that Jeethu Joseph will be directing a film titled "My Family" with Mohanlal in the lead. In August 2013, Jeethu clarified that the film was titled "Drishyam". A thread similar to that of "Drishyam" has been with the director since the early 1990s. He was inspired by a conversation he had overheard about the plight of two families involved in a legal battle. Jeethu had penned the story of "Drishyam" even before "Memories" (2013). He says, "I started working on the subject some two years back. But I wanted to stick to the planned order and hence postponed the project till I finished "Memories"". The script was initially planned to be filmed by another director but since that director could not find a producer, Jeethu took back the script and decided to direct it himself. Drishyam contrasts from the director's previous films. He says, "Different films require different treatment. I toiled hard while filming "Memories" as the film was full of twists and turns and the handling of the subject mattered a lot. But "Drishyam" is a complete script-oriented film that does not require any special effort. We shot the film sticking completely to the script, and the shooting was completed effortlessly."


title: Drishyam

text: Jeethu had initially approached Mammootty to play the lead, but he was unable to commit and asked Jeethu to proceed with the film with another actor. According to the director, Mammootty was instrumental in casting actress Meena for the film. The director, in an interview with "The New Indian Express", stated that he wrote the screenplay with Mohanlal in mind and that the character was tailor-made for Mohanlal. He later added that no changes were made in the script when Mohanlal agreed.


title: Drishyam

text: Kalabhavan Shajohn, who previously worked in the industry as a comedian and the sidekick of the lead actors, was chosen for the main antagonistic role. The director stated, "I had two-three actors in mind, but at last decided to pick Shajon. I was very clear that I did not want anyone who has played negative characters so far to do the role. Shajon was a total revelation." Roshan Basheer, who debuted through "Plus Two" (2010), was chosen after conducting a screen test. Asha Sarath was later signed for the role of a police officer. Child actors Ansiba Hassan and Esther Anil, along with Siddique, Irshad, Kunchan and Koottickal Jayachandran were also cast to play major supporting roles.


title: Drishyam

text: "Drishyam" commenced principal photography in the first week of October 2013. Mohanlal joined the sets only from 10 October. The film was shot at Thodupuzha in Kerala. The road-side house shown in the film, which was a major location, is situated at Vazhithala, near Thodupuzha. The shooting had to be halted for a while as Meena fainted on the location. "Drishyam" was initially planned to be filmed in 52 days, though it was completed in 44 days.


title: Drishyam

text: A reviewer from "The Hindu" noted, "The film takes off as a typical family drama. The first half of the film is intentionally slow-paced and shows to the audience the lighter moments in the family of Georgekutty. This half combines the elements of drama and comedy genres. The audience gets completely absorbed in the twist of events that begin to unfold from the end of the first half. The second half is more like a thriller and is about how the family, despite the vengeful villainy of a corrupt cop, stands its ground even as the law takes its course." When asked whether this change in narrative style post-interval was intentional, Jeethu replied: "I really don't understand when people say the first half lacked pace. A story or a film has its own way of progression and it does travel in a zig-zag away, capturing all the ups and downs of our lives. Right from the start if you accelerate the pace, sooner or later, the story-telling will lose its steam."


title: Drishyam

text: When asked whether he had kicked off a new genre in Malayalam—family thriller, a genre which combines the elements of a family drama and thriller, Jeethu replied, "I still believe it belongs to the genre 'drama', not a thriller." He also stated in another interview, "We usually brand a film as a thriller, simply because there is some mystery in the narrative or the story unfolds through an investigation. But I don't subscribe to this. Although there are some twists in the tale and some suspense as well, "Drishyam" is essentially the story of a family."


title: Drishyam

text: The film has also been said to be inspired by "The Devotion of Suspect X", a Japanese novel written by Keigo Higashino. Ekta Kapoor, who had purchased the Hindi movie rights of the novel, sent a legal notice to the makers of the film. However, the director clarified, "After Ekta's legal team sent us the letter, I watched the Japanese film, "Suspect X", which is an adaptation of the Japanese novel. There could be similarities between my film and that Japanese film, but my film is neither an adaptation nor a copy. The Japanese film is also about a murder cover-up and hence the allegation. Similarities are quite common in the works of creators and that shouldn't be made into an issue." "Rashomon" (1950) was also cited as an inspiration for the film.


title: Drishyam

text: The film was criticised for the use of some "sexist dialogues" in the first half which were playing to a certain "new generation" audience. Sowmya Rajendran of Sify criticised the same and stated about one of such scenes in the film, "it is such banter, which we often dismiss with a laugh, that helps perpetuate rape culture." When asked about this, the director replied, "I firmly believe such conversations are part of our lives. I don't want to elaborate, but it also throws an insight into each character featured in the sequences. Yes, frankly, I was a bit worried how the family audience would react to those scenes. But then I read out that part of the script to a select group of women and they nodded their heads in approval."


title: Drishyam

text: There were also allegations that "Drishyam" might provoke murder. Kerala ADGP T.P.Senkumar IPS claimed that two people accused of murdering a woman from Nilambur in February 2014 admitted that their methods for disposing of the victim's body and mobile phone SIM card were influenced by the film. The murder of a young girl in Irinjalakuda by her father and his mistress was also said to be influenced by "Drishyam".


title: Drishyam

text: "Drishyam" soundtrack album features two songs used in the film, each of them were composed by Anil Johnson and Vinu Thomas, with lyrics penned by Santhosh Varma; the former provided the background score for the film. The album was released on 25 November 2013 by Muzik 247.


title: Drishyam

text: Veeyen of NowRunning noted in his review of the film that the songs "have a refreshingly delightful tenor to them that deserve an applause for certain." The reviewer of IndiaGlitz called the score "refreshing" and stated that it "builds the tempo" for the film.


title: Drishyam

text: "Drishyam" released on 19 December 2013 in India. It also received a theatrical release in the United States, United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates on 3 January 2014. The film was selected to be screened in the Indian Panorama at the 45th International Film Festival of India. It also screened at the 8th Asian Film Festival held in Jeddah in 2015, representing India.


title: Drishyam

text: "Drishyam" was released on Blu-ray Disc, DVD and VCD on 9 May 2014. The film created a new record in the DVD and VCD sales on the first day of release itself. The film's satellite rights were reported to be bought by Asianet for a record amount of . The record was previously held by "Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty" (2013) which was bought for by the same channel. It had its global television premiere on 7 September 2014 at 6 pm. IST.


title: Drishyam

text: In August 2014, film director Satheesh Paul filed a copyright infringement suit against the makers, saying that it had similarities to his script titled "Oru Mazhakkalathu", written in 2013. The court passed an order saying that the movie had prima facie similarities to Satheesh' script, but allowed the making of the Tamil version "Papanasam" to proceed, on the condition that the makers of "Drishyam" produce a 10 lakh bank guarantee before the court to ensure the compensation. The case was dismissed in March 2015 as it was proved that Jeethu had written the script in 2011.


title: Drishyam

text: Sify's reviewer rated the film as "Excellent" and stated, "It is not often that you sit in a theatre with bated breath, never wanting to miss a moment of the film on screen. Writer director Jeethu Joseph's "Drishyam" is one such film, a gripping tale that leaves you spellbound with its skillful craft." Veeyen of NowRunning rated the film 3/5 and commented, "In "Drishyam" Jeethu attempts a stunning mix of the real with the imaginary, and the result is an unpredictable cinematic artichoke that takes you by surprise at every turn." Rating the film 3.5/5, Paresh C Palicha of Rediff said, ""Drishyam" can be credited for bringing Mohanlal back to form and pushing director Jeethu Joseph into the big league as he has made a cracker of a thriller." Jabir Mushthari of "The Hindu" wrote: "It takes craft, intelligence, and the superior acumen of a genuine storyteller to pull off a film in such an engaging manner." He also noted that the film's "thread and treatment are new to Malayalam cinema in many ways" and its "principles go against the set rules film goers here are familiar with".


title: Drishyam

text: Shibu B S of "The New Indian Express" wrote, "For his latest outing "Drishyam", Jeethu attempts a splendid mix of emotions, relationships, suspense and thrill. End result: a spectacular cinematic experience." Dalton L of "Deccan Chronicle" gave the film a 3-star rating, writing, "The limelight belongs entirely to Mohanlal. Like the versatile greats of Hollywood, this actor possesses such a vast repertoire that he isn't required to always attempt the radically new to stamp his towering persona." Mythily Ramachandran wrote in her review for "Gulf News": ""Drishyam" is an unforgettable picture, shorn of irrational fight sequences and mindless dance numbers." Aswin J Kumar of "The Times of India" said, ""Drishyam" is an elegantly crafted piece of film which Lal and Joseph can proudly hold close to their hearts."


