title: Acre, Israel

text: A heavy land defensive wall was built north and east to the city in 1800–1814 by Jazzar Pasha and his Jewish advisor, Haim Farhi. It consists of a modern counter-artillery fortification which includes a thick defensive wall, a dry moat, cannon outposts and three "burges" (large defensive towers). Since then, no major modifications have taken place. The sea wall, which remains mostly complete, is the original wall built by Zahir that was reinforced by Jazzar Pasha. In 1910, two additional gates were set in the walls, one in the northern wall and one in the north-western corner of the city. In 1912, the Acre lighthouse was built on the south-western corner of the walls.


title: Acre, Israel

text: Al-Jazzar Mosque was built in 1781. Jazzar Pasha and his successor, Sulayman Pasha al-Adil, are both buried in a small graveyard adjacent to the mosque. In a shrine on the second level of the mosque, a single hair from Muhammad's beard is kept and shown on special ceremonial occasions.


title: Acre, Israel

text: Built in 1795 by Jazzar Pasha, Acre's Turkish bath has a series of hot rooms and a hexagonal steam room with a marble fountain. It was used by the Irgun as a bridge to break into the citadel's prison. The bathhouse kept functioning until 1950.


title: Acre, Israel

text: The current building which constitutes the citadel of Acre is an Ottoman fortification, built on the foundation of the citadel of the Knights Hospitaller. The citadel was part of the city's defensive formation, reinforcing the northern wall. During the 20th century the citadel was used mainly as Acre Prison and as the site for a gallows. During the Palestinian mandate period, activists of Arab nationalist and the Jewish Zionist movements were held prisoner there; some were executed there.


title: Acre, Israel

text: Under the citadel and prison of Acre, archaeological excavations revealed a complex of halls, which was built and used by the Knights Hospitaller. This complex was a part of the Hospitallers citadel, which was included in the northern defences of Acre. The complex includes six semi-joined halls, one recently excavated large hall, a dungeon, a refectory (dining room) and remains of a Gothic church.


title: Acre, Israel

text: Other medieval European remains include the Church of Saint George and adjacent houses at the Genovese Square (called Kikar ha-Genovezim or Kikar Genoa in Hebrew). There were also residential quarters and marketplaces run by merchants from Pisa and Amalfi in Crusader and medieval Acre.


title: Acre, Israel

text: There are many Baháʼí holy places in and around Acre. They originate from Baháʼu'lláh's imprisonment in the Citadel during Ottoman Rule. The final years of Baháʼu'lláh's life were spent in the Mansion of Bahjí, just outside Acre, even though he was still formally a prisoner of the Ottoman Empire. Baháʼu'lláh died on 29 May 1892 in Bahjí, and the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh is the most holy place for Baháʼís — their Qiblih, the location they face when saying their daily prayers. It contains the remains of Baháʼu'lláh and is near the spot where he died in the Mansion of Bahjí. Other Baháʼí sites in Acre are the House of ʻAbbúd (where Baháʼu'lláh and his family resided) and the House of ʻAbdu'lláh Páshá (where later ʻAbdu'l-Bahá resided with his family), and the Garden of Ridván where he spent the end of his life. In 2008, the Baháʼí holy places in Acre and Haifa were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.


title: Acre, Israel

text: In 2012, archaeologists excavating at the foot of the city's southern seawall found a quay and other evidence of a 2,300-year old port. Mooring stones weighing 250–300 kilograms each were unearthed at the edge of a 5-meter long stone platform chiseled in Phoenician-style, thought to be an installation that helped raise military vessels from the water onto the shore.


title: Acre, Israel

text: Under the citadel and prison of Acre, archaeological excavations revealed a complex of halls, which was built and used by the Hospitallers Knights. This complex was a part of the Hospitallers' citadel, which was combined in the northern wall of Acre. The complex includes six semi-joined halls, one recently excavated large hall, a dungeon, a refectory (dining hall) and remains of an ancient Gothic church.


title: Acre, Israel

text: Medieval European remains include the Church of Saint George and adjacent houses at the Genovese Square (Kikar ha-Genovezim or Kikar Genoa in Hebrew). There were also residential quarters and marketplaces run by merchants from Pisa and Amalfi in Crusader and medieval Acre.


title: Acre, Israel

text: In March 2017, marine archaeologists from Haifa University announced the discovery of the wreck of a crusader ship with treasure dating back to 1062-1250 AD. Excavators teams also unearthed ceramic bowls and jugs from places as Syria, Cyprus and southern Italy. The researchers thought the golden coins could be used as a bribe to boat owners in hopes of buying their escape. Robert Kool of the IAA identified these 30 coins as florins.


title: Georgie Henley

text: Georgina Helen Henley (born 9 July 1995) is an English actress. She first began acting as a child, and became known for starring as Lucy Pevensie in the fantasy film series "The Chronicles of Narnia" film series (2005–2010), which grossed over US$1.5 billion worldwide and won her several accolades. This includes nods from several critic groups and an Empire Award nomination.


title: Georgie Henley

text: Following the end of the "Chronicles of Narnia" franchise, she played a leading role in the thriller film "Perfect Sisters" (2014), and headlined the independent mystery film "The Sisterhood of Night" (2015), the latter of which earned her praise and established her as a mature actress. She went on to play Margaret Tudor in the biographical series "The Spanish Princess" (2019–2020).


title: Georgie Henley

text: Henley was born to Helen and Mike Henley in Ilkley, West Yorkshire, where she attended Moorfield School for Girls before attending Bradford Grammar School. She has two older sisters, Rachael and Laura. Rachael played the older version of Lucy Pevensie in "".


title: Georgie Henley

text: Henley made her acting debut as Lucy Pevensie in 2005 film "", based on the C.S. Lewis novel "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". The film grossed over $745 million worldwide. Henley reprised her role of Lucy Pevensie in the 2008 sequel "" and 2010 sequel "".


title: Georgie Henley

text: Since the release of "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", Henley has appeared as Jill in the stage play "Babes in the Wood" put on by Upstagers' Theatre Group, which ran from 27 January to 4 February 2006. She starred as Scaramouche in Bradford Grammar School's production of "We Will Rock You", which ran from 13 to 16 March 2013. She also appeared as the young Jane Eyre in the 2006 BBC adaptation of "Jane Eyre".


title: Georgie Henley

text: Henley appears as Beth in the crime-drama "Perfect Sisters" a film based on the story of two Canadian teenaged sisters who killed their mother. The film was released in April 2014. Henley plays Mary Warren in "The Sisterhood of Night". The film was released in April 2015.


title: Georgie Henley

text: During her time at University of Cambridge Henley studied English and performed on stage in "Play It Again, Sam" by Woody Allen; "The Penelopiad" by Margaret Atwood; "The Trojan Women"; "" by Anthony Burgess; and in the CUADC/Footlights annual pantomime. Henley has also directed projects including co-directing "", and "After Seymour" (the latter of which she co-wrote). In 2016, she appeared in the stage productions of: "Skylight" by David Hare; "Girl, Interrupted" (an adaptation of the book with the same name; and "Swallow" by Stef Smith. In the summer of 2014, Henley went to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival along with Cambridge Shortlegs, performing once again in "The Penelopiad" in the role of Eurycleia.


title: Georgie Henley

text: In 2015, Henley wrote and directed her first short film, TIDE, the story of a young lesbian couple. In late 2016, Henley starred in the film "Access All Areas" starring as Nat. In May 2018, it was announced Henley would play Margaret Tudor in the Starz limited series "The Spanish Princess", based on the novels "The Constant Princess" (2005) and "The King's Curse" (2014) by Philippa Gregory. In January 2019, she was named as a cast member for an upcoming "Game of Thrones" prequel series, which would not be picked up by HBO.


title: Georgie Henley

text: , Henley was a supporter of SOS Children's Villages, an international orphan charity providing homes and mothers for orphaned and abandoned children. Henley resides in London, England.


title: Georgie Henley

text: In 2022, Henley revealed she had contracted necrotising fasciitis six weeks into studying at Cambridge University, and that the illness had "nearly claimed ["her"] life".


title: Robert Parish

text: Robert Lee Parish (born August 30, 1953) is an American former professional basketball player who played 21 seasons as a center in the National Basketball Association (NBA), tied for second most in league history. He played an NBA-record 1,611 games in his career. Parish was known for his strong defense, high arcing jump shots, and clutch rebounding late in games.


title: Robert Parish

text: During his college career at Centenary College, he racked up impressive enough numbers to be drafted three times, twice by teams from the ABA, and finally in 1976 by the Golden State Warriors of the NBA, for whom he played four seasons as the highlight of an otherwise lackluster team. The Boston Celtics needed a new center following the retirement of Dave Cowens, and organized a trade with the Warriors for Parish and a draft pick that they would use to select forward Kevin McHale. The two would join young star forward Larry Bird on the Celtics, forming what is often considered the greatest frontcourt in NBA history, appearing together in five NBA finals and winning three championships over seven seasons during the 1980s. After the retirement of Bird in 1992, and McHale in 1993, Parish remained with the Celtics through the lean years of the early 1990s, leaving the team as a free agent following the 1993–1994 season. He would go on to play two more seasons with the Charlotte Hornets and one more with the Chicago Bulls, winning an NBA championship with the Bulls during the 1996–1997 season, becoming the oldest player to win a championship at the age of 43. He retired after that season with the most games played of any NBA player with 1611 games, a record that still stands.


title: Robert Parish

text: Elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003, Parish was also named to the NBA's 50th and 75th anniversary teams. His nickname was "the Chief", after the fictitious Chief Bromden, a silent, giant Native American character in the film "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". According to Parish, former Celtics forward Cedric Maxwell gave him this nickname because of his stoic nature.


