title: Montana-class battleship

text: Until the authorization of the "Montana" class, all US battleships were built within the size limits of the Panama Canal. The main reason for this was logistical: the largest US shipyards were located on the East Coast of the United States, while the United States had territorial interests in both oceans. Requiring the battleships to fit within the Panama Canal took days off the transition time from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean by allowing ships to move through the canal instead of sailing around South America. By the time of the Two Ocean Navy bill, the Navy realized that ship designs could no longer be limited by the extant Panama Canal and thus approved the "Montana" class while simultaneously planning for a new third set of locks that were wide. This shift in policy meant that the "Montana" class would have been the only World War II–era US battleships to be adequately armored against guns of the same power as their own.


title: Montana-class battleship

text: The "Montana" class would have used aircraft for reconnaissance and gunnery spotting. The type of aircraft used would have depended on when exactly the battleships would have been commissioned, but in all probability, they would have used either the Kingfisher or the Seahawk. The aircraft would have been floatplanes launched from catapults on the ship's fantail. They would have landed on the water and taxied to the stern of the ship to be lifted by a crane back to the catapult.


title: Montana-class battleship

text: The Vought OS2U Kingfisher was a lightly armed two-man aircraft designed in 1937. The Kingfisher's high operating ceiling of made it well-suited for its primary mission: to observe the fall of shot from a battleship's guns and radio corrections back to the ship. The floatplanes used in World War II also performed search and rescue for naval aviators who were shot down or forced to ditch in the ocean.


title: Montana-class battleship

text: In June 1942, the US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics requested industry proposals for a new seaplane to replace the Kingfisher and Curtiss SO3C Seamew. The new aircraft was required to be able to use landing gear as well as floats. Curtiss submitted a design on 1 August and received a contract for two prototypes and five service-test aircraft on 25 August. The first flight of a prototype XSC-1 took place on 16 February 1944 at the Columbus, Ohio Curtiss plant. The first production aircraft were delivered in October 1944, and by the beginning of 1945, the single-seat Curtiss SC Seahawk floatplane began replacing the Kingfisher. Had the "Montana" class been completed, they would have arrived around the time of this replacement, and would likely have been equipped with the Seahawk for use in combat operations and seaborne search and rescue.


title: Montana-class battleship

text: Five ships of the "Montana" class were authorized on 19 July 1940, but they were suspended indefinitely until being cancelled on 21 July 1943. The ships were to be built at the New York Navy Yard, Philadelphia Navy Yard, and Norfolk Navy Yard.


title: Montana-class battleship

text: "Montana" was planned to be the lead ship of the class. She was the third ship to be named in honor of the 41st state, and she was assigned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Both the earlier battleship, , and BB-67 were cancelled, so "Montana" is the only one of the (48 at the time) US states never to have had a battleship with a "BB" hull classification completed in its honor.


title: Montana-class battleship

text: "Ohio" was to be the second "Montana"-class battleship. She was to be named in honor of the 17th state, and she was assigned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard for construction. "Ohio" would have been the fourth ship to bear that name had she been commissioned.


title: Montana-class battleship

text: "Maine" was to be the third "Montana"-class battleship. She was to be named in honor of the 23rd state, and she was assigned to the New York Navy Yard. "Maine" would have been the third ship to bear that name had she been commissioned.


title: Montana-class battleship

text: "New Hampshire" was to be the fourth "Montana"-class battleship. She was to be named in honor of the ninth state, and she was assigned to the New York Navy Yard. "New Hampshire" would have been the third ship to bear that name had she been commissioned.


title: Montana-class battleship

text: "Louisiana" was to be the fifth and final "Montana"-class battleship. She was to be named in honor of the 18th state, and she was assigned to the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia. "Louisiana" would have been the third ship to bear that name had she been commissioned. By hull number, "Louisiana" was the last American battleship authorized for construction.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: Jeepers Creepers 2 is a 2003 American horror film written and directed by Victor Salva. A sequel to the 2001 film "Jeepers Creepers", the film finds the Creeper, a demonic creature and mysterious serial killer who pursues a school bus filled with high school students. Ray Wise also appears as Jack Taggart, a farmer who seeks to hunt down and kill the Creeper as revenge for his younger son who the Creeper had murdered that same week. Additionally, Francis Ford Coppola returned to the franchise as an executive producer.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: Produced by Myriad Pictures and American Zoetrope, filming for "Jeepers Creepers 2" took place in Tejon Ranch, and Long Beach, California in 2002. The film was theatrically released by United Artists in the United States on August 29, 2003, where it was met with mostly negative reviews from critics. With a $17 million budget, the film grossed between $63.1 and $120 million worldwide (sources differ) and spawned a prequel, released as "Jeepers Creepers 3" in 2017.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: Three days after the events of the first film and a day after the events of the third film, the Creeper abducts a young Billy Taggart in front of his father Jack Sr. and older brother Jack Jr. in its 22nd day of feeding. The next day, a school bus carrying a high school basketball team and cheerleaders suffers a blowout, after one of the tires is hit by a hand-crafted shuriken made of bone fragments. Later a cheerleader named Minxie Hayes has a vision of Billy Taggart and Darry Jenner who attempt to warn her about the Creeper before it blows out another tire and disables the bus. With the team stranded, the Creeper abducts bus driver Betty Borman and coaches Charlie Hanna and Dwayne Barnes. When the Creeper returns, he singles out six of the students: Dante Belasco, Jake Spencer, Minxie Hayes, Scotty Braddock, Andy "Bucky" Buck, and Deaundre "Double D" Davis. Minxie has another vision in which Darry says the Creeper emerges every 23rd spring for 23 days to eat humans and she tells the other students.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: After hearing several police reports, the Taggarts go hunting for the Creeper and soon make radio contact with the school bus. The Creeper attacks Bucky, but Rhonda stabs it through the head with a javelin. Dante begins prodding the Creeper's wing, only for it to grab and decapitate him. The Creeper tears off its injured head and uses Dante's severed head to replace its own. The students decide to leave the bus to find help, but the Creeper returns and chases them into a field, where it kills Jake and takes Scotty.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: When the Creeper attacks Jonny, Chelsea, and Bucky on the bus again, the Taggarts and their dog, Mac, arrive and Jack shoots it with a homemade harpoon, which the Creeper fights him off, managing to escape after flipping over the bus. Rhonda, Izzy Cohen, and Double D find a truck and attempt to escape but are chased by the Creeper again. Izzy pushes Rhonda out of the truck before causing the vehicle to crash, injuring both Double D and the Creeper, who loses an arm, a leg, and a wing, although Izzy crawls from the wreckage before the truck explodes. The Creeper continues to pursue Double D by leaping towards him and, when it has Double D pinned down, Jack shows up and shoots the Creeper in the head with the harpoon. He repeatedly stabs the Creeper in its heart but it goes into a hibernation state before it can die.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: 23 years later, three teenagers drive out to the Taggart farm, where the Creeper is a sideshow attraction called "A Bat Out of Hell" and the middle-aged Jack Jr. is charging entrance fees. They see an elderly Jack Sr. watching it with the harpoon at his side and when they ask him if he is waiting for something, he looks up at the Creeper and says "About three more days, give or take a day or two".


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: Additionally, voice actor Bob Papenbrook appears as the man in the station wagon near the start of the film, while Marshall Cook, Joe Reegan, and Stephanie Denise Griffin star as the group seen at the end. Writer and director Victor Salva also makes a small, uncredited cameo appearance on the cover of a magazine briefly shown on the bus.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: "Jeepers Creepers 2" opened in 3,124 theaters and had a U.S. domestic gross of $35.6 million. Other international takings were between $27.4 and $84.3 million, depending on the source. The worldwide gross was $63.1–120 million, higher than the original. It displaced its predecessor, "Jeepers Creepers", to become the new record holder for the highest ever Labor Day opening weekend four-day gross, holding the record until the 2005 release of "Transporter 2". After the 2020 Labor Day weekend, "Jeepers Creepers 2" still holds the #6 spot with the #8 spot still held by "Jeepers Creepers". Allowing for films that had been released prior to Labor Day, "Jeepers Creepers 2" holds the #9 spot after the 2015 Labor Day four-day weekend.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: On December 23, 2003, MGM released the film on VHS and DVD. It was released on Blu-ray twice as a double feature with the first film, once by Shout! Factory.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 24% of 127 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads: ""Jeepers Creepers 2" is competently made, but it doesn't have the scares of the original." Metacritic rated it 36/100 based on 29 reviews. Andy Klein of "Variety" wrote, "Few things are scarier than a sequel to a bad movie, but, in fact, "Jeepers Creepers 2" is substantially better than its predecessor, even while staying strictly within the genre's well-defined boundaries." Michael Rechtshaffen of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "The sequel has got the creepy bits down cold but lacks a fair share of scares." Roger Ebert, writing for "The Chicago Sun-Times", rated the film one out of four stars and said, "Victor Salva's "Jeepers Creepers 2" supplies us with a first-class creature, a fourth-rate story, and dialogue possibly created by feeding the screenplay into a pasta maker." In "The New York Times", Dave Kehr wrote that creature lacks personality when the concept is retooled into a film series. Gene Seymour of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the sequel lacks the mood of the first film, and the teen protagonists are too annoying to draw much of the audience's sympathy. However, Seymour praised Wise's performance. In a positive review, Nathan Rabin of "The A.V. Club" called it "the rare sequel that's not only bigger than its predecessor, but also better".


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: In September 2015, "Jeepers Creepers 3" was officially greenlit. The film was slated to begin filming in April 2016 until production was halted when Victor Salva was boycotted from filming in Canada for his criminal past.


title: Jeepers Creepers 2

text: The film was eventually released in a one-night-only showing on September 26, 2017, 14 years after the release of "Jeepers Creepers 2". It grossed $2.3 million in theaters.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: Yoo Seung-ho (; born August 17, 1993) is a South Korean actor who rose to fame as a child actor in the film "The Way Home" (2002). Since then, he has starred in many television series and movie films as a child and teenager.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: After his two-year mandatory military service, he starred in the legal drama "Remember" (2015), historical films "Joseon Magician" (2015) and "" (2016) as well as historical drama "" (2017), romance comedy series "I'm Not a Robot" (2017), and SBS's high school drama "My Strange Hero" (2018).


