title: Samantha Bond

text: She appeared in a 1990 adaptation of Agatha Christie's short story "The Adventure of the Cheap Flat" for the series "Agatha Cristie's Poirot" on ITV, starring David Suchet as Hercule Poirot. Bond was also seen on ITV in an episode of the "Inspector Morse" detective drama series based on novels by Colin Dexter, in 1992, and in a 1995 episode of "Ghosts", an anthology series of ghost stories on the BBC. In 1996, she portrayed Mrs. Weston in the television movie "Jane Austen's Emma", starring Kate Beckinsale as Emma, a Meridian-ITV/A&E production that has been described as grittier and "more authentic" to Austen's story than the theatrical film starring Gwyneth Paltrow that was released the same year. The television movie was broadcast in the US in 1997 on PBS.


title: Samantha Bond

text: From 1995 to 2002, Bond played Miss Moneypenny, M's secretary at MI6, in the four James Bond films with Pierce Brosnan as Agent 007: "GoldenEye", "Tomorrow Never Dies", "The World Is Not Enough", and "Die Another Day". The role of Miss Moneypenny is the smallest role she ever played, yet the character remains a favorite among James Bond fans. In a BBC interview, Bond remarked that she retired from the role when Pierce Brosnan stepped down as the lead. However, she later appeared as Miss Moneypenny in an advertisement for London's 2012 Olympic bid, alongside previous Bond actor Roger Moore.


title: Samantha Bond

text: Bond co-starred in 2004 with Peter Davison, as a married couple who uproot themselves to a remote island to save their marriage, in the ITV drama-comedy "Distant Shores". In 2007, she played the villain Mrs. Wormwood in the pilot episode of the BBC children's drama series "The Sarah Jane Adventures", a spin-off of "Doctor Who". She later came back to play the same character in the two-part finale of the show's second series, "Enemy of the Bane".


title: Samantha Bond

text: Bond guest-starred in three episodes of the long-running and popular murder mystery series "Midsomer Murders": "Destroying Angel" in 2001, "Shot at Dawn" in 2008, both starring fellow RSC member John Nettles in the lead role of DCI Tom Barnaby, as well as the first episode in 2011's series 14, "Death in the Slow Lane". The 2011 episode is notable for Neil Dudgeon's debut as DCI John Barnaby, who takes over as the new detective in Midsomer after his cousin Tom Barnaby retired.


title: Samantha Bond

text: From 2007 to 2014, Bond had a recurring role as Auntie Angela in the BBC's semi-improvised comedy series "Outnumbered", alongside Hugh Dennis, Claire Skinner and David Ryall. She appeared in all five series.


title: Samantha Bond

text: From 2010 through 2015 (in the UK), Bond appeared as Lady Rosamund Painswick in the ensemble cast of ITV's drama series "Downton Abbey", written and produced by Julian Fellowes. The show quickly became an unprecedented worldwide hit. Each series was shown in the US on PBS's Masterpiece program one year following its broadcast in the UK; according to PBS, Downton Abbey rose to become the most popular drama ever shown on the station, and the most popular series in the history of Masterpiece. Lady Rosamund is the widowed, wealthy, and sometimes meddling sister of Robert Crawley, the Earl of Grantham. Bond's first appearance was in the last episode of the first series; she appeared in 18 episodes overall, throughout the entire show.


title: Samantha Bond

text: The ITV show "Home Fires" featured Bond as Frances Barden, a woman working to strengthen connections among the women in her small English village by keeping the local "Women's Institute" operating during the early days of World War II. The show premiered in the UK in 2015 and was cancelled in 2016, to which fans reacted by petitioning ITV to reinstate the popular drama, to no avail. It played in the US on PBS's Masterpiece in 2016 and 2017, where viewers were similarly disappointed to learn of the show's demise. The series creator, Simon Block, has stated he intends to continue the story in written form, as novels. In 2020 Miss Bond played Joanne Henderson in "Death in Paradise" (S9:E5).


title: Samantha Bond

text: Bond has narrated a number of audiobooks including Mary Norton's "The Borrowers", Joanna Trollope's "An Unsuitable Match", Anthony Horowitz's "Magpie Murders" and Helen Fielding's "Bridget Jones's Baby: The Diaries' 'Goldeneye". She has most recently released S J Bennett's novel, "The Windsor Knot". She received an Earphones Award for "Magpie Murders".


title: Samantha Bond

text: Bond lives in St Margarets, London, and has been married since 1989 to Alexander Hanson, with whom she has two children, Molly and Tom. She received an honorary doctorate from the University of Northampton in 2014.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: The Satanic Bible is a collection of essays, observations, and rituals published by Anton LaVey in 1969. It is the central religious text of LaVeyan Satanism, and is considered the foundation of its philosophy and dogma. It has been described as the most important document to influence contemporary


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Satanism. Though "The Satanic Bible" is not considered to be sacred scripture in the way that the Christian Bible is to Christianity, LaVeyan Satanists regard it as an authoritative text as it is a contemporary text that has attained for them scriptural status. It extols the virtues of exploring one's own nature and instincts. Believers have been described as "atheistic Satanists" because they believe that God and Satan are not external entities, but rather projections of an individual's own personality—benevolent and stabilizing forces in their life. There have been thirty printings of "The Satanic Bible", selling over a million copies.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: "The Satanic Bible" is composed of four books: "The Book of Satan", "The Book of Lucifer", "The Book of Belial", and "The Book of Leviathan". "The Book of Satan" challenges the Ten Commandments and the Golden Rule, and promotes Epicureanism. "The Book of Lucifer" holds most of the philosophy in "The Satanic Bible", with twelve chapters discussing topics such as indulgence, love, hate, and sex. LaVey also uses the book to dispel rumors surrounding the religion. In "The Book of Belial", LaVey details rituals and magic. He discusses the required mindset and focus for performing a ritual, and provides instructions for three rituals: those for sex, compassion, or destruction. "The Book of Leviathan" provides four invocations for Satan, lust, compassion, and destruction. It also lists the nineteen Enochian Keys (adapted from John Dee's Enochian keys), provided both in Enochian and in English translation.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: There have been both positive and negative reactions to "The Satanic Bible". It has been described as "razor-sharp" and "influential". Criticism of "The Satanic Bible" stems both from qualms over LaVey's writing and disapproval of the content itself. LaVey has been criticized for plagiarizing sections, and accusations have been made that his philosophies are largely borrowed. Attempts have been made to ban the book in schools, public libraries, and prisons, though these attempts are somewhat rare.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: There are multiple stories of the birth of "The Satanic Bible". In the introduction to the 2005–present edition, High Priest Peter H. Gilmore describes LaVey as having compiled "The Satanic Bible" on his own from monographs he had written about the Church of Satan and its rituals. Gilmore lists a number of people who influenced LaVey's writings: Ayn Rand, Friedrich Nietzsche, H. L. Mencken, the members of the carnival with whom LaVey had supposedly worked in his youth, P. T. Barnum, Mark Twain, John Milton, and Lord Byron.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: LaVey's estranged daughter Zeena Schreck, in an exposé about both her father's religion and past, attributes the birth of "The Satanic Bible" to a suggestion by Peter Mayer, a publisher for Avon. According to Schreck, Mayer proposed that LaVey author a Satanic Bible to draw from the popularity of the 1968 horror film "Rosemary's Baby", which had caused a recent rise in public interest in both Satanism and other occult practices. Schreck states that, aided by Diane Hegarty, LaVey compiled a number of writings he had already been distributing: an introduction to Satanism, a number of short essays, a guide to ritual magic, and articles he had previously published in "The Cloven Hoof", a Church of Satan newsletter.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Either to meet length requirements set by the publisher or out of agreement with the ideas, LaVey and Hegarty borrowed heavily from writings by other authors. These included a social Darwinist book published in 1890 entitled "Might Is Right" by Ragnar Redbeard, as well as Dee's Enochian keys from Aleister Crowley's "The Equinox", modified to replace references to Christianity with those to Satan. Some accuse LaVey of paraphrasing the "Nine Satanic Statements" from Rand's "Atlas Shrugged" without acknowledgement, though others maintain that LaVey was simply drawing inspiration from the novel. LaVey later affirmed the connection with Rand's ideas by stating that LaVeyan Satanism was "just Ayn Rand's philosophy, with ceremony and ritual added".


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Originally published in paperback by Avon in 1969, "The Satanic Bible" has had thirty printings and has never gone out of print. A hardcover edition was published by University Books that same year but has now been out of print for decades. In 2015, William Morrow published a new hardcover edition of the book combined in a single volume with its companion work, "The Satanic Rituals", and marketed under a special arrangement by Rabid Crow Arts and Graphics. The main content has not changed throughout the editions, although the dedication was removed after several printings and the introduction has changed several times. The Sigil of Baphomet has been printed on the cover since the original publication. "The Satanic Bible" has sold over one million copies since its initial release. It has also been translated into Danish, Swedish, German, Spanish, Finnish and Turkish.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Though it is no longer included in current printings of "The Satanic Bible", early printings included an extensive dedication to various people whom LaVey recognized as influences. LaVey's primary dedication was to Bernardino Nogara (misprinted as "Logara"), Karl Haushofer, Grigori Rasputin, Basil Zaharoff, Alessandro Cagliostro, Barnabas Saul (John Dee's first scryer), Ragnar Redbeard, William Mortensen, Hans Brick, Max Reinhardt, Orrin Klapp, Fritz Lang, Friedrich Nietzsche, W. C. Fields, P. T. Barnum, Hans Poelzig, Reginald Marsh, Wilhelm Reich, and Mark Twain. The secondary dedication named Howard Hughes, James Moody, Marcello Truzzi, Adrian‐Claude Frazier, Marilyn Monroe, Wesley Mather, William Lindsay Gresham, Hugo Zacchini, Jayne Mansfield, Frederick Goerner, C. Huntley, Nathanael West, Horatio Alger Jr., Robert E. Howard, George Orwell, H. P. Lovecraft, Tuesday Weld, H. G. Wells, Sister Marie Koven, Harry Houdini, Togare (LaVey's pet lion), and the Nine Unknown Men from "The Nine Unknown".