title: Robert Parish

text: Parish was already tall in the seventh grade (age 12–13) when junior high coach Coleman Kidd first noticed him and encouraged him to play basketball, which was new to him. Coleman would come to the Parish family home if Robert missed a practice and gave Parish a basketball to practice with. It was at this time that Parish started wearing his uniform No. 00; on the day they passed out the uniforms in junior high school, it was the only jersey left.


title: Robert Parish

text: “I really didn’t like basketball growing up.” Parish said, talking about how he focused instead on football, baseball, and track. “[Coach] Coleman would come to my house and take me to practice every day until I had to start showing up myself; I give all the credit to him.”


title: Robert Parish

text: Parish attended Woodlawn High School in Shreveport, Louisiana, where he played for Coach Ken Ivy. He had previously attended Union High School until it was closed due to desegregation. Named All-American, All-State, All-District, and All-City in 1972, Parish led Woodlawn High School to the 1972 Louisiana High School Athletic Association Class AAAA state championship.


title: Robert Parish

text: Parish attended Centenary College of Louisiana, playing for Coach Larry Little, from 1972–1976, choosing the school because it was close to his home. However, he received virtually no notice because of one of the most severe penalties ever levied by the National Collegiate Athletic Association.


title: Robert Parish

text: "The reason why I chose Centenary is because of their coaches," Parish said. "I was very impressed with the coaches."


title: Robert Parish

text: In 1965, the NCAA adopted the so-called "1.6 rule" to determine academic eligibility of incoming freshmen. Under its provisions, freshmen academically qualified if their high school grades and standardized test scores predicted a minimum college grade point average of 1.6 on a 4-point scale.


title: Robert Parish

text: Parish, who led Woodlawn High School in Shreveport to the Louisiana High School Athletic Association Class AAAA state championship in 1972, took a standardized test that did not fit the NCAA's formula; Centenary converted his score to an equivalent that fit the formula, which it had done for 12 other athletes in the previous two years. This was a violation of NCAA regulations; however, the NCAA had not paid any attention to the school's actions before Parish's recruitment.


title: Robert Parish

text: Shortly before Parish was to enroll, the NCAA notified Centenary that he and four other basketball players whose test scores had been converted were ineligible to play there, but said that the school would not be subject to penalty if it rescinded the five scholarships. Centenary argued that the rule did not say that the school could not convert the scores of Parish and the other players, while the NCAA argued that Centenary could not use the test taken by Parish and the other players to establish eligibility.


title: Robert Parish

text: When Centenary refused to pull the scholarships, the NCAA issued one of the most draconian sanctions in its history. The school's basketball program was put on probation for six years, during which time it was not only barred from postseason play, but its results and statistics were excluded from weekly statistics and its existence was not acknowledged in the NCAA's annual press guides.


title: Robert Parish

text: Within days of its decision, the NCAA repealed the 1.6 rule—but refused to make the five players eligible. A few months later, all five, including Parish, sued the NCAA for their eligibility at Centenary, but lost. The decision made Parish a sort of "invisible man" who racked up huge statistical totals in virtual obscurity. In his four years at Centenary, the Gents went 87-21 and spent 14 weeks in the AP Top 20 poll, mostly during his senior season in 1975–76. While he averaged 21.6 points and 16.9 rebounds per game during his Centenary career and Centenary recognized his records, the NCAA would not include Parish's statistics in its record books.


title: Robert Parish

text: Between his junior and senior years, Parish played for Team USA at the 1975 Pan American Games. His difficulties with the NCAA indirectly led to his not being recommended for a spot on the team. Centenary paid his way to Salt Lake City to try out; he made the team, was unanimously elected captain, and led the team to a gold medal.


title: Robert Parish

text: Throughout his time at Centenary, Parish chose not to escape anonymity by either jumping to the National Basketball Association or American Basketball Association (the latter of which existed until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976), or by transferring to another college, even though the professional ranks offered him potential riches and a transfer would have given him eligibility and far more publicity. At the time, professional scouts did not question his physical skills, but were divided as to whether his decision to stay at Centenary was a show of loyalty or evidence of poor decision-making. For his part, Parish said, "I didn't transfer because Centenary did nothing wrong. And I have no regrets. None."


title: Robert Parish

text: Overall, Parish averaged 21.6 points and 16.9 rebounds in his 108-game career at Centenary and 24.8 points and 18 rebounds as a senior. The "Sporting News" named him a first-team All-American as a senior.


title: Robert Parish

text: In 2018, the NCAA announced that Parish's records would be recognized and placed into the NCAA Record Book after a formal appeal from Centenary College to do so was honored.


title: Robert Parish

text: After college, Parish was drafted in the first round of the 1976 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors. He had also been drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1973 ABA Special Circumstances draft and by the Spurs in the 1975 ABA draft. Parish signed with the Warriors. The Warriors were NBA champions in 1975 (two seasons prior to Parish's rookie campaign). However, when Parish joined the Warriors, their decline had begun, and they missed the playoffs completely from 1978 to 1980.


title: Robert Parish

text: "I was seriously thinking about having a very short basketball career before the trade because of all the losing that I experienced with the Warriors, and being blamed for the Warriors demise." Parish said of his time with Golden State. "I understand that because I was the No. 1 player taken (by the team in the 1976 draft) and the blame falls on my shoulders. But basketball is not an individual sport. It's a team sport. And I just feel like the team was an assembly of misfits and too much independent thinking. Guys were thinking about themselves as opposed to the team."


title: Robert Parish

text: Early in his career, Parish listed Mike Mitchell, Jamaal Wilkes and Bill Laimbeer as some of the NBA's "silent killers", that is, players whose contributions often cannot be measured by statistics.


title: Robert Parish

text: In 307 games over four seasons, Parish averaged 13.8 points, 9.5 rebounds and 1.8 blocks with the Warriors.


title: Robert Parish

text: Heading into the 1980 NBA draft, the Boston Celtics lost Dave Cowens to retirement and had Larry Bird ready to start his second NBA season. The Celtics held the number-one overall pick in the draft.


title: Robert Parish

text: On June 9, 1980, in a pre-draft trade, Celtics president Red Auerbach dealt the top overall pick and an additional first-round pick to the Warriors for Parish and the Warriors' first-round pick, the third overall. With that pick, the Celtics chose Kevin McHale. The Warriors then selected Joe Barry Carroll with the first pick.


title: Robert Parish

text: Reflecting on the trade after his retirement, Parish said, "I was surprised initially. But once I hung up from the Warriors after they called me and told me I was being traded to the Boston Celtics, I cheered and I jumped up and down ... because I went from the (penitentiary) to the penthouse, in my opinion. ... That was what was so rewarding about being with the Celtics because they were all about team. You play for the name on the front of the jersey, not the name on the back of the jersey. So it was refreshing for me because that's my mentality, with the players I was playing with (in Golden State), I could not get them to understand the benefits and the rewards of playing together. They didn't get it for whatever reason. Being traded to the Celtics changed the trajectory of my career."


title: Robert Parish

text: Completing the trade gave the Celtics an imposing front court consisting of Bird, Parish, Cedric Maxwell and McHale. Playing 14 years with the Celtics from 1980 to 1994, Parish won three NBA titles (1981, 1984 and 1986), teaming with Bird and power forward McHale. The trio came to be known as "The Big Three", and are regarded as one of the greatest front courts in NBA history; all three were named to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team.


title: Robert Parish

text: Parish is the Celtics' all-time leader in blocked shots (1,703), offensive rebounds (3,450), and defensive rebounds (7,601). Bill Russell remains the team's career leader in total rebounds, as offensive and defensive rebounds were not tabulated separately prior to the 1973–1974 season.


title: Robert Parish

text: In 14 seasons and 1106 games with the Celtics, Parish averaged a double-double of 16.5 points, 10.0 rebounds and 1.5 blocks, shooting 55.2% from the floor.


title: Robert Parish

text: August 4, 1994, Parish left the Celtics and signed as an unrestricted free agent with the Charlotte Hornets, at age 41.


title: Robert Parish

text: On September 25, 1996, Parish signed as a free agent with the Chicago Bulls after his release from Charlotte. With Chicago, Parish joined a team coming off a fourth championship with fellow Hall of Famers Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman.


title: Robert Parish

text: Playing his final NBA season with the Chicago Bulls in 1996–97, he won his fourth NBA title as a third-string center behind Luc Longley, Bill Wennington and late-season addition Brian Williams. At 43, he is the third-oldest player to ever play an NBA game, behind Nat Hickey of the Providence Steamrollers, and Kevin Willis of the Dallas Mavericks. On August 25, 1997, Parish officially retired.


title: Robert Parish

text: As of 2019, Parish was first on the list of National Basketball Association career games played leaders with 1,611 career games played. As of 2019, he also remains the oldest player to win an NBA championship. Overall, in 1611 NBA games he averaged 14.5 points, 9.1 rebounds and 1.5 blocks, shooting 53.7%. In 184 career playoff games, Parish averaged 15.3 points, 9.6 rebounds and 1.7 blocks, shooting 50.6%.


title: Robert Parish

text: Parish ranks sixth in career defensive rebounds (10,117), and fourth in playoff offensive rebounds (571). Of his six career three-point attempts, all of them were misses.


title: Robert Parish

text: He was known as a versatile center, using his 7' size and speed to contain opposing players, launch precise shots from outside the paint, and finish fast breaks – the latter uncanny for a man of his stature. Fellow Hall-of-Famer and teammate from 1985 to 1987 Bill Walton once called Parish the "greatest shooting big man of all time", perhaps because of Parish's field goal and free throw shooting ability, an unusual talent among most centers. His trademark was his high-release jump shot, which traversed a very high arc before falling.


