title: Bitch (slang)

text: Bitch has also been reappropriated by hip-hop culture, rappers use the adjective "bad bitch" to refer to an independent, confident, attractive woman. The term is used in a complimentary way, meaning the woman is desirable. One of the first instances of "bitch" being used in this way is in the song "Da Baddest Bitch" by Trina, released in 1999. This can also be seen throughout multiple different songs from Rihanna's song entitled "Bad Bitch" featuring Beyoncé which reiterates the line "I'm a bad bitch" multiple times. Nicki Minaj is another female rap icon who uses the term in her song "Starships" where she says “bad bitches like me is hard to come by”. This use of the word bitch shows women reappropriating the meaning to be a more positive and empowering word for women.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: The increased usage of the word "bitch" casually or in a friendly way by women has been characterized by Sherryl Kleynman as a result of the absorption of sexist culture by women. Such usage has been cited by Kleinman et al. as increasing the perception the word is acceptable and excusing men who use it against women.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: In pop culture, the use of the term "bitch" has increased through media such as television, movies, magazines, social media, etc. The use of the word "bitch" on television shows tripled between 1998 and 2007, which had much to do with the word's feminist facelift in the previous decade.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: In a 2006 interview titled "Pop Goes the Feminist", "Bitch" magazine co-founder Andi Zeisler explained the naming of the magazine:


title: Bitch (slang)

text: When we chose the name, we were thinking, well, it would be great to reclaim the word "bitch" for strong, outspoken women, much the same way that "queer" has been reclaimed by the gay community. That was very much on our minds, the positive power of language reclamation.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: There are several backronyms. Heartless Bitches International is a club with the slogan "Because we know BITCH means: Being In Total Control, Honey!" Other imagined acronyms include


title: Bitch (slang)

text: As stated in Scallen's "Bitch Thesis", "As Asim demonstrates with his discussion of the appropriation of the N word by black communities, the term "bitch" is deployed in pop culture in multiple ways (with multiple meanings) at the same time." Derogatory terms are constantly appropriated. Many women, such as Nicki Minaj, refer to themselves as bitches. By calling oneself a bitch in today's culture, these women are referencing their success, money, sexuality, and power. Asha Layne's article "Now That's a Bad Bitch!: The State of Women in Hip-Hop", "The change in the meaning of the word thus subverts the tools of oppression used to dominate women to now empower them."


title: Bitch (slang)

text: One early rapper to use the word "bitch" on record was Duke Bootee on his classic 1983 song with Grandmaster Flash, "New York New York". (""He says he ain't gonna pay no child support / because the bitch left him without a second thought."") However, it is sometimes claimed that Slick Rick's "La Di Da Di" (1985) was the first rap song to use the term. Since the late 1980s, the word "bitch" has been frequently used among hip-hop artists and followers of the culture, which can be said as "bee-otch", spelled like Biotch, Beyotch, Beotch, etc. One of the first artists to popularize the pronunciation as "beeatch" or "biatch" as a refrain in the late 1980s was Oakland-based rapper Too $hort.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: Reaching back to the dozens and dirty blues, early rappers like Slick Rick established the bitch as a character: a woman, often treacherous, but sometimes simply déclassé. Adams and Fuller (2006) state that, in misogynistic rap, a "bitch" is a "money-hungry, scandalous, manipulating, and demanding woman". However, the word "bitch" is also frequently used (by male rappers) towards other men in rap lyrics, usually to describe a man who is a subordinate or homosexual, or a man who is supposedly unmanly or inferior in some way. An example of this is the song "Bitches 2" by Ice-T, which gives an example of a male "bitch" in each verse.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: Some female hip hop artists have challenged male rappers' use of the word "bitch" to refer to women, with Queen Latifah asking in her 1993 song "U.N.I.T.Y.": "Who you callin' a bitch?" Other female rappers from the same era frequently used the term to refer to themselves and/or others, notably Roxanne Shante (who even made a 1992 album entitled "The Bitch Is Back") and MC Lyte. Popular culture has inspired women to redefine the word bitch as a euphemism for "Strong black woman".


title: Bitch (slang)

text: In 2016, Kanye West released his seventh studio album called The Life of Pablo. On the song called "Famous" West raps, "I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why? I made that bitch famous." This sparked a controversy with Taylor Swift as she "cautioned him about releasing a song with such a strong misogynistic message." In response to Swift's remarks, West went on Twitter and posted a tweet which said how the word "bitch" is an endearing term in hip hop like the word "nigga".


title: Bitch (slang)

text: When used to describe a male, "bitch" may also confer the meaning of subordinate, especially to another male, as in prison. Generally, this term is used to indicate that the person is acting outside the confines of their gender roles, such as when women are assertive or aggressive, or when men are passive or servile. According to James Coyne from the Department of Psychology at the University of California, "'Bitch' serves the social function of isolating and discrediting a class of people who do not conform to the socially accepted patterns of behavior."


title: Bitch (slang)

text: In the context of prison sexuality, a "bitch" is a lower-hierarchy prisoner, typically physically weak or vulnerable, who is dominated by more senior prisoners and forced to adopt a servile role. According to convention, these inmates are used as sexual slaves or traded as personal property.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: A "prison bitch" can also refer to any subservient entity, as in the Douglas Rushkoff description of a Microsoft - Yahoo partnership: "Yahoo is merely hooking up with the most alpha male company it can still find in order to survive. Microsoft will soon turn Yahoo into its prison bitch, and this won’t be pretty."


title: Bitch (slang)

text: In Russian criminal slang, by contrast, a bitch ("suka", pl. "suki" in Russian) is a person from the criminal world who has cooperated with law enforcement or the government. "Suki" were placed on the bottom of the prisoner hierarchy. As the definition of "cooperation" was not confined to snitching, but included any form of collaboration, World War II veterans returning to prison were declared "suki", leading to the post-WWII Bitch Wars.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: The first known appearance of "son-of-a-bitch" in a work of American fiction is "Seventy-Six" (1823), a historical fiction novel set during the American Revolutionary War by eccentric writer and critic John Neal. The protagonist, Jonathan Oadley, recounts a battle scene in which he is mounted on a horse: "I wheeled, made a dead set at the son-of-a-bitch in my rear, unhorsed him, and actually broke through the line."


title: Bitch (slang)

text: The term's use as an insult is as old as that of "bitch". Euphemistic terms are often substituted, such as "gun" in the phrase "son of a gun" as opposed to "son of a bitch", or "s.o.b." for the same phrase. Like "bitch", the severity of the insult has diminished. Roy Blount Jr. in 2008 extolled the virtues of "son of a bitch" (particularly in comparison to "asshole") in common speech and deed. "Son of a bitch" can also be used as a "how about that" reaction, or as a reaction to excruciating pain.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: In politics the phrase "Yes, he is a son of a bitch, but he is "our" son of a bitch" has been attributed, probably apocryphally, to various U.S. presidents from Franklin Roosevelt to Richard Nixon. Immediately after the detonation of the first atomic bomb in Alamogordo, New Mexico, in July 1945 (the device codenamed Gadget), the Manhattan Project scientist who served as the director of the test, Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge, exclaimed to Robert Oppenheimer "Now we're all sons-of-bitches."


title: Bitch (slang)

text: In January 2022, U.S. president Joe Biden was recorded on a hot mic responding to Fox News correspondent Peter Doocy asking, "Do you think inflation is a political liability ahead of the midterms?" Biden responded sarcastically, saying, "It's a great asset — more inflation. What a stupid son of a bitch."


title: Bitch (slang)

text: The Curtiss SB2C, a World War II U.S. Navy dive bomber, was called "Son-of-a-Bitch 2nd Class" by some of its pilots and crewmen.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: To have the "bitch end" of a hand in poker is to have the weaker version of the same hand as another player. This situation occurs especially in poker games with community cards. For example, to have a lower straight than one's opponent is to have the bitch end.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: When used as a verb, to bitch means to complain. Usage in this context is almost always pejorative in intent.


title: Bitch (slang)

text: As an adjective, the term sometimes has a meaning opposite its usual connotations. Something that is bitching ("the" bitch) is really great. For example, an admired motorcycle may be praised as a "bitchin' bike".


