title: Cascade Range

text: Exploration and settlement of the Cascades region by Europeans and Americans was accelerated by the establishment of a major trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) at Fort Vancouver near today's Portland, Oregon. From this base HBC trapping parties traveled throughout the Cascades in search of beaver and other fur-bearing animals. For example, using what became known as the Siskiyou Trail, Hudson's Bay Company trappers were the first non-natives to explore the southern Cascades in the 1820s and 1830s, establishing trails which passed near Crater Lake, Mount McLoughlin, Medicine Lake Volcano, Mount Shasta, and Lassen Peak.


title: Cascade Range

text: The course of political history in the Pacific Northwest saw the spine of the Cascade Range being proposed as a boundary settlement during the Oregon Dispute of 1846. The United States rejected the proposal and insisted on the 49th parallel north, which cuts across the range just north of Mount Baker. Throughout the period of dispute and up to the creation of the Crown Colony of British Columbia in 1858, the Hudson's Bay Company's York Factory Express route, as well the route of fur brigades, followed the Okanogan River along the east edge of the Cascades and the Columbia River through the range. Passes across the range were not well known and little used. Naches Pass was used for driving cattle and horses to Fort Nisqually. Yakima Pass was also used by the Hudson's Bay Company.


title: Cascade Range

text: American settlement of the flanks of the Coast Range did not occur until the early 1840s, at first only marginally. Following the Oregon Treaty the inward flux of migration from the Oregon Trail intensified and the passes and back-valleys of what is now the state of Washington were explored and populated, and it was not long after that railways followed. Despite its being traversed by several major freeways and rail lines, and its lower flanks subjected to major logging in recent decades, large parts of the range remain intense and forbidding alpine wilderness. Much of the northern half of the Cascades, from Rainier north, have been preserved by U.S. national or British Columbia provincial parks (such as E.C. Manning Provincial Park), or other forms of protected area.


title: Cascade Range

text: The Canadian side of the range has a history that includes the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858–60 and its famous Cariboo Road, as well as the older Hudson's Bay Company Brigade Trail from the Canyon to the Interior, the Dewdney Trail, and older routes which connected east to the Similkameen and Okanagan valleys.


title: Cascade Range

text: The southern mainline of the Canadian Pacific Railway penetrated the range via the passes of the Coquihalla River, along one of the steepest and snowiest routes in the entire Pacific Cordillera. Near Hope, B.C., the railway roadbed and the Othello Tunnels, now decommissioned, are popular tourist recreation destinations for hiking and bicycling. The pass is used by the Coquihalla Highway, a government megaproject built as part of the Expo 86 spending boom of the 1980s, which is now the main route from the Coast to the British Columbia interior. Traffic formerly went via the Fraser Canyon, to the west, or via Allison Pass and Manning Park along Highway 3 to the south, near the border.


title: Cascade Range

text: The Barlow Road was the first established land path for U.S. settlers through the Cascade Range in 1845, and formed the final overland link for the Oregon Trail (previously, settlers had to raft down the treacherous rapids of the Columbia River). The Road left the Columbia at what is now Hood River and passed along the south side of Mount Hood at what is now Government Camp, terminating in Oregon City. There is an interpretive site there now at "The End of The Oregon Trail". The road was constructed as a toll road – $5 per wagon – and was very successful.


title: Cascade Range

text: In addition, the Applegate Trail was created to allow settlers to avoid rafting down the Columbia River. The Trail used the path of the California Trail to north-central Nevada. From there, the Trail headed northwest into northern California, and continued northwest towards today's Ashland, Oregon. From there, settlers would head north along the established Siskiyou Trail into the Willamette Valley.


title: Cascade Range

text: With the exception of the 1915 eruption of remote Lassen Peak in Northern California, the range was quiet for more than a century. Then, on May 18, 1980, the dramatic eruption of Mount St. Helens shattered the quiet and brought the world's attention to the range. Geologists were also concerned that the St. Helens eruption was a sign that long-dormant Cascade volcanoes might become active once more, as in the period from 1800 to 1857 when a total of eight erupted. None have erupted since St. Helens, but precautions are being taken nevertheless, such as the Cascades Volcano Observatory and Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System in Pierce County, Washington.


title: Cascade Range

text: The Cascade Range is made up of a band of thousands of very small, short-lived volcanoes that have built a platform of lava and volcanic debris. Rising above this volcanic platform are a few strikingly large volcanoes, like Mount Hood and Mount St. Helens, that dominate the landscape.


title: Cascade Range

text: The Cascade volcanoes define the Pacific Northwest section of the Ring of Fire, an array of volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of Fire is also known for its frequent earthquakes. The volcanoes and earthquakes arise from a common source: subduction, where the dense Juan de Fuca oceanic plate plunges beneath the North American Plate. As the oceanic slab sinks deep into the Earth's interior beneath the continental plate, high temperatures and pressures allow water molecules locked in the minerals of solid rock to escape. The water vapor rises into the pliable mantle above the subducting plate, causing some of the mantle to melt. This newly formed magma rises toward the Earth's surface to erupt, forming a chain of volcanoes (the Cascade Volcanic Arc) above the subduction zone.


title: Cascade Range

text: Soil conditions for farming are generally good, especially downwind of volcanoes. This is largely because volcanic rocks are often rich in potassium bearing minerals such as orthoclase and decay easily. Volcanic debris, especially lahars, also have a leveling effect and the storage of water in the form of snow and ice is also important. These snow-capped mountains such as Mt. Hood and Mt. Bachelor are used as ski resorts in the late winter. While in the summer they become popular hiking and mountaineering locations. Much of that water eventually flows into reservoirs, where it is used for recreation before its potential energy is captured to generate hydroelectric power before being used to irrigate crops.


title: Cascade Range

text: Because of the abundance of powerful streams, many of the major westward rivers off the Cascades have been dammed to provide hydroelectric power. One of these, Ross Dam on the Skagit River, created a reservoir which spans the border southeast of Hope, British Columbia, extending into Canada. At the foot of the southeast flank of Mount Baker, at Concrete, Washington, the Baker River is dammed to form Lake Shannon and Baker Lake.


title: Cascade Range

text: In addition, there is a largely untapped amount of geothermal power that can be generated from the Cascades. The U.S. Geological Survey Geothermal Research Program has been investigating this potential. Some of this energy is already being used in places like Klamath Falls, Oregon, where volcanic steam is used to heat public buildings. The highest recorded temperature found in the range is at below Newberry Volcano's caldera floor.


title: Cascade Range

text: Forests of large, coniferous trees (western red cedars, Douglas-firs, western hemlocks, firs, pines, spruces, and others) dominate most of the Cascade Range. Cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers (largely a result of oceanic influence) favor evergreen species, whereas mild temperatures and rich soils promote fast and prolonged growth.


title: Cascade Range

text: As a traveler passes through the Cascade Range, the climate first gets colder, then warmer and drier east of the crest. Most of the Cascades' lower and middle elevations are covered in coniferous forest; the higher altitudes have extensive meadows as well as alpine tundra and glaciers. The southern part of the Cascades are within the California Floristic Province, an area of high biodiversity.


