title: William Tyndale

text: A copy of Tyndale's "The Obedience of a Christian Man" (1528), which some claim or interpret to argue for Caesaropapism: the idea that the Monarch should control the country's church rather than the Pope, came to the hands of King Henry VIII, providing a rationalization for breaking the Church in England from the Catholic Church in 1534. In 1530, Tyndale wrote "The Practice of Prelates", opposing Henry's plan to seek the annulment of his marriage on the grounds that it contravened scripture. Fleeing England, Tyndale sought refuge in the Flemish territory of the Catholic Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.


title: William Tyndale

text: In 1535 Tyndale was arrested, and jailed in the castle of Vilvoorde (Fulford) outside Brussels for over a year. In 1536 he was convicted of heresy and executed by strangulation, after which his body was burnt at the stake.


title: William Tyndale

text: Partial English translations had been made from the 7th century onwards, but the religious foment caused by Wycliffe's Bible in the late 15th century led to the death penalty for anyone found guilty of unlicensed possession of an English translation of the Bible, although translations were available in all other major European languages. Tyndale lived and worked during the era of Renaissance humanism and the revival of Biblical scholarship, which were both aided by both the Gutenberg Revolution and the ensuing democratisation of knowledge; for example, the publication of Johann Reuchlin's Hebrew grammar in 1506. Classical and Koine Greek texts became widely available to the European scholarly community for the first time in centuries, as it welcomed Greek-speaking scholars, philosophers, intellectuals, and the manuscripts they carried to Catholic Europe as refugees following the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Notably, Erasmus compiled, edited, and published the Koine Greek scriptures of the Christian Bible in 1516.


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale was born around 1494 in Melksham Court, Stinchcombe, a village near Dursley, Gloucestershire. The Tyndale family also went by the name Hychyns (Hitchins), and it was as William Hychyns that Tyndale was enrolled at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. Tyndale's family had moved to Gloucestershire at some point in the 15th century, probably as a result of the Wars of the Roses. The family originated from Northumberland via East Anglia. Tyndale's brother Edward was receiver to the lands of Lord Berkeley, as attested to in a letter by Bishop Stokesley of London.


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale is recorded in two genealogies as having been the brother of Sir William Tyndale of Deane, Northumberland, and Hockwold, Norfolk, who was knighted at the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales to Catherine of Aragon. Tyndale's family was thus descended from Baron Adam de Tyndale, a tenant-in-chief of Henry I. William Tyndale's niece Margaret Tyndale was married to Protestant martyr Rowland Taylor, burnt during the Marian Persecutions.


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale began a Bachelor of Arts degree at Magdalen Hall (later Hertford College) of Oxford University in 1506 and received his B.A. in 1512, the same year becoming a subdeacon. He was made Master of Arts in July 1515 and was held to be a man of virtuous disposition, leading an unblemished life. The M.A. allowed him to start studying theology, but the official course did not include the systematic study of scripture. As Tyndale later complained:


title: William Tyndale

text: He was a gifted linguist and became fluent over the years in French, Greek, Hebrew, German, Italian, Latin, and Spanish, in addition to English. Between 1517 and 1521, he went to the University of Cambridge. Erasmus had been the leading teacher of Greek there from August 1511 to January 1512, but not during Tyndale's time at the university.


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale became chaplain at the home of Sir John Walsh at Little Sodbury in Gloucestershire and tutor to his children around 1521. His opinions proved controversial to fellow clergymen, and the next year he was summoned before John Bell, the Chancellor of the Diocese of Worcester, although no formal charges were laid at the time. After the meeting with Bell and other church leaders, Tyndale, according to John Foxe, had an argument with a "learned but blasphemous clergyman", who allegedly asserted: "We had better be without God's laws than the Pope's", to which Tyndale responded: "I defy the Pope and all his laws; and if God spares my life, ere many years, I will cause the boy that driveth the plow to know more of the Scriptures than thou dost!"


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale left for London in 1523 to seek permission to translate the Bible into English. He requested help from Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall, a well-known classicist who had praised Erasmus after working together with him on a Greek New Testament. The bishop, however, declined to extend his patronage, telling Tyndale that he had no room for him in his household. Tyndale preached and studied "at his book" in London for some time, relying on the help of cloth merchant Humphrey Monmouth. During this time, he lectured widely, including at St Dunstan-in-the-West at Fleet Street in London.


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale left England for continental Europe, perhaps at Hamburg, in the spring of 1524, possibly traveling on to Wittenberg. There is an entry in the matriculation registers of the University of Wittenberg of the name "Guillelmus Daltici ex Anglia", and this has been taken to be a Latinisation of "William Tyndale from England". He began translating the New Testament at this time, possibly in Wittenberg, completing it in 1525 with assistance from Observant Friar William Roy.


title: William Tyndale

text: In 1525 the publication of the work by Peter Quentell in Cologne was interrupted by the impact of anti-Lutheranism. A full edition of the New Testament was produced in 1526 by printer Peter Schöffer the Younger in Worms, a free imperial city then in the process of adopting Lutheranism. More copies were soon printed in Antwerp. It was smuggled from continental Europe into England and Scotland. The translation was condemned in October 1526 by Bishop Tunstall, who issued warnings to booksellers and had copies burned in public. Marius notes that the "spectacle of the scriptures being put to the torch... provoked controversy even amongst the faithful." Cardinal Wolsey condemned Tyndale as a heretic, first stated in open court in January 1529.


title: William Tyndale

text: From an entry in George Spalatin's diary for 11 August 1526, Tyndale remained at Worms for about a year. It is not clear exactly when he moved to Antwerp. Here he stayed at the house of Thomas Poyntz. The colophon to Tyndale's translation of Genesis and the title pages of several pamphlets from this time purported to have been printed by Hans Lufft at Marburg, but this is a false address. Lufft, the printer of Luther's books, never had a printing press at Marburg.


title: William Tyndale

text: Following the hostile reception of his work by Tunstall, Wolsey, and Thomas More in England, Tyndale retreated into hiding in Hamburg and continued working. He revised his New Testament and began translating the Old Testament and writing various treatises.


title: William Tyndale

text: In 1530, he wrote "The Practice of Prelates", opposing Henry VIII's desire to secure the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in favour of Anne Boleyn, on the grounds that it was unscriptural and that it was a plot by Cardinal Wolsey to get Henry entangled in the papal courts of Pope Clement VII. The king's wrath was aimed at Tyndale. Henry asked Emperor Charles V to have the writer apprehended and returned to England under the terms of the Treaty of Cambrai; however, the emperor responded that formal evidence was required before extradition. Tyndale developed his case in "An Answer unto Sir Thomas More's Dialogue".


title: William Tyndale

text: Eventually, Tyndale was betrayed by Henry Phillips to authorities representing the Holy Roman Empire. He was seized in Antwerp in 1535, and held in the castle of Vilvoorde (Filford) near Brussels. Some suspect that Phillips was hired by Bishop Stokesley to gain Tyndale's confidence and then betray him.


title: William Tyndale

text: He was tried on a charge of heresy in 1536 and was found guilty and condemned to be burned to death, despite Thomas Cromwell's intercession on his behalf. Tyndale "was strangled to death while tied at the stake, and then his dead body was burned". His final words, spoken "at the stake with a fervent zeal, and a loud voice", were reported as "Lord! Open the King of England's eyes." The traditional date of commemoration is 6 October, but records of Tyndale's imprisonment suggest that the actual date of his execution might have been some weeks earlier. Foxe gives 6 October as the date of commemoration (left-hand date column), but gives no date of death (right-hand date column). Biographer David Daniell states his date of death only as "one of the first days of October 1536".


title: William Tyndale

text: Within four years, four English translations of the Bible were published in England at the king's behest, including Henry's official Great Bible. All were based on Tyndale's work.


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale seems to have come out of the Lollard tradition, which was strong in Gloucestershire. Tyndale denounced the practice of prayer to saints. He also rejected the then-orthodox view that the scriptures could be interpreted only by approved clergy. While his views were influenced by Luther, Tyndale also deliberately distanced himself from the German reformer on several key theological points, adopting a symbolical interpretation of the Lord's Supper in opposition to Luther's doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.


title: William Tyndale

text: Although best known for his translation of the Bible, Tyndale was also an active writer and translator. As well as his focus on how religion should be lived, he had a focus on political issues.


title: William Tyndale

text: In translating the Bible, Tyndale introduced new words into the English language; many were subsequently used in the King James Bible, such as "Passover" (as the name for the Jewish holiday, Pesach or Pesah) and scapegoat. Coinage of the word "atonement" (a concatenation of the words 'At One' to describe Christ's work of restoring a good relationship—a reconciliation—between God and people) is also sometimes ascribed to Tyndale. However, the word was probably in use by at least 1513, before Tyndale's translation. Tyndale also introduced the term "mercy seat" into English, literally translating Luther's German "Gnadenstuhl". .


title: William Tyndale

text: The hierarchy of the Catholic Church did not approve of some of the words and phrases introduced by Tyndale, such as "overseer", where it would have been understood as "bishop", "elder" for "priest", and "love" rather than "charity". Tyndale, citing Erasmus, contended that the Greek New Testament did not support the traditional readings. More controversially, Tyndale translated the Greek "ekklesia" (), (literally "called out ones") as "congregation" rather than "church". It has been asserted this translation choice "was a direct threat to the Church's ancient – but so Tyndale here made clear, non-scriptural – claim to be the body of Christ on earth. To change these words was to strip the Church hierarchy of its pretensions to be Christ's terrestrial representative, and to award this honor to individual worshipers who made up each congregation."