title: Robert Parish

text: "There was no showmanship to Robert's game," said Walton, "There was the rebounding. There was the defense. There was the scoring. There was the setting of screens. There was the way he ran the floor. How many centers in today's NBA do any of that?"


title: Robert Parish

text: In 1996, Parish, along with teammates Larry Bird, Kevin McHale, Nate Archibald and Bill Walton was selected as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. In 1998, the Celtics retired Parish's famous #00 jersey number at halftime of a Celtics–Pacers game; this allowed Bird, then head coach of the Pacers, to participate in the ceremony. In October 2021, Parish was again honored as one of the league’s greatest players of all-time by being named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team.


title: Robert Parish

text: "He was there for every practice," McHale said of Parish. "For every game. He very seldom missed anything, including assignments on the floor. His longevity is unbelievable, but his dependability was just as impressive."


title: Robert Parish

text: Parish remains active as a Celtics team consultant and mentor for current Celtics big men. “I have never been one to seek or want attention or admiration or a pat on the back for what I’ve done,” Parish said. “I did my job. I got paid for doing my job. That was enough for me. That’s one of the reasons I was able to accept a lesser role on those teams in the ’80s. I didn’t have a huge ego.”


title: Robert Parish

text: In 2001, Parish served as the head coach of the Maryland Mustangs, an expansion team in the United States Basketball League (USBL). Parish coached the team to a USBL Northern Division best 19 wins and 11 losses (.633 win percentage). They lost the quarterfinal playoff game against the Dodge City Legend, 106 to 109. He was named the USBL Coach of the Year but the Mustangs folded after one season.


title: Robert Parish

text: Unlike his Celtics teammates Larry Bird, Danny Ainge and Kevin McHale, Parish has not been successful in attaining a coaching, executive or commentary position in the NBA despite making attempts. McHale, who served as the general manager of the Minnesota Timberwolves, stated he tried to hire Parish shortly before his departure from the team but was unable due to a lack of positions. Parish considers himself a potential NBA coach and describes his final three years of his playing career as essentially coaching roles.


title: Robert Parish

text: During his career, Parish incorporated martial arts, yoga and vegetarianism as part of his training and conditioning.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (sometimes shortened to Mister Rogers) is an American half-hour educational children's television series that ran from 1968 to 2001, and was created and hosted by Fred Rogers. The series "Misterogers" debuted in Canada on October 15, 1962, on CBC Television. In 1966, Rogers moved back to the United States creating "Misterogers' Neighborhood" (sometimes shown as "MisteRogers' Neighborhood"), later called "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", on the regional Eastern Educational Television Network (EETN, a forerunner of today's American Public Television). The US national debut of the show occurred on February 19, 1968. It aired on NET and its successor, PBS, until August 31, 2001.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The series is aimed primarily at preschool children ages 2 to 5, but it was labelled by PBS as "appropriate for all ages". "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" was produced by Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania public broadcaster WQED and Rogers' non-profit production company Family Communications, Inc., previously known as Small World Enterprises prior to 1971; the company was renamed The Fred Rogers Company after Rogers' death (it has since been renamed again to Fred Rogers Productions as of 2019). In May 1997, the series surpassed "Captain Kangaroo" as the longest-running children's television series, a record the series held until June 2003, when "Sesame Street" beat "Mister Rogers" record. The series could be seen in reruns on most PBS stations until August 31, 2007, when it began to be removed by various PBS stations, and was then permanently removed from the daily syndicated schedule by PBS after August 29, 2008.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Eleven years after "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" concluded, PBS debuted an animated spin-off, "Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood". A 50th-anniversary tribute show, hosted by actor Michael Keaton (who got his start on the show), titled "Mister Rogers: It's You I Like", premiered on PBS stations nationwide on March 6, 2018.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The series had its genesis in 1953, when Rogers and Josie Carey joined the newly formed public television station WQED. On April 5, 1954, WQED debuted "The Children's Corner", a program featuring Rogers as puppeteer and composer with Carey as host and lyricist, in an unscripted weekday afternoon live television program. It was this program where many of the puppets, characters and music used in the later series were developed, such as King Friday XIII, Daniel Tiger, and X the Owl. It was also the time when Rogers began wearing his famous sneakers, as he found them to be quieter than his work shoes while he was moving about behind the set. The show won a Sylvania Award for best children's show, and was briefly broadcast nationally on the NBC Television Network.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Rogers moved to Toronto, Ontario, in 1961 to work on a new series based on "The Children's Corner", called "Misterogers", a 15-minute program on CBC Television. "Misterogers" aired on CBC for about four years and a number of the set pieces that he would take with him back to the United States, such as the trolley and castle, were created for the Canadian program by CBC designers and in collaboration with producer Bruce Attridge. Most importantly, Rogers appeared on camera in the new show rather than only appearing through puppets or characters. Fred Rainsberry, head of Children's Programming at CBC, persuaded Rogers to appear on camera in the new show (which he named after Rogers) after seeing him interact with children. Ernie Coombs, one of the Americans whom Rogers brought with him to help develop the CBC show, would remain with CBC after Rogers returned to the United States. Coombs first appeared as Mr. Dressup in the CBC program "Butternut Square", conceived and produced by Attridge. Coombs then helped to develop what became "Mr. Dressup" which ran for nearly 30 years, ending in 1996.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: In 1966, Rogers acquired the rights to his program from CBC and moved the show to WQED in Pittsburgh, where he had worked on "The Children's Corner". He renamed the show "Misterogers' Neighborhood", which initially aired regionally in the northeastern US through EEN, including educational stations in Boston, Washington, D.C., and New York City. The 100 episodes of the half-hour show incorporated the "Neighborhood of Make-Believe" segments from the CBC episodes with additional reality-based opening and closing material produced in Pittsburgh. The series was cancelled in 1967 due to lack of funding, but an outpouring of public response prompted a search for new funding.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: In 1967, The Sears Roebuck Foundation provided funding for the program, which enabled it to be seen nationwide on National Educational Television; taping began on September 21, 1967 for the first national season. The first national broadcast of "Misterogers' Neighborhood" appeared on most NET stations on February 19, 1968. In 1970, when PBS replaced NET, it also inherited this program. Around the same time the show had a slight title change, to the more-familiar "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood".


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The show was broadcast from February 19, 1968 to February 20, 1976, and again from August 27, 1979 to August 31, 2001. The final episode was taped on December 1, 2000. The studio at WQED in Pittsburgh where the series was taped was later renamed "The Fred Rogers Studio".