title: Bitch (slang)

text: A number of other languages, such as Swedish, Hungarian, and Slavic languages like Russian use their word for "female dog" in the same vulgar manner (, (romanized: ), ), although they are not used as often as other words generally referring to prostitutes.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: The Voice is an Australian singing competition television series. It premiered on the Nine Network on 14 April 2012, before moving to the Seven Network in 2021. Based on the original "The Voice of Holland", and part of "The Voice " franchise, its first nine seasons aired on the Nine Network, with its tenth season commencing on the Seven Network on 8 August 2021.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: The show aims to find currently unsigned singing talent (solo or duets, professional and amateur) contested by aspiring singers, drawn from public auditions. The winners receive a recording contract with Universal Music Australia or EMI Music Australia, as well as A$100,000 and other prizes. Winners of the eleven seasons have been: Karise Eden, Harrison Craig, Anja Nissen, Ellie Drennan, Alfie Arcuri, Judah Kelly, Sam Perry, Diana Rouvas, Chris Sebastian, Bella Taylor Smith, and Lachie Gill.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season. They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition, thus making them the winning coach. The original panel featured Delta Goodrem, Joel Madden, Seal and Keith Urban; the panel for the most recent eleventh season featured Urban, Guy Sebastian, Rita Ora and Jessica Mauboy. Other judges from previous seasons include Ricky Martin, Kylie Minogue, will.i.am, Benji Madden, Jessie J, Ronan Keating, Joe Jonas, Kelly Rowland, and Boy George.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: The show is part of the television franchise "The Voice" and is structured as three phases: blind auditions, battle rounds and live performance shows. In 2017, the show added another phase: the knockouts between the blind auditions and the battles. The winner receives a recording contract with Universal Music or EMI (2019) as well as A$100,000 and other prizes.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Four judges/coaches, all noteworthy recording artists, choose teams of contestants through a blind audition process during the auditioner's performance. If two or more judges want the same singer (as happens frequently), the singer has the final choice of coach. Each coach must recruit a number of artists (12 in seasons 1, 4-9 and 11, 14 in seasons 2 and 3) to their team in the blind auditions to move on to the next phase of the competition. In season 10, coaches can complete their teams without a specific number of members.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: A new element was introduced in season 9: the Block. Aside from the main button, each coach has three other buttons with the names of their fellow coaches. When a coach wants to get the specific contestant but does not want another coach to do so, they may press the block button to block them from getting the contestant. The coach who wants to use the block and the coach who is being blocked have to turn before any block can be used. They have two blocks to use in the entire phase of the blind auditions and 2 coaches can be blocked in a single audition. In season 11, a coach can block another coach at any time, even during their pitch.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Also, in Season 11, a "Battle Pass" was introduced, where in each coach can send one artist immediately in the battle rounds by pressing their silver button. This can be used only once in the entire blind auditions.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Each team of singers are mentored and developed by their coach. In the second stage, called the battles, two members from the same team battle it out and perform a duet together. After the battle round, coaches must choose only one to advance. In season 2, a new element was featured in the battle rounds: The Save. Each coach can save one losing artist to join them to their team and reinstating them in the competition. Starting from season 3, the coaches can save two artists instead of one.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Next in the battle rounds was the showdown rounds (which was also introduced in Season 2). In the showdown rounds, each team is grouped into two groups of four artists and will perform a song. One will be saved by the public, the lowest-voter will be immediately eliminated, and the remaining two will be sent to the sing-off. In the sing-off, the artists will sing a reprise of their blind audition and the coaches can only select one artist to advance to the finals. This was slightly changed in season 3, wherein three groups of three artists will perform a song. From each group, one will be saved by the public, the lowest-voter will be immediately eliminated, and the remaining artist will be sent into the sing-off. Those artists that are sent to the sing-off will have to perform a reprise of their blind audition and coaches can only advance one of them to the finals.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In season 4, the showdown round was replaced by the Super Battles. Each coach chooses two of their artists to go straight to the live shows via a Fast Pass. The remaining six artists from each team will be grouped in two groups of three artists. Each artist will sing a different song and coaches can only select one artist to the Live shows. This was slightly changed in season 5, where in each coach must group their team into two groups of four artists each. Those four artists sing an individual song following a theme picked by their coaches. Only two from each group will be able to advance to the live shows.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Starting in season 6, the battles and the knockout rounds were swapped. In the knockouts, coaches pick three of their acts to go against each other in a sing off, with a theme. They all have different songs, after which the coach chooses which act will advance into the next phase, the battles. Once the coach has made a choice, the other coaches have an opportunity to steal two losing artists that were rejected by their coach. Starting in season 8, the coaches can save their own artists. After the knockout rounds is the battle rounds, where artists perform a duet together. Coaches must choose only one to advance, while the other one will be eliminated. Starting from season 7, coaches can select one losing artist in the battles to be a wildcard and might advance to the live shows. However, only one from the four wildcards will advance to the Top 13. In season 8, the coaches’ wildcards are immediately advanced to the final.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In season 9, the battle rounds happened after the blind auditions. The same rules were applied in the earlier seasons, with two saves available, and the coaches can save their own artists as well. After the battle rounds comes the playoffs, where each coach pairs two of their artists together, with each artist singing an individual song following a theme. After all their team's playoffs were done, the coaches chose one of their losing artists as a wildcard and moves on to the Showdowns. In the Showdowns, all artists in their teams will performs and coaches can only takes 2 of them through to the semi-finals.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In season 10, there were no battle rounds and only the knockout rounds were implemented. In that season's knockouts, each artist must perform to their coach. After each act performs, the coaches have three options: to either send the artist straight to the semi-final, send the artist home, or decide at the end of the show when all artists have performed. Each coach can only take two artists through to the semi-final.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In season 11, a new round was introduced, the Callbacks. Coaches will cut down their teams from 12 artists to 6 (5 artists and an Battles Pass artist). Some will have to perform their blinds song, some will have to perform in the singoffs (coaches will choose a theme, like on the knockouts round on season 6-8) or do both. Coaches can decide to move on 1 or 2 or all of them in the group as long as they have saved 5 of them. Then to the battles. Coaches will pair 6 artists (5 from the Callbacks and 1 Battles Pass artist). However, this season, there are no save. Artists won the battles will moving on to the Singoffs. After the Battles, coaches will select 1 artist from 3 or 4 of them straight to the semi-finals. The rest of them have to performed another song and only 1 of them advanced.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In season 10, this new phase was introduced and consisted of coaches cutting their teams to just five artists. This phase replaced the "battles" phase typical of past seasons.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In the final phase, the remaining contestants (Final 8) compete against each other. The audience and coaches have equal say in deciding who moves to the Final 4 phase. With one team member remaining for each coach, the (Final 4) contestants compete in the finale with the outcome decided by public vote.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In May 2011, "The Daily Telegraph" reported that the Nine Network would broadcast "The Voice" in late 2011. However, two months later, it was reported that the show would instead air in early 2012, and that the Nine Network were in talks with signing at least one international artist (especially an American) to lead its panel of coaches on the show, which were rumoured to be Christina Aguilera, George Michael, Usher, Pink and Gwen Stefani. In September 2011, the "Herald Sun" reported that the Nine Network were planning to sign "Australia's Got Talent" judge Dannii Minogue as one of the coaches. Anthony Callea, Vanessa Amorosi and former Pussycat Dolls member Ashley Roberts all publicly expressed interest in coaching roles. However, Keith Urban, Delta Goodrem, Seal and Joel Madden were ultimately confirmed as the four coaches for the first season. On signing the four coaches, Michael Healy, the Nine Network's Director of Television, said: "To secure such world-class coaches has been a coup for this show and the network. The mix of talent and unique format will, we truly believe, be a captivating experience for our viewers."


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Darren McMullen was announced as the host of the program in January 2012. Additionally, Ricki-Lee Coulter (with Seal), Darren Hayes, (Goodrem), Megan Washington (Urban) and Benji Madden (with brother Joel) were signed to pair up with the coaches as mentors for their contestants during the "Battle Round". On 10 May 2012, Faustina Agolley was announced as the show's social media correspondent during the live shows.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Filming for the blind auditions stage of the competition began on 19 February 2012 at Fox Studios in Sydney, with 121 artists featured in this phase of the selection process. The first day of filming resulted in hundreds of audience members being turned away from the studio due to overbooking of the event by an external booking agent. Filming for the battle rounds started in late March. In response to the immediate ratings success of the blind auditions, the Nine Network renewed the series for a second season on 27 April 2012.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: With Urban accepting an offer to join the "American Idol" judging panel it was announced in September 2012 that he would not be returning as a coach for the second season. Following an extensive search process by producers, and constant media speculation on who would replace Urban, Ricky Martin was officially announced as the new coach in November 2012. In response to joining the series, Martin paid tribute to Urban saying he was "humbled to be sitting in his chair". Healy stated that Martin would bring "huge experience" and be the "perfect addition" to the coaching panel, with Goodrem, Madden and Seal all publicly expressing excitement at the news via their Twitter accounts.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: The success of the first season led to the Nine Network increasing its programming run for the second season, with an extra ten hours of content to be broadcast and the season running for approximately three months instead of two. For 2014, Goodrem left the panel to join "The Voice Kids", and Seal left to continue on his music career. Goodrem and Seal were in turn replaced by "The Voice UK" coaches Kylie Minogue and will.i.am. On 13 January 2015, it was announced that Goodrem would return to the panel, and new judges Jessie J and Benji Madden would join the series, replacing former judges Minogue and will.i.am. On 22 February 2015, it was announced that Sonia Kruger would be joining the fourth season as a co-host with McMullen. In 2015, Darren McMullen announced he was leaving The Voice, with Sonia Kruger to be a solo host in 2016.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 28 December 2015, Ronan Keating confirmed he would replace Martin on the show's fifth season, alongside returning coaches Goodrem, Jessie J and The Madden Brothers. On 19 June 2016, it was announced that pop duo The Veronicas will briefly replace The Madden Brothers as coaches for the second live show on Sunday 19 June while the brothers are in the US on tour due to band commitments. The brothers are to due back on screen for the rest of the live shows. During an interview with NewsLitmited, the sisters stated " It's a very brutal industry to be in. We are very honest, very upfront and very real about the advise we give. We're not going to be sugar coating anything. There's not going to be anything contrived about our time on the show." Jessie J ruled out returning to the show for the 2017 show and stated "I've loved doing the show, I've done four seasons: two in the U.K., two in Sydney, but I just need to make another album."


