title: The Honourable

text: In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the prefix 'Honourable' or 'Hon.' is used for members of both chambers of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Informally, senators are sometimes given the higher style of 'Venerable'.


title: The Honourable

text: The style of Honourable is accorded members of parliament in Ghana. It is also extended to certain grades of Royal Orders awarded by Ghana's sub-national Kingdoms.


title: The Honourable

text: The style Honourable is used to address members of the Kenyan parliament. Traditionally, members of Parliament are not allowed to call each other by name in the chambers, but rather use the terms "Honourable colleague" or "Honorable Member for ...". The written form is "Hon. [Last Name], [First Name]" or "Honourable [Last Name]" or "Honourable" [Position] (e.g. "Honourable Speaker").


title: The Honourable

text: Recipients of the rank of Grand Officer or above of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean and persons knighted by Queen Elizabeth II are automatically entitled to prefix "The Hon", "Hons" or "The Honourable" to their name. Commanders and Officers may request permission from the President to use this prefix. Recipients of the order who are not Mauritian citizens may not use the prefix or post-nominals unless granted permission by the President.


title: The Honourable

text: All members of the South African parliament and the nine provincial legislatures are entitled to this prefix.


title: The Honourable

text: A rough equivalent of the style "Honourable" would be 'high well-born', which was used until 1918 for all members of noble families not having any higher style. Its application to bourgeois dignitaries became common in the 19th century, though it has faded since and was always of doubtful correctness.


title: The Honourable

text: In Ireland, all judges of the High Court, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court are referred to as "The Honourable Mr/Ms Justice".


title: The Honourable

text: In Italy, the style "The Honourable" () is customarily used to refer to a member of the Chamber of Deputies or Senate of the Republic. Former members of parliament can maintain the style.


title: The Honourable

text: An extensive system of honorifics used to be in place in the Netherlands. In a more formal setting it still is. 'the honourable lord/lady' is used for the genteel bourgeoisie. The middle classes are instead addressed with 'sir/madam', which is the equivalent of "Mr/Ms" in English.


title: The Honourable

text: Also typical is the use of 'the well-born lord/lady', for students at universities, traditionally children of the genteel bourgeoisie.


title: The Honourable

text: The system adds honorifics based on prestige for military officers based on rank, barristers, prosecutors, judges, members of parliament, government ministers, nobles, clergy, and for academic degrees of master's and above.


title: The Honourable

text: In the Dutch language, is a formal and academic title, for both men and women, protected by Dutch law, ranking above a doctorate and below a professorship. It stands for 'master', and is strictly reserved for holders of a master's degree in law (LL.M.) who are qualified to practice law. Holders are addressed as 'the well-born lord/lady master', followed by their name.


title: The Honourable

text: In the Spanish Autonomous Community of Catalonia the word Honorable (Catalan: "Honorable") is used for current and former members of the cabinet ("consellers") of the President of the Catalan Government ("Generalitat de Catalunya"). Former and current Heads of Government or President of the Generalitat are given the name of "Molt Honorable" ("Very Honorable"). This also applies to former and current heads of government of the Autonomous Communities of Valencia and Balearic Islands.


title: The Honourable

text: In the United Kingdom, all sons and daughters of viscounts and barons (including the holders of life peerages) and the younger sons of earls are styled with this prefix. (The daughters and younger sons of dukes and marquesses and the daughters of earls have the higher style of "Lord" or "Lady" before their first names, and the eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls are known by one of their father's or mother's subsidiary titles.) The style is only a courtesy, however, and on legal documents they may be described as, for instance, "John Smith, Esq., commonly called The Honourable John Smith". As the wives of sons of peers share the styles of their husbands, the wives of the sons of viscounts and barons and the younger sons of earls are styled, for example, "The Hon. Mrs John Smith". Likewise, the married daughters of viscounts and barons, whose husbands hold no higher title or dignity, are styled, for example, "The Hon. Mrs Smith".


title: The Honourable

text: In 1912, King George V granted maids of honour (royal attendants) the style of "the honourable" for life, with precedence next after daughters of barons.


title: The Honourable

text: "The honourable" is also customarily used as a form of address for most foreign nobility that is not formally recognised by the sovereign (e.g. ambassadors) when in the UK.


title: The Honourable

text: Some people are entitled to the prefix by virtue of their offices. Rules exist that allow certain individuals to keep the prefix "The Honourable" even after retirement.


title: The Honourable

text: The style "The Honourable" is usually used in addressing envelopes (where it is usually abbreviated to "The Hon.") and formally elsewhere, in which case "Mr" or "Esquire" are omitted. In speech, however, The Honourable John Smith is usually referred to simply as Mr John Smith.


title: The Honourable

text: In the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, as in other traditionally lower houses of Parliament and other legislatures, members must as a minimum refer to each other as "the honourable member" or "my honourable friend" out of courtesy, but they are not entitled to the style in writing. Members who are 'senior' barristers may be called "the honourable and learnèd member", serving or ex-serving members of the military "the honourable and gallant member", and ordained clergy in the House "the honourable and reverend member"; a practice which the Modernisation Committee recommended abolished, but which use has continued. When anyone is entitled to be styled "Right Honourable" this is used instead of "honourable".


title: The Honourable

text: In the Falkland Islands, the style "the honourable" is given to any serving or former members of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council.


title: The Honourable

text: In the Isle of Man, the style "the honourable" (often abbreviated to "Hon.") is used to refer to a minister while holding office.


title: The Honourable

text: In Canada, while not always enshrined in legislation, some people are commonly referred to as "The Honourable" (). Those who have the honorific for life include:


title: The Honourable

text: In all cases, the governor general of Canada may grant permission to retain the style after they cease to hold office. Persons eligible to retain the style include the speaker of the House of Commons (who may already be eligible as a privy councillor), territorial commissioners, and judges of certain courts (e.g., the Supreme Court of Canada). The most recent former justice granted such privileges was Frank Iacobucci.


title: The Honourable

text: It is usual for speakers of the House of Commons to be made privy councillors, in which case they keep the style for life. By custom, the leader of the Official Opposition is appointed to the Privy Council, granting them the style (being the only non-government MP accorded such privilege). In the past, certain provincial premiers (e.g., Peter Lougheed, Bill Davis, Joey Smallwood and Tommy Douglas) were elevated to the Privy Council and gained the style, but such practice is rare.


title: The Honourable

text: Members of the House of Commons of Canada and of provincial legislatures refer to each other during proceedings of the house with the courtesy style "honourable member" (or ), but their name is not otherwise prefixed with "the Honourable" (unless they are privy councillors or executive councillors).


title: The Honourable

text: Current and former governors general, prime ministers, chief justices and certain other eminent persons use the style of "Right Honourable" for life (or in French). This was originally subject to being summoned to the British Privy Council. Several early prime ministers were not summoned to the British Privy Council, and hence were styled "The Honourable": Alexander Mackenzie, Sir John Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell.


title: The Honourable

text: Members of the Executive Council of Quebec have not used the style "The Honourable" since 1968 but retain the ability to do so, and are often accorded the honorific in media and by the federal government.


title: The Honourable

text: In Barbados, members of the Parliament carry two main titles: members of the House of Assembly are styled "The Honourable", while members of the Senate are styled "Senator". Companions of Honour of the former Order of Barbados from the pre-republic era of Barbados, as well Members of the current Order of the Republic, are accorded the style "The Honourable".


title: The Honourable

text: In Jamaica, those awarded the Order of Jamaica (considered Jamaica's equivalent to a British knighthood) and those awarded the Order of Merit are styled "Honourable".


title: The Honourable

text: In Trinidad and Tobago The Prime Minister, government ministers, the leader of the opposition and ministers within government ministries (junior ministers) are styled as "The Honourable", senators serving as ministers are styled as "Senator The Honourable", ministers with doctorates are styled as "The Honourable Dr. or Dr. the Honourable (rare)."


title: The Honourable

text: In the United States, the prefix "the Honorable" has been used to formally address various officials at the federal and state levels, but it is most commonly used for the President-elect, governors, judges, and members of Congress when formally addressing them. The style may be conferred pursuant to federal government service, according to federal rules, or by state government service, where the rules may be different. Modifiers such as "the Right Honorable" or "the Most Honorable" are not used. The 't' in 'the' is not capitalized in the middle of a sentence.


title: The Honourable

text: Under the rules of etiquette, the President, Vice President, members of both houses of Congress, governors of states, members of state legislatures, and mayors are accorded the title. Persons appointed to office nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate are accorded the title; this rule includes members of the Cabinet and sub-Cabinet (such as deputies and undersecretaries), administrators, members, and commissioners of the various independent agencies, councils, commissions, and boards, federal judges, ambassadors of the United States, U.S. Attorneys, U.S. Marshals, the Architect of the Capitol, the Librarian of Congress and Public Printer of the United States, and presidentially appointed inspectors general.


title: The Honourable

text: High state officials other than governor, such as lieutenant governor and state attorneys general are also accorded the style "Honorable". State court judges and justices of the peace, like federal judges, also are accorded the style "Honorable". Practices vary on whether appointed state official, such as the heads of state cabinet-level departments are given the title. There is also no universal rule for whether county or city officials other than the mayor (such as city council, board of aldermen, board of selectmen, planning and zoning commission, and code enforcement board members, or city manager or police chief or fire chief) are given the title; as these may be different state by state.


title: The Honourable

text: Members of the White House staff at the rank of special assistant, deputy assistant, assistant to the president, and Counselor to the President are accorded the title. Officials nominated to high office but not yet confirmed (e.g., commissioner-designate) and interim or acting officials are generally not accorded the style "Honorable", except for cabinet-level officials.