title: Cascade Range

text: Black bears, coyotes, bobcats, cougars, beavers, deer, elk, moose, mountain goats and a few wolf packs returning from Canada live in the Cascades. There have been unconfirmed sightings of Bigfoot known locally by the Native American name of Sasquatch. Fewer than 50 grizzly bears reside in the Cascades of Canada and Washington.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Fallen Angels is a 1995 Hong Kong neo-noir crime thriller drama film written and directed by Wong Kar-wai. It features two intertwined storylines—one tells the story of a hitman wishing to leave the criminal underworld (Leon Lai), the prostitute he starts a relationship with (Karen Mok), and his agent, who is infatuated with him (Michelle Reis). The other story is of a mute ex-convict on the run from the police (Takeshi Kaneshiro) and a mentally unstable woman dumped by her boyfriend (Charlie Yeung). Set in 1995 pre-Handover Hong Kong, "Fallen Angels" explores the characters' loneliness, their alienation from the situations around them, and yearning for connections in a hectic city.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Wong initially wrote "Fallen Angels" as the third story of its predecessor, "Chungking Express" (1994), but split them into two separate movies due to their cumulative length. Similar to "Chungking Express", "Fallen Angels" features a fragmented narrative that emphasises mood and atmosphere over structure. Whereas its predecessor incorporates bright daytime colours, "Fallen Angels" consists of scenes exclusively shot at night and using darker colours alongside bright neons. Wong considered the two movies to be complementary counterparts exploring contemporary Hong Kong. Cinematographer Christopher Doyle extensively used wide-angle lens to distort the characters' faces on the screen, conveying their isolation from the surrounding world. Doyle also creates distorted tension in scenes of extreme violence with frantic, out-of-focus visuals. The soundtrack extensively uses Trip hop and pop songs to convey mood and maintain an “urban environment” that plays with popular culture.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: "Fallen Angels" was released in September 1995. Upon release, film critics commented that its styles resembled those deployed in "Chungking Express"; many lamented that Wong had become self-indulgent, though as time went on critics began to be more appreciative of the film. At the 15th Hong Kong Film Awards in 1996, it won three awards: Best Supporting Actress for Mok, Best Cinematography for Doyle, and Best Original Score for Roel A. Garcia and Frankie Chan. Retrospectively, critics commented that though "Fallen Angels" was not as groundbreaking as its predecessor, it remained one of Wong's most captivating films cementing his trademark styles. The film's abstract, non-conventional style, the context in which it was made, and its use of pastiche and intertextuality with regards to both popular culture and its predecessor "Chungking Express" have led to the movie being described as a postmodern film and as suggesting a postmodern reading.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: The movie has since its release encompassed a large cult following, and is also the last film Wong fully shot in his native Hong Kong before embarking on more ambitious international productions.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: The movie is composed of two stories that intersect with each other at differing times throughout the films, especially when some of the characters happen to be in the same place at the same time.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: The story opens with the internal monologue of a hit man named Wong Chi-ming (Leon Lai) and a woman he calls his "partner” (Michelle Reis). The two are sitting next to each other in the first scene, a scene covered in smoke and a black-and-white grainy filter. They exchange few words as they smoke cigarettes - suggesting the two share a distant and un-emotional relationship.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: After the hitman says his lines in response to the partner's question ("Are we still partners?") suggesting in his response "Partners should never be emotionally involved with each other.", the scene cuts into the story.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: From the beginning, it becomes obvious the pair, despite being business partners for nearly 3 years (“155 weeks”), hardly know each other and rarely see each other, exchanging their plans for their kills over letters and faxes. It seems that the two have agreed to maintain a strictly professional relationship, whether that is the true desires of both of them or not. Despite this, the hitman's assistant, a provocatively dressed woman in short PVC skirts/dresses, fishnet stockings and suspenders, chokers, luxury handbags and high-heeled shoes that create the impression she is a prostitute or a club-goer rather than a hitman's assistant, cleans the hitman's crammed apartment near an underground railway, buys him some groceries (mainly beer) and faxes him blueprints of the places where he is to commit his murders. Obsessed with Wong in a romantic way and infatuated with his mysterious nature, she even goes through his trash, trying to get to know what kind of person he is. It is very clear that she has developed feelings for him despite his insistence on keeping to business. This emotionless approach to contract killing works well for the two in their first kill of the night, going smoothly and seamless. However, on the bus he runs into someone who recognises him from a more innocent time, a cheery old classmate called Ah-Hoi who is about to get married. Wong wryly notes in voiceover: "Even if you're a killer, you still have classmates from grade school around."


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: The old classmate tries to sell him an insurance policy, but the hitman won't get one because it only reminds him that he wouldn't have anyone to name as a beneficiary; this reminds him that he is living an entirely solitary existence, travelling from place to place, in a non-functioning relationship with his assistant, engaging in contract killing.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Wong, a hitman who works for different clients, however appears to not care much for the consequences of his bloody deeds and even suggests at his lack at planning as a reason for his enjoyment of contract killing, suggesting this also as a reason for his “partner”. Since her “partner” keeps to himself, she frequents the bar he goes to just to sit in his seat and daydream about him. After playing a piece of music on the bar's jukebox, the hitman's assistant and her daydreaming about Wong prompts her to masturbate in the apartment's bed in an attempt to relieve her sexual frustration in not seeing him. Afterwards, the hitman's assistant encounters Ho Chi-mo, a mute ex-convict on the run from the police (Takeshi Kaneshiro) in her apartment building, the dense and chaotic Chungking Mansions. (This encounter is discussed in the “Second Story” section). During their second killing of the night, the Hitman and his assistant notably put more emotion on the job, wandering around the area in a way that suggests they are looking around for each other. The job is successful, but results in a bloody mess and Wong injures his arm in the process.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Increasingly frustrated by the monotone, futile life of contract killing following his encounter with his old classmate, as well as a lack of free will, Wong considers ending his career as a hitman. However he wishes not to upset his partner, and so two weeks after he is injured, he asks to see his assistant, but does not show up to her visible annoyance. Certain that she will show up at the bar in a couple of days looking for him, he asks the bartender to leave a piece of music on the Jukebox called “Forget Him” (忘記他) with the number “1818”. The lyrics in this song tell her to forget the hitman, as he wishes for her to do. After listening to the music on the jukebox, understanding from the lyrics that the hitman wants her to forget him, the hitman's assistant is heartbroken and cries alone by the bar. Meanwhile, Wong has a late night meal at McDonald's where he encounters an eccentric, mischief-making prostitute nicknamed “Blondie” (Karen Mok) for her dyed blonde hair, who sits next to him and invites him into her apartment. While they spend time together, captured in crazy and wild scenes, the scene is juxtaposed against the hitman's assistant with her glamorous make-up all smudged, as she masturbates again to calm her upset nerves, smokes a cigarette on the apartment's bed and breaks down crying.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: While spending time with the hitman, Blondie has illusions that he is the ex-lover who left her for another woman (likely the hitman's assistant). Whether this is truth or not is never explicitly confirmed. Meanwhile, the hitman's assistant, travelling late at night on Hong Kong's MTR subway network, briefly walks past Blondie in a subway station, in which the two turn back and look at each other, each woman detecting Wong's scent on the other. The hitman's assistant showing visible rage in her expression, suggesting she knows about the relationship and is enamoured with rage and jealousy.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: After Wong and his assistant meet again in a darkly-lit scene, he tells her he wants to terminate their business relationship. She asks that he do her one more favour - another killing job. By this point, a clear emotional rift is present between the two. Afterwards, Wong decides to break up his relationship with Blondie, leaving her heart broken and in an emotional outburst where she bites him in the pouring rain and screams: “I've left my mark, okay? You may forget my face, but you won't forget my bite.” However, an apathetic man, the hitman does not feel guilty for breaking her heart. "For her, I'm just a stopover on the journey of her life," he states. "I hope she reaches her destination soon.” With all emotion possible now placed on the cold line of work that is contract killing, the hitman sets out for his final killing job. Meanwhile, the hitman's assistant makes a phone call that gives away Wong's location to rivals - revealing the job to be a set-up. With a heavily tense atmosphere present from Wong, a notable departure from Wong's usual insistence on emotional matters staying out of professional work, Wong drinks alcohol and braces himself in the bathroom for a tense showdown, however Wong is killed while attempting to carry out the job. Wong however is pleased that he has finally been able to achieve free will; that is, the free will to make his own decisions and die.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: The hitman’s assistant lives in the same building, the dense and chaotic Chungking Mansions, with Ho Chi-mo (Takeshi Kaneshiro), an ex-convict who has escaped prison and is on the run from the police. Recognising their shared backgrounds in criminality, she helps him elude the police when they search for him. Ho is mute and still lives with his father. For work, he breaks into other people's businesses at night and sells their goods and services, often forcibly to unwilling customers. He keeps running into the same girl at night, Charlie. Every time they meet, she cries on his shoulder and tells him the same sob story. Her ex-boyfriend, Johnny, left her for a girl named Blondie. She enlists his help in searching for Blondie. Ho Chi-mo falls in love. Later, she stands him up and he changes his ways, beginning a friendship and work relationship with a restaurant manager. He begins to film things around him with a video camera. His father passes away; he falls back into abusive habits, going so far as to cut off the hair of a man whose family he in the past forced to eat an excessive amount of ice cream. He and Charlie do not come into contact for a few months, but they run into each other while he is masquerading as a business owner. She is in a stewardess uniform and in a new relationship. She does not acknowledge him.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Sometime later, with the intense blue of the very early morning hours drenching the dingy café in which she is sitting, the hitman’s assistant is sitting alone by herself. A woman usually associated with the grunge glamour in which she dresses, the agent appears a dishevelled mess, with no make-up. She comments on how, having decided to never again be personally involved with her partners in the aftermath of Wong’s death, she has been suffering in a suggested long period of depression. Close to her in the same café, by chance, Ho-Chi mo is also sitting by himself when he is beaten up into a bloodied mess by a local gang, which the hitman’s agent observes, suggesting that in the aftermath of his father’s death, Ho Chi-mo has returned to his previous abusive habits. The two are clearly shadows of their former selves; these developments are regressions for these characters-—real ‘fallen angels’. After he is beat up, the hitman’s assistant realises the ex-convict is feeling the same sense of loss as her, with a silent spark between them that they both feel. After helping him get up from being beaten up, the ex-convict offers the assistant a ride home on his motorbike. He comments that while there’s no chemistry - they’d let too many chances pass them by - there is still some kind of connection. As they ride through early-hours Hong Kong in an alternation of frenetic camerawork and pixillated slo-mo, they cross through the Cross-Harbour Tunnel in scenes evocative of those of Ho Chi-mo and Charlie earlier in the film, into the Hong Kong skyline, with its morning light being the first and only instance of daytime in the movie; suggesting there is ‘light at the end of the tunnel’ for the both of them. The hitman’s assistant comments that even though it’s just a moment and that she hasn’t been close to a man in ages, she enjoys the warmth he brings in this moment, suggesting there is emotional redemption in sight for these ‘fallen angels’.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Originally conceived by Wong as the third story for 1994's "Chungking Express" involving a lovesick hitman, it was cut after he decided that it was complete without it, and that the tone of the more demented content was not suited for the more light-hearted "Chungking Express." Wong Kar-wai also explained that he had had so much pleasure in making the first story of "Chungking Express" that he felt he had made the film too long, and so he decided to skip the third story in releasing "Chungking Express". After the release of "Chungking Express", Wong noted that the story of a lovesick hitman still interested him, and so he decided to develop it into "Fallen Angels". Wong also decided to “gender-reverse” the attributes of the roles in his new film, with the gun-wielding attributes of Brigitte Lin in "Chungking Express" being manifested in the hitman Leon Lai would play, while the sneaking-in of Faye Wong in "Chungking Express" to other apartments was reversed by Takeshi Kaneshiro’s character sneaking into shops and businesses in "Fallen Angels".