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 8 November 2016, it was announced that Goodrem would return for her fifth season as a coach, whilst original judge Seal, who departed the series following the second season, would return and replaced Jessie J. On 8 December 2016, it was announced that Boy George would become the third coach for the series' sixth season replacing The Madden Brothers. On 24 December 2016, it was announced that Kelly Rowland would become the fourth and final coach for the series' sixth season to replace Keating.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 11 October 2017, the series was renewed for a seventh season and it was announced that Goodrem, George and Rowland would all return. On 14 December 2017, Nine announced Joe Jonas would replace Seal as the fourth judge for the seventh season.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 17 October 2018, the series was renewed for an eighth season and it was announced that Goodrem, George and Rowland would all return. On 14 November 2018, Nine announced Guy Sebastian would replace Jonas as the fourth judge for the eighth season. The eighth season premiered on 19 May 2019.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 16 October 2019, the series was renewed for a ninth season and it was announced that Goodrem, George, Rowland and Sebastian would all be returning as series judges. In November 2019, Sonia Kruger announced she would be leaving Nine Network at the end of 2019, in which she will be resigning as the show's host. In January 2020, Darren McMullen was announced to return as host after his departure in 2014, along with new co-host Renee Bargh.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Due to the Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney, Fox Studios has been designated to Disney and Marvel productions, resulting in ITV Studios Australia becoming the new home location for "The Voice". In August 2020, it was announced Seven Network had picked up the series for its tenth season, set to broadcast sometime in the following year, with Kruger returning as host. In December of the same year, Seven announced Sebastian would continue as a coach; Jessica Mauboy and former "The Voice UK" coach Rita Ora were named new coaches replacing George and Goodrem, and Urban was announced to return to the coaching panel replacing Rowland.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 16 July 2021, Seven Network and "The Voice" casting website announced that two new seasons will be broadcast in 2022: the upcoming eleventh regular season, and "The Voice Generations". For the "generations" version, family groups, consisted in people of several ages, are the ones who can apply.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 11 October 2021, it was announced that Sebastian, Urban, Ora, and Mauboy would all be returning as coaches for 2022.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 9 October 2022, Urban announced that he would not be a coach for the twelfth season. On 30 October 2022, it was announced that Mauboy would be returning for her third season as a coach.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Karise Eden was crowned the first winner of "The Voice Australia". Darren Percival was runner-up, followed by Rachael Leahcar in third place and Sarah De Bono in fourth place. Season one saw 80% of artists enter the music charts, culminating in 9 out of the top 10 in finale week. Eden made history with eight singles in the charts and both a number-one single and album.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: The second season of "The Voice Australia" crowned Harrison Craig the winner, under Seal's tutelage. Keith Urban did not return as a coach after it was officially announced he would become a judge on "American Idol". The Nine Network confirmed on 29 November 2012 that Latin pop star Ricky Martin would replace Urban as the new coach. Luke Kennedy placed second under the new coach, with Celia Pavey third and Danny Ross fourth.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 26 November 2013, it was announced that Seal and Delta Goodrem would not be returning as coaches for the third season. The same day, it was announced that "The Voice UK" coaches will.i.am and Kylie Minogue would join Joel Madden and Ricky Martin. Taping for the third season began on 14 January 2014, with the Battle rounds commencing in March. Blind auditions began airing on 4 May 2014. Anja Nissen was announced the winner with Jackson Thomas in second place, Johnny Rollins in third, and Frank Lakoudis and ZK in fourth.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In January 2015, it was confirmed that Goodrem would return to her judges chair, and would be joined by former The Voice UK coach


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Jessie J and Benji Madden. On 22 February 2015, Sonia Kruger was announced as the new co-host. Ellie Drennan was announced the winner with Joe Moore in second place, Nathan Hawes in third, and Liam Maihi in fourth.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In July 2015, it was confirmed that "The Voice" would return in 2016. Jessie J, Goodrem and The Madden Brothers were announced as returning coaches; Martin was replaced by Ronan Keating. On 28 December 2015, McMullen announced he would not be returning as host of "The Voice". The season began airing on 1 May 2016. Alfie Arcuri was announced the winner with Adam Ladell in second place, Tash Lockhart in third, and Ellen Reed in fourth.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In November 2016, it was confirmed that Goodrem would be returning as a coach on the show for her fifth season and that she would be joined by former coach, Seal, returning after a three-season absence. The following month, former "The Voice UK" coach, Boy George, was announced as the third coach. In December 2016, it was confirmed that former "The X Factor UK" judge and singer, Kelly Rowland, would be the fourth and final coach. The season began airing on 24 April 2017. Judah Kelly was announced the winner with Hoseah Partsch in second place, Fasika Ayallew in third, and Lucy Sugerman in fourth.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 11 October 2017, the series was renewed for a seventh season and it was announced that Goodrem, George and Rowland would all return. On 14 December 2017, Nine announced Joe Jonas would replace Seal as the fourth judge for the seventh season. The season began airing on 15 April 2018. Sam Perry was announced as the winner with "The Voice Kids" finalist Bella Paige in second place, Sheldon Riley in third, and Aydan Calafiore in fourth.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 17 October 2018, the series was renewed for an eighth season and it was announced that Goodrem, George and Rowland would all return. On 14 November 2018, Nine announced Guy Sebastian would replace Jonas as the fourth judge for the eighth season. The season began airing on 19 May 2019.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: This season, only the Semifinals and the Grand Finale were broadcast live. Each coach was allowed to advance a top four to the Finals: Diana Rouvas was announced as the winner with Daniel Shaw in second, Zeek Power in third, and Jordan Anthony in fourth.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 16 October 2019, the series was renewed for a ninth season with coaches from the previous season returning. On 25 January 2020, it was announced that Darren McMullen and Renee Bargh would act as successors to Kruger as hosts. The block was also introduced as a twist for the blind auditions, giving coaches the power to block another coach from getting an artist.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In August 2020, it was announced Seven Network had picked up the series for its tenth season, set to broadcast in 2021, with Sonia Kruger returning as host. In December of the same year, Seven announced that Guy Sebastian, Keith Urban, Rita Ora, and Jessica Mauboy were the coaches, replacing Kelly Rowland, Delta Goodrem and Boy George. The grand finale was prerecorded in April 2021, with four different endings being taped. The show was broadcast on 12 September 2021 with the winner, Bella Taylor Smith, being decided by a viewer poll.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: In October 2021, it was announced that Keith Urban, Jessica Mauboy, Rita Ora, and Guy Sebastian would all return as coaches for the eleventh series. Sonia Kruger returns as host. Some changes to the format were also introduced, The blinds rules changed, with each coach having 12 spots, replacing the previous unlimited spots rule. This season also introduces the "Battle Pass". Coaches will have a new button, in addition to the main button and the block buttons. The "Battle Pass" allows a coach to automatically send the contestant to the battles. Each coach could only press the button for one artist in the entire blinds. The Cut was scrapped and replaced by the 'Callbacks' in which each coach has to cut their team down from 12 to 6. The battle rounds also returned; coaches are to cut their team from 6 to 3 by paring two of their artists to sing the same song as a duet. Then the coaches must pick two out of their 3 winners to advance to the semi-finals. From the semi-finals, each coach must choose one artist to advance to the pre-recorded finale. Similar to last season, the winner was determined by a viewer poll, with Lachie Gill being declared the winner.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: On 16 July 2021, "The Voice" casting website announced the application for a new version of the show to be broadcast in 2022: "", where family or friend groups consisting in singers of all ages are the ones who can apply. This is an original version of "The Voice" franchise, with the idea being adapted to the Lithuanian series a few weeks later. The first season is hosted by Sonia Kruger and has Jessica Mauboy, Rita Ora, Guy Sebastian and Keith Urban as coaches.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Two "The Voice Australia" winners, Karise Eden and Harrison Craig's, albums have debuted at number one on the ARIA albums chart. Besides both winners, Darren Percival, Rachael Leahcar, Sarah De Bono, Prinnie Stevens, Emma Birdsall, Adam Martin and Lakyn of season 1, and Luke Kennedy, Emma Pask, Danny Ross, Ms. Murphy and Caterina Torres of season 2 have all signed record contracts with Universal Music Australia.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Possibly the most notable alumni of the series is season 2 finalist Celia Pavey, who has achieved a successful pop career in Australia under the name Vera Blue. Her single "Papercuts" with rapper Illy peaked at #2 on the ARIA singles chart, and her second album "Perennial" debuted on the ARIA albums chart at #6. Eleven of her singles have achieved either Gold or Platinum status in the country.