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale was accused of translation errors. Thomas More commented that searching for errors in the Tyndale Bible was similar to searching for water in the sea and charged Tyndale's translation of "The Obedience of a Christian Man" with having about a thousand false translations. Bishop Tunstall of London declared that there were upwards of 2,000 errors in Tyndale's Bible, having already in 1523 denied Tyndale the permission required under the Constitutions of Oxford (1409), which were still in force, to translate the Bible into English. In response to allegations of inaccuracies in his translation in the New Testament, Tyndale in the "Prologue" to his 1525 translation wrote that he never intentionally altered or misrepresented any of the Bible but that he had sought to "interpret the sense of the scripture and the meaning of the spirit."


title: William Tyndale

text: While translating, Tyndale followed Erasmus's 1522 Greek edition of the New Testament. In his preface to his 1534 New Testament ("WT unto the Reader"), he not only goes into some detail about the Greek tenses but also points out that there is often a Hebrew idiom underlying the Greek. The Tyndale Society adduces much further evidence to show that his translations were made directly from the original Hebrew and Greek sources he had at his disposal. For example, the Prolegomena in Mombert's "William Tyndale's Five Books of Moses" show that Tyndale's Pentateuch is a translation of the Hebrew original. His translation also drew on the Latin Vulgate and Luther's 1521 September Testament.


title: William Tyndale

text: Of the first (1526) edition of Tyndale's New Testament, only three copies survive. The only complete copy is part of the Bible Collection of Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart. The copy of the British Library is almost complete, lacking only the title page and list of contents. Another rarity is Tyndale's Pentateuch, of which only nine remain.


title: William Tyndale

text: The translators of the Revised Standard Version in the 1940s noted that Tyndale's translation, including the 1537 Matthew Bible, inspired the translations that followed: The Great Bible of 1539; the Geneva Bible of 1560; the Bishops' Bible of 1568; the Douay-Rheims Bible of 1582–1609; and the King James Version of 1611, of which the RSV translators noted: "It [the KJV] kept felicitous phrases and apt expressions, from whatever source, which had stood the test of public usage. It owed most, especially in the New Testament, to Tyndale".


title: William Tyndale

text: Brian Moynahan writes: "A complete analysis of the Authorised Version, known down the generations as 'the AV' or 'the King James', was made in 1998. It shows that Tyndale's words account for 84% of the New Testament and for 75.8% of the Old Testament books that he translated." Joan Bridgman comments on the "Contemporary Review" that, "He [Tyndale] is the mainly unrecognized translator of the most influential book in the world. Although the Authorised King James Version is ostensibly the production of a learned committee of churchmen, it is mostly cribbed from Tyndale with some reworking of his translation."


title: William Tyndale

text: Many of the English versions since then have drawn inspiration from Tyndale, such as the Revised Standard Version, the New American Standard Bible, and the English Standard Version. Even the paraphrases like the Living Bible have been inspired by the same desire to make the Bible understandable to Tyndale's proverbial plowboy.


title: William Tyndale

text: George Steiner in his book on translation "After Babel" refers to "the influence of the genius of Tyndale, the greatest of English Bible translators." He has also appeared as a character in two plays dealing with the King James Bible, Howard Brenton's "Anne Boleyn" (2010) and David Edgar's "Written on the Heart" (2011).


title: William Tyndale

text: A memorial to Tyndale stands in Vilvoorde, Flanders, where he was executed. It was erected in 1913 by Friends of the Trinitarian Bible Society of London and the Belgian Bible Society. There is also a small William Tyndale Museum in the town, attached to the Protestant church. A bronze statue by Sir Joseph Boehm commemorating the life and work of Tyndale was erected in Victoria Embankment Gardens on the Thames Embankment, London, in 1884. It shows his right hand on an open Bible, which is itself resting on an early printing press. A life-sized bronze statue of a seated William Tyndale at work on his translation by Lawrence Holofcener (2000) was placed in the Millennium Square, Bristol, United Kingdom.


title: William Tyndale

text: The Tyndale Monument was built in 1866 on a hill above his supposed birthplace, North Nibley, Gloucestershire. A stained-glass window commemorating Tyndale was made in 1911 for the British and Foreign Bible Society by James Powell and Sons. In 1994, after the Society had moved their offices from London to Swindon, the window was reinstalled in the chapel of Hertford College in Oxford. Tyndale was at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, which became Hertford College in 1874. The window depicts a full-length portrait of Tyndale, a cameo of a printing shop in action, some words of Tyndale, the opening words of Genesis in Hebrew, the opening words of John's Gospel in Greek, and the names of other pioneering Bible translators. The portrait is based on the oil painting that hangs in the college's dining hall. A stained glass window by Arnold Robinson in Tyndale Baptist Church, Bristol, also commemorates the life of Tyndale.


title: William Tyndale

text: Several colleges, schools and study centres have been named in his honour, including Tyndale House (Cambridge), Tyndale University (Toronto), the Tyndale-Carey Graduate School affiliated to the Bible College of New Zealand, William Tyndale College (Farmington Hills, Michigan), and Tyndale Theological Seminary (Shreveport, Louisiana, and Fort Worth, Texas), the independent Tyndale Theological Seminary in Badhoevedorp, near Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tyndale Christian School in South Australia and Tyndale Park Christian School in New Zealand. An American Christian publishing house, also called Tyndale House, was named after Tyndale.


title: William Tyndale

text: There is an Anglican communion setting in memoriam William Tyndale, "The Tyndale Service," by David Mitchell.


title: William Tyndale

text: By tradition Tyndale's death is commemorated on 6 October. There are commemorations on this date in the church calendars of members of the Anglican Communion, initially as one of the "days of optional devotion" in the American Book of Common Prayer (1979), and a "black-letter day" in the Church of England's Alternative Service Book. The Common Worship that came into use in the Church of England in 2000 provides a collect proper to 6 October (Lesser Festival), beginning with the words:


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale is honored in the Calendar of saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as a translator and martyr the same day.


title: William Tyndale

text: The first biographical film about Tyndale, titled "William Tindale", was released in 1937. Arnold Wathen Robinson depicted Tyndale's life in stained glass windows for the Tyndale Baptist Church ca. 1955. The 1975 novel "The Hawk that Dare Not Hunt by Day" by Scott O'Dell fictionalizes Tyndale and the smuggling of his Bible into England. The film "God's Outlaw: The Story of William Tyndale", was released in 1986. The 1998 film "Stephen's Test of Faith" includes a long scene with Tyndale, how he translated the Bible, and how he was put to death.


title: William Tyndale

text: A cartoon film about his life, titled "Torchlighters: The William Tyndale Story", was released ca. 2005. The documentary film, "William Tyndale: Man with a Mission", was released ca. 2005. The movie included an interview with David Daniell. In 2007, the 2-hour Channel 4 documentary, "The Bible Revolution", presented by Rod Liddle, details the roles of historically significant English Reformers John Wycliffe, William Tyndale, and Thomas Cranmer. The "Battle for the Bible" (2007) episode of the PBS "Secrets of the Dead" series, narrated by Liev Schreiber, features Tyndale's story and legacy and includes historical context. This film is an abbreviated and revised version of the PBS/Channel 4 version.


title: William Tyndale

text: In 2011, BYUtv produced a documentary miniseries, "Fires of Faith", on the creation of the King James Bible, which focused heavily on Tyndale's life. In 2013, BBC Two aired a 60-minute documentary "The Most Dangerous Man in Tudor England", written and presented by Melvyn Bragg.


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale was writing at the beginning of the Early Modern English period. His pronunciation must have differed in its phonology from that of Shakespeare at the end of the period. In 2013 linguist David Crystal made a transcription and a sound recording of Tyndale's translation of the whole of the Gospel of Matthew in what he believes to be the pronunciation of the day, using the term "original pronunciation". The recording has been published by The British Library on two compact discs with an introductory essay by Crystal.


title: Geordie Shore

text: a British reality television series that was broadcast on MTV between 24 May 2011 and 22 November 2022. Based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England it was the British offshoot of the American show "Jersey Shore". The programme follows the daily lives of 8–12 housemates, as they live together for a number of weeks. In the first series, the house was located in Jesmond, a suburb of Newcastle. Since the second series, the show has used a house in the Oceana Business Park in Wallsend.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The first series of the show began airing on 24 May 2011 and concluded on 28 June 2011, consisting of six episodes. It was then followed by a reunion show hosted by Russell Kane where the cast discussed the series in front of an audience. This episode aired on 5 July 2011, and was followed by a "Best Bits" special which counted down the best moments from the first series in an episode airing 12 July 2011. The series included the turbulent relationship of Holly (who entered the house three days late) and Dan coming to an end, the beginning of Gaz and Charlotte's ongoing love/hate relationship, and Jay and Vicky's rocky relationship. In June 2011, two summer specials based in Magaluf were announced. These episodes aired from 23 August 2011 to 30 August 2011. This was the only series to feature Greg Lake.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The second series of the show began airing on 31 January 2012 and concluded on 20 March 2012, consisting of eight episodes. Like the first series, this series included a reunion special and a "Best Bits" special episode. The series was confirmed on 15 August 2011 when "Geordie Shore" was recommissioned for a second series with an extended eight-episode run. After the Magaluf specials, Greg Lake announced he was leaving the show. Rebecca Walker and Ricci Guarnaccio were cast as replacements. The series featured Sophie and Joel's rocky relationship coming to an end, Vicky being torn between her boyfriend Dan and new cast member Ricci, Charlotte admitting she'd finally had enough of seeing Gaz with other girls, and the beginning of Holly and James. For series two the cast moved from their home in Jesmond to a new house in a converted warehouse on the outskirts of the city.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The third series of the show began airing on 26 June 2012 and concluded on 14 August 2012, consisting of eight episodes. After the run of episodes, two "Best Bits" episodes aired counting down the series' top 10 moments. Series 3 began filming in early March and aired on MTV in June, it was later confirmed by cast member Gary Beadle via Twitter. The series is therefore also known as "Chaos in Cancun". This is the last series to include cast members Rebecca Walker and Jay Gardner, who both departed during the final episode. This series included Holly and James growing closer when James broke his leg, and more bickering and flirting between Gaz and Charlotte.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The fourth series of the show began airing on 6 November 2012 and concluded on 18 December 2012, consisting of eight episodes. For the first time this series there was no special episodes counting down the best bits. This was the first series to feature new cast members Daniel Thomas-Tuck and Scott Timlin. The series included Vicky and Ricci's ongoing arguments continuing to the point of the engagement being temporarily called off, James leaving Holly distraught by the announcement of him having a girlfriend, and a huge bust-up between Vicky and Sophie which had the whole house divided. During the series, on 11 November 2012, the cast made guest appearances during the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards where they presented the award for Best Male, which Justin Bieber won.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The fifth series of the show began airing on 19 February 2013 and concluded on 16 April 2013, consisting of eight episodes. The series was followed by another "Best Bits" episode airing 16 April 2013. The series was confirmed on 10 January 2013 when MTV announced that the fifth series of "Geordie Shore" would follow the cast in several locations across Europe including Amsterdam, Barcelona, Prague and Tignes. Filming for Series 5 began on 14 November 2012, as confirmed by several cast members on Twitter, and concluded in December. This was the final series to include cast members Daniel Thomas-Tuck and Ricci.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The sixth series of the show began airing on 9 July 2013 and concluded on 27 August 2013, consisting of eight episodes. The series was officially announced on 25 February 2013 when it was revealed the series would be located in Sydney and would air in summer 2013. Filming for this series began on 2 April as confirmed by cast member Gaz on Twitter. However, Charlotte was absent from the beginning of filming and joined the remaining cast on 7 April. The series featured a one-off return of former cast member Jay Gardner. During the series, Charlotte entered the "Celebrity Big Brother" house to compete in the twelfth series of the show and eventually won on 14 September 2013.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The seventh series of the show began airing on 17 September 2013 and concluded on 22 October 2013, consisting of six episodes. Shooting was suspended when Holly and Vicky were both arrested on a night out for assault during filming. On 12 July 2013, Sophie was axed from the show after exhibiting offensive behaviour on the night when Holly and Vicky were arrested. Holly Hagan was cleared on 21 August 2013. Marnie Simpson, the cousin of Sophie, joined the show for this season. Jay Gardner also made another one-off return during this series. After the series, on 15 December 2013, in a bid to reach Christmas number one, Gaz released his debut single which features vocals from The Risk, who previously featured in the eighth series of "The X Factor".