title: Drishyam

text: Unni R. Nair noted in his review for Kerala9.com, "The care with which the script is done, the finesse with which the direction part is executed and the characterization and performance plus the thoughtful placing of the songs makes "Drishyam" worth real appreciation. That the film has almost zero-'filmy' humour is also worth noting. It's the logical manner in which the story unfolds and the very convincing manner in which the characters behave makes it impressive." The critic rated the film three in a scale of five. IndiaGlitz's reviewer rated the film 8/10 and stated, ""Drishyam" is undoubtedly cladded with exceptional story telling combined with bravura performances. An undoubtedly exceptional film as far the content is concerned, the movie is a must watch for all the audiences of family and thriller movies."


title: Drishyam

text: According to Sify, the film "started on a low key" but "swept the box-office" from its second day of release. The film grossed 38 million in its first eight days. In less than one month following its release, "Drishyam" became the highest-grossing Malayalam film of all time, beating the record of "" (2008). The film ran for more than 150 days in Kerala, with collections of over 430 million.


title: Drishyam

text: The film also grossed around 100 million from rest of India. It showed for 100 days in Tamil Nadu. It also had a 100-day theatrical run in multiplexes in Mumbai, Bengaluru, Ahmedabad and Hyderabad. The collection from the overseas markets was more than 40 million, with around 10 million from England alone. "Drishyam" became the second film to complete 100 days in the UAE after "Titanic" (1997) and later emerged as the longest running film in the UAE by completing 125 days, beating the 110 days run of "Titanic". The film completed 100 days in 60 theaters in Kerala and rest of India.


title: Drishyam

text: "Drishyam" was the first Malayalam film to collect 600 million from its theatrical box office collections, remake rights, satellite and television rights. The film collected more than 580 million in its theatrical run worldwide. "Drishyam" held the record for box office gross until 2016 when "Pulimurugan" overtook it.


title: Drishyam

text: "Drishyam" was remade into several languages. The Indian remake rights of the film were sold for 155 million. All the versions were commercially successful. The film was remade in Kannada as "Drishya" (2014), in Telugu as "Drushyam" (2014), in Tamil as "Papanasam" (2015) by Joseph himself, in Hindi as "Drishyam" (2015), in Sinhala as "Dharmayuddhaya" (2017) and in Mandarin Chinese as "Sheep Without a Shepherd" (2019) with a different ending.


title: Drishyam

text: Jeethu Joseph and Mohanlal were filming for "Ram" prior to the COVID-19 lockdown in India, however the shooting of the film was stalled as some sequences they want to film in foreign locations, such as London and Cairo. As the crew realised that the filming would take time to continue, Jeethu decided to start the works for Sequel. Drishyam 2 was officially announced by Mohanlal on his 60th birthday, 21 May 2020. Mohanlal, Meena, Ansiba, Esther, Asha Sarath, Siddique, Kozhikode Narayanan Nair, Mela Raghu, Aneesh G Menon, Shoba Mohan, and Antony Perumbavoor reprises their roles from Drishyam.


title: Drishyam

text: Principal photography began on 21 September 2020, and was shot for 46 days in Kochi and Thodupuzha and it was concluded on 6 November 2020. The film was released directly through the OTT platform Amazon Prime Video on 19 February 2021.


title: Potential energy

text: In physics, potential energy is the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.


title: Potential energy

text: Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy of an object, the elastic potential energy of an extended spring, and the electric potential energy of an electric charge in an electric field. The unit for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule, which has the symbol J.


title: Potential energy

text: The term "potential energy" was introduced by the 19th-century Scottish engineer and physicist William Rankine, although it has links to Greek philosopher Aristotle's concept of potentiality. Potential energy is associated with forces that act on a body in a way that the total work done by these forces on the body depends only on the initial and final positions of the body in space. These forces, that are called "conservative forces", can be represented at every point in space by vectors expressed as gradients of a certain scalar function called "potential".


title: Potential energy

text: Since the work of potential forces acting on a body that moves from a start to an end position is determined only by these two positions, and does not depend on the trajectory of the body, there is a function known as "potential" that can be evaluated at the two positions to determine this work.


title: Potential energy

text: There are various types of potential energy, each associated with a particular type of force. For example, the work of an elastic force is called elastic potential energy; work of the gravitational force is called gravitational potential energy; work of the Coulomb force is called electric potential energy; work of the strong nuclear force or weak nuclear force acting on the baryon charge is called nuclear potential energy; work of intermolecular forces is called intermolecular potential energy. Chemical potential energy, such as the energy stored in fossil fuels, is the work of the Coulomb force during rearrangement of configurations of electrons and nuclei in atoms and molecules. Thermal energy usually has two components: the kinetic energy of random motions of particles and the potential energy of their configuration.


title: Potential energy

text: Forces derivable from a potential are also called conservative forces. The work done by a conservative force is


title: Potential energy

text: where formula_2 is the change in the potential energy associated with the force. The negative sign provides the convention that work done against a force field increases potential energy, while work done by the force field decreases potential energy. Common notations for potential energy are "PE", "U", "V", and "E".


title: Potential energy

text: Potential energy is the energy by virtue of an object's position relative to other objects. Potential energy is often associated with restoring forces such as a spring or the force of gravity. The action of stretching a spring or lifting a mass is performed by an external force that works against the force field of the potential. This work is stored in the force field, which is said to be stored as potential energy. If the external force is removed the force field acts on the body to perform the work as it moves the body back to the initial position, reducing the stretch of the spring or causing a body to fall.


title: Potential energy

text: Consider a ball whose mass is and whose height is . The acceleration of free fall is approximately constant, so the weight force of the ball is constant. The product of force and displacement gives the work done, which is equal to the gravitational potential energy, thus


title: Potential energy

text: The more formal definition is that potential energy is the energy difference between the energy of an object in a given position and its energy at a reference position.


title: Potential energy

text: Potential energy is closely linked with forces. If the work done by a force on a body that moves from "A" to "B" does not depend on the path between these points (if the work is done by a conservative force), then the work of this force measured from "A" assigns a scalar value to every other point in space and defines a scalar potential field. In this case, the force can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient of the potential field.


title: Potential energy

text: If the work for an applied force is independent of the path, then the work done by the force is evaluated from the start to the end of the trajectory of the point of application. This means that there is a function "U"(x), called a "potential," that can be evaluated at the two points x and x to obtain the work over any trajectory between these two points. It is tradition to define this function with a negative sign so that positive work is a reduction in the potential, that is


title: Potential energy

text: where "C" is the trajectory taken from A to B. Because the work done is independent of the path taken, then this expression is true for any trajectory, "C", from A to B.


title: Potential energy

text: The function "U"(x) is called the potential energy associated with the applied force. Examples of forces that have potential energies are gravity and spring forces.


title: Potential energy

text: In this section the relationship between work and potential energy is presented in more detail. The line integral that defines work along curve "C" takes a special form if the force F is related to a scalar field U'(x) so that


title: Potential energy

text: This shows that when forces are derivable from a scalar field, the work of those forces along a curve "C" is computed by evaluating the scalar field at the start point "A" and the end point "B" of the curve. This means the work integral does not depend on the path between "A" and "B" and is said to be independent of the path.


title: Potential energy

text: Potential energy is traditionally defined as the negative of this scalar field so that work by the force field decreases potential energy, that is


title: Potential energy

text: and the force F is said to be "derivable from a potential." This also necessarily implies that F must be a conservative vector field. The potential "U" defines a force F at every point x in space, so the set of forces is called a force field.


title: Potential energy

text: Given a force field F(x), evaluation of the work integral using the gradient theorem can be used to find the scalar function associated with potential energy. This is done by introducing a parameterized curve from to , and computing,


title: Potential energy

text: The power applied to a body by a force field is obtained from the gradient of the work, or potential, in the direction of the velocity v of the point of application, that is


title: Potential energy

text: where "m" is the mass in kg, "g" is the local gravitational field (9.8 metres per second squared on earth), "h" is the height above a reference level in metres, and "U" is the energy in joules.


title: Potential energy

text: In classical physics, gravity exerts a constant downward force on the center of mass of a body moving near the surface of the Earth. The work of gravity on a body moving along a trajectory , such as the track of a roller coaster is calculated using its velocity, , to obtain


title: Potential energy

text: where the integral of the vertical component of velocity is the vertical distance. The work of gravity depends only on the vertical movement of the curve .


