title: Alice Springs

text: Alice Springs is home to Australia's largest Indigenous media company. The Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA) consists of a radio station (CAAMA Radio), music recording label (CAAMA Music), television and film production company (CAAMA Productions) and CAAMA technical. CAAMA serves to record and promote Indigenous talent across its own radio network (one of the largest transmission footprints in the world), and through sales of CDs and screening of CAAMA movies and documentaries on national broadcasters.


title: Alice Springs

text: Five broadcast television services operate in Alice Springs – commercial stations Imparja Television (callsign IMP-9), Southern Cross Central (QQQ-31) and Ten Central Digital (CDT-5), along with the Government-owned ABC TV (ABAD7) and SBS TV (SBS28). Imparja Television has a commercial agreement with the Nine Network. Southern Cross Central is an affiliate of the Seven Network. Ten Central Digital transmits programming from the Ten Network.


title: Alice Springs

text: Imparja Television is operated from studios in Alice Springs. It has a program affiliation contract with the Nine Network. The programming schedule on Imparja is the same as Nine Darwin NTD-8 and Channel 9 Brisbane, with variations in Imparja's schedule for football, cricket, rugby league and aussie rules. The children's show "Yamba's Playtime", news, regional weather, and other programs produced in Alice Springs by the station. Infomercials are shown in place of Home Shopping and other programs overnight and in some daytime timeslots. NITV is broadcast on the second channel allocated to Imparja by the Federal Government.


title: Alice Springs

text: Indigenous community TV station ICTV is also broadcast in Alice Springs as retransmitted on digital channel 41.


title: Alice Springs

text: The "Centralian Advocate" newspaper was founded on 24 May 1947 and was published on Tuesdays and Fridays. However, in 2020, it ceased printing.


title: Alice Springs

text: Located on the Adelaide-Darwin railway, Alice Springs is accessible by train. Alice Springs railway station is visited by "The Ghan", operated by Journey Beyond, on its journey between Adelaide and Darwin. The train arrives twice weekly in each direction.


title: Alice Springs

text: The line first opened to Alice Springs in 1929, as the narrow gauge Central Australia Railway. It was not until 1980 that the current standard gauge line was opened, which was extended to Darwin in 2004.


title: Alice Springs

text: There are daily express coach services to and from Adelaide and Darwin servicing Alice Springs. The Stuart Highway, running north from Adelaide to Darwin via Alice Springs, is Northern Territory's most important road. The distance from Alice Springs to Adelaide is and to Darwin is .


title: Alice Springs

text: There are daily flights from Alice Springs Airport to Adelaide, Ayers Rock (Uluru), Cairns, Darwin, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. There are also nonstop flights a few times a week to Brisbane. Three airlines serve Alice Springs: Qantas, Airnorth and Virgin Australia.


title: Carol Ann Susi

text: Carol Ann Susi (February 2, 1952 – November 11, 2014) was an American actress whose career spanned 40 years. Her best known roles were probably her first and last; she debuted as the recurring character of semi-competent but likable intern Monique Marmelstein on "". More than three decades and countless supporting roles later, her level of celebrity was elevated for having provided the voice of recurring off-screen character Mrs. Wolowitz, mother of Howard Wolowitz, on the television series "The Big Bang Theory".


title: Carol Ann Susi

text: Susi made her first on-screen appearance in "", where she played the recurring role of intern Monique Marmelstein. Other television and film credits included: "McMillan & Wife", "Coyote Ugly", "Just Go with It", "The Big Bang Theory", "Cheers", "Becker", the 1990 biker comedy "Masters of Menace", "Grey's Anatomy", "That '70s Show", "Out of Practice", "Cats & Dogs", "Just Shoot Me", "Married... with Children", "Night Court", "The King of Queens", "Death Becomes Her", "NYPD Blue", "Seinfeld", "The Secret of My Success", "My Blue Heaven", and "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch". She also had extensive experience in live theatre and voiced a character on the .


title: Carol Ann Susi

text: Carol Ann Susi was born to an Italian-American family in Brooklyn, She graduated from Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School in Brooklyn in 1970. She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s.


title: Carol Ann Susi

text: Susi died of cancer on November 11, 2014, in Los Angeles, California, at age 62. She had been diagnosed a week before her death. She is interred at the Saint Charles Cemetery in East Farmingdale, New York. Her character on "The Big Bang Theory", Mrs. Wolowitz, was mourned, as the character passed in the series' eighth-season episode "The Comic Book Store Regeneration" broadcast on February 19, 2015.


title: Pawan Kalyan filmography

text: Pawan Kalyan is an Indian actor, screenwriter, stunt coordinator, philanthropist and politician. His film works are predominantly in Telugu cinema. He is the youngest brother of popular actor Chiranjeevi. Pawan Kalyan made his acting debut in the 1996 Telugu film "Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi". His next four films were all box-office successes namely "Gokulamlo Seeta" (1997), "Suswagatham" (1998), "Tholi Prema" (1998), and "Thammudu" (1999). Kalyan's subsequent films Puri Jagannadh's "Badri" (2000) and S. J. Suryah's "Kushi" (2001) were box office successes. He made his directorial debut with "Johnny" (2003), which was a box office failure. He followed this with a string of failures: "Gudumba Shankar" (2004), "Balu" (2005), "Bangaram" (2006), and "Annavaram" (2006). After a gap, the film "Jalsa" directed by Trivikram Srinivas became a box office success. He collaboarated with Suryah again for "Puli" (2010), which was a box office debacle. "Teen Maar" (2010) and "Panjaa" (2011) released to mixed reviews. The film "Gabbar Singh" (2012) released to positive reviews and was a blockbuster at the box office, marking his comeback after three back to back failures. Kalyan's second film with Puri Jadganaddh was "Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu" (2012), which released to above average reviews. Trivikram Srinivas's "Attarintiki Daredi" (2013) was an industry hit and got him back to no. 1, yet again. His film "Gopala Gopala" (2015) with Venkatesh was a success while "Sardaar Gabbar Singh", "Katamarayudu", and Trivikram Srinivas's "Agnyaathavaasi" received negative reviews. "Vakeel Saab" (2021), the masala-laced adaptation of the courtroom drama "Pink" (2016), received positive reviews.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The is a compact, later mid-size sedan manufactured and marketed in Japan by Toyota between 1968 and 2004. Prior to 1972, the model was marketed as the Toyota Corona Mark II. In some export markets, Toyota marketed the vehicle as the Toyota Cressida between 1976 and 1992 across four generations. Toyota replaced the rear-wheel-drive Cressida in North America with the front-wheel-drive Avalon. Every Mark II and Cressida was manufactured at the Motomachi plant at Toyota, Aichi, Japan from September 1968 to October 1993, and later at Toyota Motor Kyushu's Miyata plant from December 1992 to October 2000, with some models also assembled in Jakarta, Indonesia as the Cressida.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The first series, called the Toyota Corona Mark II was an all new vehicle at its introduction in 1968, that sought to offer a car that was just under Japanese government regulations concerning maximum vehicle dimensions and engine displacement, thus allowing the Crown to grow larger and more luxurious. Using the established platform of the Corona sedan but slightly larger and wider, it was exclusive to "Toyopet Store" locations, and offered as a competitor to the newly introduced Nissan Laurel in Japan, the Isuzu Florian, and the Nissan Bluebird / Datsun 510 internationally that appeared August 1967, and two years after the Mazda Luce in 1966.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: At the Mark II's introduction in the late 1960s, Toyota was known as a small, economy car manufacturer. The Mark II allowed Toyota to establish itself as a more mainstream, international automaker and pursue new market opportunities. The Corona Mark II was sold as a larger companion to the Corona, while still being smaller than the Crown. The Mark II introduced a comfortable front-engine, rear-drive vehicle that was larger than older Toyotas while maintaining an affordable price and better fuel economy than vehicles with larger straight-six and V8 engines, and shared most of its technology and appearance with the larger, more prestigious Crown.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: As the Mark II began to become popular with drivers around the world, Toyota introduced variations of the Mark II with two different model names, both sedans but with different styling and marketing approaches. The sportier Toyota Chaser appeared in 1977, and later in 1980, the high luxury content Toyota Cresta appeared, and both were exclusive together at "Toyota Auto Store" locations. As other automakers continued to offer vehicles in this size class, the Mark II's popularity peaked in the 1980s. The Mark II's siblings, the Chaser and the Cresta were discontinued due to declining sales, partly influenced by the Japanese recession that started in the early 1990s, and were combined into the short-lived Toyota Verossa. The Mark II evolved into the Toyota Mark X which was popular in Japan and select international markets until the growing demand for SUVs and crossovers, which saw the Mark X cancelled in 2019.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Corona Mark II, first offered for sale in Japan, September 1968, at "Toyopet Store" dealerships, was intended as an alternative model to the more established luxury sedan, the Crown, sold at "Toyota Store" dealerships, and the smaller Corona, also available at "Toyopet Stores". It was a slightly larger vehicle than the Corona with a higher level of equipment offered at the time, sharing some of the features of the larger Crown, but taking the top position at "Toyopet Store" locations. At its introduction, the Mark II was third in Toyota's hierarchy of sedans, below the Crown and the all new, hand built, V8-engined limousine called the Toyota Century.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The four-door sedan was designated the T60, and the two-door coupé the T70. In 1970 there were minor cosmetic changes to the front grille. The 1600 cc 7R series engine was replaced by the 1,700 cc 6R series engine. A year later the 1500 cc 2R models were replaced by the 1600 cc 12R engines. Its competitor was primarily the Nissan Laurel in Japan, released earlier that year in April. In Japan, several trim packages were offered, paired with multiple engine displacements due to Japan's annual road tax obligation. The gradually larger engines obligated Japanese buyers to pay more tax, and equipment levels were gradually increased to justify the expense.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The US exported versions arrived for the 1969 model year and often include the more powerful R series motors compared to other regions. Before its US introduction, it appeared in South Africa, which was the first market to receive the 1900 cc engine. While Japan and other markets often had 1.5-litre "2R", 1.6-litre "7R"/"12R" to 1.7-litre "6R" models as well. Engines were shared with the Corona, with both using the "2R", and the "12R" engine. Transmissions offered were an automatic transmission with three speeds for export and two speeds in Japan, or a choice of either a four- or three-speed manual transmission.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The RT62 sedans and the RT72 coupé feature the 1.9-litre 8R four-cylinder engine, unique to the Mark II. The RT63 sedan, RT73 coupé, and RT78/RT79 station wagons feature a two-litre 18R four-cylinder engine, also unique to the Mark II. The suspension setup uses double wishbone with coil springs at the front and leaf springs at the back with a front-engine, rear-drive powertrain format. The Mark II is longer, at over the Corona's length of for the sedan, and the coupe, with a width of in comparison to for the sedan and coupe. The height of the Mark II is lower at over for the sedan, but higher at for the coupé.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: For North America, the Mark II was available with bucket seats for the driver and front passenger, a center console with a floor-mounted manual transmission, electric rear window defroster, and a full size spare tire installed externally and underneath the cargo area on the wagon, with rear seats that fold down to a fully carpeted rear cargo area. The Mark II wagon was the largest wagon Toyota offered in North America, next to the Corona and Corolla wagons; the Crown wagon was no longer sold in North America.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In September 1969 the Mark II hardtop coupe, called the "GSS" was introduced. The engine used is a DOHC "10R" based on 8R / 1,900cc (later renamed to 8R-G) with a maximum output of and a maximum speed of .