title: The Honourable

text: Opinions vary on whether the term "the Honorable" is accorded for life. According to the protocols of the U.S. Department of State, all persons who have been in a position that entitled them to "The Honorable" continue to retain that honorific style for life. However, the State Department is not an authority on state and local officials such as mayors, members of state legislatures, and high state officials. The prefix is not used for people who have died.


title: The Honourable

text: Some estimate that in the United States there are nearly 100,000 people who are accorded the "Honorable" title, many in the Washington, D.C. region. Civilian officials, including service secretaries (e.g., Secretary of the Army) of the Pentagon receive the title.


title: The Honourable

text: The style "The Honorable" is used on envelopes when referring to an individual in the third person. It is never properly used to refer to oneself.


title: The Honourable

text: In May 2013, the title was given approval by Queen Elizabeth II to be granted to past, present, and future Governors-General of Australia, to be used in the form "His" or "Her Excellency the Honourable" while holding office, and "The Honourable" in retirement.


title: The Honourable

text: By December 2014, the practice of appointing the vice-regal office holder, as well as former living, the style "The Honourable" for life had also been adopted for the state governors of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Victoria and Tasmania (where it did not apply to past governors), as well as the Administrator of the Northern Territory.


title: The Honourable

text: In Australia, all ministers in Commonwealth and state governments and the government of the Northern Territory are entitled to be styled "the Honourable". The Australian Capital Territory does not have an executive council and so its ministers are not entitled to the style. In Victoria, the style is granted for life, so it is customary for former ministers to retain the style after leaving office. In New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania the premiers can advise the King of Australia to grant former ministers the style for life. In the Northern Territory, the chief minister can request the administrator to make a recommendation to the governor-general who in turn makes a recommendation to the Queen. A minimum five years' service as a member of the executive council and/or as a presiding officer is a prerequisite. In Western Australia, conditional on royal assent, the style may become permanent after three years' service in the ministry. All such awards are published in the "Commonwealth Government Gazette". The presiding officers of the parliaments of the Commonwealth, the states and the Northern Territory are also styled "the Honourable", but normally only during their tenure of office. Special permission is sometimes given for a former presiding officer to retain the style after leaving office, as is the case in the Northern Territory.


title: The Honourable

text: The title "Honourable" is not acquired through membership of either the House of Representatives or the Senate (see Parliament of Australia). A member or senator may have the style if they have acquired it separately, e.g. by being a current or former minister. During proceedings within the chambers, forms such as "the honourable member for ...", "the honourable Leader of the Opposition", or "my honourable colleague" are used. This is a parliamentary courtesy and does not imply any right to the style.


title: The Honourable

text: Traditionally, members of the legislative councils of the states have been styled "the Honourable" for the duration of their terms. That practice is still followed in New South Wales, Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania. In Victoria, the practice was abolished in 2003. In New South Wales, Greens NSW members of the Legislative Council, who are eligible for "the Honourable" style, have refrained from using it, deeming it to be "outdated" and a "colonial trapping".


title: The Honourable

text: Judges of all superior courts are also referred to formally by the style "the Honourable", both during and after holding the office.


title: The Honourable

text: The style "The Honourable" was first granted in 1854 for use by members of the Executive Council, the Speaker of the Legislative Council, the Members of the Legislative Council, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.


title: The Honourable

text: In addition to the standard Commonwealth usage, the Speaker of the House of Representatives was entitled to be referred to as "The Honourable" until 2010, when it was announced that sitting and future Governors-General, Prime Ministers, Chief Justices, and Speakers of the House of Representatives would be entitled to be referred to as "The Right Honourable".


title: The Honourable

text: In July 2006 the Governor-General (and former living Governors-General) were granted the use of the title "The Honourable" until 2010 when the Governors-General was granted the title "Right Honourable" if they did not hold the style already or were a Privy Counsellor.


title: The Honourable

text: New Zealand office holders who are "The Honourable" ex-officio are usually granted the style for life by the Governor-General as a courtesy when they vacate the office; all honours and awards are published in "The New Zealand Gazette".


title: The Honourable

text: In People's Republic of Bangladesh, House Speaker, Ministers, Members of parliaments and Mayors are entitled to the style "Honourable". On the other hand, the Prime Minister and the President are styled "Honourable" or "Excellency".


title: The Honourable

text: In India, judges of the High Courts of India and Supreme Court of India are addressed as "Honourable" "("Hon'ble")"; often stylized and abbreviated as "HMJ", i.e., Honourable Mr/Ms. Justice, followed by their name.


title: The Honourable

text: The elected legislators and Heads of Government are also formally called "Honourable" followed by their name. The vice president is addressed as the hon'ble as well.


title: The Honourable

text: In Pakistan, the judicial officers are addressed as honourable while presiding over in the courts of law. It is a norm to address judges of superior judiciary as honourable judges. Diplomats are addressed as Your Excellency. The head of state and Prime Minister is addressed her/his excellency.


title: The Honourable

text: In Sri Lanka, the honorific "The Honourable" is used to refer to the President, Prime Minister, Ministers, and Members of Parliament. Attorney-General and Solicitor-General as well as Judges of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the High Courts.


title: The Honourable

text: In Malaysia, an elected Member of Parliament or State Legislative Assemblyman is entitled to be referred to as , which translates to 'the honourable'.


title: The Honourable

text: In Myanmar, the Chief Justice and Justices of the Supreme Court of Myanmar are referred as 'The Honourable'.


title: The Honourable

text: In the Philippines, the style is usually used to give distinction to any elected official (whether in office or retired) ranging from the smallest political unit, the "barangay", to the Congress of the Philippines, which consists of the Senate and House of Representatives. Appointed officials such as members of the Cabinet (secretaries, acting secretaries, ad interim secretaries, undersecretaries, and assistant secretaries), the Solicitor General, and heads of government agencies at the national and local levels are also accorded this style. For example, a "kagawad" (barangay or village council member) named Juan de la Cruz will be referred to as "The Honorable Juan de la Cruz". In written form, the style may be shortened to "Hon." (e.g. "Hon. Juan de la Cruz").


title: The Honourable

text: The Vice-President, Chief Justice, Ombudsman, Justices of the Supreme Court, Sandiganbayan, and Court of Appeals, and Trial Court Judges are also addressed in this honorific style. Meanwhile, the President of the Philippines is always given the style His/Her Excellency.


title: The Honourable

text: The Chief Justice, Judges of Appeal, and Justices of the Supreme Court, and the Presiding Judge and District Judges of the State Courts are conventionally addressed in formal settings using the honorific "The Honourable".


title: The Honourable

text: All former Prime Ministers and current Members of the Singapore Parliament is formally addressed in international settings using the honorific "The Honourable".


title: The Honourable

text: The use of the honorific "The Honourable" to refer to the Prime Minister, Ministers, and Members of Parliament is not required by the Standing Orders of Parliament, but during a 1988 parliamentary debate the Leader of the House, Wong Kan Seng, said it would be polite for MPs to refer to their colleagues using the terms "Mr.", "Honourable Mr." or "Honourable Minister" depending on their choice.


title: The Honourable

text: The honorific is usually also used to address the Attorney-General and Solicitors-General, and the heads of states and leaders of foreign countries on short-term visits to Singapore.


title: The Honourable

text: Private, non-profit, and non-governmental (NGO) organisations, and religious movements sometimes style a leader or founder as "The Honourable", e.g. "The Honourable Elijah Muhammad".


title: Stella Stevens

text: Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is a American former actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as "Girls! Girls! Girls!" (1962), "The Nutty Professor" (1963), "The Courtship of Eddie's Father" (1963), "The Silencers" (1966), "Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows" (1968), "The Ballad of Cable Hogue" (1970), and "The Poseidon Adventure" (1972).


title: Stella Stevens

text: Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1960, 1988), "Bonanza" (1960), "The Love Boat" (1977, 1983), "Hart to Hart" (1979), "Newhart" (1983), "Murder, She Wrote" (1985), "Magnum, P.I." (1986), "" (1995), and "Twenty Good Years" (2006). In 1960, she won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress. Stevens has also worked as a film producer, director, and writer. She appeared in three "Playboy" pictorials, and was Playmate of the Month for January 1960.


title: Stella Stevens

text: Born Estelle Eggleston on October 1, 1938, in Yazoo City, Mississippi, she was the only child of Thomas Ellett Eggleston, an insurance salesman, and his wife, Estelle ( Caro) Eggleston, a nurse, sometimes called by the nickname "Dovey".


title: Stella Stevens

text: When Stevens was four, her parents moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where they lived on Carrington Road near Highland Street. She attended St. Anne's Catholic School on Highland Street and Sacred Heart School on Jefferson Avenue, finishing her final year of high school in 1955 at the Memphis Evening School at Memphis Tech High School.


title: Stella Stevens

text: At age 16, she married electrician Noble Herman Stephens on December 3, 1954, in Holly Springs, Mississippi, but moved to Memphis, where their only child, Herman Andrew Stephens (who became actor/producer Andrew Stevens), was born on June 10, 1955. The couple divorced in 1957. While studying at Memphis State College, Stella became interested in acting and modeling. According to her official biography, "Her schooling in Memphis, included a couple of years at Memphis State University, where she was noticed in the school play "Bus Stop". The "Memphis Press-Scimitar" review of that performance in Memphis sparked her career."


title: Stella Stevens

text: Stevens made her film debut in "Say One for Me" (1959), a modest musical produced by and starring Bing Crosby, appearing in the minor role of a chorus girl. Stevens' contract with 20th Century-Fox was dropped after six months. After winning the role of Appassionata Von Climax in the musical "Li'l Abner" (1959), she signed a contract with Paramount Pictures (1959-1963). In 1960, she won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress for her performance in "Say One for Me", sharing the distinction with fellow up-and-comers Tuesday Weld, Angie Dickinson, and Janet Munro.