title: Potential energy

text: A horizontal spring exerts a force that is proportional to its deformation in the axial or "x" direction. The work of this spring on a body moving along the space curve , is calculated using its velocity, , to obtain


title: Potential energy

text: For convenience, consider contact with the spring occurs at , then the integral of the product of the distance "x" and the "x"-velocity, "xv", is "x"/2.


title: Potential energy

text: Elastic potential energy is the potential energy of an elastic object (for example a bow or a catapult) that is deformed under tension or compression (or stressed in formal terminology). It arises as a consequence of a force that tries to restore the object to its original shape, which is most often the electromagnetic force between the atoms and molecules that constitute the object. If the stretch is released, the energy is transformed into kinetic energy.


title: Potential energy

text: The gravitational force between two bodies of mass "M" and "m" separated by a distance "r" is given by Newton's law


title: Potential energy

text: where formula_19 is a vector of length 1 pointing from "M" to "m" and "G" is the gravitational constant.


title: Potential energy

text: Let the mass "m" move at the velocity then the work of gravity on this mass as it moves from position to is given by


title: Potential energy

text: where e and e are the radial and tangential unit vectors directed relative to the vector from "M" to "m". Use this to simplify the formula for work of gravity to,


title: Potential energy

text: The electrostatic force exerted by a charge "Q" on another charge "q" separated by a distance "r" is given by Coulomb's Law


title: Potential energy

text: where formula_19 is a vector of length 1 pointing from "Q" to "q" and "ε" is the vacuum permittivity. This may also be written using the Coulomb constant .


title: Potential energy

text: The work "W" required to move "q" from "A" to any point "B" in the electrostatic force field is given by the potential function


title: Potential energy

text: The potential energy is a function of the state a system is in, and is defined relative to that for a particular state. This reference state is not always a real state; it may also be a limit, such as with the distances between all bodies tending to infinity, provided that the energy involved in tending to that limit is finite, such as in the case of inverse-square law forces. Any arbitrary reference state could be used; therefore it can be chosen based on convenience.


title: Potential energy

text: Typically the potential energy of a system depends on the "relative" positions of its components only, so the reference state can also be expressed in terms of relative positions.


title: Potential energy

text: Gravitational energy is the potential energy associated with gravitational force, as work is required to elevate objects against Earth's gravity. The potential energy due to elevated positions is called gravitational potential energy, and is evidenced by water in an elevated reservoir or kept behind a dam. If an object falls from one point to another point inside a gravitational field, the force of gravity will do positive work on the object, and the gravitational potential energy will decrease by the same amount.


title: Potential energy

text: Consider a book placed on top of a table. As the book is raised from the floor to the table, some external force works against the gravitational force. If the book falls back to the floor, the "falling" energy the book receives is provided by the gravitational force. Thus, if the book falls off the table, this potential energy goes to accelerate the mass of the book and is converted into kinetic energy. When the book hits the floor this kinetic energy is converted into heat, deformation, and sound by the impact.


title: Potential energy

text: The factors that affect an object's gravitational potential energy are its height relative to some reference point, its mass, and the strength of the gravitational field it is in. Thus, a book lying on a table has less gravitational potential energy than the same book on top of a taller cupboard and less gravitational potential energy than a heavier book lying on the same table. An object at a certain height above the Moon's surface has less gravitational potential energy than at the same height above the Earth's surface because the Moon's gravity is weaker. "Height" in the common sense of the term cannot be used for gravitational potential energy calculations when gravity is not assumed to be a constant. The following sections provide more detail.


title: Potential energy

text: The strength of a gravitational field varies with location. However, when the change of distance is small in relation to the distances from the center of the source of the gravitational field, this variation in field strength is negligible and we can assume that the force of gravity on a particular object is constant. Near the surface of the Earth, for example, we assume that the acceleration due to gravity is a constant ("standard gravity"). In this case, a simple expression for gravitational potential energy can be derived using the equation for work, and the equation


title: Potential energy

text: The amount of gravitational potential energy held by an elevated object is equal to the work done against gravity in lifting it. The work done equals the force required to move it upward multiplied with the vertical distance it is moved (remember ). The upward force required while moving at a constant velocity is equal to the weight, , of an object, so the work done in lifting it through a height is the product . Thus, when accounting only for mass, gravity, and altitude, the equation is:


title: Potential energy

text: where is the potential energy of the object relative to its being on the Earth's surface, is the mass of the object, is the acceleration due to gravity, and "h" is the altitude of the object. If is expressed in kilograms, in m/s and in metres then will be calculated in joules.


title: Potential energy

text: However, over large variations in distance, the approximation that is constant is no longer valid, and we have to use calculus and the general mathematical definition of work to determine gravitational potential energy. For the computation of the potential energy, we can integrate the gravitational force, whose magnitude is given by Newton's law of gravitation, with respect to the distance between the two bodies. Using that definition, the gravitational potential energy of a system of masses and at a distance using gravitational constant is


title: Potential energy

text: where is an arbitrary constant dependent on the choice of datum from which potential is measured. Choosing the convention that (i.e. in relation to a point at infinity) makes calculations simpler, albeit at the cost of making negative; for why this is physically reasonable, see below.


title: Potential energy

text: Given this formula for , the total potential energy of a system of bodies is found by summing, for all formula_31 pairs of two bodies, the potential energy of the system of those two bodies.


title: Potential energy

text: Considering the system of bodies as the combined set of small particles the bodies consist of, and applying the previous on the particle level we get the negative gravitational binding energy. This potential energy is more strongly negative than the total potential energy of the system of bodies as such since it also includes the negative gravitational binding energy of each body. The potential energy of the system of bodies as such is the negative of the energy needed to separate the bodies from each other to infinity, while the gravitational binding energy is the energy needed to separate all particles from each other to infinity.


title: Potential energy

text: As with all potential energies, only differences in gravitational potential energy matter for most physical purposes, and the choice of zero point is arbitrary. Given that there is no reasonable criterion for preferring one particular finite "r" over another, there seem to be only two reasonable choices for the distance at which becomes zero: formula_34 and formula_35. The choice of formula_36 at infinity may seem peculiar, and the consequence that gravitational energy is always negative may seem counterintuitive, but this choice allows gravitational potential energy values to be finite, albeit negative.


title: Potential energy

text: The singularity at formula_34 in the formula for gravitational potential energy means that the only other apparently reasonable alternative choice of convention, with formula_36 for formula_34, would result in potential energy being positive, but infinitely large for all nonzero values of , and would make calculations involving sums or differences of potential energies beyond what is possible with the real number system. Since physicists abhor infinities in their calculations, and is always non-zero in practice, the choice of formula_36 at infinity is by far the more preferable choice, even if the idea of negative energy in a gravity well appears to be peculiar at first.


title: Potential energy

text: The negative value for gravitational energy also has deeper implications that make it seem more reasonable in cosmological calculations where the total energy of the universe can meaningfully be considered; see inflation theory for more on this.


title: Potential energy

text: Gravitational potential energy has a number of practical uses, notably the generation of pumped-storage hydroelectricity. For example, in Dinorwig, Wales, there are two lakes, one at a higher elevation than the other. At times when surplus electricity is not required (and so is comparatively cheap), water is pumped up to the higher lake, thus converting the electrical energy (running the pump) to gravitational potential energy. At times of peak demand for electricity, the water flows back down through electrical generator turbines, converting the potential energy into kinetic energy and then back into electricity. The process is not completely efficient and some of the original energy from the surplus electricity is in fact lost to friction.


title: Potential energy

text: Gravitational potential energy is also used to power clocks in which falling weights operate the mechanism. It's also used by counterweights for lifting up an elevator, crane, or sash window.


title: Potential energy

text: Roller coasters are an entertaining way to utilize potential energy – chains are used to move a car up an incline (building up gravitational potential energy), to then have that energy converted into kinetic energy as it falls.


title: Potential energy

text: Another practical use is utilizing gravitational potential energy to descend (perhaps coast) downhill in transportation such as the descent of an automobile, truck, railroad train, bicycle, airplane, or fluid in a pipeline. In some cases the kinetic energy obtained from the potential energy of descent may be used to start ascending the next grade such as what happens when a road is undulating and has frequent dips. The commercialization of stored energy (in the form of rail cars raised to higher elevations) that is then converted to electrical energy when needed by an electrical grid, is being undertaken in the United States in a system called Advanced Rail Energy Storage (ARES).


title: Potential energy

text: Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy related to the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules. This arrangement may be the result of chemical bonds within a molecule or otherwise. Chemical energy of a chemical substance can be transformed to other forms of energy by a chemical reaction. As an example, when a fuel is burned the chemical energy is converted to heat, same is the case with digestion of food metabolized in a biological organism. Green plants transform solar energy to chemical energy through the process known as photosynthesis, and electrical energy can be converted to chemical energy through electrochemical reactions.