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: Born and raised in Incheon, Yoo is the younger of two siblings, he later claimed that his family had been poor.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: Yoo graduated from Baekshin High School in February 2012. He decided not to pursue a college degree in order to concentrate on his acting career.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: Yoo made his entertainment debut in a cellphone commercial in 1999 after Yoo's mother sent in a photo of her son to an ad agency.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: In 2000 Yoo began his career as a child actor, first appearing in the television drama "Daddy Fish". He rose to stardom in his first film "The Way Home", playing a bratty city boy who learns to appreciate country life when he's forced to spend the summer with his deaf-mute grandmother. The low-budget film was a surprise box office hit in 2002, drawing more than 4 million admissions. He was then affectionately labeled as "Nation's Little Brother". Thereafter, Yoo also starred in animal movie "Hearty Paws" (2006) about a boy and his beloved dog, and "Unforgettable" (2008) about school children from a remote island who go on a field trip to a candy factory in Seoul during the 1970s.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: He continued acting in television, appearing in "Magic Warriors Mir & Gaon" (2005), an adventure series for children. Yoo further built his filmography, playing younger counterparts of male protagonists in television dramas, including general Yi Sun-sin in "Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin" (2004), King Seongjong in "The King and I" (2007), and Gwanggaeto the Great in "The Legend" (2007).


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: In 2009, Yoo starred in the action film "City of Fathers" and thriller film "4th Period Mystery". He also played Kim Chunchu in the period epic "Queen Seondeok".


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: In his teens, Yoo was cast in one of the major roles in "Master of Study" (2010), a Korean screen adaptation of Japanese manga "Dragon Zakura". He then played a more mature role in "Flames of Desire", as the second-generation son of a wealthy chaebol family who is uninterested in the battles of succession among his relatives and becomes a married man at 21. Later that year, Yoo sang a duet with singer/actress IU titled "Believe in Love" for the charity program "Love Request". The song's lyrics was based on a diary that Yoo had written while seeing orphans of war in the slums of Sri Lanka.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: In 2011, Yoo trained in swordplay and martial arts in his role as an assassin in "Warrior Baek Dong-soo", an action-period drama based on the manhwa by Lee Jae-heon. He also voiced Greenie, Leafie's adopted son, on "Leafie, a Hen into the Wild", which was adapted from a bestselling children's novel by Hwang Sun-mi. He then co-starred with Kim Ha-neul in the thriller "Blind".


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: In 2012, Yoo was cast in his first role as a leading man in "Operation Proposal", a Korean remake of the Japanese drama "Proposal Daisakusen". This was followed by a supporting role as the Jade Emperor, ruler of the heavens, in the fantasy-period drama "Arang and the Magistrate". Afterwards, he starred in the melodrama "Missing You", playing a cold man who hides a vengeance-filled heart behind his seemingly gentle smile.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: Known in the press as "Little So Ji-sub" for his resemblance to the said actor, in 2013 Yoo starred in the music video for So's single "Eraser" together with Park Shin-hye. This was his second time promoting So's musical endeavors, after "Lonely Life" in 2008. Following that, Yoo's first photo book titled "Travel Letter, Spring Snow, And..." was published; it was the last project shot by celebrity photographer Bori before her death on April 9, 2013.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: As his first post-army project, Yoo appeared in the music video for Naul's "You From the Same Time" in 2015. He was next cast as a stubborn webcomic writer raising a cat in the TV adaptation of webtoon "Imaginary Cat". Yoo followed this by starring in the joseon-era romance film "The Magician" directed by Kim Dae-seung, in which he plays a circus magician who falls in love with a princess. Yoo was then cast in SBS's legal thriller series "Remember" as a lawyer with hyperthymesia who defends his father on death row.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: In 2016, Yoo starred in the historical comedy film "" as the titular character Kim Seon-dal. In 2017, he starred in MBC's historical melodrama "" and romantic-comedy "I'm Not a Robot". In 2018, he was cast in SBS's high school drama "My Strange Hero". In 2020, Yoo starred in the mystery thriller "Memorist" as a detective in the police force with the power to read people's memories.


title: Yoo Seung-ho

text: Yoo enlisted for his mandatory military service in the army on March 5, 2013, where he reportedly became an instructor training new recruits. He was discharged on December 4, 2014.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: The 70 Series is a family of Toyota Land Cruiser models produced since 1984. It replaced the 25-year-old 40 Series as the off-road model of the Land Cruiser lineup, while the contemporary 60 Series developed into more comfortable luxury SUVs starting with the 80 Series. Despite major changes in styling and numerous technological updates, the 70 Series was designed to retain the off-road capabilities and durability associated with the 40 Series. The 70 Series is marketed throughout the world, except for countries like India, the United States, Mexico, Brazil and Korea where they were imported and put into commercial or private use. As a celebration of the Land Cruiser 70's 30th anniversary, Toyota temporarily marketed the Land Cruiser 70 series in the Japanese market for 12 months.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: Originally, model numbers 70 through 74 referred to the two-door short- and medium-wheelbase versions. These were the successors of the 40 Series, such as the FJ40. Model numbers 75, 78 and 79 referred to the long-wheelbase version, which was available in pickup and two-door troop carrier models. These were the successors of the less-well known long-wheelbase 40 Series, such as the FJ45. Models 77 (1990–1999 JDM) and 76 are a semi-long wheelbase four-door wagon in a few markets.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: In 1999, Toyota introduced several updates and changed the model designations, where the long-wheelbase models became the 78 (troop carrier) and 79 (pickup). In 2007, the 76 (four-door wagon) was added, while the new dual-cab models also share the 79 model designation (essentially the same chassis). Short-wheelbase models are only in production today for a few select markets.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: As with all Land Cruisers, the letters at the beginning of the model number designate the engine of the vehicle. Common engines in the 70 series include the 3F petrol engine (e.g., the FJ70), the 22R petrol engine (e.g. the RJ70/73 Bundera), the 2H diesel engine (e.g., the HJ75), the 1FZ petrol engine (e.g., the FZJ70/71/73/74/75/76/78/79), the 1PZ diesel engine (e.g., the PZJ70/73/77), the 1HZ diesel engine (e.g., the HZJ70/71/73/74/75/76/77/78/79), the 1HD diesel engine (e.g. the HDJ78/79), and most recently, the 1VD diesel engine (e.g., the VDJ76). For a while (1987 until at least 1990) the BJ73 hardtop was available in the Italian and Spanish market with a VM five-cylinder HR588 2.5-litre turbodiesel—the "B" prefix was applied because the first four-cylinder diesel 70 series came with the 3B.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: 1984–1999: The 70 / 75 series Toyota Land Cruiser took over from the 40 / 45 series of workhorse four-wheel drives in 1984. The styling maintained a family resemblance to the 40 / 45 series but became more angular. The 70 / 71 series was the short-wheelbase (SWB), the 73 / 74 was the medium-wheelbase (MWB) and the 75 / 77 was the long-wheelbase (LWB). The latter came as cab-chassis/utility with a "panelled" tray (pickup), and "troop carrier" hard-top (HT). Toyota also manufactured lighter duty versions that shared the 70 Series designation from 1985 to 1996, and were marketed in various parts of the world initially as the Bundera, or Land Cruiser II and later as the Prado. Of these, the Prado name stuck, and each modification took it further from its 70 Series roots. Starting in 1997 the Prado was known as the 90 Series, and had become a passenger 4x4 with no relation to the 70 Series.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: 1999: The pickup version was designated the 79 series, the Troop Carrier became the 78 series, and the short-wheelbase version was phased out in most markets. The principal mechanical changes were: coil spring (instead of leaf spring) live front axle; longer rear leaf springs; 5-bolt wheels instead of 6-bolt wheels; redesigned steering wheel; redesigned front indicators; and, in the cab-chassis, a longer wheelbase, which increased the rear storage capacity.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: 2007: The facelifted 70 Series began production in January for market release in late February / early March 2007. Changes involve significant modifications to the front end design, eliminating the trademark flat fenders featured on all commercial Land Cruiser series' since the 40 series. This change along with a wider front axle/track and wider chassis were required to allow fitment of the new Euro-4 compliant 4.5L V8 turbo diesel, the 1VD-FTV. This engine was initially just for the Australian market, where it was the only engine available. Africa and other markets continued with straight-6 petrol and 1HZ diesel engines. In order to fill the hole left by the elimination of lower-specification models in the 100-series and 200-series ranges, a 4-door wagon variant (The 76 series) was introduced alongside the long-running cab-chassis (79 series) and Troop Carrier (78 series) bodies. For the first time a higher GXL specification level was also introduced in some markets for the cab-chassis and wagon variants. This specification level added numerous additional comfort and safety features never previously seen on commercial series Land Cruisers. In 2007 they were made in Venezuela the 50th anniversary version, came with bumper, gasoline bottle, rear blockers, winch, stirrups. Only 300 were made.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: 2009: Venezuela's President Hugo Chávez threatened to expropriate Toyota's plants in that country if Toyota and other car makers refused to share their technology with local businesses and meet certain quotas. The 70 series Land Cruiser is used throughout Venezuela for the transportation community, the police, and the National Guard of Venezuela.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: 2009: The 1FZ/1FZ-FE engine was replaced by the 4.0L 1GR-FE in the markets where petrol-powered versions are available, such as Bolivia, Colombia and the Middle East.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: 2012: Toyota introduced a double-cabin HZJ79 pickup body type, combining the longer 3180 mm wheelbase of the previous two-door pickup with the four doors and single, 130-litre fuel tank of the wagon body types.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: 2014: Toyota introduced the 4-door wagon GRJ76 and double-cabin GRJ79 pickup body in the Japan market as a limited-edition '30th Anniversary' Series 70. This model came with the 1GR-FE V6 petrol engine and 5 speed manual transmission. This model was on limited sale in Japan only until June 2015 when Japanese law required all new vehicles to come with Vehicle Skid Control, something the 70 Series does not have.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: 2015: The Land Cruiser 70 started production by Salvador Caetano in Ovar, Portugal in an updated version from mid 2015 onwards for export to the African market, Morocco in particular. However, the model won't be reintroduced to the European market because its engines are not emissions-certified in Europe. This is in spite of the 1VD-FTE being available for the Land Cruiser 200 in a twin-turbo version. The Portuguese-built Land Cruisers have a engine and a five-speed manual transmission. Production initially consisted of a five-door station wagon and a double-cab pickup.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: 2022: Ongoing modifications have brought the 70 series abreast of ratcheting safety and environmental regulation. The 2022 model for Australia meets Euro 5 emissions standards, while accommodating front and side airbags (a significant task given the rigid ladder frame) and frame strengthening to meet side impact requirements. The Land Cruiser 76 wagon was reintroduced earlier taking advantage of these safety improvements, in early 2021 it accounted for more than half of 70 series Australian private sales.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: Square-bodied Land Cruiser utility 4x4. Two or four doors with steel doors and top, slanted windshield. The front-clip styling remains much like that of the 40 Series. The grille can be mesh or can consist of three horizontal bars.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: Both have three additional horizontal slots in a single line under the grille. Front turn signals are square with triangular white lens elements underneath, and are affixed to the vertical edge of the front clip above the fenders and just outboard of each headlight. The top can be hard or soft. The doors are hard, with roll-up windows. Taillights are long, vertical rectangles inset low into the rear bodywork. Rear doors are paired swing-out 'barn doors'. Windshields of some military versions will fold atop hood. It is available in many forms, including a four-door semi-long (J77V → J76V), a pickup (J75P → J79P), and long-wheelbase utility wagon (J75V → J77V / J78V).