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: During each half-hour segment, Rogers speaks directly to the viewer about various topics, taking the viewer on tours of factories, demonstrating experiments, crafts, and music, and interacting with his friends. Rogers also made a point to simply behave naturally on camera rather than acting out a character, stating that "One of the greatest gifts you can give anybody is the gift of your honest self. I also believe that kids can spot a phony a mile away." The half-hour episodes were punctuated by a puppet segment chronicling occurrences in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe. Another segment of the show consisted of Rogers going to different places around the neighborhood, where he interviews people to talk about their work and other contributions that focused on the episode's theme, such as Brockett's Bakery, Bob Trow's Workshop, and Negri's Music Shop. In one episode, Rogers took the show behind-the-scenes on the set of "The Incredible Hulk", which aired on CBS from 1978 to 1982.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: At the start of each episode, the show's logo appears as the camera pans slowly over a model of the neighborhood, as the camera goes from the neighborhood to inside the Rogers' television house. From 1979 to 1981, an alternate version of the opening sequence was used. Beginning in the early 1980s, the neighborhood model incorporated a small version of the "Neighborhood Trolley", as it crosses several streets from left to right on a model train track. This is the same model electric trolley that later in the program will transport viewers into the Neighborhood of Make-Believe. Usually, the camera goes from the neighborhood to out on the porch of the Rogers' television house, where the viewers see Fred Rogers coming for a visit before he enters the house. After the camera goes from the neighborhood to inside the Rogers' television house, Fred Rogers is seen coming home with his jacket on, singing "Won't You Be My Neighbor?". He goes into the closet, takes off his jacket, hangs it up, and grabs a cardigan zipper sweater to put on. After that, he takes his dress shoes off and grabs a pair of blue sneakers to put on. One of Rogers' sweaters now hangs in the Smithsonian Institution, a testament to the cultural influence of his simple daily ritual.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: At the end of each episode, Rogers sang "It's Such a Good Feeling" (a different song, "Tomorrow" was used from 1968 to 1972) when he took off his sneakers as he says "You're alive" in a higher toned voice, and grabs his dress shoes to put back on, and then snaps his fingers two times. After that, Rogers goes into the closet, takes off his cardigan, hangs it up, and grabs his jacket to put back on. Before the closing credits, Rogers got ready to go out the door by reminding the viewers: "You always make each day a special day. You know how: By just your being you/yourself. There's only one person in the whole world that's like you, and that's you. And people can like you just/exactly the way you are. I'll be back next time. Bye-bye!". During the closing credits, which is complete with the show's logo and the episode number, the camera would perform a reversed version of the opening sequence's pan shot, while the "Neighborhood Trolley" crosses streets from right to left.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Starting in 1979, episodes were grouped into week-long series, with each series focused on a particular topic; each opening includes that weeks subject, in the form of "Mister Rogers Talks About [subject]". Rogers' monologues throughout the week explore various facets of the topic, and the ongoing story from the Neighborhood of Make-Believe serves as illustration.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Rogers covered a broad range of topics over the years, and the series did not shy away from issues that other children's programming avoided. In fact, Rogers endeared himself to many when, on March 23, 1970, he dealt with the death of one of his pet goldfish. The series also dealt with competition, divorce, and war. Rogers returned to the topic of anger regularly and focused on peaceful ways of dealing with angry feelings.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Beginning in the third season, Mister Rogers always made a clear distinction between the realistic world of his television neighborhood and the fantasy world of Make-Believe (prior to that, the line was blurred somewhat as he would often talk about it as if it were real and he had a direct line of contact with the characters in it). He often discussed what was going to happen in Make-Believe before the next fantasy segment was shown ("Let's pretend that Prince Tuesday has been having scary dreams..."), and sometimes acted out bits of Make-Believe with models on a table before the camera transitioned to the live-action puppet rendition. The miniature motorized trolley, which was known in character form as "Trolley", with its accompanying fast-paced piano theme music, and which was operated by Rogers working buttons and controls hidden on the side of the bench on which Rogers would usually sit with his left hand, was the only element that appeared regularly in both the realistic world and Make-Believe: it was used to transport viewers from one realm to the other. Rogers, however, was mentioned from time to time in Make-Believe, particularly by Mr. McFeely, who appeared occasionally in the Make-Believe segments and seemed to form a link between the two worlds. The idea of the trolley came from Rogers. When he was young, many trolleys operated in Pittsburgh, and he liked riding on them. This reality/fantasy distinction put Rogers' series in sharp contrast with other children's series, such as "Sesame Street" and "Captain Kangaroo", which freely mixed realistic and fantastic elements.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Trolley was a character in its own right. Often when it crossed into the Neighborhood of Make Believe, it would stop and have a "conversation" with King Friday XIII (by moving back and forth slightly and making bell noises to respond to Friday) then continue on. Trolley also truly showed the difference between the worlds during the week when the three youngest puppet characters (Daniel Striped Tiger, Prince Tuesday, and Ana Platypus) prepared for and went to school for the first time, as it played the school bus. When in Mister Rogers' house, it simply had two pieces of yellow construction paper shaped and drawn like the profile of a school bus stuck to its sides, but in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe, it had a chassis on it that made it look like a school bus.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The series featured "Picture Picture", a rear-projection motion picture and slide projector, whose screen is encased with a picture frame. In early episodes, Picture Picture would show various films or slides at Mister Rogers' command; after the material was presented, Mister Rogers would thank Picture Picture, to which it would return a "You're Welcome" on its screen. After 1970, Picture Picture no longer operated magically, becoming merely a projector; Mister Rogers would insert a film, slides or videotape through a slot on the side, then show the material using a wired remote control (slides were viewed on Picture Picture; films and video were faded in to the clip). When Picture Picture was not used, a different painting would be displayed on its screen. Often it would display the words "Hello" or "Hi" at the opening.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The series was also notable for its use of jazz-inspired music, mostly arranged and performed by Johnny Costa, until Costa's death in 1996, when he was succeeded by Michael Moricz for the remainder of the series. The music was unique in its simplicity and flow that blended with the series' sketches and features. The music was usually played live during taping. Lyrics and melodies were written and sung by Rogers, who created more than 200 original songs.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Only Mr. McFeely, Mrs. McFeely, Officer Clemmons, Scientist Adler, and Chef Brockett appeared substantially the same way in both Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood and the Neighborhood of Make-Believe.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The "Neighborhood of Make-Believe" is the fictional kingdom visited by Mr. Rogers during the show. Characters in the "Neighborhood of Make-Believe" were portrayed by both hand puppets and actors. Fred Rogers was the puppeteer for a great number of the characters:


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: In addition to Bob Trow other regular puppeteers included Michael Horton, Lenny Meledandri (1980–2001), and Carole Switala.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Michael Keaton made his first television appearance as a volunteer in 1975. He played an acrobat in a troupe called The Flying Zookeenies that performed for King Friday's birthday and was also in charge of running the Trolley.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Thirteen in-series "operas" took place during the course of the series within the Make-Believe segments. Many of them featured American baritone John Reardon as a main character. The operas would encompass the entire episode and would be seen after a brief introduction by Mr. Rogers.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Additionally, a play, "Josephine The Short-Necked Giraffe", first aired in 1989 as a tribute to the late John Reardon.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Guests on the series ranged from cellist Yo-Yo Ma to actor and bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno of TV's "The Incredible Hulk" (in a 2001 piece where celebrities were asked about their heroes, Rogers cited Ma as one of his heroes). A 1968 visit by electronic music pioneer Bruce Haack resurfaced in the 2004 documentary "Haack: King of Techno".


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Guests on "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" were often surprised to find that although Rogers was just as gentle and patient in life as on television, he was nevertheless a perfectionist who did not allow "shoddy" ad-libbing; he believed that children were thoughtful people who deserved programming as good as anything produced for adults on television.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Rogers appeared as a guest on some other series. On the children's animated cartoon series "Arthur", for example, Rogers plays himself as an aardvark like Arthur. Later on, Arthur appears as a guest in hand-puppet form in a 1999 episode of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe. Bill Nye, host of a science-themed program, and Rogers also exchanged appearances on each other's series, as did Rogers and Captain Kangaroo. Rogers additionally appeared in an episode of "Sesame Street", where he explains to Big Bird that even if one loses a running race such as the one Big Bird had run against his friend "Snuffy", no hard feelings threaten to break the two of them apart. Big Bird himself also appeared in one episode of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe when he came to deliver his entry to the "Draw the Neighborhood" art contest.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The Ford Foundation, Public Television Stations and Johnson & Johnson also provided funding for repeats of the 1969-1975 color episodes, beginning in 1976.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: When Fred Rogers died in 2003, PBS's website provided suggestions to parents on how to respond to children who ask about Rogers' death.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Beginning on September 3, 2007, some PBS affiliates began replacing the show with new programs such as "Super Why!", "WordGirl" and "WordWorld". In June 2008, PBS announced that, beginning in late 2008, the network would stop broadcasting "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" as part of its daily syndication lineup to member stations, instead airing the program only once a week over the weekend. Milwaukee PBS, for example, still carries the show once a week, on Sunday, over its primary HD/SD channel. Beginning on September 1, 2008, "Mister Rogers" was replaced by new programming such as "Martha Speaks", "Sid the Science Kid", and an update of "The Electric Company". However, individual member stations have the option of airing "Mister Rogers" independently of the PBS syndicated feed, with series home WQED in particular continuing to air the series daily until 2010. There was a campaign in 2008 and 2009 to urge PBS and all member stations to bring the show back seven days a week.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the series' national premiere, PBS aired select episodes of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" for a week in February 2018.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: In July 2011, during the annual Television Critics Association summer press tour, it was announced that a new animated spin-off series, "Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood", was in production. The show debuted on most PBS stations on September 3, 2012. The series features Daniel Tiger, the four-year-old son of Daniel Striped Tiger, as a host of the series, which also features characters of the Neighborhood of Make-Believe all grown older, with the children now having families of their own.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: A second spin-off titled "Donkey Hodie", focusing on the titular character, aired on PBS May 3, 2021. The puppet series features a radically different design for the character along with his friends Purple Panda, Duck Duck and Bob Dog, as they learn and sing through the land of "Someplace Else".


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The song "Won't You Be My Neighbor?" was written by Fred Rogers in 1967 and was used as the opening theme for each episode of the show.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: In the first three seasons of the show, during which new episodes were constantly being produced, each show ended with the song "Tomorrow", which was written by Rogers' former colleague, Josie Carey. Starting with Season 4 in 1971, "Tomorrow" was used only on Monday through Thursday episodes, and a new closing song, which is titled as "The Weekend Song", was used only on Friday episodes as the program would not return until Monday.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Eventually, the "Tomorrow" song was removed entirely due to copyright issues, and by 1973, Rogers sang "It's Such a Good Feeling" at the end of each episode. Prior to 1973, the original version of "It's Such a Good Feeling" was used as part of Mister Rogers' general repertoire of songs. When "It's Such a Good Feeling" became the closing theme for "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" in 1973, it used a rewrite of "The Weekend Song" at the end, using only the first four lines: "And I'll be back when the day is new, and I'll have more ideas for you. And you'll have things you'll want to talk about; I will too". This was only used on Monday through Thursday episodes. On Friday episodes, the lyric was changed to "week" instead of "day". On early episodes of this season, the line was originally written as "When tomorrow is new".


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: In addition to arranging and directing the music heard on "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", Costa, along with other musicians, performed almost all the background music heard on the series, including the show's recognizable main theme, the trolley whistle, Mr. McFeeley's frenetic speedy delivery piano plonks, the vibraphone flute-toots (played on a synthesizer) as Fred fed his fish, dreamy celesta lines, incidental music, and Rogers' entrance and exit tunes. Each day an episode was taped, Costa and his ensemble played live in the studio for the filming. Musicians who played in this ensemble were:


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Even after Costa's death in 1996, much of the music heard on the program continued to be Costa's and his name continued to be listed in the show's closing credits as one of its Musical Directors.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The first broadcast of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" was on the National Educational Television network on February 19, 1968; the color NET logo appeared on a model building at the beginning and end of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" from 1969 to 1970. When NET ceased operations, the series moved its successor network PBS, even though episodes up until the end of the fourth season in May 1971 were still copyrighted by and produced for NET.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The series' first season (1968) consisted of 130 episodes, produced in black-and-white. For seasons 2–8 (1969–75), the show produced 65 new color episodes each year. By the end of season 8, this meant there was a library of 455 color episodes which could be repeated indefinitely. Rogers and the rest of the show's cast and crew began suffering burnout from taping 65 episodes a year and in 1975, Rogers made the decision to take a break from the series for a few years. As a consequence, season 9 (1976) consisted of only five episodes. These five new episodes (which aired the final week of original episodes of the so-called "first series") featured Mister Rogers in his workshop, watching scenes of past episodes of his series, which he recorded on videocassettes and kept on the shelf in his workshop. On the Friday episode of that week (February 20, 1976), he reminded viewers that they, too, could watch many of those old episodes beginning the following week. During the hiatus period, two primetime episodes were produced and aired as specials: a Christmas show in December 1977 and a "springtime"-themed show.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: In 1978, production of the series resumed, with an eye towards "freshening up" the show by producing 15 new episodes per year. These "second series" episodes, which began airing in August 1979, would be mixed in with the already-airing cycle of repeats from the so-called "first series" (i.e., the color episodes of seasons 2–9, aired from 1969 to 1976).