title: Potential energy

text: The similar term chemical potential is used to indicate the potential of a substance to undergo a change of configuration, be it in the form of a chemical reaction, spatial transport, particle exchange with a reservoir, etc.


title: Potential energy

text: An object can have potential energy by virtue of its electric charge and several forces related to their presence. There are two main types of this kind of potential energy: electrostatic potential energy, electrodynamic potential energy (also sometimes called magnetic potential energy).


title: Potential energy

text: Electrostatic potential energy between two bodies in space is obtained from the force exerted by a charge "Q" on another charge "q" which is given by


title: Potential energy

text: where formula_19 is a vector of length 1 pointing from "Q" to "q" and "ε" is the vacuum permittivity. This may also be written using the Coulomb constant .


title: Potential energy

text: If the electric charge of an object can be assumed to be at rest, then it has potential energy due to its position relative to other charged objects. The electrostatic potential energy is the energy of an electrically charged particle (at rest) in an electric field. It is defined as the work that must be done to move it from an infinite distance away to its present location, adjusted for non-electrical forces on the object. This energy will generally be non-zero if there is another electrically charged object nearby.


title: Potential energy

text: The work "W" required to move "q" from "A" to any point "B" in the electrostatic force field is given by


title: Potential energy

text: typically given in J for Joules. A related quantity called "electric potential" (commonly denoted with a "V" for voltage) is equal to the electric potential energy per unit charge.


title: Potential energy

text: The energy of a magnetic moment formula_44 in an externally produced magnetic B-field has potential energy


title: Potential energy

text: Magnetic potential energy is the form of energy related not only to the distance between magnetic materials, but also to the orientation, or alignment, of those materials within the field. For example, the needle of a compass has the lowest magnetic potential energy when it is aligned with the north and south poles of the Earth's magnetic field. If the needle is moved by an outside force, torque is exerted on the magnetic dipole of the needle by the Earth's magnetic field, causing it to move back into alignment. The magnetic potential energy of the needle is highest when its field is in the same direction as the Earth's magnetic field. Two magnets will have potential energy in relation to each other and the distance between them, but this also depends on their orientation. If the opposite poles are held apart, the potential energy will be higher the further they are apart and lower the closer they are. Conversely, like poles will have the highest potential energy when forced together, and the lowest when they spring apart.


title: Potential energy

text: Nuclear potential energy is the potential energy of the particles inside an atomic nucleus. The nuclear particles are bound together by the strong nuclear force. Weak nuclear forces provide the potential energy for certain kinds of radioactive decay, such as beta decay.


title: Potential energy

text: Nuclear particles like protons and neutrons are not destroyed in fission and fusion processes, but collections of them can have less mass than if they were individually free, in which case this mass difference can be liberated as heat and radiation in nuclear reactions (the heat and radiation have the missing mass, but it often escapes from the system, where it is not measured). The energy from the Sun is an example of this form of energy conversion. In the Sun, the process of hydrogen fusion converts about 4 million tonnes of solar matter per second into electromagnetic energy, which is radiated into space.


title: Potential energy

text: Potential energy is closely linked with forces. If the work done by a force on a body that moves from "A" to "B" does not depend on the path between these points, then the work of this force measured from "A" assigns a scalar value to every other point in space and defines a scalar potential field. In this case, the force can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient of the potential field.


title: Potential energy

text: For example, gravity is a conservative force. The associated potential is the gravitational potential, often denoted by formula_47 or formula_48, corresponding to the energy per unit mass as a function of position. The gravitational potential energy of two particles of mass "M" and "m" separated by a distance "r" is


title: Potential energy

text: The work done against gravity by moving an infinitesimal mass from point A with formula_52 to point B with formula_53 is formula_54 and the work done going back the other way is formula_55 so that the total work done in moving from A to B and returning to A is


title: Potential energy

text: If the potential is redefined at A to be formula_57 and the potential at B to be formula_58, where formula_59 is a constant (i.e. formula_59 can be any number, positive or negative, but it must be the same at A as it is at B) then the work done going from A to B is


title: Potential energy

text: In practical terms, this means that one can set the zero of formula_62 and formula_47 anywhere one likes. One may set it to be zero at the surface of the Earth, or may find it more convenient to set zero at infinity (as in the expressions given earlier in this section).


title: Potential energy

text: A conservative force can be expressed in the language of differential geometry as a closed form. As Euclidean space is contractible, its de Rham cohomology vanishes, so every closed form is also an exact form, and can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar field. This gives a mathematical justification of the fact that all conservative forces are gradients of a potential field.


title: Zayed Khan

text: Zayed Abbas Khan (born 5 July 1980) is a former Indian actor and producer who appeared in Hindi films. The son of Bollywood actor Sanjay Khan, he has received a Filmfare Award nomination.


title: Zayed Khan

text: After graduating in Business Management at the Montgomery College and Film Making at the London Film Academy, he made his acting debut in 2003 in "Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne". His other films include "Main Hoon Na" (2004), "Shabd" (2005), "Dus" (2005), "Yuvvraaj" (2008), "Blue" (2009) and "Anjaana Anjaani" (2010).


title: Zayed Khan

text: In 2011, the actor ventured into production with his co-owned production house, Born Free Entertainment along with friend and actress Dia Mirza and her spouse Sahil Sanga with their first film, "Love Breakups Zindagi". In 2017, Khan made his television debut in the show "Haasil". He is married to Malaika Parekh since 2005 with whom he has two children.


title: Zayed Khan

text: Khan's parents are former Bollywood actor Shah Abbas Khan (Sanjay Khan) and interior designer Zarine Khan. His father is of mixed Afghan and Iranian descent while his mother comes from a Parsi family. Zayed, who was raised as a Muslim, is the youngest of four children and the only son of his parents. His elder sisters are Simone Khan (married to Ajay Arora), Suzanne Roshan (ex-wife of actor Hrithik Roshan), and Farah Khan Ali (married to DJ Aqeel). Khan is the nephew of late actor Feroz Khan and director Akbar Khan (brothers of Sanjay Khan) and first cousin of Bollywood actor, Fardeen Khan.


title: Zayed Khan

text: Khan attended Welham Boys' School, Dehradun, and later Kodaikanal International School, Kodaikanal, with childhood friend Esha Deol and Mallaika Parekh. He studied Business Management at the Montgomery College and Film Making at London Film Academy.


title: Zayed Khan

text: In 2004, he starred in "Main Hoon Na", which was one of the biggest hits in his career. It was the second highest-grossing film of 2004 behind "Veer-Zaara" and was declared a hit. Khan was subsequently nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2005. He also starred alongside Amrita Arora in a music video called Disco 82 Remix by DJ Aqeel for UMI-10.


title: Zayed Khan

text: Khan had 4 releases in 2005. He played an obsessive lover in "Vaada" alongside Arjun Rampal and Ameesha Patel. He then starred in "Shabd" as a photography professor, which he was very excited about because he had always wanted to do a film with Aishwarya Rai. His third release, Anubhav Sinha's action thriller "Dus", where he played a cop, did well. It was Big Hit and was the third highest-grossing film of 2005. Khan's final release of the year, "Shaadi No. 1", flopped at the box office.


title: Zayed Khan

text: He starred in Sohail Khan's action multi-starrer, "Fight Club - Members Only" in 2006. Next, he appeared in "". Khan revealed that he had ghost-written some scenes in the film. He had first begun script-writing when he was studying in London.


title: Zayed Khan

text: Both of his films in 2007 were action multi-starrers. Anubhav Sinha's "Cash" was originally meant to be the sequel to Dus, but ended up differently. Due to this, some of the cast of Dus also star in Cash. It performed reasonably well in its first week, but was unable to replicate the success of Dus and was eventually declared a flop. His next film, "Speed", also failed at the box office.


title: Zayed Khan

text: In 2008, Khan had the leading role as a news reporter in Apoorva Lakhia's "Mission Istaanbul" opposite Vivek Oberoi. He also starred in the Bollywood remake of "Rain Man", "Yuvvraaj" with Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif and Anil Kapoor.


title: Zayed Khan

text: The following year, he featured in the underwater action thriller "Blue". At the time of its release, the film broke the record for having the highest budget for a Bollywood film. It had an excellent opening weekend on Diwali, collecting 480 million, but was a below-average grosser. He also filmed "Sharafat Gayi Tel Lene", a comedy thriller film. However, it ran into production hassles and was released in 2015.


title: Zayed Khan

text: Khan had a special appearance as an unfaithful fiancé in the 2010 Ranbir Kapoor–Priyanka Chopra starrer, "Anjaana Anjaani".