title: Stella Stevens

text: In January 1960, she was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month and was also featured in "Playboy" pictorials in 1965 and 1968. She was included in "Playboy"'s 100 Sexiest Stars of the 20th Century, appearing at number 27. During the 1960s, she was one of the most photographed women in the world.


title: Stella Stevens

text: In 1961, she starred opposite Bobby Darin in John Cassavetes' "Too Late Blues", and in 1962, she starred opposite Elvis Presley in "Girls! Girls! Girls!". The following year, she appeared in two successful comedy films: Jerry Lewis's "The Nutty Professor" (1963), as his student and love interest Stella Purdy, and in Vincente Minnelli's "The Courtship of Eddie's Father" (1963), playing the would-be "Miss Montana" beauty queen.


title: Stella Stevens

text: In 1964, she signed a contract with Columbia Pictures (1964–68). Following appearances in "Synanon" (1965) and "The Secret of My Success" (1965), Stevens starred as a sexy but clumsy government agent opposite Dean Martin in the Matt Helm spy spoof "The Silencers" (1966). Her final film for Columbia was "Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows" (1968) in which she played Sister George.


title: Stella Stevens

text: In 1970, Stevens starred opposite Jason Robards in Sam Peckinpah's "The Ballad of Cable Hogue", for which she received positive reviews. In his review in "The New York Times", Roger Greenspun wrote, "But it is Stella Stevens, at last in a role good enough for her, who most wonderfully sustains and enlightens the action." In 1972, she costarred with Jim Brown in blaxploitation "Slaughter", later in the year costarring in Irwin Allen's hugely successful disaster film "The Poseidon Adventure", starring Gene Hackman, Ernest Borgnine, Roddy McDowall, and Shelley Winters. Stevens played the role of Linda Rogo, the "refreshingly outspoken" ex-prostitute wife of Borgnine's character. In 1986, she appeared in "Monster in the Closet".


title: Stella Stevens

text: Although she continued to appear in feature films for the next four decades, Stevens shifted the focus of her career to television series, miniseries, and movies.


title: Stella Stevens

text: Stevens appeared in several top television series in the 1960s, including "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1960), "General Electric Theater" (1960, 1961), and "Ben Casey" (1964). One of her earliest television appearances was in a critically acclaimed 1960 episode of "Bonanza", "Silent Thunder", playing a deaf-mute.


title: Stella Stevens

text: In the early 1970s, she began working regularly on television series, miniseries, and movies. She appeared in episodes of such popular series as "Banacek" (1973) and "Police Story" (1975), as well as the pilot films for "Wonder Woman" (1975), "The Love Boat" (1977), and "Hart to Hart" (1979). In 1979, she appeared along with her son Andrew Stevens in "The Oregon Trail" (1977) episode "Hannah's Girl".


title: Stella Stevens

text: In the 1980s, she continued to work regularly in series such as "Newhart" (1983), "The Love Boat" (1983), "Fantasy Island" (1983), "Highway to Heaven" (1984), "Night Court" (1984), "Murder, She Wrote" (1985), "Magnum, P.I." (1986), and "Father Dowling Mysteries" (1987). Stevens appears in 34 episodes of the primetime soap opera "Flamingo Road" (1981–82), as Lute-Mae Sanders, the former madam of a brothel.


title: Stella Stevens

text: From 1989 to 1990, she had a role on "Santa Barbara" as Phyllis Blake. Her string of appearances on popular television series continued into the 1990s with "The Commish" (1993), "Burke's Law" (1994), "" (1995), "Silk Stalkings" (1996), and "General Hospital" (1996, 1999). She also appeared in the critically acclaimed miniseries "In Cold Blood" (1996). Her television career continued into the 2000s when she appeared in an episode of "Twenty Good Years" (2006).


title: Stella Stevens

text: In the 1960s, Stevens was a member of a five-voice vocal ensemble called The Skip-Jacks. That group is best known for performing the theme songs for the television programs "The Flintstones" and "The Patty Duke Show".


title: Stella Stevens

text: Stevens appeared in several stage productions, including a touring production of an all-female version of Neil Simon's "The Odd Couple" opposite Sandy Dennis. Stevens played the Oscar Madison character. She produced and directed two films, "The Ranch" (1989) and "The American Heroine" (1979). In 1999, she co-wrote a novel, "Razzle Dazzle", about a Memphis-born singer named Johnny Gault.


title: Stella Stevens

text: In late 1976, Stevens purchased a ranch in Methow Valley near Carlton, Washington, on the eastern edge of the Cascade Mountains. She also opened an art gallery and bakery in the nearby small town of Twisp, Washington.


title: Stella Stevens

text: In 1983, Stevens began a long-term relationship with rock guitarist Bob Kulick. A little over a year later, he moved into Stevens' Beverly Hills home.


title: Stella Stevens

text: In March 2016, Kulick and Stevens sold her longtime Beverly Hills home, and she moved to a long-term Alzheimer's care facility in Los Angeles. Kulick often visited her there until his death on May 28, 2020.


title: Keeley Hazell

text: Keeley Rebecca Hazell (born 18 September 1986) is an English model and actress. Hazell was a Page 3 girl and has worked with magazines such as "FHM", "Loaded", "Nuts" and "Zoo Weekly". She has also made numerous television appearances and has focused on her acting career, appearing in films such as "Horrible Bosses 2" (2014) and the streaming television series "Ted Lasso" (2020).


title: Keeley Hazell

text: Hazell was born on 18 September 1986 in Lewisham, London, England, and grew up in Grove Park. She attended the Ravensbourne School in Bromley. Her mother Amber was a dinner lady and her father Roy was a window fitter; they separated when Hazell was 13 years old.


title: Keeley Hazell

text: At 16 years of age, Hazell left school to work as a hairdresser. Her colleagues persuaded her to try her luck at modelling. At 17 years of age, she competed in "The Daily Star"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "Search for a Beach Babe" contest and won. Still not old enough to pose on Page 3, she went to study fashion at Lewisham College. Later, a friend told her about "The Sun"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Page 3 Idol competition. Despite some initial uncertainty about entering the contest, she submitted some photos. She was eventually chosen the winner in December 2004. She won £10,000 worth of "sexy clothes" and "a one-year membership of the Rex cinema and bar". Another part of Hazell's Page 3 Idol win was a one-year exclusive glamour modelling contract with "The Sun".


title: Keeley Hazell

text: Hazell has been regularly featured in "Nuts" and "Zoo Weekly". In June 2005, she appeared on the front cover of "Maxim" magazine and she also appeared on the front cover of "FHM" in September that year. In January 2006, she appeared on the front cover of "Loaded" magazine. She was on the cover of "The Sun"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 2006 and 2007 Page 3 calendars in addition to releasing her own wall calendars, her own 2007 edition selling 30,000 copies in its first few days of release.


title: Keeley Hazell

text: In 2008, Hazell and agent Ginny Mettrick co-founded a modelling agency called Muse Management. In 2009, according to the August edition of "Loaded", Peta Todd stated that Hazell had given modelling up to pursue a career in acting and that she was in America receiving acting lessons. Her last appearance on Page 3 of "The Sun" was on 30 September 2009. In January 2013, Hazell made a return to modelling by appearing in "FHM".


title: Keeley Hazell

text: Hazell was chosen to promote Sony Computer Entertainment Europe's "Formula One 06" video game released in July 2006 for PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable; and "Formula One Championship Edition" for PlayStation 3 the following year. She then became the face of "" (2008) for PlayStation 3.


title: Keeley Hazell

text: Hazell had a small role in the 2006 film "Cashback" after it had been reworked from a short into a full-length movie. The following year, she was in talks with producers to be in a movie based on the television series "Baywatch".


title: Keeley Hazell

text: In 2007, Hazell and IT expert Gary Schwartz co-presented "Byte Me TV", an online programme that tried to explain technology in an easy-to-understand way. The following year she appeared in the BBC Three documentary "Page Three Teens"; and released a pop music single called "Voyeur".


title: Keeley Hazell

text: In 2010, Hazell had her first lead role, in the short film "Venus and the Sun", a comedic retelling of Ovid's myth, Venus and Adonis. She followed this up with a small role in the film "Like Crazy", which won both the Grand and a Special Jury Prize at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Keeley Hazell

text: In 2012, Hazell played a supporting role in the British gangster movie "St George's Day". She then starred in the 2013 comedy film "Awful Nice" and the 2015 horror film "Whispers". Also in 2015, she landed a television role, in E!'s first scripted drama, "The Royals", as Violet. She then appeared in the 2016 short film "Queen of Hearts" and two years later appeared in the 2018 TV Movie "Vows of Deceit." In 2020 she appeared in the streaming television series "Ted Lasso" as Bex, the girlfriend of the former owner of AFC Richmond, Rupert Mannion.


title: Keeley Hazell

text: Hazell's memoir "Everyone’s Seen My Tits" will be published by Grand Central Publishing. She is a writer on the third season of"Ted Lasso".


title: Keeley Hazell

text: Hazell was hailed by Conservative leader David Cameron in December 2006 as an "environmental hero" for her campaigns in "The Sun", giving environmental tips such as turning lights off during the day. She was named alongside the likes of David Attenborough, Charles III, and Arnold Schwarzenegger in the Tories' list.


title: Keeley Hazell

text: Hazell backed a major breast cancer awareness campaign for Breakthrough Breast Cancer. The campaign, called 'TALK TLC', aimed to promote Breakthrough's breast health message about the need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of breast cancer. Hazell has also signed up to take part in the Breakthrough Generations Study consisting of 100,000 women and spanning 40 years; the study aims to be the largest and most comprehensive of its kind.