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: He instead decided to develop the story further into its own feature film and borrowed elements of "Chungking Express", such as themes, locations and methods of filming. Wanting to also try to differentiate it from "Chungking" and to try something new, Wong decided along with cinematographer Christopher Doyle to shoot mainly at night and using extreme wide-angle lenses, keeping the camera as close to the talents as possible to give a detached effect from the world around them.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Many of the plot devices are related to those deployed in its predecessor "Chungking Express". The wide-angle distortion of images creates an effect of distance-in-proximity, conveying the characters' solitude. The visuals are frantic, out-of-focus, and neon-lit. Rather than relying on dialogues, the story is narrated through characters' voiceovers. The film's use of pop songs has also received extensive commentary.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: There is also the use of different film stocks throughout the film and also a number of scenes where the film switches to black and white inserts covered in a grainy 'noise' effect. There is also a constant sense of Doyle's camera being present that is never disguised, with meticulous use of hand-held camera movement in the film. This 'follows' the characters as they move through a scene. The film also makes use of “claustrophobic” shots involving fast and slow camera movements in a frenetic pace interpolated within crowded, chaotic locations in Hong Kong. The film’s colours are also distorted, with a distinctive green filter reminiscent of 1990s grunge aesthetics.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: A particularly heavy theme of Fallen Angels is the city of Hong Kong itself, with “bedazzling shots” of sites associated with 1990s Hong Kong such as neon-lit billboards and now-closed Kai Tak Airport, as well as the city's visual landscape and 1990s uncertainty and anxieties present in its population at the time because of the looming handover of Hong Kong to China overwhelming the mood and feel of the film. Fallen Angels as such has been described as a "time capsule" of Hong Kong's mid-to-late-20th-century cultural golden age before its handover to China in 1997. Wong himself stated that the movie's main character is the "city itself".


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Typical for a Wong Kar-wai film, "Fallen Angels" extensively uses pop songs, featuring a largely Trip hop soundtrack that appealed to the widespread popularity of Trip hop in 1994-1995. Wong Kar-wai initially wished to use the music of English Trip hop band Massive Attack, however discovered it was too expensive, and so asked his composer in Hong Kong (Frankie Chan) to compose something similar in style. As such, one track that is played prominently throughout the film is "Because I'm Cool" by Nogabe "Robinson" Randriaharimalala. It is a re-orchestration of Karmacoma by Massive Attack, and samples the song. Also featured in the "Fallen Angels" soundtrack is a dream pop version of "Forget Him" sung by Shirley Kwan, a reworking of the classic by Teresa Teng, and one of the very few "contemporary" Cantopop songs ever used by Wong Kar-wai in his films. In the film, the song is used by the hitman to indirectly communicate the message to his assistant that he wants her to “forget him”, and is also used in the scenes afterwards in the McDonald’s restaurant, where it plays over the restaurant’s speakers as the hitman and Blondie encounter each other, a scene juxtaposed by the misery and sadness of the assistant crying. In contrast to Wong’s other films such as "Chungking Express", "Fallen Angels’" soundtrack displays more ‘ethereal pieces’, featuring the 1994 avant-garde/experimental ambient piece "Speak My Language" by American avant-garde artist Laurie Anderson. The song is used in scenes where the hitman’s assistant visits the bar that the hitman frequents and masturbates in his room out of sexual frustration. The song, a moody track speaking of the living and the dead, is emblematic of the film’s highly bleak outlook. In the ending scene, the Flying Pickets version of “Only You” is used, described as the only track in the film to express hopefulness, as the hitman’s assistant and the ex-convict find a chance to escape from the film’s seemingly perpetual night, and as they end the film seeking emotional redemption in their shared loss and the sunrise that emerges over the Hong Kong skyline. The film’s official soundtrack was originally released on CD in 1995 but has since been occasionally re-released.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Fallen Angels was released in September 1995, premiering at the 1995 Toronto International Film Festival, where it received considerable critical success and became the focus of the festival for its notable visual style.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: In the "Chicago Sun-Times", Roger Ebert gave "Fallen Angels" three stars out of a possible four. Ebert said the film appealed to a niche audience including art students, "the kinds of people you see in the Japanese animation section of the video store, with their sleeves cut off so you can see their tattoos", and "those who subscribe to more than three film magazines", but would prove unsuitable for an average moviegoer. Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" said the film relied more on style than substance and wrote: "Although the story takes a tragic turn, the movie feels as weightless as the tinny pop music that keeps its restless midnight ramblers darting around the city like electronic toy figures in a gaming arcade."


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: In the "Village Voice", J. Hoberman wrote:The acme of neo-new-wavism, the ultimate in MTV alienation, the most visually voluptuous flick of the "fin de siècle", a pyrotechnical wonder about mystery, solitude, and the irrational love of movies that pushes Wong's style to the brink of self-parody.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Hoberman and Amy Taubin both placed "Fallen Angels" on their lists for the top ten films of the decade while the "Village Voice"s decade-end critics poll placed "Fallen Angels" at No. 10, the highest-ranking of any Wong Kar-wai film.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 95% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 7.90/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 71 out of 100 based on 13 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Author Stephen Teo, in the book "Wong Kar-wai: Auteur of Time", considered "Fallen Angels" Wong's most social and political film. Meanwhile, Peter Brunette contended the nonlinear structure and "anti-realist, hyperstylized" cinematography of "Fallen Angels" and its predecessor "Chungking Express" pointed towards the future of cinema. Scholars Justin Clemens and Dominic Pettman commented on the social and political undertones of "Fallen Angels": by portraying the characters' loneliness, alienation and indecisiveness, the film represents a metaphor for the political climate of contemporary Hong Kong, the impending end of British rule and transition to Chinese rule in 1997. Film critic Thorsten Botz-Bornstein highlighted "Fallen Angels" as a film that represented Wong's peculiar appeal to both traditional "Eastern" and "Western" audiences—it portrays Hong Kong with "post-colonial modernity" showcased through crammed apartments, public transportation, noodle parlors that were emblematic of modern Asia's consumerism. On the one hand, those elements could not be rightfully called "traditionally Asian"; on the other, Western audience viewed such elements with astounding curiosity.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: On 21 January 1998, the film began a limited North American theatrical run through Kino International, grossing US$13,804 in its opening weekend in one American theatre. The final North American theatrical gross was US$163,145.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: In 2004, Australian distribution company Accent Film Entertainment released a remastered widescreen version of the film enhanced for 16x9 screens.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Kino International, who initially distributed the film on DVD, prepared a re-release of the film from a new high-definition transfer on 11 November 2008. Kino released the film on Blu-ray Disc in America in March 26, 2010. It has since gone out of print.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: The film was picked up by the Criterion Collection and given a new Blu-ray release on March 23, 2021 in a collection of 7 Wong Kar-wai films.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: Also, "Fallen Angels" could previously be streamed on FilmStruck (shut down in 2018) and is currently available on The Criterion Collection subscription service channel.


title: Fallen Angels (1995 film)

text: In May 2019, Wong Kar Wai announced that all of his films would be remastered by his production studio, Jet Tone Productions, and be distributed in the United States through Janus Films and the Criterion Collection. It was released in the UK on DVD and Blu-ray by Artificial Eye.


title: Drainage basin

text: A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the "drainage divide", made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills. A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences, forming a hierarchical pattern.


title: Drainage basin

text: Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin, water basin, and impluvium. In North America, they are commonly called a watershed, though in other English-speaking places, "watershed" is used only in its original sense, that of a drainage divide.


title: Drainage basin

text: In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin, the water converges to a single point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake, or a point where surface water is lost underground.


title: Drainage basin

text: Drainage basins are similar but not identical to "hydrologic units", which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins.


title: Drainage basin

text: The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon (7M km), the Congo (4M km), the Nile (3.4M km), the Mississippi (3.22M km), and the Río de la Plata (3.17M km). The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, and Congo rivers.


title: Drainage basin

text: Endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks. The largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert, the drainage basin of the Okavango River (Kalahari Basin), highlands near the African Great Lakes, the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula, and parts in Mexico and the Andes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins.


title: Drainage basin

text: In endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea.


title: Drainage basin

text: Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land. Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within the US, interstate compacts) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.


title: Drainage basin

text: In hydrology, the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle, because the majority of water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of the discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers.


title: Drainage basin

text: As water flows through the basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns.


title: Drainage basin

text: Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over a drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. If the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for the rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming.


title: Drainage basin

text: Isochrone maps can be used to show the time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall.


title: Drainage basin

text: Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology. A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms.


title: Drainage basin

text: Drainage basins are important in ecology. As water flows over the ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients, sediment, and pollutants. With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water source.