title: Zayed Khan

text: In 2011, the actor ventured into production with his co-owned production house, Born Free Entertainment along with friend and actress Dia Mirza and her husband, Sahil Sanga. Their first film, "Love Breakups Zindagi", was released on 7 October 2011, and was met with a lukewarm response.


title: Zayed Khan

text: In 2012, Khan played a supporting role in "Tezz", which stars Anil Kapoor and Ajay Devgan in the lead.


title: Zayed Khan

text: In August 2017, Khan made his television debut on a show called "Haasil" playing the role of Ranvir Raichand opposite Vatsal Sheth and Nikita Dutta. The show premiered in October 2017.


title: Zayed Khan

text: Khan married his high school sweetheart Malaika Parekh on 20 November 2005. In an interview, Malaika stated that Zayed proposed four times to Malaika and she has four rings from him. They both studied in Kodaikanal International School and became acquainted with each other in 1995.


title: Zayed Khan

text: Malaika Parekh born on 23 August 1980 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Her mother, Chris Parekh, is English. Malaika is trained in the gems and jewellery business as her late father Rohit Parekh, a diamond merchant, was in the same trade.


title: Zayed Khan

text: In September 2007, Malaika and Zayed announced that they were expecting their first child. The couple had a baby boy, Zidaan, born 18 January 2008, and a second son, Aariz, born 22 September 2011.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is a city in and the county seat of Riverside County, California, United States, in the Inland Empire metropolitan area. It is named for its location beside the Santa Ana River. It is the most populous city in the Inland Empire and in Riverside County, and is about southeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is also part of the Greater Los Angeles area. Riverside is the 61st-most-populous city in the United States and 12th-most-populous city in California. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 314,998. Along with San Bernardino, Riverside is a principal city in the nation's 13th-largest Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA); the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA (pop. 4,599,839) ranks in population just below San Francisco (4,749,008) and above Detroit (4,392,041).


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside was founded in the early 1870s. It is the birthplace of the California citrus industry and home of the Mission Inn, the nation's largest Mission Revival Style building. It is also home to the Riverside National Cemetery and the Eastern Division of the Federal District Court for the Central District of California.


title: Riverside, California

text: The University of California, Riverside, is in the northeastern part of the city. The university hosts the Riverside Sports Complex. Other attractions in Riverside include the Fox Performing Arts Center, Museum of Riverside, which houses exhibits and artifacts of local history, the California Museum of Photography, the California Citrus State Historic Park, Castle Park, and the Parent Washington Navel Orange Tree, the last of California's two original navel orange trees.


title: Riverside, California

text: In the late 18th century and the early 19th century, the area was inhabited by Cahuilla and the Serrano people. Californios such as Bernardo Yorba and Juan Bandini established ranches during the first half of the 19th century.


title: Riverside, California

text: In the 1860s, Louis Prevost launched the California Silk Center Association, a short-lived experiment in sericulture. In the wake of its failure, John W. North purchased some of its land and formed the Southern California Colony Association to promote the area's development. In March 1870, North distributed posters announcing the formation of a colony in California. North, a staunch temperance-minded abolitionist from New York State, had formerly founded Northfield, Minnesota. Riverside was temperance-minded, and Republican. There were four saloons in Riverside when it was founded. The license fees were raised until the saloons moved out of Riverside. Investors from England and Canada transplanted traditions and activities adopted by prosperous citizens. As a result, the first golf course and polo field in southern California were built in Riverside.


title: Riverside, California

text: The first orange trees were planted in 1871, with the citrus industry Riverside is famous for beginning three years later (1874) when Eliza Tibbets received three Brazilian navel orange trees sent to her by a personal friend, William Saunders, a horticulturist at the United States Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C. The trees came from Bahia, Brazil. The Bahia orange did not thrive in Florida, but its success in southern California was phenomenal.


title: Riverside, California

text: The three trees were planted on the Tibbets' property. One of them died after it was trampled by a cow during the first year it was planted. After the trampling, the two remaining trees were transplanted to property belonging to Sam McCoy to receive better care than L.C. Tibbets, Eliza's husband, could provide. Later, the trees were again transplanted, one at the Mission Inn property in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt (this tree died in 1922), and the other at the intersection of Magnolia and Arlington avenues. Eliza Tibbets was honored with a stone marker placed with the last tree. That tree still stands to this day inside a protective fence abutting what is now a major intersection.


title: Riverside, California

text: The trees thrived in the southern California climate and the navel orange industry grew rapidly. Many growers purchased bud wood and then grafted the cuttings to root stock. Within a few years, the successful cultivation of many thousands of the newly discovered Brazilian navel orange trees led to a California Gold Rush of a different kind: the establishment of the citrus industry, which is commemorated in the landscapes and exhibits of the California Citrus State Historic Park and the restored packing houses in the downtown's Marketplace district. By 1882, there were more than half a million citrus trees in California, almost half of which were in Riverside. The development of refrigerated railroad cars and innovative irrigation systems established Riverside as the richest city in the United States (in terms of income per capita) by 1895.


title: Riverside, California

text: As the city grew, a small guest hotel designed in the popular Mission Revival style, known as the Glenwood Tavern, eventually grew to become the Mission Inn, favored by presidents, royalty and movie stars. Inside was housed a special chair made for the sizable President William Howard Taft. The hotel was modeled after the missions built along the California coast by Franciscan friars in the 18th and 19th centuries. (Although Spanish missionaries came as far inland as San Bernardino–San Bernardino de Sena Estancia—east of Riverside, there was no actual Spanish mission in what is now Riverside.) Postcards of lush orange groves, swimming pools and magnificent homes have attracted vacationers and entrepreneurs throughout the years. Many relocated to the warm, dry climate for reasons of health and to escape Eastern winters. Victoria Avenue, with its scattering of elegant turn-of-the-century homes, and citrus-lined paseo, serves as a reminder of European investors who settled here.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is the 61st-largest city in the United States, the 12th-largest city in California, and the largest city in California's Inland Empire metro area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which is land and (0.37%) is water. The elevation of downtown Riverside is . Hills within the city limits include Mount Rubidoux, a city landmark and tourist attraction. Riverside is surrounded by small and large mountains, some of which get a dusting of winter snow. Many residents also enjoy the many beaches of Southern California. Riverside is about a drive to the Pacific Ocean and is close to Orange County and Los Angeles County.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is home to the historic Mission Inn, the Beaux-Arts style (based on the Petit Palais in Paris, France), and the Riverside Fox Theater, where the first showing of the 1939 film "Gone with the Wind" took place. The theater was purchased by the city and refurbished as part of the Riverside Renaissance Initiative. The Fox Theater underwent extensive renovation and restoration, which was completed in 2009, to turn the old cinema into a performing arts theater. The building was expanded to hold 1,600 seats and the stage was enlarged to accommodate Broadway-style performances. In January 2010, singer Sheryl Crow opened the newly remodeled Fox Theater in a nearly sold-out show.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is the home of the "World's Largest Paper Cup" (actually made of concrete), which is over three stories (68.10 ft; 20.76 m) tall. The "Dixie Cup" landmark is on Iowa Street just north of Palmyrita, in front of what was once the Dixie Corporation's manufacturing plant (now closed down).


title: Riverside, California

text: Three notable hills are in Riverside's scenic landscape: Box Springs Mountain, Evans (Jurupa) Hill and Tecolote Hill; all of which are preserved open spaces. South of Riverside is Lake Mathews. There is also the well-known landmark/foothill Mount Rubidoux, which is next to the Santa Ana River and one of the most noticeable landmarks in the downtown area. This foothill is the dividing line between the town of Rubidoux and the city of Riverside.


title: Riverside, California

text: March Joint Air Reserve Base borders Riverside on the east serving as a divider between the city and Moreno Valley. March ARB, founded in 1918, is the oldest operating Air Force base west of the Mississippi River.


title: Riverside, California

text: At the entrance to Riverside from the 60 freeway sits Fairmount Park. This extensive urban oasis was designed by the firm founded by Frederick Law Olmsted, which had designed New York's Central Park. It includes a lovely stocked pond that is home to many species of birds. On nearby private land is the former site of Spring Rancheria, a Cahuilla village.


title: Riverside, California

text: The city of Riverside has 28 designated "neighborhoods" within the city limits. These include Airport, Alessandro Heights, Arlanza, Arlington, Arlington Heights, Arlington South, Canyon Crest, Casa Blanca, Downtown, Eastside, Grand, Hawarden Hills, Hillside Hunter Industrial Park, La Sierra, La Sierra Acres, La Sierra Hills, La Sierra South, Magnolia Center, Mission Grove, Northside, Orangecrest, Presidential Park, Ramona, Sycamore Canyon Park, Sycamore Canyon Springs, University, Victoria and Wood Streets.