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The second-generation was based on a new X series platform, thus abandoning the previous T series chassis. In Japan, the second-generation was renamed the Toyota Mark II, no longer using the prefix "Corona", while internationally the "Corona" prefix was still used. The X10s are sedans and wagons, while the X20 is a two-door coupé. The inline six-cylinder "M" series engine was borrowed from the S60 series Crown, in order to compete better with the Nissan Bluebird / Datsun 610 in North America, and the Nissan Laurel in Japan.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The styling used on the second generation was dramatically different from the first, showing similarities to the S60 series Crown. The appearance reflected a popular styling trend that appeared during the 1960s and 1970s internationally, called "Coke bottle styling" which Toyota adopted for only this generation of the Mark II.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In export markets, a version was sold as a wagon, whilst in the Japanese domestic market it was marketed as a van, intended for commercial usage. Due to the introduction of the Toyota Hilux pickup truck, the previously offered Mark II pickup was discontinued.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The engines offered began with the 1.7-litre inline-four and grew in displacement with increased standard equipment utilizing an overhead camshaft design. The top level GSS hardtop coupe, which was offered as an alternative to the Crown Coupe, offered a twin-cam design with dual carburetors for 1972–1974, upgrading to electronic fuel injection starting in 1975. The X10 through 13 are sedans, 16- and 17-series numbers were reserved for vans, 20 through 23 for coupés, and 26 through 29 for wagons. The only exception to this scheme is the 18R-U–engined RX15, introduced in June 1976, which received the same chassis code whether fitted in the hardtop or the sedan.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In August 1973, there were minor changes and updates. The basic trim package wagon was offered with a five-speed manual transmission. Electronic fuel injection was introduced on the two-litre four-cylinder (18R) engine to increase power and lower fuel emissions. The four-cylinder 1,707 cc 6R engine was replaced by the 1,808 cc 16R. The 1.8 was discontinued in October 1975, leaving only two-litre engines of four or six cylinders in the Japanese market. Even after the introduction of the next Mark II, production of the second generation continued through November 1976.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Crown line of cars was no longer marketed in North America due to poor sales. This left a gap in Toyota's North American line up, offering only smaller compact cars. The second-generation Mark II fortunately increased in size. The Mark II would be one of the few sensible options for families transitioning from larger American Detroit cars in the midst of the oil crisis. In 1974 it was marketed in the U.S. as a fully loaded car with few added options. Standard features included a six-cylinder SOHC engine, four-speed manual transmission, front disc brakes, heater defroster, and bucket seats. Some available options were stereo cassette player, power steering, air conditioning, and a three-speed automatic transmission.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: North American market cars had the 2.3-litre M-series "six" when they first went on sale in early 1972, but in August of that year this was replaced by the larger 2.6-litre 4M unit. Power, originally at , increased to . This was the only engine offered for the Mark II's next four years in the North American markets.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The third generation was introduced with a more upscale, European type design. The lines are a combination of the previous generation's American styling with a British-looking front end, while demonstrating a new corporate Toyota appearance with the larger S80 series Crown. This model generation was amongst the last cars to feature the Toyopet brand name, which was dropped in 1980. The Toyopet name continued to be used for the dealership network in Japan, however. The Grande trim was added to models with six-cylinder engines. This generation continued to offer Japanese buyers an alternative to the Nissan Laurel sedan, and the new Nissan Bluebird based Nissan Maxima in North America, with the new Chaser as an alternative to the Nissan Skyline in Japan. The Mark II was split into two other sedans so that they could sell different versions of the Mark II at the multiple dealerships Toyota had established in the 1970s.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Some models had six-cylinder engines, optionally with electronic fuel injection, borrowed from the larger Crown. For the Japanese market, all Japanese models engines were upgraded with Toyota's TTC-C technology to comply with the Japanese Government's Clean Air Act of 1975. In late October 1977 the 3T-U engine was upgraded to pass the 1978 emissions standards with the aid of a lean-burn design. Four-cylinder engines were mostly reserved for cars intended for commercial usage. The X30-series chassis numbers were the original codes for the third-generation Mark II, with X40 numbers being gradually introduced about halfway through the life of the model for cars that could pass the new, stricter 1978 emissions rules. In October 1979 a diesel-engined Mark II went on sale, a first for the badge as an alternative to the diesel-powered Isuzu Florian.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In 1998, Toyota released a car called Progrès. The Progrès front end looks somewhat like an updated version of the X30/X40 series sedan. For instance, both of them feature a combination of round and squared lighting. The grille and bonnet also has similar shapes, size, and lines.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Toyota Chaser was released in 1977 as a competitor to the Nissan Skyline sedan. The first Chaser was a Mark II with a lightly differing front and rear treatment, of a performance class compared to the Mark II, and replaced the previous generation Mark II GSS hardtop coupe. Later generations received more differentiated styling. The idea of the Chaser was to offer a sportier version of the Mark II and sold at a different Japanese Toyota dealership called "Toyota Auto Store", often with more powerful engines and different suspension setups.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Corona Mark II was renamed the Toyota Cressida for export markets, and the name Cressida was not used in Japan. Production started in December 1976. The name Mark II was previously identified with the North American Continental Mark II which first appeared in 1956 and the term "Mark" is still associated with Lincoln Motor Company products. It was Toyota's largest sedan and wagon range offered in North America, while the personal luxury coupé wasn't offered. In New Zealand, a two-litre four-cylinder sedan version replaced the six-cylinder Crown in local assembly after the 1970s oil crises prompted the government to impose a 60% sales tax on cars with engines larger than two litres. A few fully built up Crowns were subsequently imported. In other markets, the larger Toyota Crown also remained available.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The name "Cressida" derives from the lead character in William Shakespeare's play "Troilus and Cressida", inspired by Cressida, a female Trojan character.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Depending on the market it was sold in, it had the 4M carbureted engine (MX32, MX36), the 18R engine (RX30, RX32, RX35) or 3T engine (TX30). The North American models started with the carbureted 4M engine (MX32) but in mid-1978 the fuel-injected 4M-E replaced its carbureted counterpart – this was one of the first Toyotas in the US to use fuel injection. In 1979, the MSRP in the US was . In New Zealand, where it was locally assembled and sold in a highly specified GL form (replacing the 2.8-litre Crown which had been hit by high sales taxes on two-litre-plus engine sizes), it had the 18R engine. Australian-market Cressidas received the 2.6-liter 4M engine, although in de-smogged form (meeting ADR27) it only produced for relatively leisurely performance.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Standard features included air conditioning, automatic transmission (a 5-speed manual was available), power steering, rear seat armrests, AM/FM cassette stereo with amplifier, reclining front seats, and a rear window defroster. The automatic transmission was a four-speed overdrive with an overdrive lockout. Power windows were optional. Soundproofing was extensive, and the Cressida was famous for being one of the quietest cars on the road at the time.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In the United Kingdom, the Cressida was available in both sedan and wagon body styles. The only engine available was the 18R and there was one trim level, badged "De Luxe". Contrary to common practice, this was "not" the same as DX specifications on other Toyota cars, but a more upmarket version of the DX trim level. The Toyota Carina sedan and wagon also sold in the United Kingdom at this time were also badged as "De Luxe" (but were rebadged as DX from 1980 onwards).