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The series aired 15 new episodes annually between 1979 and 1993. As well, there were occasional "Mister Rogers Talks with Parents About..." specials, which featured panelists discussing ways in which parents could talk to their children about the issues discussed on "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". These specials were usually aired on weekends, just prior to the airing of a new batch of Monday-to-Friday episodes.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Beginning in 1994, the production schedule was changed so that 10 new episodes a year were produced instead of 15. Shortly thereafter, as of August 11, 1995, the episodes from the "first series" (1968–76) were withdrawn from the repeat schedule, since there were over 200 "second series" episodes available for broadcast, and many of the first series episodes had become outdated.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The show's final years varied the number of episodes produced per season: season 26 (1995–96) consisted of 20 episodes, season 27 (1997) produced 10 episodes, seasons 28 and 29 (1998–99) both contained 15 episodes, and season 30 (2000) reverted to 10 episodes. The final season, season 31 (2001), consisted of only 5 episodes, centering on the theme "Celebrate The Arts".


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: A few episodes from the "first series" are available for viewing in the Paley Center for Media, including the first episode of the series and the first color episode. A complete collection of episodes, including more than 900 videotapes and scripts from the show along with other promotional materials produced by Rogers or his Family Communications Inc. production company, exists in the University of Pittsburgh's Mister Rogers' Neighborhood Archives located in the Elizabeth Nesbitt Room in the university's School of Information Sciences Building.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: When PBS began re-airing the first 460 color episodes of the series in 1976, some of the earliest color episodes from 1969 and 1970 were re-edited with new voice-overs or footage. For example, in one 1970 episode where Mister Rogers demonstrates the noise-proof ear protectors that airport workers use on the tarmac, the film footage used featured a worker directing a United Airlines jet with its stylized "U" logo—which was not introduced until 1974. All of the episodes revised from the first series also included an extra segment following the closing credits, mentioning the episode number and additional companies that provided funding since these episodes originally aired, even though they had not provided funding at the time of original production the use of episode number correlated to an activity guide for parents, which includes activities and discussion topics for parents and child care providers to utilize with their children. The black and white episodes of the first season were last re-run on August 21, 1970, just before NET was replaced by PBS.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: , almost all of the 1979–2001 "second series" episodes are still in active rotation on a number of PBS stations. The only exception is the week-long "Conflict" series (episodes #1521–#1525), first aired during the week of November 7–11, 1983. The series/story arc covered the topics of war, bombs, and an arms race, and was created in response to the Invasion of Grenada, and the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings. The "Conflict" series was last aired on PBS during the week of April 1–5, 1996.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Only a few episodes of the series have been released to DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment, although some earlier compilation-based releases were issued on VHS by Playhouse Video during the mid-1980s. 100 episodes have subsequently been released as part of Amazon Video. A DVD set titled the "It's a Beautiful Day Collection", containing 30 episodes from the second series, was released on March 27, 2018 by PBS.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: On May 11, 2017, streaming video platform Twitch announced with The Fred Rogers Company that 886 episodes of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" would be streamed live on the Internet over an 18-day period (although several episodes were skipped over during the marathon, most notably the 1983 "Conflict" episodes). The marathon began on May 15, 2017, at noon PT and ended on June 3, 2017. The marathon included many "Mister Rogers" episodes that had only aired once before. During the live stream, viewers were encouraged to support their local PBS station.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" joined other popular PBS shows, including "The Joy of Painting" and "The French Chef", that have been streamed on the Twitch service.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: On March 20, 2018, Twitch began streaming a 90-episode marathon to commemorate Rogers' 90th birthday, followed by a repeat marathon of the series.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: In the Canadian province of Ontario, the show was broadcast on TVOntario from 1970 to 1989. These broadcasts could also be seen in US cities close to Canadian border.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: A prime time Christmas special, "Christmastime with Mister Rogers", first aired in 1977. This special had François Clemmons introducing a storyteller and flutist friend to Rogers. They filmed several narrated segments of the stories François' friend told. The special also had the Neighborhood of Make-Believe segment which shows how they celebrated Christmas. The trolley had a banner on the roof that said "Merry Christmas" on one side, and "Happy Hannukah" on the other. This special was aired every Christmas season until 1982. This special's opening and close have Rogers walking through a real neighborhood while the titles roll rather than the model neighborhood used in the series.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: In 1994, Rogers created another one-time special for PBS called "Fred Rogers' Heroes" which consisted of documentary portraits of four real-life people whose work helped make their communities better. Rogers, uncharacteristically dressed in a suit and tie, hosted in wraparound segments that did not use the "Neighborhood" set.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: For a time, Rogers produced specials for the parents as a precursor to the subject of the week on the Neighborhood called "Mister Rogers Talks To Parents About "[topic]"". Rogers did not host those specials, though; other people like Joan Lunden, who hosted the "Conflict" special, and other news announcers played MC duties in front of a gallery of parents while Rogers answered questions from them. These specials were made to prepare the parents for any questions the children might ask after watching the episodes on that topic of the week.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: On March 6, 2018, a primetime special commemorating the 50th anniversary of the series aired on PBS, hosted by actor Michael Keaton. The hour-long special also features interviews by musician Yo-Yo Ma, musician Itzhak Perlman, actress Sarah Silverman, actress Whoopi Goldberg, actor John Lithgow, screenwriter Judd Apatow, actor David Newell, producer Ellen Doherty, and spouse Joanne Byrd Rogers, as well as clips of memorable moments from the show, such as Rogers visiting Koko the gorilla, Margaret Hamilton dressing up as "The Wizard of Oz"'s Wicked Witch of the West, and Jeff Erlanger in his wheelchair singing "It's You I Like" with Rogers.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Earlier PBS specials include "Our Neighbor, Fred Rogers" in 1990 and "Fred Rogers: America's Favorite Neighbor" in 2003. A short special, "Mister Rogers in Our Neighborhood" by PBS station WUCF, described Fred Rogers's college years and family connections in Florida.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Over the years, many television shows, exhibits and attractions have been named in tribute to "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". After three years as a traveling exhibit, the Children's Museum of Pittsburgh had "Welcome to Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" installed as a permanent exhibit in 2004. The planetarium show "The Sky Above Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" is a computer-animated adaptation of the television show for preschool-aged children. Idlewild and Soak Zone, an amusement park near Rogers' hometown of Latrobe, Pennsylvania has an attraction called "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood of Make-Believe" featuring a life-size trolley ride, designed by Rogers. This was shut down in 2014 to reopen as Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood in 2015. A children's play area at Monroeville Mall in the Pittsburgh suburb of Monroeville was named for the television show.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: Many of the artifacts from the set of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", including the tree of X the owl, the make-believe neighborhood and the inside entrance to Mister Rogers' home is on display at the Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh. Also included is a life-size figure of Mister Rogers and a sweater he wore on the show.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: A kiosk containing artifacts used during the series is located on Concourse C of Pittsburgh International Airport, near the children's play area. The "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" Archives at the University of Pittsburgh's School of Information Sciences is an academic resource and collection that contains correspondence, scripts, props, puppets, fan mail, 911 tapes including all but four episodes of the series on 3/4-inch production videotape; plus one on VHS (three other episodes are not in the collection) along with various videos of specials, interviews and scholarly articles that show the cultural impact of Fred Rogers' work. A statue of Fred Rogers exists on the North Shore of the Allegheny River near Heinz Field at the surviving footing of the Manchester Bridge. The original trolley from the shows is on display at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto, Ontario.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: A documentary feature film about the series, titled "Won't You Be My Neighbor?", was released by Focus Features on June 8, 2018. Another documentary, "Mister Rogers & Me," was shown at film festivals in 2010 and on PBS stations in 2012. An American drama film, titled "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood" starring Tom Hanks as Rogers, was released on November 22, 2019 by TriStar Pictures.


title: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

text: The music of the show was interpreted by an eclectic mix of modern artists for the 2005 album "Songs From the Neighborhood: The Music of Mister Rogers". The YouTube show "Pittsburgh Dad" uses a piano theme song inspired by the jazz music constantly heard on "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". The musical project Symphony of Science, in association with PBS Digital Studios, created a music video called "Garden of Your Mind" from clips of the show, using Rogers' own pitch-corrected spoken words to create a song.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: Dakota Louis Meyer (born June 26, 1988) is a former United States Marine. A veteran of the War in Afghanistan, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Ganjgal on September 8, 2009, in Kunar Province, Afghanistan. Meyer is the second-youngest living Medal of Honor recipient, the third living recipient for either the Iraq War or the War in Afghanistan, and the first living United States Marine in 38 years to be so honored.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: Meyer was born and raised in Columbia, Kentucky, the son of Felicia Carole Ferree "Killy" Gilliam and Michael Allen Meyer. In 2006, after graduation from Green County High School, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps at a recruiting station in Louisville, Kentucky and completed boot camp at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: Meyer deployed to Fallujah, Iraq in 2007 as a scout sniper with 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines. He gained national attention for his actions in Afghanistan during his second deployment in Kunar Province with Embedded Training Team 2–8.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: On September 8, 2009, near the village of Ganjigal, Meyer learned that three Marines and a Navy Corpsman, who were members of Meyer's squad and his friends, were missing after being ambushed by a group of insurgents. Under enemy fire, Meyer entered an area known to be inhabited by insurgents and eventually found the four missing servicemen dead and stripped of their weapons, body armor and radios. There he saw a Taliban fighter trying to take the bodies. The fighter tackled Meyer, and after a brief scuffle, Meyer grabbed a baseball-sized rock and beat the fighter to death. With the help of Afghan soldiers, he moved the bodies to a safer area where they could be extracted. During his search, Meyer "personally evacuated 12 friendly wounded and provided cover for another 24 Marines and soldiers to escape likely death at the hands of a numerically superior and determined foe."