title: Riverside, California

text: East of downtown is the originally named "Eastside". which grew out of a "colonia" inhabited by Mexican immigrant workers in the orange groves, other orchards and produce fields. The area these people lived in was originally a settlement called La Placita that predated the city, being founded in 1843. Mexican communities were also formed in the barrio of Casa Blanca during the early 20th century.


title: Riverside, California

text: The City Council has proposed many annexations of nearby unincorporated communities that would increase Riverside's population and land area significantly. Most notable is the Lake Hills/Victoria Grove area, which would extend the city's southwestern borders to Lake Mathews.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is home to the University of California, Riverside. The UCR Botanical Gardens contains of unusual plants, with four miles (6 km) of walking trails. The city prides itself on its historic connection to the navel orange, which was introduced to North America from Brazil in 1874. Riverside is home to the one surviving Parent Navel Orange Tree, from which all American West Coast navel orange trees are descended.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is also home to the Riverside Public Library system. Branches include: Arlanza, Arlington, La Sierra, Marcy, Main, Orange Terrace, Eastside Cybrary, and Casa Blanca.


title: Riverside, California

text: Convention facilities are available at several locations. The Riverside Convention Center, remodeled in 2014, offers indoors and of outdoor space. Also available is the Riverside Marriott with indoors, and the Mission Inn with indoors and outdoors. All three facilities are located within walking distance of one another in downtown Riverside. Meetings with an academic focus are also held at the University of California, Riverside.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside experiences a semiarid climate (Köppen climate classification "BSh") bordering on an arid climate (Köppen climate classification "BWh") with hot, dry summers and mild, relatively wet winters. Normal monthly mean temperatures range from in December to in August. On average, temperatures reach the freezing mark and on 3.5 and 21.6 days annually, respectively. Record temperatures range from on January 15, 1911, up to on July 17, 1925, June 16, 1917, and July 6, 2018. On average, Riverside receives of precipitation annually, with measurable precipitation occurring on 35 days, with almost all of it between November and April, with February the wettest month.


title: Riverside, California

text: The Riverside area faces issues of smog and above-average levels of air pollution. In a comparison by the National Campaign Against Dirty Air Power (2003), the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario area was found to be one of the most polluted regions based on year-round particle measurements when compared to other U.S. cities. The city made efforts to reduce pollution by incorporating additional means of mass transit (Metrolink) and equipping its entire fleet of buses with natural gas. Smog decreased considerably over the next few years as local municipalities and counties worked with the South Coast Air Quality Management District to implement measures to improve regional air quality. In 2020, the American Lung Association rated Riverside County one of the nation's worst counties for smog. Most of Riverside's smog problems are the result of the prevailing wind patterns that blow the smog from the Los Angeles Basin and particulates generated by southern California's multitude of vehicles, and the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach into the Inland Empire.


title: Riverside, California

text: As of the 2010 census reported that Riverside had a population of 303,871. The population density was . The racial makeup of Riverside was 171,669 (56.5%) White, 21,421 (7.0%) African American, 3,467 (1.1%) Native American, 22,566 (7.4%) Asian (1.7% Filipino, 1.6% Chinese, 1.1% Korean, 1.0% Vietnamese, 1.0% Indonesian, 0.1% Japanese, 0.1% Pakistani), 1,219 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 68,111 (22.4%) from other races, and 15,418 (5.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 148,953 persons (49.0%); 41.8% of Riverside's population is Mexican, 1.1% Guatemalan, 1.0% Salvadoran, 0.7% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Cuban, 0.2% Nicaraguan, and 0.2% Colombian. Non-Hispanic Whites were 34.0% of the population in 2010, down from 82.1% in 1970.


title: Riverside, California

text: The Census reported that 292,322 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 8,925 (2.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,624 (0.9%) were institutionalized.


title: Riverside, California

text: There were 91,932 households, out of which 38,939 (42.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 45,398 (49.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 13,845 (15.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 6,372 (6.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 6,392 (7.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 746 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 18,284 households (19.9%) were made up of individuals, and 6,262 (6.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.18. There were 65,615 families (71.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.67.


title: Riverside, California

text: The population was spread out, with 81,406 people (26.8%) under the age of 18, 47,126 people (15.5%) aged 18 to 24, 82,482 people (27.1%) aged 25 to 44, 66,615 people (21.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 26,242 people (8.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.4 males.


title: Riverside, California

text: There were 98,444 housing units at an average density of , of which 51,185 (55.7%) were owner-occupied, and 40,747 (44.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.4%. 168,888 people (55.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 123,434 people (40.6%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Riverside, California

text: According to the 2010 United States Census, Riverside had a median household income of $56,403, with 17.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.


title: Riverside, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 255,166 people, 82,005 households, and 58,141 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,261.5/km (3,267.2/mi). There were 85,974 housing units at an average density of 425.0/km (1,100.8/mi). The racial makeup of the city was 59.3% White, 7.4% African American, 1.1% Native American, 5.68% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 21.0% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. 38.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Riverside, California

text: There were 82,005 households, out of which 39.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.54.


title: Riverside, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.1% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.


title: Riverside, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $41,646, and the median income for a family was $47,254. Males had a median income of $36,920 versus $28,328 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,882. 15.8% of the population and 11.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 18.9% of those under the age of 18 and 8.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is largely Christian and is home to Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Protestant, and Universalist Unitarian churches, an Islamic mosque, Jewish synagogue, Hindu temple, and several Buddhist temples. Riverside is also home to the Inland Empire Atheists and Agnostics organization.


title: Riverside, California

text: Large Seventh-Day Adventist populations, due to La Sierra University, are located in Riverside and proximity to Loma Linda near San Bernardino.


title: Riverside, California

text: There is also a large Mormon population, as well as in the San Bernardino area, as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has missions in Riverside and Redlands near their temple.


title: Riverside, California

text: Several religious celebrations take place on top of the city's Mount Rubidoux. One is an annual Easter Sunrise service, which is the nation's oldest continual non-denominational outdoor Easter service The 100th anniversary of the event was held April 12, 2009. Each December, a 2½-mile (4 km) procession from Our Lady of Guadalupe Shrine to the top of Mount Rubidoux promotes awareness of Juan Diego's walk up Tepeyac hill, in 1531, where he reportedly saw a Marian apparition known as Our Lady of Guadalupe.


title: Riverside, California

text: In 2012, a controversy erupted regarding the cross atop Mount Rubidoux, which was on city-owned land and maintained by the city. Due to constitutional issues regarding separation of church and state, the Riverside City Council sold the cross and the land under it (0.43 acres; 1740.15 sq m) to a private entity for $10,500.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside's economy consists largely of light-industry and generates a range of products including aircraft components, automotive parts, gas cylinders, electronic equipment, food products, and medical devices. Supporting the manufacturing sector are several industrial parks, including those in the Hunter Industrial Park, Sycamore Canyon Industrial Park and Airport Industrial Areas. As the county seat of Riverside County and the most populous city in the Inland Empire, Riverside also houses several legal, accounting, engineering, and banking firms. Citrus production and packing houses still exist within the city, but the industry is in decline.


title: Riverside, California

text: Citrus is in decline in many areas of the Inland Empire where urbanization and water scarcity have made the industry uneconomic.


title: Riverside, California

text: According to the City's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside's close proximity to Hollywood, combined with its many unique architectural features, has made it a frequent filming choice by film studios, starting with the 1919 film "Boots", which starred Dorothy Gish and was filmed at the Mission Inn.


title: Riverside, California

text: Episodes of the 2013 television celebrity diving program "Splash" are taped at Riverside Community College's aquatics complex, and a local gay bar named V.I.P. was the setting for the second episode of Season Five of the Bravo TV reality show "Tabatha Takes Over". The HBO show "Enlightened" (2011–2013), which starred Laura Dern, was also set in Riverside.


title: Riverside, California

text: Retail shopping centers include the open-air Riverside Plaza, and the Galleria at Tyler mall. The Main Street Pedestrian Mall in downtown is the site of several unique shops.


title: Riverside, California

text: Each year in February The Riverside Dickens Festival is held to "enhance a sense of community among citizens of Riverside County and Southern California by creating a series of literary events and to provide educational, family-oriented, literary entertainment and activities such as plays, musical performances, pageants, living history presentations, workshops, lectures, classroom study, exhibits and a street bazaar with free entertainment, vendors and costumed characters."


title: Riverside, California

text: The Riverside Airshow takes place in March at the Riverside Municipal Airport. The event attracts around 70,000 people and includes aerial performers, over of aircraft displays, a car show and military vehicle display, children's activities, food and refreshments, helicopter displays and community group exhibits.