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: With the exception of a few light-duty models that evolved into the Prado, all 70 Series Land Cruisers have solid leaf-sprung rear axles. Solid front axles were leaf-sprung until 1998, when Toyota decided in favor of a coil spring front suspension with leading arms, and a slightly lighter front axle. Also beginning in 1999 the rear leaf springs were extended to allow for greater wheel travel (articulation) and increased ride comfort.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: Most 70 Series Land Cruisers (both petrol and diesel models) use inline six-cylinder engines. The exceptions are the V8 diesel 1VD-FTV engine introduced in some markets in 2007 and the V6 petrol 1GR-FE introduced in 2009, with the last straight-6 available being the diesel 1HZ for markets with less stringent emission rules such as Africa and Bolivia. Regardless of the engine, a 5-speed manual transmission delivers power to a part-time four-wheel-drive transfer case with high and low range. The solid front axles are a full-floating design with manual locking hubs. The solid rear axles are available in semi-floating and full-floating variations. Selectable locking differentials (front and rear) are factory options in some markets.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: Basic comfort features such as air-conditioning and radio are available, but the 70 Series lacks many of the refined and luxury features of the more expensive passenger Land Cruisers (80, 90, 100, and 200 Series).


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: The suspension, interior and basic layout of these models are nearly identical to the more famous longer wheelbase 75 series Land Cruisers, but the frame and body is much shorter. This allows the Land Cruiser to be more nimble off-road. This model was popular as a personal off-road transport, but because the Land Cruiser was marketed almost exclusively as a commercial and government vehicle and because these were never sold in the US, few were built, compared to other Land Cruiser models.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: However, these models were sold all over the world in the 1980s and early 1990s. They can be found in Japan, Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, New Zealand and South America. The short-wheelbase models are not quite as common in Australia, but they are very popular in the homeland of Japan, where compactness and rugged 4X4 are a welcome combination; they are also used by the Syrian state. Today, few short-wheelbase 70 series can be purchased new—some are still in production today in some select South American countries and is still being produced by Toyota Auto Body at the Yoshiwara Plant in Toyota City.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: For the North American market, the 70 series was only sold in small numbers. In 1984–1987 (model years 1985–1987), the BJ70 was sold in small numbers in Canada. Available engine choices were the 3B 4-cylinder diesel engine or the later 13BT turbocharged variant of the 3B. The 1985 version had a 12-volt electrical system which was changed late-1985 production (for the 1986 model year) to a 24-volt system in the diesel powered versions to meet international NATO specifications for a 24V starting system.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: , the 70 series models are still available in Canada, accessible only to the mining industry through Toyota Industrial Sales Canada represented by vendors in Saskatoon, Sudbury and Quebec. The 70 series was not offered for sale in the United States.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: , the updated long wheel base HZJ79 is available both as a cab and chassis, or as a completed GCC model with a box, ABS, airbags and available differential lockers.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: In 1999, UK-based engineering company Jankel entered into a collaborative venture with the King Abdullah Design and Development Bureau of Jordan ("KADDB"). The Jordan Light Vehicle Manufacturing (JLVM) joint-venture was an initial motor vehicle factory, to enable Jankel to reduce the cost of manufacture of its UK-engineered protective and light-combat vehicles. Soon after opening JLVM, Jankel began creating various up-armoured versions of the Land Cruiser 79 long wheel base vehicle, and in 2000 secured a contract with the United Nations to provide protected versions of the Land Cruiser 79.


title: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)

text: In 2000, Jankel began designing a Long Range Patrol Vehicle (LRPV) to provide a capable and reliable patrolling platform. The Land Cruiser 79 chassis base was chosen as it is: common in most countries worldwide; not overly reliant on electronic management systems; mechanical components are of a basic design, enabling field repairs with standard automotive parts; a high-chassis weight loading capability; resulting in a vehicle which could be sustained in-field over long periods in remote areas, with limited or no support. Designed for patrol missions, internal security, reconnaissance and border patrol forces, it was field tested in the UK and Jordan, and first produced from 2005. The Al-Thalab can in base form accommodate up to four crew members, of equipment, and comes equipped with three firing bases, two base stations for radios and various power take-offs. There are options for: two stretchers in the rear for medical evacuation; medium range () and commando variants. Inspected in 2002 by QinetiQ, it was subsequently approved for sale to the UK Government. In 2004 the Jordanian Army made its first order, taking initial deliveries from 2006, and now has over 200 units. The Armed Forces of Mauritania have been operating Al-Thalab LRPV since 2006. In 2016 British special forces were seen using the Al-Thalab in Syria.


title: Now, We Are Breaking Up

text: Now, We Are Breaking Up () is a South Korean romantic drama television series starring Song Hye-kyo, Jang Ki-yong, Oh Se-hun, Kim Joo-hun and Choi Hee-seo. Directed by Lee Gil-bok, with screenplay by Je In, and produced by Samhwa Networks and United Artists Agency, the series is about falling in love and breaking up between men and women. It premiered on SBS TV on November 12, 2021, and aired every Friday and Saturday at 22:00 (KST) till January 8, 2022.


title: Now, We Are Breaking Up

text: The series is story of love and break ups in the romantic world. It illustrates the present scenario in the context of fashion industry. Ha Yeong-eun (Song Hye-kyo) is a trendy team leader of design department of a fashion company called 'The One'. Yoon Jae-gook (Jang Ki-yong) is a successful freelance photographer.


title: Now, We Are Breaking Up

text: Samhwa Networks has signed an 8.96 billion contract with StudioS (Subsidiary-SBS) to produce the drama, (560 million won per episode). Kang Eun-kyung is creator of the series.


title: Now, We Are Breaking Up

text: On June 23, 2020, Huayi Brothers announced that Soo Ae has been offered to appear in the drama and she was considering the proposal, but eventually she declined. In November 2020, it was reported by United Artists Agency, Song Hye-kyo's management company, that she was considering to appear in the drama as protagonist. She last appeared in 2018 TV series "Encounter". Yoon Jung-hee is returning to TV dramas after a hiatus of 7 years, she last starred in 2014 drama "The Eldest". On 10 March, the line up of the cast appearing in drama was confirmed as: Song Hye-kyo, Jang Ki-yong, Choi Hee-seo, Kim Joo-hun, Nam Gi-ae, Choi Hong-il, Joo Jin-mo, Cha Hwa-yeon, Jang Hyuk-jin, Song Yoo-hyun, Lee Joo-myung, Park Hyo-joo, Yoon Na-moo and Yoon Jung-hee. Ki Eun-se, Kim Do-geon, Yura, Oh Se-hun and Shin Dong-wook joined the cast later. On September 30, photos from script reading site were released for public.


title: Now, We Are Breaking Up

text: Song Hye-kyo started filming for the drama in Seoul on April 9, 2021. This is her first project after a two year hiatus.


title: Now, We Are Breaking Up

text: The location shooting of drama is taking place at Incheon Culture & Arts Center, located at Songdo International Business District. Art Center is set up as the headquarters of the fashion company 'The One', that forms the background of the story of the drama. It was reported on July 20 that Yoon Jung-hee was confirmed for the Covid-19 contagion. As her schedule before confirmation didn't overlap, so filming was not stopped. Filming was finished on September 12, 2021. Production presentation of the series for promotion has been pre-recorded due to enlistment of actor Jang Ki-yong in August 2021, prior to release of the series.


title: Now, We Are Breaking Up

text: On June 1, 2021, SBS announced that the broadcasting rights for the drama "Now, We Are Breaking Up" were already sold in Japan.


title: Now, We Are Breaking Up

text: During the earning call, Viu announced that they will stream "Now, We Are Breaking Up" as part of Viu Original Series in November, following their previous releases such as "River Where the Moon Rises" and "Doom at Your Service". Samhwa Networks has reported earlier that they've sold the broadcasting rights to Viu parent company PCCW Media in Asian & MENA territories ex-Korea, Japan and China until August 4, 2031.


title: Now, We Are Breaking Up

text: "Now, We Are Breaking Up" is also available on Rakuten Viki on selected regions such as North America, South America, Europe, Oceana and India.


title: Sunny Suljic

text: Sunny Suljic (; born August 10, 2005) is an American actor and skateboarder. He is known for his roles as Bob in Yorgos Lanthimos's 2016 drama "The Killing of a Sacred Deer" and as the voice and motion capture actor for Atreus, the son of Kratos in the 2018 video game, "God of War" for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Performance in a Video Game. He again reprised the role in the game's 2022 sequel, "God of War Ragnarök". Suljic had his first lead role in Jonah Hill's film "Mid90s", also in 2018.