title: Dakota Meyer

text: On November 6, 2010, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General James F. Amos, told reporters during a visit to Camp Pendleton, California that a living United States Marine had been nominated for the Medal of Honor. Two days later, "Marine Corps Times", an independent newspaper covering Marine Corps operations, reported that the unnamed person was Meyer, citing anonymous sources. CNN confirmed the story independently two days later.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: On June 9, 2011, the Marine Corps announced that two other Marines on Meyer's team in Ganjgal would receive the Navy Cross, the second-highest award for valor a Marine can receive. Capt. Ademola D. Fabayo and Staff Sgt. Juan J. Rodriguez-Chavez were recognized for their roles in retrieving the bodies of the fallen Marines and Corpsman. Before Meyer began searching for the missing servicemen on foot, Rodriguez-Chavez drove a gun truck into the kill zone with Fabayo manning the truck's machine gun.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: When President Barack Obama's staff called Meyer to set up a time for the president to inform him that his case for the Medal of Honor had been approved, they were told Meyer was working at his construction job and were asked to call again during his lunch break.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: Meyer was awarded the Medal of Honor in a ceremony on September 15, 2011. When a White House staffer contacted Meyer to arrange the ceremony, Meyer asked if he could have a beer with the president, and President Obama agreed to the request. He received an invitation to the White House for the afternoon before the ceremony. Meyer also requested that when he was honored, simultaneous commemorative services should be held at other associated locations to honor the memory of his colleagues who died or were mortally wounded during the ambush and his rescue attempts.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: A year after the Battle of Ganjgal, after drinking at a friend's house, Meyer attempted to commit suicide using a Glock pistol kept in his truck's glove compartment. The gun was not loaded. Meyer later sought help for post-traumatic stress disorder.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: In September 2011, Kentucky Governor Steve Beshear bestowed upon Meyer the honorary title of Kentucky Colonel during an event in his hometown of Greensburg in which Meyer served as grand marshal.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: Meyer filed a lawsuit against his former employer, defense contractor BAE Systems, alleging the company and his supervisor punished him for his opposition to a weapons sale to Pakistan. The lawsuit claimed that BAE Systems ridiculed Meyer's Medal of Honor, called him mentally unstable and suggested he had a drinking problem, thereby costing him a job. On December 15, 2011, BAE announced that the parties resolved their dispute out of court.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: On December 14, 2011, McClatchy news outlets published an article which questioned the actual number of lives Meyer saved. The article explained that accounts leading to Medal of Honor awards are frequently inaccurate, and that in Meyer's case "crucial parts that the Marine Corps publicized were untrue, unsubstantiated or exaggerated". At the same time, the article emphasized that Meyer "by all accounts deserved his nomination."


title: Dakota Meyer

text: Meyer and Bing West wrote the book "Into the Fire: A Firsthand Account of the Most Extraordinary Battle in the Afghan War", about the Battle of Ganjgal. It was published on September 25, 2012. In the book, Meyer makes a case for Army Captain William D. Swenson to be awarded the Medal of Honor; Swenson had criticized Army officers at the nearby Forward Operating Base Joyce for not providing fire support, the resulting political fallout not conducive to awarding him the medal. Those same officers were later cited following a military investigation for "negligent" leadership leading "directly to the loss of life" on the battlefield. Swenson was awarded the Medal of Honor on October 15, 2013.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: In 2013, Meyer participated in the fourth season of "Maximum Warrior", a TV competition among U.S.-military operators, featuring ten military-inspired challenges. Meyer, eliminated on the eighth episode, "Night Hostage Rescue", airing November 26, 2013, finished in fourth place.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: As of 2015, Meyer sits on the advisory board for VETPAW, an organization of U.S. military veterans dedicated to protecting African wildlife.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: Meyer is a proponent of legalizing the medical use of cannabis, which he says can help veterans suffering from PTSD while also reducing usage of opioid drugs. In March 2018, Meyer co-authored an op-ed calling for medical cannabis to be legalized in Kentucky.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: Meyer married Cassandra Marie Wain on May 17, 2008, in Campbellsville, Kentucky. They were divorced in 2010.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: On March 13, 2015, Meyer became engaged to Bristol Palin, daughter of former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. On May 18, the Palin family announced that the May 23 wedding had been called off. On June 25, Palin announced that she was pregnant for a second time. She gave birth to a daughter on December 23.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: On January 6, 2016, "People" reported that Meyer was the biological father of the child, and that Meyer had filed legal documents asking for joint legal and physical custody of the newborn and child support from Palin. That March, Palin and Meyer reached an interim joint legal and physical custody agreement. On May 23, exactly one year after they were originally to have wed, Palin and Meyer married. In December, Palin announced that she was expecting her third child, her second with Meyer.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: On January 29, 2018, Meyer filed for divorce, citing a "conflict of personalities". On August 1, Palin confirmed that her divorce from Meyer was finalized.


title: Dakota Meyer

text: "The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Juan Gerardo Guaidó Márquez (born 28 July 1983) is a Venezuelan politician, a former member of the social-democratic Popular Will party, and federal deputy to the National Assembly representing the state of Vargas. On 23 January 2019, Guaidó and the National Assembly declared he was acting president of Venezuela (), starting the Venezuelan presidential crisis by challenging Nicolás Maduro's presidency.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó's political career began when he emerged as a student leader in the 2007 Venezuelan protests. He then helped found the Popular Will party with Leopoldo López in 2009, and was elected to be an alternate deputy in the National Assembly one year later in 2010. In 2015, Guaidó was elected as a full-seat deputy. Following a protocol to annually rotate the position of President of the National Assembly among political parties, Popular Will nominated Guaidó for the position in 2019.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó has been a key figure in the Venezuelan presidential crisis, which began when the National Assembly, considering the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election illegitimate, refused to recognize the inauguration of Nicolás Maduro to a second presidential term on 10 January 2019. Guaidó announced, on 23 January 2019, that he was formally assuming the role of interim president under Article 233 of the Constitution of Venezuela, with the backing of the National Assembly, until free elections could be held. At one point Guaidó received formal recognition of legitimacy from almost 60 governments worldwide, including the United States, Canada and various Latin American and European countries. On 6 January 2021 the European Union stopped recognizing Guaidó as president after he lost his position as head of parliament, without recognizing Maduro as the legitimate president, and threatening further sanctions. Other nations, including Russia, China, Iran, Syria, Cuba and Turkey rejected his claim to the Presidency and continue to recognize Maduro as the legitimate President. Guaidó had not been able to remove Maduro from power; Maduro remained in control of the military, government institutions, and state enterprises. The Maduro administration has prohibited Guaidó from leaving the country, has frozen his Venezuelan assets, has launched a probe accusing Guaidó of foreign interference, and has threatened violence against him.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: On 30 April 2019, Guaidó called for an uprising against Maduro as part of "Operation Freedom", which ultimately failed. Following the failed uprising, representatives of Guaidó and Maduro began mediation, with the assistance of the Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution. After the second meeting in Norway, no deal was reached. On 9 July 2019 negotiations started again in Barbados with representatives of Guaidó and Maduro. On 15 September, Guaidó announced that the opposition concluded the dialogue after the absence of the government in the negotiations for forty days as a protest to the recent sanctions by the United States. In January 2020, security forces prevented Guaidó and other congress members from entering the legislative palace during an internal election to choose the board of directors. A majority of lawmakers held an "emergency meeting" in the headquarters of the newspaper "El Nacional" and voted to re-elect Guaidó as their leader, with a swearing-in ceremony inside the parliament a day later, while the remaining lawmakers at the legislative palace elected Luis Parra. Security forces denied Guaidó and opposition lawmakers access to parliament many times since. In late March 2020, the United States proposed a transitional government that would exclude both Maduro and Guaidó from the presidency. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that sanctions did not apply to humanitarian aid during the coronavirus pandemic health emergency and that the United States would lift all sanctions if Maduro agreed to organize elections that did not include himself in a period of six to twelve months. Guaidó accepted the proposal, while Venezuela's foreign minister, Jorge Arreaza, rejected it and declared that only parliamentary elections would take place that year. After the announcement of regional elections in 2021, Guaidó announced a "national salvation agreement" and proposed negotiation with Maduro with a schedule for free and fair elections, with international support and observers, in exchange for lifting international sanctions.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Domestically, Guaidó's actions have included a proposed "Plan País" (Country Plan), an amnesty law for military personnel and authorities who turn against the Maduro government, attempts to deliver humanitarian aid to the country, and social bonuses for health workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Internationally, Guaidó has gained control of some Venezuelan assets and property in the United States, has had success in a legal battle for control of £1.3 billion of Venezuelan gold reserves in the United Kingdom, and has appointed diplomats recognized by supportive governments.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó was born on 28 July 1983. Part of a large family and of "modest" origins, he was raised in a middle-class home in the outskirts of La Guaira; his parents are Wilmer and Norka. His father was an airline pilot and his mother, a teacher. One grandfather was a sergeant of the Venezuelan National Guard while another grandfather was a captain in the Venezuelan Navy. His parents divorced when he was at a young age, with his father emigrating to the Canary Islands and working as a taxi driver.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó lived through the 1999 Vargas tragedy which killed some of his friends while also destroying his school and home, leaving him and his family homeless. The tragedy, according to his colleagues, influenced his political views after the then-new government of Hugo Chávez reportedly provided ineffective response to the disaster. He said, "I saw that if I wanted a better future for my country I had to roll up my sleeves and give my life to public service."


title: Juan Guaidó

text: He and his family stayed in a makeshift home in Caracas where he earned his high school diploma in 2000. Guaidó would continue to live in Caracas where he would earn his undergraduate degree in 2007 in industrial engineering from Andrés Bello Catholic University. He also participated in two postgraduate programs of public administration in Caracas: at the UCAB with the partnership of the George Washington University and at the Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración (IESA).