title: Keeley Hazell

text: Hazell has also appeared naked in advertising posters for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), and she has been quoted as saying: "Once you learn how the fur trade treats animals, it's impossible to think of wearing fur as sexy or glamorous."


title: M (James Bond)

text: M is a codename held by a number of fictional characters in Ian Fleming's James Bond book and film series; the characters are the current or past Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service, the agency known as MI6. Fleming based the character on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence. M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors, as well as appearing in twenty-four films. In the Eon Productions series of films, M has been portrayed by four actors: Bernard Lee, Robert Brown, Judi Dench and Ralph Fiennes, the incumbent; in the two independent productions, M was played by John Huston, David Niven and Edward Fox.


title: M (James Bond)

text: Fleming based much of M's character on Rear Admiral John Godfrey, who was Fleming's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War. After Fleming's death, Godfrey complained "He turned me into that unsavoury character, M."


title: M (James Bond)

text: Other possible inspirations include Lieutenant Colonel Sir Claude Dansey, the deputy head of MI6 and head of the wartime Z network, who achieved different interpretations of his character from those who knew him: Malcolm Muggeridge thought him "the only professional in MI6", while Hugh Trevor-Roper considered Dansey to be "an utter shit, corrupt, incompetent, but with a certain low cunning". A further inspiration for M was Maxwell Knight, the head of MI5, who signed his memos as "M" and whom Fleming knew well. The tradition of the head of MI6 signing their name with a single letter came from Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who would sign his initial "C", with green ink.


title: M (James Bond)

text: Another possibility for the model of M was William Melville, an Irishman who became the head of the Secret Service Bureau, the forerunner of both MI5 and MI6: Melville was referred to within government circles as M. Melville recruited Sidney Reilly into government service and foiled an assassination plot against Queen Victoria on her 1887 Golden Jubilee. Fleming's biographer John Pearson also hypothesised that Fleming's characterisation of M reflects memories of his mother:


title: M (James Bond)

text: Fleming's third Bond novel, "Moonraker", establishes M's initials as "M**** M*******" and his first name is subsequently revealed to be Miles. In the final novel of the series, "The Man with the Golden Gun", M's full identity is revealed as Vice Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG; Messervy had been appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service after his predecessor had been assassinated at his desk.


title: M (James Bond)

text: A naval theme runs throughout Fleming's description of M and his surroundings, and his character was described by journalist Ben Macintyre as "every inch the naval martinet". Macintyre wrote that in his study of Fleming's work, Kingsley Amis outlined the way Fleming had described M's voice, being: angry (three times); brutal, cold (seven times); curt, dry (five times); gruff (seven times); stern, testy (five times).


title: M (James Bond)

text: Over the course of twelve novels and two collections of short stories, Fleming provided a number of details relating to M's background and character. In "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" it is revealed that M's pay as head of the Secret Service is £6,500 a year, (£ in 2022 pounds) £1,500 of which comes from retired naval pay. Although his pay is good for the 1950s and 1960s, it is never explained how M received or can afford his membership at Blades, an upscale private club for gentlemen he frequents in London to gamble and dine. Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show £100,000 (£ in 2022 pounds) in cash or gilt-edged securities. Kingsley Amis noted in his study, "The James Bond Dossier", that on M's salary his membership of the club would have been puzzling. As a personal favour to M, the staff at Blades keeps a supply of cheap red wine from Algeria on hand but does not include it on the wine list. M refers to it as "Infuriator" and tends only to drink it in moderate quantities unless he is in a very bad mood.


title: M (James Bond)

text: The academic Paul Stock argues that M's office is a metonym for England and a stable point from which Bond departs on a mission, whilst he sees M as being an iconic representative of England and Englishness.


title: M (James Bond)

text: In the first post-Fleming book, "Colonel Sun", M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck, his home, and Bond goes to great lengths to rescue him. The later continuation books, written by John Gardner, retain Sir Miles Messervy as M, who protects Bond from the new, less aggressive climate in the Secret Service, saying that at some point Britain will need "a blunt instrument". In Gardner's final novel, "COLD", M is kidnapped and rescued by Bond and finishes the book by retiring from MI6. Continuation Bond author Raymond Benson's 1998 novel "The Facts of Death" continued Messervy's retirement, where he still resides in Quarterdeck. The book also introduces a new M, Barbara Mawdsley.


title: M (James Bond)

text: M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond film, "Dr. No" (1962), until "Moonraker" (1979). In line with Fleming's character, he is given the name of Miles in "The Spy Who Loved Me." In "Dr. No," M refers to his record of reducing the number of operative casualties since taking the job, implying someone else held the job recently before him. The film also saw M refer to himself as head of MI7; Lee had originally said MI6, but was overdubbed with the name MI7 prior to the film's release. Earlier in the film, the department had been referred to as MI6 by a radio operator.


title: M (James Bond)

text: A number of Bond scholars have noted that Lee's interpretation of the character was in line with the original literary representation; Cork and Stutz observed that Lee was "very close to Fleming's version of the character", while Rubin commented on the serious, efficient, no-nonsense authority figure. Smith and Lavington, meanwhile, remarked that Lee was "the very incarnation of Fleming's crusty admiral."


title: M (James Bond)

text: Lee died of cancer in January 1981, four months into the filming of "For Your Eyes Only" and before any of his scenes could be filmed. Out of respect, no new actor was hired to assume the role and, instead, the script was re-written so that the character is said to be on leave, with his lines given to either his Chief of Staff Bill Tanner or the Minister of Defence, Sir Frederick Gray. Later films referred to Lee's tenure as head of the service, with a painting of him as M in MI6's Scottish headquarters during the 1999 installment "The World Is Not Enough".


title: M (James Bond)

text: After Lee's death in 1981, the producers hired actor Robert Brown to play M in "Octopussy". Brown had previously played Admiral Hargreaves, Flag Officer Submarines, in the 1977 film, "The Spy Who Loved Me". Bond scholars Steven Jay Rubin, John Cork, and Collin Stutz all consider Admiral Hargreaves would have been appointed to the role of M, rather than Brown playing a different character as M.


title: M (James Bond)

text: Pfeiffer and Worrall considered that whilst Brown looks perfect, the role had been softened from that of Lee; they also considered him "far too avuncular", although in "Licence to Kill" they remarked that he came across as being very effective as he removed Bond's double-0 licence. Continuation author Raymond Benson agrees, noting that the M role was "once again under written, and Brown is not allowed the opportunity to explore and reveal his character traits"; Benson also considered the character to be "too nice".


title: M (James Bond)

text: In "No Time to Die" (2021), Brown's M is briefly seen in a portrait at M's office (Ralph Fiennes) opposite a portrait of Judi Dench's M.


title: M (James Bond)

text: After the long period between "Licence to Kill" and "GoldenEye", the producers brought in Dame Judi Dench to take over as the new M replacing Robert Brown. The character is based on Stella Rimington, the real-life head of MI5 between 1992 and 1996. For "GoldenEye", Dench's M is cold, blunt and initially dislikes Bond, whom she calls a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur, a relic of the Cold War." Tanner, her Chief of Staff, refers to her during the film as "the Evil Queen of Numbers", given her reputation at that stage for relying on statistics and analysis rather than impulse and initiative.


title: M (James Bond)

text: Following Pierce Brosnan's departure from the role as Bond, Dench continued playing M for the 2006 film "Casino Royale", which rebooted the series with Daniel Craig playing Bond at the beginning of his career. In this new continuity, M has worked for MI6 for some time, at one point muttering, "Christ, I miss the Cold War". According to "Skyfall", M was previously in charge of MI6's operations in Hong Kong during the 1990s. Her ability to run MI6 has been questioned more than once; in "Casino Royale", she is the subject of a review when Bond is caught shooting an unarmed prisoner and blowing up a foreign embassy on camera; in "Quantum of Solace", the Foreign Secretary orders her to personally withdraw Bond from the field in Bolivia and to stop any investigations into Dominic Greene's eco-terrorist organisation; and in "Skyfall", she is the subject of a public inquiry when MI6 loses a computer hard drive containing the identities of undercover agents around the world. "Skyfall" marked Dench's seventh appearance as M, where she is targeted by former MI6 agent Raoul Silva, whom she turned over to the Chinese in order to save six other agents. She assists Bond with making booby traps in preparation of Silva's forces coming to attack at Bond's old family estate, Skyfall in Scotland. She is shot and wounded before dying from her wounds in the film, making her the only M to die in the Eon Bond films. Dench's M makes a final appearance in "Spectre" in a video will, giving Bond a final order to hunt down and terminate someone, which ultimately leads him to the film's titular criminal organisation.


title: M (James Bond)

text: In "No Time to Die" (2021), Dench's M is briefly seen in a portrait at M's office (Ralph Fiennes) opposite a portrait of Robert Brown's M.


title: M (James Bond)

text: There have also been brief references to M's family: in "GoldenEye," she responds to Tanner calling her the "Evil Queen of Numbers" by telling him that when she wants to hear sarcasm she will listen to her children. "Quantum of Solace" director Marc Forster suggested that Dench's casting gave the character maternal overtones in her relationship with Bond, overtones made overt in "Skyfall", in which Silva repeatedly refers to her as "Mother" and "Mommy" . In "Skyfall" she is revealed to be a widow.


title: M (James Bond)

text: An inscribed box following her death in "Skyfall" reveals her name to be Olivia Mansfield, at least for the duration of the Craig era.