title: Geordie Shore

text: The eighth series of the show began airing on 22 July 2014 and concluded on 9 September 2014, consisting of eight episodes. The series was confirmed on 22 October 2013 when Holly indicated that Series 7 was not the last and that another series would be filmed. Filming began for the series on 25 March 2014, and featured two new cast members, Aaron Chalmers and Kyle Christie. During the series, Ricci entered the "Celebrity Big Brother" house to participate in the fourteenth series. He followed in the footsteps of fellow cast member Charlotte who won the series in 2013. However he was evicted in a double eviction just two days before the final on 10 September. Ahead of the series, in 2014, Charlotte landed her own TV series, which aired on TLC. It was also revealed that had Vicky joined the cast of "Ex on the Beach". She was later joined by fellow "Geordie Shore" cast member Ricci as well as Australian fling Dan Conn who briefly appeared in the sixth series of the show.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The ninth series of the show began airing on 28 October 2014 and concluded on 16 December 2014, consisting of eight episodes. On 15 May 2014, Gaz confirmed that the ninth series would be filmed in July/August 2014 and hinted at it being abroad. However the series remained in Newcastle. A new trailer confirmed that Vicky would be in charge, taking the role of 'Queen V' upon its return. On 28 October 2014, ahead of the Series 9 premiere, Vicky announced that this series would be her last.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The tenth series of the show began airing on 7 April 2015 and concluded on 26 May 2015, consisting of eight episodes. The series of the show was also confirmed on 1 November 2014 when it was revealed by Gary Beadle that filming had commenced. On 17 November 2014, MTV announced the tenth series would be James' last series. The tenth series added two new cast members, Chloe Ferry and Nathan Henry.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The eleventh series was announced on 23 May 2015 when MTV renewed the series for a further three series. The show began on 20 October 2015 and concluded on 22 December 2015. This was the first series not to include original cast member James Tindale after he departed at the start of the previous series.


title: Geordie Shore

text: Series 11 was shot in Greece. At 10 episodes, it was the longest season to date. Cast member Kyle Christie departed the series after four seasons. The cast had traveled to Zante, Malia, Ios, Santorini, Mykonos, and Athens for the series.


title: Geordie Shore

text: Series 12 was filmed in October and November 2015 and began airing on 15 March 2016. It was the first series to include new cast members Chantelle Connelly and Marty McKenna, who had previously appeared on the third series of "Ex on the Beach". Marnie Simpson would also rejoin for the twelfth series having left at the end of the previous series.


title: Geordie Shore

text: On 12 February 2016, MTV announced that cast members, past and present, would be reuniting for a mini-series to celebrate five years of the show. The series would be a six-part special and would begin on 10 May 2016. All of the current cast members would return, as well as former cast members Daniel Thomas-Tuck, James Tindale, Jay Gardner, Kyle Christie, Ricci Guarnaccio, and Sophie Kasaei. The series also featured the show's 100th episode.


title: Geordie Shore

text: On 1 June 2016, original cast member Charlotte Crosby quit the show, making the Birthday Battle her final series.


title: Geordie Shore

text: Series 13 was shot in June and July 2016 and began on 25 October 2016. This series featured the return of former cast members Sophie Kasaei and Kyle Christie, who previously made a brief return during the "" anniversary series. This series was filmed on various party islands including Kavos, Ibiza and Magaluf. On 24 June 2016, it was reported that Chantelle Connelly had quit the show halfway through filming, resulting in this series being her final one. On 27 September 2016, the previous reports were confirmed with the announcement that Chantelle Connelly had quit the show mid-series. It was also later announced that this would be Holly Hagan's last series after she quit in the series finale, along with Kyle Christie.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The fourteenth series was confirmed on 31 October 2016 when Scotty T announced that he would be taking a break from the series to focus on other commitments. The series was filmed in November 2016, and began airing on 28 March 2017. Ahead of the series, it was also confirmed that original cast member Holly had quit the show, following her exit in the previous series.


title: Geordie Shore

text: Eight new cast members joined for this series: Zahida Allen, Chelsea Barber, Sam Bentham, Sarah Goodhart, Abbie Holborn, Elettra Lamborghini, Billy Phillips and Eve Shannon. Goodhart and Allen both previously appeared on "Ex on the Beach", with the former appearing on the third series of the show as the ex-girlfriend of current cast member Marty (before he joined the cast). Lamborghini has also appeared on "Super Shore" and participated in the fifth season of "Gran Hermano VIP", the Spanish version of "Celebrity Big Brother".


title: Geordie Shore

text: The fifteenth series was confirmed on 8 August 2017 when a teaser video was released. The series began on 29 August 2017, and concluded after nine episodes on 17 October 2017. This was the final series to include Scotty T and Marty McKenna after they were both axed from the show, as well as original cast member Gaz Beadle following his decision to quit. The series also featured the brief return of Elettra Lamborghini, when the cast jetted off to Rome. It also features Aaron taking part in his debut MMA fight in Birmingham. Former cast member James Tindale made a one-off return during the eighth episode of the series.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The sixteenth series was filmed in September 2017 and began on 9 January 2018, and concluded after ten episodes on 13 March 2018. New cast members for this series include Sam Gowland, who had previously appeared on the third series of "Love Island", as well as Steph Snowdon. However it was later revealed that Steph had been axed from the show and would therefore not return for the seventeenth series. During this series, cast members Aaron Chalmers and Marnie Simpson both announced that they'd quit the show – therefore this was their final series.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The seventeenth series of the show was filmed in February 2018 and began on 15 May 2018. The series was filmed in Australia rather than Newcastle, making this the second series to be filmed here following the sixth series in 2013. Former cast member Holly Hagan returned to the show in this series.


title: Geordie Shore

text: Six new cast members joined the series: Grant Molloy, Adam Guthrie, and four australians: Alexander MacPherson, Nick Murdoch, Dee Nguyen, and Chrysten Zenoni.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The eighteenth series of the show was filmed in July 2018 and began airing on 16 October 2018. This was the first series to include new cast member Faith Mullen. Original cast members Holly Hagan and James Tindale returned to the series along with Kyle Christie as part-time cast members, Scotty T also returned as Anna's deputy.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The nineteenth series of the show was confirmed in January 2019 when it was announced that filming had already begun. It began airing in March 2019. Abbie Holborn and Adam Guthrie returned to the show on a part – time basis. It also included four new cast members; Beau Brennan, Tahlia Chung, Bethan Kershaw, and Natalie Phillips. They replaced former cast member Faith Mullen who did not return to the show.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The twentieth series of the show began airing on 29 October 2019. Former cast members James Tindale and Abbie Holburn returned to the series as full-time cast members, while mainstays of the show Holly Hagan, Sophie Kasaei and Scotty T departed the show as series regulars.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The twenty-first series of the show began filming in October 2019, it was slated to premiere in April 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, production on the series was put on hiatus due to restrictions put in place by the UK government, the country where filming is taking place. "The X Factor" singer and former "Celebrity Big Brother" housemate Amelia Lily is confirmed to have joined the cast alongside fellow newcomers Anthony Kennedy and Louis Shaw. Sam Gowland and Tahlia Chung are the cast members from series twentieth not to return to the show.


title: Geordie Shore

text: The twenty second series of the show entitled Geordie Shore: Hot Single Summer, began filming in Newcastle in June 2021, and ended in the same month. The announcement of this series replaced the planned tenth anniversary reunion series to be set in Colombia after it was delayed from November 2020 to January 2021 before being axed altogether due to travel restrictions. Due to the Covid-19 and continued UK restrictions, the cast had to quarantine for ten days before filming began. The series marks the return of former cast-member Marty McKenna who was axed during fifteenth series as part of the shows new format which sees current cast members attempt to find love from a group of singletons and choose matches to join them in the house.


title: Geordie Shore

text: On August 23, 2022, MTV first announced Geordie Shore: The Reunion Series, that premiered on September 20. The ten year reunion special of the show began filming in April 2022 after being delayed several times since 2020 due to COVID-19. All of the current cast members would return, as well as former cast members Aaron Chalmers, Chantelle Connelly, Charlotte Crosby, Holly Hagan, James Tindale, Jay Gardner, Kyle Christie, Marnie Simpson, Ricci Guarnaccio, Scott Timlin, Sophie Kasaei and Zahida Allen. The series also featured the show's 200th episode.