title: Toyota Mark II

text: South African Cressidas all received the 2.0-litre "18R" engine, and were introduced in November 1977. The engine was built in South Africa by Toyota's Motor Assemblies subsidiary. Originally only a fully equipped L version was available, with a lower-priced semi-deluxe version appearing in the first month of 1978. A station wagon, Toyota's first in South Africa, appeared in August 1978. It was available in either semi-deluxe or full deluxe trim, the latter only as an automatic.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The fourth-generation Mark II was introduced in 1980. It was still badged as the Mark II but many of the advertisement at the time simply refer to it as the Mark II. The two-door coupé was no longer offered in this generation, replaced by the Soarer, and the fourth generation was only available with four doors, either as a sedan, hardtop, or as a station wagon (mainly marketed as a commercial vehicle in Japan). Power by either the 1G-EU, Turbocharged M-TEU, 5M-EU, and a fuel-injected version of the twin-cam 18R-G was available in the GT. 2.2 and 2.4-liter diesel engines of the L family were also available, with turbocharging available for the larger engine. In 1982 the twin-cam 1G-GEU engine was added. In 1983 the automatic transmission was changed to an electronic controlled four-speed. The top-of-the-line "Grande" version continued to be available, only in combination with the more powerful engine options.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Van generally received less powerful engines and has very sparse equipment, and was shorter than its passenger car equivalent due to the use of more compact bumpers. This Mark II generation included commercial, taxi, and drivers training vehicles. The Mark II was common alongside the slightly smaller Corona as a taxi.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The X60 Mark II introduced the world's first voice warning system developed and offered as standard. In Indonesia, it was sold as the Mark II with the DIN (105 PS JIS) 21R engine (RX60) beginning in late 1981.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The second-generation Cressida, the MX63 (sedans for model years 1983 and 1984 with new IRS, the Wagon and solid rear axle model is the MX62), was a significant redesign from the previous generation. Gone was the coupé version, but a more up-to-date body style was new for the sedan and wagon. Changes from the previous generation included a larger engine using electronic fuel injection, now up to at 4800 rpm in North American trim. The 5M-E would power the 1981 and 1982 model years before it was superseded by the 5M-GE, a DOHC engine with a substantially higher power rating, in 1983 and 1984. North American X60-series Cressidas all received versions of the 2.8-litre inline-six engine, while in other markets smaller units were often available.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Much like the contemporary Camry and Corolla, the US market Cressida had a unique interior that differed from other LHD variants, including those sold in nearby Canada, in order to satisfy American design tastes and certain federal requirements. While other LHD Cressidas had essentially a mirror image of the RHD interior sold in markets like Japan and Australia, the US spec interior had a unique steering wheel, completely different bottom half of the dashboard with more luxurious soft touch materials, and the major addition of the automatic shoulder belts, which were not offered in any other market.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Cressida was the first car to offer an automatic motorized passive seat belt system, a full year ahead of the legal requirement taking effect. The center console is also different and includes two levers for both driver and passenger with "LIFT FOR EMERGENCY EXIT" decals that are designed to release the tension in the automatic shoulder belts when they lock up as designed in a collision or panic stop situation. The US-market 1981 Cressida was the first car to come with motorized automatic shoulder harnesses which wrapped around front seat occupants when the door was closed and the ignition switched on. All US-market Cressidas from 1981 on were so equipped.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In 1983, the Cressida was refreshed and gained an independent semi-trailing link rear suspension, rear vented disc brakes, and the 5M-GE engine. Much of this technology came from the Toyota Supra parts bin with minor differences. A five-speed manual transmission was available, but cars equipped with it were considerably more rare than automatic versions. The electronically controlled A43DE automatic transmission was another improvement over the previous hydraulically controlled A43DL transmission and had three modes: Power, Normal, and Economy. This iteration was praised for its handling, ride, quiet interior, and most of all, its reliability; the Cressida was quickly gaining a reputation for outstanding ownership.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In August 1983, Toyota chairman Eiji Toyoda initiated the F1 project ("Flagship" and "No. 1 vehicle"; alternatively called the "Circle-F" project), a clandestine effort aimed at producing a world-class luxury sedan for international markets. This led to the creation of an all new, full size luxury sedan designed for export markets and ended up called the Lexus LS.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: This model was again assembled in New Zealand initially only with a two-litre, four-cylinder petrol engine and five-speed manual or optional three-speed automatic transmission. Various markets received different bodywork, combining various elements of the Mark II, Chaser, and Cresta variants.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: After the mid-generation facelift, a mid-grade specification similar to the original one-model line was offered on New Zealand assembled models with the four-cylinder engine; a new top version had a two-litre six-cylinder engine, four-speed automatic and air conditioning, becoming the first NZ-built Toyota to have 'air' as standard. A large number of the four-cylinder cars with dealer-fitted air conditioning were sold to car hire company Hertz Rent A Car. Both engines were below two litres to avoid the higher sales taxes that applied on larger engines in New Zealand at the time.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: This model was sold as a Cressida in Europe as well, albeit only in a few markets and never in significant numbers. Toyota was withdrawing from the large car categories in Europe at this time, focusing on the smaller vehicles. The Crown had been discontinued in many European markets, leaving the Cressida as the biggest Toyota available. European market Cressidas were generally fitted with two-liter inline-fours or -sixes (21R, 1G), and the 2.2-liter L diesel was a popular option in some places. Power outputs, all DIN ratings, are at 5200 rpm for the four-cylinder, at 5000 rpm for the six-cylinder, and at 4200 rpm for the diesel.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Swedish- and Swiss-specification models have their own emissions controls due to those countries' peculiar legislations; its 1972-cc 21R-U engine produces at 5200 rpm.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Production swapped to the X51 and X61 Chaser in 1980, with the addition of the 6-cylinder 2.0 L 1G-EU (single cam) and 1G-GE (twincam) engines. Body styles offered were a four-door sedan and 4-door hardtop, no longer offering the 2-door hardtop with this generation. The "Avante" trim level had a sport tuned suspension using Michelin tires. This generation saw a new competitor from Nissan called the with a lower asking price in comparison to the Japanese market favorite, the Skyline.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Arriving in August 1984, the fifth generation dropped the "Corona" name in Japan and became simply the Toyota Mark II. This generation Mark II had a lot of rivals including the Nissan Leopard, as well as the traditional competitor Nissan Laurel sedan. The Mark II continued to remain very viable for fleet sales, government agencies and taxi services.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: There are two different variations of the Mark II; the Hardtop and the Sedan. Visually they are different on the exterior while the interior remains untouched. Exterior changes on the Hardtop version includes a slanted nose which requires a new grille, a thinner headlamp assembly that match the slanted nose, frameless door windows, thinner tail lamp, front fenders and bumper. Body panel is stamped different from the standard version. The Standard version is exactly like the MX73 Toyota Cressida. It does not have the aggressive slanted front end, conservative body panels and framed windows.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Mark II (and its sister cars) received the powerful Twin Turbo version of the "1G" inline-six in October 1985. This engine made the earlier turbocharged "M-TE" engine superfluous and it was discontinued. In August 1986 the range received a minor facelift and some technical improvements. The 1.8-liter LPG engine was replaced by a 2-liter version.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The X70 station wagon was produced from 1984 to 1997 with only a few minor revisions over the years. In most markets, sales of this wagon was stopped when the next model of the sedan was introduced but they continued to be sold in Japan for use as delivery vehicles. It was finally superseded by the front-wheel-drive Mark II Qualis that was based on the Camry Gracia.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In 1984 for the 1985 model year, a new Cressida was introduced by Toyota. This was the MX73 (MX72 for wagon). The 5M-E engine was mostly unchanged from the 1984 model year but gained a knock-sensor, which detected pre-ignition and adjusted timing accordingly when a lower-grade fuel was used. Later, the twin-cam 5M-GE engine replaced the 5M-E. The bodystyle was all-new, larger, and more aerodynamic than previous generations. Like its main competitor at the time, the Nissan Maxima, it was given the "compact" designation, though it had grown in size. New options included were an electronic shock absorber control (TEMS), CD player, super monitor, digital gauges, standard woodgrain trim, and secondary radio controls that were placed right by the steering wheel for easier access while driving. The Cressida was offered with the W58 manual transmission, but was very uncommon and only in the 1986 model.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The US-spec Cressida continued to offer a unique interior that differed from other LHD markets, including Canada. The major difference was the automatic shoulder belts, along with unique steering wheel, and different dash board design.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The automatic transmission retained its Normal/Power selector as many other Toyotas would, but later in production, the Economy selection was dropped. In 1987 the automatic transmission was changed to the A340E that was also used with the 7M-GE and Lexus 1UZ-FE engine at the time. The 1988 model was not offered with a manual transmission and the wagon was discontinued in 1987. By 1988, power output was at .


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Cressida badging was also used in other export markets with smaller engines. In Indonesia, the Cressida GLX-i was available with a version of the two-liter 1G-E engine with no emissions controls and low compression suitable for lower-octane petrol. Cressidas sold in Europe had limited engine options, including the 2.4-liter turbodiesel engine with .


title: Toyota Mark II

text: First released in August 1988, the Mark II was no longer the top level sedan at "Toyopet Store" locations in Japan with the introduction of the Toyota Celsior 9 October 1989. The Australian Cressida was withdrawn from sale in early 1993 on the X80 series so as not to compete against the new widebody Camry-Vienta, and Lexus ES300 and LS400. The North American Cressida was discontinued after the 1992 model year, and it would be a few years before the succeeding Toyota Avalon debuted for the 1995 model year; the Avalon was introduced as Toyota's first designed-for-America large sedan with a FF layout (V6 engine and front-wheel drive) derived from the stretched Camry platform which contrasted with the Cressida's FR layout (straight-6 engine and rear-wheel drive).


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Grande G series used the 3.0L 7M-GE engine, and featured traction control and ABS. In 1990, 1JZ-GE and 1JZ-GTE (280 PS) was introduced, replacing the 1G-GZE. The GT model was only available with an automatic transmission. All six-cylinder X80 models used independent rear suspension, while the four-cylinder models had solid rear axles.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: After 1992, the X80 series continued to be produced for taxi fleet vehicles until 1995, when the Comfort assumed taxi duties.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Toyota introduced the slightly larger fourth generation of the Cressida, the MX83, in 1988 for the 1989 model year – the final generation for the Cressida in North America.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Standard features included a new, more powerful 3.0-litre straight six 7M-GE engine producing at 6,000 rpm and at 4,400 rpm. As with the powertrain, most other mechanicals were modified versions of those in the Supra, most notably the new double-wishbone rear suspension. Standard equipment included power windows and locks, cruise control, a tilt-telescoping steering wheel, and a four-speed automatic transmission. Options included antilock brakes, a power driver's seat, leather upholstery, power moonroof, and a CD player. Cressidas of this generation sold in North America featured motorized automatic seat belts; airbags were never offered.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Cressida was praised for its ride, handling, fuel mileage for its class (23 mpg [US] average according to a July 1989 Consumer Reports test), and reliability. Downsides include a somewhat uncomfortable back seat, ride quality that deteriorated with a full load of passengers, and a trunk with only 12.5 cubic feet of space.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The most substantive change was the 1990 facelift for model year 1991, which brought brighter alloy wheels, a redesigned grille containing the new Toyota "T" logo, and simplified climate controls.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In the Middle East, the Cressida had a 2.4-litre 22R engine producing at 6,000 rpm. The other available engine was the 2.8-litre 5M, which produced at 4,800 rpm and at 3,600 rpm using the leaded petrol available in the region at the time. At its peak, the Cressida was so popular in the Middle East that almost every five in 10 cars was a Cressida. This was popular as both a taxi and with private buyers alike due to its immense reliability, tough body panels, cheap spare parts and relatively comfortable ride. The Cressida was sold until the end of 1995 in the Middle East with the Camry immediately positioned as the successor.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: In Australia, the Cressida was sold from April 1977 to February 1993, when it was replaced by the Vienta (and later the Avalon in the full-size bracket).