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó stated, after "it became clear that under Chávez the country was drifting toward totalitarianism," he helped found the student-led political movement that protested the Venezuelan government's decision not to renew the broadcasting license of independent television network RCTV with other prominent student leaders in 2007—the year he graduated from Andrés Bello Catholic University. They also protested broader attempted government reforms by Chávez, including the 2007 constitutional referendum, which Chávez lost.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Together with Leopoldo López and other politicians, Guaidó was a founding member of the Popular Will political party in 2009; the party is affiliated with Socialist International. In 2014, Guaidó was the party's national coordinator. López, one of Venezuela's main opposition politicians who was under house arrest at the time, "mentored Guaidó for years" according to a January 2019 CNN report, and the two speak several times daily. As Lopez's protégé, Guaidó was well known in his party and the National Assembly, but not internationally; López named Guaidó to lead the Popular Will party in 2019.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: In the 2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election, Guaidó was elected as an alternate national deputy. He was one of several politicians who went on a hunger strike to demand parliamentary elections in 2015 and was elected to a full-seat in the National Assembly in the 2015 elections with 26% of the vote. Vargas, an impoverished area, was home to many state-run companies that employed the majority of the population; until Guaidó's 2015 election, chavista candidates had run unchallenged.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: In 2017, he was named head of the Comptroller's Commission of the National Assembly and in 2018, he was named head of the legislature's opposition. He contributed to research at the University of Arizona, giving testimony to analysts on the working conditions of Latin American politicians and, specifically, institutional crisis and political change.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: In the National Assembly, Guaidó investigated corruption cases involving the Maduro administration, and worked with independent organizations to recover money allegedly stolen from the Venezuelan public. He participated in the 2017 Venezuelan protests, where one time security forces fractured his arm and he was shot with rubber bullets, which he has stated left scars on his neck. In January 2018 he was sworn in as the Leader of the Majority in the National Assembly. He spoke at the Latin American Peace Summit held in Brazil at the start of August 2018, representing Venezuela.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó was chosen as president of the National Assembly of Venezuela in December 2018 by the Assembly, and was sworn in on 5 January 2019. Relatives of imprisoned politicians were invited to the inauguration. At 35, Guaidó was the youngest to have led the opposition. Shortly after assuming the presidency of the legislature, Guaidó took actions towards forming a transitional government.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: An often-fragmented opposition unified around Guaidó. Two politicians were primarily responsible for the strategy that brought Guaidó to prominence: Julio Borges (in exile) and Leopoldo López (under house arrest). The plan was developed after the failed 2017 negotiations during the Venezuelan crisis between representatives of chavismo and the opposition, and that took more than a year to develop. Ricardo Hausmann and politicians from different political parties were also involved. Borges was involved in external efforts, such as with the Lima Group, along with Antonio Ledezma and Carlos Vecchio, who operated in the United States; María Corina Machado and López operated in Venezuela. David Smolansky and Freddy Guevara also supported Guaidó, along with Henrique Capriles, who had initially been distant. Javier Corrales, professor and author, stated that Guaidó's rise as a presidential figure began within Venezuela, not by foreign pressure.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Upon taking office, Guaidó vowed to oppose Maduro, and elaborated an action plan. The plan, approved by the National Assembly, comprised three phases (end of usurpation, transitional government, and free elections), with eight key points.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: While on his way to a 13 January 2019 public assembly, Guaidó was briefly detained by members of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN), and released 45 minutes later. The Lima Group and the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS), Luis Almagro, condemned the act. The Maduro government said the detention was carried out unilaterally by the SEBIN personnel, and twelve SEBIN officials were charged for their actions.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó declared that the events demonstrated that there was a break in the chain of command in the Armed Forces, and that Maduro was not in control.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: The 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election of 5 January, to elect the Board of Directors of the National Assembly was disrupted. The events resulted in two competing claims for the Presidency of the National Assembly: one by Luis Parra, an independent legislator, and one by Juan Guaidó. Parra was formerly a member of Justice First, but was expelled from the party on 20 December 2019 based on corruption allegations, which he denies. From inside the legislature, Parra declared himself president of the National Assembly; a move that was welcomed by Maduro administration. The opposition disputed this outcome, saying that quorum had not been achieved and no votes had been counted. Police forces had blocked access to parliament to some opposition members, including Guaidó, and members of the media. Later in the day, a separate session was carried out at the headquarters of "El Nacional" newspaper, where 100 of the 167 deputies voted to re-elect Guaidó as president of the parliament. In his speech, Guaidó announced his resignation from Popular Will.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó was sworn in a session on 7 January after forcing his way in through police barricades. On the same day, Parra has reiterated his claim to the presidency of the parliament.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: After what he and critics of the Maduro administration described as the "illegitimate" inauguration of Maduro on 10 January 2019, Guaidó challenged Maduro's claim to the presidency. The National Assembly declared Guaidó was willing to assume the responsibilities of the presidency, and continued to plan to remove Maduro. Guaidó told "The Wall Street Journal" that "[i]t's not about twisting arms, breaking kneecaps, but rather holding out a hand" and offered "amnesty to military officers who joined efforts for a transition in power." They called for demonstrations on 23 January, the 61st anniversary of the overthrow of dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez. Large numbers of demonstrators came out in cities throughout Venezuela and across the world. Guaidó declared he assumed the functions as acting president and took the presidential oath at a rally in Caracas.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Within minutes of Guaidó's swearing-in, the United States recognized him as president, followed shortly thereafter by Canada and other Latin American and European countries; Russia, China, Iran, Syria, Cuba and Turkey supported Maduro. Maduro accused the United States of backing a coup and said he would cut ties with the country. Guaidó has denied the coup allegations, saying peaceful volunteers backed his movement. In December 2018, Guaidó had traveled to Washington D.C. where he met with OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro, and then on 14 January to Colombia for a Lima Group meeting, in which Maduro's mandate was rejected.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Spanish newspaper "El País" described U.S. president Donald Trump's election—coinciding with the election of conservative presidents in Colombia and Brazil, along with deteriorating conditions in Venezuela—as "a perfect storm," influenced by hawks in the Trump administration. Opposition members Carlos Vecchio, Julio Borges and Gustavo Tarre were consulted, and the Trump administration decision to back Guaidó formed on 22 January, according to "El Pais". U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, National Security Adviser John R. Bolton, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin and others met with Trump that day, and Vice President Mike Pence called Guaidó that night to express U.S. support, according to "The Wall Street Journal". According to "El País", the January Lima Group meeting and the stance taken by Canada, represented by Chrystia Freeland, were key factors leading Donald Trump, known for being an isolationist, to become involved in Venezuela.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: The Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ) rejected the National Assembly's decisions, while the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile welcomed Guaidó as acting president.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: On 29 January 2019, the TSJ launched a probe of Guaidó, froze his assets, and prohibited him from leaving the country. According to Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers for the United Nations Diego García Sayán, the measures were "not adopted in accordance with constitutional requirements, normal legal procedures and international human rights standards."


title: Juan Guaidó

text: As of April 1, 2021, Guaidó is no longer recognized as Venezuela's rightful President by the European Union's 27 member-states after he lost his position as head of parliament; the United States and the United Kingdom continue to recognize him as the legitimate leader of Venezuela.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: According to "El País", Guaidó has had help, along with National Assembly vice-presidents Stalin González and Edgar Zambrano, from young representatives of various political parties: Miguel Pizarro for humanitarian aid, Carlos Paparoni heading a Finance Commission, and Marialbert Barrios working with embassies. Delsa Solórzano worked with Luisa Ortega Díaz on the Amnesty Law. David Smolansky is the OAS coordinator for the Venezuelan Migrant and Refugee crisis.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Carlos Vecchio was accepted by Pompeo as the Guaidó administration's diplomatic envoy to the US. Julio Borges was named to represent Venezuela in the Lima Group. The National Assembly made more than a dozen other diplomatic appointments, including Elisa Trotta Gamus to Argentina, María Teresa Belandria to Brazil, and Humberto Calderón Berti to Colombia. Diplomats to Europe and the Dominican Republic were named on 19 February.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Gustavo Tarre Briceño was named Venezuela's Permanent Representative to the Organization of American States (OAS) on 29 January 2019, and ratified by the National Assembly according to the constitution. On 9 April, the OAS voted 18 to 9, with six abstentions, to accept Tarre Briceño as the ambassador from Venezuela. Maduro's Foreign Ministry called Tarre a "political usurper." The nomination was accepted 20 days before the deadline on Venezuela leaving the union, after they triggered the process in 2017, suggesting that the nation will remain in the OAS against the wishes of the Maduro administration. Venezuela's previous ambassador voted against Tarre. According to "The Washington Post", the OAS vote undermined Maduro's presence internationally and marked a step in the official recognition of Guaidó's government.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: The National Assembly authorized Guaidó's appointment of a new "ad hoc" directors board of Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), of Citgo, Pdvsa Holding Inc, Citgo Holding Inc. and Citgo Petroleum Corporation. The appointed members of PDVSA were Simón Antúnez, Gustavo J. Velasquez, Carlos José Balza, Ricardo Prada and David Smolansky. Likewise, the appointed members of Citgo Holding and Citgo Petroleum Corporation were Luisa Palacios, Edgar Rincón, Luis Urdaneta, Ángel Olmeta, Andrés Padilla and Rick Esser. With Citgo under the control of Guaidó's administration, the US Department of Treasury extended its license to operate in spite of US sanctions.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó named José Ignacio Hernández as special solicitor, making Hernández the first official named with state power. Ricardo Hausmann was named as Venezuela's representative to the Inter-American Development Bank, who recognized Hausmann as a replacement for Maduro's representative.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: The Maduro administration's prosecutor general, Tarek William Saab, said the "appointments by Guaidó and his National Assembly are part of an illegal power grab backed by foreign governments" and opened a probe into the ambassador and oil industry appointees; a magistrate of "Venezuela’s pro-Maduro Supreme Court later read a statement ... nullifying the appointments and accusing the National Assembly of overstepping its constitutional powers."