title: Drainage basin

text: Modern use of artificial fertilizers, containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by the drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material.


title: Drainage basin

text: Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota, governmental entities that perform this function are called "watershed districts". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities. In North America, this function is referred to as "watershed management".


title: Drainage basin

text: In Brazil, the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management.


title: Drainage basin

text: When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river. Management of such basins becomes the responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative, OMVS for Senegal River, Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins.


title: Drainage basin

text: Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries.


title: Drainage basin

text: Catchment factors are: topography, shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine the time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river.


title: Drainage basin

text: Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient).


title: Drainage basin

text: Shape will contribute to the speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment.


title: Drainage basin

text: Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin.


title: Drainage basin

text: Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from the drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated, meaning that any further rainfall will reach the river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil.


title: Drainage basin

text: Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements, and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into the groundwater.


title: Drainage basin

text: A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Virata Parvam () is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language period romantic action drama film written and directed by Venu Udugula, and produced by Suresh Productions and SLV Cinemas. The film stars Sai Pallavi and Rana Daggubati while Priyamani, Nandita Das, Naveen Chandra, Zarina Wahab, Easwari Rao, and Sai Chand play supporting roles. Set in Telangana region in the 1990s amidst the Naxalite movement, the film tells the story of Vennala (Pallavi), a young woman who is in pursuit of her love with Ravi Shakar (Daggubati), a Naxal leader.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Principal photography began in July 2019 and ended in December 2020, with filming locations including Vikarabad, Warangal, and Hyderabad in Telangana, and Kerala. The film has music composed by Suresh Bobbili with cinematography by Dani Sanchez-Lopez and Divakar Mani. Initially scheduled to release on 30 April 2021, it has been postponed due to the COVID-19 situation in India. "Virata Parvam" was released theatrically on 17 June 2022. Despite positive reviews from critics, the film performed poorly at the box office, grossing crore against a budget of crore.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Vennela was born in 1973 in Warangal district, amidst a cross-fire between the Naxals and the police. She grows up listening to the poetry of her father and is later inspired by the writings of Ravi Shankar (known as Comrade Ravanna), a Naxal leader who uses the pen name Aranya. Vennela becomes obsessed with Ravi's works, therefore admiring and loving him.


title: Virata Parvam

text: In 1992, the state police probes her village under suspicion that the villagers are sympathetic to the Naxals. They thrash Vennela's father severely as he objects to their actions. Vennela scolds the police in retaliation but they harass her. Ravi's troop arrives and ambushes the police. Ravi assures the safety of the villagers, impressing Vennela.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Vennela calls off the wedding with her cousin by telling him that she is deeply in love with Ravi, much to the dismay of her parents. She leaves her house the following day in pursuit of Ravi and writes to her parents not to search for her. Vennela meets Vidyadhar Rao in Karimnagar who publishes Ravi's books. She requests him to give Ravi's address but Rao declines to help her. He gets arrested by the police as she leaves the place. Vennela enquires and finds out Ravi's house. She meets his mother who tells her that Ravi left the place seven years ago and she has been waiting for him ever since. Vennela promises to deliver her letter to him and bring him back.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Vennela continues her search and learns that she can find Ravi at the Bhupalpally degree college. However, Vennela is frisked by the police who suspect her to be a Naxal sympathizer. The police bring her to the college to confirm her identity, only to engage in a shootout with Ravi's troop. Unable to meet him there, Vennela reaches out to Shakuntala, a human rights activist, and confesses her love for Ravi. Shakuntala arranges Vennela's meeting with Ravi but Ravi politely declines her proposal by saying he doesn't believe in love.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Meanwhile, the police arrive at that place and surround the building. Vennela helps to set up the explosives so that Ravi's troop can escape, however, she gets caught by the police. Ravi rescues her later that night and shelters her at Shakuntala's home. Vennela then decides to join the Naxals in the forest against Shakuntala's advice. Sammaiah, a senior party leader appreciates her spirit and recommends her to Ravi's troop. While Ravi initially rejects her recruitment, he lets her join based on Bharathakka's suggestion. Vennela takes up the arms and earns the party's appreciation for her humanitarian approach to the Naxal movement.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Sometime later, Sammaiah is caught by the police who threaten to expose his fraud of using the Naxal movement for financial benefits. He rejoins Ravi's troop to act as a covert agent of the police. Meanwhile, Vennela handovers the letter to Ravi and requests him to meet his mother. Based on a tip by Sammaiah, the police attack Ravi while he's meeting his mother. Ravi and Vennela fend off the police and escape. That night, Sammaiah kills 11 members of Ravi's troop by launching an assault on them and escapes. Sammaiah publicly claims that the Naxal movement has lost its ideals, therefore, it is infiltrated by his coverts who would work for the police.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Police send a false message from the party to Ravi which instructions him to weed out the covert in his troop. Raghu who was always wary of Vennela tells that she is the covert as she was Sammaiah's recruit. Bharatakka seconds him by proving that Vennela entered their troop using a string of lies. Bharatakka beats up Vennela asking for her confession but she pleads innocence. Vennela tries to submit her lost diary as proof of her innocence, only in vain. Regardless, Bharatakka confirms to Ravi that Vennela is the covert.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Ravi takes Vennela to a secluded place in the forest. Ravi confesses his love for Vennela but feels that she betrayed him. Angry and resentful, Ravi shoots Vennela into the adjoining waterfalls. Raghu and Bharatakka rush to Ravi and tell him that the message was fake. Distressed Ravi retrieves Vennela's body from the waters and sobs in grief, as do others.


title: Virata Parvam

text: In June 2018, Venu Udugula stated that his second directorial venture would be a period love story set in the backdrop of the 1990s, and it would be a "commercial entertainer" focusing on politics and action, apart from being centered on romance. Sai Pallavi and Rana Daggubati were signed to play the lead roles in November 2018. The film was launched in June 2019 in Hyderabad.


title: Virata Parvam

text: The film is set during the Naxal movement which happened in Telangana in the 1990s. Udugula wrote the story from the events he witnessed from his childhood in Warangal. Pallavi's character Vennela is based on Thumu Sarala, a 16-year-old girl from Warangal district. Sarala quit her studies in 1992 and enrolled herself in the Peoples War Group to join the naxalites in their cause. However, Sarala was killed by the naxals a month later under mysterious circumstances. Udugula felt the need to bring this story onto the screen, depicting the incident and the politics behind it. The plot, however, follows a fictional storyline and characters written by Udugula. Following the film's release, Pallavi, Daggubati and Udugula met Sarala's family to express their condolenses.


title: Virata Parvam

text: The film is titled "Virata Parvam", based on the fourth book of the Indian epic "Mahabharata". The film is not related to the epic but Udugula stated that it shares several elements from that episode. “As my film has elements such as politics, conspiracy, love, vendetta and positivity, we felt that it would be an apt title,” Udugula added.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Daggubati is cast in the role of Dr Ravi Shankar alias Comrade Ravanna. For his role, Daggubati reduced his weight in order to look lean for the film. Gopichand was Udugula's first choice for the lead before Daggubati was finalised.


title: Virata Parvam

text: In May 2019, Priyamani was cast as Comrade Bharathakka, a Naxalite, and documentary filmmaker Sai Chand was also appeared for a supporting role in the very same month. Tabu was initially cast in the film, but due to schedule conflicts she was subsequently replaced by Nandita Das in August 2019. The film marked Nandita Das' return to Telugu cinema, whose last appearance in a Telugu film was "Kamli" (2006). Naveen Chandra, Zareena Wahab and Easwari Rao, and are cast in supporting roles. Actress Nivetha Pethuraj is signed to play a crucial role in the film.


title: Virata Parvam

text: The film was launched at a formal ceremony on 15 June 2019 by which principal photography began. Filming of the first schedule took place at Dharipally in the rural part of Telangana, which is a minor schedule being wrapped up on 1 July 2019. A lengthy schedule was held at Parkal, Warangal in September 2019 with portions involving Pallavi being shot. In November 2019, Jaya Krishna Gummadi who eventually worked on the film was replaced by Dani Sanchez-Lopez after the former opted out citing schedule conflicts. Hollywood stunt choreographer Stefan Richter was brought on board to direct the film's action sequences. Filming of some crucial scenes took place in the forests of Kerala in January 2020, and also in forests of Vikarabad and Warangal. It is reported that major portion of the film has been shot before it was halted due to COVID-19 pandemic. The filming resumed in December 2020, with the final schedule taking place in Hyderabad.


title: Virata Parvam

text: The film's soundtrack and score is composed by Suresh Bobbili who worked with Udugula in "Needi Naadi Oke Katha". The first single from the film, "Kolu Kolu""," written by Chandrabose and sung by Divya Mallika and Bobbili, was released by Lahari Music on 25 February 2021.


title: Virata Parvam

text: The second single from the film,"Nagaadaarilo",written by Varam and sung by Dyavari Narendar Reddy, Sanapati Bhardwaj Patrudu, was released on 2 June 2022.


title: Virata Parvam

text: "Virata Parvam" was released theatrically on 17 June 2022. Earlier, in response to the direct OTT release rumours in September 2020, the makers rejected such claims had announced that the film is scheduled only for theatrical release. The film was scheduled for theatrical release on 30 April 2021 but was postponed in April 2021 due to the rising COVID-19 cases in the country. In May 2022, the film's release date was announced as 1 July 2022 but later that month, the date was advanced to 17 June 2022.