title: The Voice (Australian TV series)

text: Another notable alumni is season 4 contestant Grace Pitts, who has had a successful career under the name GRAACE, receiving significant airplay on Triple J.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: Gone in 60 Seconds (also known as Gone in Sixty Seconds) is a 2000 American action heist film starring Nicolas Cage, Angelina Jolie, Giovanni Ribisi, Christopher Eccleston, Robert Duvall, Vinnie Jones, Delroy Lindo, Chi McBride, and Will Patton. The film was directed by Dominic Sena, written by Scott Rosenberg, and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. The film is a loose remake of the 1974 H. B. Halicki film of the same name.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: The film was shot throughout Los Angeles and Long Beach, California. It was released on June 9, 2000, by Buena Vista Pictures (through its Touchstone Pictures label). Upon release, "Gone in 60 Seconds" received generally negative reviews from critics, with criticism for its writing, its direction, as well as the acting and the action sequences. Despite the critical response, the film grossed $237 million against an estimated production budget of $90 million.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: Car thief Kip Raines works with his gang to steal fifty high-end cars for Raymond Calitri, a British gangster in Long Beach, California. After stealing a Porsche 996 from a showroom, Kip unwittingly leads the police to his crew's warehouse, forcing the thieves to flee. Detectives Castlebeck and Drycoff impound the stolen cars and open an investigation. Atley Jackson, Calitri's associate, reaches out to Kip's older brother Randall "Memphis" Raines, a notorious but reformed car thief. Memphis meets with Calitri, who has kidnapped Kip and intends to kill him in a car crusher. Memphis agrees to steal the fifty cars within 72 hours, and Kip is released; Calitri warns that if the cars are not delivered on time, Kip will be killed.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: Memphis visits his mentor Otto Halliwell and they assemble a crew of old associates: Donny Astricky, now a driving instructor; Sphinx, a mute mortician; and Sara "Sway" Wayland, a mechanic and bartender. Kip and his crew volunteer to help, and the group tracks down the cars, giving each a code name; Memphis insists on saving a 1967 Ford Shelby GT500, dubbed "Eleanor"—which he has attempted to steal before—for last. While scouting the cars, he and Kip narrowly avoid being killed by a rival gang. Hoping to deliver the cars before they can be traced, the crew plans to steal all fifty cars in one night.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: Castlebeck and Drycoff learn that Kip bribed a Mercedes dealership employee to order laser-cut transponder keys, enabling the detectives to stakeout the Mercedes cars on the crew's list. A member of Kip's crew impulsively steals a Cadillac Eldorado not on the list, and the crew discovers a stash of heroin in the trunk. Castlebeck arrives, forcing the crew to distract him while they dispose of the drugs. He leaves, having ascertained that the heist is happening that night.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: The crew sets their heist in motion, stealing the various cars and delivering them to Atley on the docks. As they prepare to use the transponder keys to steal the Mercedes cars, Memphis spots Castlebeck and Drycoff watching from a surveillance van. Abandoning the cars under surveillance, the crew breaks into the police impound lot, distracting the guard and stealing the Mercedes cars originally stolen by Kip's crew; the plan is hampered temporarily when Otto's dog eats, and eventually passes, the keys. Memphis and Sway rekindle their past romance while stealing a Lamborghini Diablo. Castlebeck and Drycoff return to the warehouse seized from Kip's crew. Having found pieces of a broken blacklight lamp, the detectives discover the crew's list of fifty cars written in ultraviolet-sensitive paint. With too many cars to track, Castleback focuses on the Shelby GT500, knowing Memphis will steal it last, and determines the location of the only 1967 Shelby in the area. When the crew steals a Cadillac Escalade, security is alerted, and a member of Kip's crew is injured. Memphis steals Eleanor just as the detectives arrive and leads police on a chase through the city and into a shipyard. Reaching the Vincent Thomas Bridge, blocked by an accident, Memphis jumps Eleanor off the ramp of a tow truck and lands on the other side, evading the police.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: Memphis arrives at Calitri's junkyard twelve minutes late, and Calitri refuses to accept the slightly damaged Shelby, ordering his men to crush the car and kill Memphis. Kip and Atley use the junkyard crane to knock out the henchmen, and an armed Calitri pursues Memphis into the warehouse as the detectives arrive. Calitri prepares to shoot Castlebeck, but Memphis kicks Calitri over a railing to his death. A grateful Castlebeck lets Memphis go free, and Memphis tells him where to find the container ship full of stolen cars.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: The crew celebrates with a barbecue, and Kip reveals that he has bought Memphis a dilapidated 1967 Shelby GT500 which Memphis also calls "Eleanor". Otto promises to restore the car, and Memphis invites Sway on a ride, but the car breaks down just as they drive away.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: The 50 cars, stolen in the film, are listed below. They are listed in the same order as seen in the film; by year and model, along with their respective codenames.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: In 1995, Denice Shakarian Halicki entered into a license contract to produce the remake with Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer. Filming began in 1999, with Halicki as Executive Producer.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: The film's trailer was narrated by Melissa Disney. The film is widely credited as one of the first major movies to employ a female trailer voice.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: A soundtrack containing a blend of rock, electronic, and hip hop music was released on June 6, 2000 by the Island Def Jam Music Group. It peaked at no. 69 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: An album containing only Trevor Rabin’s instrumental music for the film was also released in 2000 (subtitled "Original Motion Picture Score").


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: "Gone in 60 Seconds" premiered on June 9, 2000. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $25.3 million from 3,006 US theaters, ranking number one at the box office, beating "". By the end of the film's theatrical run, it had grossed $101.6 million domestically and $135.6 million internationally, comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237.2 million worldwide.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: Due to its high production and marketing cost, it is estimated the film lost the studio about $90 million, although due to Hollywood accounting, Disney wrote it down as a $212 million loss.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 25% out of 138 reviews gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 4.40/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Even though Oscar-bearers Nicolas Cage, Angelina Jolie, and Robert Duvall came aboard for this project, the quality of "Gone in 60 Seconds" is disappointingly low. The plot line is nonsensical, and even the promised car-chase scenes are boring." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: At the 2000 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film won the awards for Worst Screenplay for a Film That Grossed over $100 Million Using Hollywood Math and Most Intrusive Musical Score. Angelina Jolie received a nomination for Worst On-Screen Hairstyle but lost to John Travolta and Forest Whitaker for "Battlefield Earth".


title: Talc

text: Talc, or talcum, is a clay mineral, composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula MgSiO(OH). Talc in powdered form, often combined with corn starch, is used as baby powder. This mineral is used as a thickening agent and lubricant. It is an ingredient in ceramics, paints, and roofing material. It is a main ingredient in many cosmetics. It occurs as foliated to fibrous masses, and in an exceptionally rare crystal form. It has a perfect basal cleavage and an uneven flat fracture, and it is foliated with a two-dimensional platy form.


title: Talc

text: The Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 1 as the hardness of talc, the softest mineral. When scraped on a streak plate, talc produces a white streak; though this indicator is of little importance, because most silicate minerals produce a white streak. Talc is translucent to opaque, with colors ranging from whitish grey to green with a vitreous and pearly luster. Talc is not soluble in water, and is slightly soluble in dilute mineral acids.


title: Talc

text: The word "talc" derives from Medieval Latin "talcum", which in turn originates from "ṭalq" which, derives from "tālk". In ancient times, the word was used for various related minerals, including talc, mica, and selenite.


title: Talc

text: Talc dominantly forms from the metamorphism of magnesian minerals such as serpentine, pyroxene, amphibole, and olivine, in the presence of carbon dioxide and water. This is known as "talc carbonation" or "steatization" and produces a suite of rocks known as talc carbonates.


title: Talc

text: Talc can also be formed via a reaction between dolomite and silica, which is typical of skarnification of dolomites by silica-flooding in contact metamorphic aureoles:


title: Talc

text: Talc can also be formed from magnesium chlorite and quartz in blueschist and eclogite metamorphism by the following metamorphic reaction:


title: Talc

text: Talc is also found as a diagenetic mineral in sedimentary rocks where it can form from the transformation of metastable hydrated magnesium-clay precursors such as kerolite, sepiolite, or stevensite that can precipitate from marine and lake water in certain conditions.


title: Talc

text: In this reaction, the ratio of talc and kyanite depends on aluminium content, with more aluminous rocks favoring production of kyanite. This is typically associated with high-pressure, low-temperature minerals such as phengite, garnet, and glaucophane within the lower blueschist facies. Such rocks are typically white, friable, and fibrous, and are known as


title: Talc

text: Talc is a trioctahedral layered mineral; its structure is similar to pyrophyllite, but with magnesium in the octahedral sites of the composite layers. The crystal structure of talc is described as "TOT", meaning that it is composed of parallel "TOT" layers weakly bonded to each other by weak van der Waals forces. The "TOT" layers in turn consist of two tetrahedral sheets ("T") strongly bonded to the two faces of a single trioctahedral sheet ("O"). It is the weak bonding between "TOT" layers that gives talc its perfect basal cleavage and softness.


title: Talc

text: The tetrahedral sheets consist of silica tetrahedra, which are silicon ions surrounded by four oxygen ions. The tetrahedra each share three of their four oxygen ions with neighboring tetrahedra to produce a hexagonal sheet. The remaining oxygen ion (the "apical" oxygen ion) is available to bond with the trioctahedral sheet.


title: Talc

text: The trioctahedral sheet has the structure of a sheet of the mineral brucite. Apical oxygens take the place of some of the hydroxyl ions that would be present in a brucite sheet, bonding the tetrahedral sheets tightly to the trioctahedral sheet.


title: Talc

text: Tetrahedral sheets have a negative charge, since their bulk composition is SiO. The trioctahedral sheet has an equal positive charge, since its bulk composition is Mg(OH) The combined TOT layer thus is electrically neutral.


