title: Rita Marley

text: Bob Marley, the Wailers, and the I Three, including Rita, moved to London in late 1976. By then Bob was living with Cindy Breakspeare, a Jamaican model who had just been crowned Miss World 1976. They would soon have a son, Damian. In spite of this, Rita stayed to sing with her husband.


title: Rita Marley

text: After Marley's death, she recorded a few albums under her name with some success in the UK. A 1982 cover version of the Love Joys's song "One Draw" was a successful single in Europe.


title: Rita Marley

text: In 1986, Rita decided to convert their former residence in Kingston into the Bob Marley Museum. She is the Founder and Chairperson of the Robert Marley Foundation, Bob Marley Trust, and the Bob Marley Group of Companies. She adopted 35 children in Ethiopia and has assisted over 200 children in Konkonuru Methodist School in Ghana.


title: Rita Marley

text: In 2000, Marley created the Rita Marley Foundation, a non-governmental, not-for-profit, non-partisan organization that works to alleviate poverty and hunger in developing countries. It specifically targets elderly and youth. It has given out a number of scholarships to music students in Ghana. It hosts the annual Africa Unite concerts which strives to spread global awareness about issues that affect Africa and to develop lasting solutions.


title: Rita Marley

text: In 1996, Rita Marley was awarded the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican government, and in 2010 received the Marcus Garvey Lifetime Award. On 3 August 2013, she was made an honorary citizen of Ghana by the Ghanaian government. In November 2015 Marley was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of the West Indies.


title: Rita Marley

text: In 2004, while promoting her memoir "No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley", Rita claimed Bob Marley raped her in 1973. She told the "Daily Mirror" that she had refused to have sex with her husband because of his infidelity, but to no avail: Rita later stipulated that she had been misquoted by the sensationalist news outlet.


title: Rita Marley

text: In September 2016, Rita Marley suffered a stroke while on a visit to Miami to attend a special event and has kept a low public profile since. However, she made her first public appearance at an award ceremony on March 9, 2019 in Kingston to accept the Iconic Award (For a Duo/Group), along with her fellow I Three members Griffiths and Mowatt, given by the Jamaica Reggae Industry Association.


title: Rita Marley

text: Rita Marley planned to have the body of her late husband exhumed and buried in Ethiopia, his "spiritual resting place" in 2005. She wanted it to be a month-long celebration of what would have been his 60th birthday. The area in which she wanted to bury him was a Rastafari community that was given land by the country's last emperor, Haile Selassie.


title: Rita Marley

text: Rita has six children, three from other relationships and three with Bob. Bob adopted Rita's two children as his own and they have the Marley name. Bob has 11 children in total: the two of Rita's that he adopted, three born to Rita, and the remaining six with separate women. Rita's children are, in order of birth:


title: TMZ

text: TMZ is a tabloid news website owned by Fox Corporation. It made its debut on November 8, 2005, originally as a collaboration between AOL and Telepictures, a division of Warner Bros., until Time Warner divested AOL in 2009. On September 13, 2021, Fox Corporation acquired TMZ from WarnerMedia for $50 million.


title: TMZ

text: The name "TMZ" is derived from the acronym for "thirty-mile zone" that was historically used in the film and television industry to refer to the so-called "studio zone"—an area with a radius centered on the intersection of Beverly Boulevard and La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, California. It was called the studio zone because of the number of film and television studios contained within it.


title: TMZ

text: TMZ's managing editor is Harvey Levin, a lawyer-turned-journalist who was previously a legal expert for the Los Angeles television station KCBS-TV. While the TMZ website claims that it does not pay writers for stories or interviews, Levin has acknowledged that TMZ does "sometimes pay sources for leads on stories".


title: TMZ

text: Three months prior to the official launch of TMZ, America Online (AOL) had hinted that it was planning to launch a Hollywood and entertainment-centric news site that would be produced in conjunction with Telepictures Productions and had shown interest in launching a website featuring a focus mainly on celebrities. At the time of the launch, AOL confirmed that the site would primarily feature and consist of Hollywood gossip, including interviews, photos and video footage of celebrities and information pertaining to industry news on movies, television shows, etc.


title: TMZ

text: The site was described as "an effort to further feed the current American obsession with celebrities". Mike Shields of MediaWeek.com wrote, "the site also boasts of an expansive collection of archived star photos and videos", allowing fans to "trace changing hairlines and waistlines of their favorites performers over the years".


title: TMZ

text: Since 2005, TMZ has signed New Line Cinema, Hilton Hotels, Chrysler and Revlon as charter advertisers to their website. "The New York Times" cited TMZ as "one of the most successful online ventures of the last few years." In October 2008, the "New York Times" reported that TMZ, at the time, was receiving more than 10 million viewers every month.


title: TMZ

text: Levin has acknowledged that TMZ has passed on multiple notable coverages because he felt that, while the stories are true, he questioned how the sources obtained their information. Levin has acknowledged that TMZ pays sources, but in the form of a "tip fee". Levin stated that TMZ pays for photos and for 'tips' or leads on stories, and defended TMZ's position by stating that the sources and tips are verified before being used or reported.


title: TMZ

text: In November 2009, TMZ's revenue was publicly disclosed for the first time. Telepictures (which TMZ is operated by) stated: "Subject to certain performance adjustments and the reimbursement of expenses, revenues are split evenly between the parties [...] Telepictures received payments of 6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2009, and 12.7 million, 9.6 million and 3.0 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively." Based on released figures, TMZ's revenues for 2008 was 25.4 million and is projected to have less revenue in the 2009 year with the revenue of $12.4 million in first three quarters of the year—unlike the previous year, which was within the 15 million range.


title: TMZ

text: On May 29, 2012, co-founder Jim Paratore died of a heart attack during a cycling trip in France. Paratore was known for his work in television production, producing several daytime and syndicated programs, particularly while serving as an executive at Telepictures (which co-produced the website's companion syndicated television series).


title: TMZ

text: On June 20, 2007, a court-appointed bankruptcy trustee filed an emergency motion requesting that the TMZ website be held in contempt for its publication of the entire manuscript of "If I Did It", O. J. Simpson's purportedly fictionalized account of the murder of Ron Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson.


title: TMZ

text: The filing claimed TMZ's posting of the PDF of the entire book has "diminished or destroyed" its value.


title: TMZ

text: While actor Woody Harrelson was at New York City's LaGuardia Airport, he had an altercation with a photographer for TMZ. Harrelson defended himself stating that he had at the time just finished filming his scenes from the horror film, that consists mainly of zombies, "Zombieland", and that he was "startled" by the TMZ photographer. "I wrapped a movie called Zombieland, in which I was constantly under assault by zombies, then flew to New York, still very much in character ... With my daughter at the airport I was startled by a paparazzo, who I quite understandably mistook for a zombie."


title: TMZ

text: On December 24, 2010, the gossip blog "Oh No They Didn't" reported that TMZ began blocking traffic from the UK, displaying the message: "Due to laws within your region, you are unable to view this website." Asked for further comment, TMZ responded that the blocking was due to "legal restrictions" related to English defamation law. The UK website "Popbitch Board" noted on December 31, 2010, that it is possible to get around the block by accessing the website through the Google Translate website. As of January 7, 2011, TMZ is accessible in the UK.


title: TMZ

text: "TMZ Live" is a live-chat program from TMZ that features Levin and fellow TMZ executive producer Charles Latibeaudiere, and occasionally senior producer Michael Babcock filling in for one or both hosts. Other TMZ staffers (mainly those who regularly appear on "TMZ on TV") also appear on the broadcast as contributors to provide additional outline of the story as well as to provide opinion. The live webcast takes place at the TMZ offices in Los Angeles, and is broadcast on TMZ.com Monday through Fridays from approximately 1:30 to 3:00 p.m. Eastern Time (the length varies depending on the featured segments).


title: TMZ

text: The "TMZ Live" television and Internet programs review stories that TMZ is covering on the website, and at times, features live interviews (most of which are conducted through webcam conferencing) as well as viewer opinions via Twitter, telephone and video chat (including Skype). In addition, the program features regular segments towards the end of each edition: "Viewer's Choice" (aired as the penultimate segment) featuring viewer questions or comments about stories featured in the broadcast, with additional commentary or analysis by the hosts. "Hate Mail," featured on the Wednesday edition of the webcast (the Thursday edition on the television broadcast), in which negative emails and letters sent by viewers (some of which feature potshots at Levin or Latibeaudiere) are read by the hosts


title: TMZ

text: "Tim's Rejects," featured on the Thursday edition of the webcast (the Friday edition on the television broadcast), in which staffer Tim Nowak presents three offbeat news stories (that are not entertainment or sports-related) which are critiqued by the hosts. "The Loser's Circle," featured on the Friday edition of the webcast (the Monday edition on the television broadcast) since February 2015, in which Levin, Latibeaudiere and "TMZ on TV" executive producer Evan Rosenblum judge a clip from a TMZ videographer that was originally rejected from being posted on TMZ.com by Levin or broadcast on "TMZ on TV" by post-production supervisor Chad Weiser following its initial pitch. "Tim's Rejects" and "Hate Mail" were previously aired as the last segment of their respective editions until April 2015, when they were shifted to the block preceding that occupied by the "Viewer's Choice" segment (at which point, all three segments as well as "The Loser's Circle" began to be followed by a story segment).


title: TMZ

text: In March 2012, Fox Television Stations tested a syndicated broadcast of "TMZ Live" (which is an hour-long edited version of the live webcast that is broadcast on a one-day delay from its original tape date, with segments aired in a different order, mainly due to live interviews that require the segment to be shown out of order on the webcast for varied reasons) on its television stations in Los Angeles and Phoenix. In June 2012, SiriusXM Radio announced that the show would be aired daily on its Sirius XM Stars channel. In October of that year, the television show was expanded to seven markets, adding Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit and Minneapolis. On September 9, 2013, "TMZ Live" began airing on all 18 Fox owned-and-operated stations. The program began to be syndicated to stations outside of the Fox Television Stations group in the spring of 2014.