title: M (James Bond)

text: After the death of Dame Judi Dench's M at the end of "Skyfall", she is succeeded by Gareth Mallory, played by Ralph Fiennes. Mallory had been the Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee prior to heading MI6, and is a former in the British Army. He served in Northern Ireland (with the Special Air Service) during the Troubles, where he had been held hostage by the Irish Republican Army for three months. In "Spectre", the 00 Section of MI6 is briefly dismantled in addition to Mallory being demoted. He assists Bond in the field when it is revealed that the Nine Eyes initiative is part of Spectre's plan for world domination. He eulogizes 007 at the end of "No Time to Die". Mallory is the first M in the EON series whose real name is known from the start, and he continues to be referred to both as M and as Mallory throughout the films.


title: M (James Bond)

text: The 1967 film "Casino Royale" had not one but two Ms. The first is played by John Huston, who also co-directed. In this film, M's real name is McTarry and he is accidentally killed when, in order to get Bond out of retirement, he orders the military to fire mortars at Bond's mansion when the retired spy refuses to return to duty. The first quarter of the film depicts Bond's subsequent visit to McTarry Castle in Scotland, on a quest to return the only piece of M's remains recovered after the attack—his bright red toupée. Subsequently, Bond—played by David Niven—becomes the new M and proceeds to order that all MI6 agents, male and female, be renamed "James Bond 007" in order to confuse the enemy.


title: M (James Bond)

text: In 1983's "Never Say Never Again", Edward Fox played M as a bureaucrat, contemptuous of Bond—far removed from the relationship shared between Bernard Lee's M and Sean Connery's Bond; the academic Jeremy Black notes that the contempt felt for the 00 section by Fox's M was reciprocated by Connery's Bond. Fox's M is very notably younger than all of the previous portrayals, and indeed his portrayal is the only instance ― to date ― of the actor playing M being younger than the actor playing Bond. The media historian James Chapman notes that whilst M considers Bond to be an out-dated relic, the Foreign Secretary orders the 00 section to be re-activated.


title: M (James Bond)

text: Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill's "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" comic series establishes that the 1898-era League (led by Mina Harker) was directed by Campion Bond (James Bond's grandfather), who served under a master called M. This M was later revealed to be none other than James Moriarty in disguise, using the League to win a gang war against Fu Manchu. After the death of Moriarty, Sherlock Holmes's older brother Mycroft Holmes assumed the role of M. In the sequel volume "", set during a moribund and dystopian 1950s post-war Britain, the head of the British secret service, M, is Harry Lime, from Graham Greene's "The Third Man". In the final volume of "", spanning from 1910 to 2009, the M of 2009 is an elderly Emma Peel from "The Avengers". In the 2003 film adaptation of the series, M is once again Moriarty, and played by Richard Roxburgh.


title: M (James Bond)

text: In the fifth book of the "Belinda Blinked" series, the subject of the podcast My Dad Wrote a Porno, the Duchess is revealed to be M in the eighth chapter, titled 'M's the Word'. The Duchess, after explaining her position and informing Belinda that she has been observing her movements since their meeting in the first book of the "Belinda Blinked" series, grants Belinda top-level security clearance, along with MI6 agent James Spooner, and sends the two characters to Australia in an attempt to bring The Special One to justice after kidnapping Professor Slints.


title: M (James Bond)

text: In the 2022 film "Operation Mincemeat", Ian Fleming (Johnny Flynn) is portrayed in his role as a Naval Intelligence Officer during WW2, and refers to Commander Godfrey as M, because he called "[his] Mother M, the most terrifying, most impossible, most demanding creature [he] ever met." In the film, Godfrey is the authority for approving mission critical assets for Operation Trojan Horse, a plan to deceive the Nazis that England intended to invade Greece in July 1942, leveraging a ruse from the Trout Memo which includes the insertion of a corpse carrying false documents on the Spanish Coast.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Joseph Isadore Lieberman (; born February 24, 1942) is an American politician, lobbyist, and attorney who served as a United States senator from Connecticut from 1989 to 2013. A former member of the Democratic Party, he was its nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2000 election. During his final term in office, he was officially listed as an independent Democrat and caucused with and chaired committees for the Democratic Party.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was elected as a "Reform Democrat" in 1970 to the Connecticut Senate, where he served three terms as Majority Leader. After an unsuccessful bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1980, he served as state Attorney General from 1983 to 1989. He narrowly defeated Republican incumbent Lowell Weicker in 1988 to win election to the U.S. Senate and was re-elected in 1994, 2000, and 2006. He was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in the 2000 United States presidential election, running with presidential nominee and then Vice President Al Gore, and becoming the first Jewish candidate on a major American political party presidential ticket.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In the 2000 presidential election, Gore and Lieberman won the popular vote by a margin of more than 500,000 votes, but lost the deciding Electoral College to the Republican George W. Bush/Dick Cheney ticket 271–266. He also unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination in the 2004 presidential election.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: During his Senate re-election bid in 2006, Lieberman lost the Democratic Party primary election, but won re-election in the general election as a third party candidate under the "Connecticut for Lieberman" party label. Never a member of that party, he remained a registered Democrat while he ran.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was officially listed in Senate records for the 110th and 111th Congresses as an Independent Democrat, and sat as part of the Senate Democratic Caucus. However, after his speech at the 2008 Republican National Convention in which he endorsed John McCain for president, he no longer attended Democratic Caucus leadership strategy meetings or policy lunches. On November 5, 2008, he met with Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid to discuss his future role with the Democratic Party. Ultimately, the Senate Democratic Caucus voted to allow him to keep the chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Subsequently, he announced that he would continue to caucus with the Democrats. Before the 2016 election, he endorsed Hillary Clinton for president and in 2020 endorsed Joe Biden for president.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: As senator, Lieberman introduced and championed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 and legislation that led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. During debate on the Affordable Care Act (ACA), as the crucial 60th vote needed to pass the legislation, his opposition to the public health insurance option was critical to its removal from the resulting bill signed by President Barack Obama.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was born in Stamford, Connecticut, the son of Henry, who ran a liquor store, and Marcia ("née" Manger) Lieberman. His family is Jewish; his paternal grandparents emigrated from Congress Poland and his maternal grandparents were from Austria-Hungary. He received a B.A. in both political science and economics from Yale University in 1964 and was the first member of his family to graduate from college. At Yale he was editor of the "Yale Daily News" and a member of the Elihu Club. While at Yale Lieberman was introduced to conservative thinker William F. Buckley Jr., who was also editor of the Yale Daily News; Buckley and Lieberman maintained social relationship. His roommate was Richard Sugarman, a Professor of Philosophy and Religion at the University of Vermont and advisor to 2016 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. Lieberman later attended Yale Law School, receiving his LLB degree in 1967. After graduation from law school, Lieberman worked as a lawyer for the New Haven-based law firm Wiggin & Dana LLP.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: A spokesperson told the "Hartford Courant" in 1994 that Lieberman received an educational deferment from the Vietnam War draft when he was an undergraduate and law student from 1960 to 1967. Upon graduating from law school at age 25, Lieberman qualified for a family deferment because he was already married and had a child.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was elected as a "reform Democrat" to the Connecticut Senate in 1970, where he served for 10 years, including the last six as Majority Leader. He suffered his first defeat in Connecticut elections in the Reagan landslide year of 1980, losing the race for the Third District Congressional seat to Republican Lawrence Joseph DeNardis, a state senator from suburban Hamden with whom he had worked closely on bipartisan legislative efforts. In 1981 he wrote an admiring biography of long-time Connecticut and national Democratic leader John Moran Bailey, reviewing also in the book the previous 50 years of Connecticut political history. From 1983 to 1989, he served as Connecticut Attorney General. Lieberman argued one case before the United States Supreme Court, "Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.", a free exercise case involving Connecticut's repeal of its blue laws. In the 1986 general election, Lieberman won more votes than any other Democrat on the statewide ticket, including Governor William O'Neill. As Attorney General, Lieberman emphasized consumer protection and environmental enforcement.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was first elected to the United States Senate as a Democrat in the 1988 election, defeating liberal Republican Lowell Weicker by a margin of 10,000 votes. He scored the nation's biggest political upset that year, after being backed by a coalition of Democrats and unaffiliated voters with support from conservative Republicans (most notably including "National Review" founder and "Firing Line" host William F. Buckley, Jr. and his brother, former New York Senator James L. Buckley), who were disappointed in three-term Republican incumbent Weicker's liberal voting record and personal style. During the campaign, he received support from Connecticut's Cuban American community which was unhappy with Weicker. Lieberman has since remained firmly anti-Castro.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Shortly after his first election to the Senate, Lieberman was approached by incoming Majority Leader George Mitchell who advised him, "Pick out two or three areas that you're really interested in and learn them so that your colleagues know what you're talking about[...] You're going to have more influence even as a freshman than you think because you know there's hundreds of issues and inevitably we rely on each other." Recalling the conversation, Lieberman has said, "that was true when I first came in, although you could see partisanship beginning to eat away at that. But at the end of my 24 years, it was really so partisan that it was hard to make the combinations to get to 60 votes to break a filibuster to get things done."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman's initiatives against violence in video games are considered the chief impetus behind the establishment of an industry-wide video game rating system during the early 1990s.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In 1994, Lieberman made history by winning by the largest landslide ever in a Connecticut Senate race, drawing 67 percent of the vote and beating his opponent by more than 350,000 votes. Like Bill Clinton and Dick Gephardt, Lieberman served as chair of the Democratic Leadership Council from 1995 to 2001. In 1998, Lieberman was the first prominent Democrat to publicly challenge Clinton for the judgment exercised in his affair with Monica Lewinsky. However, he voted against removing Clinton from office by impeachment.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: It was a very hard thing for me to do because I liked him but I really felt what he did was awful and that unless I felt myself if I didn't say something, I'd be a hypocrite. I also felt that if somebody who was supportive of him didn't say something, it would not be good. And so it got a lot of attention. I got a call from Erskine Bowles who was Chief of Staff about three or four days later saying that he was going to express an opinion which wasn't universally held at the White House – he thought I helped the president by bursting the boil, that was the metaphor he used. The following Sunday morning, I'm at home and the phone rings, it's the White House. And it's now about a week and a couple of days since I made the speech. The president says, it was the president, "I just want you to know that there's nothing you said in that speech that I don't agree with. And I want you to know that I'm working on it." And we talked for about forty-five minutes. It was amazing.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In spring 2000, Lieberman among other centrist Democrats founded the Senate New Democrat Coalition. In the same year, while concurrently running for the vice presidency, Lieberman was elected to a third Senate term with 64 percent of the vote easily defeating the Republican Philip Giordano.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman sought the Democratic Party's renomination for U.S. Senate from Connecticut in 2006 but lost to the comparatively more liberal Ned Lamont, a Greenwich businessman and antiwar candidate.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was officially endorsed by the Connecticut Democratic Convention, which met in May. However, Lamont received 33 percent of the delegates' votes, forcing an August primary.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In July, Lieberman announced that he would file papers to appear on the November ballot should he lose the primary, saying, "I'm a loyal Democrat, but I have loyalties that are greater than those to my party, and that's my loyalty to my state and my country." He said he would continue to sit as a Democrat in the Senate even if he was defeated in the primary and elected on an unaffiliated line, and expressed concern for a potentially low turnout. On July 10, the Lieberman campaign officially filed paperwork allowing him to collect signatures for the newly formed Connecticut for Lieberman party ballot line.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On August 8, 2006, Lieberman conceded the Democratic primary election to Ned Lamont, saying, "For the sake of our state, our country and my party, I cannot and will not let that result stand," and announced he would run in the 2006 November election as an independent candidate on the Connecticut for Lieberman ticket, against both Lamont and the Republican candidate, Alan Schlesinger.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Polls after the primary showed Lieberman ahead of Ned Lamont by 5 points. Later polls showed Lieberman leading by varying margins. Alan Schlesinger barely registered support and his campaign had run into problems based on alleged gambling debts. According to columnist Steve Kornacki, Lieberman was therefore "able to run in the general election as the de facto Republican candidate – every major Republican office-holder in the state endorsed him – and to supplement that GOP base with strong support from independents."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On August 9, 2006, Hillary Clinton the junior U.S. senator from New York affirmed her pledge to support the primary winner, saying "voters of Connecticut have made their decision and I think that decision should be respected", and Howard Dean called for Lieberman to quit the race, saying he was being "disrespectful of Democrats and disrespectful of the Democratic Party".