title: Virata Parvam

text: The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were acquired by Netflix. The film started streaming from 1 July 2022.


title: Virata Parvam

text: "Virata Parvam" received positive reviews from critics. Neeshita Nyayapati of "The Times of India" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Virata Parvam is not the kind of film that’s entertaining in the conventional sense, but it is the kind of film that stays with you". Janani K of "India Today" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Virata Parvam is a moving tale about two revolutionaries that hits the right note. With terrific performances and brilliant music, the film is sure to invoke emotions from everyone". Sowmya Rajendran of "The News Minute" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote ""Virata Parvam" is a middling love story that’s buoyed by Sai Pallavi’s performance". Latha Srinivasan of "Firstpost" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Sai Pallavi as Vennela in Virata Parvam strikes a strong chord with the audience because of the range of emotions she essays so effortlessly on screen". A critic for "Pinkvilla" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Sai Pallavi's glorious performance is the only thing that keeps the love story from seeming farcical and flimsy".


title: Virata Parvam

text: "Virata Parvam" grossed worldwide on its first day with coming from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. In the first week, the film grossed worldwide.


title: Virata Parvam

text: Despite positive reviews, the film performed poorly at the box office. "Virata Parvam" grossed crore worldwide, against a budget of crore.


title: Honda L engine

text: The L-series is a compact inline-four engine created by Honda, introduced in 2001 with the Honda Fit. It has , and displacement variants, which utilize the names L12A, L13A and L15A. Depending on the region, these engines are sold throughout the world in the 5-door Honda Brio Fit/Jazz hatchback Honda Civic and the 4-door Fit Aria/City sedan (also known as Fit Saloon). They can also be found in the Japanese-only Airwave wagon and Mobilio MPV.


title: Honda L engine

text: Two different valvetrains are present on this engine series. The L12A, L13A and L15A use (), or “intelligent Dual & Sequential Ignition”. i-DSI utilizes two spark plugs per cylinder which fire at different intervals during the combustion process to achieve a more complete burn of the gasoline. This process allows the engine to have more power while keeping fuel consumption low, thanks to the better gasoline utilization. Emissions are also reduced. The i-DSI engines have two to five valves per cylinder and a modest redline of only 6,000 rpm, but reach maximum torque at mid-range rpm, allowing for better performance without having to rev the engine at high speeds. The i-DSI is also known for not using Turbochargers in the performance category, as it uses a high compression, long stroke with a lightweight and compact engine.


title: Honda L engine

text: The other valvetrain in use is the VTEC on one of the two varieties of the L15A. This engine is aimed more at performance than efficiency with a slightly higher redline with 4 valves per cylinder, which reaches peak torque at higher rpm. However, it still offers a good combination of both performance and fuel efficiency. Both the i-DSI and VTEC have relatively high compression ratios at 10.8:1 and 10.4:1, respectively.


title: Honda L engine

text: Before April 2006, the L-series were exclusively available with a 5-speed manual transmission , continuously variable transmission (CVT) and dual clutch transmission (DCT). With the introduction of the Fit in Canada and the United States, an L-series engine was mated to a traditional automatic transmission with a torque converter for the first time. The L12A i-DSI is available exclusively in the European domestic market Jazz and is sold with only a 5-speed manual transmission.


title: Honda L engine

text: As of 2010, the L15A7 (i-VTEC) is a class legal engine choice for SCCA sanctioned Formula F competition, joining the 1.6L Ford Kent engine.


title: Honda L engine

text: In 2016 Honda introduced the L15B (DOHC-VTC-TURBO-VTEC) engine as part of their continuing global earth dreams strategy for lower emissions and higher fuel economy for a range of their cars, available with 6-speed manual and CVT transmissions with Earth Dreams Technology.


title: Honda L engine

text: Earth Dreams i-VTEC with Sport Hybrid i-DCD (intelligent Dual-Clutch Drive) system, operates in Atkinson-cycle


title: Honda L engine

text: Earth Dreams i-VTEC with Sport Hybrid “i-MMD” (Intelligent Multi Mode Drive) system, operates in Atkinson-cycle


title: Nokia 3310

text: The Nokia 3310 is a GSM mobile phone announced on 1 September 2000, and released in the fourth quarter of the year, replacing the popular Nokia 3210. It sold very well, being one of the most successful phones, with 126 million units sold worldwide, and being one of Nokia's most iconic devices. The phone is still widely acclaimed and has gained a cult status due to its reputation for durability.


title: Nokia 3310

text: Several variants of the 3310 have been released, including the Nokia 3315, 3320, 3330, 3350, 3360, 3390 and 3395.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The Nokia 3310 was produced at factories in Finland and Hungary. The 3315s were produced in South Korea for the Asia-Pacific market.


title: Nokia 3310

text: A new mobile phone based on the 3310 design was launched in 2017. The new Nokia 3310 model comes with a comprehensive update over its predecessor, with a 2.4" color display, a 2 Megapixel rear camera and a microSD slot.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The 3310 was developed at the Copenhagen Nokia site in Denmark and unveiled at the "Don't be bored. Be totally board." lifestyle event in Oberhausen, Germany, as well as "Nokia Unplugged" concerts in the Asia-Pacific region. It is a compact and sturdy phone featuring an 84 × 48 pixel pure monochrome display. It has a lighter removable battery variant which has fewer features; for example the 133 g (4.6 oz) battery version has the start-up image of two hands touching while the 115 g (4.05 oz) version does not. It is a slightly rounded rectangular unit that is typically held in the palm of a hand, with the buttons operated with the thumb. The blue button is the main button for selecting options, with "C" button as a "backspace", "back" or "undo" button. Up and down buttons are used for navigation purposes. The on/off/profile button is a stiff black button located on the top of the phone. Like its predecessor Nokia 3210, the 3310 was marketed as a customizable consumer-oriented handset targeting the youth. It is about a centimeter shorter than the 3210.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The 3310 is known for being reasonably durable due to its casing and construction, a feature which is often humorously exaggerated in online communities. Numerous videos also exist of the phone being put through increasingly-severe damage tests to test the phone's strength, including being dropped from a great height (sometimes while being protected with makeshift cases made from various objects), being crushed by heavy objects or being struck by vehicles or hammers, many times of which the phone proved its record. The 3310's reputation for durability led HMD Global to develop the Nokia 800 Tough with MIL-STD-810G standard compliance in mind.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The Nokia 3310's main new feature introduced over its predecessors was a Chat function. This is an instant messaging-like feature that works on standard SMS. The 3310 was popular for SMS text messaging because of Chat and also because it allowed long messages three times the size of a standard SMS text message, at 459 characters. It also featured threaded SMS writing and voice dialing for the quick dialing of selected numbers.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The 3310 is known for having many features that were rare for the time. These include many utilities, such as a calculator, Nokia network monitor, stop watch and a reminder function. It has four games: "Pairs II", "Space Impact", "Bantumi", and the hugely popular "Snake II". The "Snake" series of games had been popular on Nokia handsets since the late 1990s. "CNET" remembered "Space Impact", a shoot 'em up in which the player fires projectiles at oncoming aliens, as a mediocre game overall but impressive for fitting a mobile device with its complexity and length. It was later recreated for other mobile devices.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The Nokia 3310 can be customized with interchangeable "Xpress-On" covers, and thousands of different designs have been produced by various companies. It also has over 35 ringtones built-in with space for seven custom tones. These can either be downloaded, or composed by the user on the handset. The phone has various "profiles" that can set a number of preferences such as silent mode where the phone will not ring, useful for situations where it is inappropriate to do so. Screensavers can be made from received picture messages.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The 3315 was also released in Australia. Most versions of the 3310 could be upgraded to include the additional features of the 3315 by using a data cable.


title: Nokia 3310

text: There are two North American variants of the 3310; one is the Nokia 3390, which operates on GSM 1900. The Nokia 3395 is an updated version of the 3390, which includes the additional features of the Asian 3315 model, and it has poor reception if connected to a GSM 850 area.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The Nokia 3330 added a CSD-based WAP capability, animated Screensavers, a pinball game named "Bumper", and phonebook (stored in the phone memory as opposed to the SIM card in earlier models) with a 100-entry capacity to the model. It also has the capability of downloading Java MIDP apps via WAP (such as "Snake II" mazes, "Bumper" tables, and "Space Impact" chapters).


title: Nokia 3310

text: An Asia-Pacific only version, known as the Nokia 3350, was in essence an improved 3330 with WAP, rhythmic backlight alert, animated Screensavers, two-way Navi-Key, dedicated call and hang buttons, Chinese lunar calendar, and a 96-by-65-pixel screen. Some 3350s have back covers that feature a photo-insert window, allowing users to put personal pictures from photographs, magazine cut-outs, etc.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The Nokia 3360 and 3320 are related models designed for the U.S. and Canadian markets, respectively. They are externally similar to the 3310 and 3390, but they use Digital AMPS ("TDMA")/AMPS technology rather than GSM.