title: TMZ

text: On September 10, 2007, TMZ launched an accompanying television series, "TMZ on TV". The syndicated television program airs Monday through Fridays.


title: TMZ

text: In the United States, the show airs in various timeslots on stations of varying network affiliation (primarily on Fox stations), mainly either in early primetime or after late local newscasts, with an hour-long 'best-of' program compiling select stories from the weekday broadcasts airing on weekends. The show covers stories similar to those found on the website and "TMZ Live", with the main difference being that "TMZ on TV" largely delivers its stories in a humorous manner whereas a mix of humorous and serious news stories appear on the website and companion web/television series. TMZ offers viewers the option of being able to view the two most recent episodes of the program on TMZ.com after the episode's original airdate (being available for viewing for two days after the broadcast on weekdays and three days after the original broadcast on weekends).


title: TMZ

text: Chris Persell, of TVWeek.com, stated that the show is a "complement [to] the website, with news updates added to later airings of the show". Levin and Jim Paratore served as executive producers to the show, and the on-air cast originally included Teresa Strasser, John Fugelsang, Ben Mankiewicz and Michael Hundgen. David Bianculli of "The New York Daily News" strongly criticized the television show, its topics, and what he sees as its reporters' tactics and lack of professionalism.


title: TMZ

text: "Dax Chat" is a live chat program on Ustream hosted by TMZ clip clearance producer Dax Holt. In the broadcasts, Holt talks to "Chizzlers" about celebrity gossip and articles that have been posted on the TMZ website.


title: TMZ

text: As early as 2009, Levin was rumored to be interested in creating a TMZ branded sports site. The site was initially expected to launch in March 2010 but those plans did not see fruition. It eventually launched as a branded section on the main TMZ website in June 2013. Premiere Networks launched a daily "TMZ Sports" radio show in October 2013. A television show began testmarketing on select regional Fox stations in January 2014. It then aired during the 2014/2015 seasons on Reelz under name "TMZ Hollywood Sports". On November 9, 2015, the series reverted to being known as "TMZ Sports" and moved to Fox Sports 1. "TMZ Sports" is co-hosted by TMZ Sports Executive Producer Michael Babcock, WNBA player Renee Montgomery, and former WWE Superstar and NFL player, Mojo Muhtadi.


title: TMZ

text: Since the launch of TMZ, the website has faced criticism, varying from attempted boycotts to criticism of its journalism tactics and of its focus. It has been criticized for its usage of photographs and videos obtained from paparazzi. Some have questioned the effect that aggressive and obtrusive photographers have on the subjects they cover. Many of the videos on the site show, in the footage, that their paparazzi chase people (mainly celebrities)—a practice that has been called dangerous and "creepy". Over the years, some have called for a boycott of TMZ and of the accompanying show.


title: TMZ

text: TMZ has also faced internal criticism due to Harvey Levin's emerging support for Donald Trump in the run-up to the 2016 United States presidential election. By 2020, dozens of former TMZ employees had spoken to the media about a racist and misogynistic workplace culture which TMZ's internal leadership was unwilling to change.


title: TMZ

text: After Linkin Park lead vocalist Chester Bennington died by suicide in July 2017, TMZ reported in December 2017 that Bennington had attempted to drown himself nine months before his death; this information had been redacted from the Los Angeles County Coroner's report following a request from a lawyer representing Bennington's widow, Talinda. Talinda responded with criticism of the Los Angeles County Coroner's office for disclosing the information to TMZ as well as TMZ itself, concluding a Twitter tirade with the hashtag "#FuckyouTMZ".


title: TMZ

text: In May 2018, TMZ reported intimate details of the suicide of Swedish DJ Avicii, who had died that April, with the headline "Avicii’s suicide caused by self-inflicted cuts from glass". Jennifer Michael Hecht, writing for "Vox", criticized TMZ's reporting as being sensationalist and going against the CDC's recommended guidelines for reporting suicides, which include not mentioning the method of suicide. Talinda Bennington also reacted unfavorably, urging people to "[not] click on the TMZ article or any other about the private details of Avicii’s passing", adding "This is how [we] can stop [filthy TMZ]."


title: TMZ

text: TMZ faced strong criticism for purchasing stolen items pertaining to the fourth Indiana Jones film, "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull". On October 2, 2007, IESB reported that a number of production photos and sensitive documents pertaining to the production budget had been stolen from Steven Spielberg's production office.


title: TMZ

text: "Movie City News", which strongly criticized TMZ for purchasing stolen items, remarked that the then-new website "wasn't getting off to a good start". According to IESB, TMZ had obtained some of the stolen property and was planning on running a story about the topic on their TV show, until the lawyers of the film's production company, Paramount Pictures, intervened. Shortly after IESB broke the story, TMZ broadcast details about the "Indiana Jones" production budget on their show on October 3, 2007.


title: TMZ

text: Tony Manfred of "The Cornell Daily Sun" criticized TMZ in a September 2007 article entitled "I Want My TMZ", describing TMZ as being "a fusion of celebrity news blog and embarrassing video archive" and stating that he felt that the website had become "the poster child for the celebrity pseudo-news industry" and that the website has "distinct advantages" over "gossip magazines" because it can "show all the borderline pornographic clips that "Entertainment Tonight" and "Access Hollywood" can't."


title: TMZ

text: Jennifer Metz and David Muir of ABC News acknowledged that TMZ has long been criticized for their "aggressive tactics, antagonizing stars with video cameras" and noted that those "encounters, capturing at times violent celebrity confrontations with photographers, receive hundreds of hits online, and critics ask if entertainment reporters are crossing the line." Metz and Muir questioned whether TMZ's tactics "go too far".


title: TMZ

text: Ken Sunshine, publicist for Ben Affleck and Leonardo DiCaprio, stated that his clients disliked the website because it has a tendency to be negative towards celebrities when reporting on them. "I hate that they have anything to do with trying to put celebrities into the worst light possible and that they play the 'gotcha' game". A student newspaper criticized TMZ for having a personality cult of figures such as Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton—celebrities who are known more as targets for paparazzi than for the work they do. In defense for TMZ's coverage, Levin said that certain celebrities are main subjects on the website because of their "relevancy" and because their relevancy helps draw viewership to the website. Liz Kelly of "Washington Post" attacked both Levin and TMZ in an article, stating: "I know this is like spitting in the wind, but I have to say it: Harvey Levin, please stop it."


title: TMZ

text: On January 16, 2013, Andre Lowe was killed outside of a nightclub in Hollywood. A nearby reporter from TMZ ended up filming the attack and it was posted to the website without permission of the family. On January 22, 2013, TMZ ended up taking down the video after over two dozen advertisers revoked ads for the website because of the campaign.


title: TMZ

text: At 11:24 a.m. Pacific Time on January 26, 2020, TMZ reported on the death of basketball player Kobe Bryant, being the first news outlet to do so. TMZ received enormously negative criticism, notably from Sheriff Alex Villanueva of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, for reporting on the story before the next of kin had been notified.


title: TMZ

text: During the defamation trial against actress Amber Heard, TMZ was a point of discussion and raised much criticism. Lawyer Camille Vasquez confronted Ms. Heard, claiming Heard gave a video of Depp being agitated and slamming cupboards to TMZ a day before the temporary restraining order (TRO) was filed. Vasquez also pointed out that TMZ had been alerted of the alleged abuse and the upcoming divorce in 2016, where Ms. Heard in her deposition mentioned that TMZ had been alerted. On May 24, 2022 TMZ, through EHM Productions Inc, filed an Emergency Motion to prevent a former employee from testifying in the Depp-Heard case. The motion was denied.


title: TMZ

text: In what The Smoking Gun called "a colossal screw-up", in 2009 TMZ published an "exclusive" picture on their website of a man purported to be John F. Kennedy on a ship with several naked women that could have "changed history" had it come out during his presidential campaign. Despite having a Photoshop expert proclaiming the picture as "authentic", the picture was later discovered to have not been of Kennedy at all. The photo was discovered to have been part of a "Playboy" photoshoot from November 1967, which was later confirmed by "Playboy" representatives.


title: TMZ

text: On March 15, 2013, members of TMZ's staff claimed that they had learned rapper Lil Wayne was in an "unstable" condition after he was hospitalized following a seizure and that the then 30-year-old rapper had been placed in an induced coma and was breathing through tubes. Soon afterwards, Birdman stated on his Twitter account that Wayne was healthy enough to be released from the hospital. Approximately one hour after these messages were made, Wayne himself stated on his Twitter account that he was fine.


title: TMZ

text: On October 26, 2022, they incorrectly reported that rock n' roll pioneer and country music legend Jerry Lee Lewis had died, they issued a correction a few hours later. A CBS affiliate in Sacramento also reported the false news. Lewis' death was announced two days later.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial communication interface specification used for short-distance communication, primarily in embedded systems. The interface was developed by Motorola in the mid-1980s and has become a "de facto" standard. Typical applications include Secure Digital cards and liquid crystal displays.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: SPI devices communicate in full duplex mode using a master-slave architecture usually with a single master (though some Atmel and Silabs devices support changing roles on the fly depending on an external (SS) pin). The master (controller) device originates the frame for reading and writing. Multiple slave-devices may be supported through selection with individual chip select (CS), sometimes called slave select (SS) lines.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Sometimes SPI is called a "four-wire" serial bus, contrasting with three-, two-, and one-wire serial buses. The SPI may be accurately described as a synchronous serial interface, but it is different from the Synchronous Serial Interface (SSI) protocol, which is also a four-wire synchronous serial communication protocol. The SSI protocol employs differential signaling and provides only a single simplex communication channel. For any given transaction SPI is one master and multi slave communication.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: MOSI on a master connects to MOSI on a slave. MISO on a master connects to MISO on a slave. Slave Select has the same functionality as chip select and is used instead of an addressing concept.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Note: on a slave-only device, MOSI may be labeled as SDI (Serial Data In) and MISO may be labeled as SDO (Serial Data Out)


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The signal names above can be used to label both the master and slave device pins as well as the signal lines between them in an unambiguous way, and are the most common in modern products. Pin names are always capitalized e.g. "Chip Select," not "chip select."