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On August 10, in his first campaign appearance since losing the Democratic primary, referencing the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot, Lieberman criticized Lamont, saying:


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lamont noted Lieberman's position was similar to George W. Bush and Dick Cheney's position. Lamont said, "That comment sounds an awful lot like Vice President Cheney's comment on Wednesday. Both of them believe our invasion of Iraq has a lot to do with 9/11. That's a false premise." Lieberman's communications director replied that Lamont was politicizing national security by "portraying [Lieberman] as a soul mate of President Bush on Iraq".


title: Joe Lieberman

text: As a moderate Democrat, Lieberman earned an inordinate amount of support from some prominent conservatives in American politics. On August 17, 2006 the National Republican Senatorial Committee stated that they would favor a Lieberman victory in the November election over Democratic nominee Ned Lamont. However, the NRSC did state that they were not going so far as to actually support Lieberman.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani praised Lieberman at a South Carolina campaign stop on August 18, saying he was "a really exceptional senator."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Five Democratic senators maintained their support for Lieberman, and Lieberman also received the strong support of former senator and Democratic stalwart Bob Kerrey, who offered to stump for him. Democratic minority leader Harry Reid, while endorsing Lamont, promised Lieberman that he would retain his committee positions and seniority if he prevailed in the general election.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On August 28, Lieberman campaigned at the same motorcycle rally as Republican Congressman Christopher Shays. Shays told a crowd of motorcycle enthusiasts, "We have a national treasure in Joe Lieberman."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Mel Sembler, a former Republican National Committee finance chairman, helped organize a reception that raised a "couple hundred thousand dollars" for Lieberman, who was personally in attendance. Sembler is a prominent Republican who chaired I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby's legal defense fund. New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg held a fundraiser for Lieberman at his home in November, co-hosted by former mayor Ed Koch and former Senator Alfonse M. D'Amato. Koch called Lieberman "one of the greatest Senators we've ever had in the Senate."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Despite still considering himself a Democrat, Lieberman was endorsed by numerous Republicans who actively spoke out in favor of his candidacy. Lieberman was also the focus of websites such as ConservativesforLieberman06.com.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On November 7, Lieberman won re-election with 50% of the vote. Ned Lamont garnered 40% of ballots cast and Alan Schlesinger won 10%. Lieberman received support from 33% of Democrats, 54% of independents and 70% of Republicans.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: When control of the Senate switched from Republicans to Democrats in June 2001, Lieberman became Chairman of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, with oversight responsibilities for a broad range of government activities. He was also a member of the Environment and Public Works Committee and chair of its Subcommittee Clean Air, Wetlands and Private Property; the Armed Services Committee, where he chaired the Airland Subcommittee and sat on the Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities; and the Small Business Committee. When Republicans gained control of the Senate in January 2003, Lieberman resumed his role as ranking minority member of the committees he had once chaired.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In 2002, as Chairman of what was then known as the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, Senator Lieberman led the fight to create a new Department of Homeland Security. One month after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, he introduced legislation to reorganize the federal government to better protect the American people from terrorism and natural disasters and steered a bipartisan plan through his committee. After months of opposing the plan, the White House eventually endorsed the concept. Legislation that passed Congress in 2002 created a department incorporating key organizational elements Senator Lieberman advocated.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In 2006, Senators Lieberman and Collins drafted legislation to reshape the Federal Emergency Management Agency into an agency that would more effectively prepare for and respond to catastrophes, including natural disasters and terrorist attacks. The legislation elevated FEMA to special status within the Department of Homeland Security, much like the Coast Guard and designated FEMA's head to be the president's point person during an emergency. The bill also called for the reunification of FEMA's preparedness and response functions, giving it responsibility for all phases of emergency management. And the measure strengthened FEMA's regional offices, creating dedicated interagency "strike teams" to provide the initial federal response to a disaster in the region. The legislation passed Congress in September 2006. As the 2007 hurricane season approached, Lieberman held an oversight hearing on implementation of the FEMA reforms on May 22, 2007. He urged FEMA to implement the reforms at a quicker pace.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman actively oversaw the government response to the H1N1 influenza (swine flu) pandemic and held four hearings on the subject in 2009, including one in Connecticut. He has continually pressed the United States Department of Health and Human Services to distribute vaccines and antiviral medications at a quicker pace and to streamline the process.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In the 110th Congress, Lieberman was Chairman of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, which is responsible for assuring the Federal Government's efficiency and effectiveness. He was also a member of the Environment and Public Works Committee; Senate Armed Services Committee, where he was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Air Land Forces and sat on the Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities; and the Small Business Committee.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Since 1989, Lieberman has received more than $31.4 million in campaign donations from specific industries and sectors. His largest donors have represented the securities and investment ($3.7 million), legal ($3.6 million), real estate ($3.1 million) and health professional ($1.1 million) industries.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In August 2000, Lieberman was selected as the nominee for Vice President of the United States by Al Gore, the Democratic Party nominee for president. Among the last round candidates were U.S. senators Bob Graham, John Kerry and John Edwards. The nomination committee was headed by Warren Christopher. Lieberman was the first Jewish candidate on a major political party ticket. Of the vetting process, Lieberman related a conversation in which Christopher told him the background checks would be "like a medical procedure without an anesthesia."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: The Gore/Lieberman ticket won a plurality of the popular vote, with over half a million more votes than the Republican ticket of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, but they were defeated in the Electoral College by a vote of 271 to 266 after an intense legal battle concerning the outcome in disputed counties (see "Bush v. Gore"). The US Supreme Court ruled that the Florida Supreme Court's ordered recount was unconstitutional and said that it defers to what it believes is the Florida Supreme Court's judgment that December 12 is the deadline for all recounts—thus preventing a new recount from being ordered.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Like Democratic VP candidates Lyndon B. Johnson in 1960, Lloyd Bentsen in 1988, John Edwards in 2004, and Joe Biden in 2008, Lieberman's Senate term was due to expire during the election cycle. He decided to run for re-election to maintain his seat, as Johnson, Bentsen and Biden did. Three won re-election to the Senate, but Johnson and Biden then gave up their Senate seats because they were also elected vice president. Edwards did not simultaneously run for re-election to the Senate.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On January 13, 2003, Lieberman announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination as a candidate in the 2004 presidential election.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Describing his presidential hopes, Lieberman opined that his historically hawkish stance would appeal to voters. Indeed, he initially led in polls of primaries, but due to his political positions he failed to win a support of liberal Democratic voters, who dominated the primaries.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Prior to his defeat in New Hampshire, Lieberman declared that his campaign was picking up "Joementum"; however, he failed to provide such momentum during the New Hampshire primary debates, held at Saint Anselm College days before the primary. On February 3, 2004, Lieberman withdrew his candidacy after failing to win any of the five primaries or two caucuses held that day. He acknowledged to the "Hartford Courant" that his support for the war in Iraq was a large part of his undoing with voters.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman's former running candidate Al Gore did not support Lieberman's presidential run, and in December 2003 endorsed Howard Dean's candidacy, saying "This is about all of us and all of us need to get behind the strongest candidate [Dean]."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Finally Lieberman withdrew from the race without winning a single contest. In total popular vote he placed 7th behind the eventual nominee, Massachusetts senator John Kerry; the eventual vice presidential nominee, North Carolina Senator John Edwards; former Governor of Vermont Howard Dean; Ohio Representative Dennis Kucinich; retired General Wesley Clark; and Reverend Al Sharpton.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On December 17, 2007, Lieberman endorsed Republican Senator John McCain for president in 2008, going against his party and going back on his stance in July 2006 when he stated "I want Democrats to be back in the majority in Washington and elect a Democratic president in 2008." Lieberman cited his agreement with McCain's stance on the War on Terrorism as the primary reason for the endorsement.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On June 5, Lieberman launched "Citizens for McCain," hosted on the McCain campaign website, to recruit Democratic support for John McCain's candidacy. He emphasized the group's outreach to supporters of Hillary Clinton, who was at that time broadly expected to lose the Democratic presidential nomination to Barack Obama.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Citizens for McCain was prominently featured in McCain team efforts to attract disgruntled Hillary Clinton supporters such as Debra Bartoshevich.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman spoke at the 2008 Republican National Convention on behalf of McCain and his running mate, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. Lieberman was alongside McCain and Senator Lindsey Graham during a visit to French president Nicolas Sarkozy on March 21, 2008.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was mentioned as a possible vice presidential nominee on a McCain ticket. ABC News reported that Lieberman was McCain's first choice for vice president until several days before the selection, when McCain had decided that picking Lieberman would alienate the conservative base of the Republican Party. Lieberman had been mentioned as a possible Secretary of State under a McCain administration.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Many Democrats wanted Lieberman to be stripped of his chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs due to his support for John McCain which went against the party's wishes. Republican Minority Leader Mitch McConnell reached out to Lieberman, asking him to caucus with the Republicans. Ultimately, the Senate Democratic Caucus voted 42 to 13 to allow Lieberman to keep chairmanship (although he did lose his membership for the Environment and Public Works Committee). Subsequently, Lieberman announced that he would continue to caucus with the Democrats. Lieberman credited President-elect Barack Obama for helping him keep his chairmanship. Obama had privately urged Democratic Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid not to remove Lieberman from his position. Reid stated that Lieberman's criticism of Obama during the election angered him, but that "if you look at the problems we face as a nation, is this a time we walk out of here saying, 'Boy did we get even'?" Senator Tom Carper of Delaware also credited the Democrats' decision on Lieberman to Obama's support, stating that "If Barack can move on, so can we."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Some members of the Democratic caucus were reportedly angry at the decision not to punish Lieberman more severely. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont (who is an Independent) stated that he voted to punish Lieberman "because while millions of people worked hard for Obama, Lieberman actively worked for four more years of President Bush's policies."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman's embrace of certain conservative policies and in particular his endorsement of John McCain have been cited as factors for his high approval rating among Republicans in Connecticut with 66% of Republicans approving of him along with 52% of independents also approving of his job performance; this however is also cited for his mediocre approval rating among Democrats: 44% approving and 46% disapproving.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In September 2018, Lieberman gave a eulogy at the funeral of John McCain, in which he stated that he had turned down a request to serve as McCain's 2008 running mate.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In April 2012, Lieberman announced that he would not make any public endorsements in the 2012 presidential election between President Obama and former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On August 10, 2016, Lieberman endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On September 13, 2020, Lieberman endorsed Democratic candidate Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was a supporter of the Iraq War and has urged action against Iran. In July 2008, Lieberman spoke at the annual conference of Christians United for Israel (CUFI) then later, in July 2009, accepted from John Hagee CUFI's "Defender of Israel Award". Pastor Hagee, CUFI's founder and leader, has made a number of controversial remarks, including a statement that the Catholic Church is "the great whore" and a suggestion that God sent Adolf Hitler to bring the Jews to Israel.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: While favoring the filibuster and threatening to use it in 2009 to eliminate a public health option as part of the healthcare proposal, Lieberman once strongly opposed the filibuster. In 1995, he joined with Senator Tom Harkin to co-sponsor an amendment to kill the filibuster. "The filibuster hurts the credibility of the entire Senate and impedes progress," Lieberman told the "Hartford Courant" (January 6, 1995).