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Throughout the various printings of "The Satanic Bible", it has included introductions by various authors. The first edition (in print from 1969 to 1972) included an excerpt from an article by Burton H. Wolfe, an investigative journalist and biographer of LaVey, entitled "The Church that Worships Satan". Wolfe provides an extensive biography of LaVey and a history of the Church of Satan. He mentions "Rosemary's Baby" as contributing to the popularity of Satanism, though he does not claim LaVeyan Satanism to have directly influenced its creation. From 1972 until 1976, the introduction to "The Satanic Bible" was a piece by Michael A. Aquino, who later went on to found the Temple of Set with a number of members of the Church of Satan. He gives a detailed analysis of the Satanic philosophies, and dispels myths about LaVeyan Satanism. He explains that it is not "devil worship", and that LaVeyan Satanists in fact reject the worship of external gods completely. He too provides a brief background on LaVey, explaining how LaVey brought some of the knowledge he had acquired while working with the circus to his religion. Wolfe again wrote the introduction for the 1976 to 2005 editions of "The Satanic Bible". It included some of the same content as the 1969 version, with an expanded biography of LaVey and more information on the various conflicts between other religions and LaVeyan Satanism. Since 2005, "The Satanic Bible" has contained an introduction written by Gilmore, High Priest of the Church of Satan. In this introduction, he discusses his discovery of LaVeyan Satanism and his relationship with LaVey. He then goes on to provide a detailed biography of LaVey and addresses allegations that LaVey falsified much of the story of his own past. The introduction also provides a history of "The Satanic Bible" itself, as well as that of two other books by LaVey: "The Satanic Witch" and "The Satanic Rituals".


title: The Satanic Bible

text: LaVey explains his reasons for writing "The Satanic Bible" in a short preface. He speaks skeptically about volumes written by other authors on the subject of magic, dismissing them as "nothing more than sanctimonious fraud" and "volumes of hoary misinformation and false prophecy". He complains that other authors do no more than confuse the subject. He mocks those who spend large amounts of money on attempts to follow rituals and learn about the magic shared in other occult books. He also notes that many of the existing writings on Satanic magic and ideology were created by "right-hand path" authors. He tells that "The Satanic Bible" contains both truth and fantasy, and declares, "What you see may not always please you, but you "will see"!"


title: The Satanic Bible

text: The prologue to "The Satanic Bible" begins by discussing the concept of gods, good and evil, and human nature. It includes the Nine Satanic Statements:


title: The Satanic Bible

text: The Nine Satanic Statements outline the basic ideology of LaVeyan Satanism, and have become some of the guiding principles of LaVeyan Satanism. They also served as a template for later publications by LaVey, such as his 1987 "Nine Satanic Sins". Ayn Rand's influence on LaVeyan Satanism is apparent in the Nine Satanic Statements, leading some, namely Nikolas Schreck, to assert that the Statements are simply unacknowledged paraphrase of Rand's thoughts. These accusations have been disproved, however.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Much of the first book of "The Satanic Bible" is taken from parts of Redbeard's "Might Is Right", edited to remove racism, antisemitism, and misogyny. It challenges both the Ten Commandments and the Golden Rule, advocating instead a tooth-for-tooth philosophy. LaVey, through Redbeard, strongly advocates social Darwinism, saying, "Death to the weakling, wealth to the strong!" Humans are identified as instinctually predatory, and "lust and carnal desire" are singled out as part of humans' intrinsic nature. "The Book of Satan" suggests a hedonistic outlook, saying, "I break away from all conventions that do not lead to my earthly happiness." Indulgence is endorsed, and readers are encouraged to make the most of their lives. It criticizes both law and religious principles, instead suggesting doing only what makes one happy and successful. LaVey continues to denounce other religions, and he rails against what he considers to be arbitrary definitions of "good" and "evil". Religion is criticized as a man-made construct, and the reader is urged to question everything and destroy any lies that he or she uncovers. Long-standing lies that are believed to be irrefutable truths are identified as the most dangerous. The last part of "The Book of Satan" is an adaptation of the Christian Beatitudes, changed to reflect the principles of LaVeyan Satanism.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: "The Book of Lucifer" contains the majority of the philosophy of "The Satanic Bible". It details how Christianity has taught that God is good and Satan is evil, and presents an alternate view. It describes that the concept of Satan, used synonymously with "God", is different for each LaVeyan Satanist, but that to all it represents a good and steadying force in their life. Believers have been called "atheistic Satanists" because of this lack of belief in external gods, but others identify as antitheistic. Satan is seen to LaVeyan Satanists not as "an anthropomorphic being with cloven hooves, a barbed tail, and horns", but as a force of nature that has only been described as evil by other religions. Satan is viewed as a metaphor or a symbol, not as a being to be worshipped.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: LaVey rejects the idea of prayer, instead urging Satanists to take action to fix a situation instead of asking for a solution. The seven deadly sins are advocated, on the basis that they all lead to personal pleasure. He says that Satanism is a form of "controlled selfishness", in the sense that doing something to help another will, in turn, make one happy. The Golden Rule is again mentioned, and LaVey suggests altering it from "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" to "Do unto others as they do unto you" so that if someone is treated poorly, he or she can respond viciously. "The Book of Lucifer" also contains a list of "The Four Crown Princes of Hell" (Satan, Lucifer, Belial, and Leviathan) and of seventy-seven "Infernal Names", representations of Satan from various cultures and religions. They are the names that, according to LaVey, are most useful in Satanic rituals.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: "The Book of Lucifer" contains a long chapter titled "Satanic Sex", discussing Satanism's view on sexual activity as well as misconceptions surrounding these views. He denies the belief that sex is the most important element in LaVeyan Satanism, and that participation in orgies or other promiscuous behavior is forced. He explains that sexual freedom is encouraged, but only in the sense that believers should be free to explore their own sexualities as they please, without harming others. Along with the rumors regarding Satanic views on sex, LaVey also addresses those about animal and human sacrifice. He explains that the only time a LaVeyan Satanist would perform a human sacrifice would be to accomplish two goals: to "release the magician's wrath" as he or she performed a curse, and to kill someone who deserved to die. He considers the action of hurting another person a request to be destroyed and explains that the Satanist is morally required to grant this request in the form of a curse. LaVey also says that a Satanist would never sacrifice a baby or an animal, as they are pure carnal beings and considered to be sacred. In "The Book of Lucifer", LaVey outlines LaVeyan Satanism's views on death. He explains that one who has lived a full life will dread death and that this is the way it should be. He also does not agree with the idea of reincarnation. He encourages a strong will to live, comparing it to animals' instincts to fight viciously for their lives. Suicide is discouraged except in cases of euthanasia, where it would end extreme suffering. Because the Satanist is considered their own god, birthdays are celebrated as the most important holidays. Following one's birthday in importance are Walpurgisnacht and Halloween. Solstices and equinoxes are also celebrated.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: The third book of "The Satanic Bible" describes rituals and magic. According to Joshua Gunn, these are adapted from books of ritual magic such as Crowley's "". "The Satanic Rituals", published by LaVey in 1972, outlines the rituals more precisely, and contains the entire text of the Black Mass. LaVey begins "The Book of Belial" by defining magic as "The change in situations or events in accordance with one's will, which would, using normally accepted methods, be unchangeable." He explains that some of the rituals are simply applied psychology or science, but that some contain parts with no scientific basis.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: LaVey explains that, in order to control a person, one must first attract their attention. He gives three qualities that can be employed for this purpose: sex appeal, sentiment (cuteness or innocence), and wonder. He also advocates the use of odor. In the "Book of Belial", he discusses three types of rituals: those for sex, compassion, and destruction. Sex rituals work to entice another person; compassion rituals work to improve health, intelligence, success, and so on; destruction rituals work to destroy another person. LaVey advocates finding others with whom to practice Satanic rituals in order to reaffirm one's faith and avoid antisocial behavior. He particularly advocates group participation for destruction rituals, as compassion and sex rituals are more private in nature. LaVey goes on to list the key components to successful ritual: desire, timing, imagery, direction, and "The Balance Factor" (awareness of one's own limitations). Details for the various Satanic rituals are explained in "The Book of Belial", and lists of necessary objects (such as clothing, altars, and the symbol of Baphomet) are given.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: The final book of "The Satanic Bible" emphasizes the importance of spoken word and emotion to effective magic. An "Invocation to Satan" as well as three invocations for the three types of ritual are given. The "Invocation to Satan" commands the dark forces to grant power to the summoner, and lists the Infernal names for use in the invocation. The "Invocation employed towards the conjuration of lust" is used for attracting the attentions of another. Both male and female versions of the invocation are provided. The "Invocation employed towards the conjuration of destruction" commands the dark forces to destroy the subject of the invocation. The "Invocation employed towards the conjuration of compassion" requests protection, health, strength, and the destruction of anything ailing the subject of the invocation. The rest of "The Book of Leviathan" is composed of the Enochian Keys, which LaVey adapted from Dee's original work. They are given in Enochian and also translated into English. LaVey provides a brief introduction that credits Dee and explains some of the history behind the Enochian Keys and language. He maintains that the translations provided are an "unvarnishing" of the translations performed by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in the 1800s, but others accuse LaVey of simply changing references to Christianity with those to Satan.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: "The Satanic Bible" often uses the terms "God" and "Satan" interchangeably, except when referring to the concepts of these as viewed by other religions. LaVey also occasionally uses the term "God" to refer to other religions' views of God, and "Satan" or synonyms to refer to the idea of god as interpreted by LaVeyan Satanism, as when he writes, "When all religious faith in lies has waned, it is because man has become closer to himself and farther from 'God'; closer to the 'Devil.'" Throughout "The Satanic Bible", the LaVeyan Satanist's view of god is described as the Satanist's true "self"—a projection of their own personality—not an external deity. Satan is used as a representation of personal liberty and individualism. Satan is also used as a metaphor for the ideas connected with the early Christian view of Satan or the serpent: wise, defiant, questioning, and free-thinking. LaVey discusses this extensively in "The Book of Lucifer", explaining that the gods worshipped by other religions are also projections of man's true self. He argues that man's unwillingness to accept his own ego has caused him to externalize these gods so as to avoid the feeling of narcissism that would accompany self-worship.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Though at some points LaVey refers to Satan as a physical being, this is intended to encourage the Satanist's "rational self-interest."