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Cressida also played a part in the design of the first Lexus models, most closely resembling the LS 400. However, some of the shared concepts and similarity between the Cressida and early Lexus models in turn led to the decision to eventually discontinue the Cressida in most markets, as it would overlap with vehicles sold under the Lexus marque. The 1992 redesign of the Camry and introduction of the XLE V6 model helped cover the Cressida's market as well, despite the fact it was a more economy-oriented and front-wheel-drive vehicle, while the Cressida was high-end and rear-wheel-drive.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The introduction of the Toyota Avalon in the American market in 1995 filled the gap left by the cancellation of the Toyota Cressida in 1992. The Avalon was a front-wheel drive full-size car, powered by a V6 engine, as the third-generation Camry remained in the mid-market but now had grown in proportions to be classified as a mid-size. The Cressida was an upper-level mid-size rear-wheel drive car with a straight-six engine, as the mid-market second-generation Camry was still classified as a compact car in the early 1990s. The Lexus GS, introduced in 1993 – one year after the Cressida's discontinuation – could also be considered a spiritual successor to the Cressida, as a midsize rear-wheel drive Toyota luxury vehicle with a strong kinship to the Toyota Supra and also derived from a shortened version of the Toyota Crown platform.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Comfort was released on December 19, 1995 as a replacement for the X80 series Mark II taxis in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Macau and Singapore. The Comfort was based on the X80 chassis but featured a new body design for increased interior space. A long-wheelbase version called Crown Comfort was also available, while a better-appointed version of the Crown Comfort called Crown Sedan (not to be confused with the Crown executive car) was available in Japan only. The Crown Comfort was popular among taxicab operators in Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore, but is gradually falling out of favour as better-appointed vehicles become available at competitive cost.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Comfort was removed from Toyota's Japanese website on 25 May 2017, with production of existing orders ceasing in January 2018. It was replaced by the JPN Taxi which was launched at the 45th Tokyo Motor Show in October 2017. The Comfort nameplate would later be reused on a rebadged version of the JPN Taxi sold in Hong Kong.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: A redesigned Mark II was released in October 1992, called the X90-series. It received a new front bumper (including grille), rear bumpers and tail lights and some weight mainly due to regulations. The Mark II had also grown. Under Japanese exterior dimension regulations, this series was no longer regarded as a "compact car". Buyers who wanted a sedan that remained under the guidelines were now served by the 1990 SV30 series Toyota Camry. Toyota added a new sedan, called the Toyota Scepter with the major difference being a front-wheel-drive powertrain. Styling of this generation showed a corporate similarity to the Toyota Windom, which was exclusive to "Toyota Corolla Store" locations. The Mark II sedans (and X70 wagons and van) was planned to sell about 14,000 units per month, while the sister models Cresta and Chaser were expected to have monthly sales of 7000 and 6000 units respectively.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The X90 series was available in six different trim levels. All trims came standard with fully automatic air conditioning and faux wood interior paneling. The base GL was available in either standard or automatic with a choice of a diesel or petrol four-cylinder engine. The slightly more up-market Groire had the same engine and transmission options as the GL with more standard features over its inferior. The diesel engine was now fitted with electronic fuel injection and had lower NO emissions.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The next four trim levels featured only petrol straight sixes for engines and either rear- or all-wheel drive. The Grande was available with either a 2.0L 1G-FE or 2.5L 1JZ-GE and either a four-speed automatic or 5-speed manual for 1G-equipped Mark II Grandes. The Grande was otherwise identical to the Groire in terms of options and equipment. The Grande G was available with either the aforementioned 1JZ or a 3.0L 2JZ-GE mated to an automatic transmission and came with ABS, Digital Instrument cluster, and traction control standard.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Tourer S came with a 1JZ-GE engine, 4-speed automatic and several options either standard (such as ABS and control) or not present (a factory limited-slip differential) in either the Grande or Grande G.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Lastly, the Tourer V had a reinforced body, sport suspension, and a twin-turbo 2.5-litre 1JZ-GTE inline-six engine. It also came from the factory with, traction control, ABS, an optional torsen LSD and optional 5-speed manual transmission. The Mark II Tourer V was a popular choice among tuners, enthusiasts, and drifters.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The hardtop approach was used on various segments of core Toyota sedans by offering a more upscale hardtop version. These cars were offered for consumers who wanted the luxurious approach offered by the Toyota Crown hardtop and sedan, as well as the Mark II (four-door hardtop), Cresta (four-door sedan) and Chaser (four-door hardtop and performance enhancements), and the next segment down on the Corona and Carina, called the Toyota Corona EXiV and the Toyota Carina ED, with the Toyota Corolla Ceres and the Toyota Sprinter Marino at the lowest segment, which were all offered at reduced prices and tax liability based on the vehicles size. The various versions were sold at different Toyota dealerships dedicated to particular models.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Like its predecessor, the X100-series Toyota Mark II was available in multiple trim levels. New for this production run was the introduction of all-wheel drive to Grande and Grande G as well as the use of Toyota's new VVTi system on its engines. Also new was the standardization of ABS and a new electronic traction control system. The Groire trim level was also dropped for this production run.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The base GL came with only the 2.4-litre 2L-TE turbo-diesel straight-four mated to a four-speed automatic. It came with basic features like power windows and door locks and automatic air-conditioning, but sportier options were only available on higher-level trims. However, traction control and ABS were available as options.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Grande trim levels had a plethora of options and features available not limited to but including tilt-steering, standard ABS, traction control and AWD. The base Grande was powered by either the 2.0-litre 1G-FE inline-six mated to a 5-speed manual transmission or 4-speed automatic, the 2.4-litre 2L-TE mated to a four-speed automatic from the GL or the 2.5-litre 1JZ-GE, turning a four-speed automatic as well. New for 1996 was the Grande Four: a four-wheel-drive variant of the Grande, it was powered by the 1JZ-GE and mated to a 4-speed automatic transmission sending power to all wheels via a center differential. The Grande G versions were available with either a 1JZ- or 2JZ-GE and a 4-speed automatic. The "G package" included leather anointments for the steering wheel and seats as well as power front seats. A Grande G Four was also offered with the 1JZ engine, 4-speed auto transmission and all-wheel drive.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Tourer trim level carried on from the X90 series in both Tourer S and Tourer V. The Tourer S was powered by a naturally aspirated 1JZ-GE and mated to a 4-speed automatic. The Tourer V received some noticeable tweaks from its X90 series counterpart: along with the implementation of ETCS and VVTi, the engine now received forced induction through one large turbocharger as opposed to two smaller ones in a parallel configuration. According to Toyota, this smoothed out the torque curve allowing the engine to deliver more torque at a lower RPM and with VVTi, improved the car's fuel economy.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: So as to continue to offer Mark II customers the option of purchasing a station wagon at "Toyopet Store" locations, Toyota introduced the Toyota Mark II Qualis which was nearly identical to the Camry-based station wagon called the Camry Gracia. The Gracia was exclusive to "Toyota Corolla Store" locations next to the Camry.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: This last generation of Mark II hosted several new technologies for Toyota. The new 2.5L with the designation of 1JZ-FSE is the first application of Direct Injection for mass production on a Toyota passenger vehicle. This version of the JZ series engine features a redesign head to optimize fuel economy and performance. Along with the 1JZ-FSE, the 1G-FE, 1JZ-GE and 1JZ-GTE are available and all with VVT-i technology. This generation of Mark II also host a new feature call Navi AI-shift, which uses GPS signals and shifts the automatic transmission into the appropriate gear.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: During this time, Toyota has discontinued the Chaser and Cresta nameplate and created the Verossa. Toyota has also eliminated the Tourer S and Tourer V and instead called their sportier version 2.5 Grande iR-S and 2.5 Grande iR-V, respectively. iR meaning Intelligent Rapidly. Other models include the 2.0 Grande, 2.5 Grande, 2.5 Grande G, 2.5 Grande G-tb, 2.5 Grande G Four, 2.0 Grande Four, and the 2.0 Grande Four "S package" all of which is their luxury lineup.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: Minor changes was made in 2002. New headlight, grille and a redesign bumper freshen up the front end while a new taillight design and new chrome trim for the trunk handle finish up the rear end. The introduction of the 2.0L iR grade was added alongside the iR-S and iR-V. The iR-V was the only model to feature a hand brake (instead of a floor mounted E-brake) and was the only model to include an optional R154 5 speed manual transmission. The G-tb model was discontinued in favor for the 2.0L iR model. Another model introduced by Toyota for the Mark II is their special edition, Regalia, which marks the 35th Anniversary of the Mark II nameplate.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Mark II Blit was the wagon version of the X110 Mark II. It was introduced in January 2002 as a replacement of the Toyota Mark II Qualis. The Blit was a return to the Mark II platform with rear wheel drive and optional AWD and not a wagon version of the front wheel drive Camry. The Blit used straight-six engines with an optional turbo that was discontinued in May 2006. The engines used were the same as the sedan model.


title: Toyota Mark II

text: The Mark II Blit was exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealership "Toyopet Store" continuing to offer the Mark II in a station wagon.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide

text: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide is a first-person action video game set in the "Warhammer 40,000" universe, developed and published by Fatshark. It was released for Microsoft Windows on 30 November 2022. The port for Xbox Series X/S will be revealed "shortly after."