title: Riverside, California

text: The March Field Airfest, also known as Thunder Over the Empire, is a biennial air show held at March Air Reserve Base. The air show is among the largest events in the Inland Empire and Riverside County. The show has featured such performers as the United States Air Force Thunderbirds, the Air Combat Command demonstrations teams and many other military and civilian demonstrations. 2010 saw the Patriots Jet Team as the highlight demonstration team of the show. Attendance for the 2010 show was estimated at over 150,000.


title: Riverside, California

text: The Riverside International Film Festival (RIFF) takes place in April and features films from around the world. Sponsored by the city of Riverside, local universities, and many businesses, past festivals have featured over 175 films.


title: Riverside, California

text: Old Riverside Foundation, a local nonprofit focused on historic preservation of the built environment, hosts an annual Vintage Home Tour in May that showcases private historic homes, open to the public for one day only.


title: Riverside, California

text: In October, the California Riverside Ballet sponsors the Ghost Walk, which in 2013 celebrated its 22nd year. The event is a walk around some of the city's oldest and most historic buildings, with volunteers leading tours and telling ghost stories.


title: Riverside, California

text: Also, in October, for one evening, from late afternoon until midnight, the Long Night of Arts & Innovation is held in Downtown Riverside. This event is designed to showcase the area's talent in the visual and performing arts, science and technology from its universities, community college, school districts, and innovative companies and arts organizations. It is also designed to encourage school children to seek careers in the arts and STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) by connecting them to professors, artists, professionals and performers from these institutions.


title: Riverside, California

text: The Riverside Festival of Lights centers around The Mission Inn Hotel & Spa, located downtown. Decoration of the Inn begins in October and a lighting ceremony that includes speakers, fireworks, and live musicians takes place the day after Thanksgiving Day. Carolers, horse-drawn carriage rides, and ice skating all color the festival. Restaurants, cafes, and community groups all contribute to the festival. The festival runs through New Year's Day.


title: Riverside, California

text: Also during the week of Thanksgiving, the Festival of Trees is held at the Riverside Convention Center. Held since 1990, the event seeks to raise money for the Riverside County Regional Medical Center children's units including the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, the Child Abuse and Neglect Unit, and the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Attracting 25,000 people per year, the event has raised over $5 million since its inception. At the Festival of Trees, many professionally decorated Christmas trees are judged, auctioned, and then displayed for public viewing.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is governed by a mayor and city council. The mayor is elected in a citywide election. The city council has seven members, each elected from single member wards. A city manager is responsible for ongoing city services.


title: Riverside, California

text: In Riverside's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2013, the city's government accounts were reported to have $244 million in revenues and $365 million in expenditures, with the deficiency made up by the issuance of long-term debt and transfers from the city-owned utilities (including electric and water). The report also indicates that over the prior nine years, the number of city employees increased by 23.6% to 2,686 FTE, outpacing the 12.5% increase in the number of residents.


title: Riverside, California

text: Under the electoral maps drawn by the , which were first used in the 2012 elections and will remain in effect through at least 2020, Riverside's state and federal legislative districts have changed substantially.


title: Riverside, California

text: In the California State Legislature, the City of Riverside is in . In the California State Assembly, it is split between , and .


title: Riverside, California

text: In the United States House of Representatives, nearly all of Riverside is in , while a tiny portion of the city is part of . In the United States Senate, California is represented by Democrats Dianne Feinstein and Alex Padilla.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside's crime rate has shown a drop over the past several years. According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics database, from 2002 to 2014 violent crime fell to 1,384 from 2,026 events, and property crime to 9,864 from 13,135 events. During this time, the population of the city rose by 21%. To help reduce gang-related crime, the city developed Project Bridge, an anti-gang program under the city of Riverside's Park and Recreation Department. Gang activity has been reported to center in the Casa Blanca, Arlanza and Eastside neighborhoods.


title: Riverside, California

text: Of the 60 largest U.S. police departments in 2015, the Riverside Police Department was the only department whose police did not kill anyone that year.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside won a $3 million grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2010. As a result, the Completion Counts initiative was created as a joint partnership by the city of Riverside, Riverside City College, Alvord Unified School District, Riverside Unified School District, Riverside County Office of Education, UC Riverside, and the Greater Riverside Chambers of Commerce to double college graduation rates by 2020. Only Riverside, New York City, San Francisco, and Mesa, Arizona received such a grant.


title: Riverside, California

text: The partnership is creating measures that help students across Riverside earn a degree. For example, RCC will now give 2012 graduates of AUSD and RUSD priority class registration, and a two-year guarantee to complete an associate degree or transfer to a four-year university. Completion Counts is also ensuring that AUSD, RUSD and RCC work together to create a seamless math and English curriculum to prepare students for college-level work. High school and college student counselors are meeting regularly to agree on the best ways to get students ready for college.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is the home to the Fox Performing Arts Center. The theater is best known for being the first theater to screen the most successful film in box-office history when adjusted for inflation, the 1939 film Gone with the Wind.


title: Riverside, California

text: Riverside is served by three major freeways: I-215, State Route 60, and State Route 91. These three freeways meet in northeastern Riverside at a multi-level interchange that was rebuilt in 2007.


title: Riverside, California

text: The city contains three Metrolink commuter rail stations: Riverside-Downtown, Riverside-La Sierra, and Riverside-Hunter Park/UCR. The first two are both served by the Inland Empire-Orange County and 91/Perris Valley lines, and the Downtown station is served by the Riverside Line on weekdays, and the San Bernardino Line on weekends. The Hunter Park station is served by the 91/Perris Valley Line on weekdays only. Amtrak's Southwest Chief, which runs from Los Angeles to Chicago, also serves the city.


title: Riverside, California

text: Local bus service is provided by the Riverside Transit Agency. Intercity bus service is provided by Omnitrans Greyhound Lines, Amtrak California, and a handful of small operators serving the cross-border market into Mexico.


title: Riverside, California

text: The nearest airport for commercial airline service is Ontario International Airport in Ontario, California. The Riverside Municipal Airport is an airport within Riverside city limits, but it does not have commercial airline service. It is primarily used for private aviation and is also the location for the annual Riverside Air Show.


title: Riverside, California

text: The Sendai Committee is working on setting up a secure e-pal system whereby the residents of Sendai and Riverside can exchange emails in a fashion similar to pen pals. The aim is to promote grassroots cultural exchange between the two sister cities.


title: Riverside, California

text: The city of Riverside established an economic partnership program with the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the early 2000s.


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: The 2022 ATP Finals (also known as the 2022 Nitto ATP Finals for sponsorship reasons) is a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Pala Alpitour in Turin, Italy, from 13 to 20 November 2022. It is the season-ending event for the highest-ranked singles players and doubles teams on the 2022 ATP Tour.


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: This is the 53rd edition of the tournament (48th in doubles), and the second time Turin hosted the ATP Tour year-end championships.


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: The ATP Finals group stage has a round-robin format, with eight players/teams divided into two groups of four and each player/team in a group playing the other three in the group. The eight seeds were determined by the Pepperstone ATP rankings and ATP Doubles Team Rankings on the Monday after the last ATP Tour tournament of the calendar year. All singles matches, including the final, were best of three sets with tie-breaks in each set including the third. All doubles matches were two sets (no ad) and a Match Tie-break.


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: Criteria 4–6 were used only in the event of a three-way tie; if one of these criteria decided a winner or loser among the three, the remaining two would have been ranked by head-to-head result.


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: The top two of each group advanced to semifinals, with the winner of each group playing the runner-up of the other group. The winners of the semifinals then played for the title.


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: Eight players compete at the tournament, with two named alternates. Players receive places in the following order of precedence:


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: In the event of this totaling more than 8 players, those lower down in the selection order become the alternates. If further alternates are needed, these players are selected by the ATP.


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: Provisional rankings are published weekly as the "ATP Race to Turin", which only counts events played in 2022. Points are accumulated in Grand Slam, ATP Tour, ATP Cup, ATP Challenger Tour and ITF Tour tournaments. Players accrue points across 19 tournaments, usually made up of:


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: Eight teams compete at the tournament, with one named alternate. The eight competing teams receive places according to the same order of precedence as in singles. The named alternate will be offered first to any unaccepted teams in the selection order, then to the highest ranked unaccepted team, and then to a team selected by the ATP. Points are accumulated in the same competitions as for the singles tournament. However, for Doubles teams there are no commitment tournaments, so teams are ranked according to their 19 highest points scoring results from any tournaments on the ATP Tour.