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Many of the ideas in "The Satanic Bible" suggest a secular, scientific view of the world. However, some of these ideas continue beyond present-day secularism by implying that various occult forces are not supernatural, but rather thus far undiscovered by science. These forces are said to be manipulable by the practitioner of LaVeyan Satanism, a trait of the religion that has been compared with Christian Science and Scientology.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: James Lewis argues that scientific themes are so prevalent in "The Satanic Bible" because LaVey was appealing to the authority of science to legitimize Satanism as a religion.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Social Darwinism and the concept of "human nature" are ideas that are prevalent throughout "The Satanic Bible". LaVey describes Satanism as "a religion based on the universal traits of man," and humans are described throughout as inherently carnal and animalistic. Each of the seven deadly sins is described as part of human's natural instinct, and are thus advocated. Social Darwinism is particularly noticeable in "The Book of Satan", where LaVey plagiarizes portions of Redbeard's "Might Is Right", though it also appears throughout in references to man's inherent strength and instinct for self-preservation. LaVeyan Satanism has been described as "institutionalism of Machiavellian self-interest" because of many of these themes.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: "The Satanic Bible" is recognized as one of the key texts of modern Satanism. The Church of Satan requires that people accept "LaVey's principles" before becoming members of the church. Many other Satanist groups and individual Satanists who are not part of the Church of Satan also recognize LaVey's work as influential. Many Satanists attribute their conversions or discoveries of Satanism to "The Satanic Bible", with 20% of respondents to a survey by James Lewis mentioning "The Satanic Bible" directly as influencing their conversion.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: In Gilmore's introduction, he lists a number of novels and films supposedly influenced by "The Satanic Bible" and LaVeyan Satanism. These include the novels "Rosemary's Baby" by Ira Levin and "Our Lady of Darkness" by Fritz Leiber, as well as films such as "Rosemary's Baby", "The Devil's Rain", "The Car", and "Dr. Dracula". Others have lauded "The Satanic Bible" as heavily influential on metal and rock bands, such as Black Sabbath, Venom, Slayer, King Diamond, and Marilyn Manson.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Richard Metzger describes "The Satanic Bible" as "a razor-sharp, no-bullshit primer in natural and supernatural law." David G. Bromley calls it "iconoclastic" and "the best-known and most influential statement of Satanic theology." Eugene V. Gallagher says that Satanists use LaVey's writings "as lenses through which they view themselves, their group, and the cosmos." He also states: "With a clear-eyed appreciation of true human nature, a love of ritual and pageantry, and a flair for mockery, LaVey's "Satanic Bible" promulgated a gospel of self-indulgence that, he argued, anyone who dispassionately considered the facts would embrace." The philosophy it presents has been described as "strident libertarianism" and "an obvious distillation of ideas common among members of the United States counter-culture in the 1960s." Joshua Gunn argues that the significance of "The Satanic Bible" as an occult item owes to its status as a "totem or a fetishized object in popular culture", not the philosophy contained within. He argues that many erroneously categorize the content of "The Satanic Bible" as evil and depraved from the minimalist, dark cover design (composed of a purple Sigil of Baphomet and white text on the front, and a photo of LaVey superimposed over the Sigil of Baphomet on the back), the verbose, overblown style of the text, and the presence of the word "Satan" in the title. Contrary to this belief, he says, the philosophy presented by LaVey is "neither offensive nor surprising."


title: The Satanic Bible

text: Zeena Schreck has criticized "The Satanic Bible" as a financial endeavor suggested by Avon publisher, Mayer. She maintains that it contains large amounts of falsified information about LaVey's past, and that much of the book is plagiarized from Redbeard's "Might Is Right", Dee's Enochian Keys, and Rand's "Atlas Shrugged". Chris Mathews, in "Modern Satanism: Anatomy of a Radical Subculture", describes "The Satanic Bible" as "hastily prepared" and cynical. Both Mathews and a 1971 article in "Newsweek" compare the ideologies presented in "The Satanic Bible" to Nazism: containing "unremitting focus on social elitism, appeals to force, and scorn for egalitarian principles". Israel Regardie criticized LaVey's alteration of the Enochian Keys in "The Book of Leviathan" as stupid and of lower quality than the original Keys.


title: The Satanic Bible

text: "The Satanic Bible" has also received a large amount of criticism from people and organizations who find its content to be dangerous. Much of this criticism came during the period of "Satanic panic," when Satanic ritual abuse was feared to be epidemic. Much of this media coverage, however, has been denounced as "uncritical and sensationalized." Tom Harpur condemns the book as "blasphemous" and "socially seditious," and blames it for causing an increase in gruesome violence, ritual abuse, and other obscene acts. Critics have also accused "The Satanic Bible" of encouraging violence and murder, particularly in young people considered to be impressionable. Dawn Perlmutter criticizes it for providing adolescents with bad messages and messages that can be easily misinterpreted. Possession of "The Satanic Bible" has been used by some studies to identify adolescents who are antisocial, and some warn that possession of the book is a warning sign of emotional issues. The Council on Mind Abuse took a very negative view of "The Satanic Bible". Former Executive Director Rob Tucker warned parents to look for "The Satanic Bible" in their children's bedrooms, saying, "You have to help the child fight this obsession like any other addiction" and "It's like giving drugs to a kid who is already on the edge." Attempts to ban the book from schools and public libraries have been made in various places around the world, and bans or limitations on the book in prisons have been repeatedly challenged in court. However, opposition to "The Satanic Bible" has rarely led to its removal; these bans are rare. The book was banned in South Africa from 1973 to 1993.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Jacqueline Jill Collins (4 October 1937 – 19 September 2015) was an English romance novelist and actress. She moved to Los Angeles in 1985 and spent most of her career there. She wrote 32 novels, all of which appeared on "The New York Times" bestsellers list. Her books have sold more than 500 million copies and have been translated into 40 languages. Eight of her novels have been adapted for the screen, either as films or television miniseries. She was the younger sister of Dame Joan Collins.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins was born in 1937, in Hampstead, London, the younger daughter of Elsa (née Bessant) Collins (died 1962) and Joseph William Collins (died 1988), a theatrical agent whose clients later included Dame Shirley Bassey, the Beatles, and Sir Tom Jones.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins's South African-born father was Jewish, and her British mother was Anglican. A middle child, Collins had an elder sister, Joan Collins (actress and author), and a younger brother, Bill (who became a property agent).


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins attended Francis Holland School, an independent day school for girls in London and was expelled at age 15. During this period, she reportedly had a brief affair with 29-year-old Marlon Brando.


title: Jackie Collins

text: In 1956, Collins visited her older sister, Joan, who was then based in Los Angeles. She returned to London after failing to gain a U.S. work permit to enable her to be groomed for stardom at 20th Century Fox. Collins began appearing in acting roles in a series of British B movies. These included "Barnacle Bill" (1957), "Rock You Sinners" (1957), "The Safecracker" (1958), "Intent to Kill" (1958), "Passport to Shame" (1958), and "The Shakedown" (1960), in which she was credited as Lynn Curtis. After minor appearances in such television series as "Danger Man" and "The Saint", Collins gave up on pursuing an acting career, although she did play briefly on the television series "Minder" in 1980.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Her first book, "The World Is Full of Married Men" (1968), became a best-seller. Four decades later, she admitted she was a "school dropout" and "juvenile delinquent" when she was 15: "I'm glad I got all of that out of my system at an early age," she said, adding that she "never pretended to be a literary writer."


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins had begun many works of fiction but abandoned them, and only completed her first novel after being persuaded to do so by her second husband Oscar Lerman. "You're a storyteller", he told her. After the publication of her first novel "The World is Full of Married Men," romantic novelist Barbara Cartland called the book "nasty, filthy and disgusting", and charged Collins with "creating every pervert in Britain". The book was banned in Australia and South Africa, but the scandal bolstered sales in the United States and the UK.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins's third novel, "Sunday Simmons & Charlie Brick" (first published under the title "The Hollywood Zoo" in the UK and then retitled "Sinners" worldwide in 1984) was published in 1971 and again made the best-seller lists. This was Collins's first novel to be set in the United States.


title: Jackie Collins

text: "Lovehead" followed in 1974 (retitled as "The Love Killers" in 1989). This novel was Collins's first foray into the world of organized crime, a genre that would later prove to be extremely successful for her.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Following this, Collins published "The World Is Full of Divorced Women" (unrelated to her first novel) in 1975, and then "Lovers & Gamblers" in 1977, which told the story of rock/soul superstar Al King.


title: Jackie Collins

text: In the late 1970s, Collins made a foray into writing for the screen. She co-wrote the screenplay for "The Stud" (1978), based on her second book; the film starred her older sister Joan as the gold-digging adulteress Fontaine Khaled. Following this, Collins wrote the screenplay for "The World Is Full of Married Men" (1980), the film adaptation of her first novel. She also released her seventh novel, "The Bitch" (1979), a sequel to "The Stud"; "The Bitch" was also made into a successful 1979 film, with Joan Collins reprising the role. Around the same time, Collins wrote an original screenplay (not based on any of her novels) for the film "Yesterday's Hero" (1979).


title: Jackie Collins

text: In the 1980s, Collins and her family moved to Los Angeles on a full-time basis, where she would continue to write about the "rich and famous". She said, "If you wish to be successful, there is a place you should be at a certain time. And Los Angeles in the 1980s was it."


title: Jackie Collins

text: Her next novel was "Chances" (1981). It introduced one of her best-known characters, Lucky Santangelo, the "dangerously beautiful" daughter of a gangster.