title: Talc

text: Because the hexagons in the T and O sheets are slightly different in size, the sheets are slightly distorted when they bond into a TOT layer. This breaks the hexagonal symmetry and reduces it to monoclinic or triclinic symmetry. However, the original hexahedral symmetry is discernible in the pseudotrigonal character of talc crystals.


title: Talc

text: Talc is a common metamorphic mineral in metamorphic belts that contain ultramafic rocks, such as soapstone (a high-talc rock), and within whiteschist and blueschist metamorphic terranes. Prime examples of whiteschists include the Franciscan Metamorphic Belt of the western United States, the western European Alps especially in Italy, certain areas of the Musgrave Block, and some collisional orogens such as the Himalayas, which stretch along Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan.


title: Talc

text: Talc carbonate ultramafics are typical of many areas of the Archaean cratons, notably the komatiite belts of the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia. Talc-carbonate ultramafics are also known from the Lachlan Fold Belt, eastern Australia, from Brazil, the Guiana Shield, and from the ophiolite belts of Turkey, Oman, and the Middle East.


title: Talc

text: China is the key world talc and steatite producing country with an output of about 2.2M tonnes(2016), which accounts for 30% of total global output. The other major producers are Brazil (12%), India (11%), the U.S. (9%), France (6%), Finland (4%), Italy, Russia, Canada, and Austria (2%, each).


title: Talc

text: Notable economic talc occurrences include the Mount Seabrook talc mine, Western Australia, formed upon a polydeformed, layered ultramafic intrusion. The France-based Luzenac Group is the world's largest supplier of mined talc. Its largest talc mine at Trimouns near Luzenac in southern France produces 400,000 tonnes of talc per year.


title: Talc

text: Extraction in disputed areas of Nangarhar province, Afghanistan, has led the international monitoring group Global Witness to declare talc a conflict resource, as the profits are used to fund armed confrontation between the Taliban and Islamic State.


title: Talc

text: Talc is used in many industries, including paper making, plastic, paint and coatings (e.g. for metal casting molds), rubber, food, electric cable, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and ceramics. A coarse grayish-green high-talc rock is soapstone or steatite, used for stoves, sinks, electrical switchboards, etc. It is often used for surfaces of laboratory table tops and electrical switchboards because of its resistance to heat, electricity, and acids.


title: Talc

text: In finely ground form, talc finds use as a cosmetic (talcum powder), as a lubricant, and as a filler in paper manufacture. It is used to coat the insides of inner tubes and rubber gloves during manufacture to keep the surfaces from sticking. Talcum powder, with heavy refinement, has been used in baby powder, an astringent powder used to prevent diaper rash (nappy rash). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents avoid using baby powder because it poses a risk of respiratory problems, including breathing trouble and serious lung damage if inhaled. The small size of the particles makes it difficult to keep them out of the air while applying the powder. Zinc oxide-based ointments are a much safer alternative.


title: Talc

text: Talc is also used as food additive or in pharmaceutical products as a glidant. In medicine, talc is used as a pleurodesis agent to prevent recurrent pleural effusion or pneumothorax. In the European Union, the additive number is E553b. <br>


title: Talc

text: Due to its low shear strength, talc is one of the oldest known solid lubricants. Also, limited use is made of talc as a friction-reducing additive in lubricating oils.


title: Talc

text: Talc is widely used in the ceramics industry in both bodies and glazes. In low-fire art-ware bodies, it imparts whiteness and increases thermal expansion to resist crazing. In stonewares, small percentages of talc are used to flux the body and therefore improve strength and vitrification. It is a source of MgO flux in high-temperature glazes (to control melting temperature). It is also employed as a matting agent in earthenware glazes and can be used to produce magnesia mattes at high temperatures.


title: Talc

text: Patents are pending on the use of magnesium silicate as a cement substitute. Its production requirements are less energy-intensive than ordinary Portland cement (at a heating requirement of around 650 °C for talc compared to 1500 °C for limestone to produce Portland cement), while it absorbs far more carbon dioxide as it hardens. This results in a negative carbon footprint overall, as the cement substitute removes 0.6 tonnes of CO per tonne used. This contrasts with a positive carbon footprint of 0.4 tonnes per tonne of conventional cement.


title: Talc

text: Talc is used in the production of the materials that are widely used in the building interiors such as base content paints in wall coatings. Other areas that use talc to a great extent are organic agriculture, the food industry, cosmetics, and hygiene products such as baby powder and detergent powder.


title: Talc

text: Talc is sometimes used as an adulterant to illegal heroin, to expand volume and weight and thereby increase its street value. With intravenous use, it may lead to pulmonary talcosis, a granulomatous inflammation in the lungs.


title: Talc

text: Sterile talc powder (NDC 63256-200-05) is a sclerosing agent used in the procedure of pleurodesis. This can be helpful as a cancer treatment to prevent pleural effusions (an abnormal collection of fluid in the space between the lungs and the thoracic wall). It is inserted into the space via a chest tube, causing it to close up, so fluid cannot collect there. The product can be sterilized by dry heat, ethylene oxide, or gamma irradiation.


title: Talc

text: Suspicions have been raised that talc use contributes to certain types of disease, mainly cancers of the ovaries and lungs. According to the IARC, talc containing asbestos is classified as a group 1 agent (carcinogenic to humans), talc use in the perineum is classified as group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans), and talc not containing asbestos is classified as group 3 (unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans). Reviews by Cancer Research UK and the American Cancer Society conclude that some studies have found a link, but other studies have not.


title: Talc

text: The studies discuss pulmonary issues, lung cancer, and ovarian cancer. One of these, published in 1993, was a US National Toxicology Program report, which found that cosmetic grade talc containing no asbestos-like fibres was correlated with tumor formation in rats forced to inhale talc for 6 hours a day, five days a week over at least 113 weeks. A 1971 paper found particles of talc embedded in 75% of the ovarian tumors studied.


title: Talc

text: Research published in 1995 and 2000 concluded that it was plausible that talc could cause ovarian cancer, but no conclusive evidence was shown. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded in 2015 that talc, in the concentrations currently used in cosmetics, is safe. In 2018, Health Canada issued a warning, advising against inhaling talcum powder or using it in the female perineal area.


title: Talc

text: In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have set occupational exposure limits to respirable talc dusts at 2 mg/m over an eight-hour workday. At levels of 1000 mg/m, inhalation of talc is considered immediately dangerous to life and health.


title: Talc

text: The United States Food and Drug Administration considers talc (magnesium silicate) generally recognized as safe (GRAS) to use as an anticaking agent in table salt in concentrations smaller than 2%.


title: Talc

text: One particular issue with commercial use of talc is its frequent co-location in underground deposits with asbestos ore. Asbestos is a general term for different types of fibrous silicate minerals, desirable in construction for their heat resistant properties. There are six varieties of asbestos; the most common variety in manufacturing, white asbestos, is in the serpentine family. Serpentine minerals are sheet silicates; although not in the serpentine family, talc is also a sheet silicate, with two sheets connected by magnesium cations. The frequent co-location of talc deposits with asbestos may result in contamination of mined talc with white asbestos, which poses serious health risks when dispersed into the air and inhaled. Stringent quality control since 1976, including separating cosmetic- and food-grade talc from "industrial"-grade talc, has largely eliminated this issue, but it remains a potential hazard requiring mitigation in the mining and processing of talc. A 2010 US FDA survey failed to find asbestos in a variety of talc-containing products. A 2018 Reuters investigation asserted that pharmaceuticals company Johnson & Johnson knew for decades that there was asbestos in its baby powder, and in 2020 the company stopped selling its baby powder in the US and Canada. There were calls for Johnson & Johnson's largest shareholders to force the company to end global sales of baby powder, and hire an independent firm to conduct a racial justice audit as it had been marketed to African American and overweight women. On August 11, 2022, the company announced it would stop making talc-based powder by 2023 and replace it with cornstarch-based powders. The company said the talc-based powder is safe to use and does not contain asbestos.


title: Talc

text: In 2006 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified talcum powder as a possible human carcinogen if used in the female genital area. Despite this, no federal agency in the US acted to remove talcum powder from the market or add warnings.


title: Talc

text: In February 2016, as the result of a lawsuit against Johnson & Johnson (J&J), a St. Louis jury awarded $72 million to the family of an Alabama woman who died from ovarian cancer. The family claimed that the use of talcum powder was responsible for her cancer.


title: Talc

text: In May 2016, a South Dakota woman was awarded $55 million as the result of another lawsuit against J&J. The woman had used Johnson & Johnson's Baby Powder for more than 35 years before being diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2011.


title: Talc

text: In October 2016, a St. Louis jury awarded $70.1 million to a Californian woman with ovarian cancer who had used Johnson's Baby Powder for 45 years.


title: Talc

text: In August 2017, a Los Angeles jury awarded $417 million to a Californian woman, Eva Echeverria, who developed ovarian cancer as a "proximate result of the unreasonably dangerous and defective nature of talcum powder", her lawsuit against Johnson & Johnson stated. On 20 October 2017, Los Angeles Superior Court judge Maren Nelson dismissed the verdict. The judge stated that Echeverria proved there is "an ongoing debate in the scientific and medical community about whether talc more probably than not causes ovarian cancer and thus (gives) rise to a duty to warn", but not enough to sustain the jury's imposition of liability against Johnson & Johnson stated, and concluded that Echeverria did not adequately establish that talc causes ovarian cancer.