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: The singles draw of the 2022 edition of the Year–end Championships will feature three number ones, three major champions and two major finalists. The competitors were divided into two groups.


title: 2022 ATP Finals

text: The doubles draw of the 2022 edition of the Year–end Championships will feature six major champions, six number ones and 1 major finalist team. The pairs were divided into two groups.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Pan is a 2015 American fantasy film directed by Joe Wright and written by Jason Fuchs. The film serves as a prequel to "Peter and Wendy" from Scottish author J. M. Barrie, which was first staged in 1904, and focuses on an alternative origin story for Peter Pan and Captain Hook. It stars Hugh Jackman as a fictionalized version of Blackbeard, Garrett Hedlund as Hook, Rooney Mara as Tiger Lily, and Levi Miller as Peter Pan.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: "Pan"s world premiere was held in London on September 20, 2015, and it was theatrically released in the United States on October 9, 2015, by Warner Bros. Pictures. "Pan" was a box-office bomb, only grossing $128.4 million against a production budget of $150 million, resulting in significant loss for the studio, and was received negatively by critics, with criticism calling the plot formulaic and the action heavily reliant on CGI. Some also criticized the casting of white actress Rooney Mara as the Indigenous American character Tiger Lily; Mara would later voice regret over her role in the film. Meanwhile, critics also praised the film for the action sequences, performances by Hedlund, Jackman and Miller, and John Powell’s music.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Newborn Peter is left on the steps of a London orphanage with a mysterious pan flute pendant by his mother Mary. Years later during World War II, upon learning that the abusive Mother Barnabas is hoarding food for herself, Peter and his best friend Nibs are caught trying to steal the food for the orphans. In the process, they find a letter written to Peter by his mother, declaring her love and assuring him they will meet again "in this world or another".


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Mother Barnabas summons pirates who kidnap Peter, Nibs and several other orphans. Nibs manages to escape, but Peter is taken aboard a flying pirate ship. Following an aerial battle with several Spitfires, the ship reaches Neverland, where the children are forced to mine for Pixum – crystallized Fairy Dust—for the pirate Blackbeard, who uses the substance to prevent himself from aging. Taken captive by Blackbeard's right-hand man Bishop, Peter meets another miner, James Hook. After insulting Blackbeard's men, Peter is forced to walk the plank over the deep mine, but survives by flying. Blackbeard tells Peter about the native tribe's prophecy of a flying boy who would lead an uprising to kill him, but Peter refuses to believe in "bedtime stories".


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Peter joins Hook and his accomplice, Sam "Smee" Smiegel in stealing a flying ship and escaping into the forest. Determined to find his mother, Peter refuses to leave Neverland. They are found by the native chief's daughter Tiger Lily and nearly executed, but Chief Great Little Panther notices Peter's pendant, which is said to belong to their people's greatest hero, the legendary Pan. Using the Memory Tree, Tiger Lily tells Peter that many years ago, when the natives and fairies united against the pirates, the Fairy Prince and Mary, the love of Blackbeard's life, fell in love. When Blackbeard discovered them, the Prince took human form and sacrificed himself to rescue Mary, as fairies can live as humans for only one day. Mary was forced to hide their son Peter in the other world and seek shelter in the Fairy Kingdom. As half-fairy, Peter has the ability to fly but is unable to do so because of his lack of faith.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Fearful of Blackbeard, Smee betrays the natives’ location, and in the ensuing battle Chief Great Little Panther is shot by Blackbeard, who reveals that he killed Mary. Peter is hurt to learn that Tiger Lily lied to him that his mother was still alive, but she explains that he would have walked away from his destiny if he knew the truth.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Peter, Hook, and Tiger Lily escape in a raft to enlist the help of the Fairy Kingdom. They are attacked by a giant crocodile and Peter is nearly eaten before being rescued by the mermaids. Tiger Lily shows Peter a vision of Blackbeard accidentally killing Mary as she defended the Fairy Kingdom, revealing she was a great warrior who trained Tiger Lily herself. Hook leaves on an abandoned ship to find home while Peter and Tiger Lily arrive at the Fairy Kingdom, only to be ambushed by Blackbeard. Planning to use the fairies' vast amount of Pixum to live forever, Blackbeard takes Peter's pendant, the key to the Fairy Kingdom, and opens their gates, launching an attack.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Peter escapes and meets a fairy named Tinker Bell. Hook returns and fights Blackbeard's right-hand man Bishop while Tiger Lily duels Blackbeard, and the ship tips over, sending Hook and Bishop plummeting. Peter conquers his fears and flies to save Hook, then rallies the fairies against the pirates as Peter saves Tiger Lily. Blackbeard and his men are forced into an abyss to their deaths, with only Smee having fled. Peter sees a vision of Mary, who reaffirms him to be Neverland's savior: Peter Pan.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Peter, Tiger Lily and Hook, now captain of the "Jolly Roger", return to London to rescue Nibs and the other orphans, who become Peter's crew, the Lost Boys. Hook and Tiger Lily fall somewhat in love, and Peter and Hook reaffirm their friendship, certain nothing will ever go wrong between them.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: The script for the film was listed on Hollywood's 2013 Black List. In January 2014, Garrett Hedlund was cast as a younger version of Captain Hook. On January 24, 2014, Jackman was officially cast as the pirate Blackbeard. In February, a casting call was issued for the role of Peter Pan, which went to newcomer Levi Miller in March. In April 2014, Amanda Seyfried was cast. In August 2014, British model Cara Delevingne was chosen to play a mermaid. Rooney Mara was cast as Tiger Lily.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Mara's casting caused controversy and accusations of cultural appropriation due to her being of European ancestry, while Tiger Lily is traditionally portrayed as a Native American. Also considered for the role of Tiger Lily were actresses Lupita Nyong'o and Adèle Exarchopoulos.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: According to critics of the casting there are very few main roles for Native American women in Hollywood, and that the choice not only took one away from a Native American actress, but also perpetuated the invisibility of Native Americans in film. During the film's casting, an article in "TheWrap" stated that director Joe Wright was trying to create a "very international and multi-racial" world. However, most of the main characters in the film (including the four lead actors) are white. A petition was created in response to the casting to urge Warner Bros. studios to stop casting white actors in roles for people of color. Previous portrayals of the Piccaninny tribe in "Peter Pan" have been criticized as racist.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: Critics of the casting in "Pan" suggested that Warner Bros. may have wanted to avoid repeating the alleged racism of previous "Peter Pan" stories by altering the ethnicity of the Piccaninnies rather than stereotypically portraying the source material.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: In a February 2016 interview, Mara expressed regret for playing Tiger Lily (a Native American character) in "Pan" saying: "I really hate, hate, hate that I am on that side of the whitewashing conversation. I really do. I don't ever want to be on that side of it again. I can understand why people were upset and frustrated...Do I think all of the four main people in the film should have been white with blonde hair and blue eyes? No. I think there should have been some diversity somewhere."


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: On April 28, 2014, the film's principal photography began. Many natural scenes in the film were from Son Doong Cave, Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, and Ninh Bình Province in Vietnam, shot with the help of Bangkok-based Indochina Productions. The captured scenes were then graphically edited into the film.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: The film's soundtrack was released in 2015. It was composed by John Powell, and additional music by Anthony Willis, Batu Sener, Paul Mounsey. Dario Marianelli, a frequent collaborator with Wright, had composed a score for the film, but Warner Bros. later replaced him with Powell after test screenings.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: On December 12, 2013, Warner Bros. set for a June 26, 2015 release, with Joe Wright as director. The release was pushed back several times, and the studio eventually decided on October 9, 2015, in part to avoid box office competition from summer blockbusters such as "Ant-Man" and "".


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: The new release date also gave the producers more time to work on editing and visual effects during post-production. The film was first released in Australia, on September 25, 2015. It was then released in key markets two weeks later, including Germany, Russia, Korea, and Brazil, on October 8. That was followed by Mexico and Spain the next day.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: The film opened in the United Kingdom on October 16, 2015, and France on October 21, 2015, followed by China on October 22, 2015, Japan on October 31, 2015, and Italy on November 12, 2015.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: "Pan" was originally planned for an IMAX release, as evident in early posters, trailers, and press, but was cancelled and only received non-IMAX presentations.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: "Pan" was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D on December 22, 2015, by Warner Home Video, months after the film's release. "Pan" was one of the first Ultra HD Blu-rays, released on March 1, 2016.


title: Pan (2015 film)

text: "Pan" was financially unsuccessful. It grossed $35.1 million in North America and $93.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $128.3 million. In comparison, its production budget was reported to be $150 million, and the total spent on marketing was estimated at $100–125 million.