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In April 2010, Lieberman blasted President Obama for stripping terms like "Islamic extremism" from a key national security document, calling the move dishonest, wrong-headed and disrespectful to the majority of Muslims who are not terrorists.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman has favored greater use of surveillance cameras by the federal government and referred to attempts by Congress to investigate illegal wire-tapping as "partisan gridlock". On June 19, 2010, Lieberman introduced a bill called "Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010", which he co-wrote with Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Thomas Carper (D-DE). If signed into law, this controversial bill, which the American media dubbed the "Kill switch bill", would grant the President emergency powers over the Internet. However, all three co-authors of the bill issued a statement claiming that instead, the bill "[narrowed] existing broad Presidential authority to take over telecommunications networks". American computer security specialist and author Bruce Schneier objected to the "kill switch" proposal on the basis that it rests on several faulty assumptions and that it's "too coarse a hammer". Schneier wrote:


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman has been a major opponent of the whistle-blowing website WikiLeaks. His staff "made inquiries" of Amazon.com and other internet companies such as PayPal, Visa, and MasterCard which resulted in them suspending service to WikiLeaks. Journalist Glenn Greenwald called Lieberman's actions "one of the most pernicious acts by a U.S. Senator in quite some time," and accused Lieberman of "emulat[ing] Chinese dictators" by "abusing his position as Homeland Security Chairman to thuggishly dictate to private companies which websites they should and should not host – and, more important, what you can and cannot read on the Internet." Lieberman has also suggested that "the "New York Times" and other news organisations publishing the US embassy cables being released by WikiLeaks could be investigated for breaking US espionage laws."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Along with Senators John Ensign and Scott Brown, Lieberman "introduced a bill to amend the Espionage Act in order to facilitate the prosecution of folks like Wikileaks." Critics have noted that "[l]eaking [classified] information in the first place is already a crime, so the measure is aimed squarely at publishers," and that "Lieberman's proposed solution to WikiLeaks could have implications for journalists reporting on some of the more unsavory practices of the intelligence community." Legal analyst Benjamin Wittes has called the proposed legislation "the worst of both worlds," saying:


title: Joe Lieberman

text: As a result of these statements and actions, Lieberman has been perceived as an opponent of Internet free speech and become the target of Anonymous attacks under Operation Payback.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was one of the Senate's strongest advocates for the war in Iraq. He is also a strong supporter of the U.S.-Israel relationship. On domestic issues, he supports free trade economics while also reliably voting for pro-trade union legislation. He has also opposed filibustering Republican judicial appointments. With Lynne Cheney and others, Lieberman co-founded American Council of Trustees and Alumni in 1995. Lieberman is a supporter of abortion rights and of the rights of gays and lesbians to adopt children, to be protected with hate crime legislation, and to serve openly in the military. Lieberman was one of the Senate's leading opponents of violence in video games and on television. Lieberman describes himself as being "genuinely an Independent," saying "I agree more often than not with Democrats on domestic policy. I agree more often than not with Republicans on foreign and defense policy."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman is known for his leadership in the successful effort to repeal the Don't ask, don't tell policy regarding sexual orientation in the U.S. Armed Forces.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: During debate on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Lieberman opposed the public option. As the crucial 60th vote needed to pass the legislation, his opposition to the public option was critical for its removal from the resulting bill.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman was an integral part in attempting to stop WikiLeaks from publishing further material using U.S.-based corporations in the United States diplomatic cables leak of 2010.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In June 2015, Lieberman was a signatory to a public letter written by a bipartisan group of 19 U.S. diplomats, experts, and others, on the then-pending negotiations for an agreement between Iran and world powers over Iran's nuclear program. That letter outlined concerns about several provisions in the then-unfinished agreement and called for a number of improvements to strengthen the prospective agreement and win the letter-writers' support for it. The final agreement, concluded in July 2015, shows the influence of the letter.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: A survey in October 2010 showed that Lieberman had an approval rating of 31% and that just 24% of Connecticut voters felt he deserved re-election. Lieberman announced on January 19, 2011 that he would retire from the Senate at the end of his fourth term.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman gave his farewell address on December 12, 2012. He was succeeded by Democratic representative Chris Murphy.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Following his retirement from the Senate, Lieberman became senior counsel of the white collar criminal defense and investigations practice at Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman, a law firm in New York City whose notable clients include Donald Trump. In March 2013, it was announced that Lieberman would be joining the conservative American Enterprise Institute think tank as co-chairman of their American Internationalism Project, alongside former Republican Senator Jon Kyl. In February 2014, Lieberman was named as Counselor at the National Bureau of Asian Research. Additionally, he serves as the Lieberman Chair of Public Policy and Public Service at Yeshiva University, where he teaches an undergraduate course in political science.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In 2015, Lieberman served as co-chair of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a commission that recommended changes to U.S. policy regarding biodefense. In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Joe Lieberman headed the organization with former Governor Tom Ridge, and the Study Panel assembled in Washington D.C. for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, "The National Blueprint for Biodefense", proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the vice president authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In March 2016, Lieberman was hired by the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation to assist the group in challenging Connecticut laws giving exemptions to only the top two state gaming tribes to build casinos.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In 2016, Lieberman joined the Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council, an organization founded to address anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish bigotry in the United States. Lieberman is also on the advisory board of the Counter Extremism Project (CEP).