title: Jackie Collins

text: While living in the hills above Sunset Boulevard, Collins collected the knowledge and experience to write her most commercially successful novel, "Hollywood Wives" (1983), which hit "The New York Times" best-seller list at number one. Marketed as a "scandalous exposé", the novel sold over 15 million copies and placed Collins in a powerful position, making her a celebrity of near equal status to her sister Joan, whose own career had taken an upwards direction with her role in the television drama "Dynasty".


title: Jackie Collins

text: In 1985, "Hollywood Wives" was made into a television miniseries, produced by Aaron Spelling and starring Candice Bergen, Stefanie Powers, Angie Dickinson, Anthony Hopkins, Suzanne Somers, and Rod Steiger. Although credited as a "creative consultant", Collins later stated that she was never consulted during production and that she did not agree with some of the casting choices.


title: Jackie Collins

text: She then went on to write the sequel to "Chances", titled "Lucky" (1985), followed by "Hollywood Husbands" (1986) and "Rock Star" (1988).


title: Jackie Collins

text: In 1990, Collins published her third Lucky Santangelo novel, "Lady Boss", and wrote and co-produced the television miniseries "Lucky Chances", which combined her first two Lucky Santangelo novels and starred Nicollette Sheridan (in the lead role) and Sandra Bullock.


title: Jackie Collins

text: In 1992, Collins was widowed when her husband of 26 years, Oscar Lerman, died of cancer. Around this time, she wrote and produced another miniseries based on the "Lady Boss" novel, with Kim Delaney playing the lead role. Collins's run of best-sellers continued with "American Star" (1993), "Hollywood Kids" (1994), and the fourth Santangelo novel, "" (1996).


title: Jackie Collins

text: In 1998, she made a foray into talk show television with the series "Jackie Collins' Hollywood", but this was unsuccessful. She also published the novel "Thrill" (1998) and wrote a four-part series of mini-novels, called "L.A. Connections", to be released in a newspaper every six weeks and which introduced a new heroine in the form of investigative journalist Madison Castelli. The fifth Lucky Santangelo novel, "Dangerous Kiss", was published in 1999.


title: Jackie Collins

text: The 2000s turned out to be Collins's busiest time; she published eight best-sellers, more than in any other decade in her career. In 2000, Collins brought back the character of Madison Castelli in a new novel, "Lethal Seduction". In 2001, she published "Hollywood Wives: The New Generation", which was adapted as a 2003 television movie starring Farrah Fawcett, Melissa Gilbert, and Robin Givens. (Collins was credited as an executive producer.) A new Madison Castelli novel, "Deadly Embrace", was published in 2002, and "Hollywood Divorces" was published in 2003. In 2004, Collins hosted a series of television specials, "Jackie Collins Presents", for E! Entertainment Television.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins continued with "Lovers & Players" (2006); the sixth Lucky Santangelo novel, "Drop Dead Beautiful" (2007); and "Married Lovers" (2008), which concerns the affairs of a female personal trainer named Cameron Paradise. This was followed by "Poor Little Bitch Girl" (2009), which stemmed from an idea Collins had worked on for a television series about heiresses that was ultimately never made.


title: Jackie Collins

text: "Paris Connections" (2010), a direct-to-DVD movie adapted from Collins's "L.A. Connections" series of mini-novels, was made by Amber Entertainment in association with the UK supermarket chain Tesco. The movie stars Charles Dance, Trudie Styler, and Nicole Steinwedell (as Madison Castelli). Collins served as co-producer, and three more "Connections" movies with the Madison Castelli character are planned.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins continued to write Lucky Santangelo books, including "Goddess of Vengeance". Her 29th novel, titled "The Power Trip", was published in February 2013. "Confessions of a Wild Child", was published in February 2014, with a movie deal announced even before the book came out.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins's cookbook, "The Lucky Santangelo Cookbook" (2014), is named after the protagonist of nine Collins novels, who is often portrayed preparing elaborate gastronomic creations for her intimates (and who watched her father throw a plate of food at her mother as a child). Collins's final novel was "The Santangelos" (2015), a conclusion to the Santangelo series she had begun with "Chances" (1981).


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins held dual citizenship: British (by birth) and U.S. (by naturalization, from 6 May 1960). She married her first husband, Wallace Austin, in 1960; they divorced in 1964. Austin's addiction to drugs prescribed for manic depression ultimately caused their separation, and he died from a deliberate overdose the year after their marriage ended. The couple had one daughter, Tracy, born in 1961.


title: Jackie Collins

text: In 1965, Collins married again, this time to American art gallery and nightclub ("Ad-Lib" and Tramp) owner, Oscar Lerman, who was 18 years her senior. The wedding took place in the home of her sister Joan and her husband at the time, Anthony Newley. Collins and Lerman had two daughters, Tiffany (born 1967) and Rory (born 1969). Lerman also formally adopted Collins's daughter, Tracy, from her previous marriage. Lerman died in 1992 from prostate cancer.


title: Jackie Collins

text: In 1994, Collins became engaged to Los Angeles business executive Frank Calcagnini, who died in 1998 from a brain tumor. She said that what got her through the tragedies of losing two loved ones was "celebrating their lives, as opposed to dwelling on their deaths."


title: Jackie Collins

text: In 2011, when asked if she were dating anyone, Collins said: "I have a man for every occasion", adding:


title: Jackie Collins

text: In 2013, she was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Birthday Honours for services to fiction and charity.


title: Jackie Collins

text: Throughout Collins's career, she fictionalized aspects of her personal life as a source for her novels. She said she loved Los Angeles and recalled that while growing up in England, she often read novels by Harold Robbins, Mickey Spillane, and Raymond Chandler. "Vanity Fair" writer Dominick Dunne explains that Collins "loved the picture business, the television business, the record business, and the people in them, the stars, celebrities, directors, and producers." And although she was a "great partygoer", he says, she went to them "more as an observer than participant", using them as part of her "research." "Write about what you know", Collins said at a writer's conference. "I love what I do. I fall in love with my characters. They become me, and I become them."


title: Jackie Collins

text: Collins died on 19 September 2015, of breast cancer, two weeks before her 78th birthday. She had been diagnosed with stage-4 breast cancer more than six years before her death but kept her illness almost entirely to herself. She reportedly informed her sister Joan Collins two weeks before she died and flew from Los Angeles to London to appear on the ITV chat show "Loose Women" nine days before her death.


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: Postal codes in Singapore have consisted of six digits since 1995, replacing the four-digit system introduced in 1979. They are administered by Singapore Post.


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: Singapore was originally divided into 28 postal districts on 6 March 1950, with a number being allocated to each district. For example, the Orchard Road area was in District 9.


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: This was superseded by a new four-digit system on 1 July 1979, with the last two digits representing a sector in each district. There were in total 81 sectors.


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: On 1 September 1995, this was replaced by a six-digit system, in which every building was given its unique postcode, the first two digits of which represented the old sector, i.e. 23.


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: Although the old districts are no longer used by Singapore Post, they are still widely used to refer to locations of properties for sale or rent.


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: The 6-digit postal code is made up of the sector code and the delivery point. The sector is represented by the first two numbers of the postal code. The remaining four numbers define the delivery point within the sector. e.g.


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: For Housing and Development Board (HDB) residential blocks, the block number is included in the postal code. e.g.


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: HDB residential blocks with the same number in the same postal sector are differentiated by their postal codes as follows:


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: Similarly, for a HDB residential block sharing the same number as another block in the same postal sector, but have an added suffix behind are differentiated by their postal codes as follows:


title: Postal codes in Singapore

text: The postal codes for private residential, commercial and industrial houses and buildings are assigned based on the alphabetical sequence of the street names in each sector. This means that the codes for a particular postal sector have been assigned first to houses and buildings located along street names beginning with 'A', followed by 'B' and so on. The postal codes for such properties do not contain the corresponding house or building numbers included in the postal code. HDB industrial and commercial blocks also use this system.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT; ; literally "Army of the Good", translated as "Army of the Righteous", or "Army of the Pure" and alternatively spelled as "Lashkar-e-Tayyiba", "Lashkar-e-Toiba", "Lashkar-i-Taiba", "Lashkar-i-Tayyeba") is a militant Islamist terrorist organisation operating against India in Pakistan. The organization's stated objective is to merge the whole of Kashmir with Pakistan. It was founded by Hafiz Saeed, Abdullah Azzam and several other Islamist mujahideen with funding from Osama bin Laden during the Soviet-Afghan War.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The organization is designated as a terrorist organisation by Pakistan, India, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Russia, Australia, and the United Nations (under the UNSC Resolution 1267 Al-Qaeda Sanctions List). Though formally banned by Pakistan, the general view of India and some Western analysts is that Pakistan's main intelligence agency continues to give LeT help and protection. The Indian government's view is that Pakistan, particularly through its intelligence agency, has both supported the group and sheltered the group's leader Hafiz Saeed; It has been accused by India of attacking military and civilian targets in India, most notably the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, the 2008 Mumbai attacks and the 2019 Pulwama attack on Armed Forces.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: While the primary area of operations of LeT's terrorist activities is the Kashmir Valley, their professed goal is not limited to challenging India's sovereignty over Jammu and Kashmir. LeT sees the issue of Kashmir as part of a wider global struggle. The group has adopted maximalist agenda of global jihad though its operations have so far been limited to Kashmir. The group justifies its ideology on of the Quran. Extrapolating from this verse, the group asserts that military jihad is a religious obligation of all Muslims and defines the many circumstances under which it must be carried out. In a pamphlet entitled "Why Are We Waging Jihad?", the group states that all of India along with many other countries were once ruled by Muslims and were Muslim lands, which is their duty to take it back from the non-Muslims. It declared United States, India, and Israel as "existential enemies of Islam". LeT believes that jihad is the duty of all Muslims and must be waged until eight objectives are met: Establishing Islam as the dominant way of life in the world, forcing disbelievers to pay jizya (a tax on non-Muslims), fighting for the weak and feeble against oppressors, exacting revenge for killed Muslims, punishing enemies for violating oaths and treaties, defending all Muslim states, and recapturing occupied Muslim territory. The group construes lands once ruled by Muslims as Muslim lands and considers it as their duty to get them back. It embraces a pan-Islamist rationale for military action.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Although it views Pakistan's ruling powers as hypocrites, it doesn't support revolutionary jihad at home because the struggle in Pakistan "is not a struggle between Islam and disbelief". The pamphlet "Why do we do Jihad?" states, "If we declare war against those who have professed Faith, we cannot do war with those who haven’t." The group instead seeks reform through dawa. It aims to bring Pakistanis to LeT's interpretation of Ahl-e-Hadith Islam and thus, transforming the society in which they live.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: LeT's leaders have argued that Indian-administered Kashmir was the closest occupied land, and observed that the ratio of occupying forces to the population there was one of the highest in the world, meaning this was among the most substantial occupations of Muslim land. Thus, LeT cadres could volunteer to fight on other fronts but were obligated to fight in Indian-administered Kashmir.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The group was also said to be motivated by the 1992 demolition of the Babri Mosque by Hindu nationalists, for attacks directed against India.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: In the wake of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, investigations of computer and email accounts revealed a list of 320 locations worldwide deemed as possible targets for attack. Analysts believed that the list was a statement of intent rather than a list of locations where LeT cells had been established and were ready to strike.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: In January 2009, LeT publicly declared that it would pursue a peaceful resolution in the Kashmir issue and that it did not have global jihadist aims, but the group is still believed to be active in several other spheres of anti-Indian terrorism. The disclosures of Abu Jundal, who was sent to India by the Saudi Arabian government, however, revealed that LeT is planning to revive militancy in Jammu and Kashmir and conduct major terror strikes in India.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: In 1985, Hafiz Mohammed Saeed and Zafar Iqbal formed the "Jamaat-ud-Dawa" (Organization for Preaching, or JuD) as a small missionary group dedicated to promoting an Ahl-e-Hadith version of Islam. In the next year, Zaki-ur Rehman Lakvi merged his group of anti-Soviet jihadists with the JuD to form the "Markaz-ud Dawa-wal-Irshad" (Center for Preaching and Guidance, or MDI). The MDI had 17 founders originally, and notable among them was Abdullah Azzam.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The LeT was formed in Afghanistan's Kunar province in 1990 and gained prominence in the early 1990s as a military offshoot of MDI. MDI's primary concerns were dawah and the LeT focused on jihad although the members did not distinguish between the two groups' functions. According to Hafiz Saeed, "Islam propounds both dawa[h] and jihad. Both are equally important and inseparable. Since our life revolves around Islam, therefore both dawa and jihad are essential; we cannot prefer one over the other."