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: If a single slave device is used, the SS pin "may" be fixed to logic low if the slave permits it. Some slaves require a falling edge of the chip select signal to initiate an action. An example is the Maxim MAX1242 ADC, which starts conversion on a high→low transition. With multiple slave devices, an independent SS signal is required from the master for each slave device.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Most slave devices have tri-state outputs so their MISO signal becomes high impedance ("electrically disconnected") when the device is not selected. Devices without tri-state outputs cannot share SPI bus segments with other devices without using an external tri-state buffer.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: To begin communication, the bus master configures the clock, using a frequency supported by the slave device, typically up to a few MHz. The master then selects the slave device with a logic level 0 on the select line. If a waiting period is required, such as for an analog-to-digital conversion, the master must wait for at least that period of time before issuing clock cycles.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: During each SPI clock cycle, a full-duplex data transmission occurs. The master sends a bit on the MOSI line and the slave reads it, while the slave sends a bit on the MISO line and the master reads it. This sequence is maintained even when only one-directional data transfer is intended.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Transmissions normally involve two shift registers of some given word-size, such as eight bits, one in the master and one in the slave; they are connected in a virtual ring topology. Data is usually shifted out with the most significant bit first. On the clock edge, both master and slave shift out a bit and output it on the transmission line to the counterpart. On the next clock edge, at each receiver the bit is sampled from the transmission line and set as a new least-significant bit of the shift register. After the register bits have been shifted out and in, the master and slave have exchanged register values. If more data needs to be exchanged, the shift registers are reloaded and the process repeats. Transmission may continue for any number of clock cycles. When complete, the master stops toggling the clock signal, and typically deselects the slave.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Transmissions often consist of eight-bit words. However, other word-sizes are also common, for example, sixteen-bit words for touch-screen controllers or audio codecs, such as the TSC2101 by Texas Instruments, or twelve-bit words for many digital-to-analog or analog-to-digital converters. Multiple SPI devices may also be daisy-chained to conserve pins.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Every slave on the bus that has not been activated using its chip select line must disregard the input clock and MOSI signals and should not drive MISO (i.e., must have a tristate output) although some devices need external tristate buffers to implement this.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: In addition to setting the clock frequency, the master must also configure the clock polarity and phase with respect to the data. Motorola SPI Block Guide names these two options as CPOL and CPHA (for clock polarity and phase) respectively, a convention most vendors have also adopted.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The timing diagram is shown to the right. The timing is further described below and applies to both the master and the slave device.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The MOSI and MISO signals are usually stable (at their reception points) for the half cycle until the next clock transition. SPI master and slave devices may well sample data at different points in that half cycle.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The combinations of polarity and phases are often referred to as modes which are commonly numbered according to the following convention, with CPOL as the high order bit and CPHA as the low order bit:


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: For PIC32MX: SPI mode configure CKP, CKE and SMP bits. Set SMP bit and CKP, CKE two bits configured as above table.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Another commonly used notation represents the mode as a (CPOL, CPHA) tuple; e.g., the value '(0, 1)' would indicate CPOL=0 and CPHA=1.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Note that in Full Duplex operation, the Master device could transmit and receive with different modes. For instance, it could transmit in Mode 0 and be receiving in Mode 1 at the same time.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: In the independent slave configuration, there is an independent chip select line for each slave. This is the way SPI is normally used. The master asserts only one chip select at a time.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Pull-up resistors between power source and chip select lines are recommended for systems where the master's chip select pins may default to an undefined state. When separate software routines initialize each chip select and communicate with its slave, pull-up resistors prevent other uninitialized slaves from responding.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Since the MISO pins of the slaves are connected together, they are required to be tri-state pins (high, low or high-impedance), where the high-impedance output must be applied when the slave is not selected. Slave devices not supporting tri-state may be used in independent slave configuration by adding a tri-state buffer chip controlled by the chip select signal. (Since only a single signal line needs to be tristated per slave, one typical standard logic chip that contains four tristate buffers with independent gate inputs can be used to interface up to four slave devices to an SPI bus)


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Some products that implement SPI may be connected in a daisy chain configuration, the first slave output being connected to the second slave input, etc. The SPI port of each slave is designed to send out during the second group of clock pulses an exact copy of the data it received during the first group of clock pulses. The whole chain acts as a communication shift register; daisy chaining is often done with shift registers to provide a bank of inputs or outputs through SPI. Each slave copies input to output in the next clock cycle until active low SS line goes high. Such a feature only requires a single SS line from the master, rather than a separate SS line for each slave.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Other applications that can potentially interoperate with SPI that require a daisy chain configuration include SGPIO, JTAG, and Two Wire Interface.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Another variation uses exactly two chip selects. One chip select controls a block of selection logic, the other is routed by the selection logic. The application is common enough that there are available serial-controlled multiplexers. This can standardize and future-proof a connector, so that a controller can support many devices with a change of software. A similar application pairs serial controlled multiplexer with a merchant USB-to-SPI controller, controlled by a PC or smart-phone. This permits many types of "dumb" electronic devices to be controlled by inexpensive mass-produced computers.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: In electrically noisy environments, the SPI standard has few signals, and it can be economical to reduce the effects of common mode noise by adapting SPI to use low-voltage differential signaling. Another advantage is that the controlled devices can be designed to loop-back to test signal integrity.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Some slave devices are designed to ignore any SPI communications in which the number of clock pulses is greater than specified. Others do not care, ignoring extra inputs and continuing to shift the same output bit. It is common for different devices to use SPI communications with different lengths, as, for example, when SPI is used to access the scan chain of a digital IC by issuing a command word of one size (perhaps 32 bits) and then getting a response of a different size (perhaps 153 bits, one for each pin in that scan chain).


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: SPI devices sometimes use another signal line to send an interrupt signal to a host CPU. Examples include pen-down interrupts from touchscreen sensors, thermal limit alerts from temperature sensors, alarms issued by real time clock chips, SDIO, and headset jack insertions from the sound codec in a cell phone. Interrupts are not covered by the SPI standard; their usage is neither forbidden nor specified by the standard. In other words, interrupts are outside the scope of the SPI standard and are optionally implemented independently from it.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: SPI lends itself to a "bus driver" software design. Software for attached devices is written to call a "bus driver" that handles the actual low-level SPI hardware. This permits the driver code for attached devices to port easily to other hardware, including a bit-banging design.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Below is an example of bit-banging the SPI protocol as an SPI master with CPOL=0, CPHA=0, and eight bits per transfer. The example is written in the C programming language. Because this is CPOL=0 the clock must be pulled low before the chip select is activated. The chip select line must be activated, which normally means being toggled low, for the peripheral before the start of the transfer, and then deactivated afterward. Most peripherals allow or require several transfers while the select line is low; this routine might be called several times before deselecting the chip.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The board real estate savings compared to a parallel I/O bus are significant, and have earned SPI a solid role in embedded systems. That is true for most system-on-a-chip processors, both with higher end 32-bit processors such as those using ARM, MIPS, or PowerPC and with other microcontrollers such as the AVR, PIC, and MSP430. These chips usually include SPI controllers capable of running in either master or slave mode. In-system programmable AVR controllers (including blank ones) can be programmed using a SPI interface.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Chip or FPGA based designs sometimes use SPI to communicate between internal components; on-chip real estate can be as costly as its on-board cousin.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The full-duplex capability makes SPI very simple and efficient for single master/single slave applications. Some devices use the full-duplex mode to implement an efficient, swift data stream for applications such as digital audio, digital signal processing, or telecommunications channels, but most off-the-shelf chips stick to half-duplex request/response protocols.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: For high-performance systems, FPGAs sometimes use SPI to interface as a slave to a host, as a master to sensors, or for flash memory used to bootstrap if they are SRAM-based.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Although there are some similarities between the SPI bus and the JTAG (IEEE 1149.1-2013) protocol, they are not interchangeable. The SPI bus is intended for high speed, on board initialization of device peripherals, while the JTAG protocol is intended to provide reliable test access to the I/O pins from an off board controller with less precise signal delay and skew parameters. While not strictly a level sensitive interface, the JTAG protocol supports the recovery of both setup and hold violations between JTAG devices by reducing the clock rate or changing the clock's duty cycles. Consequently, the JTAG interface is not intended to support extremely high data rates.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: SGPIO is essentially another (incompatible) application stack for SPI designed for particular backplane management activities. SGPIO uses 3-bit messages.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The SPI bus is a "de facto" standard. However, the lack of a formal standard is reflected in a wide variety of protocol options. Different word sizes are common. Every device defines its own protocol, including whether it supports commands at all. Some devices are transmit-only; others are receive-only. Chip selects are sometimes active-high rather than active-low. Some protocols send the least significant bit first.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: SPI Bus was originally defined by Motorola. The original defining document was Motorola Application Node AN991. When Freescale spun out of Motorola, the responsibility for AN991 went with Freescale. When NXP acquired Freescale, NXP also acquired responsibility for AN991 which was last revised in January of 2002 as AN991/D and still serves as the "official" defining document for SPI Bus.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Some devices have minor variances from the CPOL/CPHA modes described above. Sending data from slave to master may use the opposite clock edge as master to slave. Devices often require extra clock idle time before the first clock or after the last one, or between a command and its response. Some devices have two clocks, one to read data, and another to transmit it into the device. Many of the read clocks run from the chip select line.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Some devices require an additional flow control signal from slave to master, indicating when data is ready. This leads to a 5-wire protocol instead of the usual 4. Such a "ready" or "enable" signal is often active-low, and needs to be enabled at key points such as after commands or between words. Without such a signal, data transfer rates may need to be slowed down significantly, or protocols may need to have dummy bytes inserted, to accommodate the worst case for the slave response time. Examples include initiating an ADC conversion, addressing the right page of flash memory, and processing enough of a command that device firmware can load the first word of the response. (Many SPI masters do not support that signal directly, and instead rely on fixed delays.)