title: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide

text: The game uses a similar formula to that used in Fatshark's "" in which four players cooperate to defeat periodic waves of AI-controlled enemies. Rather than a set of pre-made characters, the game allows players to customize their class, appearance, and gender. The four classes consist of a Human Veteran, Human Zealot, Ogryn, and Human Psyker. All classes make use of a regenerating shield.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide

text: Unlike in "Vermintide 2", multiple missions will take place in the same area, some of which will include optional secondary objectives that allow players to obtain better loot. Difficulty will be divided in two variables, one affecting enemy count and the other damage received from enemies. Progression will be split between random rewards, an in-game currency that will allow the purchase of weapons and a contract system to earn a weapon of your choice. Crafting also allows the player to upgrade their weapons and increase their stats.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide

text: The game's story, written by author Dan Abnett, will focus on a squad of Inquisitorial Agents investigating a potential Chaos infiltration in the Hive City of Tertium on the industrial planet of Atoma Prime.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide

text: The player character Operative begins the story detained aboard the prison transport "Tancred Bastion" for a crime determined during player creation. During transport the "Tancred Bastion" is suddenly swarmed and overwhelmed by followers of the Chaos god Nurgle. The player rescues Explicator Zola and the two successfully evacuate the ship. Zola agrees to spare the player from the death penalty by conscripting them to the Inquisition. From their base aboard the ship "Mourningstar", the Inquisition deploys the Operative to different sectors within Tertium to research and suppress the Nurgle infestation and cult.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide

text: The plot is set to evolve over time in a manner that parallels a live service, continuing to develop on a weekly basis and following a set meta narrative.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide

text: The game was first announced in July 2020 during the Xbox Series X and Series S showcase event in which Fatshark showed plans for a 2021 release. A gameplay trailer was released on 10 December 2020, which showcased the use of weapons such as a Lasgun and a chainsword being used to defeat hordes of Poxwalkers and chaos traitors. Among the playable characters, an Imperial Guardsman and an Ogryn could be observed. The developers commented that "Darktide" is planned to be less melee focused than "Vermintide 2", getting closer to a 50/50 split between melee and ranged combat.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide

text: In July 2021 Fatshark announced that due to difficulties arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the release date would be pushed back from 2021 to spring 2022. The release date was again pushed back to 13 September 2022 in an announcement which was accompanied by a new trailer. A further delay pushing the release back to 30 November 2022 was later announced.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Darktide

text: According to Metacritic, "Warhammer 40,000: Darktide" has received "mixed or average reviews", based on 44 reviews.


title: Clitoral erection

text: Clitoral erection is the result of a complex interaction of psychological, neural, vascular, and endocrine factors, and is usually, though not exclusively, associated with sexual arousal. Erections should eventually subside, and the prolonged state of clitoral erection even while not aroused is a condition that could become painful. This swelling and shrinking to a relaxed state seems linked to nitric oxide's effects on tissues in the clitoris, similar to its role in penile erection.


title: Clitoral erection

text: The clitoris is the homologue of the penis in the female. Similarly, the clitoris and the erection of it can subtly differ in size.


title: Clitoral erection

text: The visible part of the clitoris, the glans clitoridis, varies in size from a few millimeters to one centimeter and is located at the front junction of the labia minora (inner lips), above the opening of the urethra. It is covered by the clitoral hood.


title: Clitoral erection

text: Any type of motion can increase blood flow to this organ and this results in increased secretions which lubricate the vagina. There are many ways to stimulate the clitoris.


title: Clitoral erection

text: Clitoral erection occurs when the corpora cavernosa, two expandable erectile structures, become engorged with blood. This may result from any of various physiological stimuli, including sexual arousal. During sexual arousal, arterial blood flow to the clitoris is increased, and trabecular smooth muscle within the clitoris relaxes allowing blood to engorge the erectile tissues. The ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles contract to compress the dorsal vein of the clitoris to stop drainage of the clitoris, trapping the blood. More specifically, the clitoris has two adjoining erectile tissues corpus cavernosa (corpus cavernosa clitoridis) that form a main body that connects to the glans clitoridis. There is also a strip of erectile tissue (similar to the placement of the corpus spongiosum in males) running along the ventral surface of the corpus cavernosa main body that connects the glans clitoridis to the commissure of the vestibular bulbs. The main body of the corpus cavernosa with a ventral erectile tissue strip make up the shaft, which is connected to the glans clitoridis. The tunica albuginea is a fibrous-elastic sheath, surrounds the shaft and glans clitoridis. The tunica albuginea does not surround the bulbs of vestibule. The erectile tissues are composed of endothelium-lined vascular spaces in a trabecular matrix, with the endothelium-lined vascular spaces surrounded by smooth muscle capable of contraction and relaxation.


title: Clitoral erection

text: During sexual arousal, arterial blood flow to the clitoris is increased, and within the clitoris, the arteries further branch to supply the erectile tissues. The trabecular smooth muscles of the erectile tissue relax increasing blood flow to fill the vascular spaces, expanding the erectile tissues until they are fully engorged with blood. The ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscles contract, compressing the dorsal vein of the clitoris. This compression of the vein restricts drainage of the erectile structures, trapping the blood. This process stretches the tunica albuginea. As a result, the clitoris becomes tumescent to accommodate the increased intracavernosus pressure. The tunica albuginea of the clitoris is made up of one layer making it more elastic than the tunica albuginea of the penis, which is composed of two layers. Erick Janssen (2007) elaborates on this reporting that "the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris are essentially similar to that of the penis except that there is no subalbugineal layer interposed between the tunica albuginea and the erectile tissue. In the penis, this tissue engorges with blood during sexual arousal and becomes compressed against the unyielding tunica, creating penile rigidity --a true erection. The lack of this plexus in the clitoris indicates that while the organ can become tumescent or engorged, it cannot, like the penis, become stiffly erect. The clitoris thus does not really become erect with sexual excitement, but engorged." In addition, the tunica albuginea around the glans is thinner than around the shaft in both the clitoris and penis. This gives the glans less firmness relative to the shaft. The extrusion of the glans clitoridis and thinning of the skin enhances sensitivity to physical contact. After a female has orgasmed, the erection usually ends, but this may take time.


title: Clitoral erection

text: Priapism, while more common in males, is a condition that can also effect the clitoris. Symptoms include painful engorgement of the clitoris, swelling of the clitoris, and pain in the area around the clitoris.


title: Clitoral erection

text: Among capuchin monkeys, clitoral erection is possible and makes the clitoris more visible than in its relaxed state where it is hidden by a preputial fold.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven of Nine (born Annika Hansen) is a fictional character introduced in the American science fiction television series "". Portrayed by Jeri Ryan, she is a former Borg drone who joins the crew of the Federation starship "Voyager". Her full Borg designation was Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix Zero One. While her birth name became known to her crewmates, after joining the "Voyager" crew she chose to continue to be called Seven of Nine, though she allowed "Seven" to be used informally.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven of Nine was introduced in the fourth-season premiere, "". The character replaced Kes in the main cast, and was intended to introduce a foil to Captain Kathryn Janeway, similar to the role Spock performs for Captain Kirk in "". The character appeared through the final episode, "". Stories related to her relationship with Captain Janeway and with appeared throughout the series; some episodes, such as "", explored her background and earlier life as Annika Hansen before she was assimilated by the Borg.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven of Nine, again played by Ryan, also appears in the series "", as a recurring character in the first season before being promoted to series regular for the second season.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Following the third season of "", the production team decided that the main cast character of Kes was to be dropped from the show. It was decided that Captain Kathryn Janeway needed a contrasting character, and so Seven of Nine was developed to fill this role. It had been a previous "Star Trek" staple to have a character that could provide a third-person view on the human condition, prior examples including Spock in "", Data in "" and Odo in "". In addition, the producers of Voyager had been keen to make greater use of The Borg as recurring antagonists in the show, particularly after the success of the 1996 "Next Generation" feature film "".


title: Seven of Nine

text: After being cast, actress Jeri Ryan acknowledged she had hardly even seen "Star Trek", and had no idea what the Borg were. To prepare her, the producers gave her a copy of "" and the "Star Trek Encyclopedia" the day before she was due to test for the part. She was specifically told not to base her performance on the Borg Queen from the film as she was a "completely different animal and [they] were creating something entirely new". Her acting experience up until this point had consisted of television movies, guest appearances, and "Dark Skies".


title: Seven of Nine

text: Her audition process consisted of two readings for the producers before Ryan was asked to come in to talk through the part with the executive producers, Jeri Taylor, Rick Berman, and Brannon Braga. Following this, she tested for the network and was told that her option had been picked up. She remarked about her experience of joining the "Voyager" team, "It was a little awkward since the cast had been together for three years already. And one of the original characters was being written out pretty much at the same time I was being added. But the cast was terrific, and very welcoming." Although she wore extensive make-up for her first appearances, including an eye-piece that fell off when she smiled, her typical make-up regimen took around 45 minutes, with the attachment of the Borg appliance above her eye taking an additional 15 minutes. Her hairstyling usually took as long as that combined.


title: Seven of Nine

text: In the following years, the "Voyager" writers wrote several plot lines revolving around Seven's exploration of the positive and negative sides of human individuality. The cyborg nature of the character is seen as representing a challenge to "simple conceptions of connections/disconnections between bodies." Ryan maintained that the main topic about Seven was "humanity" and stated that her character was pivotal to the success of the show, because she "brought conflict to the show, which it was sadly lacking. … The was just one big happy family." After the addition of the former Borg drone to the starship's crew at the start of the fourth season of "Voyager", the shows' weekly viewer ratings increased by more than 60%. Ryan's arrival on the show was accompanied by a massive publicity campaign in TV magazines and newspaper supplements. Ryan thought that the increase may have been because of the way the character looked, but maintained that those viewers would have been retained by the writing on the show.