title: Sunny Suljic

text: Sunny Suljic was born to a Russian mother and a Bosnian father in Roswell, Georgia. He played Gabriel in the 2015 film "1915", and Bob Murphy in the 2017 film "The Killing of a Sacred Deer", Atreus in the 2018 video game, "God of War". In 2018, he played the lead, Stevie (Sunburn), in the drama film "Mid90s", directed by Jonah Hill, and had a supporting role as Tarby Corrigan in the fantasy-horror family film "The House with a Clock in Its Walls". Suljic is studying at a local private school in Los Angeles, California.


title: Emily Beecham

text: Emily Beecham (born 12 May 1984) is an American-British actress and singer. She is best known for her role in the Coen Brothers film "Hail, Caesar!", the AMC series "Into the Badlands", and the title role in the 2017 film "Daphne". She starred in the 2019 film "Little Joe", for which she received the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival.


title: Emily Beecham

text: Beecham was born in the Wythenshawe suburb of Manchester on 12 May 1984, the daughter of an English father and American mother from Arizona. Her father is an airline pilot. She has dual British and American citizenship. In 2003, at the age of 18, she enrolled at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) and graduated with a BA in 2006.


title: Emily Beecham

text: In her final year at LAMDA, Beecham started accepting professional acting opportunities, with her first appearances occurring in the thriller "Bon Voyage" and the supernatural TV series "Afterlife". Her first feature film, "Bon Voyage", premiered that October and received positive notices following its showing on ITV. It won the Golden Nymph award at the June 2007 Monte Carlo Television Festival.


title: Emily Beecham

text: In mid-2007, Beecham was chosen by the director Jan Dunn for the leading role in her independent film "The Calling", for which she won the Best Actress Award at the London Independent Film Festival, and the Edinburgh International Film Festival Trailblazer Award. The film received mixed reviews; however, one commented that "newcomer Emily Beecham plays a young woman determined to take the veil and holds her own well against such stalwarts as Brenda Blethyn and Susannah York". Film columnist Hannah McGill, the Edinburgh Festival's artistic director from 2006 to 2010, decided that Beecham should be one of the recipients of the coveted Skillset Trailblazer Award. That year, Beecham gave her first professional stage performance in Ian McHugh's first play, "How to Curse", at the Bush Theatre in Shepherd's Bush, London, directed by the theatre's artistic director Josie Rourke. In 2011, she received the Best Actress award at the London Independent Film Festival.


title: Emily Beecham

text: Beecham has appeared in numerous television series, including "Agatha Christie's Marple", "Tess of The D'Urbervilles", "Silent Witness" and "The Street". She was listed in "Nylon" magazine's "Young Hollywood" issue as one of 55 "Faces of the Future", with the photograph captioned "Young Hollywood London". John Rankin, "Esquire" magazine's veteran glamour photographer, was quoted as saying that she has "that something special, that thing you just feel about someone... she's one of the most exciting actresses out there".


title: Emily Beecham

text: In 2013, Beecham starred as Caro Allingham in "The Village," and as The Widow in the AMC martial arts action drama series "Into the Badlands". In 2016, she had a supporting role in the Coen Brothers movie "Hail, Caesar!". One year later she played the title role in "Daphne, which" earned her a nomination for the Best Actress award at the British Independent Film Awards. In 2019, she starred in the film "Little Joe", for which she received the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The Carolingian dynasty (; known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charlemagne, grandson of mayor Charles Martel and a descendant of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The dynasty consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and "dux et princeps Francorum" hereditary, and becoming the "de facto" rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the Merovingian throne. In 751 the Merovingian dynasty which had ruled the Germanic Franks was overthrown with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy, and Pepin the Short, son of Martel, was crowned King of the Franks. The Carolingian dynasty reached its peak in 800 with the crowning of Charlemagne as the first Emperor of the Romans in the West in over three centuries. His death in 814 began an extended period of fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and decline that would eventually lead to the evolution of the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The Carolingian dynasty takes its name from "Carolus", the Latinised name of Charles Martel, "de facto" ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. The name "Carolingian" (Medieval Latin "karolingi", an altered form of an unattested Old High German word "karling" or "kerling", meaning "descendant of Charles" cf. MHG "kerlinc") means "the family of Charles."