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Many SPI chips only support messages that are multiples of 8 bits. Such chips can not interoperate with the JTAG or SGPIO protocols, or any other protocol that requires messages that are not multiples of 8 bits.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: There are also hardware-level differences. Some chips combine MOSI and MISO into a single data line (SI/SO); this is sometimes called 'three-wire' signaling (in contrast to normal 'four-wire' SPI). Another variation of SPI removes the chip select line, managing protocol state machine entry/exit using other methods. Anyone needing an external connector for SPI defines their own: UEXT, JTAG connector, Secure Digital card socket, etc. Signal levels depend entirely on the chips involved.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: SafeSPI is an industry standard for SPI in automotive applications. Its main focus is the transmission of sensor data between different devices.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: When developing or troubleshooting systems using SPI, visibility at the level of hardware signals can be important.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: There are a number of USB hardware solutions to provide computers, running Linux, Mac, or Windows, SPI master or slave capabilities. Many of them also provide scripting or programming capabilities (Visual Basic, C/C++, VHDL, etc.).


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: An SPI host adapter lets the user play the role of a master on an SPI bus directly from a PC. They are used for embedded systems, chips (FPGA, ASIC, and SoC) and peripheral testing, programming and debugging.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The key parameters of SPI are: the maximum supported frequency for the serial interface, command-to-command latency and the maximum length for SPI commands. It is possible to find SPI adapters on the market today that support up to 100 MHz serial interfaces, with virtually unlimited access length.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: SPI protocol being a de facto standard, some SPI host adapters also have the ability of supporting other protocols beyond the traditional 4-wire SPI (for example, support of quad-SPI protocol or other custom serial protocol that derive from SPI).


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: SPI protocol analyzers are tools which sample an SPI bus and decode the electrical signals to provide a higher-level view of the data being transmitted on a specific bus.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Most oscilloscope vendors offer oscilloscope-based triggering and protocol decoding for SPI. Most support 2-, 3-, and 4-wire SPI. The triggering and decoding capability is typically offered as an optional extra. SPI signals can be accessed via analog oscilloscope channels or with digital MSO channels.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: When developing or troubleshooting the SPI bus, examination of hardware signals can be very important. Logic analyzers are tools which collect, analyze, decode, and store signals so people can view the high-speed waveforms at their leisure. Logic analyzers display time-stamps of each signal level change, which can help find protocol problems. Most logic analyzers have the capability to decode bus signals into high-level protocol data and show ASCII data.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: A Queued Serial Peripheral Interface (QSPI; see also Quad SPI) is a type of SPI controller that uses a data queue to transfer data across the SPI bus. It has a wrap-around mode allowing continuous transfers to and from the queue with only intermittent attention from the CPU. Consequently, the peripherals appear to the CPU as memory-mapped parallel devices. This feature is useful in applications such as control of an A/D converter. Other programmable features in QSPI are chip selects and transfer length/delay.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: SPI controllers from different vendors support different feature sets; such DMA queues are not uncommon, although they may be associated with separate DMA engines rather than the SPI controller itself, such as used by Multichannel Buffered Serial Port (MCBSP). Most SPI master controllers integrate support for up to four chip selects, although some require chip selects to be managed separately through GPIO lines.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Microwire, often spelled μWire, is essentially a predecessor of SPI and a trademark of National Semiconductor. It's a strict subset of SPI: half-duplex, and using SPI mode 0. Microwire chips tend to need slower clock rates than newer SPI versions; perhaps 2 MHz vs. 20 MHz. Some Microwire chips also support a three-wire mode.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Microwire/Plus is an enhancement of Microwire and features full-duplex communication and support for SPI modes 0 and 1. There was no specified improvement in serial clock speed.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: As mentioned, one variant of SPI uses a single bidirectional data line (slave out/slave in, called SISO or master out/master in, called MOMI) instead of two unidirectional ones (MOSI and MISO). This variant is restricted to a half duplex mode. It tends to be used for lower performance parts, such as small EEPROMs used only during system startup and certain sensors, and Microwire. Few SPI master controllers support this mode; although it can often be easily bit-banged in software.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: For instances where the full-duplex nature of SPI is not used, an extension uses both data pins in a half-duplex configuration to send two bits per clock cycle. Typically a command byte is sent requesting a response in dual mode, after which the MOSI line becomes SIO0 (serial I/O 0) and carries even bits, while the MISO line becomes SIO1 and carries odd bits. Data is still transmitted msbit-first, but SIO1 carries bits 7, 5, 3 and 1 of each byte, while SIO0 carries bits 6, 4, 2 and 0.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: This is particularly popular among SPI ROMs, which have to send a large amount of data, and comes in two variants:


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Quad SPI (QSPI; see also Queued SPI) goes beyond dual SPI, adding two more I/O lines (SIO2 and SIO3) and sends 4 data bits per clock cycle. Again, it is requested by special commands, which enable quad mode after the command itself is sent in single mode.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Further extending quad SPI, some devices support a "quad everything" mode where "all" communication takes place over 4 data lines, including commands. This is variously called "QPI" (not to be confused with Intel QuickPath Interconnect) or "serial quad I/O" (SQI)


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: This requires programming a configuration bit in the device and requires care after reset to establish communication.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: In addition to using multiple lines for I/O, some devices increase the transfer rate by using double data rate transmission.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: Intel has developed a successor to its Low Pin Count (LPC) bus that it calls the Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface Bus, or eSPI for short. Intel aims to allow the reduction in the number of pins required on motherboards compared to systems using LPC, have more available throughput than LPC, reduce the working voltage to 1.8 volts to facilitate smaller chip manufacturing processes, allow eSPI peripherals to share SPI flash devices with the host (the LPC bus did not allow firmware hubs to be used by LPC peripherals), tunnel previous out-of-band pins through the eSPI bus, and allow system designers to trade off cost and performance.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The eSPI bus can either be shared with SPI devices to save pins or be separate from the SPI bus to allow more performance, especially when eSPI devices need to use SPI flash devices.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: This standard defines an Alert# signal that is used by an eSPI slave to request service from the master. In a performance-oriented design or a design with only one eSPI slave, each eSPI slave will have its Alert# pin connected to an Alert# pin on the eSPI master that is dedicated to each slave, allowing the eSPI master to grant low-latency service because the eSPI master will know which eSPI slave needs service and will not need to poll all of the slaves to determine which device needs service. In a budget design with more than one eSPI slave, all of the Alert# pins of the slaves are connected to one Alert# pin on the eSPI master in a wired-OR connection, which will require the master to poll all the slaves to determine which ones need service when the Alert# signal is pulled low by one or more peripherals that need service. Only after all of the devices are serviced will the Alert# signal be pulled high due to none of the eSPI slaves needing service and therefore pulling the Alert# signal low.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: This standard allows designers to use 1-bit, 2-bit, or 4-bit communications at speeds from 20 to 66 MHz to further allow designers to trade off performance and cost.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: All communications that were out-of-band of the LPC bus like general-purpose input/output (GPIO) and System Management Bus (SMBus) are tunneled through the eSPI bus via virtual wire cycles and out-of-band message cycles respectively in order to remove those pins from motherboard designs using eSPI.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: This standard supports standard memory cycles with lengths of 1 byte to 4 kilobytes of data, short memory cycles with lengths of 1, 2, or 4 bytes that have much less overhead compared to standard memory cycles, and I/O cycles with lengths of 1, 2, or 4 bytes of data which are low overhead as well. This significantly reduces overhead compared to the LPC bus, where all cycles except for the 128-byte firmware hub read cycle spends more than one-half of all of the bus's throughput and time in overhead. The standard memory cycle allows a length of anywhere from 1 byte to 4 kilobytes in order to allow its larger overhead to be amortised over a large transaction. eSPI slaves are allowed to initiate bus master versions of all of the memory cycles. Bus master I/O cycles, which were introduced by the LPC bus specification, and ISA-style DMA including the 32-bit variant introduced by the LPC bus specification, are not present in eSPI. Therefore, bus master memory cycles are the only allowed DMA in this standard.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: eSPI slaves are allowed to use the eSPI master as a proxy to perform flash operations on a standard SPI flash memory slave on behalf of the requesting eSPI slave.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: 64-bit memory addressing is also added, but is only permitted when there is no equivalent 32-bit address.


title: Serial Peripheral Interface

text: The Intel Z170 chipset can be configured to implement either this bus or a variant of the LPC bus that is missing its ISA-style DMA capability and is underclocked to 24 MHz instead of the standard 33 MHz.


title: Malang (film)

text: Malang () is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Mohit Suri and produced by T-Series in collaboration with Luv Films and Northern Lights Entertainment with distribution by Yash Raj Films. The film stars Anil Kapoor, Aditya Roy Kapur, Disha Patani, and Kunal Khemu.


title: Malang (film)

text: The shooting began in March 2019 and took place primarily in Goa, but it was also filmed in Mauritius. Final schedule was wrapped up in October 2019. The female lead role went to Patani after Shraddha Kapoor's refusal.


title: Malang (film)

text: Initially announced as a Valentine's Day 2020 release, "Malang" was preponed by 1 week to avoid clash with "Love Aaj Kal". It was finally released worldwide in cinemas on 7 February 2020. It was praised for its music, action sequences, direction and cast performances, "Malang" has earned worldwide thus becoming a commercial success.