title: Talc

text: In July 2018, a court in St. Louis awarded a $4.7bn claim ($4.14bn in punitive damages and $550m in compensatory damages) against J&J to 22 claimant women, concluding that the company had suppressed evidence of asbestos in its products for more than four decades.


title: Cellular network

text: A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the link to and from end nodes is wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called "cells", each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver (typically three cell sites or base transceiver stations). These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.


title: Cellular network

text: When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables numerous portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, tablets and laptops equipped with mobile broadband modems, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.


title: Cellular network

text: Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks over most of the inhabited land area of Earth. This allows mobile phones and mobile computing devices to be connected to the public switched telephone network and public Internet access. Private cellular networks can be used for research or for large organizations and fleets, such as dispatch for local public safety agencies or a taxicab company.


title: Cellular network

text: In a cellular radio system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into cells in a pattern dependent on terrain and reception characteristics. These cell patterns roughly take the form of regular shapes, such as hexagons, squares, or circles although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of these cells is assigned with multiple frequencies ("f" – "f") which have corresponding radio base stations. The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies are not reused in adjacent cells, which would cause co-channel interference.


title: Cellular network

text: The increased capacity in a cellular network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the mobile communication switching system developed by Amos Joel of Bell Labs that permitted multiple callers in a given area to use the same frequency by switching calls to the nearest available cellular tower having that frequency available. This strategy is viable because a given radio frequency can be reused in a different area for an unrelated transmission. In contrast, a single transmitter can only handle one transmission for a given frequency. Inevitably, there is some level of interference from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. Consequently, there must be at least one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency in a standard frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) system.


title: Cellular network

text: Consider the case of a taxi company, where each radio has a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As drivers move around, they change from channel to channel. The drivers are aware of which frequency approximately covers some area. When they do not receive a signal from the transmitter, they try other channels until finding one that works. The taxi drivers only speak one at a time when invited by the base station operator. This is a form of time-division multiple access (TDMA).


title: Cellular network

text: The first commercial cellular network, the 1G generation, was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. It was an analog wireless network. The Bell System had developed cellular technology since 1947, and had cellular networks in operation in Chicago and Dallas prior to 1979, but commercial service was delayed by the breakup of the Bell System, with cellular assets transferred to the Regional Bell Operating Companies.


title: Cellular network

text: The wireless revolution began in the early 1990s, leading to the transition from analog to digital networks. This was enabled by advances in MOSFET technology. The MOSFET, originally invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, was adapted for cellular networks by the early 1990s, with the wide adoption of power MOSFET, LDMOS (RF amplifier), and RF CMOS (RF circuit) devices leading to the development and proliferation of digital wireless mobile networks.


title: Cellular network

text: The first commercial digital cellular network, the 2G generation, was launched in 1991. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G analog network operators.


title: Cellular network

text: To distinguish signals from several different transmitters, frequency-division multiple access (FDMA, used by analog and D-AMPS systems), time-division multiple access (TDMA, used by GSM) and code-division multiple access (CDMA, first used for PCS, and the basis of 3G) were developed.


title: Cellular network

text: With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used by different users in each cell are different from each other. Each cellular call was assigned a pair of frequencies (one for base to mobile, the other for mobile to base) to provide full-duplex operation. The original AMPS systems had 666 channel pairs, 333 each for the CLEC "A" system and ILEC "B" system. The number of channels was expanded to 416 pairs per carrier, but ultimately the number of RF channels limits the number of calls that a cell site could handle. Note that FDMA is a familiar technology to telephone companies, that used frequency-division multiplexing to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before time-division multiplexing rendered FDM obsolete.


title: Cellular network

text: With TDMA, the transmitting and receiving time slots used by different users in each cell are different from each other. TDMA typically uses digital signaling to store and forward bursts of voice data that are fit into time slices for transmission, and expanded at the receiving end to produce a somewhat normal-sounding voice at the receiver. TDMA must introduce latency (time delay) into the audio signal. As long as the latency time is short enough that the delayed audio is not heard as an echo, it is not problematic. Note that TDMA is a familiar technology for telephone companies, that used time-division multiplexing to add channels to their point-to-point wireline plants before packet switching rendered FDM obsolete.


title: Cellular network

text: The principle of CDMA is based on spread spectrum technology developed for military use during World War II and improved during the Cold War into direct-sequence spread spectrum that was used for early CDMA cellular systems and Wi-Fi. DSSS allows multiple simultaneous phone conversations to take place on a single wideband RF channel, without needing to channelize them in time or frequency. Although more sophisticated than older multiple access schemes (and unfamiliar to legacy telephone companies because it was not developed by Bell Labs), CDMA has scaled well to become the basis for 3G cellular radio systems.


title: Cellular network

text: Other available methods of multiplexing such as MIMO, a more sophisticated version of antenna diversity, combined with active beamforming provides much greater spatial multiplexing ability compared to original AMPS cells, that typically only addressed one to three unique spaces. Massive MIMO deployment allows much greater channel re-use, thus increasing the number of subscribers per cell site, greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) modems offer an increasing number of bits per symbol, allowing more users per megahertz of bandwidth (and decibels of SNR), greater data throughput per user, or some combination thereof.


title: Cellular network

text: The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to re-use frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. As described above, adjacent cells must use different frequencies, however, there is no problem with two cells sufficiently far apart operating on the same frequency, provided the masts and cellular network users' equipment do not transmit with too much power.


title: Cellular network

text: The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse distance and the reuse factor. The reuse distance, "D" is calculated as


title: Cellular network

text: where "R" is the cell radius and "N" is the number of cells per cluster. Cells may vary in radius from . The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can be divided into smaller cells.


title: Cellular network

text: The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the network. It is "1/K" (or "K" according to some books) where "K" is the number of cells which cannot use the same frequencies for transmission. Common values for the frequency reuse factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12 depending on notation).


title: Cellular network

text: In case of "N" sector antennas on the same base station site, each with different direction, the base station site can serve N different sectors. "N" is typically 3. A reuse pattern of "N/K" denotes a further division in frequency among "N" sector antennas per site. Some current and historical reuse patterns are 3/7 (North American AMPS), 6/4 (Motorola NAMPS), and 3/4 (GSM).


title: Cellular network

text: If the total available bandwidth is "B", each cell can only use a number of frequency channels corresponding to a bandwidth of "B/K", and each sector can use a bandwidth of "B/NK".


title: Cellular network

text: Code-division multiple access-based systems use a wider frequency band to achieve the same rate of transmission as FDMA, but this is compensated for by the ability to use a frequency reuse factor of 1, for example using a reuse pattern of 1/1. In other words, adjacent base station sites use the same frequencies, and the different base stations and users are separated by codes rather than frequencies. While "N" is shown as 1 in this example, that does not mean the CDMA cell has only one sector, but rather that the entire cell bandwidth is also available to each sector individually.


title: Cellular network

text: Recently also orthogonal frequency-division multiple access based systems such as LTE are being deployed with a frequency reuse of 1. Since such systems do not spread the signal across the frequency band,


title: Cellular network

text: inter-cell radio resource management is important to coordinate resource allocation between different cell sites and to limit the inter-cell interference. There are various means of inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) already defined in the standard. Coordinated scheduling, multi-site MIMO or multi-site beamforming are other examples for inter-cell radio resource management that might be standardized in the future.


title: Cellular network

text: Cell towers frequently use a directional signal to improve reception in higher-traffic areas. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits omnidirectional cell tower signals to 100 watts of power. If the tower has directional antennas, the FCC allows the cell operator to emit up to 500 watts of effective radiated power (ERP).


title: Cellular network

text: Although the original cell towers created an even, omnidirectional signal, were at the centers of the cells and were omnidirectional, a cellular map can be redrawn with the cellular telephone towers located at the corners of the hexagons where three cells converge. Each tower has three sets of directional antennas aimed in three different directions with 120 degrees for each cell (totaling 360 degrees) and receiving/transmitting into three different cells at different frequencies. This provides a minimum of three channels, and three towers for each cell and greatly increases the chances of receiving a usable signal from at least one direction.


title: Cellular network

text: The numbers in the illustration are channel numbers, which repeat every 3 cells. Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high volume areas.


title: Cellular network

text: Cell phone companies also use this directional signal to improve reception along highways and inside buildings like stadiums and arenas.


title: Cellular network

text: Practically every cellular system has some kind of broadcast mechanism. This can be used directly for distributing information to multiple mobiles. Commonly, for example in mobile telephony systems, the most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for one-to-one communication between the mobile transceiver and the base station. This is called paging. The three different paging procedures generally adopted are sequential, parallel and selective paging.


title: Cellular network

text: The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network to network, but normally we know a limited number of cells where the phone is located (this group of cells is called a Location Area in the GSM or UMTS system, or Routing Area if a data packet session is involved; in LTE, cells are grouped into Tracking Areas). Paging takes place by sending the broadcast message to all of those cells. Paging messages can be used for information transfer. This happens in pagers, in CDMA systems for sending SMS messages, and in the UMTS system where it allows for low downlink latency in packet-based connections.


title: Cellular network

text: In a primitive taxi system, when the taxi moved away from a first tower and closer to a second tower, the taxi driver manually switched from one frequency to another as needed. If communication was interrupted due to a loss of a signal, the taxi driver asked the base station operator to repeat the message on a different frequency.