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Most of these training camps were located in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and many were shifted to Pakistan Administered Kashmir for the sole purpose of training volunteers for the Kashmir Jihad. From 1991 onward, militancy surged in Indian Kashmir, as many Lashkar-e-Taiba volunteers were infiltrated into Indian Kashmir from Pakistan Administered Kashmir with the help of the Pakistan Army and ISI. As of 2010, the degree of control that Pakistani intelligence retains over LeT's operations is not known.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: On 28 March 2001, in Statutory Instrument 2001 No. 1261, British Home Secretary Jack Straw designated the group a Proscribed Terrorist Organization under the Terrorism Act 2000.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: On 5 December 2001, the group was added to the Terrorist Exclusion List. In a notification dated 26 December 2001, United States Secretary of State Colin Powell, designated Lashkar-e-Taiba a Foreign Terrorist Organization.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: It is banned in India as a designated terrorist group under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: It was listed as a terrorist organization in Australia under the "Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002" on 11 April 2003 and was re-listed on 11 April 2005 and 31 March 2007.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: On 2 May 2008, it was placed on the Consolidated List established and maintained by the committee established by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267 as an entity associated with al-Qaeda. The report also proscribed Jamaat-ud-Dawa as a front group of the LeT. Bruce Riedel, an expert on terrorism, believes that LeT with the support of its Pakistani backers is more dangerous than al-Qaeda.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: According to a media report, the US accused JuD of being the front group for the prime suspects of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, the Lashkar-e-Taiba, the organization that trained the 10 gunmen involved in these attacks.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: On 7 December 2008, under pressure from the US and India, Pakistani army launched an operation against LeT and raided a "markaz" (center) of the LeT at Shawai Nullah, 5 km from Muzaffarabad in Pakistan-controlled Pakistan Administered Kashmir. The army arrested more than twenty members of the LeT including Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, the alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks. They are said to have sealed off the center, which included a madrasah and a mosque alongside offices of the LeT according to the government of Pakistan.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: On 10 December 2008, India formally requested the United Nations Security Council to designate JuD as a terrorist organization. Subsequently, Pakistan's ambassador to the United Nations Abdullah Hussain gave an undertaking, saying,


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: A similar assurance was given by Pakistan in 2002 when it clamped down on the LeT; however, the LeT was covertly allowed to function under the guise of the JuD. While arrests have been made, the Pakistani government has categorically refused to allow any foreign investigators access to Hafiz Muhammad Saeed.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: On 11 December 2008, the United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on JuD, declaring it a global terrorist group. Saeed, the chief of JuD, declared that his group would challenge the sanctions imposed on it in all forums. Pakistan's government also banned the JuD on the same day and issued an order to seal the JuD in all four provinces, as well as Pakistan-controlled Kashmir. Before the ban JuD, ran a weekly newspaper named "Ghazwah", two monthly magazines called "Majalla Tud Dawaa" and "Zarb e Taiba", and a fortnightly magazine for children, "Nanhe Mujahid". The publications have since been banned by the Pakistani government. In addition to the prohibition of JuD's print publications, the organization's websites were also shut down by the Pakistani government.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: After the UNSC ban, Hindu minority groups in Pakistan came out in support of JuD. At protest marches in Hyderabad, Hindu groups said that JuD does charity work such as setting up water wells in desert regions and providing food to the poor. However, according to the BBC, the credibility of the level of support for the protest was questionable as protesters on their way to what they believed was a rally against price rises had been handed signs in support of JuD. The JuD ban has been met with heavy criticism in many Pakistani circles, as JuD was the first to react to the Kashmir earthquake and the Ziarat earthquake. It also ran over 160 schools with thousands of students and provided aid in hospitals as well. JuD disguises terrorist activities by showing fake welfare trusts.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: In January 2009, JuD spokesperson, Abdullah Muntazir, stressed that the group did not have global jihadist aspirations and would welcome a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir issue. He also publicly disowned LeT commanders Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi and Zarrar Shah, who have both been accused of being the masterminds behind the Mumbai attacks.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: In response to the UN resolution and the government ban, the JuD reorganized itself under the name of Tehreek-e-Tahafuz Qibla Awal (TTQA).


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: On 25 June 2014, the United States added several of LeT affiliates including Jamaat-ud-Dawa, Al-Anfal Trust, Tehrik-e-Hurmat-e-Rasool, and Tehrik-e-Tahafuz Qibla Awwal to the list of foreign terrorist organizations.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Jamaat-ud-Dawa members on 7 August 2017 announced the creation of a political party called "Milli Muslim League". Tabish Qayoum, a JuD activist working as the party spokesman, stated they had filed registration papers for a new party with Pakistan's electoral commission. Later in August, JuD under the banner of the party fielded a candidate for the 2017 by-election of Constituency NA-120. Muhammad Yaqoob Sheikh filed his nomination papers as an independent candidate.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The registration application of the party was rejected by ECP on the 12th of October. Hafiz Saeed announced in December, a few days after release from house arrest on 24 November, that his organization will contest the 2018 elections.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: In February 2019, after the Pulwama attack, the Pakistan government placed the ban once again on Jamat-ud-Dawa and its charity organization Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation (FIF). To evade the ban, their names were changed to Al Madina and Aisar Foundation respectively and they continued their work as before.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The Resistance Front (TRF) was launched after the revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019. Lashkar-e-Taiba leaders form the core of the TRF. TRF has taken responsibility for various attacks in Kashmir in 2020 including the deaths of five Indian Army para commandos . In June 2020, Army's XV Corps commander Lt General B S Raju said "There is no organisation called TRF. It is a social media entity which is trying to take credit for anything and everything that is happening within the Valley. It is in the electronic domain."


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The PAFF was originally thought to be a faction of Lashkar-e-Taiba according to Indian officials. The Indian police claimed it is an offshoot of Jaish-e-Muhammad. The PAFF was created during the wake of the 2019 Kashmir Protests after the revocation of autonomy of the Jammu and Kashmir. The PAFF has claimed responsibility of many attacks in Kashmir against Indian forces.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: After the Mujahideen victory against the Soviet Union occupation in Afghanistan, Lahkar-e-Taiba and Mujahideen fighters, with the aid of Pakistan, slowly infiltrated Kashmir with the goal of spreading a Radical Islamist Ideology to Jihad against Indian occupation in Jammu and Kashmir.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The group conducts training camps and humanitarian work. Across Pakistan, the organization runs 16 Islamic institutions, 135 secondary schools, an ambulance service, mobile clinics, blood banks and seminaries according to the South Asia Terrorism Portal.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Some breakaway Lashkar members have been accused of carrying out attacks in Pakistan, particularly in Karachi, to mark its opposition to the policies of former president Pervez Musharraf.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Christine Fair estimates that, through its editing house Dar al Andalus, "LeT is perhaps the most prolific producer of "jihadi" literature in Pakistan." By the end of the 90s, the Urdu monthly magazine "Mujallah al-Dawah" had a circulation of 100 000, another monthly magazine, "Ghazwa", of 20 000, while other weekly and monthly publications target students ("Zarb-e-Tayyaba"), women ("Tayyabaat"), children and those who are literate in English ("Voice of Islam" and "Invite") or Arabic ("al-Ribat".) It also publishes, every year, around 100 booklets, in many languages. It has been described as a "profitable department, selling lacs of books every year."