title: Nokia 3310

text: Like the Asian 3350, they include two dedicated call and hang buttons and two soft keys. They also feature an infrared port. Unlike the 3390, the 3360 and 3320 do not support voice dialing. At 136 grams each, they are also slightly heavier than the 3390, which weighs 119 grams.


title: Nokia 3310

text: The Nokia 3310 has a reputation of great durability, and many Internet memes have been made calling the phone "indestructible" or "the Nokia Brick" and praising its durability compared to modern smartphones. In a retrospective piece, TechRepublic called the Nokia 3310 "a big tough cockroach of a phone" and praised its "legendary durability".


title: Nokia 3310

text: In November 2015, the Nokia 3310 was chosen as one of the first three "National Emojis" for Finland. The emoji is referred to as "The Unbreakable", as the phone was known for its aforementioned toughness and durability.


title: Nokia 3310

text: On 14 February 2017, it was reported that a revived version of the 3310 would be unveiled at the 2017 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona by HMD Global Oy, the Finnish manufacturer with rights to market phones under the Nokia brand, forecasting a price point of €49. On 26 February 2017, the modernized version of the 3310 was launched at a price of €49.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Princess Haya bint Hussein (; born 3 May 1974) is the daughter of King Hussein of Jordan and his third wife Queen Alia, and the half-sister of King Abdullah II.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: She is a graduate of the University of Oxford in England and an accomplished equestrian. She represented Jordan at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia and is the two-term President of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). In addition, she engages in a variety of charitable activities.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: In 2004, Princess Haya became the second official wife of the ruler of the Emirate of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. In 2019, they divorced and Princess Haya left Dubai with the two children of the marriage to reside in the United Kingdom. Legal proceedings between Princess Haya and Sheikh Mohammed before the High Court over custody of their children attracted considerable media attention.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Princess Haya was born in Amman, the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the daughter of King Hussein and his third wife, Queen Alia. She has a younger brother, Prince Ali bin Hussein born on 23 December 1975, and older sister, Abir Muhaisen (born 1973), the latter of whom was adopted by Haya's parents after her biological mother was killed by a plane crash at their Palestinian refugee camp in Amman. In 1977, when Haya was 3 years old, her mother died in a helicopter crash. Her father died from complications related to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1999, leaving the crown to her half-brother, King Abdullah II.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: She was educated in the United Kingdom, where in 1985, she attended Badminton School in Bristol, and later the Bryanston School in Dorset. From 1993 to 1995, she was enrolled at St Hilda's College, Oxford University, from which she graduated with a BA honours degree in philosophy, politics, and economics (PPE).


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Princess Haya began horse riding internationally when she was 13. In 1992, she took the bronze medal in individual Jumping at the seventh Pan Arab Games in Damascus, Syria, and in 1993 was named Jordan's athlete of the year. Princess Haya was the first woman to represent her native Jordan in international equestrian sport and the only woman to win a medal in the Pan-Arab Equestrian Games. Having trained for several years in Ireland and Germany, she qualified for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia representing Jordan in show jumping, where she was also her country's flag bearer.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: In 2007, Princess Haya became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and in 2010 became an appointee to the IOC's International Relations Committee, and has also served on the IOC Athletes' and Culture and Olympic Education Commissions.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 7 June 2008, New Approach, a three-year-old colt owned by Princess Haya, trained in Ireland by Jim Bolger and ridden by Kevin Manning, won the Derby Stakes. On 25 October 2008, her three-year-old colt, Raven's Pass, won the $5 million Breeders' Cup Classic. After being named the European champion 2-year-old in 2007 and winning the 2008 Epsom Derby, New Approach was retired at the end of the 2008 racing season. In 2009, due to her contribution to the equine world, she was made the first Patron of Retraining of Racehorses.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Princess Haya serves as president of the International Jordanian Athletes Cultural Association, which she founded to provide athletes with needed national incentive and support.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Princess Haya participated in the 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games at Jerez de la Frontera in Spain, and represented Jordan at the FEI General Assembly on several occasions. She was elected president of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) in 2006 for an initial four-year term in the FEI's first contested presidential race. In 2010, she became the first sitting FEI president to be challenged in a re-election bid. She succeeded, however, in winning a second and final four-year term, receiving 75 percent of the vote to soundly defeat her two European rivals. Nonetheless, during the FEI's campaign to eliminate doping and horse abuse in equestrian sport, Princess Haya's husband and stepson were both convicted by the FEI in 2009 for serious doping violations. Princess Haya ceded presidential powers to a senior colleague for the FEI disciplinary processes on the matter. She later complained that the issue would be used to "injure and damage the reputations of myself and my family".


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Princess Haya frequently appeared, along with her husband, at Royal Ascot, the Epsom Derby and other highlights of the English equestrian calendar; both are reported to be friendly with Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Princess Haya is the first Arab and first woman to become Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations World Food Programme and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon appointed her a UN Messenger of Peace in 2007.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: She founded Tkiyet Um Ali (TUA), the first Arab NGO dedicated to overcoming local hunger, in her native Jordan, which provides food assistance and employment opportunities to thousands of poor families. In November 2012, Tkiyet Um Ali announced a campaign to quadruple the number of its beneficiaries to reach 20,000 families living under the food poverty line, aiming to meet the UN Millennium Development Goals on hunger by 2015. Tkiyet Um Ali (TUA) is intended to expand to reach all Jordanian families with insufficient income to meet basic food needs. In addition, Dar Abu Abdullah (DAA) and TUA announced a strategic partnership for a parallel jobs creation program to help TUA beneficiaries become more self-sufficient.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Princess Haya chaired Dubai's International Humanitarian City which is the world's largest operational center for the delivery of aid, both in emergencies and for long-term development. Ten UN agencies and nearly 40 non-government organizations are members of the IHC which has supported relief efforts all over the globe, including for Syrian refugees affected by civil war, for East Africans during the last drought, in Pakistan during the 2009 floods, and to Afghanistan and Yemen. The IHC has also hosted UN and NGO staff evacuated during emergencies and civil unrest.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: She was an ambassador for the World Food Programme from 2005 to 2007, and then appointed a UN Messenger of Peace in July 2007 by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. She was a founding member of former Secretary-General Kofi Annan's Global Humanitarian Forum based in Geneva, and writes editorials and articles on hunger, nutrition and the UN Sustainable Development Goals which have appeared in the London Times, Le Figaro, the Globe and Mail, and La Repubblica. In August 2012, she supported the 2012 United Nations' World Humanitarian Day in Dubai. Under her patronage, Dubai twice hosted the Global Meeting of the World Food Programme and is increasingly a center for United Nations and regional meetings on development and humanitarian aid.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Relief and charitable programmes in Jordan also benefitted from the support of the princess's consort, Sheikh Mohammed, specifically the King Hussein Cancer Foundation, the Haya Cultural Centre and the 'Reading Nation' campaign.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Princess Haya has followed in her father's footsteps in giving her support to the charitable foundation "Anything is possible", set up in the name of King Hussein to advance education for girls, including the project "The Maiden Factor", established by sailor Tracy Edwards with the relaunch of her yacht "Maiden" in 2018.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 10 April 2004, Princess Haya married Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, as his second and junior wife. The marriage ceremony was held at al-Baraka Palace in Amman.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 2 December 2007 in Dubai, Princess Haya gave birth to her first child, Sheikha Al Jalila bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. The baby's birth coincided with the United Arab Emirates' 36th celebration of its National Day, on 2 December. On 7 January 2012, she gave birth to her second child, Sheikh Zayed bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: She resides in a home in Kensington Palace Gardens. As an envoy of the Embassy of Jordan, she is able to remain in the UK and is granted diplomatic immunity and protection under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 7 February 2019, Sheikh Mohammed divorced Princess Haya under Sharia law, though she was not informed at the time. The date was the twentieth anniversary of the death of her father, King Hussein of Jordan. By early 2019, Princess Haya had become suspicious of the transportation of two of her stepdaughters, Sheikha Shamsa and Sheikha Latifa, back to the United Arab Emirates, and Sheikh Mohammed learned she had an affair with her British bodyguard.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 15 April 2019, Princess Haya left Dubai with her children Sheikha Jalila and Sheikh Zayed to reside in the United Kingdom. The topic attracted immense media coverage all over the world. She was reported to have applied for asylum in Germany, and the British newspaper "The Times" reported that she had been escorted by a German diplomat to Germany. "The Times" reported that Sheikh Mohammed allegedly posted a poem on Instagram, in Arabic and English, accusing his wife of treachery and betrayal and also threatening her.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 14 May 2019, Sheikh Mohammed commenced proceedings in England and Wales under the inherent jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice seeking orders for the children to be returned to the Emirate of Dubai. On 30 July 2019 at the High Court, Princess Haya issued applications for the children to be made Wards of Court, and for a forced marriage protection order (FMPO) with respect to Sheikha Jalila, and for a non-molestation order for her own protection. All of the orders were granted.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 11 December 2019, in the High Court of Justice Family Division, Royal Courts of Justice, London, the Rt Hon Sir Andrew McFarlane, President of the Family Division, said he would "evaluate the risk of either or both of the children being removed from their mother's care and taken to Dubai against her will".