title: Cellular network

text: In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile transceivers move from cell to cell during an ongoing continuous communication, switching from one cell frequency to a different cell frequency is done electronically without interruption and without a base station operator or manual switching. This is called the handover or handoff. Typically, a new channel is automatically selected for the mobile unit on the new base station which will serve it. The mobile unit then automatically switches from the current channel to the new channel and communication continues.


title: Cellular network

text: The exact details of the mobile system's move from one base station to the other vary considerably from system to system (see the example below for how a mobile phone network manages handover).


title: Cellular network

text: The most common example of a cellular network is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A mobile phone is a portable telephone which receives or makes calls through a cell site (base station) or transmitting tower. Radio waves are used to transfer signals to and from the cell phone.


title: Cellular network

text: Modern mobile phone networks use cells because radio frequencies are a limited, shared resource. Cell-sites and handsets change frequency under computer control and use low power transmitters so that the usually limited number of radio frequencies can be simultaneously used by many callers with less interference.


title: Cellular network

text: A cellular network is used by the mobile phone operator to achieve both coverage and capacity for their subscribers. Large geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight signal loss and to support a large number of active phones in that area. All of the cell sites are connected to telephone exchanges (or switches), which in turn connect to the public telephone network.


title: Cellular network

text: In cities, each cell site may have a range of up to approximately , while in rural areas, the range could be as much as . It is possible that in clear open areas, a user may receive signals from a cell site away. In rural areas with low-band coverage and tall towers, basic voice and messaging service may reach , with limitations on bandwidth and number of simultaneous calls.


title: Cellular network

text: Since almost all mobile phones use cellular technology, including GSM, CDMA, and AMPS (analog), the term "cell phone" is in some regions, notably the US, used interchangeably with "mobile phone". However, satellite phones are mobile phones that do not communicate directly with a ground-based cellular tower but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite.


title: Cellular network

text: There are a number of different digital cellular technologies, including: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), cdmaOne, CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA), and Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN). The transition from existing analog to the digital standard followed a very different path in Europe and the US. As a consequence, multiple digital standards surfaced in the US, while Europe and many countries converged towards the GSM standard.


title: Cellular network

text: This network is the foundation of the GSM system network. There are many functions that are performed by this network in order to make sure customers get the desired service including mobility management, registration, call set-up, and handover.


title: Cellular network

text: Any phone connects to the network via an RBS (Radio Base Station) at a corner of the corresponding cell which in turn connects to the Mobile switching center (MSC). The MSC provides a connection to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The link from a phone to the RBS is called an "uplink" while the other way is termed "downlink".


title: Cellular network

text: Radio channels effectively use the transmission medium through the use of the following multiplexing and access schemes: frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), time-division multiple access (TDMA), code-division multiple access (CDMA), and space-division multiple access (SDMA).


title: Cellular network

text: As the phone user moves from one cell area to another cell while a call is in progress, the mobile station will search for a new channel to attach to in order not to drop the call. Once a new channel is found, the network will command the mobile unit to switch to the new channel and at the same time switch the call onto the new channel.


title: Cellular network

text: With CDMA, multiple CDMA handsets share a specific radio channel. The signals are separated by using a pseudonoise code (PN code) that is specific to each phone. As the user moves from one cell to another, the handset sets up radio links with multiple cell sites (or sectors of the same site) simultaneously. This is known as "soft handoff" because, unlike with traditional cellular technology, there is no one defined point where the phone switches to the new cell.


title: Cellular network

text: In IS-95 inter-frequency handovers and older analog systems such as NMT it will typically be impossible to test the target channel directly while communicating. In this case, other techniques have to be used such as pilot beacons in IS-95. This means that there is almost always a brief break in the communication while searching for the new channel followed by the risk of an unexpected return to the old channel.


title: Cellular network

text: If there is no ongoing communication or the communication can be interrupted, it is possible for the mobile unit to spontaneously move from one cell to another and then notify the base station with the strongest signal.


title: Cellular network

text: The effect of frequency on cell coverage means that different frequencies serve better for different uses. Low frequencies, such as 450  MHz NMT, serve very well for countryside coverage. GSM 900 (900 MHz) is suitable for light urban coverage. GSM 1800 (1.8 GHz) starts to be limited by structural walls. UMTS, at 2.1 GHz is quite similar in coverage to GSM 1800.


title: Cellular network

text: Higher frequencies are a disadvantage when it comes to coverage, but it is a decided advantage when it comes to capacity. Picocells, covering e.g. one floor of a building, become possible, and the same frequency can be used for cells which are practically neighbors.


title: Cellular network

text: Cell service area may also vary due to interference from transmitting systems, both within and around that cell. This is true especially in CDMA based systems. The receiver requires a certain signal-to-noise ratio, and the transmitter should not send with too high transmission power in view to not cause interference with other transmitters. As the receiver moves away from the transmitter, the power received decreases, so the power control algorithm of the transmitter increases the power it transmits to restore the level of received power. As the interference (noise) rises above the received power from the transmitter, and the power of the transmitter cannot be increased anymore, the signal becomes corrupted and eventually unusable. In CDMA-based systems, the effect of interference from other mobile transmitters in the same cell on coverage area is very marked and has a special name, "cell breathing".


title: Cellular network

text: One can see examples of cell coverage by studying some of the coverage maps provided by real operators on their web sites or by looking at independently crowdsourced maps such as Opensignal or CellMapper. In certain cases they may mark the site of the transmitter; in others, it can be calculated by working out the point of strongest coverage.


title: Cellular network

text: A cellular repeater is used to extend cell coverage into larger areas. They range from wideband repeaters for consumer use in homes and offices to smart or digital repeaters for industrial needs.


title: Cellular network

text: The following table shows the dependency of the coverage area of one cell on the frequency of a CDMA2000 network:


title: President of South Africa

text: The president of South Africa is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of South Africa. The president heads the executive branch of the Government of South Africa and is the commander-in-chief of the South African National Defence Force. Between 1961 and 1994, the office of head of state was the state presidency.


title: President of South Africa

text: The president is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, and is usually the leader of the largest party, which has been the African National Congress since the first multiracial election was held on 27 April 1994. The Constitution limits the president's time in office to two five-year terms. The first president to be elected under the new constitution was Nelson Mandela. The incumbent is Cyril Ramaphosa, who was elected by the National Assembly on 15 February 2018 following the resignation of Jacob Zuma.


title: President of South Africa

text: Under the interim constitution (valid from 1994–96), there was a Government of National Unity, in which a member of Parliament (MP) from the largest opposition party was entitled to a position as deputy president. Along with Thabo Mbeki, the last apartheid president, F. W. de Klerk also served as deputy president, in his capacity as the leader of the National Party which was the second-largest party in the new Parliament. But De Klerk later resigned and went into opposition with his party. A voluntary coalition government continues to exist under the new constitution (adopted in 1996), although there have been no appointments of opposition politicians to the post of deputy president since.


title: President of South Africa

text: The president is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of the election. Upon election, the president immediately resigns their seat for the duration of the presidential term. The president may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial.


title: President of South Africa

text: A number of manifestations of the office of president have existed. Aspects of these offices exist within the presidency today. The executive leadership of the British colonies of Natal and the Cape of Good Hope were vested in their governors. Likewise, it was invested in the presidents of the Boer republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Alternating sovereignty as a result of wars culminated in the Treaty of Vereeniging which concluded the South African War.


title: President of South Africa

text: The Union of South Africa, a British Dominion, was established on 31 May 1910 with the British monarch as titular head of state, represented by a viceroy, the governor-general.


title: President of South Africa

text: Following the 1960 referendum and subsequent declaration of the Republic of South Africa on 31 May 1961, the office of State President was created. It was originally a ceremonial post, but became an executive post in 1984 when a new constitution abolished the post of Prime Minister and transferred its powers to the state president. The country ended minority rule in 1994. The office of the president, and the roles that come with it, were established by chapter five of the Constitution of South Africa.


title: President of South Africa

text: South Africa has a distinctive system for the election of its president. Unlike other former British colonies and dominions who have adopted a parliamentary republican form of government and those that follow the Westminster system, South Africa's president is both head of state and head of government and commander-in-chief of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). Contrary to presidential systems around the world, the President of South Africa is elected by the Parliament of South Africa rather than by the people directly. They are thus answerable to it in theory and able to influence legislation in practice as head of the majority party.


title: President of South Africa

text: The president is elected at the first sitting of Parliament after an election, and whenever a vacancy arises. The President is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, from among its members. The chief justice must oversee the election. Once elected, a person is no longer a member of the National Assembly. They must then be sworn in as president within five days of the election. Should a vacancy arise, the date of a new election must be set by the Chief Justice, but not more than 30 days after the vacancy occurs.


title: President of South Africa

text: The Constitution has thus prescribed a system combining both parliamentary and presidential systems in a unique manner. Only Botswana and a few other countries use a similar system. Between 1996 and 2003 Israel combined the two systems in an opposite way, with direct elections for the post of prime minister.


title: President of South Africa

text: Although the Presidency is the key institution, it is hedged about with numerous checks and balances that prevent its total dominance over the government, as was the case in many African countries. The presidential term is five years, with a limit of two terms. Thus the electoral system attempts (at least on paper) to prevent the accumulation of power in the president as was during Apartheid or in many other African countries.