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The LeT training camps are presently located at a number of locations in Pakistan. These camps, which include its base camp, Markaz-e-Taiba in Muridke near Lahore and the one near Manshera, are used to impart training to militants. In these camps, the following trainings are imparted:


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: 26/11 mastermind, Zabiuddin Ansari alias, Abu Jundal arrested recently by Indian intelligence agencies is reported to have disclosed that paragliding training was also included in the training curriculum of LeT cadres at is camps in Muzaffarabad.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: These camps have long been tolerated since Inception by the Pakistan's powerful Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency because of their usefulness against India and in Afghanistan although they have been instructed not to mount any operations for now. A French anti-terrorism expert, Jean-Louis Bruguière, in his "Some Things that I Wasn’t Able to Say" has stated that the regular Pakistani army officers trained the militants in the LeT training camps until recently. He reached this conclusion after interrogating a French militant, Willy Brigitte, who had been trained by the LeT and arrested in Australia in 2003.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The LeT base camp Markaz-e-Taiba is in Nangal Saday, about 5 km North of Muridke, on East side of G.T. road; about 30 km from Lahore, was established in 1988. It is spread over of land and contains a madrassa, hospital, market, residences, a fish farm and agricultural tracts. The initial sectarian religious training, "Daura-e-Sufa" is imparted here to the militants.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: In 1987, LeT established two training camps in Afghanistan. The first one was the Muaskar-e-Taiba at Jaji in Paktia Province and the second one was the Muaskar-e-Aqsa in Kunar Province. US intelligence analysts justify the extrajudicial detention of at least one Guantanamo detainee because they allege he attended a LeT training camp in Afghanistan. A memorandum summarizing the factors for and against the continued detention of Bader Al Bakri Al Samiri asserts that he attended a LeT training camp.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Mariam Abou Zahab and Olivier Roy in their "Islamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection" (London: C. Hurst & Co., 2004) mentioned three training camps in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, the principal one is the Umm-al-Qura training camp at Muzaffarabad. Every month five hundred militants are trained in these camps. Muhammad Amir Rana in his "A to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan" (Lahore: Mashal, 2004) listed five training camps. Four of them, the Muaskar-e-Taiba, the Muaskar-e-Aqsa, the Muaskar Umm-al-Qura and the Muaskar Abdullah bin Masood are in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and the Markaz Mohammed bin Qasim training camp is in Sanghar District of Sindh. Ten thousand militants had been trained in these camps till 2004.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The government of Pakistan began to fund the LeT during the early 1990s and by around 1995 the funding had grown considerably. During this time the army and the ISI helped establish the LeT's military structure with the specific intent to use the militant group against India. The LeT also obtained funds through efforts of the MDI's Department of Finance.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Until 2002, the LeT collected funds through public fundraising events usually using charity boxes in shops. The group also received money through donations at MDI offices, through personal donations collected at public celebrations of an operative's martyrdom, and through its website. The LeT also collected donations from the Pakistani immigrant community in the Persian Gulf and United Kingdom, Islamic Non-Governmental Organizations, and Pakistani and Kashmiri businessmen. LeT operatives have also been apprehended in India, where they had been obtaining funds from sections of the Muslim community.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Although many of the funds collected went towards legitimate uses, e.g. factories and other businesses, a significant portion was dedicated to military activities. According to US intelligence, the LeT had a military budget of more than $5 million by 2009.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: LeT assisted victims after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. In many instances, they were the first on the scene, arriving before the army or other civilians.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: A large amount of funds collected among the Pakistani expatriate community in Britain to aid victims of the earthquake were funneled for the activities of LeT although the donors were unaware. About £5 million were collected, but more than half of the funds were directed towards LeT rather than towards relief efforts. Intelligence officials stated that some of the funds were used to prepare for an attack that would have detonated explosives on board transatlantic airflights. Other investigations also indicated the aid given for earthquake victims was directly involved to expand Lashkar-e-Taiba's activities within India.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: According to a secret December 2009 paper signed by the US secretary of state, "Saudi Arabia remains a critical financial support base for al-Qaeda, the Taliban, LeT and other terrorist groups." LeT used a Saudi-based front company to fund its activities in 2005.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: LeT attacks have increased tensions in the already contentious relationship between India and Pakistan. Part of the LeT strategy may be to deflect the attention of Pakistan's military away from the tribal areas and towards its border with India. Attacks in India also aim to exacerbate tensions between India's Hindu and Muslim communities and help LeT recruitment strategies in India.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: LeT cadres have also been arrested in different cities of India. On 27 May, a LeT militant was arrested from Hajipur in Gujarat. On 15 August 2001, a LeT militant was arrested from Bhatinda in Punjab. Mumbai police's interrogation of LeT operative, Abu Jundal revealed that LeT has planned 10 more terror attacks across India and he had agreed to participate in these attacks. A top US counter-terrorism official, Daniel Benjamin, in a news conference on 31 July 2012, told that LeT was a threat to the stability in South Asia urging Pakistan to take strong action against the terror outfit. Interrogation of Jundal revealed that LeT was planning to carry out aerial attacks on Indian cities and had trained 150 paragliders for this. He knew of these plans when he visited a huge bungalow in eastern Karachi where top LeT men, supervised by a man called Yakub were planning aerial and sea route attacks on India.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The ISI have provided financial and material support to LeT. In 2010, Interpol issued warrants for the arrest of two serving officers in the Pakistan army for alleged involvement in the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The LeT was also reported to have been directed by the ISI to widen its network in the Jammu region where a considerable section of the populace comprised Punjabis. The LeT has a large number of activists who hail from Indian Punjab and can thus effectively penetrate into Jammu society. A 13 December 2001 news report cited a LeT spokesperson as saying that LeT wanted to avoid a clash with the Pakistani government. He claimed a clash was possible because of the suddenly conflicting interests of the government and of the militant outfits active in Jammu and Kashmir even though the government had been an ardent supporter of Muslim freedom movements, particularly that of Kashmir.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Pakistan denies giving orders to LeT's activities. However, the Indian government and many non-governmental think-tanks allege that the Pakistani ISI is involved with the group. The situation with LeT causes considerable strain in Indo-Pakistani relations, which are already mired in suspicion and mutual distrust.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The LeT was created to participate in the Mujahideen conflict against the Najibullah regime in Afghanistan. In the process, the outfit developed deep linkages with Afghanistan and has several Afghan nationals in its cadre. The outfit had also cultivated links with the former Taliban regime in Afghanistan and also with Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda network. Even while refraining from openly displaying these links, the LeT office in Muridke was reportedly used as a transit camp for third country recruits heading for Afghanistan.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Guantanamo detainee Khalid Bin Abdullah Mishal Thamer Al Hameydani's Combatant Status Review Tribunal said that he had received training via Lashkar-e-Taiba.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: Lashkar-e-Taiba's directed attacks against Indian targets in Afghanistan. Three major attacks occurred against Indian government employees and private workers in Afghanistan.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The Combatant Status Review Tribunals of Taj Mohammed and Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami, and the Administrative Review Board hearing of Abdullah Mujahid and Zia Ul Shah allege that they too were members or former members of Lashkar-e-Taiba.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: While the primary focus for the Lashkar is the operations in Indian Kashmir, it has frequently provided support to other international terrorist groups. Primary among these is the al-Qaeda Network in Afghanistan. LeT members also have been reported to have engaged in conflicts in the Philippines, Bosnia, the Middle East and Chechnya. There are also allegations that members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam conducted arms transfers and made deals with LeT in the early 1990s.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: News reports, citing security forces, said that the latter suspect that on 13 December 2001 attack on India's Parliament in New Delhi, a joint group from the LeT and the Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) were involved. The attack precipitated the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff.


title: Lashkar-e-Taiba

text: The Lashkar is reported to have conducted several of its major operations in tandem with the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen.They conducted various operations together and it's believed that they still work together in j&k


title: Shrek!

text: Shrek! is a comedy fantasy picture book published in 1991 by American book writer and cartoonist William Steig, about a repugnant green monster who leaves home to see the world and ends up marrying an ugly princess. The book was generally well-received upon publication, with critics praising the illustrations, originality, and writing. Critics have also described Shrek as an antihero and noted the book's themes of satisfaction and self-esteem. The book served as the basis for the first "Shrek" movie (2001) and the popular "Shrek" film series starring Mike Myers over a decade after its publication.


title: Shrek!

text: William Steig was a cartoonist at "The New Yorker" from 1930 to the 1960s. He created over 1,600 cartoons and was dubbed "The King of Cartoons". However, he intensely disliked creating advertisements, and started writing children's books instead at the age of sixty-one. Steig was in his eighties when he wrote the book.


title: Shrek!

text: His books became known for “graphically repeated themes of stark separation and warm reunion” between parents and their children while maintaining the "wit" that was characteristic of his cartoons. The books also commonly included themes such as separation and transformation. Steig's artwork in his children's books was noted for "rich" use of colors and were made using watercolor painting and ink. They were compared to his cartoons that had been published in "The New Yorker."


title: Shrek!

text: The name "Shrek" is the romanization of the Yiddish word (), or (), related to the German and meaning "fear" or "fright". "Shrek!" was published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.


title: Shrek!

text: Shrek is a repugnant, green-skinned, fire-breathing, seemingly indestructible monster who enjoys causing misery with his repulsiveness. After his parents decide that he must be sent out into the world to "[do] his share of damage", they (literally) kick him out of their swamp. Shrek soon encounters a witch, who, in exchange for his rare lice, reads his fortune: by uttering the magic words "Apple Strudel", he will be taken by donkey to a castle, where he will battle a knight and marry a princess who is even uglier than him.


title: Shrek!

text: Excitedly on his way, Shrek encounters a scything peasant from whom he steals and eats his pheasant, counters an attack from thunder, lightning and rain by eating lightning's fiercest bolt, and knocks out a dragon with his fiery breath. While resting, he is disturbed by a nightmare in which he is helpless to being hugged and kissed by a multitude of children. Awakening, he meets the donkey, who takes him to the castle.


title: Shrek!

text: Shrek confronts the knight guarding the castle; outraged by Shrek's demands to see the princess, the knight attacks him, to which Shrek responds with a fire blast that sends him into the surrounding moat. Inside the castle, Shrek is terrified when he appears to be surrounded by an army of similarly hideous creatures, but regains his resolve and self-esteem upon discovering that he is in the hall of mirrors. He finally meets the princess; mutually smitten by their shared ugliness, they marry and live "horribly ever after, scaring the socks off all who fell afoul of them".