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The Carolingian line began first with two important rival Frankish families, the Pippinids and Arnulfings, whose destinies became intermingled in the early 7th century. Both men came from noble backgrounds on the western borders of the Austrasia territory between the Meuse and Moselle rivers, north of Liège.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The first two figures Pippin I of Landen and Arnulf of Metz, from whom historians have taken the family names, both first appeared in the fourth book of the "Continuations of Fredegar" as advisers to Chlotar II of Neustria, who ‘incited’ revolt against King Theuderic II and Brunhild of Austrasia in 613. Through shared interests, Pippin and Arnulf allied their families through the marriage of Pippin's daughter Begga and Arnulf's son Ansegisel.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: As repayment for their help in the Austrasian conquest, Chlotar rewarded both men with important positions of power in Austrasia. However, Arnulf was the first to gain. He was bestowed the bishopric of Metz in 614, entrusting him with the management of the Austrasian capital and the education of Chlotar's young son, the future Dagobert I. This is a position he would hold until his retirement in 629 after Chlotar's death, when he left for a small ecclesiastical community near Habendum; he was later buried at the monastery of Remiremont after his death c. 645.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Pippin was not immediately rewarded, but eventually was given the position of "maior palatti" or 'mayor of the palace' of Austrasia in 624. This reward was incredibly important, as it secured Pippin a position of prime importance with the Merovingian royal court. The mayor of the palace would essentially act as the mediator between the King and the magnates of the region; as Paul Fouracre summarises, they were 'regarded as the most important non-royal person in the kingdom.' The reason why Pippin was not rewarded sooner is not certain, but two mayors, Rado (613 – c. 617) and Chucus (c. 617 – c. 624), are believed to have preceded him and were potentially political rivals connected to the fellow Austrasian 'Gundoinings' noble family. Once elected, Pippin served faithfully under Chlotar until the latter's death in 629, and solidified the Pippinids' position of power within Austrasia by supporting Chlotar's son Dagobert, who became King of Austrasia in 623. Pippin, with support from Arnulf and other Austrasian magnates, even used the opportunity to support the killing of an important political rival Chrodoald, an Agilolfing lord.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Following King Dagobert I's ascent to the throne in c. 629, he returned Frankish politics back to Paris in Neustria, from whence it had been removed by Chlotar in 613. As a result, Pippin lost his position as mayor and the support of the Austrasian magnates, who were seemingly irritated by his inability to persuade the King to return the political centre to Austrasia. Instead, Dagobert turned to the Pippinids' political rival family, the Gundoinings, whose connections in Adalgesil, Cunibert, archbishop of Cologne, Otto and Radulf (who would later revolt in 642) once again removed the Pippinid and Arnulfing influence in the Austrasia assemblies.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Pippin did not reappear in the historical record until Dagobert's death in 638, when he had seemingly been reinstated as mayor of Austrasia and began to support the new young King Sigebert III. According to the "Continuations", Pippin made arrangements with his rival, Archbishop Cunibert, to get Austrasian support for the 10-year-old King Sigibert III, who ruled Austrasia whilst his brother Clovis II ruled over Neustria and Burgundy. Soon after securing his position once again, he unexpectedly died in 640.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Following Pippin's sudden death, the Pippinid family worked swiftly to secure their position. Pippin's daughter Gertrude and wife Itta founded and entered the Nivelles Abbey, and his only son Grimoald worked to secure his father's position of "maior palatii." The position was not hereditary and therefore passed to another Austrasian noble, Otto, the tutor of Sigebert III. According to the "Continuations", Grimoald began to work with his father's accomplice Cunibert to remove Otto from office. He finally succeeded in c. 641, when Leuthar, Duke of the Alamans killed Otto under Grimoald's and, we must assume, Cunibert's orders. Grimoald then became mayor of Austrasia. His power at this time was extensive, with properties in Utrecht, Nijmegen, Tongeren and Maastricht; he was even called 'ruler of the realm' by Desiderius of Cahors in 643.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: This could not have been done if Grimoald had not secured Sigibert III's support. The Pippinids already gained royal patronage from Pippin I's support, but this was further bolstered by Grimoald's role in Duke Radulf of Thuringia's rebellion. Just prior to Otto's assassination, in c. 640 Radulf revolted against the Merovingians and made himself King of Thuringia. Sigibert, with an Austrasian army including Grimoald and Duke Adalgisel, went on campaign and after a brief victory against Fara, son of the assassinated Agilofing lord Chrodoald, the Austrasians met Radulf on the River Unstrut where he had set up a stronghold. What followed was a disorganized battle spread over several days, in which the Austrasian lords disagreed on tactics. Grimoald and Adalgesil strengthened their position by defending Sigibert's interests, but could not establish an unanimous agreement. During their final assault, the 'men of Mainz' betrayed the Austrasians and joined with Radulf. This penultimate battle killed many important Austrasian lords, including Duke Bobo and Count Innowales, and resulted in Sigibert's defeat. The "Continuations" offers a famous description of Sigibert being 'seized with the wildest grief and sat there on his horse weeping unrestrainedly for those he had lost' as Radulf returned to his camp victorious.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Upon Sigibert's return from Unstruct, Grimoald, now mayor, began to build power for the Pippinid clan. He utilized the existing links between the family and ecclesiastical community to gain control over local holy men and women who, in turn, supported Pippinid assertions of power. Grimoald established links with Aquitanian and Columbianan missionaries Amandus and Remaclus, both of whom came to be influential bishops within the Merovingian court. Remaclus, in particular, was important as after becoming bishop of Maastricht, he established two monasteries: Stavelot Abbey and Malmedy. Under Grimoald's direction, the Arnulfings were also further established with Chlodulf of Metz, son of St. Arnulf, taking the bishopric of Metz in 656.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The final moment of Grimoald's life is an area that is disputed in both date and event, titled: 'Grimoald's coup'. It involves Grimoald and his son Childebert the Adopted taking the Austrasian throne from the true Merovingian King Dagobert II, son of the late Sigibert who died young at 26 years old. Historians like Pierre Riché are certain that Sigibert died in 656, having adopted Childebert due to his lack of an adult male heir. Following this, young Dagobert II was then exiled and tonsured by Grimoald and Dido of Poitiers, who then installed Childebert as King of Austrasia. Clovis II in Neustria, uncle to Dagobert, then reacted to the revolt and lured Grimoald and Childebert into Neustria, where they were executed.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: This story is only confirmed by the pro-Neustrian source, the "Liber Historia Francorum" ("LHF") and selected charter evidence. Other contemporary sources like the "Continuations" fail to mention the event and Carolingian sources like "Annales Mettenses Priores" ("AMP") ignore the event and even deny Grimoald's existence. As such, historian Richard Gerberding has suggested a different chronology and reading of the "LHF", which places Sigibert's death on 1 February 651. According to a Gerberding narrative, Grimoald and Dido organised Dagobert's exile around 16 January 651 to Ireland at Nivelles and then, when Sigibert died a month later, they acted out the plan and tonsured Dagobert, replacing him with Childebert, who ruled until 657. Clovis II then immediately acted and invaded Austrasia, executing Grimoald and his son.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Then, either in 657 or 662, the Neustrians (either Clovis II who died in 657 or his son Chlothar III) installed infant King Childeric II to the throne of Austrasia, marrying him to Bilichild, the daughter of Sigibert's widow Chimnechild of Burgundy. Grimoald and Childebert's deaths brought an end to the direct Pippinid line of the family, leaving the Arnulfing descendants from Begga and Ansegisel to continue the faction.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Very little is known about Pippin's early life, but a controversial story from "AMP" suggests that Pippin reclaimed power in Austrasia by killing a legendary 'Gundoin' as revenge for the assassination of his father Ansegisel. This story is regarded as slightly fantastical by Paul Fouracre, who argues the "AMP," a pro-Carolingian source potentially written by Giselle (Charlemagne's sister) in 805 at Chelles, is that Pippin's role primes him perfectly for his future and demonstrates his family to be 'natural leaders of Austrasia.' However, Fouracre does also acknowledge his existence in charter evidence and confirms that he was a political link to rival mayor Wulfoald. These rivalries would make Pippin natural enemies with Gundoin, making the murder plausible as part of Pippin's rise to power.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The Arnulfing clan reappear in the contemporary historical record in c. 676, when the "LHF" mentions 'Pippin and Martin' rising up against a tyrannical Ebroin, mayor of Austrasia. Pippin II, now head of the faction, and Martin, who was either Pippin's brother or relative, rose up against Ebroin and gathered an army (potentially with the aid of Dagobert II who had been brought back to Austrasia by mayor Wulfoald). According to the "LHF", the Arnulfing army met Ebroin, who had gained the support of King Theuderic III, at Bois-du-Fays, and they were easily defeated. Martin fled to Laon, from where he was lured and murdered by Ebroin at Asfeld. Pippin fled to Austrasia and soon received Ermenfred, an officer of a royal fisc who had assassinated Ebroin.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The Neustrians, with Ebroin dead, installed Waratto as mayor, and he looked for peace with the Austrasians. Despite an exchange of hostages, Warrato's son Gistemar attacked Pippin at Namur and displaced his father. He died shortly thereafter and Warrato resumed his position, wherein peace was reached but tense relations remained until Warrato's death in 686. He left behind his wife Ansfled and his son Berchar, whom the Neustrians installed as mayor. Against his father's policy, Berchar did not maintain peace and incited Pippin into violence.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: In 687, Pippin rallied an Austrasian army and led an assault on Neustria, facing Theuderic III and the Neustrian mayor, now Berchar, in combat. They met at the Battle of Tertry, where the "AMP" records that Pippin, after offering peace which was rejected by Theuderic at Berchar's behest, crossed the river Omignon at the break of dawn and attacked the Neustrians, who believed the battle won when they saw Pippin's camp abandoned. This surprise attack was successful and the Neustrians fled. Following this victory, Berchar was either killed, as the "AMP" argues, by his own people, but the "LHF" suggests that it is more likely that he was murdered by his mother-in-law, Ansfled. This moment was decisive in Arnulfing history as it was the first time that any of the faction had national control. Paul Fouracre even argues it is for this that the "AMP" starts with Pippin II, as a false dawn upon which Charles Martel would rebuild. However, historians have discredited the importance of this victory. Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes and Simon MacLean all show that the Tertry victory did not establish solid authority over Neustria immediately, evidenced by the fact that Pippin immediately installed 'Norbert, one of his followers' (as written in the "LHF") and then his son Grimoald in 696 to ensure continued influence.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Pippin II then became overall mayor of the royal palace under Theuderic II, becoming mayor of Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy. His son Drogo, from his wife Plectrude, was also imbued with power when he married Berchar's widow Adaltrude (potentially maneuvered by Ansfled) and was made Duke of Champagne. Pippin was politically dominating and had the power to elect the next two Merovingian kings after Theuderic II died in 691; he installed King Clovis IV (691-695), Childebert III (695-711) and Dagobert III (711-715). Pippin moved to secure further power by consolidating his position in Neustria, installing several bishops like Gripho, Bishop of Rouen and Bainus at the Abbey of Saint Wandrille in 701, which was later owned along with Fleury Abbey (founded by Pippin in 703). Imbued with internal strength, Pippin also began to look outwards from the Frankish Empire to subdue the people, that the "AMP" records, who once were 'subjected to the Franks ... [such as] the Saxons, Frisians, Alemans, Bavarians, Aquitainians, Gascons and Britons.' Pippin defeated the pagan chieftain Radbod in Frisia, an area that had been slowly encroached upon by Austrasian nobles and Anglo-Saxon missionaries like Willibrord, whose links would later make him a connection between the Arnulfings and the papacy. Following Gotfrid, Duke of Alemannia in 709, Pippin also moved against the Alemans and subjugated them again to royal control.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: As Pippin approached his death in late 714, he was faced with a succession crisis. Drogo, Pippin's old son, died in 707 and his second son Grimoald, according to the "LHF", was killed whilst praying to Saint Lambert in Liège in 714 by Rantgar, suspected by Paul Fouracre to be a pagan. Pippin, before his death, made his six year old grandson Theudoald (Grimoald's son) his successor in Neustria, a choice that is believed to have been promoted by his wife Plectrude, which was clearly a political choice from within the direct family line, as Pippin had two adult illegitimate children, Charles Martel and Childebrand I, from a second wife or concubine named Alpaida. They were ousted so Theudoald (with Plectrude's regency) could take the throne, a choice that would result in disaster.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: When Pippin II died in December 714, the Arnulfings' dominance over Francia disintegrated. The "LHF" tells us that 'Plectrude along with her grandchildren and the king directed all the affairs of state under a separate government', a system which created tensions with the Neustrians. Theudoald ruled uncontested for around six months, until June 715, when the Neustrians revolted. Theudoald and the Arnulfings' supporters met at the Battle of Compiègne on 26 September 715, and after a decisive victory, the Neustrians installed a new mayor Ragenfrid and, following Dagobert's death, their own Merovingian king Chilperic II. Charter evidence suggests that Chilperic was the son of the former King Childeric II, but this would make Daniel in his 40s, which is quite old to take the throne.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Following their victory, the Neustrians joined with Radbod, King of the Frisians and invaded Austrasia, aiming towards the Meuse river to take the heartland of the faction's support. It is at this moment that Charles Martel is first mentioned in historical records, which note him surviving imprisonment by his step-mother, Plectrude. Charles managed to escape and mustered an Austrasian army to face the encroaching Radbod and the Neustrians. In 716, Charles finally met the Frisians as they approached and, although the "AMP" attempts equalize the losses, it is confirmed from the descriptions in the "LHF" and the "Continuations" that Charles was defeated with heavy losses. Chilperic, Raganfred and, according to the "Continuations", Radbod, then travelled from Neustria through the forest of the Ardennes and raided around the river Rhine and Cologne, taking treasure from Plectrude and her supporters. As they returned, Charles ambushed the returning party at the Battle of Amblève and was victorious, inflicting heavy losses on the Neustrian invaders.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: In 717, Charles mustered his army again and marched on Neustria, taking the city of Verdun during his conquest. He met Chilperic and Raganfred again at the Battle of Vinchy on 21 March 717 and was once again victorious, forcing them back to Paris. He then swiftly returned to Austrasia and besieged Cologne, defeating Plectrude and reclaiming his father's wealth and treasure. Charles bolstered his position by installing the Merovingian king Chlothar IV in Austrasia as an opposing Merovingian to Chilperic II. Despite not having a Merovingian king for around 40 years in Austrasia, Charles' position was clearly weak at this time and he required the support of the established Merovingians to gather military support. Despite his weaknesses, Charles' recent success had made him a greater political entity; as such, Chilperic and Raganfred could not win a decisive victory against him. So, in 718 they too sent embassies and won the support of Duke Eudo of Aquitaine who, at their request, mustered 'a Gascon army' to face Charles. In response, Charles brought an army to the eastern Neustrian borders and faced Duke Eudo in battle at Soissons. Duke Eudo, realising he was outmatched, retreated to Paris, where he took Chilperic and the royal treasury and left for Aquitaine. Charles pursued them, according to the "Continuations", as far as Orleans, but Eudo and the Neustrians managed to escape. In 718, King Chlothar IV died and was not replaced; instead, Charles became the primary authority in Francia. He established a peace treaty with Duke Eudo that ensured Chilperic II was returned to Francia; thereafter, until Chilperic's death in 720 at Noyon, the kingship was restored with Carolingian control and Charles became the "maior palatii" in both Neustria and Austrasia. Following Chilperic II's death, the Merovingian king Theuderic IV, son of Dagobert III, was taken from Chelles Abbey and appointed by the Neustrians and Charles as the Frankish king.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: With his ascension to the throne, several significant moments in Frankish history occurred. Firstly, the "LHF" ended, likely composed several years later in 727 and ended one of the several perspectives we have on Charles' ascension. Secondly, and more importantly, the Arnulfing predominance in the faction ended and the Carolingian (translating to 'sons of Charles') officially began.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Once the immediate dangers were dealt with, Charles then began to consolidate his position as sole mayor of the Frankish kingdom. The civil unrest between 714 and 721 had destroyed the continental political cohesion, and peripheral kingdoms like Aquitaine, Alemannia, Burgundy and Bavaria had slipped from the Carolingian's grasp. Even though the faction had, by Charles Martel's time, established strong political control over Francia, loyalty to the Merovingian power within these border regions remained.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Charles first set out to reinstate Carolingian dominance internally within Francia: the "Continuations" lists Charles' continuous maneuvers which solidified the campaigns generating the Carolingian military foundation. In 718, the "AMP" records that Charles fought against the Saxons, pushing them as far as the river Weser and following up with subsequent campaigns in 720 and 724 which secured the northern borders of Austrasia and Neustria. He subdued his former enemy Raganfred at Angers in 724 and secured his patronage, removing the remaining political resistance that had continued to thrive in western Neustria.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: In 725, Charles set out against the peripheral kingdoms, starting with Alemannia. The region had almost gained independence during the reign of Pippin II and under the leadership of Lantfrid, Duke of Alemannia, as (710–730) they acted without Frankish authority, issuing law codes like the "Lex Alamannorum" without Carolingian consultation. As recorded in the Alemannia source, the "Breviary of Erchanbert", the Alemanni 'refused to obey the duces of the Franks because they were no longer able to serve the Merovingian kings. Therefore, each of them kept to himself.' This statement was true for more than just Alemannia and, just like in those regions, Charles brutally forced them into submission. Charles was successful in his first campaign, but returned in 730, the same year that Duke Lantfrid died and was succeeded by his brother Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: As successful as campaigning had been, Charles seemingly took inspiration from Anglo-Saxon missionary Saint Boniface, who in 719 was sent by Pope Gregory II to convert Germany, in particular the areas of Thuringia and Hesse, where he established the monasteries of Ohrdruf, Tauberbischofsheim, Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt. Charles, realising the potential of establishing Carolingian-supportive episcopal centres, utilised Saint Pirmin, an itinerant monk, to establish an ecclesiastical foundation on Reichenau Island in Lake Constance. He was expelled in 727 by Lantfrid and he retreated to Alsace, where he established monasteries with the support of the Etichonid clan, who were Carolingian supporters. This relationship gave the Carolingians long-term benefit from Pirmin's future achievements, which brought abbeys in the eastern provinces into Carolingian favour.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: In 725, Charles continued his conquest from Alemannia and invaded Bavaria. Like Alemannia, Bavaria had continued to gain independence under the rule of the Agilolfings clan who, in recent years, had increased links with Lombardy and affirmed their own law codes, like the Lex Baiuvariorum. When Charles moved, the region was experiencing a power struggle between Grimoald of Bavaria and his nephew Hugbert, but when Grimoald died in 725, Hugbert gained the position and Charles reaffirmed their support. The "Continuations" records that when Charles left Bavaria, he took hostages, one of which was Swanachild, who later would become Charles' second wife. Paul Fouracre believes this marriage could have been intentionally forced, based upon the fact that Swanchild's heritage related her both to Alemannia and Bavaria. Not only would their marriage have allowed greater control over both regions, but it also would have cut the existing family ties that the Agilofings had to the Pippinid family branch. Plectrude's sister Regintrud was married to Theodo of Bavaria, and this relation provided an opportunity for disenfranchised family members to defect.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Following his conquest east of the Rhine, Charles had the opportunity to assert his dominance over Aquitaine and began committing military resources and performing raids in 731. However, before he could make any major movements, Aquitaine was invaded by Umayyad warlord Abd al-Rahman I. Following Abd al-Rahman's ascension in Spain in 731, another local Berber lord Munuza revolted, set himself up at Cerdanya and forged defensive alliances with the Franks and Aquitainians through a marriage to Eudo's daughter. Abd ar-Rahman then besieged Cerdanya and forced Munuza into retreat into France, at which point he continued his advance into Aquitaine, moving as far as Tours before he was met by Charles Martel. Carolingian sources attest that Duke Eudo begged Charles for assistance, but Ian N. Wood claims these embassies have been invented by later pro-Carolingian annalists. Eudo was a main protagonist in the Battle of Toulouse (721), which famously stopped Muslim lord Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani's advances in Narbonne and gained Eudo praise in the "Liber Pontificalis".