title: Seven of Nine

text: She also remarked that "combining non-human qualities with an attractive human appearance," as in Seven's character, was a great move by the producers. She felt that the writers did a good job in not pushing the character to be more human and having Seven enter into relationships on the show. Ryan was concerned that it could have turned out to be "Seven's sexual escapades on "Voyager"". In terms of portrayal, she said that "keeping a straight face" while showing suppressed emotion was an enjoyable challenge. Regarding her form-fitting one-piece costume, Ryan commented that it was extremely impractical and uncomfortable, but worth the reward of portraying a character like Seven. In a Conan O'Brien interview, Jeri Ryan admits that the reason her costume is skin tight is to help Seven of Nine regenerate human skin.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Although Seven was originally introduced as a foil for Captain Janeway, with the two of them proving to be very adversarial, they gained mutual respect as time went by. Ryan later described this as a mother-daughter relationship on the show, although she said that the writers had managed to make the character into more of an unruly teenager. The inclusion of Seven of Nine as a primary character for the show alongside Janeway and the Doctor was criticised by other actors. Robert Beltran, who played Chakotay felt that his character, along with Harry Kim, Tuvok and Neelix, had been overlooked. As the end of the series approached, Ryan remarked that she would "love to do something without special effects or rubber glued to my face, it'd be a nice change of pace."


title: Seven of Nine

text: Following the end of "Voyager", Ryan joined the main cast of "Boston Public", comparing her new character of Ronnie with Seven of Nine, saying "[Seven] had all of these emotions, she just wasn't comfortable expressing them, and didn't really know how to express them; Ronnie, my character on Boston Public, is quite comfortable expressing them, and is fairly free with her expressions, I think. So it's going to be a lot of fun. It's going to be much more free, as far as the acting style." Ryan said that she had several favourite Seven of Nine episodes, including "", "", "", "", "", and the two-part "".


title: Seven of Nine

text: Her initial costume as seen in "Scorpion" and the following episode, "The Gift", saw Seven of Nine as a full Borg. This outfit took some two-and-a-half hours for Ryan to get into, but an error was made in measuring the outfit by not taking into account the prosthetics that she was required to wear for the part. This cut off the blood supply through her carotid artery, causing her to pass out on two occasions. After a nurse was called twice to supply oxygen, the costume was modified to stop it from happening again.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Once the character had the majority of the Borg implants removed, a new costume was required. Ryan wore a silver jumpsuit for the first few episodes, which director Jesús Salvador Treviño said that during the filming of the episode "Day of Honor" caused problems as "almost any camera angle inevitably winds up emphasising her sexuality." Ryan described the new costume as "a little snug", and wore a corset-like item which gave the appearance of mechanical ribs. At least one version of the costume had the corset built into it. In order to give her greater height, the shoes which formed part of her costume had four-inch (10 cm) high heels. She said in a 2012 interview that the suit by costume designer Robert Blackman was a "feat of engineering", but required a 20-minute production shutdown if she needed to use the toilet, as she needed that time plus assistance to get into and out of it. She said that it was so fitted and figure hugging that it "might as well have been body paint". The lengthy time it took to use the bathroom led to the actress not drinking any fluids, which in turn made her feel sick.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Treviño praised the subsequent changes to her costume in order to reduce its sexuality, saying that "it is much more sensible, because she's still an attractive person but then you get away from that titillation stuff which I think is so demeaning not only to the audience, but it's kinda of demeaning to what "Star Trek" is about." The later versions of her costumes still required 20 minutes to get into before filming could start, but Ryan said they were much more forgiving, "In the silver costume, if I got goosebumps, you could see them. The brown costume is a thicker, stronger fabric. It's not quite so clingy, so the waist doesn't have to be cinched in." That version of the costume also removed the vertical bones of the corset, which allowed Ryan to have greater flexibility while wearing it.


title: Seven of Nine

text: One of the major remaining pieces of Borg technology that Ryan continued to wear for the part was what she described as "That little thing over my eye". This was because the term that referred to it in the episodes would change depending on the writers and the episode itself, she explained that "Sometimes, it's my cortical implant. Sometimes, it's my cranial implant. Sometimes, it's my ocular implant."


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven of Nine appeared on "Star Trek: Voyager" between 1995 and 2001, and in 2020 to 2022 in "Star Trek: Picard".


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven of Nine's backstory was explained during the course of "Star Trek: Voyager". She was born on the Tendara Colony on Stardate 25479 to Magnus and Erin Hansen, and was named Annika. At the age of four, her parents were given the USS "Raven" by Starfleet to help them investigate the presence of an unknown species in deep space. This trip lasted for three years during which time they encountered the Borg and, using a transwarp conduit, followed a cube to the Delta Quadrant. Annika's father developed technology to allow the ship to remain undetected by the aliens, and even to allow them to board the Borg vessel; but after an ion storm struck the vessel, the Borg detected the family and assimilated them.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Annika was placed into a Borg maturation chamber for the next few years, during which time she joined the collective. Following this, she was a Borg drone and assimilated individuals from a number of species, including a crew member from the USS "Melbourne" at the Battle of Wolf 359 on Stardate 43989.1. Two years later, Seven of Nine, along with three other drones, crashed on a planet and they were separated from the Borg Collective. This caused their individualities to resurface over time, which caused Seven to panic due to her relative inexperience with individuality, and created a temporary hive mind between the four of them until they were retrieved by the Borg.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven of Nine first appears in the second part of "" at the start of the fourth season. She is chosen by the Borg to communicate verbally with Captain Janeway so that together they can develop a weapon to defeat Species 8472. After a Borg cube destroys itself to save "Voyager", Seven is transported aboard the Federation ship. Janeway is injured, leaving Chakotay in command—but he distrusts Seven and the Borg and after he refuses to work with her, she sends the vessel into fluidic space to force them to develop the weapon. Just before doing so, Chakotay decompresses the cargo bay, killing the remaining Borg with the exception of Seven. Janeway recovers and works with Seven and the Doctor to develop the weapon and defeat an attack by Species 8472. With their alliance ended, Seven attempts to assimilate the crew but they override her neural connection to the Collective. Over the course of the following episode, "The Gift", removes about 70% of Seven's Borg implants because her body begins to reject the technology once her connection to the Borg Collective is severed. Seven leaves sick bay to help repair the ship, and while working she attempts to communicate with the Collective, but is stopped by Kes. She is placed in the brig where she and Captain Janeway have a heart-to-heart discussion. Following the departure of Kes, they attempt to integrate Seven into the crew.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven immediately comes into conflict with Chief Engineer B'Elanna Torres in "Day of Honor" and puts "Voyager" in danger when the Caatati steal the warp drive and hold it hostage for supplies and Seven herself. Instead, she builds a thorium generator to power their vessel, which the Caatati accept in exchange for the core and for allowing the rescue of Torres and Lt. Tom Paris. In "The Raven", Seven, experiencing visions of the Borg and a raven, steals a shuttle and heads into nearby B'omar space. The aliens would not allow "Voyager" to enter their space, but Tuvok and Paris cross the border in another shuttle and head in pursuit. Tuvok beams across to Seven's shuttle, where she explains she's following a homing beacon. They head to a planet where the wreckage of the USS "Raven" is crashed on the surface. They transport down and Seven recognises it as her parents' vessel. The B'omar attack but "Voyager" comes to their aid and the crew depart. Janeway tells Seven that her parents' research records are in the ship's databanks; Seven replies that she might read them someday.


title: Seven of Nine

text: After some time, Seven begins to question why Captain Janeway continues to make contact with alien species as they travel back to Earth, as it often results in incidents. Janeway explains that "Voyager"'s purpose is exploration and will continue that mission despite any problems that might occur. While working in astrometrics, Seven detects an ancient alien communications platform which connects all the way back to the borders of Federation space. This results in the first successful communication with Starfleet since "Voyager" was stranded in the Delta Quadrant, although it does also result in angering an alien race upon first contact; the Hirogen had claimed the platform for their own. The crew subsequently receive messages from home through the array, but the ship is once again threatened by the Hirogen. Tuvok and Seven transport aboard the array to speed the downloading of the messages, but are captured and tortured by the aliens. They are rescued by "Voyager", but the communications array is destroyed. When the crew find a member of Species 8472 being hunted by the Hirogen, Seven is reluctant to help her former enemy as it would put the ship at risk of destruction from the Hirogen. When the Hirogen threaten "Voyager", Seven disobeys Janeway's command and transports the alien aboard a Hirogen ship. In response, the Captain punishes her by restricting her computer access and curfews her to the cargo bay where her Borg regeneration unit is set up.


title: Seven of Nine

text: In "", the Doctor accidentally causes Seven to relive repressed memories of while she was Borg. She confers these memories onto an alien she had just met, and the local authorities seek his arrest. The crew realise what has happened, but he is killed before he can be told he is innocent. During the events of "The Killing Game" where the Hirogen take over "Voyager" and place the crew in the holodeck for hunting practice, Seven is brainwashed into thinking she was a French club singer during the Nazi occupation of France. She is the first member of the crew who has her memories restored by the Doctor, and helps Janeway bring about a truce with the Hirogen. Janeway and Seven disagree once more in "The Omega Directive" about what to do when the ship detects unstable Omega particles nearby. The Captain wants to destroy them under Starfleet standing orders, while Seven seeks to harness them as the Borg consider the particles to be near perfection. Seven must later deal with a series of hallucinations and loneliness while helping the crew cross a radiation-filled nebula in "". This experience results in her seeking out the company of other crew members more frequently. Her suspicions of Arturis prove correct in "Hope and Fear" when it is revealed that he was seeking revenge on the "Voyager" crew for their previous alliance with the Borg by creating a fake USS "Dauntless" and attempting to take them back to Borg space where they would be assimilated.


title: Seven of Nine

text: A few episodes touch on Seven's romantic life, which is limited due to the effect on her emotions of having been part of the Borg. At one point she propositions Harry Kim, but he turns her down. Later on, with the Doctor's assistance, she tries dating other crew unsuccessfully, while later exploring intimate relationships with a hologram of Chakotay. Finally, in "Endgame" she is involved in a romantic relationship with Chakotay which includes at least three dates and a first kiss. In one alternate timeline they married before her death, and in another she is killed along with the rest of the Voyager crew ("").