title: Malang (film)

text: A young man is released from jail after five years as he ends his sentence with a brutal fight, finishing off a fellow convict. Inspector Anjaney Agashe is a rugged drug-addicted cop who gets rid of known criminals by killing them and staging their deaths like a police encounter. His daughter had been shot during a raid in Goa. Upon release, the young man immediately calls Agashe and informs him of an upcoming murder of a police officer and wishes him "Happy Solstice." Agashe's friend and colleague, Michael Rodrigues, is a cop who plays by the rules; his personal life is breaking down, as his wife, Teresa, is having an affair with another man.


title: Malang (film)

text: Later on, Michael learns that his friend and co-worker, Victor, has been brutally murdered. At the crime scene, Michael meets Agashe, and the two are instantly at odds with each other: Agashe wants to kill the murderer, while Michael wants the murderer to be imprisoned. It is implied that the young man committed the murder, and slowly, his connections to both Agashe and Michael are revealed.


title: Malang (film)

text: Five years ago, the man, now revealed to be Advait Thakur, then a cheerful, happy-go-lucky guy, meets Sara Nambiar at a rave party in Goa. The two fall in love and decide to travel and party together as vagrants. One day, Sara finds out that she is pregnant with Advait's child. The two initially decide to mutually abort the child. At another rave party, Sara watches a young girl named Vaani talking on the phone to her father, later revealed to be Agashe, who then gatecrashes the same party to capture drug dealers there. Crossfire ensues, and Vaani gets shot by Agashe's bullet, dying in her father's arms. Sara witnesses this, seeing Agashe break down at his daughter's death, and changes her mind. Vaani's death leads to Agashe's alcohol and drug addiction and his change in personality. Sara tells Advait of her decision and that she no longer wants a nomadic life. Advait, having a fear of commitment, leaves Sara and goes off towards the northern mountains to meet a friend.


title: Malang (film)

text: In the present day, Advait murders two more cops, Nitin and Deven, both of whom were Michael's colleagues. Michael becomes suspicious of Jessie, a drug-addicted prostitute who is Advait's friend and has been helping him with the murders. Michael noticed her in the room and followed her to her presiding place, and on knowing this, Jessie tries to burn down the evidence at her place, but Michael enters and sees that he is also one of the targets on Advait's hit list. In a turn of events, after killing the three officers in Michael's team, Advait surrenders himself to Agashe. Michael's past and what really happened to Sara and Advait is revealed: Michael grew up in an abusive family. As an adult, he is about to marry his girlfriend Teresa, but due to the childhood abuse, he is uncomfortable with sex and intimacy and rejects Teresa when she touches him before marriage, giving the excuse that he doesn't want such relations before the wedding. However, fearing that his lack of sexual experience will make him "less than a man," Michael goes to Jessie to lose his virginity. Sara has been living with Jessie after Advait left her. Michael enters while Jessie was away at the market and mistakes Sara for Jessie. In the meantime, Advait returns to Goa, having realized his mistake. He arrives at Jessie's house, only to find Michael trying to strangle Sara. He intervenes and calls the police. Nitin, Deven, and Victor arrive. In the police van, Advait and Sara reconcile. Instead of the station, the police take Advait and Sara to a bridge, where they plan to frame them for drug peddling to avoid Michael's scandal, who showed up there as a cop visiting a prostitute. Michael injects a lethal drug into the couple before throwing Sara off the bridge, while Advait is sentenced to five years in jail. Advait has been taking revenge for Sara's death.


title: Malang (film)

text: In the present day, Michael reveals to Advait at the station that he strangled Jessie after the house burnt. He then leaves so that Agashe can do his "encounter." However, before leaving, Michael says "Happy Solstice" to Agashe that makes Agashe realize that he is the reason behind Advait's vengeance as Advait had been calling Agashe before each murder and saying the same thing. Agashe takes Advait to the same bridge where it all started, where Advait tells him that Michael and his friends killed Sara. At the same time, Michael goes home and sees that Teresa is about to leave him. Michael suffers a psychotic breakdown and attempts to murder her. As he is choking her, he is suddenly injected in the neck with a drug. When he turns around, he sees Sara, alive and well, wearing the same jacket as Advait was wearing.


title: Malang (film)

text: It is shown in a flashback that Jessie had saved Sara from the fall, but she lost her baby. Over the course of five years, Sara and Advait had been planning revenge together, and it is also shown that the murders were committed by both Sara and Advait together. Suddenly, Agashe's assistant receives a call informing him that Michael has been murdered in his own home. Advait laughs as a shocked Agashe wonders who killed Michael. He reluctantly releases Advait due to lack of evidence, and Teresa tells the police she saw a man, thus protecting Sara. Advait and Sara find peace and start a new life.


title: Malang (film)

text: The film ends with Agashe getting a phone call from an unknown female caller, informing him about an upcoming murder just like he was informed by Advait.


title: Malang (film)

text: Initially, the film was offered to Shraddha Kapoor who could not fit the film into her busy schedule but agreed to do voiceover in the climax.


title: Malang (film)

text: The filming began on 16 March 2019. The principal photography began on 22 March in Goa. The Mauritius schedule was shot in the first week of May. The film was wrapped up on 7 October 2019.


title: Malang (film)

text: The film was initially scheduled to be released on 14 February 2020; later on 26 December 2019, it was moved earlier by a week to 7 February 2020. The movie was made available in Netflix on 15 May.


title: Malang (film)

text: Malang received mixed reviews from critics. Harshada Rege of "The Times of India" gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars stating, "In this film, none of the characters are uni-dimensional, which makes them interesting. 'Malang' begins well with a power-packed action scene, and dives straight into the drama." Madhuri V of Filmibeat also gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said, "After the lacklustre Half Girlfriend, Mohit Suri returns to his favourite genre- thrillers, and we must say, the man pulls it off quite well when it comes to calling the shots." According to "Bollywood Hungama", which also gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, Disha Patani – Aditya Roy Kapur starrer Malang is high on style with good performances and thrilling moments but has an average storyline. Apart from positive reviews, the film received some average critical reviews. Rajeev Masand of "News18 India" stated in his review, "the plot of the film was unconvincing and doesn't justify the indulgence. Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" wrote ""Malang" is a tepid thriller and its twists don't really take you aback". Rawal Kukreja of "Hindustan Times" stated that the story was predictable with a whittled away second half and a limping plot.


title: Malang (film)

text: The film's music was composed by with Mithoon, Ankit Tiwari, Ved Sharma, The Fusion Project, Adnan Dhool and Rabi Ahmed with lyrics written by Sayeed Quadri, Kunaal Vermaa, Prince Dubey, Haarsh Limbachiyaa and Adnan Dhool (for "Ho Ja Mast Malang Tu", a version of his band Soch's earlier single "Bol Hu" - released by Nescafé Basement).


title: Malang (film)

text: "Malang" earned 6.71 crore net at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected ₹8.89 crore net and 9.76 crores on its third day, taking the total opening weekend collection to ₹25.36 crores.


title: Malang (film)

text: , with a gross of 70.23 crore in India and 14.27 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of 84.50 crore.


title: Malang (film)

text: A sequel, "Malang 2", was officially announced on 31 May 2020.Starring Shraddha Kapoor, Sidharth Malhotra and Anil Kapoor.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: The Dick Van Dyke Show is an American television sitcom created by Carl Reiner that initially aired on CBS from October 3, 1961 to June 1, 1966, with a total of 158 half-hour episodes spanning five seasons. It was produced by Calvada Productions in association with the CBS Television Network, and was shot at Desilu Studios. Other producers included Bill Persky and Sam Denoff. The music for the show's theme song was written by Earle Hagen.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: The show starred Dick Van Dyke, Mary Tyler Moore, Rose Marie, Morey Amsterdam, and Larry Mathews. "The Dick Van Dyke Show" centered on the work and home life of television comedy writer Rob Petrie (Dick Van Dyke), the head writer for the fictional "Alan Brady Show," who lived in New Rochelle, New York with his stylish wife Laura Petrie (Mary Tyler Moore) and young son Ritchie (Larry Mathews). The series portrayed daily life, comic scenarios that charming, goofy Rob Petrie found himself in the middle of with work colleagues--Buddy Sorrell (Morey Amsterdam), Sally Rogers (Rose Marie), Mel Cooley (Richard Deacon)--or family, various friends, and neighbors Millie (Ann Morgan Guilbert) and Jerry Helper (Jerry Paris).


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: The series won 15 Emmy Awards. In 1997, the episodes "Coast-to-Coast Big Mouth" and "It May Look Like a Walnut" were ranked at 8 and 15 respectively on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: In 2002, the series was ranked at 13 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time and in 2013 it was ranked at 20 on their list of the 60 Best Series.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: The two main settings are the work and home life of Rob Petrie (Dick Van Dyke), the head writer of a comedy/variety show produced in Manhattan. Viewers are given an "inside look" at how a television show (the fictional "The Alan Brady Show") was written and produced. Many scenes deal with Rob and his co-writers, Buddy Sorrell (Morey Amsterdam) and Sally Rogers (Rose Marie). Mel Cooley (Richard Deacon), a balding straight man and recipient of numerous insulting one-liners from Buddy, was the show's producer and the brother-in-law of the show's star, Alan Brady (Carl Reiner). As Rob, Buddy, and Sally write for a comedy show, the premise provides a built-in forum for them to constantly make jokes. Other scenes focus on the home life of Rob, his wife Laura (Mary Tyler Moore), and son Ritchie (Larry Mathews), who live in suburban New Rochelle, New York. Also often seen are their next-door neighbors and best friends, Jerry Helper (Jerry Paris), a dentist, and his wife Millie (Ann Morgan Guilbert).