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Charles met the Muslim force at the famous Battle of Poitiers (732) and came out victorious, killing Abd ar-Rahman. This moment cemented Charles Martel in historical records and gained him international praise. Bede, writing at the same time in Jarrow, England, recorded the event in his "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum", and his victory gained Charles Martel the admiration of seminal historian Edward Gibbon who considered him the Christian saviour of Europe. Although his victory was considered famous, in reality his victory was far less impactful, and Charles would not gain much control in Aquitaine until Eudo's death in 735. The victory may have given the Carolingians relative local support that potentially allowed Charles to assert dominance over Eudo's son and successor Hunald of Aquitaine, but records of continued hostilies in 736 only further cemented that relations were strained.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: With a stronger establishment in Aquitaine, Charles made moves to assert his dominance into Burgundy. The region, at least in the Northern areas, had remained controlled and allied with Frankish interest. Influential nobility like Savaric of Auxerre, who had maintained near-autonomy and led military forces against Burgundian towns like Orléans, Nevers and Troyes, even dying whilst besieging Lyon, were the key to Charles' support. As such, Charles made multiple attempts to both gain the faction's support and remove their authority. When Savaric died during Charles' early reign, he agreed to support Savaric's nephew Bishop Eucherius of Orléans' claim to the bishopric. However, once Charles had established a powerful basis by 737, he exiled Eucherius, with the help of a man called Chrodobert, to the monastery of St Trond. Charles took further military action in the same year to fully assert his authority, and installed his sons Pippin and Remigius as magnates. This was followed by the installation of political supporters from Bavaria and local supporters like Theuderic of Autun and Adalhard of Chalon.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: This acquisition of land in southern France was supported by the increased social chaos that seemingly developed during the Civil War years. This was most apparent in Provence, where local magnates, like Abbo of Provence, were incredibly supportive of Charles' attempts to reinstate Frankish power. In 739, he used his power in Burgundy and Aquitaine to lead an attack with his brother Childebrand I against Arab invaders and Duke Maurontus, who had been claiming independence and allying himself with Muslim emir Abd ar-Rahman. It is likely due to Childebrand's sponsorship of the manuscript that his involvement is so extensively recorded in the "Continuations". According to the manuscript, Childebrand and Charles noticed the Arab army, with Maurontus' welcome, entering Avignon and quickly moved against the alliance. They besieged the city and claimed victory; the Franks then made the decision to invade Septimania, taking Narbonne and flanking the Arab army. The Franks then fought off a support army sent from Spain under Omar-ibn Chaled at the River Berre. From there the Franks then pursued the retreating Arabs and ravaged the cities of Nîmes, Agde and Béziers before returning to Francia. Later that year, Charles and Childebrand returned to Provence, likely collecting more forces, and then forcing the rebellious Maurontus into 'impenetrable rocky fastnesses out to sea.' Paul the Deacon later records in his "Historia Langobardorum" Maurontus received help from the Lombards, and his Arab allies then fled. At this time, Charles then assumed control of the region and, judging from Charter evidence, appointed Abbo of Provence as "patricius" (Patrician) in the region.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Charles also ruled the Frankish realm, although the majority of his policies were centred upon his conquests and his military ventures. In 19th century historiography, historians like Heinrich Brunner even centred their arguments around Charles' necessity for military resources, in particular the development of mounted warrior or cavalry that would peak in the High Middle Ages. However, in modern historiography, historians like Pierre Riche and Paul Fouracre have discredited his ideas as too simplistic and have aimed to depict more realistic fragments of development that may or not have been interdependent. This was the period in which the Carolingians first began to establish themselves as fully independent from the Merovingian royalty.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Charles Martel has become notorious in historiography for his role in the development of the concept of feudalism. The debates are rooted in the arguments of historians like François-Louis Ganshof, who viewed Charles' reign as the birth of the 'feudal' relationship between power and property. This results from the increased use of "precaria" or temporary land grants by the Carolingians, who allocated and spread their power to their subordinates. Ganshof's arguments connect these ties to a military-tenure relationship; however, this is never represented in primary material, and instead is only implied, and likely derived from, an understanding of 'feudalism' in the High Middle Ages. Recent historians like Paul Fouracre have criticised Ganshof's review for being too simplistic, and in reality, even though these systems of vassalage did exist between lord and populace, they were not as standardised as older historiography has suggested. For example, Fouracre has drawn particular attention to the incentives that drew lords and warriors into the Carolingian armies, arguing that the primary draw was 'booty' and treasure gained from conquest rather than 'feudal' obligation.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Although Charles' reign is no longer considered transitional in its feudal developments, it is seen as a transitional period in the spread of the existing system of vassals and "precaria" land rights. Due to Charles' continued military and missionary work, the political systems that existed in the heartlands, Austrasia and Neustria, officially began to spread to the periphery. Those whom Charles appointed as new nobility in these regions, often with lifetime tenures, ensured that Carolingian loyalties and systems was maintained across the kingdoms. The Carolingians were also far more strict with their land rights and tenure than their Merovingian predecessors, carefully distributing their new land to new families temporarily, but maintaining their control. Merovingians kings weakened themselves by allocating too much of their royal domains to supporting factions; the Carolingians themselves seemingly became increasingly powerful due to their generosity. By giving away their land, the Merovingians allowed themselves to become figureheads and the 'do nothing kings' that Einhard prefaced in the "Vita Karoli Magni".