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven has her first experience of motherhood to some degree when, in the episode "", a transporter accident combines her nanoprobes with the Doctor's holoemitter. This results in the creation of One, a Borg with 29th-century technology, whom Seven helps adjust to life on board "Voyager". One sacrifices his life to destroy a Borg sphere and protect the vessel, dying in front of an emotional Seven. In the alternative future shown in "", Seven of Nine and the vast majority of the "Voyager" crew are dead. Using a Borg temporal transmitter, Chakotay and Harry Kim manage to send information back in time to Seven to prevent the destruction of the ship. A little more of Seven's Borg history is revealed when, due to a modified Borg device planted by an alien species, she begins to exhibit the memories of some of the people she has assimilated. After B'Elanna Torres disables the device, Seven returns to normal.


title: Seven of Nine

text: While investigating a damaged Borg sphere in "Dark Frontier", Seven hears the voice of the collective once more and refuses to return to "Voyager". Instead she is taken back to Borg space where she meets with the Borg Queen, who reveals that Seven's establishment as an individual was all part of a plan to use her memories to allow the Borg to assimilate humanity. The Queen first has Seven assist in the assimilation of a new species, and after some disobedience, has her work on nanoprobes designed to assimilate humans. Seven discovers that her father is assimilated and kept as one of the Queen's personal drones. Meanwhile, "Voyager" is working on a plan to rescue her, and using the Delta Flyer approach the vessel close enough that Captain Janeway can transport aboard. Seven and Janeway work together to escape the Queen, and steal technology that reduces their distance to Earth by 15 years. She later attempts to develop her experience of romance, working with the Doctor in the episode "".


title: Seven of Nine

text: She becomes involved in a time-travel plot once more when Captain Braxton of the Federation timeship USS "" pulls her out of the timestream to help prevent the destruction of "Voyager". The travel has effects on her body, and she dies, resulting in an earlier version being pulled out of time. During the investigation, it transpires that it was Braxton himself who planted a bomb on the ship and together with the crew of the "Relativity", Captain Janeway manages to apprehend Braxton before he plants the device. Seven encounters three former Borg with which she previously formed a mini-collective after their scout vessel crashed on a planet; where the other three were assimilated as adults, Seven's childhood assimilation left her panicking at being separated from the Collective and facing an individuality she did not know how to cope with on her own. She forced this collective on them because they were becoming individuals, which has caused the trio to keep a mental connection even after their eventual disconnection from the rest of the Borg. During the course of "", the link is terminated, causing each of the former Borg to be predicted to die within a month.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven of Nine appeared as a recurring character in the first season of "", and as a main cast member in the second season. In "Picard", set more than twenty years after the finale of "Voyager", Seven is a member of the Fenris Rangers, a peacekeeping organization active near the former Romulan Neutral Zone. Ryan notes her portrayal is "much more human" and developed a new speaking cadence to reflect the character's two decades living on Earth.


title: Seven of Nine

text: In 2386, nine years after the USS "Voyager" returned to Earth, Seven's surrogate son Icheb was abducted by Borg harvesters. Seven attempted to rescue him but arrived too late, finding him mortally wounded. Icheb died in Seven's arms after she acceded to his request to mercy kill him.


title: Seven of Nine

text: In 2399 Seven encounters Jean-Luc Picard and the crew of "La Sirena" en route to the planet Freecloud. Seven assists Picard in his attempt to rescue Dr. Bruce Maddox from Bjayzl, a criminal businesswoman, by offering herself as bounty. It is revealed that Seven's true intentions are to kill Bjayzl, who was responsible for Icheb's death. Picard believes he is able to talk Seven out of killing Bjayzl, and they return to "La Sirena" with Maddox. She and Picard discuss their mutual difficulty regaining their humanity after being assimilated by the Borg, and she disembarks under the pretense of rejoining the Rangers, but actually transports back to the surface and vaporizes Bjayzl.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven arrives at the Artifact, a disabled Borg cube captured by the Romulans, after being summoned by Picard's companion Elnor. To save the former Borg onboard from execution at the hands of the Romulans, she temporarily connects herself to the cube inside the queencell, taking on the role of a Borg Queen. She does this despite concern about keeping control:


title: Seven of Nine

text: Despite her concerns, Seven subsequently disconnects herself after the Romulan forces have been driven off the cube, stating that "Annika" still has work to do. She brings the cube to Soji's homeworld, Coppelius, to aid Picard, but it crashes on the surface after being disabled by the planetary defenses. When the Romulan armada arrives at the planet to destroy the synthetics, the Romulan agent Narissa attempts to access the cube's weapons to destroy "La Sirena", but is pushed off a ledge by Seven. After the Romulan armada is warded off, Seven joins the crew of "La Sirena" and is seen holding hands with Picard's companion Raffi.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven returns in season 2, where she is the captain of La Sirena since Rios had returned to Starfleet and she is in a relationship with Raffi. When Q sends her and others back in a changed timeline, where she was never assimilated and is President Annika Hansen of the Earth-based "Confederation of Earth." She joins the crew back to 2024 to prevent Q from creating the alternate timeline and enjoys being Borg free for the first time since she was 6. Seven and Raffi try to find the Watcher and end up rescuing Rios from ICE officers after being involved in a car chase. She helps protect and watch over Renee Picard at the Gala. Her and Raffi then search for Jurati and find that she is now part Borg Queen. In a fight between Borg soldiers, former mercenaries, Adam Soong and the Jurati/Borg Queen she is partially reassimilated to save her life which returns all of her implants after Jurati is able to convince the Borg Queen in return they were given La Sirena. It is also revealed that after "Voyager" returned to Earth, Seven tried to formally join Starfleet, but was rejected because of her Borg implants. Admiral Janeway threatened to resign from Starfleet over the matter, but Seven dropped her request and joined the Fenris Rangers instead. In the season finale when they are sent back to their own timeline Picard gives Seven a field commission and she takes command of the USS Stargazer.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Following the switch of the "Star Trek" comic properties to WildStorm, the first comic to be released was "Star Trek: Voyager - False Colors". This featured Seven of Nine in a prominent role, as the crew investigate what appears to be a Borg vessel.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven of Nine has made appearances in the "Star Trek" comics, such as in IDW Publishing's "Star Trek: The Next Generation – Hive". She has also continued to be a main character in the "Voyager" novel relaunch.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Some of the novels that prominently feature Seven of Nine include "Seven of Nine" by Christie Golden, "No Time Like the Past" by Greg Cox, "Shadow" by Dean Wesley Smith, "The Nanotech War" by Steven Piziks, "The Farther Shore" by Christie Golden, and "Before Dishonor" by Peter David. There is also a script book featuring six television episodes called "Becoming Human: The Seven of Nine Saga".


title: Seven of Nine

text: The first video game that the character of Seven of Nine appeared in was "". Despite the rest of the main cast voicing their characters, Jeri Ryan did not voice Seven. Instead, the character was voiced by Joan Buddenhagen, with Ryan's voice pack added alongside an expansion to the game. It was also made available as a free download for those that did not purchase the expansion pack. Jeri Ryan has also voiced the character in the "Delta Rising" expansion to "Star Trek Online", a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). The game is set beyond the end of the original "Voyager" series, with the storyline placing Seven on board the USS "Callisto" as a science advisor to the Federation fleet which is returning to the Delta Quadrant. When asked about returning as Seven for the game at the Destination "Star Trek" 3 convention in London, England, Ryan said that "It was fun, surprisingly fun, she fit like an old pair of slippers."


title: Seven of Nine

text: The initial fan reaction was mixed with some accusing the show of adding her to attract more 18–35 male audience members, which was denied by Braga. The character's attire, numerous form-fitting catsuits with distinct rib-lines and a high stiff neck, was criticized by veteran "Star Trek" writer/producer Ronald D. Moore, who felt she should have a more Borg-like appearance. Her outfit also annoyed some who felt that it was an attempt by the show's creators to make her sexually appealing to some viewers, without any storyline purposes intended. Keith DeCandido of Tor.com was critical of the hair and costume which "for reasons that have absolutely nothing to do with the character and everything to do with external factors" but that Ryan's performance manages to elevate matters, and give Seven a compelling journey.Ryan was surprised at the immediate fan reaction on the Internet, as there was a full website devoted to her which was created only six days after her casting.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Ziauddin Sardar said in the "New Statesman" that her appearance on "Voyager" "restored the warp drive" to the show, resulting in a "triumphant note" to the start of the following season. Meanwhile, Ian Spelling writing in "Starlog" magazine in 1998 said that the introduction of Seven was "just the kick in the asteroid that "Voyager" needed."


title: Seven of Nine

text: Rob Owen at the "Chicago Sun-Times" said that the majority of the "Voyager" cast were "lacking in depth" with the exception of Seven, the Doctor and Captain Janeway. By the end of the series, Seven was described as the "most bewitching cast member" and the "first authentic Trek bombshell since Uhura" by Frank Ahrens at "The Washington Post".


title: Seven of Nine

text: In 2009, IGN ranked Seven of Nine as the 12th-best character of "Star Trek" overall. In 2012, "Paste" magazine rated Seven of Nine as the fifth-best character of all "Star Trek". In 2016, "Screen Rant" rated Seven of Nine as the 10th-best character in "Star Trek" overall. They highlight the character's slow recovery after being victimized by the Borg. In 2018, CBR ranked Jeri Ryan, who plays Seven of Nine, as the 14th best actor of the "Star Trek" franchise.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Askmen.com ranked Seven of Nine as the fourth-most-attractive woman of the science fiction genre including film and television. In 2011, Seven of Nine was ranked the second-top-sexiest woman of science fiction television. In 2017, "Screen Rant" ranked Seven of Nine the 4th-most-attractive person in the "Star Trek" universe. CBR ranked Seven of Nine the "15th-fiercest" female character of the Star Trek universe. In 2019, Seven of Nine was ranked the 4th-sexiest "Star Trek" character by SyFy.