title: Shrek!

text: The journalist David Denby wrote that "For all its acrid temper, "Shrek!" was very much a charmed fairy tale: the perfectly ugly creature finds his perfectly ugly mate." "Publishers Weekly" gave the book a positive review, praising Steig's "epigrammatic genius" and calling the book an "engrossing and satisfying tale". A reviewer for "The New York Times" highlighted the illustrations and Steig's "perfect-pitch ear for daffy English idiom". Karen Litton in "School Library Journal" similarly praised the book's illustrations and writing, noting that it was a good book to read aloud.


title: Shrek!

text: Michael Dirda for "The Washington Post" considered the writing and pictures to be "relatively simple", but "such an ingratiating, cheery book that no one will be able to resist it". He did not consider it Steig's best work, but instead a "perfect" modest achievement. A reviewer for "Language Arts" noted the book's originality, saying that it turned the standards of folk literature "upside down". Other reviewers also highlighted the book's originality. "Shrek!" also was named among the picture book winners of the 1990 Children's Book Award given by Parents' Choice. "Publishers Weekly" gave the book several of the 1990 "Cuffies", a children's book award, including "funniest book of the year" and "best opening line".


title: Shrek!

text: Some parents objected to the book, feeling it was "unsuitable for children". The scholar Jack Zipes felt that "Shrek!" was not Steig's best work. Professor Victoria Ford Smith in 2017 considered Steig's artwork "childlike", comparing it to the work of Quentin Blake.


title: Shrek!

text: In 2010, Zipes wrote in Tor.com that the book was one of the "best examples of how the fairy tale has been fractured and continually transformed, indicating its radical potential in our digital age, especially with the production and success of the twenty-first century digitally animated films". Zipes noted that the book and its hero ask the question "What is evil? Who causes evil?". He considered "Shrek!" a parody of "The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was", a story by the Brothers Grimm, but also considered the book to represent "the outsider, the marginalized, the Other, who could be any of the oppressed minorities in America."


title: Shrek!

text: In 2019, Rumaan Alam in "The New Yorker" highlighted the book as a story where "the bad guy gets a happy ending" and noted that "sometimes life works that way." The author and critic Lee Thomas compared "Shrek!" to Steig's 1984 "Rotten Island" as instances where the "devil really slithers into his ghoulish own". "Shrek!" has been described as having themes of "satisfaction and self-esteem" and being true to yourself.


title: Shrek!

text: Steig's Shrek has been described as an antihero who represents someone who is different and is happy with it. When his parents kick Shrek out of his swamp, he is forced to embark on a trip to resolve issues over his subjectivity. According to the professor Lewis Roberts, Shrek experiences several "moments of crisis" in the book, first when he has a nightmare about children and later when he enters the hall of mirrors. The professor Lewis Roberts considers these moments comparable to the Lacanian mirror stage, a psychoanalytic concept relating to the moment when an infant first becomes aware of themselves. Shrek easily beats the dragon because the dragon reminds him of the part of himself he is comfortable with: his ugliness.


title: Shrek!

text: Shrek's nightmare is more difficult for Shrek. By presenting it as a two-page spread, which is uncommon in the book, Steig highlights it as an important moment. Because the children are paying Shrek attention and are not repulsed or afraid of him, his "self-image is threatened and his relationship to the Other is destabilized." He has to confront the fact that "his ideal of the horrible is unreachable". Shrek's arrival in the hall of mirrors represents him "coming to terms with his own reflection" and learning to be "happier than ever to be exactly what he was". However, the images he sees in the mirror still do not match what he looks like and represent an ideal rather than reality.


title: Shrek!

text: After the two crises, Shrek is not completed until he meets the princess, who is uglier than him. Roberts concludes by saying that "The book rehearses the crises of subjectivity all children must face, and then reassures and amuses its readers by showing how even a hideous figure such as Shrek can find resolution."


title: Shrek!

text: Steven Spielberg purchased the rights for the book in 1991, planning to produce a traditionally animated film based on the book (which would have been in 2D animation, and was going to star Bill Murray as Shrek and Steve Martin as Donkey). However, DreamWorks ended up purchasing the rights for the book for approximately $500,000 and putting it in active development in November 1995. "Shrek" was released on May 18, 2001, starring the voices of Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, and John Lithgow. The film was a critical and commercial success and won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. It was followed by several other films, including: "Shrek 2" (2004), "Shrek the Third" (2007), and "Shrek Forever After" (2010). The first film was adapted into a Broadway musical called "Shrek The Musical" in 2008.


title: Shrek!

text: Several critics highlighted differences between "Shrek" the movie and Steig's original version, including the addition of characters and changing the plot and morals. However, Steig said that he liked the movie and it dramatically increased sales of his book. Steig said of the film: "It's vulgar, it's disgusting — and I love it!" There have also been several school projects that have been based on Shrek! ranging from school plays, to poems.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating success or failure when communicating with another IP address, for example, an error is indicated when a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP differs from transport protocols such as TCP and UDP in that it is not typically used to exchange data between systems, nor is it regularly employed by end-user network applications (with the exception of some diagnostic tools like ping and traceroute).


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: ICMP is part of the Internet protocol suite as defined in RFC 792. ICMP messages are typically used for diagnostic or control purposes or generated in response to errors in IP operations (as specified in RFC 1122). ICMP errors are directed to the source IP address of the originating packet.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: For example, every device (such as an intermediate router) forwarding an IP datagram first decrements the time to live (TTL) field in the IP header by one. If the resulting TTL is 0, the packet is discarded and an ICMP time exceeded in transit message is sent to the datagram's source address.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: Many commonly used network utilities are based on ICMP messages. The traceroute command can be implemented by transmitting IP datagrams with specially set IP TTL header fields, and looking for ICMP time exceeded in transit and Destination unreachable messages generated in response. The related ping utility is implemented using the ICMP "echo request" and "echo reply" messages.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: ICMP uses the basic support of IP as if it were a higher-level protocol, however, ICMP is actually an integral part of IP. Although ICMP messages are contained within standard IP packets, ICMP messages are usually processed as a special case, distinguished from normal IP processing. In many cases, it is necessary to inspect the contents of the ICMP message and deliver the appropriate error message to the application responsible for transmitting the IP packet that prompted the ICMP message to be sent.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: ICMP is a network-layer protocol. There is no TCP or UDP port number associated with ICMP packets as these numbers are associated with the transport layer above.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: The ICMP header starts after the IPv4 header and is identified by IP protocol number '1'. All ICMP packets have an 8-byte header and variable-sized data section. The first 4 bytes of the header have fixed format, while the last 4 bytes depend on the type/code of that ICMP packet.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: ICMP error messages contain a data section that includes a copy of the entire IPv4 header, plus at least the first eight bytes of data from the IPv4 packet that caused the error message. The length of ICMP error messages should not exceed 576 bytes. This data is used by the host to match the message to the appropriate process. If a higher level protocol uses port numbers, they are assumed to be in the first eight bytes of the original datagram's data.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: The variable size of the ICMP packet data section has been exploited. In the "Ping of death", large or fragmented ICMP packets are used for denial-of-service attacks. ICMP data can also be used to create covert channels for communication. These channels are known as ICMP tunnels.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: Control messages are identified by the value in the "type" field. The "code" field gives additional context information for the message. Some control messages have been deprecated since the protocol was first introduced.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: "Source Quench" requests that the sender decrease the rate of messages sent to a router or host. This message may be generated if a router or host does not have sufficient buffer space to process the request, or may occur if the router or host buffer is approaching its limit.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: Data is sent at a very high speed from a host or from several hosts at the same time to a particular router on a network. Although a router has buffering capabilities, the buffering is limited to within a specified range. The router cannot queue any more data than the capacity of the limited buffering space. Thus if the queue gets filled up, incoming data is discarded until the queue is no longer full. But as no acknowledgement mechanism is present in the network layer, the client does not know whether the data has reached the destination successfully. Hence some remedial measures should be taken by the network layer to avoid these kind of situations. These measures are referred to as source quench. In a source quench mechanism, the router sees that the incoming data rate is much faster than the outgoing data rate, and sends an ICMP message to the clients, informing them that they should slow down their data transfer speeds or wait for a certain amount of time before attempting to send more data. When a client receives this message, it will automatically slow down the outgoing data rate or wait for a sufficient amount of time, which enables the router to empty the queue. Thus the source quench ICMP message acts as flow control in the network layer.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: Since research suggested that "ICMP Source Quench [was] an ineffective (and unfair) antidote for congestion", routers' creation of source quench messages was deprecated in 1995 by RFC 1812. Furthermore, forwarding of and any kind of reaction to (flow control actions) source quench messages was deprecated from 2012 by RFC 6633.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: "Redirect" requests data packets be sent on an alternative route. ICMP Redirect is a mechanism for routers to convey routing information to hosts. The message informs a host to update its routing information (to send packets on an alternative route). If a host tries to send data through a router (R1) and R1 sends the data on another router (R2) and a direct path from the host to R2 is available (that is, the host and R2 are on the same subnetwork), then R1 will send a redirect message to inform the host that the best route for the destination is via R2. The host should then change its route information and send packets for that destination directly to R2. The router will still send the original datagram to the intended destination. However, if the datagram contains routing information, this message will not be sent even if a better route is available. RFC 1122 states that redirects should only be sent by gateways and should not be sent by Internet hosts.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: "Time Exceeded" is generated by a gateway to inform the source of a discarded datagram due to the time to live field reaching zero. A time exceeded message may also be sent by a host if it fails to reassemble a fragmented datagram within its time limit.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: Time exceeded messages are used by the traceroute utility to identify gateways on the path between two hosts.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: "Timestamp" is used for time synchronization. The originating timestamp is set to the time (in milliseconds since midnight) the sender last touched the packet. The receive and transmit timestamps are not used.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: "Timestamp Reply" replies to a "Timestamp" message. It consists of the originating timestamp sent by the sender of the "Timestamp" as well as a receive timestamp indicating when the "Timestamp" was received and a transmit timestamp indicating when the "Timestamp reply" was sent.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: The use of Timestamp and Timestamp Reply messages to synchronize the clocks of Internet nodes has largely been replaced by the UDP-based Network Time Protocol and the Precision Time Protocol.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: "Address mask request" is normally sent by a host to a router in order to obtain an appropriate subnet mask.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: ICMP Address Mask Request may be used as a part of reconnaissance attack to gather information on the target network, therefore ICMP Address Mask Reply is disabled by default on Cisco IOS.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: "Address mask reply" is used to reply to an address mask request message with an appropriate subnet mask.