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: Many of the characters in "The Dick Van Dyke Show" were based on real people, as Carl Reiner created the show based on his time spent as head writer for the Sid Caesar vehicle "Your Show of Shows". Carl Reiner portrayed Alan Brady who is a combination of the abrasive Milton Berle and Jackie Gleason, according to Reiner, refuting rumors that Alan Brady was based on Caesar. Van Dyke's character was based on Reiner himself.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: Moore's character's "look" was influenced to some extent by that of Jackie Kennedy, who was at the time First Lady of the United States.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: "The Dick Van Dyke Show" was preceded by a 1960 pilot for a series to be called Head of the Family with a different cast, although the characters were essentially the same, except for the absence of Mel Cooley. In the pilot, Carl Reiner, who created the show based on his own experiences as a TV writer, played Robbie Petrie. Laura Petrie was played by Barbara Britton, Buddy Sorrell by Morty Gunty, Sally Rogers by Sylvia Miles, Ritchie by Gary Morgan, and Alan Sturdy, the Alan Brady character, was played by Jack Wakefield, although his face was never fully seen, which was also the case with Carl Reiner's Alan Brady for the first three seasons of "The Dick Van Dyke Show".


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: The pilot was unsuccessful, which led Reiner to rework the show with Dick Van Dyke playing the central character (who went by Rob, not "Robbie", and pronounced his last name PET-tree rather than the pilot's PEE-tree.)


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: At least four episodes were filmed without a live studio audience: "The Bad Old Days," which featured an extended flashback sequence that relied on optical effects that would have been impractical to shoot with a live audience in the studio; "The Alan Brady Show Presents," which required elaborate set and costume changes; "Happy Birthday and Too Many More," which was filmed on November 26, 1963, only four days after President Kennedy's assassination; and "The Gunslinger", which was filmed on location.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: Reiner considered moving the production of the series to full color as early as season three, only to drop the idea when he was informed that it would add about $7,000 to the cost of each episode. On December 11, 2016, two episodes from the series were presented on CBS-TV colorized. Two more colorized episodes aired December 22, 2017, and an additional two colorized episodes aired on December 15, 2018.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: On July 1, 2020, it was announced that two previously-aired colorized episodes would air as part of "The Dick Van Dyke Show - Now in Living Color! A Special Tribute to Carl Reiner" on July 3, 2020. Two more previously-aired episodes aired as "... Now in Living Color!" on May 21, 2021, with the 2018 episodes being rebroadcast the following Friday, May 28.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: A group of character actors played several different roles during the five seasons. Actors who appeared more than once, sometimes in different roles, included Elvia Allman (as Herman Glimscher's mother), Tiny Brauer, Bella Bruck, Jane Dulo, Herbie Faye, Bernard Fox, Dabbs Greer, Jerry Hausner, Peter Hobbs, Jackie Joseph, Sandy Kenyon (who also appeared in the 2004 reunion special), Alvy Moore, Isabel Randolph, Burt Remsen, Johnny Silver, Doris Singleton, Amzie Strickland, George Tyne, Herb Vigran and Len Weinrib. Frank Adamo, who served as Van Dyke's personal assistant and stand-in, also played small roles throughout the show's five seasons.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: "The Dick Van Dyke Show" was filmed before a live audience (one of the few sitcoms at the time to do so) at Desilu-Cahuenga Studios in Hollywood, California, with audience "sweetening" performed in post-production.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: Many of the show's plots were inspired by Reiner's experiences as a writer for "Your Show of Shows" and "Caesar's Hour", both of which starred Sid Caesar. Reiner based the character of Rob Petrie on himself, but Rob's egocentric boss Alan Brady is not based on Caesar, but is a combination of the abrasive Milton Berle and Jackie Gleason, according to Reiner.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: CBS had intended to cancel the show after its first season, but Procter & Gamble threatened to pull its advertising from "the network's extremely lucrative daytime lineup" and the show was renewed, keeping its Wednesday night time slot. The show jumped into the top 10 by the third episode of its second season, helped by coming directly after "The Beverly Hillbillies", the number one show at the time.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: The show's theme was by Earle Hagen, who also wrote many other TV series themes, including those for "The Andy Griffith Show", "Gomer Pyle, USMC", "I Spy", and "The Mod Squad".


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: In a 2010 interview on National Public Radio, Van Dyke revealed Morey Amsterdam's lyrics for the show's theme song:


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: Image Entertainment has released all five seasons of "The Dick Van Dyke Show" on DVD in Region 1. Season sets were released between October 2003 – June 2004. Also, on May 24, 2005, Image Entertainment repackaged the discs from the individual season sets into a complete series box set. On Blu-ray, the complete series, remastered in high definition, was released on November 13, 2012.


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: Following the well-received colorizations of "I Love Lucy" in the US, two episodes, "That’s My Boy" and "Coast to Coast Big Mouth", were computer colorized by West Wing Studios in 2016 and broadcast by CBS. They were later released on DVD and Blu-ray by CBS Home Entertainment as "The Dick Van Dyke Show: Now in Living Color!"


title: The Dick Van Dyke Show

text: Six episodes of the series, all from the second season, are believed to have lapsed into the public domain and have been released by numerous discount distributors. There also seems to be no original record of copyright for episodes 33–62, which were released in 1962 and 1963. This does not preclude their creators from claiming royalties for them. CBS policy has generally been to claim indirect copyright on such episodes by claiming them as derivative works of earlier episodes that were copyrighted.


title: Andy Serkis filmography

text: English actor Andy Serkis has been featured in various films, television series, and video games. Serkis started acting in the late 1980s with small roles on the television series "Morris Minor and His Marvellous Motors" (1989), and "The New Statesman" (1989) before being cast as Owen in "Streetwise" from 1989–1992. He then appeared in films such as "Prince of Jutland" (1994), "Career Girls" (1997), "Pandaemonium" (2000). In 2001, he was cast as the voice of Gollum in Peter Jackson's epic fantasy adventure film "". Serkis reprised this role in the sequels "" (2002) and "" (2003) as well as the 2012 prequel "". During that time, he also co-starred in the films "The Escapist" (2002), "13 Going on 30" (2004) and lent his voice to the 2006 computer-animated film "Flushed Away".


title: Andy Serkis filmography

text: In 2011, he provided the voice and motion capture for Caesar in the science fiction film "Rise of the Planet of the Apes". He provided voice and motion capture for the role again in the 2014 sequel and the 2017 final film of the trilogy. His other voice and motion capture work includes King Bohan in the 2007 video game "Heavenly Sword", Kong in Peter Jackson's 2005 film "King Kong", and Supreme Leader Snoke in "" (2015), "" (2017), and "" (2019).


title: Rick Rubin production discography

text: Rick Rubin is an American record producer who holds eight Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year which he won with the Dixie Chicks and Adele in 2007 and 2012, respectively. He has also won numerous producer of the year awards. This is a list compiling his production discography.


title: Solomon Grundy (nursery rhyme)

text: The rhyme has varied very little since it was first collected by James Orchard Halliwell and published in 1842 with the lyrics:


title: Solomon Grundy (nursery rhyme)

text: The words of a French version of the rhyme were adapted by the Dada poet Philippe Soupault in 1921 and published as an account of his own life:


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: As a war galley sails through a storm, two dragons fight above the clouds, ending in one's death. In the kingdom of Enlad, the royal wizard Root proclaims the dragons to be a sign of a loss of balance in the world. The king is dealing with disease sweeping across his kingdom, and the disappearance of his son, Prince Arren. In the middle of the night, Arren kills his father, steals his father's sword, and flees the castle.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Arren travels through the desert and is rescued from wolves by the archmage Sparrowhawk. Together they travel to the city of Hort Town. When Arren explores the town alone, he rescues a young girl named Therru from slavers, but is later captured by the same slave master, Hare. His sword is dumped in the sea. Sparrowhawk rescues Arren from the slave caravan and takes him to a farm run by Sparrowhawk's oldest and greatest friend Tenar, who lives with Therru.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Sparrowhawk's intervention against Hare's slave caravan angers Lord Cob, a powerful warlock and the ruler of Hort Town, who wants the archmage brought to the castle. Meanwhile, Sparrowhawk tells Arren that he seeks a way to restore the upset balance, then resumes his search in Hort Town. While there he buys Arren's sword from a merchant's stall and manages to evade capture from Hare whilst learning about Cob's castle.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Arren confesses to Therru that he killed his father and that he feels an unknown presence following him. Because of this, Arren leaves the farm, but is met by the presence, which is a mirror image of himself. Arren falls unconscious after stumbling into a swamp while fleeing from the image. Cob takes him to the castle, where he manipulates Arren into revealing his "true name", Prince Lebannen, to control him. Meanwhile, Hare captures Tenar as bait to lure Sparrowhawk into the castle, leaving Therru tied to a post as a messenger. She frees herself, and encounters Sparrowhawk, who gives her Arren's sword to give to Arren. Sparrowhawk breaks into the castle to save Tenar and confronts Cob. Sparrowhawk learns that Cob is causing the world's balance to collapse by opening the door between life and death to try and gain eternal life. Sparrowhawk tries to warn Cob of the dangers of upsetting the balance, and Cob sends Arren out to kill him. Sparrowhawk frees the prince from Cob's control but is captured by Hare after being weakened.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Meanwhile, Therru sees the duplicate of Arren and follows him to the castle, where he reveals that he is the light within Arren and tells Therru his true name. Therru enters the castle and learns of Sparrowhawk and Tenar's sunrise execution. She finds Arren, guilty and hopeless, and brings hope back to him, calling him by his true name and confiding in him her own true name, Tehanu. They rush to rescue Sparrowhawk and Tenar. Arren confronts Cob, who tries to kill him. He fights back and finally unsheathes his sword, which was sealed with magic. Arren cuts off Cob's staff-holding hand. Unable to use any of his magic powers, Cob rapidly begins to age. He captures Therru and flees to the highest tower of the castle, with Arren in pursuit. Cornering Cob, Arren tries to explain what he learned about life and death from Therru and Sparrowhawk to Cob, but the withering Dark Lord refuses to listen and uses the last of his magic to strangle Therru to death. Instead of dying, she reveals her true form as a dragon, possessing everlasting life. Therru kills Cob with her fire breath and rescues Arren from the collapsing tower.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Sparrowhawk and Tenar leave the castle while Therru and Arren land in a field where Therru changes back into a human. Arren tells Therru he will leave for home to repent for his crime, but will come back to see her some day. After he and Therru reunite with Sparrowhawk and Tenar, the four of them spend time together. Arren and Sparrowhawk depart for Enlad, bidding Therru and Tenar goodbye. Therru looks up to see her fellow dragons airborne, indicating that the balance of the world has been restored.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: This feature film from Studio Ghibli is the first anime film adaptation of any part of the Earthsea series. In the past, many directors, including Hayao Miyazaki, had tried to adapt the Earthsea cycle for film, but were disapproved by the author herself. When Le Guin first heard of Miyazaki's interest in adapting her work, she had not seen any of his films and associated animation with the output of Disney, so she turned down his request.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: In 2003, after winning an Oscar for his film "Spirited Away", Hayao Miyazaki received Le Guin's approval but was busy directing "Howl's Moving Castle". Studio Ghibli head Toshio Suzuki decided that Hayao's son Gorō Miyazaki, who was advising on the film, should be given his first directing job for the adaptation. Hayao was dissatisfied with the decision, thinking that Gorō lacked the necessary experience. They reportedly did not speak to one another during production of the film. Hayao later acknowledged his son's work upon its first preview. Some feel that a major section of the plot was adapted from the director's father, Hayao Miyazaki's "Shuna's Journey" graphic novel, with many direct references. Le Guin, who had become a devoted fan of Hayao Miyazaki's work following their first encounter and had wished for him to direct the film, was also disappointed by the selection of Gorō as director, but was told by Studio Ghibli that Hayao would oversee the film's production.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: The soundtrack for "Tales from Earthsea" was composed and managed by Tamiya Terashima and was released by Tokuma Japan Communications and Studio Ghibli Records as a multichannel hybrid SACD-CD on 12 July 2006. Carlos Núñez was a key collaborator on the soundtrack, contributing his ocarina, whistle and Galician gaita (bagpipe) to 11 of the 21 tracks. Newcomer singer, Aoi Teshima, sang in 2 of the tracks. A follow-up album, "Melodies from Gedo Senki", was released on 17 January 2007 and included unreleased Gedo Senki OST tracks and new tracks by Núñez.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: "Tales from Earthsea" was released in Japan on July 29, 2006. Studio Ghibli released the first and second trailers on its official web site. A three-minute Japanese trailer was first shown in Japanese cinemas starting Saturday 24 February 2006. It was aired on NTV on 23 February 2006 (the day the trailer was completed). Theo Le Guin, Ursula K. Le Guin's son, viewed the Japanese trailer and said this of it: "The images are really beautiful. The song too, it's not like something from Hollywood, but felt really like Ghibli." The trailers were made by Keiichi Itagaki, who had been responsible for trailers for all of the other Ghibli films up until then.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: In Australia, "Tales from Earthsea" premiered in Brisbane on 15 April 2007. The film began a single print tour of major cities on 25 April 2007 and ended up playing at locations in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth over the following months. It was notable that, unlike previous Studio Ghibli releases, only a subtitled version was seen in cinemas.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: The film was released in selected UK cinemas on 3 August 2007 by Optimum Releasing, in both subtitled and English dubbed versions. The film was not released as widely as previous Ghibli movies, playing to 23 venues across the nation and making an unremarkable £23,300. Reviews were generally positive, but received mixed reviews when it was compared to the past Ghibli films. Radio Times suggested that it "lacks the technical sheen and warm sentimentality of some of Ghibli's earlier films", while the "Daily Mirror" called it "ploddy, excruciatingly slow" and not in the same league as the work of Hayao Miyazaki. However, Empire magazine said it was "well worth watching" while "The Guardian" called it "An engaging piece of work".


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: In Spain, "Tales from Earthsea" premiered only in Madrid and Barcelona in two small theaters on 28 December 2007 by Aurum, only in a Japanese version with subtitles (an odd theatrical release compared to previous Ghibli movies).


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures released the film in the United States on August 13, 2010 under the Walt Disney Studios banner. Unlike their release of "Ponyo" the previous year, Disney opted to give the film a limited release in only five theaters. The film was rated PG-13 by the Motion Picture Association of America for some violent images, making it the first and only animated film released under Disney's name receive a PG-13 rating. It is also the second Studio Ghibli film to receive this rating after "Princess Mononoke" ("The Wind Rises", the third PG-13 film from Studio Ghibli, was distributed under Disney's Touchstone Pictures banner). The reason for the movie's longer-than-usual release in North America was due to a existing non-compete arrangement with RHI Entertainment, who at the time held the North American rights to "Earthsea" adaptations and produced the miniseries of the same name. RHI (at the time, Hallmark Entertainment) granted a specific rights reversion for Studio Ghibli in 2004 that allowed them to produce the animated movie, with the rights not expiring until December 2008.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: The movie was released on DVD and VHS in Japan by Buena Vista Home Entertainment on July 4, 2007. The DVD included the movie with both the original Japanese soundtrack and English dub, alongside a selection of bonus features. A Special Edition 4-DVD set was also released on the same day, which featured extra language tracks, and more bonus features.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Walt Disney Studios Japan released the film on Blu-ray Disc on November 16, 2011. The company later reissued the DVD with the HD remaster on April 20, 2022.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: A 2-disc DVD was released on 12 September 2007 in Australia by Madman Entertainment, this time featuring both the English and Japanese versions.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Optimum Releasing released both the subtitled and dub, region 2 DVD for the UK market on 28 January 2008. To mark the release, HMV ran frequent sponsor credits for the DVD, as well as a prize competition, on the AnimeCentral channel. StudioCanal UK released the film on Blu-ray on June 25, 2012.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: In the United States, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on DVD on March 8, 2011. The company later released the movie on Blu-ray Disc on February 3, 2015. GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on February 6, 2018 under a new deal with Studio Ghibli.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: A single DVD and a special 2-disc DVD were released by Aurum on 12 March 2008, this time with a Spanish soundtrack included.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: The film reached No. 1 at the Japanese box office on its opening week, with a gross of over 900 million yen, or 7.7 million USD, pushing "" to second place and becoming the number one movie in the country for five weeks. It became the year's #4 top-grossing movie in Japan, and the year's highest-grossing domestic Japanese film, with . , it has grossed in Japan and worldwide.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: During a private screening prior to the film's release, Gorō's father, Hayao, was asked what he thought of the film. He said, "I was looking at my kid. He's not an adult yet. That is all."


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: In the early 1980s, animator and director Hayao Miyazaki asked Ursula K. Le Guin, the author of the "Earthsea" series, for permission to create an animated adaptation of Earthsea. Le Guin, who was unfamiliar with his work and anime in general, turned down the offer. Years later, after seeing "My Neighbor Totoro", she reconsidered her refusal, believing that if anyone should be allowed to direct an Earthsea film, it should be Miyazaki. The film was ultimately directed by Miyazaki's son Gorō, rather than Miyazaki himself, which disappointed Le Guin. While she was positive about the aesthetic of the film, writing that "much of it was beautiful", she took great issue with its reimagining of the books' moral sense and its greater focus on physical violence. "[E]vil has been comfortably externalized in a villain", Le Guin writes, "the wizard Kumo/Cob, who can simply be killed, thus solving all problems. In modern fantasy (literary or governmental), killing people is the usual solution to the so-called war between good and evil. My books are not conceived in terms of such a war, and offer no simple answers to simplistic questions."


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: She stated that the plot departed so greatly from her story that she was "watching an entirely different story, confusingly enacted by people with the same names as in my story". She also praised certain depictions of nature in the film but felt that its production values were not as high as previous works directed by Hayao Miyazaki, and that the film's excitement was focused too much around scenes of violence. Her initial response to Gorō Miyazaki was, "It is not my book. It is your movie. It is a good movie". However, she stated that the comment disclosed on the movie's public blog did not portray her true feelings about the film's vast departure from original stories; "taking bits and pieces out of context, and replacing the storylines with an entirely different plot..."


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Le Guin's mixed opinion of the film is indicative of the film's overall reception, particularly in Japan, where it found both strong proponents and detractors. Many of the opinions can be characterized by a response to Le Guin's comments on her website—that the film's weak points were the result of "when too much responsibility was shouldered by someone not equipped for it".


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: The critical reception in Japan was favorable but mixed when compared to that of other Ghibli movies. Miyazaki was presented Japan's Bunshun Raspberry Award for "Worst Director", with "Tales from Earthsea" receiving the award for "Worst Movie" at the end of 2006. It was nominated in 2007 for the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year (losing to "The Girl Who Leapt Through Time") and was selected in the "Out of Competition" section at the 63rd Venice Film Festival.


title: Tales from Earthsea (film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes reported that 40% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 40 critics with an average rating of 5.2/10. It was the lowest rated film produced by Studio Ghibli on the website, up until "Earwig and the Witch" (2020) which was also directed by Gorō. On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on 11 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat, Inc. is an American software company that provides open source software products to enterprises. Founded in 1993, Red Hat has its corporate headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina, with other offices worldwide.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat has become associated to a large extent with its enterprise operating system Red Hat Enterprise Linux. With the acquisition of open-source enterprise middleware vendor JBoss, Red Hat also offers Red Hat Virtualization (RHV), an enterprise virtualization product. Red Hat provides storage, operating system platforms, middleware, applications, management products, and support, training, and consulting services.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat creates, maintains, and contributes to many free software projects. It has acquired several proprietary software product codebases through corporate mergers and acquisitions and has released such software under open source licenses. , Red Hat is the second largest corporate contributor to the Linux kernel version 4.14 after Intel.


title: Red Hat

text: On October 28, 2018, IBM announced its intent to acquire Red Hat for $34 billion. The acquisition closed on July 9, 2019. It now operates as an independent subsidiary.


title: Red Hat

text: In 1993, Bob Young incorporated the ACC Corporation, a catalog business that sold Linux and Unix software accessories. In 1994, Marc Ewing created his own Linux distribution, which he named Red Hat Linux (associated with the time Ewing wore a red Cornell University lacrosse hat, given to him by his grandfather, while attending Carnegie Mellon University). Ewing released the software in October, and it became known as the Halloween release. Young bought Ewing's business in 1995, and the two merged to become Red Hat Software, with Young serving as chief executive officer (CEO).