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 5 March 2020, the High Court found, on the balance of probabilities, that Sheikh Mohammed had orchestrated the abductions of two of his other children. The judge accepted the allegations that in 2000 Mohammed ordered the unlawful abduction of his daughter Sheikha Shamsa from the United Kingdom to Dubai. On two occasions, in 2002 and 2018, Mohammed ordered and orchestrated the forcible return of his daughter Sheikha Latifa to the family home in Dubai. In 2002, the return was from the border of Dubai with Oman, and in 2018 it was by an armed commando assault at sea near the coast of India. Sheikha Shamsa and Sheikha Latifa were, following their return to the custody of their father's family, allegedly deprived of their liberty. The judge also found allegations of physical abuse amounting to torture, previously made by Sheikha Latifa in a video, to be credible.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: The High Court found that Princess Haya took $8.8 million (£6.7 million) from the bank accounts of one of her children, and paid that money to her security staff to keep her affair with her bodyguard secret. The High Court also accepted that Sheikh Mohammed had conducted a campaign, by various means, with the aim of harassing, intimidating or otherwise putting Princess Haya in great fear from the end of 2018. Princess Haya was subjected to intimidation and abuse, including having a gun placed on her pillow twice and threats to be taken to a remote prison.


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: Early in the court proceedings, Sir Andrew McFarlane described the sheikh as "a man of international prominence whose position and international standing justify a high level of respect". In March, writers for "The Guardian" reflected upon that contextualisation, commenting: "After McFarlane's explosive conclusions, it is unclear whether his flattering description still holds."


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 6 October 2021, the High Court found that agents of Sheikh Mohammed used the Pegasus spyware to hack the phones of Princess Haya, her solicitors, a personal assistant and two members of her security team in the summer of 2020 "with the express or implied authority" of the sheikh. The spyware's developer, NSO Group, itself had contacted an intermediary in August 2020 to inform Princess Haya of the hacking, of which Sheikh Mohammed denied knowledge. The judgment referred to the hacking as "serial breaches of (UK) domestic criminal law", "in violation of fundamental common law and ECHR rights", "interference with the process of this court and the mother's access to justice" and "abuse of power" by a head of state. It was also revealed that Sheikh Mohammed attempted to purchase a property near to Princess Haya's home, that "if anyone chose to use it, it is in prime position for direct or electronic surveillance". Princess Haya told the court: "It feels as if I am being stalked, that there is literally nowhere for me to go to be safe from [Sheikh Mohammed], or those acting in his interests. It is hugely oppressive."


title: Princess Haya bint Hussein

text: On 21 December 2021, Princess Haya was granted full custody of her children. The High Court ordered Sheikh Mohammed to pay a lump sum settlement of £251.5 million to Princess Haya in addition to £5.6 million-a-year for each of their two children and an upfront payment of £290 million as guarantee. The sheikh also removed an online poem, titled "You lived, You Died", which had been perceived as a threat by Princess Haya. In March 2022, the High Court declared that Princess Haya had been a victim of "domestic abuse", and she was announced as the sole person in charge of the children's schooling and medical care. Sir Andrew McFarlane said Sheikh Mohammed, "consistently displayed coercive and controlling behaviour" against family members who went against his will.


title: Eric Nam

text: Eric Nam (; born November 17, 1988) is an American singer, songwriter, and television personality based in South Korea. Since his debut in 2013, he was named "GQ Korea"'s Man of the Year in 2016"," included on "Forbes"' 30 Under 30 Asia in 2017"," and honored as one of YouTube Music's Global Trending Artists on the Rise in 2019.


title: Eric Nam

text: Eric Nam was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. He graduated from Boston College in 2011 with a major in International Studies and a minor in Asian Studies. Nam accepted a position as a business analyst at Deloitte Consulting in New York City, deferring the opportunity to participate in microfinance initiatives in India. He subsequently decided to pursue a career in entertainment.


title: Eric Nam

text: After a cover Nam posted on YouTube gained media attention, South Korean broadcasting company MBC invited Nam to Seoul to compete on the program "Star Audition: Birth of a Great Star 2", a show similar to the music competition television series "The X Factor". His final placement within the top five contestants jump-started his career in South Korea.


title: Eric Nam

text: On January 23, 2013, Nam made his debut with the release of his first extended play (EP) "Cloud 9" with lead single "Heaven's Door". That year, Nam also joined Arirang TV's interactive show "After School Club" and its spin-off, "The ASC After Show", as MC. He left the program in 2016 to focus on his music career. His appearances on "After School Club" and MBC's "Section TV Entertainment Relay" were positively received and helped established Nam as one of the "go-to" personalities for international celebrity interviews in South Korea.


title: Eric Nam

text: In April 2014, Nam released his first digital single, "우우 (Ooh Ooh)", and performed at the Seoul Jazz Festival alongside artists such as Chris Botti, Damien Rice, Jamie Cullum, Paolo Nutini, and Craig David. That December, Nam released his second digital single, "Melt My Heart".


title: Eric Nam

text: In February 2015, Nam featured on Amber Liu's song "I Just Wanna" from her EP "Beautiful". In March, he released the single "I'm OK" and its accompanying music video. In May, Nam released the single "Dream", featuring 15&'s Park Ji-min, for charity. In December, Nam signed an exclusive contract with CJ E&M.


title: Eric Nam

text: Nam released his second EP, "Interview", with the lead single "Good For You" on March 24, 2016. That same month, he also took part in SM Entertainment's digital music channel SM Station, releasing the duet "Spring Love" with Red Velvet's Wendy. On April 16, Nam hosted and performed on "Saturday Night Live Korea", receiving one of the highest ratings of the season. Later that month, Nam joined the virtual marriage show "We Got Married" with Mamamoo's Solar as his partner.


title: Eric Nam

text: On June 10, Nam released his first US single, "Into You", a collaboration with electronic band KOLAJ. "Into You" premiered worldwide on Beats 1 Radio and "The Fader", charting at a number one on Hype Machine. Later that month, Nam headlined KCON NY 2016 and performed five songs, including "Into You", to a sold-out crowd at Prudential Center. He then released his digital single "Can't Help Myself" in July 2016, with lyrics written by Epik High's Tablo and featuring rapper Loco. Nam also headlined KCON LA 2016 and performed "Can't Help Myself" and "Into You" with KOLAJ to a sold-out Staples Center.


title: Eric Nam

text: Nam became the host of the new Mnet talk show "Yang and Nam Show" alongside comedian Yang Se-hyung in November 2016. Additionally, he premiered his collaboration with producer Timbaland, "Body", at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards.


title: Eric Nam

text: In 2017, Nam collaborated with singer Gallant and rapper Tablo on the single "Cave Me In". The song premiered worldwide on Beats 1 Radio and trended globally on YouTube and Facebook for over 72 hours after its release. The music video was shot in Hong Kong. Nam also featured on Seohyun's "Hello" from her EP "Don't Say No" and collaborated with Jeon Somi on the single "You, Who?". Furthermore, Nam featured on DJ and record producer Arty's single "Idea of You". Nam performed three sold-out shows in New York City and Atlanta in August 2017 with singer Alec Benjamin as his opening act. The shows sold out in one minute during presale; due to overwhelming demand, Nam added the date in Atlanta and increased the venue size in New York City.


title: Eric Nam

text: At the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea, Nam was named an Honorary Ambassador. He appeared on the primetime Olympic broadcast of American television network NBC, providing an in-depth look at K-pop with interviewers Johnny Weir and Tara Lipinski.


title: Eric Nam

text: On April 11, 2018, Nam released his third EP, "Honestly". Led by singles "Honestly" and "Potion", the latter of which featured rapper Woodie GoChild and was released ahead of the album on April 9. "Honestly" leaned into synth and electropop while including some dancehall and reggaeton influences. Nam worked with numerous songwriters on the EP, including Brian Lee, Tablo, and Jake Torrey. Additionally, Nam stated that the members of BTS helped provide him with feedback as he was creating the record. "Honestly" debuted at number six on the "Billboard" World Album charts. In June, Nam embarked on the Honestly Tour, which encompassed 15 shows in 14 cities across North America and featured pop duo Loote as special guest. On July 21, Nam performed at We The Fest in Jakarta, Indonesia, the only Korean act in the lineup.


title: Eric Nam

text: Later that summer, Nam released the song "Float", which he co-wrote with producer Kool Kojak. The song was selected by Sony Pictures for the official soundtrack for the film "", which reached number one at the US box office upon release. Nam also featured on a remix for "Your Side of the Bed" with Loote.


title: Eric Nam

text: On May 8, 2019, Nam released the digital single "Runaway". On April 17, he debuted his weekly podcast show, "K-Pop Daebak w/ Eric Nam". The show was named "New & Noteworthy" and "Best Listens of 2019" by Apple Podcasts, as well as "Top 10 Music Podcasts" by Spotify in 2019. On November 14, Nam released his first English album "Before We Begin", which marked the start of a new sound and "his transition from K-pop star to global pop singer-songwriter." He noted in an interview with "Highsnobiety" that he felt "much more expressive in English" since he believed that his previous process of translating English lyrics to Korean caused his music to "lose so much of [the] sentiment" he intended to convey"." Nam released his second podcast show, "I Think You're Dope w/ Eric Nam", on December 10. The show reached number one on the Music Podcast Charts in over 25 countries, including the US, UK, and South Korea.