title: Juan Guaidó

text: On 12 July 2021, Special Action Forces (FAES) officials went to Guaidó's residence to arrest him. The security forces besieged Guaidó for twenty minutes in the residence's garage, who took refuge in an armored vehicle, even using explosives against him. The arrest was ultimately foiled due to the vehicle and his neighbors and supporters, who opposed his detention. Guaidó said that the officers did not identify themselves nor did they show any judicial order. Shortly before the same day, former deputy Freddy Guevara was detained while he was driving his vehicle.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: He said his response to these problems was three-fold: restore the democratic National Assembly, gain international support, and allow for the people's right to self-determination.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: On 25 January 2019, Guaidó offered the Amnesty Law () approved by the National Assembly, for military personnel and authorities who help unseat Maduro. He suggested that if Maduro gives up power, he may receive amnesty. Over his first weekend, he held another public assembly, asking supporters to disseminate the Amnesty Law throughout the country to military, police and other functionaries. On 30 January, demonstrators took to the streets across the country to encourage the military to allow humanitarian aid and reject Maduro. Maduro also held meetings with the military; top military command remains loyal to Maduro as of February 2019.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: In an editorial published by "The New York Times" on the evening of 30 January, Guaidó explained that the law would only apply to individuals who were not found to have committed crimes against humanity.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó told CNN in February 2019 that he would call elections 30 days after Maduro leaves power. He has not stated if he will run for president when elections occur, but said that "talking about a presidential candidacy separates him from his role at this time." In another interview, he declared it was "premature" to consider if he would be running for president.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: The Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy to Re-establish the Validity of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela () was approved on 5 February, and the National Assembly second vice-president Stalin González announced that a commission to set a route towards elections was established on 6 March 2019.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó asked the Bank of England and British Prime Minister Theresa May not to return to the Maduro administration the £1.2 billion in gold reserves the UK holds for Venezuela, and to allow the opposition to access it instead. In the same week, the US Treasury levied sanctions against PDVSA and transferred control of some Venezuelan assets to Guaidó.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó said the Maduro administration was attempting to move some of the country's assets to Uruguay, "to keep stealing from the people of Venezuela." On 5 February, Paparoni announced that the transfer from Portugal to Uruguay had been stopped.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó seeks to open up the economy by allowing foreign, private oil companies greater participation in ventures with PDVSA; the requirement for 51% PDVSA ownership in joint ventures would be dropped. Pledging to honor "legal" and "financial" debt, Carlos Vecchio said that agreements in which Venezuela pays debt with oil (signed by the Maduro administration) may not be honored.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: In a "Euronews" interview, Guaidó said that hospitals in Venezuela lacked basic supplies and that "children were dying due to malnutrition." He has made bringing humanitarian aid to the hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans who could die if aid does not arrive a priority, and a test of the military's allegiance. The day after assuming the acting presidency, Guaidó requested humanitarian aid for Venezuela from the US and from the United Nations. Guaidó said Venezuela's neighbors, in a "global coalition to send aid to Venezuela," will help get humanitarian aid and medicine into the country; products will be shipped to neighboring ports and brought overland via convoys. He said that the 250,000 people whose lives are in danger will be the recipients of the first phase of the humanitarian effort. He traveled to Cúcuta on 22 February to be present as the aid entered Colombia; Maduro administration security forces clashed with demonstrators and blocked the aid from entering.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies announced in March 2019 that the Red Cross was preparing to bring humanitarian aid to the country in April to help ease both the chronic hunger and the medical crisis. "The Wall Street Journal" said that the acceptance of humanitarian shipments by Maduro was his first acknowledgement that Venezuela is "suffering from an economic collapse." Guaidó said the acceptance of humanitarian aid was the "result of our pressure and insistence," and called on Venezuelans to "stay vigilant to make sure incoming aid is not diverted for 'corrupt' purposes." Following the joint report from Human Rights Watch and Johns Hopkins in April 2019, increasing announcements from the United Nations about the scale of the humanitarian crisis, and the softening of Maduro's position on receiving aid, the Red Cross tripled its budget for aid to Venezuela. The increased Red Cross aid would focus in four areas: the migration crisis, the health care system collapse, water and sanitation, and prisons and detention centers.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: On 23 April 2019, Guaidó named Alberto Federico Ravell, former CEO and co-founder of the news channel Globovisión, as his spokesman and director of the National Center of Communications of Venezuela, Guaidó's information and media board. In January 2020, Guaidó announced the appointment of an ad hoc directors board of the National Commission of Telecommunications (CONATEL), saying that "Telesur will no longer be a propaganda tool of the regime."


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó announced on 31 January, before a packed theatre at the Central University of Venezuela, that the National Assembly had approved a commission to implement a plan for the reconstruction of Venezuela. Called Plan País (Plan for the Country), it has been under elaboration for some time, and was initially developed through a series of public and private meetings in the US and Venezuela. According to Guaidó, the aims of the plan are to "stabilize the economy, attend to the humanitarian emergency immediately, rescue public services, and overcome poverty." It has provisions to revitalize PDVSA, restore the health sector, and offer assistance to the most poverty-stricken. Implementation of the plan requires Maduro's exit.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó announced he would embark on a tour of the country beginning 16 March, to organize committees for "Operación Libertad" (trans. Operation Freedom or Operation Liberty) with the goal to claim the presidential residence, Miraflores Palace. From the first rally in Carabobo state, he said, "We will be in each state of Venezuela and for each state we have visited the responsibility will be yours, the leaders, the united, [to] organize ourselves in freedom commands." As part of the ongoing tour, he visited Petare, regarded as one of the world's largest slums, on 12 April.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: In an open assembly celebrating the anniversary of the 19 April 1810 date when the Venezuelan Independence Movement began, Guaidó offered the example that organized protests in Sudan led to the replacement of Omar al-Bashir, and called for "the greatest march" in history on 1 May, to "once and for all end this tragedy". Coinciding with his speech, NetBlocks stated that state-run CANTV again blocked access to social media in Venezuela.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: On 30 April, Guaidó live-streamed a video of himself beside opposition leader Leopoldo López, freed from house arrest after being imprisoned for five years, with the two flanked by members of the Venezuelan armed forces, announcing the "final phase" of Operation Freedom. He stated: "People of Venezuela, it is necessary that we go out together to the street, to support the democratic forces and to recover our freedom. Organized and together, mobilize the main military units. People of Caracas, all to La Carlota." The Associated Press reported that López "had been released from house arrest by security forces adhering to an order from Guaidó." Several dozen military personnel and civilians joined Juan Guaidó in his call for an uprising.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: The head of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service, Manuel Cristopher Figuera, denounced the Maduro government and was dismissed from his position before going into hiding. Expected military defections did not happen. By the end of the day, one protester had died and at least 100 were injured; López was at the Spanish embassy, while 25 military personnel sought asylum in the Brazilian embassy in Caracas. On 1 May, Guaidó's call for the largest march in history did not materialize and his supporters were forced to retreat by security forces using tear gas. Guaidó acknowledged he had received insufficient military backing, and called for strikes beginning on 2 May, with the aim of a general strike later in May.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Guaidó's support began to drop following the incident. In "The Miami Herald", Jim Wyss wrote that the "failed military uprising and a spate of violent but fruitless demonstrations have some wondering if Guaido, and the opposition at large, have what it takes to oust Maduro."


title: Juan Guaidó

text: According to a report by "The Washington Post", in August 2019 Guaidó tasked J.J. Rendón with a Strategic Committee to investigate scenarios for achieving the removal of Maduro from office. Members of the Strategic Committee argued that the Venezuelan Constitution, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and other treaties justified action against Maduro.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Rendón stated that the Strategic Committee had contacted numerous groups about forcibly removing Maduro from office, but they demanded US$500 million. He then made contact with Jordan Goudreau, owner of Silvercorp, on 7 September 2019 at a condominium in Miami, where Silvercorp presented a sales pitch to Rendón that offered the capture or extraction of Maduro from Venezuela, all for US$212.9 million. Rendón signed a retainer agreement in Washington, D.C. on behalf of the Guaidó government with Silvercorp on 16 October 2019. An amount of US$1.5 million was later insisted by Silvercorp in order to initiate "Operation Resolution," the plan to remove Maduro, install Guaidó as President of Venezuela. However, Guaidó representatives ultimately turned down Goudreau's proposal. Goudreau was later responsible for the foiled Macuto Bay raid.


title: Juan Guaidó

text: Following the raid, Guaido's team initially said they had "no relationship with any company in the security and defense branch," however Rendón later admitted that an "exploratory agreement" with Silvercorp was signed to seek the capture of members of Maduro's government.