title: Internet Control Message Protocol

text: "Destination unreachable" is generated by the host or its inbound gateway to inform the client that the destination is unreachable for some reason. Reasons for this message may include: the physical connection to the host does not exist (distance is infinite); the indicated protocol or port is not active; the data must be fragmented but the 'don't fragment' flag is on. Unreachable TCP ports notably respond with TCP RST rather than a "destination unreachable" type 3 as might be expected. "Destination unreachable" is never reported for IP multicast transmissions.


title: Denise van Outen

text: Denise van Outen (born Denise Kathleen Outen; 27 May 1974) is an English actress, singer, dancer and presenter. She presented "The Big Breakfast", played Roxie Hart in the musical "Chicago" both in the West End and on Broadway and finished as runner-up in the tenth series of the BBC One dancing show "Strictly Come Dancing".


title: Denise van Outen

text: She was a judge on "Any Dream Will Do" in 2007, "Born to Shine" in 2011, and "Ireland's Got Talent" which ran for two seasons (2018–2019). Van Outen also narrates the ITVBe reality television series "The Only Way Is Essex".


title: Denise van Outen

text: Born Denise Kathleen Outen in Basildon, Essex, England, she has a brother Terry and sister Jackie. She claims that her ancestors "are all Dutch", which was the reason she added ""van"" into her name. At the age of seven, she began modelling for knitting patterns, and showed an early flair for performing. This resulted in her attending the Sylvia Young Theatre School. In 1986, she played Éponine in "Les Misérables" (the role paid her school fees), the Anthony Newley-directed production of "Stop the World - I Want to Get Off," and "A Midsummer Night's Dream" with the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Denise van Outen

text: As a teenager she had brief roles on a number of television dramas including "Kappatoo" and "The Bill". In 1992, she appeared in a Drinking and Driving Wrecks Lives commercial. She also performed backing vocals with Melanie Blatt for the group "Dreadzone". In the mid 1990s, she sang with former video game soundtrack singer Cathy Warwick in a 'girl group' called Those2Girls, by which time she had become Denise van Outen. Those2Girls were signed to BMG's Final Vinyl record label and had a minor Top 40 hit in 1995, called "All I Want". Van Outen was voted "Rear of the Year" in 1999, and was top of a poll to find the most desired "bikini body" in a 2007 poll of readers of "Grazia" magazine.


title: Denise van Outen

text: During her first stint on "The Big Breakfast" show, she appeared as Jill in ITV1's version of the pantomime "Jack and the Beanstalk" alongside Julie Walters and Neil Morrissey. Wanting to further develop her acting career, she left "The Big Breakfast" at the end of 1998. In 1999, she appeared on several episodes of "The Bill" and "The Young Person's Guide To Becoming A Rock Star", the BBC's "Murder in Mind" short series of crime dramas, and on 2 series of "Babes in the Wood" with Karl Howman and Samantha Janus.


title: Denise van Outen

text: Van Outen has also appeared in film, initially as Maureen in the crime comedy "Love, Honour and Obey". In the anthology film "Tube Tales", set on the London Underground, she played the lead character of Alex in the "Horny" segment, directed by Stephen Hopkins. Van Outen has played a small role in the romantic comedy "Are You Ready For Love?"


title: Denise van Outen

text: She first played Roxie Hart on the stage in the hit musical "Chicago" at the Adelphi Theatre in the West End in April 2001. Her run proved a hit with theatre-goers, selling out for the entire 20 weeks. Unknown in the United States, she reprised her role on Broadway in the spring of 2002, before returning to the show's London version in late April 2002. Late the same year, Van Outen appeared as one of many special guest stars in a performance of "The Play What I Wrote" once again in London's West End.


title: Denise van Outen

text: In 2003, she returned to the London stage at the Gielgud Theatre in Andrew Lloyd Webber's one-woman show "Tell Me on a Sunday," which he reworked for her. She was a huge success and the show ran for nearly a year. She then joined the cast of the established ITV sentimental drama "Where the Heart Is" as one of the lead characters, playing single mother Kim Blakeney, continuing for two series.


title: Denise van Outen

text: Van Outen played Maureen in the 2007 London revival of "Rent Remixed" directed by William Baker until 22 December. She was forced to cancel some performances owing to a throat infection. In July 2009, van Outen played Mary in "Hotel Babylon" for the BBC. Her character was at the hotel for a science convention. In August 2009, van Outen made her Edinburgh Festival Fringe debut in "Blondes", a show by Jackie Clune.


title: Denise van Outen

text: Van Outen took over the role of Paulette Bonafonté from Jill Halfpenny in the West End production of "Legally Blonde" on 25 October 2010. She continued in the role for 6 months. In 2012, Van Outen was cast in the film of the Ray Cooney farce "Run for Your Wife" alongside Danny Dyer, Sarah Harding and Neil Morrissey. In 2013, she co-wrote the one-woman musical play "Some Girl I Used To Know" with Terry Ronald, which she will tour in from January 2014.


title: Denise van Outen

text: In February 2015, it was announced that Van Outen would be joining the cast of "EastEnders". Van Outen plays intelligent businesswoman Karin Smart who gets involved with Max Branning (Jake Wood), and has business history with Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden). In August 2015, Van Outen performed the title role in a concert performance of the musical "Sweet Charity" at Cadogan Hall, with actor/singer Michael Xavier, ex-Girls Aloud band member Kimberley Walsh and West End star Kerry Ellis.


title: Denise van Outen

text: In September 2018, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of the 2018 London revival of "Chicago" at the Phoenix Theatre in the West End as Velma Kelly. Due to start rehearsals on 10 September 2018, in preparation for her first performance on 24 September, it was discovered that Van Outen had suffered a stress fracture in her heel, postponing her return to the production with her new dates yet to be announced.


title: Denise van Outen

text: Van Outen joined the cast of Australian soap opera "Neighbours" as Prudence Wallace in June 2019. She filmed her first scenes alongside cast members Stefan Dennis and Rebekah Elmaloglou in London, before flying out to join the cast at the serial's Melbourne studios. Her first scenes aired in September 2019.


title: Denise van Outen

text: In 2007, Van Outen co-presented "Who Dares, Sings!" with Ben Shephard and in 2008 she fronted Sky1's "". She currently narrates the ITVBe series "The Only Way Is Essex".


title: Denise van Outen

text: Van Outen guest presented "This Morning" in 2005, "The Friday Night Project" in 2006, "The 5 O'Clock Show" in 2010, "Lorraine" in 2010 and 2012 and "Sunday Brunch" in 2013. She was a judge on the 2011 series "Born to Shine". She was a guest panellist on an episode of "Loose Women" in 2014 and became a regular panellist on the show in September 2017.


title: Denise van Outen

text: Van Outen has been the presenter of "Matalan Presents: The Show" since 2016. On 30 August 2017, she was announced as one of the four judges on the first season of "Ireland's Got Talent" in 2018. In 2020, she competed in the ITV singing competition "The Masked Singer" as 'Fox', where she placed fifth.


title: Denise van Outen

text: On 4 February 2008, van Outen reunited with her former "Big Breakfast" partner Johnny Vaughan as co-host of "Capital Breakfast" on Capital Radio. On 29 July 2008, she quit the show, halfway through her contract, because of TV commitments and the early mornings. However, in April 2011 van Outen said that she left the show because relations between her and Vaughan had soured. She claims Vaughan has not spoken to her since. In spring 2013, van Outen started presenting her own Saturday afternoon radio show on London's Magic 105.4, airing between 1:00 pm and 3:00 pm.


title: Denise van Outen

text: In September 2012, van Outen was announced as one of the celebrities competing on the tenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing". She partnered with professional dancer James Jordan. The couple secured top of the leaderboard seven times. However, controversy arose when viewers criticised her participation in the competition because of the advantage of having had previous stage experience. On 20 December 2012, van Outen and Jordan finished as the runners-up alongside Kimberley Walsh & Pasha Kovalev, behind winning couple Louis Smith and Flavia Cacace.


title: Denise van Outen

text: On 23 September 2020, van Outen was announced as one of the celebrities competing on the thirteenth series of "Dancing on Ice". She was partnered with Matt Evers. On 16 January 2021, van Outen suffered a partially dislocated shoulder and tendon damage to her left shoulder after falling during rehearsals for the launch show of series 13 of "Dancing On Ice"; van Outen was able to perform a modified dance routine with her professional skate partner Matt Evers on the launch show. On 26 January 2021, van Outen withdrew from the competition as a result of her dislocation, as well as three bone fractures which were confirmed after further MRI scans.


title: Denise van Outen

text: Van Outen has designed two collections thus far for the website Very, part of the Shop Direct Group. The first collection was a maternity range launched in March 2010 and the second an autumn/winter collection.


title: Denise van Outen

text: In 2021, she returned to music and released a cover of the "Les Misérables" musical song "On My Own" as a charity single in aid of the Make A Difference Trust. In February 2021, she launched her first podcast alongside partner Eddie Boxshall. Before We Say I Do follows the couple as they investigate types of relationship counselling in an attempt to iron out any differences they may have before they get married. It is produced by Yahoo! UK.


title: Denise van Outen

text: From 1998 to 2001, she dated Jamiroquai lead singer Jay Kay. The couple were engaged, but split up in 2001. The Jamiroquai album "A Funk Odyssey" is mostly about their break-up.