title: Geordie Shore

text: In a column for "Metro", Christopher Hooton described the show as "a gaudy kaleidoscope of six packs, shots, fights, simulated fellatio and exposed breasts," but said that criticism of the show was futile given its intent, noting that "being shocked by the lasciviousness of "Geordie Shore" is like being shocked by the lack of nutrition in a Pot Noodle." Newcastle Central MP Chi Onwurah has described the show as "bordering on pornographic", and announced she will be raising questions in Parliament about the issues raised by the programme. Newcastle has also benefited from the show by increased tourism. Hotels and travel agents have attributed increased bookings, up by as much as three of four times in 2012 from 2011, due to the popularity of the program.


title: Geordie Shore

text: Series 12, episode 6 features the most watched episode to date, watched by 1,367,000, the show's peak viewership. Series 12 was the most watched series on average with 1,237,000 viewers per week.


title: Geordie Shore

text: In December 2013, Gaz released his debut single "Party Like a Rockstar (Up Your Game)" in a bid to reach Christmas number one. Vocals from the track come from Australian recording artist Emily Williams and "The X Factor" series eight finalists The Risk. Vicky also appears in the music video.


title: Geordie Shore

text: In August 2014, Holly released her debut single, a cover version of Milkshake, which was previously released in 2003 by Kelis and charted at number 2 in the UK.


title: Geordie Shore

text: In February 2018, Elettra Lamborghini who was featured in series 14 & 15, released her debut single "Pem Pem".


title: Geordie Shore

text: The uncensored episodes are available to buy on the UK iTunes Store the day after episodes are aired.


title: Geordie Shore

text: "Geordie Shore" premiered in Canada in 2011 on MTV Canada. In Australia the programme began airing in 2011 on MTV Australia. In September 2011, the show was bought by Network Ten and now broadcasts the series on its digital channel Eleven also in Australia, this concluded in 2013. In 2012 it began airing in New Zealand on MTV (New Zealand). The United States premiere was in 2012 on MTV.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: The BMW Generation E38 is the third generation of the BMW 7 Series luxury cars and was produced from 1994 until 2001. The E38 replaced the E32 7 Series and was produced with petrol and turbo-diesel straight-six and V8 engines, along with a petrol V12 flagship model. Three wheelbase lengths were available — short (i), long (iL) and Limousine (L7).


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: The E38 was the first car available with curtain airbags. It was also the first European car to offer satellite navigation and the first BMW to offer an in-built television. The E38 was the first 7 Series to be available with a diesel engine and the last to be available with a manual transmission.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: In early 1988, development began on the third generation of the 7 Series. From 1988 to 1990 styling work was done initially under design director Claus Luthe (through April 1990, taken over by Dr. Wolfgang Reitzle), when Boyke Boyer's concept design was chosen and further refined into production form.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: In February 1991, the final production design for the new 7 Series was approved by the board 36 months ahead of scheduled start of production for 17 February 1994. On 27 April 1993, German design patents were filed featuring a pre-production prototype as a design representation. Patents were later filed on 27 October 1993 in the United States.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: Production started on 23 July 1993 on pilot production models and US specification variants on 13 January 1994, with series production commencing in April 1994 for June 1994 domestic German launch with the 730i and 740i. US-specification cars entered production in September 1994, for November 1994 launch. On 18 February 1994, the E38 BMW 7 Series was unveiled for the 1995 model year via a BMW press release. The 750i production began in November 1994, in advance of its January 1995 launch.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: The production totals by model are: 728i- 38,000; 728iL- 7,000; 730i- 21,000; 730iL- 2,000; 735i- 21,000; 735iL- 5,000; 740i- 88,000; 740iL- 81,000; 750i- 8,000; 750iL- 15,000; 725tds- 9,000; 730d- 12,000, 740d- 3,000 and less than 500 each for the 740iL P, 750iL P, 750iL S and L7 models.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: A total of 340,242 cars were produced. The last E38 rolled off BMW's assembly line on 27 July 2001 to make way for the replacement E65 7 Series.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: A 5-speed ZF 5HP automatic transmission was available on all models. In many markets, a 5-speed manual transmission was available for the 725tds, 728i, 730i, and 735i, while a 6-speed manual was on offer for the 740i.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: Safety features include ASC+T traction control, Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), headlight washers and auto-leveling low beam xenon HID headlamps. Side tubular airbags (called "Head Protection System") were fitted as standard equipment. "Active Comfort Seats" were introduced in 1998, to improve comfort and reduce fatigue for the driver and front passenger. This system uses two fluid-filled bladders which alternate in height.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: Other equipment includes Electronic Damper Control (called EDC III), Park Distance Control (PDC), auto-dimming & power folding mirrors, power moonroof, power rear sunblind, rain-sensing wipers, dual zone or tri-zone climate control, electric drivers seat adjustment and electric steering wheel adjustment.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: Double glazed windows were available (called "dual pane glass"). Break resistant laminated "security glass" was also available, which is known to delaminate. The delamination occurred with the Protection S357A option only, not with normal S352A dual pane windows. Bullet-resistant glass was used for the Protection model, with even thicker glass used for the Security model.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: The Sport Package included revised steering wheel, suspension, exterior trim and interior wood trim. Some sports models also included a shorter differential ratio and higher stall speed for the torque converter. This allowed for a 0–97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration time of 5.9 seconds.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: The E38 was one the first European car to be available with satellite navigation, a system called CARIN jointly developed by BMW and Philips.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: The in-car entertainment (radio, audio system, satellite navigation, television and communications systems) are part of an automotive communication system called I-bus.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: A multi-function steering wheel included controls for the audio, phone, cruise control and air recirculation.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: From 1997 to 2001, BMW marketed an extended wheelbase limousine model called the L7. The wheelbase was extended by over the "iL" models, resulting in an overall length of . Features included electrically adjustable rear seats, rear footrests, fold down rear trays, a fridge, rear television screen, video player and a fax machine.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: Based on the 750iL with a 12-cylinder engine, the L7 has an electronically limited top speed of . The L7 was only available in the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Europe, and 899 examples were built. The 2000-2001 models had an optional "privacy window" glass partition to separate the driver from the rear passengers.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: The armoured "Protection Line" vehicles were built from 2000 to 2001 and were based on the 740iL and 750iL models. Security features include body armor, bullet-resistant glass and run-flat tyres. An intercom system is provided to communicate with people outside the vehicle while the windows and doors are shut.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: A High-Security version with protection up to B6/7 was also available in Europe, known internally as the 750iL S. The additional security measures brought an additional weight of compared to the normal 750iL.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: Features include explosive cord around the windshield allowing removal of the windshield facilitating escape and hydraulically actuated windows.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: A gas sensor can detect irritants like CS gas and respond by turning the blower motor off, closing fresh air flaps and all windows. A fire suppression system is triggered by either a button or the detection of extreme temperatures in the engine bay or the vicinity of the fuel tank.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: up to three firearms cases designed to fit a Heckler & Koch MP5K were also optionally available as well as spherical gunports in the doors.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: Its twelve-cylinder hydrogen combustion engine can be operated on both hydrogen and petrol. In operation on hydrogen, it delivers , accelerating from 0 to in 9.6 seconds and slowing the car to attain a top speed of .


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: The production of the hydrogen engine was integrated into the regular engine production at the Dingolfing plant. It differs from the conventional petrol engine essentially only in regards to the intake tract with additional injection valves for hydrogen. The hydrogen is stored cryogenically at a temperature of minus 253 degrees Celsius in a double-walled steel tank behind the rear seat back. The hydrogen tank holds 140 litres and allows an additional range of . In addition, the 750hL has a fuel cell rated at at 42 volts. This is not used as a drive unit, but as an auxiliary power unit (APU) for power supply to the electrical system.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: During the Expo 2000 in Hanover the vehicles were used as shuttles. From February to November 2001 the vehicles were part of the "CleanEnergy WorldTour 2001" in the cities of Dubai, Brussels, Milan, Tokyo, Los Angeles and Berlin. By November 2001 the 750hL had achieved a mileage of over 150,000 km. On the Nürburgring the 750hL recorded a time of 9 minutes and 53 seconds while powered by hydrogen.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: The E38 facelift (also known as Life-Cycle Impulse) models were introduced in the 1999 model year (produced from September 1998). The major changes are:


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: In the 1997 "James Bond" film Tomorrow Never Dies, the sixteen E38 cars used during production were modified so they could be driven from the backseat, making it appear that Bond actor Pierce Brosnan was controlling the car using his mobile phone. The car type is actually a BMW 740iL but they were re-badged as the 750iL. One survives today and can be seen at exhibition “TOP SECRET” at Museum Industriekultur, Nuremberg.


title: BMW 7 Series (E38)

text: Besides the E38 saloons, BMW also supplied a $14,000 R1200C motorcycle. BMW received the rights to use movie clips from the film in its multimillion-dollar campaign, and during the 1997 holiday season they offered a special promotion that included the R1200C with the purchase of the 750iL.


title: Bobby Hatfield

text: Robert Lee Hatfield (August 10, 1940 – November 5, 2003) was an American singer. He and Bill Medley were the Righteous Brothers. He sang the tenor part for the duo, and sang solo on the group's 1965 recording of "Unchained Melody".


title: Bobby Hatfield

text: Born in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, Hatfield moved with his family to Anaheim, California, when he was four. He attended Anaheim High School, where he played football and baseball, and was co-captain of the basketball team. He was student body president in the 1957–1958 school year, graduating in 1958. He briefly considered signing as a professional ballplayer, but his passion for music led him to pursue a singing career while still attending high school. He attended Fullerton College. He eventually encountered his singing partner, Bill Medley, while attending California State University, Long Beach. Hatfield is an alumnus of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.