title: President of South Africa

text: According to chapter five of the constitution, the president can only exercise the powers of the presidential office while within the Republic of South Africa. The president may appoint an acting president when traveling outside the country or unable to fulfill the duties of the office.


title: President of South Africa

text: The presidential vacancy should be filled first by the deputy president, then a Cabinet Minister selected by the president, thereafter a Cabinet Minister selected by the Cabinet, and finally by the speaker of the National Assembly.


title: President of South Africa

text: The President is the head of state, head of government and commander-in-chief of the South African National Defence Force. The rights, responsibilities and remuneration of the president are enumerated in Chapter V of the Constitution of South Africa and subsequent amendments and laws passed by the Parliament of South Africa.


title: President of South Africa

text: The executive powers of the Republic are vested in the President, who appoints various officials to positions listed in the Constitution, the most significant of which are the Cabinet Ministers and justices of the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court. The President's Cabinet implements and enforces the Constitution and laws and carries out the President's political objectives. Judges are appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission.


title: President of South Africa

text: The President plays a role in the formation of legislation. The President can sign bills into laws or veto legislation (subject to an override), refer bills back to Parliament or to the Constitutional Court, or call for a referendum. The President summons parliament, and often delivers a State of the Nation Address at the beginning of each session.


title: President of South Africa

text: The President is the commander-in-chief of the South African National Defence Force thereby possessing influence or control over foreign and security policy. The President is accorded the constitutional powers to declare war and make peace, negotiate and sign (although not ratify) treaties (and the alliances that may come with them), and receives and appoints diplomatic officials, confers honours and grants pardons.


title: Google Workspace

text: Google Workspace (formerly known as Google Apps and later G Suite) is a collection of cloud computing, productivity and collaboration tools, software and products developed and marketed by Google. It consists of Gmail, Contacts, Calendar, Meet and Chat for communication; Currents for employee engagement; Drive for storage; and the Google Docs Editors suite for content creation. An Admin Panel is provided for managing users and services. Depending on edition Google Workspace may also include the digital interactive whiteboard Jamboard and an option to purchase such add-ons as the telephony service Voice. The education edition adds a learning platform Google Classroom and today has the name Workspace for Education.


title: Google Workspace

text: While most of these services are individually available at no cost to consumers who use their free Google (Gmail) accounts, Google Workspace adds enterprise features such as custom email addresses at a domain (e.g. @yourcompany.com), an option for unlimited Drive storage, additional administrative tools and advanced settings, as well as 24/7 phone and email support.


title: Google Workspace

text: Being based in Google's data centers, data and information are saved directly and then synchronized to other data centers for backup purposes. Unlike the free, consumer-facing services, Google Workspace users do not see advertisements while using the services, and information and data in Google Workspace accounts do not get used for advertisement purposes. Furthermore, Google Workspace administrators can fine-tune security and privacy settings.


title: Google Workspace

text: The suite was first launched in February 2006 as Gmail for Your Domain, before being expanded into Google Apps for Your Domain in the same year, later rebranded as G Suite in 2016, then rebranded again in 2020 as Google Workspace.


title: Google Workspace

text: As of April 2020, G Suite had 6 million paying businesses, and 120 million G Suite for Education users.


title: Google Workspace

text: From February 10, 2006, Google started testing a version of the service at San Jose City College, hosting Gmail accounts with SJCC domain addresses and admin tools for account management. On August 28, 2006, Google launched Google Apps for Your Domain, a set of apps for organizations. Available for free as a beta service, it included Gmail, Google Talk, Google Calendar, and the Google Page Creator, which was later replaced with Google Sites. Dave Girouard, then Google's vice president and general manager for enterprise, outlined its benefits for business customers: "Organizations can let Google be the experts in delivering high quality email, messaging, and other web-based services while they focus on the needs of their users and their day-to-day business". Google announced an edition for schools, then known as Google Apps for Education, on October 10, 2006.


title: Google Workspace

text: On February 22, 2007, Google introduced Google Apps Premier Edition, which differed from the free version by offering more storage (10 GB per user), APIs for business integration, 99.9% uptime for Gmail, and 24/7 phone support. It cost $50 per user account per year. According to Google, early adopters of Google Apps Premier Edition included Procter & Gamble, San Francisco Bay Pediatrics, and Salesforce.com. Additionally, all editions of Google Apps were then able to use Google Documents and Spreadsheets, users could access Gmail on BlackBerry mobile devices, and administrators gained more application control. Further enhancements came, on June 25, 2007, when Google added a number of features to Google Apps, including mail migration from external IMAP servers, shared address books, a visual overhaul of Google Docs and Google Sheets, and increased Gmail attachment size. A ZDNet article noted that Google Apps now offered a tool for switching from the popular Exchange Server and Lotus Notes, positioning Google as an alternative to Microsoft and IBM. On October 3, 2007, a month after acquiring Postini, Google announced that the startup's email security and compliance options had been added to Google Apps Premier Edition. Customers now had the ability to better configure their spam and virus filtering, implement retention policies, restore deleted messages, and give administrators access to all emails.


title: Google Workspace

text: Google introduced Google Sites on February 28, 2008. Google Sites provided a simple new Google Apps tool for creating intranets and team websites.


title: Google Workspace

text: On June 9, 2009, Google launched Google Apps Sync for Microsoft Outlook, a plugin that allows customers to synchronize their email, calendar, and contacts data between Outlook and Google Apps. Less than a month later, on July 7, 2009, Google announced that the services included in Google Apps—Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Docs, and Google Talk—were out of beta.


title: Google Workspace

text: Google opened the Google Apps Marketplace, on March 9, 2010, which is an online store for third-party business applications that integrate with Google Apps, to make it easier for users and software to do business in the cloud. Participating vendors included Intuit, Appirio, and Atlassian. On July 26, 2010, Google introduced an edition for governments, then-known as Google Apps for Government, which was designed to meet the public sector's unique policy and security needs. It was also announced that Google Apps had become the first suite of cloud applications to receive Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) certification and accreditation.


title: Google Workspace

text: Nearly five years after the launch of Google Apps, on April 26, 2011, Google announced that organizations with more than 10 users were no longer eligible for the free edition of Google Apps. They would have to sign up for the paid version, now known as Google Apps for Business. A flexible billing plan was also introduced, giving customers the option of paying $5 per user per month with no contractual commitment.


title: Google Workspace

text: On March 28, 2012, Google launched Google Vault, an optional electronic discovery and archiving service for Google Apps for Business customers. And then, on April 24, 2012, Google introduced Google Drive, a platform for storing and sharing files. Each Google Apps for Business user was given 5GB of Drive storage, with the option to purchase more. Later that year, Google announced that the free version of Google Apps would no longer be available to new customers.


title: Google Workspace

text: Google unified the storage between Drive and Gmail, on May 13, 2013, giving Google Apps customers 30GB total that are shared across the apps.


title: Google Workspace

text: On March 10, 2014, Google launched the Google Apps Referral Program, which offers participating individuals a $15 referral bonus for each new Google Apps user they refer. Google, on June 25, 2014, announced Drive for Work, a new Google Apps offering featuring unlimited file storage, advanced audit reporting, and new security controls for $10 per user per month.


title: Google Workspace

text: Google Enterprise, the company's business product division, was officially renamed Google for Work on September 2, 2014. Eric Schmidt, then Google's executive chairman said, "we never set out to create a traditional 'enterprise' business—we wanted to create a new way of doing work (...) so the time has come for our name to catch up with our ambition".


title: Google Workspace

text: Google announced that Google Apps would be rebranded as G Suite on September 29, 2016. Then, on October 25, 2016, Google launched the first hardware product for G Suite, the Jamboard; a 55-inch digital whiteboard connected to the cloud.


title: Google Workspace

text: Google announced that G Suite would be rebranded as Google Workspace on October 6, 2020, and that Workspace would emphasize increased integration between the apps, such as the ability to create Docs from within Chats, or start a Meet call from within a presentation. As part of the rebranding, the iconic logos for Gmail, Google Drive, Google Docs, Google Calendar, Google Meet, and other products in Google Workspace were changed. These new logos corresponded to the similar changes which happened in Google Maps and Google Photos. The logo redesigns were met with mixed reactions by end users.


title: Google Workspace

text: On June 14, 2021, Google announced that Google Workspace would be available to consumers with a Google Account, along with the ability for users to fully switch from Google Hangouts to Google Chat, the rebranding of the "Rooms" feature in Gmail to "Spaces", a new "Google Workspace Individual" tier, a progressive web app for Workspace applications, and more.


title: Google Workspace

text: On January 19, 2022, Google announced any "G Suite legacy free edition" accounts must be upgraded to a paid tier by May 1, 2022 or the account will be automatically upgraded. If a user does not manually upgrade to a paid tier and if no payment information is entered in the account admin page, the account will be suspended starting July 1, 2022. The free tier of accounts were available for users to sign up for from 2007 until 2012 at which point they were changed to a legacy status. This will not affect access to other Google Services, including YouTube, Google Photos, and Google Play, nor paid content, including YouTube and Play Store purchases.


title: Google Workspace

text: Google Workspace comprises Gmail, Chat, Meet, Calendar; Drive for storage; Docs, Sheets, Slides, Forms, and Sites for collaboration; and an Admin panel and Vault for managing users and the services.