title: Eric Nam

text: On January 9, 2020, Nam embarked on his first official world tour, the Before We Begin World Tour. The tour was set to visit 34 cities across Asia, North America, and Latin America; however, in March 2021, Nam announced the cancellation of the final two Los Angeles shows and Latin American leg due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On July 30, 2020, Nam released his fourth Korean EP, "The Other Side". In an interview, he described the record as "a little more playful, a little more upbeat, a little brighter" than his previous releases. The title track "The Other Side" and lead single "Paradise" saw success in South Korea and other Asian countries. Day6 vocalist Young K co-wrote four of the songs with Nam.


title: Eric Nam

text: On May 21, 2021, Nam released the single "Echo", a collaboration with Indian singer and composer Armaan Malik and Indian-American composer Kshmr. On June 4, it was confirmed that Nam's contract with CJ E&M had expired. On October 15, Nam released the digital single "I Don't Know You Anymore", his first independent release. On October 19, Nam announced his There and Back Again World Tour 2022 and released the digital single "Any Other Way" on November 12.


title: Eric Nam

text: On January 7, 2022, Nam released his second English album "There and Back Again", which included the previously-released singles "I Don't Know You Anymore" and "Any Other Way". Nam commenced the There And Back Again World Tour in Phoenix, on January 24, visiting cities throughout North America, Europe, and the South Pacific. He will embark on an Asia tour extension that includes six cities across Southeast Asia, concluding on November 20 in Seoul.


title: White slavery

text: White slavery (also white slave trade or white slave trafficking) refers to the slavery of Europeans, whether by non-Europeans (such as West Asians and North Africans), or by other Europeans (for example naval galley slaves or the Vikings' thralls). Slaves of European origin were present in ancient Rome and the Ottoman Empire.


title: White slavery

text: Many different types of white people were enslaved. On the European continent under feudalism, there were various forms of status applying to people (such as serf, bordar, villein, vagabond and slave) who were indentured or forced to labor without pay.


title: White slavery

text: Under Muslim rule, the Arab slave trades that included Caucasian captives were often fueled by raids into European territories or were taken as children in the form of a blood tax from the families of citizens of conquered territories to serve the empire for a variety of functions. In the mid-19th century, the term 'white slavery' was used to describe the Christian slaves that were sold into the Barbary slave trade.


title: White slavery

text: The modern legal term applies more narrowly to sexual slavery, forced prostitution and human trafficking, with less focus on the race of victims or perpetrators.


title: White slavery

text: The phrase "white slavery" was used by Charles Sumner in 1847 to describe the slavery of Christians throughout the Barbary States and primarily in Algiers, the capital of Ottoman Algeria. It also encompassed many forms of slavery, including the European concubines ("Cariye") often found in Turkish harems.


title: White slavery

text: The term was also used by Clifford G. Roe from the beginning of the twentieth century to campaign against the forced prostitution and sexual slavery of girls who worked in Chicago brothels. Similarly, countries of Europe signed in Paris in 1904 an International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic aimed at combating the sale of women who were forced into prostitution in the countries of continental Europe.


title: White slavery

text: The Volga trade route was established by the Varangians (Vikings) who settled in Northwestern Russia in the early 9th century. About south of the Volkhov River entry into Lake Ladoga, they established a settlement called Ladoga (Old Norse: "Aldeigjuborg"). It connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea, via the Volga River. The Rus used this route to trade with Muslim countries on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, sometimes penetrating as far as Baghdad. The route functioned concurrently with the Dnieper trade route, better known as the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, and lost its importance in the 11th century.


title: White slavery

text: "Saqaliba" originally was used to denote Slavic people, however later it came to denote all European slaves in some Muslim regions like Spain including those abducted from raids on Christian kingdoms of Spain. The Franks started buying slaves from the Slavs and Avar Khaganate while Muslims also came across slaves in the form of mercenaries serving the Byzantine Empire and settlers in addition to among the Khazars. Most Slavic slaves were imported to the Muslim world through the border between Christian and Islamic kingdoms where castration centres were also located instead of the direct route. From there they were sent into Islamic Spain and other Muslim-ruled regions especially North Africa. The saqaliba gained popularity in Umayyad Spain especially as warriors. After the collapse of the Umayyads, they also came to rule over many of the taifas. With the conversion of Eastern Europe, the trade declined and there isn't much textual information on saqaliba after 11th century.


title: White slavery

text: Central Europe was the most favoured destination for importation of slaves alongside Central Asia and Bilad as-Sudan, though slaves from Northwestern Europe were also valued. This slave trade was controlled mostly by European slave traders. France and Venice were the routes used to send Slavic slaves to Muslim lands and Prague served as a major centre for castration of Slavic captives. The Emirate of Bari also served as an important port for this trade. Due to the Byzantine Empire and Venice blocking Arab merchants from European ports, they later started importing in slave from the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea.


title: White slavery

text: The "Saqaliba" were also imported as eunuchs and concubines to Muslim states. The slavery of eunuchs in the Muslim world however was expensive and they thus were given as gifts by rulers. The "Saqaliba" eunuchs were prominent at the court of Aghlabids and later Fatimids who imported them from Spain. The Fatimids also used other "Saqaliba" slaves for military purposes.


title: White slavery

text: In the time of the Crimean Khanate, Crimeans engaged in frequent raids into the Danubian principalities, Poland–Lithuania, and Muscovy. For each captive, the khan received a fixed share ("savğa") of 10 percent or 20 percent. The campaigns by Crimean forces categorize into "sefers", declared military operations led by the khans themselves, and "çapuls", raids undertaken by groups of noblemen, sometimes illegally because they contravened treaties concluded by the khans with neighbouring rulers. For a long time, until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. Caffa was one of the best known and significant trading ports and slave markets. Crimean Tatar raiders enslaved between 1 and 2 million slaves from Russia and Poland–Lithuania over the period 1500–1700. Caffa (city on Crimean peninsula) was one of the best known and significant trading ports and slave markets. In 1769, a last major Tatar raid resulted in the capture of 20,000 Russian and Ruthenian slaves.


title: White slavery

text: Slave markets flourished on the Barbary Coast of North Africa, in what is modern-day Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and western Libya, between the 15th and middle of the 19th century.


title: White slavery

text: These markets prospered while the states were nominally under Ottoman suzerainty, though, in reality, they were mostly autonomous. The North African slave markets traded in European slaves which were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Netherlands, and as far afield as the Turkish Abductions in Iceland. Men, women, and children were captured to such a devastating extent that vast numbers of sea coast towns were abandoned.


title: White slavery

text: According to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 15th and 19th centuries. However, to extrapolate his numbers, Davis assumes the number of European slaves captured by Barbary pirates was constant for a 250-year period, stating:


title: White slavery

text: Davis's numbers have been challenged by other historians, such as David Earle, who cautions that the true picture of European slaves is clouded by the fact the corsairs also seized non-Christian whites from eastern Europe and black people from west Africa. A second book by Davis, "Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian–Muslim Slavery in the Early-Modern Mediterranean", widened its focus to related slavery.


title: White slavery

text: It is also worth noting that there were wide fluctuations from year to year, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, and also given the fact that, prior to the 1840s, there are no consistent records. Middle East expert John Wright cautions that modern estimates are based on back-calculations from human observation.


title: White slavery

text: Such observations, across the late 1500s and early 1600s observers, account for around 35,000 European Christian slaves held throughout this period on the Barbary Coast, across Tripoli and Tunis, but mostly in Algiers. The majority were sailors (particularly those who were English), taken with their ships, but others were fishermen and coastal villagers. However, most of these captives were people from lands close to Africa, particularly Spain and Italy.


title: White slavery

text: From bases on the Barbary Coast of North Africa, the Barbary pirates raided ships traveling through the Mediterranean and along the northern and western coasts of Africa, plundering their cargo and enslaving the people they captured. From at least 1500, the pirates also conducted raids along seaside towns of Italy, Spain, France, England, the Netherlands and as far away as Iceland, capturing men, women and children. On some occasions, settlements such as Baltimore, Ireland were abandoned following the raid, only being resettled many years later. Between 1609 and 1616, England alone had 466 merchant ships lost to Barbary pirates.


title: White slavery

text: While Barbary corsairs looted the cargo of ships they captured, their primary goal was to capture people for sale as slaves or for ransom. Those who had family or friends who might ransom them were held captive, but not obliged to work; the most famous of these was the author Miguel de Cervantes, who was held for almost five years. Others were sold into various types of servitude. Attractive women or boys could be used as sex slaves. Captives who converted to Islam were generally freed, since enslavement of Muslims was prohibited; but this meant that they could never return to their native countries. Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail Ben Sharif controlled a fleet of corsairs based at Salé-le-Vieux and Salé-le-Neuf (now Rabat), which supplied him with Christian slaves and weapons through their raids in the Mediterranean and all the way to the Black Sea. Moulay Ismail was nicknamed the 'bloody king' by the Europeans due to his extreme cruelty and exaction of summary justice upon his Christian slaves. He is also known in his native country as the "Warrior King".


title: White slavery

text: 16th- and 17th-century customs statistics suggest that Istanbul's additional slave import from the Black Sea may have totaled around 2.5 million from 1450 to 1700. The markets declined after the loss of the Barbary Wars and ended in the 1830s, when the region was conquered by France.