title: Bobby Hatfield

text: Bobby Hatfield initially was in a group from Anaheim called the Variations. In 1962, Hatfield joined with Medley who was in a group called the Paramours, and formed a five-member group using the same name: "Paramours". They first performed at a club called John's Black Derby in Santa Ana. Later they performed as a duo and named their singing act The Righteous Brothers. They were often told they sounded like African-American gospel singers and chose the name after black Marines remarked of their singing, "that's righteous, brothers" and called them "righteous brothers". Their first charted single as the Righteous Brothers was "Little Latin Lupe Lu" released under the label Moonglow Records, and they appeared regularly on the television show "Shindig!" Hatfield also recorded as solo artist with Moonglow and released an uncharted single, "Hot Tamales" / "I Need a Girl".


title: Bobby Hatfield

text: In 1964, they appeared in a show at the Cow Palace near San Francisco and met the music producer Phil Spector, whose group The Ronettes was also in the show. Spector was impressed and signed them to his own label Philles Records. Their first No. 1 was "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'," produced by Phil Spector in 1964. Follow-up hits included "Unchained Melody," which was actually a Hatfield solo performance. After the success of "Unchained Melody", Spector then started recording older standards with the Righteous Brothers such as "Ebb Tide", which Hatfield also performed solo, and it reached the Top 5. Both "Unchained Melody" and "Ebb Tide" were songs he had performed with his first group, the Variations. Another two of the last songs the duo recorded with Philles Records, "The White Cliffs of Dover" and "For Sentimental Reasons", were performed solo by Hatfield.


title: Bobby Hatfield

text: In 1966, the Righteous Brothers left Spector and signed with Verve/MGM Records, and had a hit with "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration". However the duo broke up in 1968, and Hatfield teamed with singer Jimmy Walker (from The Knickerbockers) using the Righteous Brothers name on the MGM label. The new partnership released an album but did not have much success. Hatfield recorded a number of singles as a solo artist, such as the self-penned "Hang Ups" and covers of older songs, but "Only You" was his only charted single, peaking at No. 95. In 1969, Hatfield also appeared in the TV movie "The Ballad of Andy Crocker". In 1971, he released a solo album, "Messin' in Muscle Shoals", recorded at the FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals in August 1970. However, MGM was in financial trouble, a scheduled single "The Promised Land"/"Woman You Got No Soul" was not released, and with little promotion the album largely went unnoticed.


title: Bobby Hatfield

text: Hatfield and Medley reunited in 1974, and had another hit, the No. 3 "Rock and Roll Heaven." A hiatus followed between 1976 and 1981 when Medley retired from music after his ex-wife died, but they reunited for an anniversary special on "American Bandstand" in 1981 to perform an updated version of "Rock and Roll Heaven". In 1990, after the success of the 1990 film "Ghost" where "Unchained Melody" was used, Hatfield re-recorded "Unchained Melody", and Hatfield remarked to friends that he had not lost any of the high notes in his tenor range since the original recording, but had actually gained one note. The duo then toured extensively all through the 1990s and early 2000s. The Righteous Brothers were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2003 by Billy Joel.


title: Bobby Hatfield

text: Hatfield had a short marriage with Joy Ciro, who appeared as a dancer on the "T.A.M.I. Show" and "Where the Action Is". They had two children, Bobby, Jr. and Kalin. Hatfield married Linda Torrison on August 4, 1979, and they remained married until his death. Linda suffered from lupus, and Hatfield set up an annual golf tournament, the Bobby Hatfield Charity Golf Classic, to raise funds for charities for the disease. The couple had two children, Vallyn and Dustin.


title: Bobby Hatfield

text: Hatfield died at the Radisson Hotel in downtown Kalamazoo, Michigan on November 5, 2003. He was found by Bill Medley and the Righteous Brothers' road manager Dusty Hanvey. A security guard let them into Hatfield's room after he had failed to show up at the concert venue when expected. He apparently died in his sleep, hours before a scheduled Righteous Brothers concert. In January 2004, a toxicology report concluded that cocaine use had precipitated a fatal heart attack. The initial autopsy found that Hatfield had advanced coronary disease. The medical examiner stated that "in this case, there was already a significant amount of blockage in the coronary arteries."


title: Bobby Hatfield

text: This is Hatfield's discography as a solo artist. See The Righteous Brothers for his discography as part of the duo.


title: Solstice

text: A solstice is an event that occurs when the Sun appears to reach its most northerly or southerly excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. Two solstices occur annually, around June 21 and December 21. In many countries, the seasons of the year are determined by the solstices and the equinoxes.


title: Solstice

text: The term "solstice" can also be used in a broader sense, as the day when this occurs. The day of a solstice in either hemisphere has either the most sunlight of the year (summer solstice) or the least sunlight of the year (winter solstice) for any place other than the Equator. Alternative terms, with no ambiguity as to which hemisphere is the context, are "June solstice" and "December solstice", referring to the months in which they take place every year.


title: Solstice

text: The word "solstice" is derived from the Latin "sol" ("sun") and "sistere" ("to stand still"), because at the solstices, the Sun's declination appears to "stand still"; that is, the seasonal movement of the Sun's daily path (as seen from Earth) pauses at a northern or southern limit before reversing direction.


title: Solstice

text: For an observer at the North Pole, the Sun reaches the highest position in the sky once a year in June. The day this occurs is called the June solstice day. Similarly, for an observer on the South Pole, the Sun reaches the highest position on the December solstice day. When it is the summer solstice at one Pole, it is the winter solstice on the other. The Sun's westerly motion never ceases as Earth is continually in rotation. However, the Sun's motion in declination comes to a stop at the moment of solstice. In that sense, solstice means "sun-standing".


title: Solstice

text: This modern scientific word descends from a Latin scientific word in use in the late Roman Republic of the 1st century BC: "solstitium". Pliny uses it a number of times in his "Natural History" with a similar meaning that it has today. It contains two Latin-language morphemes, "sol", "sun", and "-stitium", "stoppage".


title: Solstice

text: The Romans used "standing" to refer to a component of the relative velocity of the Sun as it is observed in the sky. Relative velocity is the motion of an object from the point of view of an observer in a frame of reference. From a fixed position on the ground, the Sun appears to orbit around Earth.


title: Solstice

text: To an observer in an inertial frame of reference, planet Earth is seen to rotate about an axis and revolve around the Sun in an elliptical path with the Sun at one focus. Earth's axis is tilted with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit and this axis maintains a position that changes little with respect to the background of stars. An observer on Earth therefore sees a solar path that is the result of both rotation and revolution.


title: Solstice

text: The component of the Sun's motion seen by an earthbound observer caused by the revolution of the tilted axis – which, keeping the same angle in space, is oriented toward or away from the Sun – is an observed daily increment (and lateral offset) of the elevation of the Sun at noon for approximately six months and observed daily decrement for the remaining six months. At maximum or minimum elevation, the relative yearly motion of the Sun perpendicular to the horizon stops and reverses direction.


title: Solstice

text: Outside of the tropics, the maximum elevation occurs at the summer solstice and the minimum at the winter solstice. The path of the Sun, or ecliptic, sweeps north and south between the northern and southern hemispheres. The days are longer around the summer solstice and shorter around the winter solstice. When the Sun's path crosses the equator, the length of the nights at latitudes +L° and −L° are of equal length. This is known as an equinox. There are two solstices and two equinoxes in a tropical year.


title: Solstice

text: The seasons occur because the Earth's axis of rotation is not perpendicular to its orbital plane (the plane of the ecliptic) but currently makes an angle of about 23.44° (called the obliquity of the ecliptic), and because the axis keeps its orientation with respect to an inertial frame of reference. As a consequence, for half the year the Northern Hemisphere is inclined toward the Sun while for the other half year the Southern Hemisphere has this distinction. The two moments when the inclination of Earth's rotational axis has maximum effect are the solstices.


title: Solstice

text: At the June solstice the subsolar point is further north than any other time: at latitude 23.44° north, known as the Tropic of Cancer. Similarly at the December solstice the subsolar point is further south than any other time: at latitude 23.44° south, known as the Tropic of Capricorn. The subsolar point will cross every latitude between these two extremes exactly twice per year.


title: Solstice

text: Also during the June solstice, places on the Arctic Circle (latitude 66.56° north) will see the Sun just on the horizon during midnight, and all places north of it will see the Sun above horizon for 24 hours. That is the midnight sun or midsummer-night sun or polar day. On the other hand, places on the Antarctic Circle (latitude 66.56° south) will see the Sun just on the horizon during midday, and all places south of it will not see the Sun above horizon at any time of the day. That is the polar night. During the December Solstice, the effects on both hemispheres are just the opposite. This sees polar sea ice re-grow annually due to lack of sunlight on the air above and surrounding sea.


title: Solstice

text: The concept of the solstices was embedded in ancient Greek celestial navigation. As soon as they discovered that the Earth is spherical they devised the concept of the celestial sphere, an imaginary spherical surface rotating with the heavenly bodies ("ouranioi") fixed in it (the modern one does not rotate, but the stars in it do). As long as no assumptions are made concerning the distances of those bodies from Earth or from each other, the sphere can be accepted as real and is in fact still in use. The Ancient Greeks use the term" "ηλιοστάσιο" (heliostāsio)", meaning "stand of the Sun".


title: Solstice

text: The stars move across the inner surface of the celestial sphere along the circumferences of circles in parallel planes perpendicular to the Earth's axis extended indefinitely into the heavens and intersecting the celestial sphere in a celestial pole. The Sun and the planets do not move in these parallel paths but along another circle, the ecliptic, whose plane is at an angle, the obliquity of the ecliptic, to the axis, bringing the Sun and planets across the paths of and in among the stars.*


title: Solstice

text: Cleomedes states:The band of the Zodiac ("zōdiakos kuklos", "zodiacal circle") is at an oblique angle ("loksos") because it is positioned between the tropical circles and equinoctial circle touching each of the tropical circles at one point ... This Zodiac has a determinable width (set at 8° today) ... that is why it is described by three circles: the central one is called "heliacal" ("hēliakos", "of the sun").