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In early 2017, Lieberman introduced President elect Donald Trump's nominee as Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos to the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pension committee. One report on Lieberman's involvement was critical of him for failing to disclose in his testimony the extensive legal work his Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman law firm had done for Donald Trump since at least as long ago as 2001. The work included bankrupt casino restructuring and, during the 2016 campaign, threatening the "New York Times" over publication of a few 1995 Trump tax documents.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On May 17, 2017, Lieberman was interviewed by President Donald Trump for the position of FBI Director, to replace recently fired James Comey. The interview took place against the background of the appointment of Special Counsel Robert Mueller to investigate issues connected to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Speaking to reporters while meeting with Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos, Trump said he was "very close" to choosing a new FBI director to replace James Comey, and when asked if Lieberman was his top pick, Trump said yes. The President also stated that the odds were "better than 50-50" that his pick for FBI director would be made before he departed for his first trip abroad on Friday. However, no announcement was made publicly on Friday. On May 25, 2017, Lieberman officially withdrew his name from consideration.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: On July 17, 2018, Lieberman published an opinion piece in "The Wall Street Journal" imploring people to vote for Joe Crowley, who was defeated in the Democratic primary by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Crowley would run on the Working Families Party line, without support of a major party, similar to how Lieberman defeated Lamont in 2006. Lieberman has continued to remain critical of Ocasio-Cortez, stating that “With all respect, I certainly hope she’s not the future, and I don’t believe she is.”


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In January 2019 Lieberman officially registered as a lobbyist working for ZTE but has stated that his work for the corporation will be limited to assess national security concerns and will not include actual lobbying.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In July 2022, Lieberman became one of the founding members of a group of U.S. business and policy leaders which shares the goal of engaging constructively with China and improving U.S.-China relations.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman met his first wife, Betty Haas, at the congressional office of Senator Abraham Ribicoff (D-CT), where they worked as summer student interns. They married in 1965 while Joe Lieberman was in law school. They have two children – Matt and Rebecca. Betty, who is also Jewish, later worked as a psychiatric social worker. In 1981, the couple divorced. When asked about the divorce in an interview with "New York Magazine", Lieberman said, "one of the differences we had was in levels of religious observance", adding, "I'm convinced if that was the only difference, we wouldn't have gotten divorced."


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In 1982, he met his second wife, Hadassah Freilich Tucker, while he was running for Attorney General of Connecticut. Hadassah Tucker's parents were Holocaust survivors. According to "Washington Jewish Week", Lieberman called her for a date because he thought it would be interesting to go out with someone named Hadassah. (Hadassah is the name of the Women's Zionist Organization of America). Since March 2005, Hadassah Lieberman has worked for Hill & Knowlton, a lobbying firm based in New York City, as a senior counselor in its health and pharmaceuticals practice. She has held senior positions at the Hospital of Saint Raphael in New Haven, the American Committee for Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem, Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO), Pfizer, National Research Council, Hoffmann-La Roche, and Lehman Brothers.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Joe and Hadassah Lieberman have a daughter, Hana. In 2018 she made Aliyah to Israel with her family. Lieberman also has a stepson from Hadassah's previous marriage, Ethan Tucker. Lieberman's son, Matt, graduated from Yale University in 1989, and from Yale Law School in 1994. He is the former head of the school of Greenfield Hebrew Academy in Atlanta. He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2020 United States Senate special election in Georgia. Rebecca, Lieberman's daughter, graduated from Barnard College in 1991, and from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1997. She is married to Jacob Wisse. Ethan Tucker, son of Gordon Tucker, graduated from Harvard College in 1997 and received his rabbinic ordination from the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. Lieberman is also related to Disney Channel star Raviv Ullman of "Phil of the Future".


title: Joe Lieberman

text: The Liebermans keep a kosher home and observe the Jewish Sabbath. In one notable instance, then-Senator Lieberman walked to the Capitol after Sabbath services to block a Republican filibuster.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman has said that there is currently "a constitutional place for faith in our public life", and that the Constitution does not provide for "freedom from religion". He attends Kesher Israel Congregation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. and Beth Hamedrosh Hagodol – B'nai Israel, The Westville Synagogue, New Haven, Connecticut. He also attends Congregation Agudath Sholom in his hometown of Stamford.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman is an admirer of the last Lubavitcher Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson. He has said of Schneerson, "I was impressed by this man, by his obvious spirituality, by his soaring intellect, by the extent to which he was involved in the world." He says he has studied the commentaries of Rabbis Joseph Ber Soloveitchik and Abraham Isaac Kook.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman says that he likes to sing, and is a fan of Frank Sinatra, whose song "My Way" was the theme of his first Senate campaign. He sings the classic Jewish tune "Eshet Hayil" to his wife every Friday night.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In 2008, Lieberman received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In 2011, the National Defense University foundation honored Senators Lieberman and John McCain the American Patriot Award for their lifetimes of public service. They were recognized for their outstanding record of contributions to America's national security, armed forces and veterans throughout their impressive careers in government.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: Lieberman is the author of seven books: "The Power Broker" (1966), a biography of the late Democratic Party chairman John M. Bailey; "The Scorpion and the Tarantula" (1970), a study of early efforts to control nuclear proliferation; "The Legacy" (1981), a history of Connecticut politics from 1930 to 1980; "Child Support in America" (1986), a guidebook on methods to increase the collection of child support from delinquent fathers; "In Praise of Public Life" (2000); "An Amazing Adventure" (2003), reflecting on his 2000 vice presidential run; and "The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath" (2011), written with David Klinghoffer.


title: Joe Lieberman

text: In his book "Ticking Time Bomb: Counter-Terrorism Lessons from the U.S. Government's Failure to Prevent the Fort Hood Attack" (2011), he described Australian Muslim preacher Feiz Mohammad, American-Yemeni imam Anwar al-Awlaki, Muslim cleric Abdullah el-Faisal, and Pakistani-American Samir Khan as "virtual spiritual sanctioners" who use the internet to offer religious justification for Islamist terrorism.


title: Numbers station

text: A numbers station is a shortwave radio station characterized by broadcasts of formatted numbers, which are believed to be addressed to intelligence officers operating in foreign countries. Most identified stations use speech synthesis to vocalize numbers, although digital modes such as phase-shift keying and frequency-shift keying, as well as Morse code transmissions, are not uncommon. Most stations have set time schedules, or schedule patterns; however, other stations appear to have no discernible pattern and broadcast at unpredictable times. Stations may or may not have set frequencies in the high frequency band.


title: Numbers station

text: The first known use of numbers stations was during World War I, with the numbers transmitted in Morse code. Numbers stations were most prolific during the Cold War era, yet many continue to broadcast and some long-time stations may have been taken over by different operators. The Czech Ministry of the Interior and the Swedish Security Service have both acknowledged the use of numbers stations by Czechoslovakia for espionage, with declassified documents proving the same. Few QSL responses have been received from numbers stations by shortwave listeners who sent reception reports to stations that identified themselves or to entities the listeners believed responsible for the broadcasts, which is the expected behaviour of a non-clandestine station.


title: Numbers station

text: One well-known numbers station was the E03 "Lincolnshire Poacher", which is thought to have been run by the British Secret Intelligence Service. It was first broadcast from Bletchley Park in the mid-1970s but later was broadcast from RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus. It ceased broadcasting in 2008. In 2001, the United States tried the Cuban Five on the charge of spying for Cuba. The group had received and decoded messages that had been broadcast from the "Atención" number station in Cuba.


title: Numbers station

text: Monitoring and chronicling transmissions from numbers stations has become a hobby for shortwave and ham radio enthusiasts dating from the 1970s, though it is reported that Archduke Anton of Austria in his youth during World War I used to listen in to their transmissions, writing them down and passing them on to the Austrian military intelligence.


title: Numbers station

text: According to the notes of "The Conet Project", which has compiled recordings of these transmissions, numbers stations have been reported since .


title: Numbers station

text: It has long been speculated, and was argued in one court case, that these stations operate as a simple and fool-proof method for government agencies to communicate with spies working undercover.


title: Numbers station

text: According to this hypothesis, the messages must have been encrypted with a one-time pad to avoid any risk of decryption by the enemy. As evidence, numbers stations have changed details of their broadcasts or produced special, nonscheduled broadcasts coincident with extraordinary political events, such as the attempted coup of August 1991 in the Soviet Union.


title: Numbers station

text: High-frequency radio signals transmitted at relatively low power can travel around the world under ideal propagation conditions – which are affected by local RF noise levels, weather, season, and sunspots – and can then be best received with a properly tuned antenna (of adequate, possibly conspicuous size) and a good receiver. However, they are not problem-free: Spies often have to work only with available hand-held receivers, sometimes under difficult local conditions, and in all reception conditions (such as sunspot cycles and seasonal static).


title: Numbers station

text: A 1998 article in "The Daily Telegraph" quoted a spokesperson for the Department of Trade and Industry (the government department that, at that time, regulated radio broadcasting in the United Kingdom) as saying


title: Numbers station

text: North Korea revived number broadcasts in July 2016 after a hiatus of sixteen years, a move which some analysts speculated was psychological war; sixteen such broadcasts occurred in 2017, including unusually timed transmissions in April.


title: Numbers station

text: Numbers stations are often given nicknames by enthusiasts, often reflecting some distinctive element of the station such as the interval signal. For example, the "Lincolnshire Poacher", formerly one of the best-known numbers stations (generally thought to be run by the Secret Intelligence Service, because its transmissions have been traced to RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus), played the first two bars of the folk song "The Lincolnshire Poacher" before each string of numbers.


title: Numbers station

text: The "Atención" station was thought to be from Cuba, because a supposed error allowed Radio Havana Cuba to be carried on the frequency.


title: Numbers station

text: According to an internal Cold War-era report of the Polish Ministry of the Interior, numbers stations DCF37 (3.370 MHz) and DFD21 (4.010 MHz) transmitted from West Germany beginning in the early 1950s.


title: Numbers station

text: Generally, numbers stations follow a basic format, although there are many differences in details between stations. Transmissions usually begin on the hour or half-hour.