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Due to his vast military conquests, Charles often reallocated existing land settlements, including Church property, to new tenants. Ecclesiastical property and monasteries in the late Merovingian and Carolingian period were political centres and often closely related to the royal court; as such they often became involved in political matters, which often overlapped with Charles' reallocation of land. This 'secularisation' of Church property caused serious tension between the Carolingian church and state, and often gave Charles a negative depiction in ecclastical sources. The reallocation of church land was not new by Charles' reign; Ian Wood has managed to identify the practice going back to the reigns of Dagobert I (629–639) and Clovis II (639–657). The majority of the sources that depict Charles' involvement in Church land rights come from the 9th century, and are therefore less reliable, but two supposedly contemporary sources also identify this issue. The first, a letter sent by missionary Saint Boniface to Anglo-Saxon king Æthelbald of Mercia, called Charles' a 'destroyer of many monasteries, and embezzler of Church revenues for his own use...', condemning him for his use of Church property. This is supported by the second source, the "Contintuations", which related that, in 733 in Burgundy, Charles split the Lyonnais between his followers, this likely including Church land. Further chronicles like the "Gesta episcoporum Autissiodorensium" and the "Gesta Sanctorum Patrum Fontanellensis Coenobii" recorded monasteries losing substantial land. The monastery at Auxerre was reduced to a hundred "mansus" by Pippin III's reign, and at the Abbey of Saint Wandrille under Abbot Teutsind, who was appointed by Charles in 735/6, the Church's local property was reduced to a third its size. Wood has also criticised this point and proven that the loss of land by the Church was in reality very small, the remaining land being simply leased as it went beyond the Church's capabilities. Regardless, it is apparent that Charles' expansion of control consumed plenty of reallocated properties, many of which were ecclesiastical domains.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: When King Theuderic IV died in 737, Charles did not install a Merovingian successor. Unlike his Carolingian predecessors, Charles was clearly strong enough by the end of his reign to not rely on Merovingian loyalties. He had created his own power bloc through the vassals he installed in Frankish heartlands and peripheral states. Even prior to Theuderic's death, Charles did act with complete sovereignty in Austrasia. It was only in areas like Neustria, where Carolingian opposition historically existed, that Charles knew he would face criticism if he usurped the throne.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Therefore, until his death, Charles ruled as "Princeps" or Prince, officially gaining the title with his uncontested leadership with the acquisition of Provence in 737. This meant that the issue of kingship remained ever present for his successors who would have to work further to establish themselves as royal.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: When Charles died in 741, he was buried at St Denis in Paris. He made secure succession plans, likely learning from his father, that ensured Francia was effectively divided between his sons, Carloman and Pippin as "maior palatii". According to the "Continuations", the eldest son, Carloman, was given control of the eastern kingdoms in Austrasia, Alammania and Thuringia, while Pippin was given the western kingdoms in Burgundy, Neustria and Provence.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The greatest Carolingian monarch was Charlemagne, Pepin's son. Charlemagne was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III at Rome in 800. His empire, ostensibly a continuation of the Western Roman Empire, is referred to historiographically as the Carolingian Empire.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The Carolingian rulers did not give up the traditional Frankish (and Merovingian) practice of dividing inheritances among heirs, though the concept of the indivisibility of the Empire was also accepted. The Carolingians had the practice of making their sons minor kings in the various regions ("regna") of the Empire, which they would inherit on the death of their father, which Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious both did for their sons. Following the death of the Emperor Louis the Pious in 840, his surviving adult sons, Lothair I and Louis the German, along with their adolescent brother Charles the Bald, fought a three-year civil war ending only with the Treaty of Verdun in 843, which divided the empire into three "regna" while according imperial status and a nominal lordship to Lothair who, at 48, was the eldest. The Carolingians differed markedly from the Merovingians in that they disallowed inheritance to illegitimate offspring, possibly in an effort to prevent infighting among heirs and assure a limit to the division of the realm. In the late ninth century, however, the lack of suitable adults among the Carolingians necessitated the rise of Arnulf of Carinthia as the king of East Francia, a bastard child of a legitimate Carolingian king, Carloman of Bavaria, himself a son of the First King of the Eastern division of the Frankish kingdom, Louis the German.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: It was after Charlemagne's death that the dynasty began to slowly crumble. His kingdom was split into three parts, each being ruled over by one of his grandsons. Only the kingdoms of the eastern and western portions survived, becoming the predecessors of modern Germany and France. The Carolingians were displaced in most of the "regna" of the Empire by 888. They ruled in East Francia until 911 and held the throne of West Francia intermittently until 987. Carolingian cadet branches continued to rule in Vermandois and Lower Lorraine after the last king died in 987, but they never sought the royal or imperial thrones and made peace with the new ruling families. One chronicler of Sens dates the end of Carolingian rule with the coronation of Robert II of France as junior co-ruler with his father, Hugh Capet, thus beginning the Capetian dynasty. The Carolingian dynasty became extinct in the male line with the death of Eudes, Count of Vermandois. His sister Adelaide, the last Carolingian, died in 1122.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Charles Martel (c. 688 or 686, 680–741), Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, had six sons (3 illegitimate);


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The historian Bernard Bachrach argues that the rise of the Carolingians to power is best understood using the theory of a Carolingian grand strategy. A grand strategy is a long term military and political strategy that lasts for longer than a typical campaigning season, and can span long periods of time. The Carolingians followed a set course of action that discounts the idea of a random rise in power and can be considered as a grand strategy. Another major part of the grand strategy of the early Carolingians encompassed their political alliance with the aristocracy. This political relationship gave the Carolingians authority and power in the Frankish kingdom.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Beginning with Pippin II, the Carolingians set out to put the ("kingdom of the Franks") back together, after its fragmentation after the death of Dagobert I, a Merovingian king. After an early failed attempt in c. 651 to usurp the throne from the Merovingians, the early Carolingians began to slowly gain power and influence as they consolidated military power as Mayors of the Palace. In order to do this, the Carolingians used a combination of Late Roman military organization along with the incremental changes that occurred between the fifth and eighth centuries. Because of the defensive strategy the Romans had implemented during the Late Empire, the population had become militarized and were thus available for military use. The existence of the remaining Roman infrastructure that could be used for military purposes, such as roads, strongholds and fortified cities meant that the reformed strategies of the Late Romans would still be relevant. Civilian men who lived either in or near a walled city or strong point were required to learn how to fight and defend the areas in which they lived. These men were rarely used in the course of Carolingian grand strategy because they were used for defensive purposes, and the Carolingians were for the most part on the offensive most of the time.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Another class of civilians were required to serve in the military which included going on campaigns. Depending on one's wealth, one would be required to render different sorts of service, and "the richer the man was, the greater was his military obligation for service". For example, if rich, one might be required as a knight. Or one might be required to provide a number of fighting men.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: In addition to those who owed military service for the lands they had, there were also professional soldiers who fought for the Carolingians. If the holder of a certain amount of land was ineligible for military service (women, old men, sickly men or cowards) they would still owe military service. Instead of going themselves, they would hire a soldier to fight in their place. Institutions, such as monasteries or churches were also required to send soldiers to fight based on the wealth and the amount of lands they held. In fact, the use of ecclesiastical institutions for their resources for the military was a tradition that the Carolingians continued and greatly benefitted from.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: It was "highly unlikely that armies of many more than a hundred thousand effectives with their support systems could be supplied in the field in a single theatre of operation." Because of this, each landholder would not be required to mobilize all of his men each year for the campaigning season, but instead, the Carolingians would decide which kinds of troops were needed from each landholder, and what they should bring with them. In some cases, sending men to fight could be substituted for different types of war machines. In order to send effective fighting men, many institutions would have well trained soldiers that were skilled in fighting as heavily armored troops. These men would be trained, armored, and given the things they needed in order to fight as heavy troops at the expense of the household or institution for whom they fought. These armed retinues served almost as private armies, "which were supported at the expense of the great magnates, [and] were of considerable importance to early Carolingian military organization and warfare." The Carolingians themselves supported their own military household and they were the most important "core of the standing army in the" .


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: It was by utilizing the organization of the military in an effective manner that contributed to the success of the Carolingians in their grand strategy. This strategy consisted of strictly adhering to the reconstruction of the regnum Francorum under their authority. Bernard Bachrach gives three principles for Carolingian long-term strategy that spanned generations of Carolingian rulers: The first principle… was to move cautiously outward from the Carolingian base in Austrasia. Its second principle was to engage in a single region at a time until the conquest had been accomplished. The third principle was to avoid becoming involved beyond the frontiers of the regnum Francorum or to do so when absolutely necessary and then not for the purpose of conquest”.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: This is important to the development of medieval history because without such a military organization and without a grand strategy, the Carolingians would not have successfully become kings of the Franks, as legitimized by the bishop of Rome. Furthermore, it was ultimately because of their efforts and infrastructure that Charlemagne was able to become such a powerful king and be crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800. Without the efforts of his predecessors, he would not have been as successful as he was and the revival of the Roman Empire in the West was likely to have not occurred.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: Jeon So-yeon (; born August 26, 1998), known mononymously as Soyeon, is a South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer signed to Cube Entertainment. She first gained attention for competing in the television shows "Produce 101" and "Unpretty Rapstar" before debuting as a solo artist on November 5, 2017. On May 2, 2018, she debuted as the leader and main rapper of the girl group (G)I-dle for whom she has written and produced most title songs. She is also part of SM Station X girl group project Station Young, and has portrayed "League of Legends" character Akali in the virtual musical groups K/DA and True Damage.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: Jeon So-yeon was born on August 26, 1998, in Gaepo-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea. As a child, she was home schooled and later attended Kuryong Elementary School. While in elementary school, Jeon studied ballet, entering and winning numerous competitions. After seeing Big Bang perform, she quit ballet to pursue a musical career. While still in elementary school, Jeon secretly attended and failed 20 to 30 singing auditions.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: Jeon later decided to pursue rapping. She eventually gathered the courage to rap at auditions which led to her to being noticed and receiving interested calls. With the interested parties' direction of music being different from hers, she let go of her dream of becoming a singer and picked up dancing again. It was then that she began performing as a street dancer.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: After seeing Cube Entertainment's 2014 audition poster, Jeon decided to audition once again and was selected in the audition held at Incheon. After passing the final round of judging, Jeon became a trainee of Cube Entertainment.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: In January 2016, Jeon appeared as a representative trainee for Cube Entertainment in the first season of the girl group survival show, "Produce 101". She remained a popular contestant throughout the show's run, peaking at 10th place on the fifth episode. However, she ranked at number 20 on the last episode and failed to become a member of the winning girl group, I.O.I.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: In July 2016, Jeon appeared as a contestant in the third season of the rap competition show "Unpretty Rapstar". The show finished with Jeon as the second runner-up, gaining three tracks on the show's final compilation album.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: On December 29, 2016, Jeon signed an exclusive contract as an artist under Cube Entertainment. She officially debuted on November 5, 2017, with the digital singles "Jelly" and "Idle Song", which she wrote herself.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: On January 11, 2018, it was announced that Jeon would be re-debuting in Cube Entertainment's new girl group (G)I-dle, as the leader and main rapper. She is credited in the lyrics, music and arrangement for both their debut song "Latata" and their comeback song "Hann", both of which were well received and commercially successful. She also contributed in writing five songs from (G)I-dle's debut extended play "I Am".