title: Solstice

text: The term heliacal circle is used for the ecliptic, which is in the center of the zodiacal circle, conceived as a band including the noted constellations named on mythical themes. Other authors use Zodiac to mean ecliptic, which first appears in a gloss of unknown author in a passage of Cleomedes where he is explaining that the Moon is in the zodiacal circle as well and periodically crosses the path of the Sun. As some of these crossings represent eclipses of the Moon, the path of the Sun is given a synonym, the "ekleiptikos (kuklos)" from "ekleipsis", "eclipse".


title: Solstice

text: The two solstices can be distinguished by different pairs of names, depending on which feature one wants to stress.


title: Solstice

text: The traditional East Asian calendars divide a year into 24 solar terms (節氣). Xiàzhì or Geshi () is the 10th solar term, and marks the summer solstice. It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 90° (around June 21) and ends when the Sun reaches the longitude of 105° (around July 7). Xiàzhì more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 90°.


title: Solstice

text: Dōngzhì or Tōji () is the 22nd solar term, and marks the winter solstice. It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 270° (around December 22) and ends when the Sun reaches the longitude of 285° (around January 5). Dōngzhì more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 270°.


title: Solstice

text: The solstices (as well as the equinoxes) mark the middle of the seasons in East Asian calendars. Here, the Chinese character 至 means "extreme", so the terms for the solstices directly signify the summits of summer and winter.


title: Solstice

text: The term "solstice" can also be used in a wider sense, as the date (day) that such a passage happens. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In some languages they are considered to start or separate the seasons; in others they are considered to be centre points (in England, in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, the period around the northern solstice is known as midsummer). Midsummer's Day, defined as St. Johns Day by the Christian Church, is June 24, about three days after the solstice itself). Similarly December 25 is the start of the Christmas celebration, and is the day the Sun begins to return to the Northern Hemisphere. The traditional British and Irish (often) main rent and meeting days of the year: "the usual quarter days" was at first those of the solstices and equinoxes.


title: Solstice

text: Many cultures celebrate various combinations of the winter and summer solstices, the equinoxes, and the midpoints between them, leading to various holidays arising around these events. During the southern or winter solstice, Christmas is the most widespread contemporary holiday, while Yalda, Saturnalia, Karachun, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, and Yule are also celebrated around this time. In East Asian cultures, the Dongzhi Festival is celebrated on the winter solstice. For the northern or summer solstice, Christian cultures celebrate the feast of St. John from June 23 to 24 (see St. John's Eve, Ivan Kupala Day), while Modern Pagans observe Midsummer, known as Litha among Wiccans. For the vernal (spring) equinox, several springtime festivals are celebrated, such as the Persian Nowruz, the observance in Judaism of Passover, the rites of Easter in most Christian churches, as well as the Wiccan Ostara. The autumnal equinox is associated with the Jewish holiday of Sukkot and the Wiccan Mabon.


title: Solstice

text: In the southern tip of South America, the Mapuche people celebrate We Tripantu (the New Year) a few days after the northern solstice, on June 24. Further north, the Atacama people formerly celebrated this date with a noise festival, to call the Sun back. Further east, the Aymara people celebrate their New Year on June 21. A celebration occurs at sunrise, when the sun shines directly through the Gate of the Sun in Tiwanaku. Other Aymara New Year feasts occur throughout Bolivia, including at the site of El Fuerte de Samaipata.


title: Solstice

text: In the Hindu calendar, two sidereal solstices are named Makara Sankranti which marks the start of Uttarayana and Karka Sankranti which marks the start of Dakshinayana. The former occurs around January 14 each year, while the latter occurs around July 14 each year. These mark the movement of the Sun along a sidereally fixed zodiac (precession is ignored) into Makara, the zodiacal sign which corresponds with Capricorn, and into Karka, the zodiacal sign which corresponds with Cancer, respectively.


title: Solstice

text: The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station celebrates every year on June 21 a midwinter party, to celebrate that the Sun is at its lowest point and coming back.


title: Solstice

text: The Fremont Solstice Parade takes place every summer solstice in Fremont, Seattle, Washington in the United States.


title: Solstice

text: The reconstructed Cahokia Woodhenge, a large timber circle located at the Mississippian culture Cahokia archaeological site near Collinsville, Illinois, is the site of annual equinox and solstice sunrise observances. Out of respect for Native American beliefs these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of any kind.


title: Solstice

text: Unlike the equinox, the solstice time is not easy to determine. The changes in solar declination become smaller as the Sun gets closer to its maximum/minimum declination. The days before and after the solstice, the declination speed is less than 30 arcseconds per day which is less than of the angular size of the Sun, or the equivalent to just 2 seconds of right ascension.


title: Solstice

text: This difference is hardly detectable with indirect viewing based devices like sextant equipped with a vernier, and impossible with more traditional tools like a gnomon or an astrolabe. It is also hard to detect the changes in sunrise/sunset azimuth due to the atmospheric refraction changes. Those accuracy issues render it impossible to determine the solstice day based on observations made within the 3 (or even 5) days surrounding the solstice without the use of more complex tools.


title: Solstice

text: Accounts do not survive but Greek astronomers must have used an approximation method based on interpolation, which is still used by some amateurs. This method consists of recording the declination angle at noon during some days before and after the solstice, trying to find two separate days with the same declination. When those two days are found, the halfway time between both noons is estimated solstice time. An interval of 45 days has been postulated as the best one to achieve up to a quarter-day precision, in the solstice determination.


title: Solstice

text: In 2012, the journal DIO found that accuracy of one or two hours with balanced errors can be attained by observing the Sun's equal altitudes about S = twenty degrees (or d = about 20 days) before and after the summer solstice because the average of the two times will be early by q arc minutes where q is (πe cosA)/3 times the square of S in degrees (e = earth orbit eccentricity, A = earth's perihelion or Sun's apogee), and the noise in the result will be about 41 hours divided by d if the eye's sharpness is taken as one arc minute.


title: Solstice

text: Astronomical almanacs define the solstices as the moments when the Sun passes through the solstitial colure, i.e. the times when the apparent geocentric celestial longitude of the Sun is equal to 90° (June solstice) or 270° (December solstice). The dates of the solstice varies each year and may occur a day earlier or later depending on the time zone. The solstices always occur between June 20 and 22 and between December 20 and 23 with the 21st and 22nd being the most common dates.


title: Solstice

text: Using the current official IAU constellation boundaries – and taking into account the variable precession speed and the rotation of the ecliptic – the solstices shift through the constellations as follows (expressed in astronomical year numbering in which the year 0 = 1 BC, −1 = 2 BC, etc.):


title: Solstice

text: The 687-day orbit of Mars around the Sun (almost twice that of the Earth) causes its summer and winter solstices to occur at approximately 23-month intervals.


title: Paleoconservatism

text: Paleoconservatism is a political philosophy and variety of conservatism in the United States stressing American nationalism, Christian ethics, regionalism, and traditionalist conservatism. Paleoconservatism's concerns overlap with those of the Old Right that opposed the New Deal in the 1930s and 1940s as well as with paleolibertarianism and right-wing populism.


title: Paleoconservatism

text: The terms "neoconservative" and "paleoconservative" were coined following the outbreak of the Vietnam War and a divide in American conservatism between the interventionists and the isolationists. Those in favor of the Vietnam War then became known as the "neoconservatives" (interventionists) as they marked a decisive split from the nationalist-isolationism that the traditionalist conservatives (isolationists) had subscribed to up until this point.


title: Paleoconservatism

text: According to international relations scholar Michael Foley, "paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programs and large-scale demographic change, the decentralization of federal policy, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and non-interventionism in the conduct of American foreign policy". Historian George Hawley states that although influenced by paleoconservatism, Donald Trump is not a paleoconservative, but rather a right-wing nationalist and populist. Hawley also states that paleoconservatism is today an exhausted force in American politics, but that for a time it represented the most serious right-wing threat to the mainstream conservative movement. Regardless of how Trump himself is categorized, others regard the movement known as Trumpism as supported by, if not a rebranding of, paleoconservatism. From this view, the followers of the old right did not fade away so easily and continue to have significant influence in the Republican Party and the entire country.


title: Paleoconservatism

text: The prefix "paleo" derives from the Greek root παλαιός ("palaiós"), meaning "ancient" or "old". It is somewhat tongue-in-cheek and refers to the paleoconservatives' claim to represent a more historic, authentic conservative tradition than that found in neoconservatism. Adherents of paleoconservatism often describe themselves simply as "paleo". Rich Lowry of "National Review" claims the prefix "is designed to obscure the fact that it is a recent ideological creation of post-Cold War politics".


title: Paleoconservatism

text: Samuel T. Francis, Thomas Fleming, and some other paleoconservatives de-emphasized the "conservative" part of the "paleoconservative" label, saying that they do not want the "status quo" preserved. Fleming and Paul Gottfried called such thinking "stupid tenacity" and described it as "a series of trenches dug in defense of last year's revolution". Francis defined authentic conservatism as "the survival and enhancement of a particular people and its institutionalized cultural expressions".


title: Paleoconservatism

text: Paleoconservatives support restrictions on immigration, decentralization, trade tariffs and protectionism, economic nationalism, isolationism, and a return to traditional conservative ideals relating to gender, culture, and society.


title: Paleoconservatism

text: Paleoconservatism differs from neoconservatism in opposing free trade and promoting republicanism. Paleoconservatives see neoconservatives as imperialists and themselves as defenders of the republic.


title: Paleoconservatism

text: Paleoconservatives believe that tradition is a form of reason, rather than a competing force. Mel Bradford wrote that certain questions are settled before any serious deliberation concerning a preferred course of conduct may begin. This ethic is based in a "culture of families, linked by friendship, common enemies, and common projects", so a good conservative keeps "a clear sense of what Southern grandmothers have always meant in admonishing children, 'we don't do that'".


title: Paleoconservatism

text: Pat Buchanan argues that a good politician must "defend the moral order rooted in the old and New Testament and Natural Law"—and that "the deepest problems in our society are not economic or political, but moral".