title: Seven of Nine

text: The initial episodes following the introduction of Seven of Nine showed Captain Janeway mirroring the actions of the Borg as she turned down Seven's request to be returned to the collective. Abducting Seven was also suggested to be a "tough-love" scenario with Janeway taking the place of Seven's mother, while the Doctor posed as her father. It was this new family relationship that later caused the Borg Queen to modify her tactics to re-assimilate Seven in the episode "Dark Frontier", by simulating a mother-daughter relationship. The Doctor, Seven and Janeway relationship was also compared to Pygmalion showing Galatea to Venus in the way that the Doctor re-humanised Seven during the events of "The Gift".


title: Seven of Nine

text: Seven was received as one of the "Voyager" characters who filled a Spock-like role, alongside Tuvok, with her "blonde bombshell" appearance balanced by "intelligence, boldness, rationality and a remarkable lack of interest in the opposite sex".


title: Seven of Nine

text: The sexuality of the character was also questioned following her introduction. The character built up a fanbase among the LGBT community which resulted in an online petition to have her revealed as a lesbian. It was pointed out in "The Scotsman" that the series avoided any "lesbian subtext" between Seven and Janeway because the series was intended to be seen as "family-friendly". The approach by Harry Kim at one point, to which she suggested that he should disrobe in order to "copulate", was suggested to be because of her curiosity about human mating practices rather than any traditional sense of attraction. The introduction of Seven on the series had subsequent effects on the series "", as T'Pol (played by Jolene Blalock) was based on a combination of the Seven character and Leonard Nimoy's original Spock.


title: Seven of Nine

text: The efforts of Seven to return to normal living have been compared by many writers to the deprogramming of former cult members.


title: Seven of Nine

text: Jeri Ryan was nominated on three occasions at the Saturn Awards for portraying Seven of Nine, winning in 2001 for Best Supporting Actress on Television. She has also won the Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 1999.


The 2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Pennsylvania voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, President Donald Trump, and running mate Vice President Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, and his running mate California Senator Kamala Harris. Pennsylvania has 20 electoral votes in the Electoral College.


title: 2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania

text: Although Trump had won the state in 2016 by a narrow margin of 0.72%, Biden was able to reclaim the state, winning it by a similarly narrow 1.17% margin. Because of the way the state counted in-person ballots first, Trump started with a wide lead on election night. However, over the next few days, Biden greatly closed the margin due to outstanding votes from Democratic-leaning areas, most notably Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, as well as mail-in ballots from all parts of the state which strongly favored him. On the morning of November 6, election-calling organization Decision Desk HQ forecast that Biden had won Pennsylvania's 20 electoral votes, and with them the election. The following morning, November 7, during a Trump campaign press conference outside a Philadelphia landscaping business, nearly all major news organizations followed suit and called Pennsylvania for Biden, proclaiming him President-elect.


text: One key to Biden's success in the state was his improvement on Hillary Clinton's margins in the large Philadelphia-area suburban counties: he won Bucks by 3.60% more than Clinton did, Delaware by 4.38% more, Montgomery by 4.80% more, and Chester—which Mitt Romney had narrowly won just eight years prior—by 6.60% more. At the same time, he reclaimed two of the three large industrial counties which had voted Democratic for at least six consecutive elections before Trump flipped them in 2016: Erie and Northampton. While Trump prevailed in the third, Luzerne County, he did so by a reduced margin with respect to 2016; and Biden increased the margin of victory in his birth county, Lackawanna County, which Trump had nearly flipped in 2016. Biden halted the four-election Democratic slide in formerly traditionally Democratic Westmoreland County, where, before 2020, Al Gore had been the last Democrat to improve on the previous nominee's vote share (and which had given Trump his margin in the state in 2016). He also improved on Clinton's margins in Lehigh County by 2.9% and won Allegheny County with the largest percentage of the vote since 1988. However, Biden's vote share in Philadelphia County actually declined slightly compared to Hillary Clinton's, although he still outperformed either Al Gore in 2000 or John Kerry in 2004 in the county. Biden would also become the first Democratic candidate running for president to garner at least 100,000 votes in the Republican stronghold county of Lancaster. He also became the second presidential candidate since 1964, the last time the county voted for a Democrat, to get at least 40% of the vote. This was due to the large number of votes Biden received from the city of Lancaster and a competitive margin in voting precincts in and around Lititz and Columbia.


text: Despite Biden's victory, Pennsylvania weighed in for this election as 3.28% more Republican than the national average. This is the second consecutive presidential election in which Pennsylvania voted to the right of the nation. Previously, it had not done so since 1948.


text: With Ohio, Florida, and Iowa backing the losing candidate for the first time since 1960, 1992, and 2000 respectively, this election established Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan as the states with the longest bellwether streak still in effect today. The last time any of them voted against the winning candidate was 2004, when all three voted for the losing Democrat John Kerry.


text: Biden became the first Democrat to win the White House without carrying Luzerne County since Harry Truman in 1948. This was the first election since 1932 that the county voted for the statewide loser.


text: The primary elections were originally scheduled for April 28, 2020, also originally joining several northeastern states in holding primaries on the same date, including Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Rhode Island. On March 26, Pennsylvania joined several other states in moving its primary to June 2 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


text: Even though the Republican National Committee mailed Pennsylvania voters encouraging mail-in voting, describing it as a "convenient and secure” option, most Republicans expressed opposition to the prospect. Earlier, the Republican-controlled House blocked a proposal to mail every Pennsylvanian a mail-in ballot application. This was in response to President Trump's skepticism of the practice, expressing concern mail-in voting may result in voter fraud that would potentially benefit the Democratic Party.


text: Trump was declared the winner in the Republican primary, and received all of the state's 34 pledged delegates to the 2020 Republican National Convention (the state also has 54 unpledged delegates).


text: These slates of electors were nominated by each party in order to vote in the Electoral College should their candidates win the state:


text: 9,098,998 residents registered to vote by the voter registration deadline on October 15, which had been extended from its original date on October 13 by court order.


text: Biden and Trump both won half of the 18 congressional districts in Pennsylvania, including each winning one held by the opposite party.


text: Throughout the year, Pennsylvania was regarded as the most important (or likely tipping-point) state in the entire election; Pennsylvania had 20 electoral votes, and it was one of the closest states of the 2016 presidential election. Both candidates aggressively played for the state; Trump needed the state as it represented his narrow path to re-election, while Biden needed the state to rebuild the blue wall, which Trump had broken in 2016 by carrying the northern industrial states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.


text: Historically, Pennsylvania has usually been a competitive state. During the Second Party System from 1828 to 1852, it voted for the winner of every election. From the Civil War on, it has generally had a partisan lean; during the Third and Fourth Party Systems, Pennsylvania was a classic Yankee Republican state. When Franklin Roosevelt carried it in 1936, he became the first Democrat in eighty years to do so. Between 1936 and 1988, neither major party carried Pennsylvania for more than three straight presidential elections, although between 1952 and 1988, it voted Democratic in every close election (1960, 1968, 1976), and consistently voted more Democratic than the nation. Starting in 1992, Pennsylvania became part of the blue wall—the group of states that voted Democratic for six straight elections from 1992 through 2012. In 2016, it was one of three blue wall states that Trump won on his way to an upset victory.


text: State Republicans sought to require that only mail-in ballots received by Election Day be counted. The Commonwealth's Supreme Court rejected their demands, deciding that, due to probable delays due to the ongoing coronavirus and U.S. Postal Service crisis, ballots received up to three days after Election Day would also be counted. Republicans then appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. Supreme Court justices produced a 4–4 tie (as the late Ruth Bader Ginsburg's seat remained vacant when the ruling was issued), with Chief Justice John Roberts siding with the three liberal justices, allowing the state supreme court decision to stand.


text: Biden's winning margin in Pennsylvania was somewhat smaller than that of other Democrats who had carried the state in recent close elections. His margin of 1.2% was less than a third that of Al Gore's 4.2% margin in 2000, and less than a fourth that of Barack Obama's 5.4% margin in 2012. It was closer to John Kerry's margin of 2.5% in 2004, although, because Kerry was losing the overall national popular vote by 2.4%, his win made Pennsylvania almost 5% bluer than the country in 2004. In contrast, Pennsylvania remained redder than the country in 2020 even as Biden won it, by about 3.3%. As in Michigan and Wisconsin, Biden ran behind Barack Obama's performances in 2008 and 2012, though he received more votes total in the state this cycle due to record-breaking turnout.


text: As for Trump, he easily set the record for total number of votes for a Republican candidate in Pennsylvania history (as with Biden, largely due to record-breaking turnout). With 48.84% of the vote, he did slightly outpace both his own vote share in 2016 (48.18%) and George W. Bush's in 2004 (48.42%), the latter of which had previously stood as the highest Republican vote share in the state since 1988.


text: Joe Biden's strongest base of support was the Philadelphia metro area. In the city of Philadelphia itself, Biden won by 63.4%, a weaker win than Hillary Clinton's 66.9% margin in the city in 2016, but still better than Kerry's 61.1% margin in 2004 or Gore's 62.0% margin in 2000. Donald Trump improved his vote share in Philadelphia by 2.5%, and, as of the counting on November 8, held a majority of the vote in the 26th, 58th, and 66th wards. However, Biden improved on Hillary Clinton dramatically in the Main Line counties of Montgomery and Chester, as well as, to a lesser extent, Delaware, increasing the Democratic vote share in these counties by 4.2%, 5.9%, and 3.5%, respectively, and winning them all by double digits. Before 1992, all three had been Republican strongholds in the state, and Chester had been considered a swing county as recently as 2012, when Romney narrowly carried it, but all three have drifted towards the Democratic column, as they tend to be socially liberal.