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: On August 8, 2018, it was announced that Jeon would participate in a girl group project called Station Young for SM Station's X 0 alongside Red Velvet's Seulgi, Kim Chung-ha, and GFriend's SinB. Station Young released their first song, "Wow Thing", on September 28, 2018.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: After their debut, Jeon and fellow (G)I-dle member Miyeon were approached by Riot Games to collaborate with American artists Jaira Burns and Madison Beer as part of a virtual girl group called K/DA for the multiplayer online battle arena video game "League of Legends". K/DA officially debuted with the song "Pop/Stars" during the 2018 League of Legends World Championship on November 3. The official music video for "Pop/Stars" was released on the same day, reaching 30 million views on YouTube in five days, and 100 million in one month. The single release of the song reached number one on "Billboard"'s World Digital Songs chart. The K/DA incarnation of the character Akali, whose vocals were performed by Jeon, proved to be especially popular, becoming a frequent subject of fan art and cosplay.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: In 2019, Jeon composed labelmate CLC's "No" which was selected through a blind test and served as the lead single. In March 2019, Jeon made a public apology for using a pirated version of the German music-producing software, Kontakt. She wrote on her online fan community site, "I deeply regret that I used an illegal copy of the program; as far as I remember, I used it when I first learned songwriting. I had not even recognized that I did not delete the program. But since the day I began composing in earnest, I have only used authorized programs." The apology came days after a behind-the-scenes YouTube video of preparing the "I Made" EP, produced by the agency, showed icons of the software's illegal copy on her laptop screen. The agency later deleted the video and apologized.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: Jeon reprised her role as Akali, in the "League of Legends" collaborative hip hop group True Damage. A collaboration with Becky G, Keke Palmer, Thutmose and Duckwrth, titled "Giants", was released as a single alongside an animated music video on November 10, 2019. The song is a multilingual track performed predominantly in English, with verses in Spanish and Korean. On the same day, the group performed at the 2019 "League of Legends" World Championship finals in Paris, France. It was Jeon's second year in a row to perform at the opening ceremony of the World Championship finals. "Giants" debuted at number fifteen and nineteen at "Billboard"'s Rap and R&B/Hip hop Digital Songs Sales charts, respectively.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: In 2020, Jeon made her appearance on Mnet's new Hip Hop inspired "Do You Know Hip Hop". The show features rappers who promoted from the late 1990s-2000s and pioneered the hip hop genre in Korea and a guest that have an undying enthusiasm for hip hop. On February 28, she appeared as one of the "young rappers" to collaborate with Double K and Nuck performing "2020 Lion remix" for Old & Young collaboration stage. In April, (G)I-dle released their third EP, "I Trust". All of the songs on the album, including the lead single "Oh My God" was written and composed by Jeon and longtime collaborator Yummy Tone. The song was released in two languages: English and Korean. On July 22, Jeon featured on DJ Hyo's track "Dessert" with rapper Loopy. The song is a jungle pop genre with bouncy beat and catchy moombahton rhythm, clever and memorable hook that uses various synthesizer, claps and whistles with message of wanting a sweet love rather than difficult and complex and is expressed with dessert. In an interview with Melon, DJ Hyo revealed the reason she chose Jeon is because "she is an exceptionally talented person in many ways, so I wanted to do the collab together with her". Jeon took part in writing and composing the song. In August, Jeon composed the group's first summer song "Dumdi Dumdi" alongside Pop Time, who has produced many of Zico and Block B's hit songs.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: On August 27, 2020, she reprised her role as "League of Legends" character Akali in "The Baddest" and "More", on K/DA's All Out (EP). Jeon took part in producing Apink's Namjoo solo debut song "Bird", which was released on September 7. On December 16, it was confirmed that Jeon, Pentagon's Hui, and AB6IX's Lee Dae-hwi would be producing songs for the Top 7 competition on Mnet's audition show "CAP-TEEN." The song "Eternal Sunshine" is sung by Lee Seo-bin. It is a song with a groovy rhythm of guitar and bass that stands out, expressing the feelings of first love. Lee Seo-bin received overall good reviews and received a total score of 354 from the judges.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: In January 2021, Jeon wrote four of the six songs included on (G)I-dle's EP"I Burn", including the lead single "Hwaa". The same month, Jeon appeared on "", a KakaoTV's original entertainment show that reveals the everyday lifestyle of celebrities through their phones. The show aired every Monday for three weeks from January 25. In the episodes, she revealed the production process of many of her acclaimed songs, daily lives with (G)I-dle members, 1,600 demo songs, and behind-the-scenes video from the preparation of "I Burn" to the day of their comeback. On May 21, 2021, it was reported that Jeon would be releasing a solo album. On June 16, 2021, Cube Entertainment announced that her first EP, "Windy", was to be released on July 5, with "Beam Beam" serving as the lead single. Jeon won her first music program trophy at SBS MTV's "The Show" on July 13.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: In April 2020, Jeon donated 30,000 hand sanitizers to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea through the Holt Children's Welfare Association. On June 2, 2021, Jeon opened her personal Instagram account with several photos of selfies and an arm tattoo. Later, Jeon revealed the meaning of her tattoo "consent for organ donation” on V Live. The tattoo's shape is an electrocardiogram that expresses the electrical heartbeat, engraved on the body of those who wish to donate long term. She expressed, "I saw an article saying that an average of 5 people a day died waiting for an organ donor. I thought about what I could do for others in my life, and then I came to a conclusion. It was a decision I made after cautiously thinking." On January 18, 2022, Jeon donated 20,000 briquettes to the 'Sharing Briquettes of Love' campaign to help the neighbours in need, including unprivileged and low-income families who are enduring the cold winter.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: Jeon is labelled as a versatile artist. Her success as a rapper, singer and songwriter earned her the title of "Triple Threat". Jeon was described as an Alpha girl for utilising and exhibiting her skills in writing, composing, arranging, choreographing, rapping, dancing and singing. A representative from Cube noted that Jeon's presence in the group has determined the groups popularity from the start and made (G)I-dle different from other groups they debuted before. She was also named "survival born monster" due to her participation on two survival shows and has established herself as the next-generation genius "Producer-dol". RBW's Cosmic Sound Kim Ki-hyun and Cosmic Girl and former Rania member Yoo Joo-yi described her as the genius songwriter-idol. Jeon was named by "Kukinews" as the first successful female idol singer who took part in producing, starting from debut song "Latata" and steadily produced hit songs such as "Uh-Oh" and "Lion", and songs released by music industry senior group CLC, Apink's Kim Nam-joo, and Girls' Generation's Hyoyeon. Journalist Park Eun-hae cited Jeon as the Korean Lady Gaga due to her small figure, having the courage to try a challenging concept without being limited to a specific genre, and her rise to a unique position.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: Jeon stated that her bandmates are her inspiration for songwriting. She was heavily influenced by her rap teacher when she was in high school and started to rap after she met that teacher. Jeon said: "That amazing mentor taught me the basics like how to write good lyrics and how to melt in your sincerity." She has also named CL, Britney Spears and Avril Lavigne as her role models with the latter two being the inspiration behind "I Never Die"s concept and fashion.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: Jeon also came up with songs, albums, concepts while inspired by cartoons, books and dramas. "Idle Song" was created because she was inspired by the "SpongeBob SquarePants" theme song. "Latata" was inspired by Song Joon-geun's catchphrase "arata rata rata" in KBS2's "Gag Concert". "Hann (Alone)" was inspired by Kim Sowol's poem "Azaleas". "Senorita" was inspired by Spanish song, "Despacito" (2017). "Uh-Oh" was inspired by the expression and the tone used by staff, where she'd shot a reality show, "To Neverland" in the U.S. "Lion" was inspired from live-action "The Lion King" during her group's debut in Japan. For "I Trust" album concept, Jeon revealed that she got inspired by watching an isekai anime, "", and "Luv U" was created and choreographed from the scene heart-finger V by the animation "Sugar Sugar Rune". "Dumdi Dumdi" was inspired by the 2016 Disney's "Zootopia". The inspiration for "Hwaa" came to Jeon when Shuhua once said 'winter girl' in a conversation. She took the idea and created the concept of a woman trapped in winter. For "I Never Die", Jeon compared the album with the Marineford war in "One Piece" anime series – "the war is a very important event in "One Piece". The story revolves around the members who have grown up two years after fighting a war that they thought was an insurmountable crisis and like the members are separated to grow up. Like the manga, I thought "I Never Die" is an album that depicts (G)I-dle after the war. This album, which is represented by growth and shock, was perfected with passion and fierceness." "Tomboy" was inspired by the fictional character, Cruella de Vil.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: Jeon is seen as a role model for teens, young women, various female artists, such as Majors' Aki, ANS' Dalyn, Woo!ah!'s Songyee, Craxy's KaRin Lightsum's Jian and Juhyeon, Lunarsolar's Eseo, H1-Key's Hwiseo, and male artist Blank2y's Siwoo. K-pop producer and songwriter Ryan S. Jhun said that he is a big fan of idol competition show "Queendom", and also shared that he hopes to work with Jeon one day.


title: Jeon So-yeon

text: Although Jeon had been given songwriting classes while she was a trainee, she never intended to be the group's primary songwriter. She said, "At first, I really didn't know I'd be writing these songs ... but our debut was getting delayed because we didn't have a song. So that's when I thought, I should write our song, and started writing a title track."