title: Paleoconservatism

text: According to historian Paul V. Murphy, paleoconservatives developed a focus on localism and states' rights. From the mid-1980s onward, "Chronicles" promoted a Southern traditionalist worldview focused on national identity, regional particularity, and skepticism of abstract theory and centralized power. According to Hague, Beirich, and Sebesta (2009), the antimodernism of the paleoconservative movement defined the neo-Confederate movement of the 1980s and 1990s. During this time, notable paleoconservatives argued that desegregation, welfare, tolerance of gay rights, and church-state separation had been damaging to local communities, and that these issues had been imposed by federal legislation and think tanks. Paleoconservatives also claimed the Southern Agrarians as forebearers in this regard.


title: Paleoconservatism

text: The alt-right movement emerged from the younger generation of paleoconservatives. The movement was founded in 2008 by noted neo-Nazi, former paleoconservative, and American white nationalist Richard B. Spencer, who launched "Alternative Right" to disseminate his ideas after working as an editor for several paleoconservative outlets. The alt-right was influenced by paleoconservatism, the Dark Enlightenment, and the Nouvelle Droite.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer Inc. ( ) is a Taiwanese multinational hardware and electronics corporation specializing in advanced electronics technology, headquartered in Xizhi, New Taipei City. Its products include desktop PCs, laptop PCs (clamshells, 2-in-1s, convertibles and Chromebooks), tablets, servers, storage devices, virtual reality devices, displays, smartphones and peripherals, as well as gaming PCs and accessories under its Predator brand. Acer is the world's 5th-largest PC vendor by unit sales as of September 2022.


title: Acer Inc.

text: In the early 2000s, Acer implemented a new business model, shifting from a manufacturer to a designer, marketer, and distributor of products, while performing production processes via contract manufacturers. Currently, in addition to its core IT products business, Acer also has a new business entity that focuses on the integration of cloud services and platforms, and the development of smartphones and wearable devices with value-added IoT applications.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer was founded in 1976 by Stan Shih (), his wife Carolyn Yeh, and five others as Multitech in Hsinchu City, Taiwan. The company began with eleven employees and US$25,000 in capital. Initially, it was primarily a distributor of electronic parts and a consultant in the use of microprocessor technologies. It produced the Micro-Professor MPF-I training kit, then two Apple II clones–the Microprofessor II and III–before joining the emerging IBM PC compatible market and becoming a significant PC manufacturer. The company was renamed Acer in 1987.


title: Acer Inc.

text: In 1998, Acer reorganized into five groups: Acer International Service Group, Acer Sertek Service Group, Acer Semiconductor Group, Acer Information Products Group, and Acer Peripherals Group. To dispel complaints from clients that Acer competed with its own products and to alleviate the competitive nature of the branded sales versus contract manufacturing businesses, the company spun off the contract business in 2000, renaming it Wistron Corporation. The restructuring resulted in two primary units: brand name sales and contract manufacturing. In 2001, the company sold its manufacturing units BenQ and Wistron in order to focus resources on design and sales.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer increased worldwide sales while simultaneously reducing its labor force by identifying and using marketing strategies that best utilized their existing distribution channels. By 2005, Acer employed a scant 7,800 people worldwide. Revenues rose from US$4.9 billion in 2003 to US$11.31 billion in 2006.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer's North American market share has slipped in the early 2000s, while its European market share has risen.


title: Acer Inc.

text: In the mid-2000s, consumer notebooks were almost the sole growth drivers for the PC industry, and Acer's exceptionally low overheads and dedication to the channel made it one of the main beneficiaries of this trend. Acer grew quickly in Europe in part by embracing the use of more traditional distribution channels targeting retail consumers when some rivals were pursuing online sales and business customers. In 2007, Acer bought Gateway in the United States and Packard Bell in Europe, and became the third-largest provider of computers and the second largest for notebooks, achieving significant improvement in profitability. Acer has strived to become the world's largest PC vendor in the belief that the goal can help it achieve economy of scale and garner higher margin. However, such a reliance on the high-volume, low-value PC market made Acer exposed when buying habits changed.


title: Acer Inc.

text: In September 2018, Acer spun-off its smart gadget unit GadgeTek Inc., which produces Leap Beads, smart prayer beads that track mantras and footsteps.


title: Acer Inc.

text: In 2019, Acer announced the esports social platform PLANET9.gg, which aims to provide game analytics, community-organized competitions, and social experiences.


title: Acer Inc.

text: In November 2013, chairman and CEO J.T. Wang and president Jim Wong both resigned due to the company's poor financial performance. Wang had been reportedly due to leave Acer at the end of the year and was supposed to have been succeeded by Wong. Acer co-founder Stan Shih took over as board chairman and interim president after the departure of Wang and Wong and began to search for new candidates to assume the roles of CEO and president. On 23 December, Acer named Jason Chen, then the vice president of worldwide sales and marketing at Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, as its new president and CEO, effective 1 January.


title: Acer Inc.

text: As of September 2022, Acer has over 7,713 employees worldwide, operating in 40 countries/territories.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer Computer Australia (ACA) was established in 1990, and is currently Australia's third-largest personal computer vendor, behind Hewlett-Packard Australia and Dell Australia and New Zealand. ACA has Australia's highest overall market share in notebook PC and tablet PC sales. The company is also Australia's leading PC vendor in the government and education markets. As of 2006, it has over 480 employees.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer's EMEA headquarters are located in Lugano, Switzerland. From the late 1990s to mid-2000s, Acer had computer factories in Europe. The business area was the whole EMEA. In the Netherlands under the name of Acer IMS bv, there were two factories: Acer laptop factory in Den Bosch and Acer and IBM desktop factory in Tilburg. Acer also had facilities in Germany under the name of IMS in Ahrensburg and Hamburg. Acer computers are also assembled in Mingachevir, Azerbaijan.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer's subsidiary in India is Acer India (Pvt) Limited, and was incorporated as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Acer Computer International, Ltd. in 1999. It is a notable vendor in key segments such as education, desktop computers, and low profile notebooks for education. The head office is in Bengaluru, India.


title: Acer Inc.

text: PT Acer Indonesia is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Acer and distributes its products through their main distributor PT Dragon Computer & Communication. Acer is currently the second-largest computer vendor in Indonesia. In the first quarter of 2016, Acer recorded >81% market share in Windows tablet in Indonesia.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer America Corporation, headquartered in San Jose, California, is a member of the Acer Group. Acer's R&D, engineering, manufacturing, and marketing operations in the United States and Canada are handled by Acer America. The U.S. headquarters was opened with a staff of three in 1985, as Multitech Electronics USA, in Mountain View, California. In 1986, the U.S. headquarters were moved to San Jose, California.


title: Acer Inc.

text: In 2005, Acer published its first environmental report, for which the company used the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines. All of Acer's tier-one suppliers have acquired ISO 14001 certification.


title: Acer Inc.

text: In November 2012, Acer was ranked 4th place out of 15 in Greenpeace's re-launched Guide to Greener Electronics, with a score of 5.1 points out of 10. The Guide ranks electronics makers according to their policies and practices to reduce their impact on the climate, produce greener products, and make their operations more sustainable.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Greenpeace criticized the company for not setting out targets to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as intended in 2010 and for not providing external verification for the GHG emissions it reports for its operations and business travel. It also scored badly on the products criteria receiving no points on product lifecycle while Greenpeace noted that a higher percentage of its products need to meet or exceed Energy Star standards in order for it to score more points.


title: Acer Inc.

text: It received some praise for launching new products which are free from Polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and the company informed Greenpeace that the majority of its products will be PVC/BFR free in the near future. Acer also scored well on chemical management for lobbying for restrictions on organo-halogens and was commended for reporting on GHG emissions from its first-tier suppliers and investigating its second tier.


title: Acer Inc.

text: In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated Acer the seventh highest of 24 consumer electronics companies.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer has been listed on the DJSI's Emerging Markets Index since 2014 and on MSCI's Global Sustainability Indexes in 2015-2016.


title: Acer Inc.

text: During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Acer refused to join the international community and withdraw from the Russian market. Research from Yale University from March 28, 2022, identifying how companies were reacting to Russia's aggression identified Acer in the worst category "Digging in" meaning Defying Demands for Exit: companies defying demands for exit/reduction of activities. Acer subsequently reversed its decision and suspended business in Russia.


title: Acer Inc.

text: Acer unveils the SigridWave and announces new updates for Planet9, REVIEWCENTRAL, October 2020. Retrieved 17th of November, 2020.


title: Charlie Barnett (actor)

text: Charlie Barnett (born February 4, 1988) is an American actor who starred as Peter Mills, a firefighter/paramedic on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire" from 2012 to 2015. Among his many starring roles are Alan Zaveri on the Netflix comedy series "Russian Doll", Ben Marshall on the Netflix series "Tales of the City", and Gabe Miranda in the Netflix thriller series "You".


title: Charlie Barnett (actor)

text: Barnett and his sister were adopted by Bob and Danee Barnett. His adoptive mother is from Utah and is of Swedish descent, while his adoptive father is a boat builder from Minnesota. He was raised on a sailboat near Longboat Key in Florida until he was seven. He discovered theatre when he was six years old and performed in many operas and musicals with the Sarasota Youth Opera. Barnett is a graduate from Booker High School. He participated in the Carnegie Mellon Musical Theater Summer Program. After high school, Barnett attended the Juilliard School, where he graduated from the drama program class of 2010.


title: Charlie Barnett (actor)

text: For three seasons, from 2012 to 2015, Barnett starred as Peter Mills in the NBC action-drama television series "Chicago Fire".


title: Charlie Barnett (actor)

text: In 2018, Barnett was cast in the leading role of Alan Zaveri on the Netflix series "Russian Doll". In the same year, Barnett was cast in the main role of Ben Marshall on the Netflix miniseries, "Tales of the City".


title: Charlie Barnett (actor)

text: In 2019, Barnett was cast in the recurring role of Gabe Miranda on the second season of the Netflix thriller "You". In July 2019, Barnett joined "Arrow" for its eighth and final season, portraying John Diggle, Jr. His role was announced at a Comic-Con panel.