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat went public on August 11, 1999, achieving—at the time—the eighth-biggest first-day gain in the history of Wall Street. Matthew Szulik succeeded Bob Young as CEO in December of that year. Bob Young went on to found the online print on demand and self-publishing company, Lulu in 2002.


title: Red Hat

text: On November 15, 1999, Red Hat acquired Cygnus Solutions. Cygnus provided commercial support for free software and housed maintainers of GNU software products such as the GNU Debugger and GNU Binutils. One of the founders of Cygnus, Michael Tiemann, became the chief technical officer of Red Hat and the vice president of open-source affairs. Later Red Hat acquired WireSpeed, C2Net and Hell's Kitchen Systems.


title: Red Hat

text: In February 2000, "InfoWorld" awarded Red Hat its fourth consecutive "Operating System Product of the Year" award for Red Hat Linux 6.1. Red Hat acquired Planning Technologies, Inc. in 2001 and AOL's iPlanet directory and certificate-server software in 2004.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat moved its headquarters from Durham to North Carolina State University's Centennial Campus in Raleigh, North Carolina in February 2002. In the following month Red Hat introduced Red Hat Linux Advanced Server, later renamed Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). Dell, IBM, HP and Oracle Corporation announced their support of the platform.


title: Red Hat

text: In December 2005, "CIO Insight" magazine conducted its annual "Vendor Value Survey", in which Red Hat ranked #1 in value for the second year in a row. Red Hat stock became part of the NASDAQ-100 on December 19, 2005.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat acquired open-source middleware provider JBoss on June 5, 2006, and JBoss became a division of Red Hat. On September 18, 2006, Red Hat released the Red Hat Application Stack, which integrated the JBoss technology and which was certified by other well-known software vendors. On December 12, 2006, Red Hat stock moved from trading on NASDAQ (RHAT) to the New York Stock Exchange (RHT). In 2007 Red Hat acquired MetaMatrix and made an agreement with Exadel to distribute its software.


title: Red Hat

text: On March 15, 2007, Red Hat released Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, and in June acquired Mobicents. On March 13, 2008, Red Hat acquired Amentra, a provider of systems integration services for service-oriented architecture, business process management, systems development and enterprise data services.


title: Red Hat

text: On July 27, 2009, Red Hat replaced CIT Group in Standard and Poor's 500 stock index, a diversified index of 500 leading companies of the U.S. economy. This was reported as a major milestone for Linux.


title: Red Hat

text: On December 15, 2009, it was reported that Red Hat will pay to settle a class action lawsuit related to the restatement of financial results from July 2004. The suit had been pending in U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina. Red Hat reached the proposed settlement agreement and recorded a one-time charge of for the quarter that ended Nov. 30.


title: Red Hat

text: On January 10, 2011, Red Hat announced that it would expand its headquarters in two phases, adding 540 employees to the Raleigh operation, and investing over . The state of North Carolina is offering up to in incentives. The second phase involves "expansion into new technologies such as software virtualization and technology cloud offerings".


title: Red Hat

text: On August 25, 2011, Red Hat announced it would move about 600 employees from the N.C. State Centennial Campus to the Two Progress Plaza building. A ribbon cutting ceremony was held June 24, 2013, in the re-branded Red Hat Headquarters.


title: Red Hat

text: In 2012, Red Hat became the first one-billion dollar open-source company, reaching in annual revenue during its fiscal year. Red Hat passed the $2 billion benchmark in 2015. the company's annual revenue was nearly $3 billion.


title: Red Hat

text: On October 16, 2015, Red Hat announced its acquisition of IT automation startup Ansible, rumored for an estimated US$100 million.


title: Red Hat

text: On October 28, 2018, IBM announced its intent to acquire Red Hat for US$34 billion, in one of its largest-ever acquisitions. The company will operate out of IBM's Hybrid Cloud division.


title: Red Hat

text: Six months later, on May 3, 2019, the US Department of Justice concluded its review of IBM's proposed Red Hat acquisition, and according to Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols "essentially approved the IBM/Red Hat deal". The acquisition was closed on July 9, 2019.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat is primary sponsor of Fedora Project, a community-supported free software project that aims to promote the rapid progress of free and open-source software and content.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat operates on a business model based on open-source software, development within a community, professional quality assurance, and subscription-based customer support. They produce open-source code so that more programmers can make adaptations and improvements.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat sells subscriptions for the support, training, and integration services that help customers in using their open-source software products. Customers pay one set price for unlimited access to services such as Red Hat Network and up to 24/7 support.


title: Red Hat

text: In September 2014, however, CEO Jim Whitehurst announced that Red Hat was "in the midst of a major shift from client-server to cloud-mobile".


title: Red Hat

text: Rich Bynum, a member of Red Hat's legal team, attributes Linux's success and rapid development partially to open-source business models, including Red Hat's.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat engineers worked with the One Laptop per Child initiative (a non-profit organization established by members of the MIT Media Lab) to design and produce an inexpensive laptop and try to provide every child in the world with access to open communication, open knowledge, and open learning. The XO-4 laptop, the machine of this project, runs a slimmed-down version of Fedora 17 as its operating system.


title: Red Hat

text: Avi Kivity began the development of KVM in mid-2006 at Qumranet, a technology startup company that was acquired by Red Hat in 2008.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat is the largest contributor to the GNOME desktop environment. It has several employees working full-time on Evolution, the official personal information manager for GNOME.


title: Red Hat

text: Dogtail, an open-source automated graphical user interface (GUI) test framework initially developed by Red Hat, consists of free software released under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is written in Python. It allows developers to build and test their applications. Red Hat announced the release of Dogtail at the 2006 Red Hat Summit.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat MRG is a clustering product intended for integrated high-performance computing (HPC). The acronym MRG stands for "Messaging Realtime Grid".


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat Enterprise MRG replaces the kernel of Red Hat Enterprise Linux RHEL, a Linux distribution developed by Red Hat, in order to provide extra support for real-time computing, together with middleware support for message brokerage and scheduling workload to local or remote virtual machines, grid computing, and cloud computing.


title: Red Hat

text: , Red Hat works with the Condor High-Throughput Computing System community and also provides support for the software.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat produces the online publication Opensource.com since January 20, 2010. The site highlights ways open-source principles apply in domains other than software development. The site tracks the application of open-source philosophy to business, education, government, law, health, and life.


title: Red Hat

text: The company originally produced a newsletter called Under the Brim. Wide Open magazine first appeared in March 2004, as a means for Red Hat to share technical content with subscribers on a regular basis. The Under the Brim newsletter and Wide Open magazine merged in November 2004, to become "Red Hat Magazine". In January 2010, "Red Hat Magazine" became Opensource.com.


title: Red Hat

text: In 2007, Red Hat announced that it had reached an agreement with some free software and open-source (FOSS) companies that allowed it to make a distribution portal called Red Hat Exchange, reselling FOSS software with the original branding intact. However, by 2010, Red Hat had abandoned the Exchange program to focus their efforts more on their Open Source Channel Alliance which began in April 2009.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat Single Sign On is a software product to allow single sign-on with Identity Management and Access Management aimed at modern applications and services. There is an ongoing Open source project alongside Red Hat SSO, that is Keycloak. Keycloak is basically the community version from Red Hat SSO. Red Hat Single Sign On 7.3 is the latest version available.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat is the largest contributor to the CEPH Storage Red Hat Ceph Storage (SDS) project : Block, File & Object Storage which runs on industry-standard x86 servers and Ethernet IP.


title: Red Hat

text: Ceph aims primarily for completely distributed operation without a single point of failure, scalable to the exabyte level.


title: Red Hat

text: Ceph replicates data and makes it fault-tolerant, using commodity hardware and requiring no specific hardware support. Ceph's system offers disaster recovery and data redundancy through techniques such as replication, erasure coding, snapshots and storage cloning. As a result of its design, the system is both self-healing and self-managing, aiming to minimize administration time and other costs.


title: Red Hat

text: In this way, administrators have a single, consolidated system that avoids silos and collects the storage within a common management framework. Ceph consolidates several storage use cases and improves resource utilization. It also lets an organization deploy servers where needed.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat operates OpenShift, a cloud computing platform as a service, supporting applications written in Node.js, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, JavaEE and more.


title: Red Hat

text: On July 31, 2018, Red Hat announced the release of Istio 1.0, a microservices management program used in tandem with the Kubernetes platform. The software purports to provide "traffic management, service identity and security, policy enforcement and telemetry" services in order to streamline Kubernetes use under the various Fedora-based operating systems. Red Hat's Brian Redbeard Harring described Istio as "aiming to be a control plane, similar to the Kubernetes control plane, for configuring a series of proxy servers that get injected between application components". Also Red Hat is the second largest contributor to Kubernetes code itself, after Google.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat markets a version of OpenStack which helps manage a data center in the manner of cloud computing.


title: Red Hat

text: Red Hat CloudForms provides management of virtual machines, instances and containers based on VMware vSphere, Red Hat Virtualization, Microsoft Hyper-V, OpenStack, Amazon EC2, Google Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure, and Red Hat OpenShift. CloudForms is based on the ManageIQ project that Red Hat open sourced. Code in ManageIQ is from the over acquisition of ManageIQ in 2012.