title: Charlie Barnett (actor)

text: Barnett realized he was gay at the age of 13. Barnett has struggled with alcohol addiction. He resides in Los Angeles. Barnett is a graduate of the Juilliard School drama program, class of 2010. He enjoys sailing, playing Ms. Pac-Man, and classic cars. While pursuing his career, Barnett has lived in New York City, Los Angeles, Salt Lake City and Chicago. During filming for "Chicago Fire", Barnett lived with co-stars Joe Minoso and Yuri Sardarov. He is a White Sox and Chicago Bears fan.


title: Super Mario World

text: "Super Mario World," known in Japan as is a platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). It was released in Japan in 1990, North America in 1991 and Europe and Australia in 1992. The player controls Mario on his quest to save Princess Toadstool and Dinosaur Land from the series' antagonist Bowser and his minions, the Koopalings. The gameplay is similar to that of earlier "Super Mario" games: players control Mario or his brother Luigi through a series of levels in which the goal is to reach the goalpost at the end. "Super Mario World" introduced Yoshi, a dinosaur who can eat enemies, as well as gain abilities by eating the shells of Koopa Troopas.


title: Super Mario World

text: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development developed the game, led by director Takashi Tezuka and producer and series creator Shigeru Miyamoto. It is the first "Mario" game for the SNES and was designed to make the most of the console's technical features. The development team had more freedom compared to the series installments for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Yoshi was conceptualised during the development of the NES games but was not used until "Super Mario World" due to hardware limitations.


title: Super Mario World

text: "Super Mario World" is often considered one of the best games in the series and is cited as one of the greatest video games ever made. It sold more than twenty million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling SNES game. It also led to an animated television series of the same name. It has been rereleased on multiple occasions: It was part of the 1994 compilation "Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World" for the SNES and was rereleased for the Game Boy Advance as "Super Mario World: Super Mario Advance 2" in 2001, on the Virtual Console for the Wii, Wii U, and New Nintendo 3DS consoles, and as part of the Super NES Classic Edition. On 3March 2016, it was released for the New Nintendo 3DS XL. It was released in 2019 for Nintendo Switch Online as part of the classic games service.


title: Super Mario World

text: "Super Mario World" is a 2D side-scrolling platform game in which the player controls Mario or Luigi, the protagonists of the game. The game has similar gameplay to earlier games in the "Super Mario" series"Super Mario Bros.", "Super Mario Bros. 2", and "Super Mario Bros. 3"but introduces new elements. As well as dashing and jumping, the player can also fly or float with the aid of the Cape Feather and P-Balloon and can execute the new Spin Jump move. The game has 96 level exits in total.


title: Super Mario World

text: The player navigates through the game via two game screens: an overworld map and a side-scrolling course. The overworld map displays an overhead representation of the current world and has several paths leading from the world's entrance to a castle. Paths connect to action panels, fortresses, ghost houses, castles, and other map icons, and allow players to take different routes to reach the world's goal. Moving the on-screen character to an action panel or castle allows access to that course. The majority of the game takes place in these linear levels, populated with obstacles and enemies, which involves the player traversing the stage by dashing, jumping, and dodging or defeating enemies. The player is given a number of lives, which are lost if Mario comes into contact with an enemy while Small Mario, falls into a bottomless pit, gets crushed, touches lava, or runs out of time. The game ends when the player runs out of lives, although the player can continue from the most recent save point (a successfully completed castle, fortress or haunted house) by selecting "Continue". Each world features a final stage with a boss to defeat; each of the seven worlds features fortresses controlled by one of the Koopalings, and the player also battles Bowser in his castle in the seventh and final world. "Super Mario World" includes a multiplayer option which allows two players to play the game by alternating turns at navigating the overworld map and accessing stage levels; the first player controls Mario, while the second player controls his brother, Luigi.


title: Super Mario World

text: In addition to the power-ups from previous games, such as the Super Mushroom and Fire Flower, "Super Mario World" has a new power-up named the Cape Feather, which gives Mario a cape and the ability to fly, glide in the air, and use the cape as a sail. The game also introduces the ability to "store" an extra power-up in a box at the top centre of the screen. For example, if the player obtains a Fire Flower or a Cape Feather, then a Super Mushroom will appear in the box. If Mario gets hit by an enemy, the stored item in the box will automatically drop. Alternatively, the player can manually release the stored item at any time.


title: Super Mario World

text: The game introduces Yoshi, a dinosaur companion Mario can ride who is able to eat most enemies. If Yoshi attempts to eat a Koopa or its shell, he can spit it out and fire it at enemies. If the player fails to spit the shell out within a certain amount of time, Yoshi will swallow it, rendering it useless. When holding any Koopa shell in his mouth, Yoshi gains the ability that corresponds to its color: a blue shell enables Yoshi to fly, a yellow shell causes him to emit dust clouds that defeat nearby enemies, and a red shell allows him to produce three fireballs that defeat enemies. Flashing Koopa shells produce all three abilities, while green shells produce none. The default Yoshi is green, but the game also has hidden blue, yellow, and red Yoshis; the player can obtain each colored Yoshi by finding its egg in hidden areas and feeding it five enemies or one star, Super Mushroom, Fire Flower or Cape Feather, causing the baby Yoshi to mature.


title: Super Mario World

text: Although the main objective is to navigate through seven worlds to reach the end of the game, the player can beat the game much faster by using secret Star Road routes. To access a hidden world, the player needs to find keys scattered throughout the game's levels. When a key is found, it must be brought to a keyhole to unlock either a new level or a Star Road. Exploring these secret stages can lead to other stages, such as the Special World. Completion of the Special World permanently changes some of the enemies' sprites and alters the overworld map's color scheme.


title: Super Mario World

text: After bringing peace to the Mushroom World in "Super Mario Bros.3", the brothers Mario and Luigi decide to go on vacation with Princess Toadstool to a place called Dinosaur Land, a prehistoric-themed world swarming with dinosaurs and other enemies. While resting on the beach, Princess Toadstool is captured by Bowser. When Mario and Luigi wake up, they try to find her and, after hours of searching, come across a giant egg in the forest. It suddenly hatches and out of it comes a young dinosaur named Yoshi, who tells them his dinosaur friends have also been imprisoned in eggs by the evil Koopalings. Mario and Luigi soon realise it must be the evil King Bowser and his Koopalings. Mario, Luigi and Yoshi set out to save Toadstool and Yoshi's dinosaur friends, traversing through Dinosaur Land for Bowser and his Koopalings. To aid him, Yoshi gives Mario a cape as they begin their journey. Mario and Luigi continue to follow Bowser, defeating the Koopalings in the process, and save Yoshi's Yoshi friends. They eventually arrive at Bowser's Castle, where they fight him in a final battle. They send Bowser flying into the sky and save Princess Toadstool, restoring peace to Dinosaur Land.


title: Super Mario World

text: The game was directed by Takashi Tezuka, while Shigeru Miyamoto, the creator of both "Super Mario" and "The Legend of Zelda", served as producer. Shigefumi Hino took the role of graphics designer. Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development handled development with a team of ten people, including three main programmers and a character designer, most of whom had worked on "Super Mario Bros." In a retrospective interview, the core team said Miyamoto wielded the most authority during development.


title: Super Mario World

text: "Super Mario World" was the first "Mario" series game developed for the then-upcoming Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). As such, the team anticipated some difficulty in working with new and more advanced hardware. According to Tezuka, the software tools were not yet fully developed, and the team had to "go along with starting something new". Miyamoto acknowledged the team no longer had restrictions on certain mechanics such as scrolling and the number of colours they could implement. As a hardware experiment, the team ported "Super Mario Bros.3" to the SNES. However, it felt like the same game to them, despite the improved colours and sprites. After that, Miyamoto realised the team's goal would be to use the new hardware to create something "totally new".


title: Super Mario World

text: Miyamoto said he had wanted Mario to have a dinosaur companion ever since "Super Mario Bros.", but Nintendo engineers could not add such a character into the game due to the limitations of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The inspiration for Yoshi can be traced back even further; Miyamoto designed a green dragon for the 1984 game "Devil World" which shared many similarities with Yoshi. During the development of "Super Mario Bros.3", Miyamoto had a number of sketches around his desk, including an image of Mario riding a horse. As development of "Super Mario World" progressed, the team opted to set the game in a "dinosaur land", so Tezuka asked designer Shigefumi Hino to draw a reptile-like creature based on Miyamoto's sketches. Hino originally produced a design that Tezuka deemed too reptilian, and "didn't really fit into the Mario world", so he encouraged the designer to create a "cuter" character. Tezuka speculated that Miyamoto's love of horse riding, as well as country and western themes, influenced Yoshi's creation.


title: Super Mario World

text: Reflecting on how he had created different melodies for "Super Mario Bros.3", composer Koji Kondo decided to reuse the same themes for "Super Mario World", albeit in a rearranged form. By doing this, he assumed players would be able to recognise the same melodies, while exposing them to new variations of music as they progressed through the game. As "Super Mario World" was the first game developed for the SNES, Kondo felt "overjoyed" at being able to compose music by using eight sounds at once. To express the technological novelty of the new console, he used several different instruments, implementing them all one after the other in the game's title song. As development progressed, Kondo grew concerned over how people would react to his unusual combinations of instruments as he noted the use of more traditional square waves and triangle waves had "gained acceptance" with consumers. For the game's sound effects, Kondo decided to use a variety of musical instruments, as opposed to square waves, to emphasise that the game used traditional technology with a hybrid of new materials. It took Kondo around a year and a half to write all the music for the game.


title: Super Mario World

text: "Super Mario World" was produced during the console warsa result of the rivalry between Nintendo's SNES and Sega's two-year-old Mega Drive systemwhich outsold the console and led to intense competition between the two, being the first time since December 1985 Nintendo did not lead the market though it eventually overtook Sega. Sega's mascot, Sonic the Hedgehog, was seen by many as a faster and "cooler" alternative to Mario. After the game's release, Miyamoto admitted publicly he felt it was incomplete and development was rushed toward the end.


title: Super Mario World

text: "Super Mario World" was released on 21 November 1990 in Japan. It was one of two launch games for the SNES in Japan, along with "F-Zero". The game was released in North America in August 1991. Nintendo also issued a version for arcade cabinets so players could try the game before buying it.